bottom

en-noun

bottom (countable and uncountable, plural bottoms)

→ French: bottom

PIE word
 *bʰudʰmḗn
From Middle English botme, botom, from Old English botm, bodan (“bottom, foundation; ground, abyss”), from Proto-West Germanic *butm, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz, *budmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn (“bottom”). Cognate with Dutch bodem, German Boden, Icelandic botn, Danish bund; also Irish bonn (“sole (of foot)”), Ancient Greek πυθμήν (puthmḗn, “bottom of a cup or jar”), Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna, “bottom”), Persian بن (bon, “bottom”), Latin fundus (“bottom”) (whence fund, via French). The sense “posterior of a person” is from 1794; the verb “to reach the bottom of” is from 1808. bottom dollar (“the last dollar one has”) is from 1882.

سَالِب

gay sexual slang: penetrated partner in sex

(baseball) The second half of an inning, the home team's turn at bat.

jälkimmäinen vuoro

baseball: second half of an inning, the home team's turn at bat

Edward Hoby of Bisham in Berkshire, Esq; Or, a Fess, Sable, between three Hobby-Hawks, proper; otherwise, Azure, three Bottoms in Fess, Gules.

1724, John Guillim, A Display of Heraldry, page 207:

BOTTOM, a trundle or quill of gold thread. See TRUNDLE. Argent three bottoms, in fess gules, the thread or; name, Hoby, of Badland.

1866, Hugh Clark, An Introduction to Heraldry ... Eighteenth edition. Revised and corrected by J. R. Planché, page 99:

[...] three “bottoms or clewes” (elsewhere called “spindles” or “fusils upon slippers”) in fesse gules threaded or, for Badlond;

1873, Henry Sydney Grazebrook, The Heraldry of Worcestershire, page 285:

(heraldry, rare) A trundle or spindle of thread.


bogey

Probably related to or alteration of bogle, akin to or from a variant of Middle English bugge (“frightening specter, scarecrow”) (whence partly bug), of uncertain origin: perhaps from obsolete Welsh bwg (“ghost, hobgoblin”) (compare Welsh bwgwl (“threat”, older “fear”), Irish bagairt (“threat”)), from Proto-Celtic [Term?], or from Proto-Germanic *bugja- (“swollen up, thick”) (compare Norwegian bugge (“big man”), dialectal Low German Bögge and Alemannic German Böögg (“goblin”, “snot”)); see also Proto-Germanic *pūkô (“a goblin, spook”), whence obsolete English puck. Perhaps the Middle English and Welsh words come from a word related to buck and originally referred to a goat-shaped specter. Compare also booger.
The golf sense is from the devil as an imaginary player.

m+

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-bogie.wav

(golf) A score of one over par on a hole.


bogey

en-verb

bogey (third-person singular simple present bogeys, present participle bogeying, simple past and past participle bogeyed or bogied)

bogeys (present singular third-person)
bogeying (participle present)
bogeyed (participle past)
bogeyed (past)
bogied (participle past)
bogied (past)

(golf, transitive, intransitive) To make a bogey on (a particular hole).


coach

coach (third-person singular simple present coaches, present participle coaching, simple past and past participle coached)

coaches (present singular third-person)
coaching (participle present)
coached (participle past)
coached (past)

→ Dutch: coachen

Borrowed from Middle French coche, from German Kutsche, from Hungarian kocsi. According to historians, the coach was named after the small Hungarian town of Kocs, which made a livelihood from cart building and transport between Vienna and Budapest.
The meaning "instructor/trainer" is from Oxford University slang (c. 1830) for a "tutor" who "carries" one through an exam; the athletic sense is from 1861.


approach

approach (third-person singular simple present approaches, present participle approaching, simple past and past participle approached)

approaches (present singular third-person)
approaching (participle present)
approached (participle past)
approached (past)

From Middle English aprochen, borrowed from Old French aprochier (modern French approcher), from Late Latin appropiāre, a verb based on Latin prope (“near”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (a variant of *per- (“before, in front; first”)) + *-kʷe (“suffix forming distributives from interrogatives”)).

(intransitive, golf, tennis) To play an approach shot.


approach

From Middle English approche (“approach, arrival”), from approchen, aprochen (“to come or go near, approach; to adjoin, be close by; to enter (someone’s) presence; to be or become involved; to reach (a certain state); to arrive; to befall, happen to; to become similar to, resemble; to be a match for (someone)”); see etymology 1.

вход

avenue, passage, or way by which a building or place can be approached — see also access

захо́д

way an aircraft comes in to land at an airport

(also figuratively) An avenue, passage, or way by which a building or place can be approached; an access.

(climbing) A path taken to reach the climbing area, for example, from a car park, road, etc.

(bowling) The area before the lane in which a bowler may stand or run up before bowling the ball.


shotgun

en-noun

shotgun (countable and uncountable, plural shotguns)

From shot + gun. Front passenger seat sense comes from ride shotgun.

(American football) An offensive formation in which the quarterback receives the snap at a distance behind the center, often with a running back set to one or both sides of him.


shotgun

en-verb

shotgun (third-person singular simple present shotguns, present participle shotgunning, simple past and past participle shotgunned)

shotguns (present singular third-person)
shotgunning (participle present)
shotgunned (participle past)
shotgunned (past)

(transitive, baseball) To hit the ball directly back at the pitcher.


over

From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo.
Akin to Dutch over, German ober, über, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir, Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar), Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Albanian upri (“group of peasants”), Sanskrit उपरि (upári).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.

professional wrestling
professional wrestling

(professional wrestling slang) Of a wrestler: generating a reaction from fans.


over

In an emotional and electric atmosphere at Lord's, both sides scored 241 in their 50 overs and were level on 15 when they batted for an extra over apiece.

2019 July 14, Stephan Shemilt, “England win Cricket World Cup: Ben Stokes stars in dramatic finale against New Zealand”, in BBC Sport, London:

(cricket) A set of six legal balls bowled.


ward

en-noun

ward (countable and uncountable, plural wards)

→ Swahili: wodi

From Middle English ward, warde, from Old English weard (“watching, ward, protection, guardianship; advance post; waiting for, lurking, ambuscade”), from Proto-West Germanic *wardu, from Proto-Germanic *wardō (“protection, attention, keeping”), an extension of the stem *wara- (“attentive”) (English wary, beware), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cover”).
Cognate with German Warte (“watchtower”), warten (“wait for”); English guard is a parallel form which came via Old French.

inh

Thou knowest my old ward; here I lay, and thus I bore my point.

c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

(fencing) A guarding or defensive motion or position.


wait on

en-verb

wait on (third-person singular simple present waits on, present participle waiting on, simple past and past participle waited on)

waits on (present singular third-person)
waiting on (participle present)
waited on (participle past)
waited on (past)

(falconry, of a hawk) To fly above its master, waiting till game is sprung.


Agnus Dei

en-noun

Agnus Dei (plural Agnus Deis or Agnus Dei)

Borrowed from Latin Agnus Deī (“Lamb of God”).

(Roman Catholicism, heraldry) A small model, picture, or heraldic representation of a lamb with a cross and sometimes a flag (usually white with a red cross).


print

print (countable and uncountable, plural prints)

cursive

antonym(s) of “writing without connected letters”

From Middle English *printen, prenten, preenten, an apheretic form of emprinten, enprinten (“to impress; imprint”) (see imprint). Compare Dutch prenten (“to imprint”), Middle Low German prenten (“to print; write”), Danish prente (“to print”), Swedish prenta (“to write German letters”). Compare also Late Old French printer, preindre (“to press”), from Latin premere (“to press”).

cog

(photography) A photograph that has been printed onto paper from the negative.


pace

From Middle English pase, from Anglo-Norman pas, Old French pas, and their source, Latin passus. Doublet of pas and fathom; compare also pass. Cognate with Spanish pasear.

походка

way of stepping: rate or style of how someone moves with their feet

(cricket) A measure of the hardness of a pitch and of the tendency of a cricket ball to maintain its speed after bouncing.


pace

(cricket) Describing a bowler who bowls fast balls.


sub

en-verb

sub (third-person singular simple present subs, present participle subbing, simple past and past participle subbed)

subs (present singular third-person)
subbing (participle present)
subbed (participle past)
subbed (past)

* Shortened form of any of various words beginning with sub-.
* (lend a person money): From subsidize.

switch

one who is willing to take either a sadistic or a masochistic role

He never really made a contribution to the match, so it was no surprise when he was subbed at half time.

(British, informal, soccer) To replace (a player) with a substitute.

He was subbed on half way through the second half, and scored within minutes.

(British, informal, soccer, less common, often as "sub on") To bring on (a player) as a substitute.


boner

erect penis

(slang, erect penis): erection, hard-on, stiffy

He really pulled a boner that time!

(dated slang, especially baseball) A blunder; a silly mistake.


closet

→ Czech: klozet

→ Polish: klozet

→ Spanish: clóset

→ Welsh: closet

From Middle English closet, from Old French closet, from clos (“private space”) + -et (diminutive suffix), from Latin clausum. Equivalent to close + -et, but generally applied in French solely to small open-air enclosures.

cupboard

storage area set into a wall, used for storing food or dishware

cupboard

piece of furniture, used for storing food or dishware

Coordinate term: barrulet

A Closset is the halfe of the Barre, and tenne of them maie be borne in one fielde.

1572, J. Bossewell, Wks. Armorie, page 12:

(heraldry) An ordinary similar to a bar but half as broad.


dissent

en-noun

dissent (countable and uncountable, plural dissents)

agreement

antonym(s) of “a disagreement with ideas etc. of authority”

From Middle English dissenten, from Latin dissentire (“to differ in sentiments, disagree, be at odds, contradict, quarrel”), from dis- + sentire (see sense).

der

City had been woeful, their anger at their own inertia summed up when Samir Nasri received a booking for dissent, and they did not have a shot on target until the 66th minute.

2014 March 9, Jacob Steinberg, “Wigan shock Manchester City in FA Cup again to reach semi-finals”, in The Guardian:

(sports) A violation that arises when disagreement with an official call is expressed in an inappropriate manner such as foul language, rude gestures, or failure to comply.


stella

Borrowed from Latin stēlla (“a star”). Doublet of estoile, étoile, star, and aster.

doublet

(US, numismatics) Alternative letter-case form of Stella.


bonus

en-noun

bonus (plural bonuses or bonusses or (nonstandard) boni)

bonuses (plural)
bonusses (plural)
boni (nonstandard plural)

→ Danish: bonus

→ French: bonus

→ German: Bonus

→ Portuguese: bónus

→ Japanese: ボーナス (bōnasu)

→ Turkish: bonus

Borrowed from Latin bonus (“good”). Doublet of bona.

(basketball) One or more free throws awarded to a team when the opposing team has accumulated enough fouls.


bias

bias (countable and uncountable, plural biases or biasses)

c. 1520 in the sense "oblique line". As a technical term in the game of bowls c. 1560, whence the figurative use (c. 1570).
From Middle French biais, adverbially ("sideways, askance, against the grain") c. 1250, as a noun ("oblique angle, slant") from the late 16th century.
The French word is likely from Old Occitan biais, itself of obscure origin, most likely from Vulgar Latin *biaxius (“with two axes”).

there is a concealed bias within the spheroid

1822, [Walter Scott], Peveril of the Peak. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC:

(sports) In the games of crown green bowls and lawn bowls: a weight added to one side of a bowl so that as it rolls, it will follow a curved rather than a straight path; the oblique line followed by such a bowl; the lopsided shape or structure of such a bowl. In lawn bowls, the curved course is caused only by the shape of the bowl. The use of weights is prohibited.


medal

en-verb

medal (third-person singular simple present medals, present participle medaling or medalling, simple past and past participle medaled or medalled)

medals (present singular third-person)
medaling (participle present)
medalling (participle present)
medaled (participle past)
medaled (past)
medalled (participle past)
medalled (past)

From Middle English [Term?], from Middle French medaille, medale, from Italian medaglia (originally "half a denarius"), from Early Medieval Latin medālia, feminine derived via dissimilation (/dj–lj/ > /d–lj/) from mediālia, neuter plural of Late Latin mediālis (“middle”, adj), from Classical Latin medius.

