mark

marks (plural)
marke (alternative obsolete)
merk (alternative obsolete)
marc (alternative obsolete)

→ Bengali: মার্কা (marka)

→ Cantonese: 嘜 /唛 (mak¹, maak¹)

desc

→ Shanghainese: 麥克麥克 /麦克麦克 (⁸maq-kheq₇-maq₈-kheq₇)

→ Japanese: マーク (māku)

→ Korean: 마크 (makeu)

From Middle English mark, merk, merke, from Old English mearc (“mark, sign, line of division; standard; boundary, limit, term, border; defined area, district, province”), from Proto-West Germanic *marku, from Proto-Germanic *markō (“boundary; boundary marker”), from Proto-Indo-European *mórǵs (“edge, boundary, border”).
Compare march.
Cognates
* Dutch mark, merk (“mark, brand”)
* German Mark (“mark; borderland”), Marke (“mark, brand”)
* Swedish mark (“mark, land, territory”)
* Icelandic mark (“mark, sign”)
* Latin margo (“edge, margin”)
* Persian مرز (marz, “limit, boundary”)
* Sanskrit मर्या (maryā, “limit, mark, boundary”), मार्ग (mārga, “mark, section”).

cog

(professional wrestling slang) Condescending label of a wrestling fan who refuses to believe that pro wrestling is predetermined and/or choreographed.


penguin

→ Assamese: পেঙ্গুইন (peṅguin)

→ Burmese: ပင်ဂွင် (panggwang)

desctree

→ Dutch: pinguïn, pinguin (superseded, dated)
Afrikaans: pikkewyn
→ French: pingouin
→ Danish: pingvin
→ Italian: pinguino
→ Persian: پنگوئن (pangu'an)
→ Portuguese: pinguim
→ Romanian: pinguin
→ Spanish: pingüino
→ Swedish: pingvin
→ Turkish: penguen

→ Hawaiian: penekuina

→ Japanese: ペンギン (pengin)

→ Khmer: ភេនឃ្វីន (pheinkhviin)

→ Korean: 펭귄 (penggwin)

→ Thai: เพนกวิน (pen-gwîn)

→ Welsh: pengwin

Etymology tree
Proto-Celtic *kʷennom
Proto-Brythonic *penn
Welsh pen?
Proto-Indo-European *weyd-der.?
Proto-Celtic *windos
Proto-Brythonic *gwɨnn
Welsh gwyn?
Proto-Indo-European *peyH-der.
Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ-influ.?
Latin pinguisder.?
English penguin
Unknown; first attested in the 16th century in reference to the auk of the Northern hemisphere; the word was later applied to the superficially similar birds of the Southern hemisphere (as was woggin). Possibly from Welsh pen (“head”) and gwyn (“white”), or from Latin pinguis (“fat”). See citations and the Wikipedia article.
(nun): Because of the often black-and-white habit, resembling the bird's colors.

etymon

Although it is a permanent R.A.F. station (pre-war, that is), we meander about, even in the Mess, in battle dress and flying boots, sweaters, etc., much to the disgust of some of the more dignified 'penguins' […]

1942, Hermann Hagedorn, Sunward I've Climbed, page 143:

Notwithstanding his elevated status as the wing’s Senior Intelligence Officer, Monty, too, was a “penguin,” equal in that respect to an armament assistant, airframe mechanic, pigeon loftsman or any of the seventy-odd ground trades listed by the Royal Canadian Air Force at the war’s end.

1994, Monty Berger, Invasions without tears: the story of Canada's top-scoring Spitfire wing in Europe during the Second World War, →ISBN, →LCCN, page xi:

She may have been a “penguin”—an Air Force service member who didn't fly—but it sure beat being at home, as Brady had pointed out.

2015 June 1, Kate Christie, In the Company of Women, Bella Books, →ISBN, →OCLC:

This was to be my home for three months where ground officer cadets, referred to colloquially as ‘penguins’ were trained.

2019 November 5, Derek Esp, An Adventure in Education: The Autobiography of an Accidental Career in Education, Troubador Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 46:

(UK, military, slang) A member of the air force who does not fly aircraft.


mask

Borrowed from Middle French masque (“a covering to hide or protect the face”), from Italian maschera (“mask, disguise”), from (a byform of, see it for more) Medieval Latin masca, mascha, a borrowing of Proto-West Germanic *maskā from which English mesh is regularly inherited.
Replaced Old English grīma (“mask”), whence grime, and displaced non-native Middle English viser (“visor, mask”) borrowed from Old French viser, visier.
Compare also Hebrew מַסֵּכָה (masseiḥa).

蒙版

two-color bitmap used to create transparency in an image

(fortification) In a permanent fortification, a redoubt which protects the caponiere.

kaponieeria suojaava redutti

fortification: redoubt which protects the caponiere

(heraldry) The head of a fox, shown face-on and cut off immediately behind the ears.


mask

en-verb

mask (third-person singular simple present masks, present participle masking, simple past and past participle masked)

masks (present singular third-person)
masking (participle present)
masked (participle past)
masked (past)
masque (alternative)

(transitive, military) To conceal; also, to intervene in the line of.

to mask a body of troops or a fortess by a superior force, while some hostile evolution is being carried out

(transitive, military) To cover or keep in check.


sunset

sunset (third-person singular simple present sunsets, present participle sunsetting, simple past and past participle sunsetted)

sunsets (present singular third-person)
sunsetting (participle present)
sunsetted (participle past)
sunsetted (past)

From Middle English son-sett, Sonne set, equivalent to sun + set. In Gower's Confessio Amantis, before 1393.

We’ll be sunsetting version 1.9 of the software shortly after releasing version 2.0 next quarter.

Last December, Yahoo announced plans to “sunset” more well-known services, including the pioneering social bookmarking service del.icio.us.

2011 April 19, Sumit Paul-Choudhury, “Digital legacy: The fate of your online soul”, in NewScientist:

(business, politics, transitive) To phase out.


cycle

→ Japanese: サイクル (saikuru)

From Middle English cicle (“fixed length period of years”), from Late Latin cyclus, from Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”), from Proto-Hellenic *kúklos, *kʷókʷlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”).
Doublet of chakra, chakram, charkha, chukker, cyclus, and wheel (see there for more).

pyörä

bicycle, tricycle, motorcycle etc. — see also bicycle

Officers have made the mistake of applying many Taser cycles, expecting the suspect to relent.

2014, R.T. Wyant, Thomas Burns, Risk Management of Less Lethal Options, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 211:


igloo

From Inuktitut ᐃᒡᓗ (iclo, “house, building (of any kind)”), from Proto-Inuit *ǝɣlu, from Proto-Eskimo *ǝŋlu.

hogan

used by the Navajo in the southwestern United States

wetu

used by the Wampanoag in the northeastern United States

wickiup

used in the southwestern and western United States

General James Walsh signalled Strategic Air Command that the B-47 tore apart the igloo and knocked about 3 mark sixes.

2011, Robert Hutchinson, Weapons of Mass Destruction:

(military) A reinforced bunker for the storage of nuclear weapons.


alert

From French alerte (“alert”), from the phrase à l'erte (“on the watch”), from Italian all'erta (“to the height”), from erta (“lookout, tower”).

an airborne alert; ground alert

(military) A state of readiness for potential combat.


pomme

pommes (plural)
pommeis (plural)
pomey (alternative)

Borrowed from French pomme (“apple”), ultimately from Latin poma. Doublet of pome.

(heraldry) A roundel vert (green circular spot), resembling or representing an apple.


size

en-verb

size (third-person singular simple present sizes, present participle sizing, simple past and past participle sized)

sizes (present singular third-person)
sizing (participle present)
sized (participle past)
sized (past)

Attested since the 14th century, originally meant a “law or regulation that determines the amount to be paid”, from Middle English syse, sise (“regulation, control, limit”), from Old French cise, sise, aphetism of assise (“assize”), from the verb asseoir (“to sit down”), from Latin assidēre, composed of ad- (“to, towards, at”) + sedeō (“sit; settle down”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed-. Displaced native Old English miċelnes (literally “bigness”).

ncog

(transitive) To classify or arrange by size.

(military) To take the height of men, in order to place them in the ranks according to their stature.


group

groups (plural)
groop (alternative nonstandard)
groupe (alternative obsolete)

→ Gulf Arabic: قروب (grūp)

→ Japanese: グループ (gurūpu)

→ Korean: 그룹 (geurup)

→ Tongan: kulupu

From French groupe (“cluster, group”), from Italian gruppo, groppo (“a knot, heap, group, bag (of money)”), from Vulgar Latin *cruppo, Renaissance Latin grupus, from Frankish *krupp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“lump, round mass, body, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to crumple, bend, crawl”).
In the “group theory” sense, calqued from French groupe, a term coined by the young French mathematician Évariste Galois in 1830.
Cognate with German Kropf (“crop, craw, bunch”); Old English cropp, croppa (“cluster, bunch, sprout, flower, berry, ear of corn, crop”) (whence English crop); Dutch krop (“craw”), Icelandic kroppr (“hump, bunch”). Doublet of crop and croup.


pellet

→ Catalan: pèl·let

Inherited from Middle English pelote, pelet, from Old French pelote (“small ball”), from Vulgar Latin *pilotta, diminutive of Latin pila (“ball”). Doublet of pelota.

(heraldry) A roundel sable (black circular spot).


game

en-noun

game (countable and uncountable, plural games)

→ Brazilian Portuguese: game

→ Dutch: gamen, game

→ Finnish: geimit

→ Irish: géim

→ Japanese: ゲーム

→ Korean: 게임 (geim), 겜 (gem)

→ Norman: gamme

→ Norwegian: gamen, game

→ Spanish: game

→ Welsh: gêm

From Middle English game, gamen, gammen, from Old English gamen (“sport, joy, mirth, pastime, game, amusement, pleasure”), from Proto-West Germanic *gaman, from Proto-Germanic *gamaną (“amusement, pleasure, game", literally "participation, communion, people together”), from *ga- (collective prefix) + *mann- (“man”); or alternatively from *ga- + a root from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think, have in mind”).
Cognate with Old Frisian game, gome (“joy, amusement, entertainment”), Middle High German gamen (“joy, amusement, fun, pleasure”), Swedish gamman (“mirth, rejoicing, merriment”), Icelandic gaman (“fun”). Related to gammon, gamble.

cog

(countable, military) An exercise simulating warfare, whether computerized or involving human participants.


stealth

en-verb

stealth (third-person singular simple present stealths, present participle stealthing, simple past and past participle stealthed)

stealths (present singular third-person)
stealthing (participle present)
stealthed (participle past)
stealthed (past)

From Middle English stelthe, from Old English stǣlþ, from Proto-Germanic *stēliþō, equivalent to steal + -th (abstract nominal suffix). Compare Old English stalu (“theft, stealth”), Old High German stāla (“theft”), German Diebstahl (“theft”).

(especially military, computing) To conceal or infiltrate through the use of stealth.


stealth

(military, aviation, vehicles, technology) Having properties that diminish radar signatures.


fast

From Middle English fast, fest, from Old English fæst (“firm, secure”), from Proto-West Germanic *fast, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.
The development of “rapid” from an original sense of “secure” apparently happened first in the adverb and then transferred to the adjective; compare hard in expressions like “to run hard”. The original sense of “secure, firm” is now slightly archaic, but retained in the related fasten (“make secure”). Also compare close meaning change from Latin rapiō (“to snatch”) to Latin rapidus (“rapid, quick”), from Irish sciob (“to snatch”) to Irish sciobtha (“quick”).

(archery) Ellipsis of stand fast, a warning not to pass between the arrow and the target.


file

From French file, from filer (“to spin out, arrange one behind another”), from Latin fīlāre, from filum (“thread”).

(military) A small detachment of soldiers.


Andrew

en-prop

Andrew (countable and uncountable, plural Andrews)

[ˈeᵊnˌd̠ɹ̠˔ʷʊ̈u]

[ˈænˌd̠ɹ̠ʷ˔ʊ̈u]

From Ancient Greek Ἀνδρέας (Andréas), cognate with ἀνδρεῖος (andreîos, “manly”), both from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”). Doublet of André, Andreas, Andrei, and Andrey.

doublet

A common British catch phrase is, "You shouldn't have joined Andrew if you couldn't take a joke."

1984, Robert Hendrickson, Salty Words, page 19:

“Me muvver always said I should a joined the Andrew.” (Royal Navy.)

2011, Johannes H. L. Bosman, The Plough & the Sword, page 257:


occupation

en-noun

occupation (countable and uncountable, plural occupations)

/ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən/

/ˌɒkjəˈpeɪʃən/

/ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/

/ˌɑkjəˈpeɪʃən/

From Middle English occupacioun, borrowed from Middle French occupacion, occupation, from Latin occupātiō, occupātiōnis, from occupō (“occupy, seize”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize, grab”). By surface analysis, occupy + -ation.

der

The early years of Norman occupation saw a frenzy of castle building.

1999, Linda Flavell, Roger Flavell, “1066[:] The Normans Begin to Erect Castles”, in dictionary of english down through the ages[:] words & phrases born out of historical events great & small, 2005 edition, London: Kyle Cathie Limited, →ISBN, page 17:

The lawyer and twice-divorced mother of three had presented herself as the modern face of her party, trying to strip it of unsavoury overtones after her father's convictions for saying the Nazi occupation of France was not "particularly inhumane".

2012 April 23, Angelique Chrisafis, “François Hollande on top but far right scores record result in French election”, in The Guardian:

(geopolitics, military) The control of a nation or region by a hostile military or paramilitary force.

okupacion

control of a country or region by a hostile army


window

en-noun

window (countable and uncountable, plural windows)

From Middle English wyndowe, wyndown, from Old Norse vindauga (“window”, literally “wind-eye; wind-hole”), equivalent to wind + eye. Cognate with Scots windae and windock, Faroese vindeyga, Norwegian Bokmål vindu, Norwegian Nynorsk vindauge, Danish vindue, archaic Swedish vindöga, Elfdalian windog and older German Windauge. Displaced native Old English ēagþȳrel (literally “eye hole”) (the rare direct descendant is eyethurl (“window, pupil, etc.”)). The “windows” among early Germanic peoples were just unglazed holes (eyes) in the wall or roof that permitted wind to pass through .

ncog

not have a pot to piss in or a window to throw it out of

(military, historical, uncountable) Synonym of chaff (“strips of material intended to confuse radar”)


rifle

→ Catalan: rifle

→ French: rifle

→ Japanese: ライフル (raifuru)

→ Korean: 라이플 (raipeul)

→ Portuguese: rifle

→ Spanish: rifle

Originally short for “rifled gun”, referring to the spiral grooves inside the barrel. From Middle English riflen (“to rob, plunder, search through”), from Old French rifler (“to lightly scratch, scrape off, plunder”), from Old High German riffilōn (compare German riffeln (“to score, make grooves in, ripple”), archaic Dutch rijfelen (“to scrape”), Old English rifelan, riflian (“to wrinkle”)), frequentative of Proto-Germanic *rīfaną (compare Old Norse rífa (“to tear, break”)). More at rive.

cog

Still, a dozen men with rifles, and cartridges to match, stayed behind when they filed through a white aldea lying silent amid the cane, and the Sin Verguenza swung into slightly quicker stride.

1907 January, Harold Bindloss, chapter 7, in The Dust of Conflict, 1st Canadian edition, Toronto, Ont.: McLeod & Allen, →OCLC:

In the June days of 1848 Baudelaire reports seeing revolutionaries (he might have been one of them) going through the streets of Paris with rifles, shooting all the clocks.

1995, Richard Klein, “Introduction”, in Cigarettes are sublime, Paperback edition, Durham: Duke University Press, published 1993, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 8:

(weaponry) A firearm fired from the shoulder; improved range and accuracy is provided by a long, rifled barrel.

(military, usually in the plural, dated) A rifleman.

(weaponry) An artillery piece with a rifled barrel.

កាំភ្លើងវែង

kampləəŋ vɛɛŋ


rifled

(firearms) Having a spiral on the interior of a gun bore to make a fired bullet spin in flight to improve range and accuracy.

rihlattu

having a spiral groove on the inside of a gun barrel


rifling

(military) The act or process of making the grooves in a rifled cannon or gun barrel.

(military) The system of grooves in a rifled gun barrel or cannon. Shunt rifling, rifling for cannon, in which one side of the groove is made deeper than the other, to facilitate loading with shot having projections which enter by the deeper part of the grooves.


TOC

(military, law enforcement) Initialism of tactical operations center.


MP

en-noun

MP (countable and uncountable, plural MPs)

MPs (plural)
M. P. (alternative)
M.P. (alternative)

One unidentified man spoke of how he was approached to "go to the Gents" with an MP at an event for young political activists while another man described how an MP invited his entire office staff to a gay bar.

2014 April 11, Charlotte Meredith, “The Palace of Sexminster”, in Huffington Post: United Kingdom:

In particular, this all-party group of MPs has been scathing about the decision-making process, which has resulted in the Department of Transport having no ideas as to how "HS2 will operate as a functioning railway following recent changes".

2024 February 21, Christian Wolmar, “A 'tsar' needs to get to grips with High Speed 2... quickly”, in RAIL, number 1003, page 52:

Member of Parliament
Member of Parliament#English

(politics) Initialism of Member of Parliament.

military policeman
military policeman#English

(military) Initialism of military police or military policeman.

(military) Initialism of machine pistol.


ABM

ABM (countable and uncountable, plural ABMs)

anti-ballistic missile
anti-ballistic missile#English

(military, astronautics) Initialism of anti-ballistic missile.


GB

(chemistry, military) Initialism of German agent B (US designation for the nerve gas sarin).


ASP

ammunition supply point
w:ammunition dump

(military) Initialism of ammunition supply point.


PS

PS (countable and uncountable, plural PSes or PSs)

(government) Initialism of public service(s).

(law enforcement, Commonwealth) Initialism of police sergeant, a police rank used in Commonwealth countries.


EOD

(military, law enforcement) Initialism of explosive ordnance disposal.


put out

en-verb

put out (third-person singular simple present puts out, present participle putting out, simple past and past participle put out)

puts out (present singular third-person)
putting out (participle present)
put out (participle past)
put out (past)

(transitive) To cause something to be out, particularly

(boxing and medicine) Synonym of knock out: to render unconscious.


kata

From Japanese 型 (literally “pattern, model”).
In English use since the 1950s.

judo kata

About fifty kata, or "formal exercises," are practiced at the present time, some having been passed down from generation to generation, others having been developed fairly recently.

1979, Masatoshi Nakayama, Best Karate: Heian, Tekki, page 12:

Katas are a series of motions, such as punches, strikes, and kicks, arranged in a specific pattern. The pattern allows the motions to flow into one another. A student must learn a new kata to advance to each new belt level.

2006, Kelley MacAulay, Bobbie Kalman, Karate in Action, page 22:

When the competitor's name is called, she stands on the designated line, bows to the panel of judges, and announces the name of the kata she will perform.[…]She then performs the kata. When she is finished, her opponent performs her kata. At the end of the second kata, both return to the mat area to await the decision of the judging panel.

2009, Thomas W. Hanlon, The Sports Rules Book, Human Kinetics, page 161:

2010, Kenji Tokitsu, The Katas: The Meaning Behind the Movements:

(martial arts) Any of a sequence of positions and movements used in many martial arts.


splash

Probably an alteration of plash (compare spatter, spill for the initial s-).

(wrestling) A body press; a move where the wrestler jumps forward from a raised platform such as the top turnbuckle, landing stomach first across an opponent lying on the ground below.

Hits were observed, but again the poor functioning of VT ammunition hindered in effecting a splash.

2010, Robin L. Rielly, Kamikaze Attacks of World War II, page 267:

(military, slang) The shooting down of an aircraft over water.


splash

splash (third-person singular simple present splashes, present participle splashing, simple past and past participle splashed)

splashes (present singular third-person)
splashing (participle present)
splashed (participle past)
splashed (past)

Planes were sighted at about 5000 yards, fire was opened at 4500 yards; the first plane was splashed about 1800 yards from the ship, the second was splashed about 3000 yards from the ship and rudder shifted to hard right.

2010, Robin L. Rielly, Kamikaze Attacks of World War II, page 234:

(military, slang) To shoot down (an aircraft) over water.


ABC

weapon of mass destruction
weapon of mass destruction

(weaponry) Initialism of atomic, biological and chemical, the three main categories of weapon of mass destruction.


ABC

(Canadian politics) Initialism of anything but Conservative.


loophole

loophole (third-person singular simple present loopholes, present participle loopholing, simple past and past participle loopholed)

loopholes (present singular third-person)
loopholing (participle present)
loopholed (participle past)
loopholed (past)
loop hole (alternative)

From Middle English loupe (“opening in a wall”) + hole, from a Germanic source. Compare Medieval Latin loupa, lobia and Middle Dutch lupen (“to watch”).

af

The lower windows were barricaded, and the whole building loopholed for musketry fire.

1896, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Exploits Of Brigadier Gerard:

The doors were barricaded, the shutters closed upon the windows and loopholed, and provisions were brought in from the outhouses.

The Germans were loopholing it for defence.

1915, W. H. L. Watson, Adventures of a Despatch Rider:

(military, transitive) To prepare a building for defense by preparing slits or holes through which to fire on attackers


no holds barred

a no holds barred match

(wrestling) Without restrictions on holds or what opponents may do.

ilman kiellettyjä otteita

in wrestling: without restrictions on holds or what opponents may do


cop

From Middle English cop, coppe, from Old English cop, copp, from Proto-West Germanic *kopp, from Proto-Germanic *kuppaz (“vault, basin, round object”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew-. Cognate with Dutch kop, German Kopf.

check cop

probably etymologically unrelated to above terms


NSA

National Security Agency
w:National Security Agency

National Surveillance Agency
w:National Security Agency

(government, US) Initialism of National Security Agency.

(government, US, humorous) Initialism of National Surveillance Agency.

(government, US, humorous, nickname) Initialism of No Such Agency.

Initialism of National Security Agency.
Initialism of No Such Agency.


CD

en-noun

CD (countable and uncountable, plural CDs)

Abbreviation of various terms and phrases.

سِي دِي

abbreviation of compact disc — see also compact disc

Along the route to Tanyin flowed a fast stream of staff and C.D. cars.

1955, Graham Greene, The Quiet American:

Jake lengthened his stride and crossed the road in front of a double-parked car, large, black and with CD plates.