He medalled twice at the Olympics.

I dashed into the mall; bought a gift; raced to the card store, snapped up a two-fer gift-bag special and was back in my car in 26 minutes. I could medal in power shopping.

2004 October 29, Carol McAlice Currie, “Unposted laws make downtown seem unwelcoming”, in Statesman Journal, volume 152, number 214, Salem, OR, page 1C:

Vocab-wise, medalling and PB-ing are now totally part-and-parcelled, and most experts in South Korea believe podiumed, finalled and all-comered are not far off lexiconing.

2011 January 9, Harry Pearson, “London 2012 can legacy by verbing the noun”, in The Guardian:

I wanted to medal. I was pregnant and I wanted to medal.

2013 January 13, “Je Ne Sais What?”, in The Good Wife, season 4, episode 12, spoken by Anna (Elizabeth Alderfer):

In 2008, after being passed over yet again for USA Basketball’s Beijing Olympics team, San Antonio Stars all-star Becky Hammon signed a four-year, $2m contract with CSKA Moscow that included a six-figure bonus for becoming a naturalised citizen and medaling at the Games.

2022 September 3, Andrew Lawrence, “Brittney Griner’s Russian ordeal is a byproduct of WNBA’s shoestring funding”, in The Guardian:

Rebecca Romero medaled in rowing and track cycling in 2004 and 2008, joining East German swimmer-turned-handball player Roswitha Krause and several swimmers/divers as two-sport medalists.

2024 July 30, Beau Dure, “What’s tougher than competing in an Olympic sport? Competing in two”, in The Guardian:

Though she never medalled at the Olympics, she did win a pair of golds at the Central American and Caribbean Games in San Salvador in 2002.

2024 August 20, Edward Helmore, “Five-time Olympian cyclist found dead in Las Vegas after choking on food”, in The Guardian:

(intransitive, sports, colloquial) To win a medal.


consolation

en-noun

consolation (countable and uncountable, plural consolations)

From Old French consolacion (French consolatio), from Latin cōnsōlātiō, from the deponent verb cōnsōlor (“I console, encourage”) with the -tiō suffix, while cōnsōlor comprises the intensifying prefix con- with the deponent verb sōlor (“I comfort, console”). Doublet of consolatio.


duplex

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplex (“double, two-fold”), from duo (“two”) + plico (“fold together”); compare the roots of διπλόος (diplóos, “double”); compare also πλέκω (plékō, “twist, braid”). By surface analysis, duo- + -plex.

(philately) A cancellation combining a numerical cancellation with a second mark showing time, date, and place of posting.

(juggling) A throwing motion where two balls are thrown with one hand at the same time.


duplex

en-verb

duplex (third-person singular simple present duplexes, present participle duplexing, simple past and past participle duplexed)

duplexes (present singular third-person)
duplexing (participle present)
duplexed (participle past)
duplexed (past)

(juggling) To make a series of duplex throws.


get up

get up (third-person singular simple present gets up, present participle getting up, simple past got up, past participle (UK) got up or (US) gotten up)

gets up (present singular third-person)
getting up (participle present)
got up (past)
got up (UK participle past)
gotten up (US participle past)

City sent on Adam Johnson for the ineffective Jo and the Englishman at least gave notice that he wanted to run at the Arsenal defence, but his team-mates had been run into the ground by then and no-one could get up in support of the winger.

2011 January 5, Jonathan Stevenson, “Arsenal 0 - 0 Man City”, in BBC:

(sports) To go towards the attacking goal.


middle

From Middle English middel, from Old English middel, middle (“middle, centre, waist”), from Proto-Germanic *midlą, *midilą, *medalą (“middle”), a diminutive of Proto-Germanic *midjō (“middle, midst”) (compare *midjaz (“mid, middle”, adjective)), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between, in the middle, middle”). Cognate with West Frisian middel, Dutch middel, German mittel (“middle”, adjective), German Mittel (“middle, means”, noun), Danish middel (“means, agent, medicine; middle/medium”). Related also to Swedish medel (“means, medium”), Icelandic meðal (“means, medicine”). See also mid.


fluke

en-verb

fluke (third-person singular simple present flukes, present participle fluking, simple past and past participle fluked)

flukes (present singular third-person)
fluking (participle present)
fluked (participle past)
fluked (past)

Unknown, perhaps dialectal. It seems to have originally referred to a lucky shot at billiards. Possibly connected to sense 3, referring to whales' use of flukes to move rapidly.

He fluked the other red into the middle pocket, despite the double kiss.

(snooker) To fortuitously pot a ball in an unintended way.


epoch

From Medieval Latin epocha, from Ancient Greek ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “a check, cessation, stop, pause, epoch of a star, i.e., the point at which it seems to halt after reaching the highest, and generally the place of a star; hence, a historical epoch”), from ἐπέχω (epékhō, “I hold in, check”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, hold”). Doublet of epoche.

der

Coordinate term: (cartography, engineering) datum

UNIX epoch; J2000 epoch

Appendix A gives formulae for the calculation of the orbital elements of the planets at any time referred to the mean ecliptic and equinox of the epoch of noon on 1st January 2000; this is called the J2000 epoch.

2000, Carl D. Murray, Stanley F. Dermott, Solar System Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN:

There are two major epoch times associated with most timestamps: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 and 1601-01-01 00:00:00. The first, starting in 1970, is traditionally referred to as POSIX time as it is a common timestamp in UNIX and UNIX-like systems.

2016, Preston Miller, Chapin Bryce, Learning Python for Forensics, Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 281:

The .NET epoch is midnight at the start of January 1st, AD 1, although that's AD 1 in a proleptic Gregorian calendar, which refers to even more complexity we haven't talked about yet.

2022, Tomasz Lelek, Jon Skeet, Software Mistakes and Tradeoffs: How to Make Good Programming Decisions, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 155:

(chronology, astronomy, computing) A specific instant in time, chosen as the point of reference or zero value of a system that involves identifying instants of time.


filter

→ Japanese: フィルター (firutā)

→ Korean: 필터 (pilteo)

From Middle English filtre, from Medieval Latin filtrum (compare also Old French feutre (“felt; filter”)), from Frankish *filtir, from Proto-West Germanic *felt. See felt. Doublet of phin.

(photography) A translucent object placed in the light path of a camera to remove certain wavelengths (colors), or a computer program that simulates such an effect.


boilerplate

en-noun

boilerplate (countable and uncountable, plural boilerplates)

The Star (1788)
boilerplate
boilerplate (spaceflight)

From boiler + plate. First use appears c. 1793 in the periodical Star.

(skiing) Hard, icy snow which may be dangerous for skiing.


dime

From Middle English dime, from Anglo-Norman disme (“one tenth, tithe”) (modern French dîme), from Latin decimus (“tenth”). Doublet of decime.

(US, Philippines, basketball) An assist.

(American football) A defensive formation with six defensive backs, one of whom is a dimeback.


adagio

/əˈdɑːd͡ʒiəʊ/

/əˈdæd͡ʒiəʊ/

(dance) A male-female duet or mixed trio ballet displaying demanding balance, spins and/or lifts.


cross country

cross country (countable and uncountable, plural cross countries or cross countrys)

cross countries (plural)
cross countrys (plural)

(sports) A running sport popular in US high schools, colleges, etc., where participants race over varying terrain (e.g. golf courses, roads, etc.) in approximately 5- to 10-kilometre races. Abbreviated XC.


stain

From Middle English steinen, steynen (“to stain, colour, paint”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse steina (“to stain, colour, paint”), from steinn (“stone, mineral blue, colour, stain”), from Proto-Norse ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *stainaz (“stone”), from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”). Cognate with Old English stān (“stone”). More at stone.
Replaced native Middle English wem (“spot, blemish, stain”) from Old English wem (“spot, stain”).
In some senses, influenced by unrelated Middle English disteynen (“to discolor, remove the colour from"; literally, "de-colour”), from Anglo-Norman desteindre (“to remove the colour from, bleach”), from Old French destaindre (“to remove the color from, bleach”), from des- (“dis-, de-, un-”) + teindre (“to dye”), from Latin tingo.

noncog

(heraldry) One of a number of non-standard tinctures used chiefly in post-medieval heraldry, especially tenné, murrey, or sanguine.


scatter

en-verb

scatter (third-person singular simple present scatters, present participle scattering, simple past and past participle scattered)

scatters (present singular third-person)
scattering (participle present)
scattered (participle past)
scattered (past)

From Middle English scateren, skateren, (also schateren, see shatter), from Old English *sceaterian, probably from a dialect of Old Norse. Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split, shatter”). Compare Middle Dutch scheteren (“to scatter”), Low German schateren, Dutch schateren (“to burst out laughing”); and is apparently remotely akin to Ancient Greek σκεδάννυμι (skedánnumi, “scatter, disperse”). and Tocharian B kät- (“to scatter, sow seeds”). Doublet of shatter.

cog

(transitive, baseball) Of a pitcher: to keep down the number of hits or walks.


touring car

(motor racing) A type of race car based on a modified production car, that is a sedan or saloon car.


blaze

en-verb

blaze (third-person singular simple present blazes, present participle blazing, simple past and past participle blazed)

blazes (present singular third-person)
blazing (participle present)
blazed (participle past)
blazed (past)

From Middle English blasen (“to blow”), from Old English *blǣsan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāsan, from Proto-Germanic *blēsaną (“to blow”). Related to English blast.

And nowe here is another crosse for your learning, and is thus blazed. The field is Argét, a playn crosse Gules, voyded of the first.

1576, Gerard LEGH, The Accedens of Armory. With an address to the Reader by R. Argoll. Woodcuts. MS. notes, page 28:

[...] yée thal blaze his Armes thus. A. beareth Argent, and Sable parted per Pale.

1597, John Bossewell, Works of Armorie: devided into 3 Bookes, intituled the Concordes of Armorie, the Armorie of Honor and of lotes and creastes, page 28:

Beinge thus blazed: Henzell On a ffeild Gules, beareth Three Acornes Slipped Or; Two and One.

1877, Henry Sydney Grazebrook, Collections for a genealogy of the noble families of Henzey, Tyttery, and Tyzack, page 26:


chamber

chamber (third-person singular simple present chambers, present participle chambering, simple past and past participle chambered)

chambers (present singular third-person)
chambering (participle present)
chambered (participle past)
chambered (past)

From Middle English chambre, borrowed from Old French chambre, from Latin camera, from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára, “vaulted chamber”). Doublet of camera.

der

Bob chambered his fist for a blow, but Sheila struck first.

(martial arts, transitive) To prepare an offensive, defensive, or counteroffensive action by drawing a limb or weapon to a position where it may be charged with kinetic energy.


dismount

From dis- + mount, probably a calque of Old French desmonter.

It was a stylish routine, let down by a sloppy dismount.

(gymnastics) The part of a routine in which the gymnast detaches from an apparatus.


kit

en-noun

kit (countable and uncountable, plural kits)

From Middle English kyt, kytt, kytte, from Middle Dutch kitte (“a wooden vessel made of hooped staves”). Related to Dutch kit (“tankard”) (see below). The further etymology is unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *kitjō-, *kut-, which would be related to the root of Dutch kot (“ramshackle house”), itself of non-Indo-European origin.
The transfer of meaning to the contents of a soldier's knapsack dates to the late 18th century, extended use of any collection of necessaries used for travelling dates to the first half of the 19th century.
The further widening of the sense to a collection of parts sold for the buyer to assemble emerges in US English in the mid 20th century.

der

A sell-out crowd of 10,000 then observed perfectly a period of silence before the team revealed their black armbands, complete with stitched-in poppies, for the match. After Fifa’s about-turn, it must have been a frantic few days for the England kit manufacturer. The on-field challenge was altogether more straightforward.

2011 November 10, Jeremy Wilson, “England Under 21 5 Iceland Under 21 0: match report”, in Telegraph:

(UK, sports) The standard set of clothing, accessories and equipment worn by players.


flan

Borrowed around 1846 from French flan (“cheesecake, custard tart, flan”), or in some uses (in reference to Spanish/Latin American flans) later from Spanish flan (itself from the French), both from Old French flaon (whence also Middle English flaon, flaun (“pie; cake”)), from Late Latin fladō (“flat cake”), from Frankish *flaþō (“flat cake”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“broad, flat”); compare German Fladen. Akin to Old High German flado (“flat cake, offering cake”). Doublet of flathe.
Although the -n is generally believed to derive from the Late Latin accusative form (fladonem) of fladō (“flat cake”), it might alternatively derive from an inflected form of the Frankish word (such as the Frankish accusative *flaþan, or the like). For a similar case, see garden.

cog

(numismatics) A coin die. (Compare planchet.)


antique

en-adj

antique (comparative antiquer, superlative antiquest)

antiquer (comparative)
antiquest (superlative)

Borrowed from French antique (“ancient, old”), from Latin antiquus (“former, earlier, ancient, old”), from ante (“before”); see ante-. Doublet of antic.


antique

en-verb

antique (third-person singular simple present antiques, present participle antiquing, simple past and past participle antiqued)

antiques (present singular third-person)
antiquing (participle present)
antiqued (participle past)
antiqued (past)

(transitive, bookbinding) To emboss without gilding.


roast

roast (third-person singular simple present roasts, present participle roasting, simple past and past participle roasted)

roasts (present singular third-person)
roasting (participle present)
roasted (participle past)
roasted (past)

From Middle English rosten, a borrowing from Old French rostir (“to roast, to torture with fire”), from Frankish *rōstijan (“to roast, broil”), from Proto-Germanic *raustijaną (“to roast”), from Proto-Indo-European *rews- (“to crackle; roast”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian rosterje (“to roast”), Dutch roosten, roosteren (“to roast”), German rösten (“to roast”).
Displaced native Middle English breden, bræden (“to roast”), from Old English brǣdan, related to German braten (“to roast, grill”).

der

(metalworking) To dissipate the volatile parts of by heat, as ores.


spoon

From Middle English spoon, spoune, spone, spon (“spoon, chip of wood”), from Old English spōn (“sliver, chip of wood, shaving”), from Proto-West Germanic *spānu, from Proto-Germanic *spēnuz (“chip, flake, shaving”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peh₂- (“chip, shaving, log, length of wood”).
Cognate with Scots spun, spon (“spoon, shingle”), West Frisian spoen, Dutch spaan (“chip, flinders”), German Span (“chip, flake, shaving”), Swedish spån (“chip, flake”), Faroese spónur (“wood chip; spoon”), Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”)(though the connection to the Greek is likely impossible by modern reconstructions of PIE). Eclipsed non-native Middle English cuculer, coclear (“spoon”), from Old English cuculer, cuceler, cucler, borrowed from Latin cochlear (“spoon”).
The "metaphoric unit of personal energy" sense was coined by writer and disability advocate Christine Miserandino in 2003 (see spoon theory).

coinage

he who sups with the devil should have a long spoon

(golf, archaic) A wooden-headed golf club with moderate loft, similar to the modern three wood.

(fishing) A type of metal lure resembling the concave head of a tablespoon.


spoon

en-verb

spoon (third-person singular simple present spoons, present participle spooning, simple past and past participle spooned)

spoons (present singular third-person)
spooning (participle present)
spooned (participle past)
spooned (past)

Rosol spurned the chance to finish off a shallow second serve by spooning into the net, and a wild forehand took the set to 5-4, with the native of Prerov required to hold his serve for victory.

2012 June 28, Jamie Jackson, “Wimbledon 2012: Lukas Rosol shocked by miracle win over Rafael Nadal”, in the Guardian:

(tennis, golf, croquet) To hit (the ball) weakly, pushing it with a lifting motion, instead of striking with an audible knock.


bromide

From brom- + -ide. First used in the sense “dull person” by Gelett Burgess.
Figurative sense ("platitude") by extending the medicating sense through the metaphor of pacifying or placating.

(photography) A print made on bromide paper.


off

en-adj

off (comparative more off, superlative most off)

more off (comparative)
most off (superlative)

(older Received Pronunciation, General American) -ɔːf

From Middle English of, from Old English of, af, æf (“from, off, away”), from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“from, off, back”). Doublet of of.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots of, af (“off, away”), West Frisian af, ôf (“off, away”), Dutch af (“off, from”), German Low German of (“off, from”), German ab (“off, from”), Danish af (“of, off”), Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish av (“of, off”), Icelandic af (“of, off”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af, “of, from”); and with Latin ab (“of, from, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “from”), and others.

inh

(cricket) In, or towards the half of the field away from the batsman's legs; the right side for a right-handed batsman.


raise

en-verb

raise (third-person singular simple present raises, present participle raising, simple past and past participle raised)

raises (present singular third-person)
raising (participle present)
raised (participle past)
raised (past)

From Middle English reysen, raisen, reisen, from Old Norse reisa (“to raise”), from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną (“to raise”), causative form of Proto-Germanic *rīsaną (“to rise”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rey- (“to rise, arise”). According to Kroonen (2013), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to stir, rise”).
Cognate with Old English rāsian (“to explore, examine, research”), Old English rīsan (“to seize, carry off”), Old English rǣran (“to raise”). Doublet of rear.

whakahī

Referring to lifting the pitch of a musical note

hāpai

Of lifting an object to a higher elevation

hī

Refers to raising an eyebrow in scepticism

aradan qaldırmaq

(military) to remove or break up (a blockade); to relinquish (a siege), or cause this to be done

raise oneself up by one's own bootstraps

(physical) To cause to rise; to lift or elevate.

(metalworking, transitive) To emboss (sheet metal), or to form it into cup-shaped or hollow articles, by hammering, stamping, or spinning.


raise

(curling) A shot in which the delivered stone bumps another stone forward.

(weightlifting) A shoulder exercise in which the arms are elevated against resistance.


match

→ Azerbaijani: matç

→ Belarusian: матч (matč)

→ Bengali: ম্যাচ (mêc)

→ Catalan: matx

→ Crimean Tatar: matç

→ Dutch: match

→ Egyptian Arabic: ماتش

→ Esperanto: matĉo

→ Estonian: matš

→ Finnish: matsi

desctree

→ French: match
→ Ladino: mach
→ Romanian: meci
→ Turkish: maç

→ German: Match

→ Greek: ματς (mats)

→ Hindi: मैच (maic)

→ Hungarian: meccs

→ Japanese: マッチ (matchi)

→ Latvian: mačs

→ Polish: mecz
→ Kashubian: mecz

→ Russian: матч (matč)
→ Armenian: մատչ (matčʻ)

→ Swahili: mechi

→ Ukrainian: матч (matč)

→ Welsh: matsh

From Middle English macche, mecche, from Old English mæċċa, ġemæċċa (“companion, mate, wife, one suited to another”), from Proto-West Germanic *makkjō, *gamakkjō (“partner, equal”), from Proto-Germanic *makô, from Proto-Indo-European *mag- (“to knead, work”). Compare Danish mage (“mate”), Icelandic maki (“spouse”).

der

My local team are playing in a match against their arch-rivals today.

Can you play billiards? / Yes, do you wish to have a match with me? / Let us simply play (a game) for pleasure. We needn't have a match, as I don't like to gamble.

1886, Lim Hiong Seng, Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press:

(sports) A competitive sporting event such as a boxing meet (commonly called a "bout"), a baseball game, or a cricket match.

(metalworking) A perforated board, block of plaster, hardened sand, etc., in which a pattern is partly embedded when a mould is made, for giving shape to the surfaces of separation between the parts of the mould.


sockdolager

[ˌsɑk.ˈdɑːɫ.ə.d͡ʒɚ]

Unknown, 1827 US, presumably fanciful variant of sock (“to hit”); compare contemporary fanciful American coinages.
Various speculative etymologies have been suggested, such as corruption of doxology, due to this occurring at the end of church worship, hence “finality”.

(US, fishing) A combination of two hooks which close upon each other, by means of a spring, as soon as the fish bites.


manufacture

/ˌmænjəˈfækt͡ʃɚ/

/ˌmænəˈfækt͡ʃɚ/

From Middle French manufacture, from Old French, from Medieval Latin manūfactūra (“a making by hand”), from manūfactus, a compound of manū factus, manū being ablative of manus (“hand”), and factus past participle of faciō (“I do, make”).
Compare manual, facture.

(horology) A watch manufacturer that makes its own parts, rather than assembling watches from parts obtained from other firms.


cap

Inherited from Middle English cappe, from Old English cæppe, from Late Latin cappa, itself from Latin caput. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *káput- and Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“head”). Doublet of cape, chape, and cope.

nalli

small amount of explosive used as detonator

Rio Ferdinand won his 50th cap for England in a game against Sweden.

"By the way, are you by any chance the Malone who is expected to get his Rugby cap for Ireland?" "A reserve, perhaps."

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

Overall, though, England’s injury-diminished side coped well on the night when Ruben Loftus-Cheek, Jordan Pickford and Tammy Abraham all won their first caps.

2017 November 10, Daniel Taylor, “Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, in The Guardian (London):

(sports) A place on a national team; an international appearance.


cap

en-verb

cap (third-person singular simple present caps, present participle capping, simple past and past participle capped)

caps (present singular third-person)
capping (participle present)
capped (participle past)
capped (past)

(transitive, cricket) To select a player to play for a specified side.

Peter Shilton is the most capped English footballer.

(transitive, sports) To select to play for the national team.


chiaroscuro

en-noun

chiaroscuro (countable and uncountable, plural chiaroscuros or chiaroscuri)

chiaroscuros (plural)
chiaroscuri (plural)

/kɪˌɑːɹəˈskʊəɹəʊ/

Mid-17th century, borrowed from Italian chiaroscuro, from chiaro (“clear, bright”) + oscuro (“dark, obscure”).

(photography) A photographic technique in which one side of the subject, for example a face, is well lit and the other is in shadow.