1978, Kingsley Amis, Jake's Thing, Vintage, published 2007, page 8:

corps diplomatique
corps diplomatique#English

(diplomacy, now rare) Initialism of corps diplomatique, the diplomatic corps of a particular country.


FM

FM (countable and uncountable, plural FMs)

FMs (plural)
F.M. (alternative)
F. M. (alternative)

(countable, military) Initialism of field marshal.


PET

The name of the computer (sense 4) derives from the 1970s pet rock fad; the acronym was invented afterwards.

But Wright takes a rather contrarian position about the impact of emotionally charged Trudeaumania on PET’s astonishing political rise in 1968.

2016 November 20, “New books put Trudeaumania in fresh perspective”, in Toronto Star, archived from the original on 2017-08-07:

(Canadian politics) Initialism of Pierre Elliott Trudeau.


GCC

* (GNU Compiler Collection): GCC was originally an acronym for "GNU C Compiler", now a backronym for "GNU Compiler Collection".
* (Gulf Cooperation Council): Initialism of Gulf Cooperation Council.

(politics) Initialism of Gulf Cooperation Council, a multinational body of countries of the Persian Gulf area.


division

division (countable and uncountable, plural divisions)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English divisioun, from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiō, dīvīsiōnem, noun of process form from perfect passive participle dīvīsus (“divided”), from dīvidō (“divide”). Doublet of divisio.

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend

(military) A formation, usually made up of two or three brigades.

The House of Commons has voted to approve the third reading of the bill without a division. The bill will now progress to the House of Lords.

(government) A method by which a legislature is separated into groups in order to take a better estimate of vote than a voice vote.


STS

STS (countable and uncountable, plural STSs)

special treatment steel
w:special treatment steel

(metallurgy, military, nautical, historical) Initialism of special treatment steel (a type of homogenous armor plate).


legend

legend (countable and uncountable, plural legends)

From Middle English legende, from Old French legende, from Medieval Latin legenda (“a legend, story, especially the lives of the saints”), from Latin legenda (“things which ought to be read”), from lego (“I read”).

legende

any person of extraordinary accomplishment

Further clues are provided by milk-floats bearing the legend 'Lord Rayleigh's Dairies: A Family Business', and a number of signs indicating the whereabouts of various departments of Lord Rayleigh's Farms.

1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 375, about Terling:

[…]there were three small brass coins there, the gift of Ymar. Their legends, like their faces, had worn away; and they were dark with verdigris — in appearance precisely the ancient things they were.

1987, Gene Wolfe, chapter XLVIII, in The Urth of the New Sun, 1st US edition, New York: Tor Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 281:

(numismatics, heraldry) An inscription, motto, or title, especially one surrounding the field in a medal or coin, or placed upon a heraldic shield or beneath an engraving or illustration.

The legend displacement on the basis then in use was 48,000 tons, the corresponding standard displacement as defined by the Washington Treaty being 47,540 tons.

1929, Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, Inc, page 304:

The legend and sketch designs were submitted to the Board on 27th March 1916 and, after examining a model and the drawings, the Sea Lords generally favoured proposal 'B'; the extra weight involved being acceptable.

1976, Alan Raven, John Roberts, British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleships and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946, page 63:

(naval) The design and specification of a vessel.


beta

en-noun

beta (countable and uncountable, plural betas)

From Ancient Greek βῆτα (bêta). Doublet of beth.

“I guess in your psychological language of alpha males and beta males, I would be firmly in the camp that prefers the more laid-back betas,” she took a deep breath, “like your father.”

2006, Catherine Mann, Blaze of Glory, Harlequin, published 2006, →ISBN:

“They want sexy, virile alpha males, yes? But that doesn't come with sensitive and loyal and all of that. That's a beta. A frickin' collie, Lola. […]

2010, L. A. Banks, “Dog Tired (of the Drama!)”, in Kevin J. Anderson, editor, Blood Lite II: Overbite, Gallery Books, →ISBN, page 121:

She'd always had a thing for alpha males. Not that she had any intention of being bossed around, even if one had her best interests at heart. Her fascination with alphas was that they were a challenge. Betas didn't hold much of an appeal.

2010, Terry Spear, Wolf Fever, Sourcebooks Casablanca, published 2010, →ISBN, page 24:

When they ride the cock carousel in preference to the responsible betas that they find so boring, well, we guess that they pay.

2015, Stephen Jarosek, Tyrants of Matriarchy:

News of Harper-Mercer's murder spree, which killed ten, prompted speculation on neoreactionary forums that the long-awaited “beta uprising” of virginal shut-ins had begun. Not quite. But in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017, a large audience of Americans finally saw the real beta uprising in the violent Nazi rally that shut the city down

2018, Corey Pein, Live Work Work Work Die:

(slang, manosphere, masculism) Ellipsis of beta male, a man who is less competent or desirable than an alpha male.


download

en-verb

download (third-person singular simple present downloads, present participle downloading, simple past and past participle downloaded)

downloads (present singular third-person)
downloading (participle present)
downloaded (participle past)
downloaded (past)
DL (alternative)
dl (alternative)
d/l (alternative)
D/L (alternative)

→ Danish: downloade

→ Dutch: downloaden

→ German: downloaden; herunterladen (calque)

desc

→ Lao: ດາວໂຫຼດ (dāo lōt)

→ Lao: ດາວໂຫຼດ (dāo lōt)

→ Malay: muat turun (calque)

→ Maltese: ddawnlowdja

→ Thai: ดาวน์โหลด (daao-lòot)

From down- + load. Verbal form first appears c. 1962 in the Wichita Falls (Texas) Times. Nominal form first appears c. 1977 in Scientific American.

(transitive, firearms) To load a gun (especially a muzzle-loader) with less propellant than its designed load.


delta

From Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta), borrowed from a Phoenician word for "door", ultimately from Proto-Semitic *dalt-. Doublet of dalet.
* (river): from the triangular shape of the majuscule Greek letter delta Δ
* (USSF): from the delta wing, symbol of the USSF, a triangular wing, shaped like the majuscule Greek letter delta Δ

(US, military, U.S. Space Force) A military unit, nominally headed by a colonel, equivalent to a USAF operations wing, or an army regiment.


huh

Attested from circa 1600. Compare Dutch hè (“huh”).

Speech disfluency#"Huh" – the universal syllable

Shawn quickly turns around and punches the pale hand, yelling "Huh! Huh! Hi yah'! Huh! Get off me! Yeah!"

1993, Ashaki Boelter, The Nok, Bend, O.R.: Shakalot High Entertainment, published 2006, →ISBN, page 69:

He gets out of the chair, whips off his jacket, and starts closing in on the camera, punching rapidly as he moves. A left hook, a right jab. "Hey, I'm a boxer and a marine! So don't mess with me, man! Semper fi! Marine Corps! They better not mess with me! My critics better not mess with me, man, 'cause I'm gonna beat you up. Huh, huh, huh, huh, huh. Hmm, hmmm, hmm, hmmmm, heeeyah, huh, huh. Hmmm, yeah!"

1995 October 5, Neal Pollack, quoting David Nelson, “King of the Creature Feature”, in Chicago Reader, Chicago, I.L.: Chicago Reader, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-15:

Student A has both arms outstretched in a karate motion and shouts out "HUH". Student B receives the sound by putting both arms straight in the air and yelling "HUH". Students on either side of B give B a karate chop by miming a sideways karate chop — without any touching.

2014, Larry Swartz, Dramathemes: Classroom Literacy that Will Excite, Surprise, and Stimulate Learning, Markham, Ont.: Pembroke Publishers Limited, →ISBN, pages 130-131:

HUH-HUH, HI-YAH!

2023, Dwayne Reed, Simon B. Rhymin' Gets in the Game, New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, →ISBN, unnumbered page:

(martial arts) A kiai, shouted as a limb is swung in attack.


Moscow

Ultimately from Old East Slavic Москов- (Moskov-), originally referring to the Moskva River, probably from Proto-Slavic *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”). Perhaps related to Czech moskva (“raw bread”), Slovak mozga (“puddle”), Polish Mozgawa, and more distantly Latvian mazgāt (“to wash, rinse”), Sanskrit मज्जति (májjati, “to sink”), Latin mergō (“to dive”), all from Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to plunge, dip”). Cognate with Russian промозглый (promozglyj, “dank”). Doublet of Moskva.

der

Moscow doubtless wants to make trouble for the Western Powers so far as she can without losing their recognition or encouraging actual hostility. She wants peace and trade and an opportunity for internal economic reconstruction above everything just now. It seems doubtful whether she expects to Bolshevize China, though she wants China fully independent of Western imperialism and friendly to her.

1927 May, Quincy Wright, “Bolshevist Influences in China”, in Current History, volume XXVI, number 2, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 302, column 2:

I could not agree with the tactics or approach of those who, like Chiang Kai-shek in a speech on July 3, 1950, wanted the U.N. to charge the Russians with the full responsibility for this Korean conflict and to demand that Moscow put an end to it. This kind of bluster is certain to lead into an impossible dilemma. If these suggestions had been followed and the Soviets had ignored the order, as in all likelihood they would have done, either the United Nations would have stood convicted of weakness or World War III would have been on.

1956, Harry S. Truman, Memoirs of Harry S. Truman: Years of Trial And Hope, volume II, Doubleday & Company, →OCLC, pages 345–346:

The translation of Khrushchev's letter reached me later that day, and I read it with care and with growing disappointment. It seemed designed for propaganda purposes rather than serious diplomacy. Khrushchev roundly denounced "colonizers" and "imperialism" as the major causes of past wars. Of course, he did not mention the Soviet Union's attack on Finland, the obliteration of the Baltic states, or the "colonization" of Eastern Europe by Moscow after World War II.

1971, Lyndon Johnson, “Thawing the Cold War”, in The Vantage Point, Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 464–465:

Moscow said "Nyet!"

1987, Shelomoh Naḳdimon, First strike: the exclusive story of how Israel foiled Iraq's attempt to get the bomb, page 40:

Yet, a few US newscasters will go on the air at 6 pm or later and say, "Moscow said tonight.["] ... A careful writer would make his script read, "Moscow said today. ..."

1997, Mervin Block, Writing Broadcast News: Shorter, Sharper, Stronger, →ISBN, page 154:

In addition, Moscow argued that Georgia had violated international law by introducing its forces into South Ossetia, a move Moscow said Tbilisi had committed itself not to do under the earlier CIS-sponsored peacekeeping arrangements.

2009, Svante E. Cornell, S. Frederick Star, The Guns of August 2008: Russia's War in Georgia, →ISBN, page 184:

(metonymic, politics) The government of Russia or the Soviet Union.


line

→ Scottish Gaelic: loidhne

From Middle English line, lyne, from Old English līne (“line, cable, rope, hawser, series, row, rule, direction”), from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”).
Influenced in Middle English by Middle French ligne (“line”), from Latin linea. More at linen.
The oldest sense of the word is “rope, cord, thread”; from this the senses “path”, “continuous mark” were derived.

lyn

path through two or more points, threadlike mark

lyn

single horizontal row of text on a screen, printed paper, etc.

linja

measure of length, the main division of an inch or its local equivalent

(especially military) A trench or rampart, or the non-physical demarcation of the extent of the territory occupied by specified forces.

A more-or-less straight sequence of people, objects, etc., either arranged as a queue or column and often waiting to be processed or dealt with, or arranged abreast of one another in a row (and contrasted with a column), as in a military formation.

(military, nautical) Ellipsis of line of battle.

(military) The regular infantry of an army, as distinguished from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry, artillery, etc.

Thus, for example, in the line of Quarte, the direct thrust is parried by dropping the point under the adversary's blade and circling upwards, throwing off the attack in the opposite line (that of Tierce), and upon the direct thrust in the line of Tierce, by a similar action throwing off the attack in the opposite line (that of Quarte).

1861, George Chapman, Foil Practice, with a Review of the Art of Fencing, page 12:

(fencing) The position in which the fencers hold their swords.

mstari

fencing: position in which the fencers hold their swords


tentacle

From New Latin tentāculum, from tentō. Doublet of tentaculum.

A joint RAF/Army staffed Air Support Control (ASC) headquarters was established at each army corps and each armoured division, linked to the forward brigades by a 'tentacle' equipped with two-way wireless telegraphy.

2013, Dr Ian Gooderson, Air Power at the Battlefront, page 26:

(UK, military, historical) An officer employed to drive out to troops and transmit back requests for support via a special radio link.


NBC

NBCs (plural)
N.B.C. (alternative)
N. B. C. (alternative)

biological weapon
biological weapon#English

(weaponry) Abbreviation of nuclear weapon, biological weapon and chemical weapon.


NBC

N.B.C. (alternative)
N. B. C. (alternative)

(weaponry) Abbreviation of nuclear, biological, chemical.


nick

The noun is derived from Late Middle English nik (“notch, tally; nock of an arrow”). Its further etymology is unknown; a connection with nock (“notch in a bow to hold the bowstring; notch at the rear of an arrow that fits the bowstring; cleft in the buttocks”) has not been clearly established.
The verb appears to be derived from the noun, though the available evidence shows that some of the verb senses predate the noun senses. No connection with words in Germanic languages such as Danish nikke (“to nod”), Middle Dutch nicken (“to bend; to bow”) (modern Dutch knikken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German nicken (“to bend over; to sink”), Middle High German nicken (“to bend; to depress”) (modern German nicken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German knicken (“to bend; to snap”) (modern German knicken (“to bend; to break”), Old Frisian hnekka (“to nod”), and Swedish nicka (“to nod”), has been clearly established.

unknown

further etymology is unknown

cog

He was arrested and taken down to Sun Hill nick [police station] to be charged.

He’s just been released from Shadwell nick [prison] after doing ten years for attempted murder.

I recall too that the chats in the back of the [police] van weren't too bad as they dispatched me to the nick.

2014, Russell Brand, “I am an Anarchist-a”, in Revolution, New York, N.Y.: Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 81:

Poor Billy, he got seven years and he died in the nick in Liverpool in January 1958. Tragedy, he was such a good man, the best. He had a big funeral back in Clerkenwell. Eva went to it. I was in the nick down south at the time.

2019 June 6, Frankie Fraser, James Morton, Mad Frank's Diary: The Confessions of Britain’s Most Notorious Villain, Random House, →ISBN:

“They say he's a friend of Stuart's who he met in the nick down south. No one in Brisbane knows him.” “Not that anyone would admit to it anyway.”

2021 March 23, William Stokes, The Riddle Exposed:: The Whiskey Firebombing's Link to the McCulkin Family Murders, Interactive Publications, →ISBN, page 80:

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, law enforcement, slang) A police station or prison.


nick

en-verb

nick (third-person singular simple present nicks, present participle nicking, simple past and past participle nicked)

nicks (present singular third-person)
nicking (participle present)
nicked (participle past)
nicked (past)

unknown

further etymology is unknown

The police nicked him climbing over the fence of the house he’d broken into.

Flick knives were pulled on us, and the group demanded we give them all our money, and passports and everything else we had. [...] They [the police] had nicked the knife gang, (who had stayed there, beating the shit out of Nick), and found our passports.

2012, T. Appleby, “Die in Dunkirk or Somewhere in France”, in Life in the Harsh Lane: The Nine Lives, Mishaps, and Adventures of a No-body, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 113:

[...] I was always getting nicked when I was a junkie, so I've had my fair share of skirmishes with the law.

(transitive, UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, law enforcement, slang) To arrest.


PPV

en-noun

PPV (countable and uncountable, plural PPVs)

positive pressure ventilation
positive pressure ventilation#English

(medicine, firefighting) Initialism of positive pressure ventilation.

(countable, by extension) A positive pressure ventilation machine, a PPV device

HFPPV

high frequency positive pressure ventilation

IPPV

intermittent positive pressure ventilation

NPPV

noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

NiPPV

non-invasive positive pressure ventilation

(law enforcement) Initialism of police pursuit vehicle.


class

class (countable and uncountable, plural classes)

→ Assamese: ক্লাছ (klas)

desc

→ Bengali: ক্লাস (klaś), কেলাস (kelaś) — nonstandard

q

or from French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">classe</i>

→ Gulf Arabic: كلاس (klās) (or from French classe)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क्लास (klās)

Urdu: کلاس

→ Japanese: クラス (kurasu)

→ Korean: 클래스 (keullaeseu)

→ Nepali: क्लास (klās)

→ Scottish Gaelic: clas

→ Thai: คลาส (kláas)

→ Yoruba: kíláàsì

From Middle French classe, from Latin classis (“a class or division of the people, assembly of people, the whole body of citizens called to arms, the army, the fleet, later a class or division in general”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout”). Doublet of clas and classis.

class action

class-action, class action lawsuit, class suit

(military) A group of people subject to be conscripted in the same military draft, or more narrowly those persons actually conscripted in a particular draft.

набор

military: persons subject to the same draft


flight

en-noun

flight (countable and uncountable, plural flights)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *plew-
Proto-Indo-European *plewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *fleuganą
Proto-West Germanic *fleugan
Proto-West Germanic *-þi
Proto-West Germanic *fluhti
Old English flyht
Middle English flight
English flight
From Middle English flight, from Old English flyht (“flight”), from Proto-West Germanic *fluhti (“flight”), derived from *fleuganą (“to fly”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly”), enlargement of *plew- (“flow”). Analyzable as fly + -t (variant of -th).
Cognate with West Frisian flecht (“flight”), Dutch vlucht (“flight”), German Flucht (“flight”) (etymology 2).

etymon

(US, naval) A numbered subclass of a given class of warship, denoting incremental modernizations to the original design.


seconde

(fencing) The second defensive position, with the sword hand held at waist height, with the hand held in a prone position and the tip of the sword below the level of the guard.


mike

From translingual Mike, representing the letter m, from English Mike.

We'll be there in one zero mikes [i.e. ten minutes].


appel

Borrowed from French appel. Doublet of appeal.

(fencing) An act of striking the ground with the leading foot to frighten, distract, or mislead one's opponent.


AAA

en-noun

AAA (countable and uncountable, plural AAAs)

(military) Initialism of anti-aircraft artillery.


ADA

A.D.A. (alternative)
A. D. A. (alternative)

Americans for Democratic Action
w:Americans for Democratic Action

(US politics) Initialism of Americans for Democratic Action.

Americans with Disabilities Act
w:Americans with Disabilities Act

(US politics) Initialism of Americans with Disabilities Act.


SM

SM (countable and uncountable, plural SMs)

(US, military) Abbreviation of standard missile.

(military) Initialism of standoff missile.


rd

(knitting, firearms) Abbreviation of round.


CC

CC (countable and uncountable, plural CCs)

(military) Abbreviation of cruiser, a type of warship.

At the helm of Company Eleven was Chief Quartermaster Pritchard. Officially he was known as the Company Commander (CC) and had been assigned to Camp Moffett for the purpose of being our CC. […] Successful CC's often had their detractors in the form ofjealous and less successful CC's.

2013, David Banagis, Twenty-Three Days at Sea: A Sailor's Story, Bloomington, IN: Abbott Press, →ISBN, page 9:

(military) Initialism of company commander.

Mikhail Gorbachev was the last General Secretary of the CC of the CPSU.

Central Committee
Central Committee#English

(politics) Initialism of Central Committee.

(US, military, historical) The US Navy hull classification symbol for a battlecruiser; the only such ships authorized by Congress were of the Lexington-class, which were cancelled under the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty with two being converted to aircraft carriers.


premier

Borrowed from Middle French premier (adjective), from Latin prīmārius. Doublet of primary.

PREMIER, a. This French word, which signifies first, is used by English Heralds to signify the most ancient Peer of any Degree by Creation; as Premier Baron, &c.

[1777, Antoine Pyron du Marte, Mr. Porny, The Elements of Heraldry:

[…]dau. of Lord Forbes, Premier Baron of Scotland (the Cumine family were of very ancient date[…])

1882, Bernard Burke, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland, page 1390:

"THE PREMIER DUKES OF FRANCE. " It will be seen from the autograph appended [...] He was the first to arrive, but it was to his coachman that he owed it that he became the premier Duke of France.

1890, William Thomas Stead, The Review of Reviews, page 327:

(heraldry) Most ancient; first to hold a specified status.


premier

prime minister

parliamentary leader of government and leader of cabinet in a national parliament

prime minister

head of government in a non-Westminster system

1871 July 29, “Our Tyrant”, The Spectator, Volume 303, Issues 9308-9315, page 910,
Mr. Gladstone had literally no option. Not to coerce the Lords was to coerce the Commons to continue purchase in spite of their repeated votes for its abolition, and this the Premier had as little the power as the will to do.

(politics, UK, Westminster system) The head of government in parliament and leader of the cabinet.

(politics, UK parliament) The prime minister.

More surprising than the company′s activities and interests were those of the premier of Ontario, Mitchell Hepburn.

1974, Irving M. Abella, On Strike; Six Key Labour Struggles in Canada, 1919-1949, page 96:

The major concern of most of the premiers who attended the 1887 conference was, as Macdonald well understood, to put pressure upoon Ottawa to amend the B.N.A. Act to increase the subsidies paid to the provinces by tying them to current population levels rather than those of 1860.

1986, R. Kenneth Carty, National Politics and Community in Canada, page 116:

John Forrest had dominated the fledgling state of Western Australia, serving as premier for the previous decade.

2007, Patrick Moray Weller, Cabinet Government in Australia, 1901-2006: Practice, Principles, Performance, page 1:

In 1890 it was South Australian Premier Charles Cameron Kingston who first proposed a system of compulsory conciliation and arbitration to deal with industrial unrest.

2009, Andrew Stewart, edited by John Spoehr, Chapter 16: Industrial Relations: State of South Australia: From Crisis to Prosperity?, page 302:

In 2009 Kristina Keneally became Labor premier in NSW in similar circumstances to her predecessors in Western Australia and Victoria - a Labor government that was in deep trouble because of mismanagement and corruption scandals.

2011, Jennifer Curtin, Marian Sawer, “4: Oceania”, in Gretchen Bauer, Manon Tremblay, editors, Women in Executive Power: A Global Overview, page 56:

(politics, Australia, Canada, South Africa) The leader of a state or provincial government and cabinet.