Blueshirt

(ice hockey) A member of the National Hockey League's New York Rangers, named for the blue sweaters they wear in away games.


broom

broom (countable and uncountable, plural brooms)

→ Chinook Jargon: bloom

Inherited from Middle English brom, from Old English brōm (“brushwood”), from Proto-West Germanic *brām (“bramble”) (compare Saterland Frisian Brom, West Frisian brem, Dutch braam, German Low German Braam), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem-, from *bʰer- ‘edge’. Related to brim, brink.
(shotgun): So called because it is (like the cleaning utensil) long and held similarly to a besom and “cleans” what is in front.

(countable, curling) An implement with which players sweep the ice to make a stone travel further and curl less; a sweeper.


wyvern

Alteration of Middle English wyver (“viper”), borrowed from Old Northern French wivre, from Latin vīpera (“viper; snake, serpent”). Doublet of weever and viper.

The jargon of heraldry, its griffins, its moldwarps, its wyverns, and its dragons.

1814 July 7, [Walter Scott], Waverley; or, ’Tis Sixty Years Since. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC:

Notions of freedom are tied up in drink / Our ideal life contains a tavern / Where man may sit and talk of or just think / All without fear of the nighted wyvern, / Or yet another tavern where it appears.

1940-54 The Collected Poetry of Malcolm Lowry, "WE SIT UNHACKLED DRUNK AND MAD TO EDIT", UBC Press,1992, p.222

(heraldry, mythology, fantasy) A draconian creature possessing wings, only two legs and usually a barbed tail.


keeper

From Middle English kepere, equivalent to keep + -er.

England should have capitalised on their growing momentum to win, but Darren Bent failed to reproduce the finishing touches that have brought him goals in three successive appearances. He was blocked by Diego Benaglio when he was played in by Wilshere then blazed over the top of an open goal late on after Young's shot was saved by Switzerland's keeper.

2011 June 4, Phil McNulty, “England 2 - 2 Switzerland”, in BBC:

(sports) The player charged with guarding a goal or wicket. Short form of goalkeeper, wicketkeeper. In quidditch (both Muggle quidditch and the game in the original Harry Potter series), this is someone responsible for guarding the three goalposts.

(American football) An offensive play in which the quarterback runs toward the goal with the ball after it is snapped.


obliterate

en-verb

obliterate (third-person singular simple present obliterates, present participle obliterating, simple past and past participle obliterated)

obliterates (present singular third-person)
obliterating (participle present)
obliterated (participle past)
obliterated (past)
obliterate (infinitive)

/əˈblɪtəˌɹeɪt/

PIE word
 *h₁epi
Learned borrowing from Latin obliterātus, oblitterātus (“having been blotted out, effaced, erased; having been forgotten”) + English -ate (suffix meaning ‘to act in [the specified manner]’ forming verbs, and ‘characterized by [the specified thing]’ forming adjectives). Obliterātus and oblitterātus are respectively the perfect passive participles of obliterō and oblitterō (“to blot out, efface, erase, obliterate; to cause to be forgotten”), probably either:
* from ob- (prefix meaning ‘against; towards’) + littera (“letter of the alphabet; (metonymically) handwriting”) (further etymology unknown); or
* from oblītus (“disregarded, neglected; forgotten”), influenced by littera. Oblītus is the perfect passive participle of oblinō (“to daub over, besmear”), from ob- + possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“not heavy, light; brief; swift”).
cognates
* Catalan obliterar (“to erase; to cancel (a stamp); to close up or fill (a body cavity, vessel, etc.)”)
* Middle French oblitérer (modern French oblitérer (“to cause (memories) to fade; to block, obstruct; to cancel (a stamp, ticket, etc.) so it cannot be reused”))
* Portuguese obliterar (“to destroy completely; to erase”)
* Spanish obliterar (“to destroy completely; to erase”)

obliterar

to impair the function and/or structure of (a body cavity, vessel, etc.) by ablating or occluding it

(philately) To cancel (a postage stamp) with a postmark so it cannot be reused.


chaser

Inherited from Middle English chaser, chacer, chasour, borrowed from Old French chaceür, chaceor, from chacier (“to chase, hunt”); later senses from or influenced by chase (“pursue”) + -er. Doublet of chasseur.

преследва́ч

person or thing (ship, plane, car, etc.) who chases

"[I]t looked like The Fellow was the best steeplechaser in many years. He'd earned the best speed rating I'd ever given a chaser."

2002, Nick Mordin, Betting for a Living, page 351:

"Wild Risk...had his greatest successes as a steeplechaser rather than a flat racer... It is rare indeed that a 'chaser - even one as good as wild risk - makes a good flat sire."

2003, Avalyn Hunter, American Classic Pedigrees 1914-2002, page 458:

Oh, that final furlong! It can be both agony and ecstasy. Anyone who doubts that should have seen the television close-up of Jim Lewis as his great chaser Best Mate came up the final hill at Cheltenham in 2004 to clich a hat-trick of Gold Cups. ... Best mate is the best steeplechaser we have seen for years and all being well will be at the Cheltenham Festival again in 2005 to try and make it four Gold Cups.

2004, Sports Ticket: Live the Action! by Sportsfile, page 179

(equestrianism) A horse trained for steeplechasing; a steeplechaser.

(equestrianism, obsolete) A hunter (a horse bred and trained for use in hunting).


wave

en-verb

wave (third-person singular simple present waves, present participle waving, simple past and past participle waved)

waves (present singular third-person)
waving (participle present)
waved (participle past)
waved (past)

From Middle English waven, from Old English wafian (“to wave, fluctuate, waver in mind, wonder”), from Proto-West Germanic *wabōn, from Proto-Germanic *wabōną, *wabjaną (“to wander, sway”), from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to move to and from, wander”).
Cognate with Middle High German waben (“to wave”), German wabern (“to waft”), Icelandic váfa (“to fluctuate, waver, doubt”). See also waver.

cog

Jones waves at strike one.

(intransitive, baseball) To swing and miss at a pitch.


pebble

en-noun

pebble (countable and uncountable, plural pebbles)

From Middle English pibel (also in pibleston), from Old English papolstān (“pebble-stone”), from Old English *papol, *pyppel, *pæbbel of unknown origin + Old English stān. Compare Albanian popël.

unk

unknown

(curling) A small droplet of water intentionally sprayed on the ice that cause irregularities on the surface.


pebble

en-verb

pebble (third-person singular simple present pebbles, present participle pebbling, simple past and past participle pebbled)

pebbles (present singular third-person)
pebbling (participle present)
pebbled (participle past)
pebbled (past)

unk

unknown

to pebble the ice between games

(transitive, curling) To deposit water droplets on the ice.


badge

→ Japanese: バッジ (bajji)

→ Korean: 배지 (baeji)

From Middle English badge, bagge, bage, bagy, from Anglo-Norman bage or Medieval Latin bagea, bagia (“sign, emblem”), of uncertain origin. Possibly derived from Medieval Latin baga (“ring”), from Old Saxon bāg, bōg (“ring, ornament”), from Proto-Germanic *baugaz (“ring, bracelet, armband”); or possibly the Anglo-Norman word is derived from an earlier, unattested English word (compare Old English bēag (“ring, bracelet, collar, crown”). Cognate with Scots bagie, badgie, bawgy (“badge”).

cog

(heraldry) A distinctive mark worn by servants, retainers, and followers of royalty or nobility, who, being beneath the rank of gentlemen, have no right to armorial bearings.


cage

→ Zulu: ikheji

From Middle English cage, from Old French cage, from Latin cavea. Doublet of cadge and cavea and related to jail.

(athletics) The area from which competitors throw a discus or hammer.


dab

en-verb

dab (third-person singular simple present dabs, present participle dabbing, simple past and past participle dabbed)

dabs (present singular third-person)
dabbing (participle present)
dabbed (participle past)
dabbed (past)

From Middle English dabben (“to strike”), probably of North Germanic origin, related to Old Icelandic dabba (“to tap, slap”), perhaps ultimately imitative. Compare also with Middle Dutch dabben (“to pinch, knead, fumble, dabble”) (Dutch dabben (“(of a horse) to stamp with the forelegs”)), Dutch deppen (“to dab”), possibly German tappen (“to fumble, grope”).
The noun is from Middle English dabbe (“a strike, blow”), from the verb. Related to tap. Compare also drub, dub.
African-American sense of “playful box” perhaps influenced by dap (“fistbump”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

Look, my brothas don't dab, we just vossi bop

(dance, intransitive) To perform the dab dance move, by moving both arms to one side of the body parallel with your head.


dab

Irish: daba

onomatopoeic

imitative

(dance) A hip hop dance move in which the dancer simultaneously drops the head while raising an arm, briefly resting their face in the elbow, as if sneezing into their elbow.


jab

Originally a Scottish (unclear if Scots or Scottish English) form of English job (“peck, poke, thrust”), from Middle English jobben.

American Ward was too quick and too slick for his British rival, landing at will with razor sharp jabs and hooks and even bullying Froch at times.

2011 December 18, Ben Dirs, “Carl Froch outclassed by dazzling Andre Ward”, in BBC Sport:


skull

en-verb

skull (third-person singular simple present skulls, present participle skulling, simple past and past participle skulled)

skulls (present singular third-person)
skulling (participle present)
skulled (participle past)
skulled (past)

From Middle English sculle, scolle (also schulle, scholle), probably from a dialectal form of Old Norse skalli (“bald head, skull”), itself probably related to Old English sċealu (“husk”). Compare Scots scull, Danish skal (“skull”) and skalle (“bald head, skull”), Norwegian skalle, Swedish skalle and especially dialectal Swedish skulle.
Alternatively, perhaps from Old Norse skoltr, skolptr (“muzzle, snout”), akin to Icelandic skoltur (“jaw”), dialectal Swedish skult, skulle (“dome, crown of the head, skull”), Middle Dutch scolle, scholle, Middle Low German scholle, schulle (“clod, sod”), and Scots skult, skolt. Compare also Old High German sciula, skiula (“skull”).

Monte swung so hard at the next ball that he skulled it straight right, into the pond: 8 in, 9 out.

2002, Robert C. Knox, Golf Balls Are Female, page 148:

(transitive, golf) To strike the top of (the ball).


try

From Middle English trien (“to try a legal case”), from Anglo-Norman trier (“to try a case”), Old French trier (“to choose, pick out or separate from others, sift, cull”), of uncertain origin. It is probably related to Italian tritare (“to grind; to sort; to analyze”) (see also French trier). Alternatively, believed to be a metathetic variation of Old French tirer (“to pull out, snatch”), from Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (tiran, “to tear away, remove”), from Proto-Germanic *teraną (“to tear, tear apart”), from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear, tear apart”), see tear. Related to Occitan triar (“to pick out, choose from among others”), although the Occitan verb could also be a borrowing from French. Alternatively or by confluence, the Old French is from Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin *triare, of unknown origin.
Replaced native Middle English cunnen (“to try”) (from Old English cunnian), Middle English fandien (“to try, prove”) (from Old English fandian), and Middle English costnien (“to try, tempt, test”) (from Old English costnian).

cog

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔aɪ̯]

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷaɪ̯]

Today I scored my first try.

But two penalties and a drop-goal from Jonny Wilkinson, despite a host of other wayward attempts, plus a late try from Chris Ashton were enough to send a misfiring England through.

2011 October 1, Tom Fordyce, “Rugby World Cup 2011: England 16-12 Scotland”, in BBC Sport:

(rugby) A score in rugby league and rugby union, analogous to a touchdown in American football.

(American football) A field goal or extra point


ergo

(rowing, slang) Clipping of ergometer (rowing machine).


bowl

Bislama: bol

→ Esperanto: bovlo

desctree

→ French: bol
→ Catalan: bol
→ Greek: μπολ (bol)

→ German: Bowle, → Bowl

→ Hungarian: bólé

→ Ido: bolo

→ Irish: bolla

→ Japanese: ボール (bōru)

→ Latvian: bole (probably via German)

→ Korean: 볼 (bol)

→ Scottish Gaelic: bòl

→ Swedish: bål

From Middle English bolle, from Old English bolla, bolle (“bowl, cup, pot, beaker, measure”), from Proto-West Germanic *bollā, from Proto-Germanic *bullǭ (“ball, round vessel, bowl”).
Cognate with North Frisian bol (“bun, bread roll”), Middle Low German bolle, bole (“round object”), Dutch bol (“ball, sphere, scoop, dot”), German Bolle (“bulb”), Danish bolle (“bowl, bread roll”), Icelandic bolli (“cup”). Doublet of boule and pulla.

inh

(sports, theater) An elliptical-shaped stadium or amphitheater resembling a bowl.

areena

(American football) A postseason football competition, a bowl game (i.e. Rose Bowl, Super Bowl)


bowl

From Middle English bowle, boule, from Old French boule (“ball”), from Latin bulla (“bubble, stud, round object”). Doublet of poll.


tour

From Old French tour, tourn, from the verb torner, tourner.

tor (pour–poor merger, horse–hoarse merger)

taw (pour–poor merger, horse–hoarse merger, non-rhotic)

(sports, chiefly cricket and rugby) A trip taken to another country in which several matches are played.

(sports, cycling) A street and road race, frequently multiday.

обиколка

cycling: multistage street and road race

(sports) A set of competitions which make up a championship.

(snooker) A circuit of snooker tournaments


Everest

en-verb

Everest (third-person singular simple present Everests, present participle Everesting, simple past and past participle Everested)

Everests (present singular third-person)
Everesting (participle present)
Everested (participle past)
Everested (past)

Training for an Everest expedition in 1994, Mallory wrote, he had Everested by cycling eight times up Mount Donna Buang, outside Melbourne.

2020 August 13, Alec Jacobson, “How to Cycle Up ‘Mount Everest’”, in The New York Times:

(climbing, cycling) To repeatedly cycle up steep roads with a total distance equal to the height of Mount Everest.


bacon

en-noun

bacon (usually uncountable, plural bacons)

→ Bulgarian: бекон (bekon)

→ Finnish: pekoni

→ French: bacon

desc

→ Hebrew: בייקון

→ Hebrew: בייקון

→ Italian: becon

→ Japanese: ベーコン (bēkon)

→ Maori: pēkana

→ Maltese: bejken

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bacon, beiken

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bacon, beiken

→ Polish: bekon

→ Portuguese: bacon

→ Russian: бекон (bekon)

→ Spanish: bacon, beicon

→ Swedish: bacon

From Middle English bacoun (“meat from the back and sides of a pig”), from Anglo-Norman bacon, bacun (“ham, flitch, strip of lard”), from Old Low Frankish *bakō (“ham, flitch”), from Proto-Germanic *bakô, *bakkô (“back”), an extension of *baką, whence English back, which see for more. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“back, buttocks; to vault, arch”).
Cognate with Old Saxon baco (“back”), Dutch bake (“ham, side of bacon”), Old High German bahho (“ham, side of bacon”), whence German Bache f (“wild sow”), Alemannic German Bache m (“bacon”).
(police): Extension of pig (“police”).

cog

(cycling, slang, uncountable) Road rash.


scuba

Acronym of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.

acronym

(underwater diving) An apparatus carried by a diver, which includes a tank holding compressed, filtered air and a regulator which delivers the air to the diver at ambient pressure which can be used underwater.


DLS

Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method
Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method

(cricket, uncountable) Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method


sue

en-verb

sue (third-person singular simple present sues, present participle suing, simple past and past participle sued)

sues (present singular third-person)
suing (participle present)
sued (participle past)
sued (past)

From Middle English seuen, sewen, siwen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman suer, siwer et al. and Old French sivre (“to follow after”) (modern French suivre), from Vulgar Latin *sequere (“to follow”), from Latin sequi. Cognate with Italian seguire and Spanish seguir. Doublet of segue. Related to suit.

(transitive, falconry, of a hawk) To clean (the beak, etc.).


armiger

/ˈɑːɹmɪd͡ʒɚ/

Borrowed from Latin armiger (“carrying weapons or armour”).

bor

(loosely, heraldry) Any person entitled to bear a coat of arms.


evolution

en-noun

evolution (countable and uncountable, plural evolutions)

extinction

antonym(s) of “survival through adaptation”

/ɛvəˈlʉːʃən/

Borrowed from Latin ēvolūtiō, ēvolūtiōnis (“the act of unrolling, unfolding or opening (of a book)”), from ēvolūtus, perfect passive participle of ēvolvō (“unroll, unfold”), from ex + volvō (“roll”).

تَطَوُّر

general: a gradual process of development

Our necromancer […] taking up his wand, waved it around his head in a very mysterious motion, with a view of intimidating these forward visitants, who, far from being awed by this sort of evolution, became more and more obstreperous […].

1751, [Tobias] Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: Harrison and Co., […], →OCLC:

It was a critical instant: the pirouette -- it would fail, she feared. … the rapid whirl achieved in exact time, the whole evolution executed to perfection.

1869, anonymous author, Miss Langley's Will:

… as he beheld the tenfold pirouette of a lovely girl, which presented to the public eye the whole of her form and figure; … to praise the dexterity and ease with which the unfortunate and degraded creature had performed the ungraceful evolution, the only merit of which, is the gross exposition of person, at which modesty shudders […]

1825, Theodore Edward Hook, Sayings and Doings: Passion and principle:

"Look now, that pirouette -- my stars! how Beauchamp would stare to see his darling perform such an evolution!"

1863, Knightley Willia Horlock, The master of the hounds:

By this operation each foot will describe an arc or segment of a circle. … This evolution is performed sometimes on one foot, sometimes on the other …

1869, William Clarke, The boy's own book:

(chiefly dance, sports) A turning movement, especially of the body.


breakdown

en-noun

breakdown (countable and uncountable, plural breakdowns)

sınma

failure, particularly one which is mechanical in nature

Come, hold on, boys, do n't clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are going to have a break down to wind up with.

1859, John Russell Bartlett, “Break down”, in Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States, 2nd edition, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, and Company; London: Trübner and Company, →OCLC, page 49:

Towards nine the three miners said that as they had brought their instruments they might as well tune up, for the boys and girls would soon be arriving now, and hungry for a good old fashioned break[-]down. A fiddle, a banjo, and a clarinet—these were the instruments. The trio took their places side by side, and began to play some rattling dance-music, and beat time with their big boots.

1906, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], “The Californian’s Tale”, in The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories, New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, page 193:

(dance, dated) A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in competitively by a number of individuals or pairs in succession, common among African-Americans from the Southern United States; also, a lively event, chiefly in a rural setting, at which such dancing is done; a hoedown, a shindig.

breakdown-tanssi

shuffling dance common among African-Americans from the Southern United States


parkour

From French parkour, altered spelling of parcours (“course, route”).

(sports) An athletic discipline, in which practitioners traverse any environment in the most efficient way possible using their physical abilities, and which commonly involves running, jumping, vaulting, rolling, flipping, and other similar physical movements.


parkour

en-verb

parkour (third-person singular simple present parkours, present participle parkouring, simple past and past participle parkoured)

parkours (present singular third-person)
parkouring (participle present)
parkoured (participle past)
parkoured (past)

It's about running at 100mph through the world, then parkouring up an exploding cube van that's 100ft in the air, bouncing off it and hitting the wall and keeping on going.

2008 March 24, Tim Bennison, quotee, “Prototype [preview]”, in Xbox 360:

They had parkoured seven roofs, clambered down a mango tree, and crossed over the bridge in the back of a donkey cart, unnoticed even by the driver.

2009 October 19, Stephen Davies, Hacking Timbuktu, Andersen Press, →ISBN, →OL, ch. 24:

The daring Ukrainian can be found on his website dangling off of tall buildings with one hand, scaling bridges and parkouring through urban landscapes in search of a personal thrill.

2013 March 25, Aaron Lindberg, “Death Defying Photos Of Mustang Wanted”, in Fstoppers, archived from the original on 2014-06-27:

(sports, transitive, intransitive) To freerun; to use parkour (to move over).


nip

From late Middle English nippen, probably of Low German or Dutch origin, probably a byform of earlier *knippen (suggested by the derivative Middle English knippette (“pincers”)), from Middle Low German knîpen, from Old Saxon *knīpan, from Proto-West Germanic *knīpan, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *knīpaną (“to pinch”).
Related to Dutch nijpen, knijpen (“to pinch”), Danish nive (“pinch”); Swedish nypa (“pinch”); Low German knipen; German kneipen and kneifen (“to pinch, cut off, nip”), Old Norse hnippa (“to prod, poke”); Lithuanian knebti.

(papermaking) The place of intersection where one roll touches another


royal

en-adj

royal (comparative royaler or royaller, superlative royalest or royallest)

royaler (comparative)
royaller (comparative)
royalest (superlative)
royallest (superlative)

From Middle English royal, from Old French roial (Modern French royal), from Latin rēgālis, from rēx (“king”). Doublet of regal (“befitting a king”), real (“unit of currency”), ariary, and riyal. Cognate with Spanish real. Displaced native Old English cynelīċ.

mbretëror

of or relating to a monarch or his family

(boxing, military) Free-for-all, especially involving multiple combatants.


parsimonious

en-adj

parsimonious (comparative more parsimonious, superlative most parsimonious)

more parsimonious (comparative)
most parsimonious (superlative)

They played like a team that was in a hurry to get back to the Premier League. Norwich City had dismantled the most parsimonious defence in the Championship inside the opening quarter of an hour and at the final whistle it was the yellow end, rather than Middlesbrough’s banks of red, where the euphoria could be found.

2015 May 25, Daniel Taylor, “Norwich reach Premier League after early blitz sees off Middlesbrough”, in The Guardian, London, archived from the original on 2015-05-26:


pick

From Middle English piken, picken, pikken, from Old English *piccian, *pīcian (attested in pīcung (“a pricking”)), and pīcan, pȳcan (“to pick, prick, pluck”), both from Proto-West Germanic *pikkōn, from Proto-Germanic *pikkōną (“to pick, peck, prick, knock”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew-, *bu- (“to make a dull, hollow sound”). Doublet of pitch and peck.
Cognate with Dutch pikken (“to pick”), German picken (“to pick, peck”), Old Norse pikka, pjakka (whence Icelandic pikka (“to pick, prick”), Swedish picka (“to pick, peck”)).

inh

écran (only used in the verbal locution faire écran)

(lacrosse) An offensive tactic in which a player stands so as to block a defender from reaching a teammate.

(baseball) A good defensive play by an infielder.


pick

en-verb

pick (third-person singular simple present picks, present participle picking, simple past and past participle picked)

picks (present singular third-person)
picking (participle present)
picked (participle past)
picked (past)

dərmək

to remove a fruit or plant for consumption

whakatete

to pick a fight or argument with someone

He didn't pick the googly, and was bowled.

(cricket) To recognise the type of ball being bowled by a bowler by studying the position of the hand and arm as the ball is released.

lukea

cricket: to recognise the type of ball being bowled

The pass was almost picked, but the tight end was able to hold on.