省長 /省长

Australia, Canada: head of a state or provincial government

first minister

parliamentary leader of government and leader of cabinet in a state or provincial parliament

1983, Guo Zhou, China & the World, Volume 4, Beijing Review, page 13,
This shows that our policy of strengthening friendly ties with Africa as developed by Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai is a correct one and that it has won popular support in Africa.

Actual decision-making power in China resides in the state′s executive organs and in the CCP. At the national level the top government executive organ is the State Council, which is led by the premier.

1998, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, volume 16, page 61:

So, in the case of Russia and some other states, the head of state is the president (who is elected) and who then can name the premier and the cabinet ministers. The intent of this system is for the president to be popularly elected and to exercise political leadership, while the premier runs the everyday operations of government and leads the legislative power.

2008, Steffen W. Schmidt, Mack C. Shelley, Barbara A. Bardes, American Government & Politics Today, page 470:

(politics, non-Westminster) The government leader in a legislative congress or leader of a government-level administrative body; the head of government.


bus

buses (plural)
busses (plural)
'bus (alternative archaic)

→ Arabic: بَاص (bāṣ)

⇒ Burmese: ဘတ်စ်ကား (bhatcka:)

→ Cantonese: 巴士

→ Mandarin: 巴士 (bāshì)

→ German: Bus m

→ Hindi: बस (bas)

→ Irish: bus

desctree

→ Japanese: バス (basu)
→ Hakka: 巴士 (pa-sṳ́)
→ Hokkien: 巴士 (bá-suh)
→ Kavalan: basu
→ Sakizaya: basu

→ Korean: 버스 (beoseu)

→ Kurtöp: བས (bas)

→ Malay: bas

→ Pashto: بس

⇒ Sanskrit: बसयान (basayāna)

→ Scottish Gaelic: bus

→ Thai: บัส (bát)

→ Tibetan: འབའ་སེ ('ba' se)

→ Urdu: بس

→ Welsh: bws

Clipping of omnibus. Superseded earlier 'bus, where the apostrophe indicated a clipping. The shift in spelling likely reflects the fact that modern speakers no longer perceive this term as a clipping. The electrical sense is derived from figurative application of the automotive sense.

(military slang, 1910s–1940s) An aeroplane.


accelerograph

(military) An apparatus for studying the combustion of powder in guns, etc.


PC

en-noun

PC (countable and uncountable, plural PCs)

(law enforcement) Initialism of police constable, a police rank used in Commonwealth countries.

previous conviction
previous conviction#English

(UK, law enforcement) Initialism of previous conviction.

Progressive Conservative
Progressive Conservative#English

(Canadian politics, dated) Initialism of Progressive Conservative.

(Canadian politics, by extension) A member of the Conservative Party of Canada.


PC

(US, navy) Initialism of Coastal Patrol.

(UK politics) Initialism of Plaid Cymru.

Progressive Canadian Party
w:Progressive Canadian Party

(Canada, politics) Initialism of Progressive Canadian Party.

Progressive Conservative Party
Progressive Conservative Party#English

(Canada, politics, dated) Initialism of Progressive Conservative Party.

Philippine Constabulary
w:Philippine Constabulary

(Philippines, law enforcement, historical) Initialism of Philippine Constabulary.


GST

the goods and sales tax (GST) was first discussed in 1986 when the then Financial Secretary, John Brembridge, suggested the introduction of the GST as a solution to the narrow tax base.

2012, Kui-wai Li, Economic Freedom: Lessons Of Hong Kong, page 538:

The July budget is likely to set a deadline for the implementation of two key tax reforms – the Goods and Sales Tax (GST) and Direct Taxes Code (DTC) – which till now did not get consensus from all the states. It is estimated that with GST in place, India's GDP will shoot up by a minimum of 1.5 to two percentage points

2016, Dr. Sunil Gupta, Thoughts Gallery: Thoughts Gallery: A Treasury of Inspiring Thoughts and Quotes, page 205:

There are several instances when provinces have used their latitude in this respect to 'fill in' the tax room the federal government has left when abating its sales tax and later the Goods and Sales Tax (GST).

2018, Dietmar Braun, Fiscal Policies in Federal States:

goods and sales tax
goods and sales tax#English

(taxation)
Initialism of goods and sales tax.

goods and services tax
goods and services tax#English

(Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, Singapore) Initialism of goods and services tax.


LES

LES (countable and uncountable, plural LESs)

Leave and Earnings Statement
w:Leave and Earnings Statement

(military, US) Initialism of Leave and Earnings Statement.


bolt

→ Irish: bolta

→ Japanese: ボルト (boruto)

→ Maltese: bolt

desctree

→ Russian: болт (bolt)
→ Azerbaijani: bolt
→ Ingrian: boltta

→ Scottish Gaelic: bolta

From Middle English bolt, from Old English bolt, from Proto-West Germanic *bolt, from Proto-Germanic *bultaz, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”). Compare Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”). Akin to Dutch and West Frisian bout, German Bolz or Bolzen, Danish bolt, Swedish bult, Icelandic bolti.

der

mechanical engineering
mechanical engineering

(military, mechanical engineering) A sliding mechanism to chamber and unchamber a cartridge in a firearm.

затво́р

(US, politics) A refusal to support a nomination made by the party with which one has been connected; a breaking away from one's party.


bolt

en-verb

bolt (third-person singular simple present bolts, present participle bolting, simple past and past participle bolted)

bolts (present singular third-person)
bolting (participle present)
bolted (participle past)
bolted (past)

John Silber charged that people who bolted the Democratic Party in this election are "Kamakaze ^([sic]) liberals", beneath contempt and clearly too stupid to deserve to vote.

1990 December 9, Richard Braun, “A Whole New Day For The Party: Giving Us A Voice”, in Gay Community News, volume 18, number 21, page 5:

(US, politics) To refuse to support a nomination made by a party or caucus with which one has been connected; to break away from a party.


sole

→ Hebrew: סוֹל (sol)

From Middle English sole, soole, from Old English sole, solu. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman sole, Old French sole, from Vulgar Latin *sola (“bottom of the shoe”, also “flatfish”), from Latin solea (“sandal, bottom of the shoe”), from Proto-Indo-European *swol- (“sole”). Cognate with Dutch zool (“sole, tread”), German Sohle (“sole, insole, bottom, floor”), Danish sål (“sole”), Icelandic sóli (“sole, outsole”), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 (sulja, “sandal”). Related to Latin solum (“bottom, ground, soil”). More at soil.
Compare typologically Russian по́чва (póčva) akin to подо́шва (podóšva).

cog

The bottom or lower part of anything, or that on which anything rests in standing.


regime change

en-noun

regime change (countable and uncountable, plural regime changes)

Widely believed to have been coined by U.S. President Bill Clinton and popularized by his Presidential successor George W. Bush in reference to the regime of Saddam Hussein. Use of the term dates back to 1925.

(politics, geopolitics) The overthrow of a government that is considered an illegitimate regime by means of external force (especially military might), and its replacement with a new government according to the concept of political legitimacy promoted by that force.

정권교체

refers to any change in administration, whether peaceful, violent


well

From Middle English welle, from Old English wielle (“well”), from Proto-West Germanic *wallijā, from Proto-Germanic *wallijǭ (“well, swirl, wave”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”).
Cognate with West Frisian wel (“well”), Dutch wel (“well”), German Low German Well (“well”), German Welle (“wave”), Danish væld (“well; spring”), Swedish väl (“well”), Icelandic vella (“boiling; bubbling; eruption”).

cog

wool (interjection or unstressed, some accents)

the jug goes to the well until it breaks

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

(military) A hole or excavation in the earth, in mining, from which run branches or galleries.

potero

military: hole or excavation in the earth

shaft

excavation in the earth, from which run branches or galleries


SO

(politics, parliamentary) Abbreviation of standing order.


hook

sometimes in Northern England and Ireland, otherwise obsolete

From Middle English hoke, from Old English hōc, from Proto-West Germanic *hōk, from Proto-Germanic *hōkaz, variant of *hakô (“hook”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kog-, *keg-, *keng- (“peg, hook, claw”).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian heak, Dutch haak (“hook”)) (compare West Frisian/Dutch hoek (“hook, angle, corner”), Low German Hook, Huuk); also related to hake.

The heavyweight delivered a few powerful hooks that staggered his opponent.

American Ward was too quick and too slick for his British rival, landing at will with razor sharp jabs and hooks and even bullying Froch at times.

2011 December 18, Ben Dirs, “Carl Froch outclassed by dazzling Andre Ward”, in BBC Sport:

(boxing) a type of punch delivered with the arm rigid and partially bent and the fist travelling nearly horizontally mesially along an arc

(Canada, Australia, military) Any of the chevrons denoting rank.


fire engine

Near-synonyms: fire truck (usually synonymous in current usage), fire appliance

A fire aboard TfW 175007, working a Holyhead-Cardiff Central service on February 8, closed the A483 road while five fire engines from Wrexham, Deeside, and Cheshire attended the scene.

2023 March 22, “Network News: Class 175s withdrawn for safety checks after fires”, in RAIL, number 979, page 13:

(firefighting, vehicles) A vehicle used by firefighters to pump water to fight a fire. Typically, a fire engine carries a supply of water and has the ability to connect to an external water supply.


strafe

en-verb

strafe (third-person singular simple present strafes, present participle strafing, simple past and past participle strafed)

strafes (present singular third-person)
strafing (participle present)
strafed (participle past)
strafed (past)

From German strafe (“punish”) (a conjugated form of strafen), from phrases like Gott strafe England (“God punish England”) which the British saw during the First World War.

These should be especially useful against low-flying planes that "strafe" infantry and transport columns with machine-gun fire and light bombs.

1929, Frank Thone, “‘Thinking Machine’ Aims Guns”, in The Science News-Letter, volume 16, number 437, pages 107-09:

(transitive, military, aviation) To attack (ground targets) with automatic gunfire from a low-flying aircraft.

Laffey, fresh off from strafing Hiei, ran straight into a quarter of the Japanese navy's remaining destroyers, and, along with Kirishima, between gunfire and another successful Type 93 torpedo strike that tore off the ship's stern, the hapless destroyer was left drifting, ablaze, and would eventually sink.

2021 March 10, Drachinifel, 20:16 from the start, in Guadalcanal Campaign - The Big Night Battle: Night 1 (IJN 3(?) : 2 USN), archived from the original on 2022-10-17:

(transitive, military, by extension) To rake (a target) with rapid or automatic gunfire.

You will get an officer sometimes fu'l of shout and swank, an' 'e 'll put 'em through it, an' strafe 'em, an' walk off parade feelin' that 'e 'as put the fear o' God into 'em.

1933, Thomas Clement Lonergan, “Private 19022”, in The Military Engineer, volume 23, number 132, page 582:

(transitive, military, figurative) To reprimand severely.


augmentation

en-noun

augmentation (countable and uncountable, plural augmentations)

From Middle English augmentation, augmentacion, augmentacioun, from Old French augmentacion, from Latin augmentātiō, verbal noun from augmentō (“increase”, verb).