(American football, informal) To intercept a pass from the offense as a defensive player.


cachet

en-noun

cachet (countable and uncountable, plural cachets)

Borrowed from French cachet, first appearing in Scottish English, from 1630.

The Alcatraz pelican cachet turned out to have a unique history of its own which had been lost over the years. Master cachet designer and artist John Coulthard (1903-1966) of 17 Elm Street Modesto, California, was the creator of the stamp.

2011, Jerry Lewis Champion Jr., The Fading Voices of Alcatraz, page 160:

(philately) A commemorative stamped design or inscription on an envelope, other than a cancellation or pre-printed postage.


cachet

en-verb

cachet (third-person singular simple present cachets, present participle cacheting, simple past and past participle cacheted)

cachets (present singular third-person)
cacheting (participle present)
cacheted (participle past)
cacheted (past)

(transitive, philately) To mark (an envelope) with a commemorative stamped design or inscription.


haaf

From Old Norse haf (“the sea”). Cognate with Danish hav, Old English hæf (Etymology 2).

The banks to which they repair for the haaf fishing, are often many miles distant from the station where the fish is dried; so that they are always twenty or thirty hours absent, frequently longer; and under unfavourable circumstances of wind and tide, they remain at sea, with a very small stock of provisions, and in a boat of a construction which seems extremely slender, for two or three days, and are sometimes heard of no more.

1822, [Walter Scott], The Pirate. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC:

The haaf-boat was as well maintained as any vessel in the islands; her master had a reputation for thoroughness, for all he was barely twenty years of age.

2003, Juliet Marillier, Foxmask (Saga of the Light Isles; 2), page 28:

(fishing, Shetland, Scotland) the open sea, especially as a place to fish

Although men concentrated at the main haaf stations during the summer fishing season, they reverted to their homes in crofting townships for the remainder of the year.

2005, James Coull, “7: The development of fishing communities with special reference to Scotland”, in Jonathan Potts, Hance D. Smith, editors, Managing Britain's Marine and Coastal Environment: Towards a Sustainable Future, page 145:

(fishing, Shetland) the practice of sea fishing for such as cod, ling and tusk


spectacles

(cricket) Synonym of pair (“score of zero runs in both innings”)


physique

(bodybuilding) The trained muscular structure of a person's body.


quire

From Middle English quayer, from Anglo-Norman quaier and Old French quaer, from Latin quaternus (“fourfold”), from quater (“four times”). Doublet of cahier.

(bookbinding) A set of leaves which are stitched together, originally a set of four pieces of paper (eight leaves, sixteen pages). This is most often a single signature (i.e. group of four), but may be several nested signatures.


quire

quire (third-person singular simple present quires, present participle quiring, simple past and past participle quired)

quires (present singular third-person)
quiring (participle present)
quired (participle past)
quired (past)

Now, in the first folio volume of 1616, the paging, signatures, and quiring are continuous and regular throughout.

1870, William White, Notes and Queries, volume 42:

This is a natural point at which to ask why quiring went out of fashion.

1938, The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of the Books, number 3:

By means of these smooth pages we can mostly see how the modern binder made up the book, but whether in doing this he followed the original quiring is quite another matter.

1976, Alfred William Pollard, Alfred William Pollard: A Selection of his Essays:

(bookbinding) To prepare quires by stitching together leaves of paper.


quitter

From Middle English quitter, from Anglo-Norman quiture, quyture et al., specialised use of quiture (“burn mark, burning”), from the participle stem of cuire (“to cook”), or from Latin coctura (“cooking”).

(farriery) Alternative spelling of quittor (“fistulous wound at the top of a horse's foot”)


pow

(skiing slang) Clipping of powder (“powder snow”).


avellane

From Italian avellana (“filbert”), from Latin Avella or Abella, a city of Campania.

an avellane cross

(heraldry) In the form of four unhusked filberts.


avellane

Cross double fruitagée, or a mascle with four fruitages, or avellanes, joined to the points thereof in cross. See Pl. 5, fig. 19.

1830, Thomas Robson, The British Herald:


averted

en-adj

averted (comparative more averted, superlative most averted)

more averted (comparative)
most averted (superlative)

[...] : for Mompelgard, two barbels endorsed with tails averted, in a field gules : for Heydenheim, a Saracen's head, with a kind of hussar's cap gules[…]

1765, Daniel Fenning, Joseph Collyer, A New System of Geography, Or a General Description of the World, page 265:

(also heraldry) Turned or directed away (from something).


dry-tool

en-verb

dry-tool (third-person singular simple present dry-tools, present participle dry-tooling, simple past and past participle dry-tooled)

dry-tools (present singular third-person)
dry-tooling (participle present)
dry-tooled (participle past)
dry-tooled (past)

(climbing) To climb bare rock using ice climbing equipment.


tren

While on "tren" (trenbolone acetate), one of the most potent steroids, [Tom] Powell couldn't keep a hard-on as long as he wanted. He had night sweats and nightmares.

2022 June 28, Jamie Millar, “'SARM Goblins': The Young Men Hooked on Steroids”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-11-07:

(bodybuilding slang) Clipping of trenbolone (a steroid used to increase muscle growth).


web

From Middle English webbe, from Old English webb, from Proto-Germanic *wabją, from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave”).

what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive

He caught the ball in the web.

(baseball) The part of a baseball mitt between the forefinger and thumb, the webbing.

web

the part of a baseball mitt between the forefinger and thumb, the webbing

(glassblowing, obsolete) A seventeenth-century unit of Rhenish glass containing 60 bunches.


devil

Tok Pisin: tewel

→ Chuukese: tefin

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-European *dwísder.
Ancient Greek διά (diá)
Ancient Greek δια- (dia-)
Proto-Hellenic *gʷəlnō-der.
Ancient Greek βᾰ́λλω (bállō)
Ancient Greek διαβάλλω (diabállō)
Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos)bor.
Latin diabolusbor.
Proto-West Germanic *diubul
Old English dēofol
Middle English devel
English devil
From Middle English devil, devel, deovel, from Old English dēofol, dēoful, from earlier dīobul (“devil”), from Latin diabolus, ultimately from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos, “false accuser, slanderer”), also as "Satan" (in Jewish/Christian usage, translating Biblical Hebrew שָׂטָן (śātān)), from διαβάλλω (diabállō, “to slander”), literally “to throw across”, from διά (diá, “through, across”) + βάλλω (bállō, “throw”). The Old English word was probably adopted under influence of Latin diabolus (itself from the Greek). Other Germanic languages adopted the word independently: compare Saterland Frisian Düüwel (“devil”), West Frisian duvel (“devil”), Dutch duivel, duvel (“devil”), German Low German Düvel (“devil”), German Teufel (“devil”), Bavarian Teifl (“devil”), Danish djævel (“devil”), Swedish djävul (“devil”) (older: djefvul, Old Swedish diævul, Old Norse djǫfull). Doublet of diable, diablo, and diabolus.

der

better the devil you know than the devil you don't know

better the devil you know than the one you don't know

devil is beating his wife and marrying his daughter

the devil we know is better than the devil we don't know

the devil you know is better than the devil you don't know

(cycling, slang) An endurance event where riders who fall behind are periodically eliminated.


averse

en-adj

averse (comparative more averse, superlative most averse)

more averse (comparative)
most averse (superlative)

From Latin aversus, past participle of avertere (“to avert”).

(heraldry) Aversant; of a hand: turned so as to show the back.


stunner

(professional wrestling) A professional wrestling maneuver in which an attacking wrestler applies a facelock to an opponent and falls to a seated position, forcing the opponent's jaw or neck to drop on the attacker's shoulder.


drill down

en-verb

drill down (third-person singular simple present drills down, present participle drilling down, simple past and past participle drilled down)

drills down (present singular third-person)
drilling down (participle present)
drilled down (participle past)
drilled down (past)

We've drilled down on guarding players with his skillset.

(intransitive, sports) To practice maneuvers in order to memorize them; to drill thoroughly (to practice).

They drilled down three pointers throughout the second half.

(transitive, basketball) To score points; to do well in a basketball game.


dope

dope (third-person singular simple present dopes, present participle doping, simple past and past participle doped)

dopes (present singular third-person)
doping (participle present)
doped (participle past)
doped (past)

→ Catalan: dopar

→ French: doper

→ Galician: dopar

→ German: dopen

→ Italian: dopare

→ Portuguese: dopar

→ Spanish: dopar

From Dutch doop (“thick dipping sauce”), from Dutch dopen (“to dip”), from Middle Dutch dopen, from Old Dutch *dōpen, from Frankish *daupijan, from Proto-Germanic *daupijaną.
“Doop” in the sense “narcotic drug” ultimately refers to viscous opium juice, the drug of choice of the ancient Greeks; “insider information” perhaps from knowing which horse had been doped in a race. Sense of "stupid person" perhaps following from the drug sense (i.e. relating to those intoxicated on opium), compare dope up. Related to English dip and German taufen.

The more experienced cyclists, who doped or used to dope, transmitted the culture of doping to the younger cyclists, teaching them doping methods and suggesting which substances to use.

2015, Vassilis Barkoukis, Lambros Lazuras, Haralambos Tsorbatzoudis, The Psychology of Doping in Sport, Routledge, →ISBN:

(intransitive, now chiefly sports) To use drugs; especially, to use prohibited performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sporting competitions.


wardrobe

From Middle English warderobe, from Old Northern French warderoube, wardereube, northern variants of Old French garderobe, from garder (“to keep safe”) + robe. Subsequently influenced by various senses of garderobe as they developed in French. Doublet of garderobe.

(hunting, obsolete) Badger feces, particularly used in tracking game.


positive

en-adj

positive (comparative more positive, superlative most positive)

more positive (comparative)
most positive (superlative)

From Old French positif, from Latin positivus, from the past participle stem of ponere (“to place”). Compare posit.

A positive photograph can be developed from a photographic negative.

(photography) Of a visual image, true to the original in light, shade and colour values.

позитивен

photography: of a visual image true to the original


positive

Coordinate term: diapositive

(photography) A positive image; one that displays true colors and shades, not their opposites or complements.


press

en-noun

press (countable and uncountable, plural presses)

From Middle English presse (“throng, crowd, clothespress”), partially from Old English press (“clothespress”) (from Medieval Latin pressa) and from Old French presse (Modern French presse) from Old French presser (“to press”), from Latin pressāre, from pressus, past participle of premere (“to press”). Displaced native Middle English thring (“press, crowd, throng”) (from Old English þring (“a press, crowd, anything that presses or confines”)).

cog

This is the fourth set of benchpresses. There will be five more; then there will be five sets of presses on an inclined bench[…].

1974, Charles Gaines, George Butler, Pumping Iron: The Art and Sport of Bodybuilding, page 22:

(countable, weightlifting) An exercise in which weight is forced away from the body by extension of the arms or legs.

He can even the match with a press.

The way a press works is, say you're two down after six holes; you can then start another bet (in effect another match) from the seventh hole, for the same amount, starting all square on the seventh tee.

When a side is two or more points down in the match, they may request a press.

2014, Nicolae Sfetcu, Sports Betting, page 181:

(countable, golf, gambling) An additional bet in a golf match that duplicates an existing (usually losing) wager in value, but begins even at the time of the bet.


quarte

en-noun

quarte (countable and uncountable, plural quartes)

(fencing) The fourth defensive position, with the sword hand held at chest height, and the tip of the sword at neck height, the palm of the hand facing upwards.


block

→ Dutch: block

→ German: Block

→ Irish: bloc

→ Manx: block

→ Maori: poraka

→ Norwegian: blokk

→ Polish: blok

desctree

→ Russian: блок (blok)
→ Armenian: բլոկ (blok)
→ Yakut: блок (blok)

→ Spanish: block

→ Vietnamese: lốc

From Middle English blok (“log, stump, solid piece”), from Old French bloc (“log, block”), from Middle Dutch blok (“treetrunk”), from Old Dutch *blok (“log”), from Proto-West Germanic *blokk, from Proto-Germanic *blukką (“beam, log”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“thick plank, beam, pile, prop”). Cognate with Old Frisian blok, Old Saxon blok, Old High German bloh, bloc (“block”), Old English bolca (“gangway of a ship, plank”), Old Norse bǫlkr (“divider, partition”). More at balk. See also bloc, bulk.

طَابُوقَة

substantial often approximately cuboid piece

թաղամաս

group of buildings demarcated by streets

A substantial, often approximately cuboid, piece of any substance.

(falconry) The perch on which a bird of prey is kept.

orsi

falconry: perch on which a bird of prey is kept

A physical area or extent of something, often rectangular or approximately rectangular.

(philately) A joined group of four (or in some cases nine) postage stamps, forming a roughly square shape.

neliö

philately: joined group of stamps, forming square

Something that prevents something from passing.

(sports) An action to interfere with the movement of an opposing player or of the object of play (ball, puck).

(cricket) A shot played by holding the bat vertically in the path of the ball, so that it loses momentum and drops to the ground.

(cricket) The position of a player or bat when guarding the wicket.

(volleyball) A defensive play by one or more players meant to deflect a spiked ball back to the hitter’s court.

The match proved an unedifying spectacle until Spurs won a corner following their first move of real quality, John Mensah making an important block with Jermain Defoe poised to strike.

2011 February 12, Oliver Brett, “Sunderland 1–2 Tottenham”, in BBC:


block

en-verb

block (third-person singular simple present blocks, present participle blocking, simple past and past participle blocked)

blocks (present singular third-person)
blocking (participle present)
blocked (participle past)
blocked (past)

He blocked the basketball player’s shot.

The offensive linemen tried to block the blitz.

(transitive, sports) To impede (an opponent or opponent’s play).

(transitive, cricket) To hit with a block.

(intransitive, cricket) To play a block shot.


fin

Dutch language
German language
Latin language
Middle English language
Old English language
Old Irish language
Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Indo-European language
Sanskrit language
Swedish language
Tocharian A language
fin
fin (disambiguation)

From Middle English fin, from Old English finn, from Proto-Germanic *finnō, *finǭ (“dorsal fin”) (compare Dutch vin, German Finne, Swedish finne, fena), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pīn- (“backbone, dorsal fin”) (compare Old Irish ind (“end, point”), Latin pinna (“feather, wing, fin”), Tocharian A spin (“hook”), Sanskrit स्फ्य (sphyá, “splinter, staff”).

cog-lite

(surfing) A similar structure on the bottom of a surfboard, used to help steer it.


merry-go-round

Possibly from go round (= rotate) merrily.

Russell kept the merry-go-round moving with an RBI single that advanced Henderson to third.

(baseball, figurative) A series of singles and doubles that allow the batting team to score while still having runners on base who can be driven in by the next batter.


fade

From Middle English fade, vad, vade (“faded, pale, withered, weak”), from Middle Dutch vade (“weak, faint, limp”), from Old French fade (“weak, witless”), of obscure origin. Probably from Vulgar Latin *fatidus, from Latin fatuus (“insipid”).

If you confine yourself to hitting straight shots while you are developing your golf swing, you are less likely to develop a preference for hitting a fade or a draw.

2011, James Lythgoe, The Golf Swing: It's all in the hands, page 88:

(golf) A golf shot that curves intentionally to the player's right (if they are right-handed) or to the left (if left-handed).


fade

en-verb

fade (third-person singular simple present fades, present participle fading, simple past and past participle faded)

fades (present singular third-person)
fading (participle present)
faded (participle past)
faded (past)

The Golden Bear faded the ball from left to right with great consistency, so he seldom had to worry about trouble on the left.

2011, Gary McCord, Golf For Dummies, page 284:

(transitive, golf) To hit the ball with the shot called a fade.


gate

From Middle English gate, gat, ȝate, ȝeat, from Old English ġeat (“gate”), from Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą (“hole, opening”).
See also Old Norse gat, Swedish and Dutch gat, Low German Gaat, Gööt.

(metalworking) The channel or opening through which metal is poured into the mould; the ingate.

Singh was bowled through the gate, a very disappointing way for a world-class batsman to get out.

(cricket) The gap between a batsman's bat and pad.


quinte

(fencing) The fifth defensive position, with the sword hand held at waist height, and the tip of the sword at knee height.


photographer

/fəˈtɑɡɹəfɚ/

/fəˈtɒɡɹəfə/

From photograph + -er, from Ancient Greek φωτός (phōtós), genitive singular of φῶς (phôs, “light”) (fōs) and γράφω (gráphō, “I write”).

(photography) One who takes photographs, typically as an occupation.


gentleman

Chinese Pidgin English: gentleman

→ Danish: gentleman

→ Esperanto: ĝentlemano

→ French: gentleman

desctree

→ Russian: джентльмен (džentlʹmen)
→ Armenian: ջենտլմեն (ǰentlmen)
→ Georgian: ჯენტლმენი (ǯenṭlmeni)

→ Mohegan-Pequot: gundermon

→ Polish: dżentelmen

→ Portuguese: gentleman

→ Spanish: gentleman

→ Yiddish: דזשענטעלמען (dzhentelmen)

[ˈd͡ʒɛɾ̃.ɫ̩.mən]

From Middle English gentilman, morphologically gentle + man, partial calque of Old French gentilhome.

(cricket) An amateur player, particularly one whose wealth permits him to forego payment.


glacier

→ Hindi: ग्लेशियर (gleśiyar)

Borrowed from French glacier, from Franco-Provençal gllaciér, from Vulgar Latin *glaciārium, a derivative of Latin glaciēs (“ice”), of uncertain origin. First attested in English in 1744 per the OED.

You can ski down the glacier in both the winter and the summer.

(mountaineering) An area of a mountain where snow is present year-round.


pack

From Middle English pak, pakke, from Old English *pæcca and/or Middle Dutch pak, packe; both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *pakkō, from Proto-Germanic *pakkô (“bundle, pack”). Cognate with Dutch pak (“pack”), Low German Pack (“pack”), German Pack (“pack”), Swedish packe (“pack”), Icelandic pakka, pakki (“package”).

(snooker, pool) A tight group of object balls in cue sports. Usually the reds in snooker.

The captain had to take a man out of the pack to replace the injured fullback.

If the pack wasn't pummelling England, Handre Pollard kept delivering telling blows.

2019 November 3, Liam de Carme, “Boks, you beauties”, in Sunday Times:

(rugby) The forwards in a rugby team (eight in Rugby Union, six in Rugby League) who with the opposing pack constitute the scrum.


pack

en-verb

pack (third-person singular simple present packs, present participle packing, simple past and past participle packed)

packs (present singular third-person)
packing (participle present)
packed (participle past)
packed (past)

From Middle English pakken, from the noun (see above). Compare Middle Dutch packen (“to pack”), Middle Low German packen (“to pack”).

وَضَّبَ

to put things together for storage or transporting

(transitive, sports, slang) To block a shot, especially in basketball.

(intransitive, rugby, of the forwards in a rugby team) To play together cohesively, specially with reference to their technique in the scrum.


pad

1554, "bundle of straw to lie on", probably from Low German or West Flemish pad (“sole of the foot”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pent- (“to pass”), which would make it related to both path and find.

unk

probably

(cricket) A soft cover for a batsman's leg that protects the player from damage when hit by the ball.


pad

en-verb

pad (third-person singular simple present pads, present participle padding, simple past and past participle padded)

pads (present singular third-person)
padding (participle present)
padded (participle past)
padded (past)

unk

probably

(transitive, cricket) To deliberately play the ball with the leg pad instead of the bat.


ET

en-noun

ET (countable and uncountable, plural ETs)

(sports, especially drag racing) Initialism of elapsed time.


tranny

tranny (countable and uncountable, plural trannies)

All are shortened forms of the indicated terms + -y.

(slang, skateboarding, countable) A transition between moves.

(slang, skateboarding, uncountable) A style of skateboarding based on transitioning from one move to the next.


pile

From Middle English pile, from Old English pīl, from Latin pīlum (“heavy javelin”). Cognate with Dutch pijl, German Pfeil. Doublet of pilum.

(heraldry) One of the ordinaries or subordinaries having the form of a wedge, usually placed palewise, with the broadest end uppermost.


sup

→ German: Sup

of supremum and of words beginning with super-


hora

From Hebrew הוֹרָה (hóra), Yiddish האָרע (hore), and Romanian horă, from Turkish hora, probably from Greek χορός (chorós, “dance”). Doublet of choir, chorus, and quire.

(dance) A circle dance popular in the Balkans, Israel and Yiddish culture worldwide.


hollow

en-adj

hollow (comparative hollower, superlative hollowest)

hollower (comparative)
hollowest (superlative)

From Middle English holowe, holwe, holuȝ, holgh, from the noun (see above).

hollow body position
hollow body position

(gymnastics) Pertaining to hollow body position


giant

/ˈd͡ʒʌɪ.ənt/

[ˈd͡ʒəɪ̯(ə)nt]

From Middle English geaunt, geant, from Old French geant, gaiant (Modern French géant) from Vulgar Latin *gagās, gagant-, from Latin gigās, gigant-, from Ancient Greek γίγας (gígas, “giant”) Cognate to giga- (“1,000,000,000”). Displaced native Old English ent. Compare Modern English ent (“giant tree-man”).

(gymnastics) A maneuver involving a full rotation around an axis while fully extended.


finish line

The five exhausted runners crossed the finish line one after the other.

(sports) A line marking the end of a race.


bulldog

→ French: bouledogue

→ German: Bulldogge

→ Portuguese: buldogue

From bull + dog, in reference to bullbaiting.

(professional wrestling) Any move in which the wrestler grabs an opponent's head and jumps forward, so that the wrestler lands, often in a sitting position, and drives the opponent's face into the mat.


bouncer

‘You try to hit the bouncer that you should duck under. Your bat misses it completely. The ball strikes your temple, whack!’

1998, Kamila Shamsie, In the City by the Sea, Bloomsbury (2004), page 165:

(cricket) A short-pitched ball that bounces up towards, or above the height of the batsman’s head.


fur

en-noun

fur (countable and uncountable, plural furs)

From Middle English furre, forre, from Anglo-Norman forre, fuerre (“a case; sheath”), from Frankish *fōdar, from Proto-West Germanic *fōdr, from Proto-Germanic *fōdrą (“sheath”) (compare Old English fōdor (“sheaf”), Dutch voering (“lining”), German Futter (“lining”), Gothic 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂 (fōdr, “sheath”)), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-, *poh₂- (“to protect”) (compare Lithuanian piemuō (“protection”), Ancient Greek πῶυ (pôu, “flock”), πῶμα (pôma, “lid”), ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”), Old Armenian հաւրան (hawran, “herd, flock”), Northern Kurdish pawan (“to watch over”), Sanskrit पाति (pāti, “he watches, protects”).
The verb is from Middle English furren, from Anglo-Norman furrer, forrer, fourrer (“to line, stuff, fill”), from the noun.

مِعْطَف

hairy skin processed to serve as clothing

(heraldry, countable) One of several patterns or diapers used as tinctures, such as ermine and vair.

(hunting, uncountable) Rabbits and hares, as opposed to partridges and pheasants (called feathers).


park

en-verb

park (third-person singular simple present parks, present participle parking, simple past and past participle parked)

parks (present singular third-person)
parking (participle present)
parked (participle past)
parked (past)

From Middle English park, from Old French parc (“livestock pen”), from Medieval Latin parcus, parricus, from Frankish *parrik (“enclosure, pen, fence”). Cognate with Dutch perk (“enclosure; flowerbed”), Old High German pfarrih, pferrih (“enclosure, pen”), Old English pearroc (“enclosure”) (whence modern English paddock), Old Norse parrak, parak (“enclosure, pen; distress, anxiety”), Icelandic parraka (“to keep pent in under restraint and coercion”). More at parrock, paddock.

cog

He really parked that one.

(transitive, baseball) To hit a home run; to hit the ball out of the park.


puck

→ Danish: puck

→ German: Puck

→ Swedish: puck

From or influenced by Irish poc (“stroke in hurling, bag”). Compare poke (1861).

In hockey a flat piece of rubber, say four inches long by three wide and about an inch thick, called a ‘puck’, is used.

1886 February 28, Boston Daily Globe, page 2:

The game itself, though played by men, was probably meant to enact a mediation of the opposites of male and female, with a circular puck being the feminine symbol and the phallic hockey stick being the masculine symbol.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 184:

(ice hockey) A hard rubber disc; any other flat disc meant to be hit across a flat surface in a game.


puck

The puck position is allowed during competitions when performing multi-twisting multiple somersaults.

2013, The Sports Book: The Sports, the Rules, the Tactics, the Techniques:

(trampoline, gymnastics) A body position between the pike and tuck positions, with knees slightly bent and folded in; open tuck.


par

en-noun

par (countable and uncountable, plural pars)

He needs to make this shot for par.

(golf, mostly uncountable) The allotted number of strokes to reach the hole.

Kaymer started with six straight pars before making a birdie on the seventh and an eagle on the eighth.

2009 January 18, “Paul Casey storms to four-stroke lead in Abu Dhabi”, in Herald Sun:

(golf, countable) A hole in which a player achieves par.


par

en-verb

par (third-person singular simple present pars, present participle parring, simple past and past participle parred)

pars (present singular third-person)
parring (participle present)
parred (participle past)
parred (past)

He will need to par every hole in order to win this game.

(transitive, golf) To reach the hole in the allotted number of strokes.


epee

Borrowed from French épée, from Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē). Doublet of spatha, spathe, and spade.

(fencing) A sharp-pointed dueling sword with a bell-shaped guard, used (with the end blunted) in sport fencing.


whack

whack (third-person singular simple present whacks, present participle whacking, simple past and past participle whacked)

whacks (present singular third-person)
whacking (participle present)
whacked (participle past)
whacked (past)

Uncertain. Originally Scottish; probably onomatopoeic, but compare Middle English thakken < Old English þaccian (whence Modern thwack by conflation with whack).

The fidgety Majors were whacked 9-1 by the Kitchener Panthers at Couch and now trail their rivals 2-0 in an increasingly uncomfortable best-of-seven Intercounty Baseball League first-round series.

2012, Ryan Pyette, Majors, Panthers play mind games, The London Free Press

(sports) To beat convincingly; to thrash.


Olyroos

(soccer) The Australian Olympic soccer team.


googly

Unknown; perhaps derived from googie (“an egg, in reference to the unusual direction of bounce”). Though the delivery was perfected and made famous by English cricketer Bernard Bosanquet, circa 1900, the term is recorded earlier in Australian English (1896).

To go the whole round of bowlers before, again putting, on either Copplestone or B. Goodwin was a mistake, I thought, and equally so were Molyneau's repeated attempts at bowling slow "googlies."

1896 November 28, The Independent, Foostcray, Vic, page 3, column 3:

Pelham Warner says Bosanquet is really invaluable. He can bowl as badly as anyone in the world, but when he gets a length those slow googlies, as the Australian players call them, are apt to paralyse the greatest players.

1904 March 9, The Otago Witness, Otago, page 52:

(cricket) A ball, bowled by a leg-break bowler, that spins from off to leg (to a right-handed batsman), unlike a normal leg-break delivery.


(sports, snowboarding, skiing) Clipping of 1800. (1800° spin)


(sports, snowboarding, skiing) Clipping of 1620. (1620° spin)


IM

en-noun

IM (countable and uncountable, plural IMs)

"When I first joined ACAC (Ames Cyclones Aquatics Club), we were swimming together in a lane and I ended up going behind her," Hala said. "We were doing IM (individual medley) in warm-up and I was on her feet and I was like I'm an IMer, can I go ahead of you? She told me no."

2021 August 11, Joe Randleman, “Magnificent Meghan: Donald ready to defend state swimming titles for Ames High”, in Ames Tribune:

individual medley
individual medley#English

(swimming) Initialism of individual medley.


judoka

/d͡ʒuːˈdəʊkə/

(judo) A practitioner of the Japanese martial art of judo.


noodle

en-verb

noodle (third-person singular simple present noodles, present participle noodling, simple past and past participle noodled)

noodles (present singular third-person)
noodling (participle present)
noodled (participle past)
noodled (past)

Unknown; perhaps related to guddle (“to catch (fish) with the hands”).

(to catch with the hands):

Fred had several lacerations on his hands from noodling flathead in the river.

(transitive, fishing) To catch (fish (usually very large catfish), turtles, or other aquatic animals) with the hands; also, to catch (fish) using a gaff or fishing spear; to gaff.


technical

From Late Latin technicus + -al, from Ancient Greek τεχνικός (tekhnikós), from τέχνη (tékhnē, “skill”).


beak

From Middle English bec, borrowed from Anglo-Norman bec, Old French bec, from Latin beccus, from Gaulish *bekkos, from Proto-Celtic *bekkos (“beak, snout”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bak-, *baḱ- (“pointed stick, peg”). Cognate with Breton beg (“beak”). Compare Saterland Frisian Bäk (“mouth; muzzle; beak”); Dutch bek (“beak; bill; neb”).


boundary

From bound + -ary, Old French, from Latin.

(cricket) an edge or line marking an edge of the playing field

(cricket) an event whereby the ball is struck and either touches or passes over a boundary (with or without bouncing), usually resulting in an award of 4 (four) or 6 (six) runs respectively for the batting team


driver

desctree

→ Japanese: ドライバー (doraibā)
→ Hakka: 多拉把 (tô-lai-pá, tô-lai-pà, tò-lái-pà)
→ Hokkien: 螺賴把／螺赖把 (lo͘-lài-bà)

→ Hokkien: 嚦峇／呖峇 (lē-bā)

→ Scottish Gaelic: draibhear

From Middle English drivere, dryvere, dryvare, equivalent to drive + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Drieuwer (“driver”), Dutch drijver (“driver”), German Low German Driever (“driver”), German Treiber (“driver”).

The brassey much resembled the driver, but the iron opened out quite a new field of practice; […]

1902, Robert Marshall Grade, The Haunted Major:

(golf) A golf club used to drive the ball a great distance.


oblique

From Middle French oblique, from Latin oblīquus (also spelled oblīcus) (“slanting, sideways, indirect, envious”).

uder

(exercise) The musculus obliquus externus abdominis or also obliquus internus abdominis.


diopter

From Latin dioptra, from Ancient Greek διόπτρα (dióptra).

(photography, dated) A lens element attached to the front of a photographic lens to shorten the lens's minimum focus distance; also called a "close-up filter".


like

en-noun

like (countable and uncountable, plural likes)

Adjective from Middle English lik, lyk, lich, like, from Old English ġelīċ by shortening, influenced by Old Norse líkr, glíkr; both from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“like, similar, same”). Related to alike; more distantly, with lich and -ly. Cognate with West Frisian like (“like; as”), Saterland Frisian gliek (“like”), Danish lig (“alike”), Dutch gelijk (“like, alike”), German gleich (“equal, like”), Icelandic líkur (“alike, like, similar”), Norwegian lik (“like, alike”) Swedish lik (“like, similar”)
Adverb from Middle English like, lyke, liche, lyche, from Old English ġelīċe (“likewise, also, as, in like manner, similarly”) and Old Norse líka (“also, likewise”); both from Proto-Germanic *galīkê, from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“same, like, similar”).
Conjunction from Middle English like, lyke, lik, lyk, from the adverb Middle English like.
Preposition from Middle English like, lyke, liche, lyche, lijc, liih (“similar to, like, equal to, comparable with”), from Middle English like (adjective) and like (adverb).

der

to play the like

(golf) The stroke that equalizes the number of strokes played by the opposing player or side.


skeleton

The etymology of the term is disputed between two versions.
* From the sled used, which originally was a bare frame, like a skeleton.
* From Norwegian kjaelke (a type of ice sled) through a bad anglicization as "skele".

Lugers, who slide feet first and reach the highest speeds, experience some of the same forces, but seem to suffer far fewer concussion-like symptoms than bobsled and skeleton athletes do, probably because a support strap often prevents their heads from banging into the ice.

2020 July 26, Matthew Futterman, “Sledhead”, in New York Times:

(sports, uncountable) A type of tobogganing in which competitors lie face down, and descend head first.


wishbone

(American football) A particular kind of offensive formation. See wishbone formation.


hill

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

From Middle English hil, from Old English hyll (“hill”), from Proto-Germanic *hulliz (“hill”), from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥Hnís (“top, hill, rock”) (compare also Proto-Germanic *halluz (“stone, rock”)).
Cognate with Middle Dutch hille, hulle (“hill”), Low German hull (“hill”), Old Norse hóll (“hill”), Latin collis (“hill”), Lithuanian kalnas, Albanian kallumë (“big pile, tall heap”), Russian холм (xolm, “hill”), Old English holm (“rising land, island”). More at holm.


tater

Representing an aphetic pronunciation of potato. Compare patater (“potato”) and 'mater (“tomato”).


nursery

en-noun

nursery (countable and uncountable, plural nurseries)

Carolina Stanley
Fritz von Uhde
Kunsthalle Hamburg
María Eugenia Vidal

From Middle English noricerie, norserye (“children's nursery; state of being fostered or nursed; education, upbringing”) [and other forms], from Old French norricerie, nourricerie, from norrice, nourrice (modern French nourrice (“childminder, nanny; wet nurse”)) + -erie (suffix forming feminine nouns). Norrice and nourrice are derived from Late Latin nūtrīcia (“wet nurse”), from Latin nūtrīcius (“that nurses or suckles; nourishing”), from nūtriō (“to breastfeed, nurse, suckle”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to flow”). The English word may be analysed as nourice, nurse + -ery (suffix forming nouns meaning ‘place of’).

refn

From the collection of the Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

nb...

norceri, norcerie, norcery, norcerye, norisri, norisrie, norisserie, norisserye, norserie, norserye, norsheri, norshery, norysrye, nursery

де́тска я́сла

place where nursing or the raising of children is carried out

разса́дник

(countable, also figuratively) A place where anything is fostered and growth promoted.

(sports) A club or team for developing the skills of young players.

(countable, billiards) Short for nursery cannon (“a carom shot involving balls that are very close together”).