(heraldry) A particular mark of honour, granted by the sovereign in consideration of some noble action, or by favour; and either quartered with the family arms, or on an escutcheon or canton.

augmentie

in heraldry: a particular mark of honour


sweat

sweat (usually uncountable, plural sweats)

Sranan Tongo: sweti

Torres Strait Creole: swet

From Middle English swete, swet, swate, swote, from Old English swāt, from Proto-Germanic *swait-, *swaitą, from Proto-Indo-European *swoyd- (“to sweat”), o-grade of *sweyd- (“to sweat”). Cognate with West Frisian swit, Dutch zweet, German Schweiß, Danish sved, Swedish svett, Yiddish שוויצן (shvitsn) (English shvitz), Latin sudor, French sueur, Italian sudore, Spanish sudor, Persian خوی (xway, “sweat”), Sanskrit स्वेद (svéda), Lithuanian sviedri, Tocharian B syā-, Albanian djersë, and Welsh chwys.

inh

(British, military slang, especially WWI) A soldier (especially one who is old or experienced).


consciousness

en-noun

consciousness (countable and uncountable, plural consciousnesses)

the development of a feminist consciousness

This new anti-military consciousness surfaced at the Gay Academic Union Conference held last month in New York, where two broadsides and a meeting were held to discuss the situation. And in San Francisco, after a stormy meeting of Bay Area Gay Liberation (BAGEL), the group refused to co-sponsor a fund-raising event for former T/Sgt. Leonard Matlovich.

1975 December 27, Neil Miller, “Anti-Military Backlash Surfaces”, in Gay Community News, volume 3, number 26, page 3:

(uncountable) The state of being conscious or aware; awareness.

(politics) Acute awareness (of something) and belief in its communal relevance.


steam

steam (usually uncountable, plural steams)

From Middle English steem, stem, from Old English stēam (“steam, hot exhalation, hot breath; that which emits vapour; blood”), from Proto-Germanic *staumaz (“steam, vapour, breath”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke”). Cognate with Scots stem, steam (“steam”), West Frisian steam (“steam, vapour”), Dutch stoom (“steam, vapour”), Low German stom (“steam”), Swedish dialectal stimma (“steam, fog”), Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”).

der

(fencing) Fencing without the use of any electric equipment.


recycle

en-verb

recycle (third-person singular simple present recycles, present participle recycling, simple past and past participle recycled)

recycles (present singular third-person)
recycling (participle present)
recycled (participle past)
recycled (past)

→ Dutch: recyclen

→ German: recyceln, recyclen

[ˌɹiːˈsaɪkɫ̩]

/ˌɹɪˈsaɪkəl/

[ˌɹɪ̝ˈsaɪkɫ̩]

[ɹɪˈsəi̯k(ə)ɫ]

Recruits cannot fail this portion of their training and become a Marine. Anyone who fails may be “recycled” through training up to three more times to try again, but will be sent home if success in this program is not achieved.

2006, Barbara Schading, Richard Schading, A Civilian's Guide to the U.S. Military, page 102:

(US, military, transitive) To put (a person) through a course of training again.


friendly

en-adj

friendly (comparative friendlier or more friendly, superlative friendliest or most friendly)

friendlier (comparative)
more friendly (comparative)
friendliest (superlative)
most friendly (superlative)

From Middle English frendly, freendly, frendely, frendlich, from Old English frēondlīċ, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndlīkaz, equivalent to friend + -ly. Cognate with Saterland Frisian früntelk, fjuntelk (“friendly”), West Frisian freonlik (“friendly”), Dutch vriendelijk (“friendly”), German Low German fründelk, frünnelk (“friendly”), German freundlich (“friendly”).

The soldier was killed by friendly fire.

It is clear that the firing of very heavy guns, or the enemy's fire in return, would very seriously interfere with an abbatis, or anything of that kind, and it will only be something of the lightest character, or something that is placed at a considerable distance from the friendly fire, the fire of the gun itself, that would remain.

1867 June 3, Jasper Selwyn, “Further Particulars Regarding Moncrieff's Protected Barbette System”, in Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, volume XI, number XLIV, page 256:

The slaughter of one's own troops by being fired into by their friends in rear. We are very much concerned over the question of avoiding loss from the enemy's bullets while passing through the danger zone, but what have we done to avoid our bravest fellows, the survival of the fittest, those who have gotten to the front and have held on to hard-won positions—what have we done to avoid their being shot to pieces by friendly fire? Absolutely nothing that we have ever heard of—and yet this is one of the most serious problems that confronts the leader of troops. Courage before the enemy will quail before a fire from the rear.

1910, P.E.T., “The Franco-German War”, in Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States, volume XLVI, number CLXV, page 552:

(usually military) Of or pertaining to friendlies (friendly noun sense 2, below). Also applied to other bipolar confrontations, such as team sports.

прия́телски

pertaining to friendlies in the conflict sense


pop

en-noun

pop (countable and uncountable, plural pops)

From Middle English pop, poppe (“a blow; strike; buffet”) (> Middle English poppen (“to strike; thrust”, verb)), of onomatopoeic origin – used to describe the sound, or short, sharp actions. The physics sense is part of a facetious sequence "snap, crackle, pop", after the mascots of Rice Krispies cereal.

cog

professional wrestling
professional wrestling

(professional wrestling slang) A (usually very) loud audience reaction.


ordinary

ordinaries (plural)
ordinarie (alternative obsolete)

/ˈɔɹdɪnɛ(ə)ɹi/

From Anglo-Norman ordenarie, ordenaire et al., Middle French ordinaire, and their source, Medieval Latin ordinarius, noun use of Latin ōrdinārius (“regular, orderly”), from ōrdō (“order”).

(heraldry) One of the standard geometric designs placed across the center of a coat of arms, such as a pale or fess.


bow

From Middle English bowe, from Old English boga, Proto-West Germanic *bogō, from Proto-Germanic *bugô.
Cognate with West Frisian bôge, Dutch boog, German Bogen, Swedish båge.

strykstok

rod used for playing stringed instruments

Bows come in a variety of different shapes, sizes and cultures, and what is true of one, is not necessarily true of another, so we're gonna be stereotyping here, but, in general, a bow is a way of launching a pointy stick at somebody that you don't like.

2024 November 28, blumineck, “Fantasy vs Reality: 5 weapons that fantasy gets wrong!”, in youtube.com, retrieved 2025-05-07:

(archery) A weapon made of a curved piece of wood or other flexible material whose ends are connected by a string, used for shooting arrows.


armor

en-noun

armor (countable and uncountable, plural armors)

armors (plural)
armour (alternative Australia British Canada)

From Middle English armure, armour, armor, armeure, borrowed from Anglo-Norman armure and Old French armeüre, from Latin armātūra. Doublet of armature and armure. By surface analysis, arm (“to cover or furnish”) + -or (suffix forming agent nouns or nouns of quality, state, or condition).

surf

-or<pos:suffix forming agent nouns or nouns of quality, state, or condition>

Good work, Chief. Link up with our armor on the far side of the wall.

2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, spoken by Miranda Keyes (Justis Bolding), Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: The Ark:

armoured fighting vehicles
armoured fighting vehicles

(military, uncountable) A military formation consisting primarily of tanks or other armoured fighting vehicles, collectively.


fireball

/ˈfaɪəɹˌbɔl/

Chelyabinsk meteor
Nevada Test Site
Operation Upshot–Knothole

The noun is derived from fire (noun) + ball (noun). The adjective and verb are derived from the noun.

tulipallo

bag or ball filled with combustible material; (heraldry) charge depicting a disc-shaped bombshell

[T]he ſlingers and archers together, vvith others alſo tumbling dovvne huge ſtones, vvith firebrands and fireballs, ſet them further off.

1609, Ammianus Marcellinus, “[The XXIIII. Booke.] Chapter VII. The Most Strong Assault of the Said Citie. The Painefull Toyle, Industrie, and Fortitude, as well of the Besiegers as Besieged. At Length by Undermining the Walls are Overthrowne..”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Roman Historie, […], London: […] Adam Jslip, →OCLC, pages 249–250:

(weaponry, historical) A bag or ball filled with combustible material which is thrown as a weapon or to set something alight.

(heraldry) A charge depicting a disc-shaped bombshell with flames emitted from the top, or sometimes from the top, bottom, and on either side.


gash

From French gâcher (“to waste, to mess up”) or gâchis (“waste, a mess”), likely borrowed into English by ships' crews in the 19th century. Became increasingly vulgar by association with Etymology 1.

"All gash kit? There won't be no trouble with the books?"

1987, Simon Raven, The Sabre Squadron: A Novel, →ISBN:

(slang, dated, UK, chiefly military) Spare, extra.


college

colleges (plural)
colledg (alternative obsolete)
colledge (alternative obsolete)

⇒ Bengali: কলেজ (kolej)

→ Finnish: college

⇒ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: कालिज (kālij), कॉलेज (kŏlej), कालेज (kālej)

Urdu: کالِج (kālij)

→ Russian: ко́лледж (kólledž), колле́дж (kollédž)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀леџ

Latin script: kòledž

→ Slovene: koledž

→ Ukrainian: ко́ле́дж (kólédž)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Latin lēx
Latin -ō
Latin lēgō
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂
Proto-Italic *-ā
Latin -a
Latin collēga
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin collēgiumbor.
Old French college
Middle French collegebor.
Middle English college
English college
From Middle English college, from Middle French college, from Old French college, from Latin collēgium. Doublet of collegium.

大專 /大专

postsecondary institution that does not award bachelor's degrees

مَعْهَد

non-specialized, semi-autonomous division of a university


staff

en-noun

staff (countable and uncountable, plural staffs or staves)

Token (railway signalling)#Staff and ticket

→ French: staff

→ Italian: staff

→ Japanese: スタッフ (sutaffu)

→ Korean: 스태프 (seutaepeu)

→ Malay: staf

desc

→ Portuguese: stafe, staff, estafe (Brazil)

→ Spanish: staff

From Middle English staf, from Old English stæf (“letter of the alphabet”), from Proto-West Germanic *stab, from Proto-Germanic *stabaz. Cognate with Dutch staf, German Stab, Swedish stav.
Sense of "group of military officers that assists a commander" and similar meanings, attested from 1702, is influenced by or is even from German Stab.

inh

At the head of that division which had Westminster Bridge for its approach to the scene of action, Lord George Gordon took his post; with Gashford at his right hand, and sundry ruffians, of most unpromising appearance, forming a kind of staff about him.

1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge. Chapter 49.”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock, volume III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 217:

(military) An establishment of officers in various departments attached to an army, to a section of an army, or to the commander of an army. The general's staff consists of those officers about his person who are employed in carrying his commands into execution.


vodka

en-noun

vodka (countable and uncountable, plural vodkas)

vodkas (plural)
vodki (alternative colloquial nonstandard)
vodky (alternative colloquial nonstandard)

→ Cebuano: bodka

→ Welsh: fodca

From Russian во́дка (vódka), from вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka, “-let: forming diminutives”). The archaic Russian name for vodka was хле́бное вино́ (xlébnoje vinó, “grain wine”); V. Pokhlyobkin's research suggests the present name derived from expressions concerning the dilution of the initial pure distilled spirit such as "vodka of grain wine".
Cognates include Sanskrit उदक (udaka), Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) → English hydro-, English whisky and English water.

(countable, military slang, ethnic slur) A Russian.

(uncountable, military slang) Russian language.


sloop

→ Bengali: সুলুপ (śulup)

→ Catalan: sloop

→ Czech: šalupa

→ Danish: slup

→ Estonian: luup

→ Faroese: slupp

→ Finnish: sluuppi

→ French: sloop

→ German: Sloop, Slup, Schlup

→ Icelandic: slúppa

→ Italian: sloop

→ Norwegian: slupp

→ Polish: slup

→ Serbo-Croatian: слуп (slup)

→ Slovene: šalupa

→ Swedish: slup

→ Thai: สลุบ (sà-lùp)

Borrowed from Dutch sloep. Doublet of chalupa and shallop.

(military) A sailing warship, smaller than a frigate, with its guns all on one deck.

(military) A sloop-of-war, smaller than a frigate, larger than a corvette.


mast

From Middle English mast, from Old English mæst (“mast”), from Proto-West Germanic *mast, from Proto-Germanic *mastaz (“mast, sail-pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *mazdos (“pole, mast”).
Cognate with Dutch mast, German Mast, and via Indo-European with Latin mālus, Russian мост (most, “bridge”), Irish adhmad.

der

(naval) A non-judicial punishment ("NJP"); a disciplinary hearing under which a commanding officer studies and disposes of cases involving those under his command.


switch

→ Gulf Arabic: سويچ (swīč)

→ German: Switch

Perhaps from Middle Dutch swijch (“twig”), first attested in c. 1592. The mechanical device for altering the direction of something sense is first attested in c. 1797, pertaining to pivoted rails on minecart railways, which were once wooden.

камута́тар

system allowing the interconnection of telephone lines

(firearms, slang) Synonym of Glock switch.

(slang, metonymic) A Glock pistol equipped with a Glock switch.


PLC

Palestinian Legislative Council
w:Palestinian Legislative Council

(Palestinian politics) Initialism of Palestinian Legislative Council.


LLC

This provision adds requirements for the student and taxpayer (if filing on behalf of the student) to include their SSN on their tax return in order to receive either the AOTC or LLC under IRC section 25A.

2025 May 7, “The One, Big, Beautiful Bill”, in United States House Committee on Ways & Means, page 43:

Lifetime Learning Credit
w:Lifetime Learning Credit

(US, taxation) Initialism of Lifetime Learning Credit.


jambe

From Middle English jambe, jaumbe, French jambe. Doublet of gam, gamb, gamba, and jamb.

Lion's jambe, erased, grasping a laurel branch.

1828, William Berry, Encyclopaedia Heraldica, Or Complete Dictionary of Heraldry: Dictionary of Heraldry:

[Image of a human leg in armor.] Crest - A jambe, unarmed, excepting the spur, quarterly, or and sa.

1844, John Burke, Bernard Burke, Encyclopædia of Heraldry: Or General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Comprising a Registry of All Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time, Including the Late Grants by the College of Arms:

If couped or erased at the middle joint, it is not a jambe but a paw, as in the example given under Seal, q.v. Or, a lion's jambe inverted and erased in bend gules—Powis. Gules, three lion's jambes erased and inverted argent—Newdigate, Surrey.
Or, a lion's jambe inverted and erased in bend gules. Powis. Gules, three lion's jambes erased and inverted argent.

1847, Henry Gough, A Glossary of Terms Used in British Heraldry: With a Chronological Table, Illustrative of Its Rise and Progress, page 171:

... by the side of which is a pheasant, and at his feet there is a lion's jambe with the claws retracted.

1889, Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society (Great Britain), Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, page 16:

“Over all, on an escutcheon of the first, a jambe gules.” “A jambe gules erased,” said Sir Nigel, shaking his head solemnly. “Yet it is not amiss for a monkbred man. I trust that you are lowly and serviceable?”

1902, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Works of A. Conan Doyle: The white company, page 167:

(heraldry) A leg, of an animal or person.


armistice

From Late Latin armistitium, from Latin arma (“arms, weapons”) + sistēre (from sistō (“to halt, stand still”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand up”)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). The word is cognate with French armistice, Italian armistizio, Portuguese armistício, Spanish armisticio.

135. An armistice is the cessation of active hostilities for a period agreed upon between belligerents. It must be agreed upon in writing, and duly ratified by the highest authorities of the contending parties.
 136. If an armistice be declared, without conditions, it extends no further than to require a total cessation of hostilities, along the front of both belligerents.

1863 April 24, Francis Lieber, “Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field [General Order No. 100]”, in General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force (Adjutant General’s Office; 1863), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, published 1864, →OCLC, section VIII (Armistice—Capitulation), page 83:

It has also become routine to interrupt wars in more lasting fashion by imposing armistices. Again, unless directly followed by successful peace negotiations, armistices perpetuate the state of war indefinitely because they shield the weaker side from the consequences of refusing the concessions needed for peace. […] Armistices in themselves are not way stations to peace but rather frozen wars.

2002, Edward N[icolae] Luttwak, “The Coming Together of Opposites”, in Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace, revised and enlarged edition, Cambridge, Mass., London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, published 2003 (2nd printing), →ISBN, part I (The Logic of Strategy), pages 59–60:

(countable, military) A (short) cessation of combat.

هُدْنَة

(short) cessation of combat — see also ceasefire, truce

The Fifth Volume of this Collection makes its appearance at the moſt eventful period of the war—it includes, therefore, matter of the higheſt importance, and contains all the official documents reſpecting the late Negotiation—the war between this country and Spain, the progreſs of the French arms in Italy and Germany—the armiſtices and treaties concluded with the German and Italian powers— […]

1797, “Preface”, in John Debrett, compiler, A Collection of State Papers, Relative to the War against France now Carrying on by Great Britain and the Several Other European Powers; […], volume V, London: Printed for J[ohn] Debrett, […], →OCLC:

The government of Great-Britain lost no time after the war was known, in making to our cabinet proposals for an armistice. Those proposals were like all propositions between equal states, perfectly reciprocal. They require of us to suspend hostilities only, in consideration of suspending hostilities on their part. They are silent as to impressments—and would any person inquire why? It may be answered, that impressments had never been presented to Great-Britain as in themselves the cause of war— […]

1813, [John Lowell Jr.], “No. IV. The Several Proposals for an Armistice Considered.”, in Perpetual War, the Policy of Mr. Madison. […], Boston, Mass.: Printed by C[hester] Stebbins, →OCLC, page 17:

Twice during the last quarter of a century the same railway vehicle has provided the scene of the signature of an armistice between Germany and France, and this famous vehicle is at present in Berlin, where it was placed on public exhibition in the Lustgarten on March 23.

1941 July, “The Armistice Coach”, in Railway Magazine, page 316:

The day armistice was signed [chapter title] […] At five o'clock on the morning of 11 November 1918, a group of high-ranking German politicians and military officers entered a railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne. They were met by delegates from the countries with which they had been at war. Three days earlier the French, British and Americans had prepared an armistice document which they demanded the Germans accept within three days. Inside the carriage the Germans signed the surrender document put before them. The document signalled that the war would stop in six hours' time, at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918.

2003, John Malam, “The Day Armistice was Signed”, in Mary-Jane Wilkins, editor, 11 November 1918: The World War I Armistice (Dates with History), London: CherrytreeBooks, Evans Brothers, →ISBN, pages 12–13:

(countable, military) A formal agreement, especially between nations, to end combat.


chop

en-noun

chop (countable and uncountable, plural chops)

→ Japanese: チョップ

From Middle English choppen, chappen (“to chop”), of uncertain origin, possibly onomatopoeic, or a variant of chap (“to become cracked”).
Cognate with Scots chap (“to chop”). Compare also Saterland Frisian kappe, kapje (“to hack; chop; lop off”), Dutch kappen (“to chop, cut, hew”), German Low German kappen (“to cut off; clip”), German kappen (“to cut; clip”), German dialectal chapfen, kchapfen (“to chop into small pieces”), Albanian copë (“piece, chunk”), Old English *ċippian (in forċippian (“to cut off”)). Perhaps related to chip.

cog

A karate chop.

(martial arts) A blow delivered with the hand rigid and outstretched.


libertarian

libertarians (plural)
Libertarian (alternative)

/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹɪ.ən/

Foundation for Economic Education
Joseph Déjacque
Leonard Read
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
William Belsham
lois scélérates

The noun is derived from liber(ty) + -arian (suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something). The adjective is derived from the noun.
sense development
The word was first attested in English in 1789 in William Belsham’s Essays: see the quotation. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the more frequently encountered modern sense.
Compare French libertaire (“person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist”), from liberté (“freedom”) + -aire (suffix forming nouns). Libertaire is derived from Latin libertas. The French word was first attested in a May 1857 letter by the French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque (1821–1865) to the anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), reading: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE [A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN] […]”. It was popularized as a euphemism for anarchiste in the 1890s, following the French lois scélérates (literally “villainous laws”) under which anarchist publications were banned.
Sense 3.2 (“believer in right-libertarianism”) developed in the United States in the 1940s and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read (1898–1983), the founder of the Foundation for Economic Education, a free-market think tank, began calling himself “libertarian” in contrast with a “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted the use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”

cog

[Gustav] Landauer's reorientation of anarchist theory and practice in the direction of idealist and völkisch thought was often incomprehensible to the more traditional libertarians, and in the period of the second Sozialist Landauer no longer felt entirely comfortable with the simple "anarchist" label. For Landauer anarchism and socialism had always been different expressions of the same view; now he regarded anarchism as "merely the negative side of what is positively called socialism."

1973, Eugene Lunn, “The Romantic as Socialist”, in Prophet of Community: The Romantic Socialism of Gustav Landauer, Berkeley; Los Angeles, Calif.; London: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 200:

While anarchism and socialist libertarians have a rich history of revolutionary thinkers ranging from Emma Goldman to George Orwell, the best-known socialist libertarian thinker of today is probably Noam Chomsky.

2012, Jennifer D. Carlson, “Libertarianism”, in Wilbur R. Miller, editor, The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, →ISBN, page 1008, column 1:

(politics) One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.

(chiefly Ireland, UK) An antiauthoritarian believer in left-libertarianism, a political doctrine that stresses both individual freedom and social equality, and advocates shared ownership of natural resources.

(chiefly US) A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental intervention, oversight, and regulation, both in economic matters (that is, a belief in the free market) and in personal behaviour provided that no one's rights are threatened or violated.


libertarian

en-adj

libertarian (comparative more libertarian, superlative most libertarian)

more libertarian (comparative)
most libertarian (superlative)
Libertarian (alternative)

/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹɪ.ən/

a libertarian capitalist

For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchist but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like David Guérin will call themselves ‘libertarian socialists’, partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism with the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E[dward] P[almer] Thompson call themselves ‘libertarian’ to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties.

1991, Peter H[ugh] Marshall, “The Relevance of Anarchism”, in Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, London: Harper Perennial, published 2008, →ISBN, part 7 (The Legacy of Anarchism), page 641:

Rand Paul's presidential campaign has drafted in his father, libertarian icon Ron Paul, to directly attack Republican rival Ted Cruz in a robocall in Iowa, the first time the former presidential candidate has gone on the offensive on his son’s behalf.

2016 January 13, Ben Jacobs, “Ron Paul criticizes Cruz's absence from Fed vote in support of son's campaign”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-27:

Anonymous activities have over the years leaned incoherently to the libertarian left and right, and everything in between, singling out everyone from Justin Bieber fans to feminists, fascists, cybersecurity specialists, and engaged in the kind of pervert-exposing vigilantism that blue-collar tabloid readers have long been mocked for.

2017, Angela Nagle, “The Leaderless Digital Counter-revolution”, in Kill All Normies: The Online Culture Wars from Tumblr and 4chan to the Alt-right and Trump, Alresford, Hampshire: Zero Books, John Hunt Publishing, →ISBN, page 13:

(originally US, politics) Relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; also, relating to a political party supporting libertarianism.

自由的

relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism


MEP

Eva Kaili, the Greek MEP at the centre of a cash for influence scandal implicating Qatar, will remain in jail pending trial, a Belgian court has decided.

2022 December 22, Jennifer Rankin, “Greek MEP Eva Kaili to stay in custody after corruption charges, says court”, in The Guardian:

A French train carrying hundreds of MEPs and their teams from Brussels ended up by accident at Marne-la-Vallée, the stop for Disneyland Paris.

2023 October 16, Lisa O'Carroll, “Rail signalling error diverts Strasbourg-bound MEPs to Disneyland”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

European Parliament
European Parliament#English

(EU politics) Initialism of Member of the European Parliament.


scarecrow

scarecrows (plural)
scare-crow (alternative)
skarcrow (alternative)

/ˈskɛɚˌkɹoʊ/

The noun is derived from scare (“to frighten, startle, terrify”) + crow (“bird of the genus Corvus”). The word displaced other terms such as bogle (now dialectal, dated), sewel or shewel, and shoy-hoy (perhaps imitative of the cry of crows).
The verb is derived from the noun.

compound

(military, World War II, historical) Military equipment or tactics used to scare and deter rather than cause actual damage.

pelottelutaktiikka

military equipment or tactics used to scare and deter rather than cause actual damage


shit on a shingle

(US, military, slang, vulgar) Creamed chipped beef on toast.


belt

→ Afrikaans: belt

→ Assamese: বেল্ট (belto)

→ Bengali: বেল্ট (belṭo)

→ Dutch: belt

→ Hindi: बेल्ट (belṭ)

→ Irish: beilt

→ Japanese: ベルト (beruto)

→ Odia: ବେଲ୍ଟ୍ (belṭ)

→ Urdu: بیلٹ (belṭ)

→ Welsh: belt

From Middle English belt, from Old English belt (“belt, girdle”), from Proto-West Germanic *baltī̆, from Proto-Germanic *baltijaz (“girdle, belt”), from Latin balteus (“belt, sword-belt”), of Etruscan origin. Cognate with Scots belt (“belt”), Dutch belt, German Balz (“belt”), Danish bælte (“belt”), Swedish bälte (“belt, cincture, girdle, zone”) and Icelandic belti (“belt”).

cog

The battleship was protected by a twelve-inch belt just above the waterline.

(military, nautical) A band of armor along the sides of a warship, protecting the ship's vital spaces.

(weaponry) A device that holds and feeds cartridges into a belt-fed weapon.


accosted

Capadose (Amsterdam, The Hague): Divided, 1, sinople, two small angels proper, affronté in chief, holding together a mantle gules, lined ermine, in point a beehive or, put upon a terrace proper; the beehive accosted by four bees or, and accompanied by two other bees or, brochant upon the terrace underneath the beehive; [...]

1907, Cyrus Adler, Isidore Singer, The Jewish Encyclopedia, page 127:

(heraldry) Supported on both sides by other charges.

Barrett, impaling, A chevron between six rams accosted, counter-tripping, two, two, and two (Harman of Rendlesham and […]

1887, Edmund Farrer, The Church Heraldry of Norfolk: pt. I., page 253:

(Gules, two ash trees accosted or, surmounted by a falcon of the same.)

1925, National Americana Society, Americana Illustrated, page 550:


discharge

en-verb

discharge (third-person singular simple present discharges, present participle discharging, simple past and past participle discharged)

discharges (present singular third-person)
discharging (participle present)
discharged (participle past)
discharged (past)

/dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/

/ˈdɪstʃɑːdʒ/

/dɪsˈtʃɑɹdʒ/

/ˈdɪstʃɑɹdʒ/

-ɪstʃɑː(ɹ)dʒ

From Middle English dischargen, from Old French deschargier (“to unload”), from Late Latin discarricāre (“unload”). By surface analysis, dis- + charge.

To relieve of an office or employment; to send away from service; to dismiss.

(military) To release (a member of the armed forces) from service.

уволнявам

military: to release (a member of the armed forces) from service


discharge

en-noun

discharge (countable and uncountable, plural discharges)

/dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/

/ˈdɪstʃɑːdʒ/

/dɪsˈtʃɑɹdʒ/

/ˈdɪstʃɑɹdʒ/

-ɪstʃɑː(ɹ)dʒ

career transition after discharge

(military) The act of releasing a member of the armed forces from service.


center

centers (plural)
centre (alternative Australia Canada Commonwealth Ireland New-Zealand South-Africa UK including usually)

From Middle English center, centre, from Middle French centre, from Latin centrum, from Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron), from κεντεῖν (kenteîn, “to prick, goad”). Doublet of centrum.
* (group theory): In the notation Z(G), the letter Z derives from the German Zentrum (“center”).

sentrum

point equidistant from all points on the perimeter of a circle

مَرْكَز

point in the interior of figure with mean coordinates

(politics) The ensemble of moderate or centrist political parties.


pair

pair (plural pairs or (archaic or dialectal) pair)

pairs (plural)
pair (archaic dialectal plural)

→ Tokelauan: pea

From Middle English paire, from Old French paire, from Latin paria (“equals”), neuter plural of par (“pair”). Related to pār (“equal”, adjective). Compare Saterland Frisian Poor (“pair”), West Frisian pear (“pair”), Dutch paar (“pair”), German Paar (“pair”), Italian paio (“pair”)

one hair of a woman can draw more than a hundred pair of oxen

(Australia, politics) The exclusion of one member of a parliamentary party from a vote, if a member of the other party is absent for important personal reasons.


pair

en-verb

pair (third-person singular simple present pairs, present participle pairing, simple past and past participle paired)

pairs (present singular third-person)
pairing (participle present)
paired (participle past)
paired (past)

(politics, slang) To engage (oneself) with another of opposite opinions not to vote on a particular question or class of questions.


operation

en-noun

operation (countable and uncountable, plural operations)

→ Japanese: オペレーション (operēshon)

→ Scottish Gaelic: opairèisean

/ˌɒp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

From Middle French operation, from Old French operacion, from Latin operātiō, from the verb operor (“I work”), from opus, operis (“work”). Equivalent to operate + -ion.

عَمَلِيَّة

procedure for generating a value from one or more other values

(military, countable) A military campaign (e.g. Operation Desert Storm).


BDA

(military) Initialism of bomb damage assessment.


standoff

stand off (alternative)
stand-off (alternative)

a standoff bomb, missile, or weapon

(military) For use at a distance sufficient from the target to allow defensive fire to be evaded.


heat

heat (countable and uncountable, plural heats)

From Middle English hete, from Old English hǣtu, from Proto-West Germanic *haitī, from Proto-Germanic *haitį̄ (“heat”), from Proto-Indo-European *keHy- (“heat; hot”). Cognate with Scots hete (“heat”), North Frisian hiet (“heat”), Old High German heizī (“heat”). Related also to Dutch hitte (“heat”), German Hitze (“heat”), Swedish hetta (“heat”), Icelandic hiti (“heat”).

op hitte

condition where a mammal is aroused sexually or where it is especially fertile

(professional wrestling slang) A negative reaction from the audience, especially as a heel (or bad character), or in general.


Christmas tree

Christmas trees (plural)
Christmas's tree (alternative)
X-mas tree (alternative)
Xmas tree (alternative)

PIE word
 *dóru
[[File:Emoji u1f384.svg|thumb||200px|The emoji for Christmas tree: see the entry at 🎄.]]
From Christmas + tree, a calque of German Weynacht Baum (obsolete, 17th c.), Weihnachtsbaum, from Weynacht, Weihnacht (literary or poetic variant of Weihnachten (“Christmas”)) + -s- (genitive interfix) + Baum (“tree”). The custom of Christmas trees was adopted in the United Kingdom from Germany in the 19th century, having been popularized by their use by the royal family during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901.
Sense 3 (“Christmas party”) refers to the fact that there is usually a Christmas tree (sense 1) at the event.

joulukuusi

something which resembles a Christmas tree in appearance or shape

Farnsworth and Reed […] have reported on comparative reaction times to "Christmas tree" signal lights with respect to color deficiency. One of the most important color discriminations involved in the operation of a submarine is that of reading the "Christmas tree," a panel of 30 to 60 small jewel-shaped lights, used to indicate whether hull openings, such as hatches and vents, are sealed or not.

D[ean] Farnsworth, J. D. Reed (1946 February 5) Comparative Reaction Times to Christmas Tree Signal Lights with Respect to Color Deficiency (Project X-265 (Av-153-c); Report No. 10), New London, Conn.: Medical Research Department, U.S. Navy Submarine Base, New London

(by extension) Something which resembles a Christmas tree (sense 1) in appearance (for example, in having coloured lights) or shape.

(aviation, nautical, slang) A panel of indicator lights in an aircraft or a submarine.

mittaristovalot

The existing ramp, the part that the B-52 used, a great amount of it was out in the alert area, on what we call a christmas tree^([sic]) stub at the end of the runway, in a dispersed posture.

1968 May 1, Colonel Fenlon, witness, “Statement of Maj. Gen. G. H. Goddard, Director of Civil Engineering, U.S. Air Force—Resumed”, in Military Construction Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1969: Joint Hearings before the Subcommittees on Military Construction of the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session on H.R. 18785, an Act Making Appropriations for Military Construction for the Department of Defense for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1969, and for Other Purposes […], Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 350:

At the eastern tip of the runway-taxiway lay the alert area for about nine aircraft, along with an alert building for the airmen to live. This area, called the "Christmas Tree" as a result of the Christmas tree shape of the runway pattern for alert aircraft, had compacted gravel base for concrete, but had not been paved.

1975, Robert Herman Kelting, The Great Bong Bungle, volume I (unpublished dissertation), Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin–Madison, →OCLC, page 21:

The current alert area consists of a "Christmas Tree" configuration with alert parking stubs angled at 45° off of a central taxiway.

1983 April 19, Norman G. Delbridge, Jr., witness, “Questions Submitted by Senator Strom Thurmond, Answers Supplied by Gen. Norman G. Delbridge, Jr., Assistant Chief of Engineers, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army”, in Military Construction Authorization Fiscal Year 1984: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Military Construction of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session on S. 720, a Bill to Authorize Certain Construction at Military Installations for Fiscal Year 1984, and for Other Purposes […] (S. Hrg. 98-448), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 252:

(US, aviation, historical) An alert area at an air base with aircraft parked in stubs arranged at a 45-degree angle to a central taxiway to enable them to move rapidly to a runway; these were constructed by the Strategic Air Command of the United States Air Force during the Cold War (generally 1947–1991).


nail

en-verb

nail (third-person singular simple present nails, present participle nailing, simple past and past participle nailed)

nails (present singular third-person)
nailing (participle present)
nailed (participle past)
nailed (past)

From Middle English naylen, from Old English næġlan.

Wikipedia disambiguation page on both meanings of nail

Nail in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

That the Ordinance be not nayled, nor the munition fiered.

1598, Robert Barret, he Theorike and Practike of Modern Warres: