adjunct

/ˈæd͡ʒ.ʌŋkt/

From Latin adiunctus, perfect passive participle of adiungō (“join to”), from ad + iungō (“join”). Doublet of adjoint.

We can see from (34) that Determiners are sisters of N-bar and daughters of N-double-bar; Adjuncts are both sisters and daughters of N-bar; and Complements are sisters of N and daughters of N-bar. This means that Adjuncts resemble Complements in that both are daughters of N-bar; but they differ from Complements in that Adjuncts are sisters of N-bar, whereas Complements are sisters of N. Likewise, it means that Adjuncts resemble Determiners in that both are sisters of N-bar, but they differ from Determiners in that Adjuncts are daughters of N-bar, whereas Determiners are daughters of N-double-bar.

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 177:

(syntax, X-bar theory) A constituent which is both the daughter and the sister of an X-bar.


daughter

en-noun

daughter (plural daughters or (archaic) daughtren)

daughters (plural)
daughtren (archaic plural)

Australian Kriol: doda

From Middle English doughter, doghter, from Old English dohtor (“daughter”), from Proto-West Germanic *dohter, from Proto-Germanic *duhtēr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.

devil is beating his wife and marrying his daughter

We have distinguished two types of situations from the point of view of the placement of the obligatory X constituent within the phrase XP: one in which X is a daughter of XP, and one in which X is not a daughter of XP, but a daughter of one of the constituents of XP (in an adjunct configuration).

2013, Daniela Isac, Charles Reiss, “Chapter 7, Some details of sentence structure”, in I-Language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 163:

Following the conventional pattern, the argument daughter of a node is assigned the index n0 and placed on the left side, and the functor daughter, the index n1, is placed on the right side.

2017, Yicheng Wu, “Chapter 2, The dynamics of language processing”, in The Interfaces of Chinese Syntax with Semantics and Pragmatics, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, page 17:


feed

en-verb

feed (third-person singular simple present feeds, present participle feeding, simple past and past participle fed)

feeds (present singular third-person)
feeding (participle present)
fed (participle past)
fed (past)

From Middle English feden, from Old English fēdan (“to feed”), from Proto-West Germanic *fōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *fōdijaną (“to feed”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to guard, graze, feed”). Cognate with West Frisian fiede (“to nourish, feed”), Dutch voeden (“to feed”), Danish føde (“to bring forth, feed”), Swedish föda (“to bring forth, feed”), Icelandic fæða (“to feed”), and more distantly with Latin pāscō (“feed, nourish”, verb) through Indo-European. More at food, fodder.

der

give a man a fish and you feed him for a day

teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime

This orthodox analysis […] leads to the conclusion that […] Subject–Auxiliary Inversion (SAI) is fed by the contraction operation.

1983, Arnold M. Zwicky, Geoffrey K. Pullum, “Cliticization vs. Inflection: English N'T”, in Language, volume 59, number 3, →JSTOR, page 506:

(syntax, of a syntactic rule) To create the syntactic environment in which another syntactic rule is applied; to be applied before another syntactic rule.


node

→ Irish: nód

From Middle English node, borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knot, knout, and nodus.

(syntax) A point in a parse tree that can be assigned a syntactic category label.


fronting

en-noun

fronting (countable and uncountable, plural frontings)

(syntax) The movement of a word of phrase to nearer the beginning of a sentence or clause than it would usually appear, often for emphasis. May also occur as part of the standard syntax of particular constructions (e.g. wh-fronting).


AOR

(syntax) Initialism of adjective ordering restrictions.


PRO

(syntax) A theoretical phonologically null pronoun


c-command

A shortened form of "constituent command." The term may also have been chosen so as to eliminate confusion in speech with the similar notion kommand.

Given the key assumption of Trace Theory that a moved constituent leaves behind a coindexed trace, we might formulate the relevant principle that transformations cannot downgrade constituents in terms of an equivalent condition that a moved constituent cannot occupy a lower position than any of its traces. This principle might be stated more formally as in (85) below
 (85) C-COMMAND CONDITION
 (85) A moved constituent must c-command ( = constituent-command)
 (85) each of its traces at S-structure (X c-commands Y just in case the
 (85) first branching node dominating X dominates Y, and neither X
 (85) nor Y dominates the other)

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 10, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 564:

(syntax) The relationship between a node in a parse tree and its sibling nodes (usually meaning the children of the first branching node that dominates the node) and all the sibling nodes' children.


c-command

en-verb

c-command (third-person singular simple present c-commands, present participle c-commanding, simple past and past participle c-commanded)

c-commands (present singular third-person)
c-commanding (participle present)
c-commanded (participle past)
c-commanded (past)

(syntax, transitive) To dominate in a c-command relationship.


wh-movement

en-noun

wh-movement (countable and uncountable, plural wh-movements)

Most English interrogative words start with wh-, for example, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, etc. (though how is an exception).

(syntax) a syntactic phenomenon found in many languages around the world, in which interrogative words (sometimes called wh-words) or phrases show a special word order. Unlike ordinary phrases, such wh-words appear at the beginning of an interrogative clause.

疑問詞移位

special order in interrogative sentences


predicand

In, "downhearted, he left," the predicand for downhearted is the person denoted by he (i.e. he was downhearted).

predicative complement
predicative complement

(syntax) What a clausal predicate, predicative complement or adjunct relates to.


kommand

From command; introduced by Howard Lasnik in 1976.

(syntax) The relationship between a node in a parse tree and other nodes dominated by the same minimal cyclic node.


parse tree

context-free grammar
context-free grammar

(syntax) An ordered, rooted tree (data structure) that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some context-free grammar.

syntax tree

more commonly used in theoretical syntax


head movement

head movement (countable and uncountable, plural head movements)

(syntax) Movement of a word from the head of one maximal projection to the head of another maximal projection above the first one (i.e., such that the destination head c-commands the original head).


verb-framing

(linguistics, syntax) Encoding a path of motion, a change of state, or grammatical aspect in the main verb, as opposed to using a satellite to supply this information. For example "ascend" as opposed to "climb up" or "descend" as opposed to "climb down".


verb-framing

(linguistics, syntax) Making use of verb-framing.


satellite-framing

(linguistics, syntax) The use of a satellite to indicate a path of motion, a change of state, or grammatical aspect. For example, the use of "over" in "trip over".


satellite-framing

(linguistics, syntax) Making use of satellite-framing.


short passive

(syntax) A passive construction that does not have an agent.


long passive

(syntax) A passive construction that has an agent.


subcategorizand

(linguistics) The item which carries subcategorization information for the occurrence of other elements in the phrase or word.


time-manner-place

Coordinate term: place-manner-time

(grammar, syntax, linguistics) A sentence structure that defines the order of adpositional phrases and adverbs in a sentence.


place-manner-time

Coordinate term: time-manner-place


contactive

Thus the proposed definition explains why the suffixes -aa and -vaa sometimes fail to signal the contrast between contactive and non-contactive causation.

1982, George Melville Bolling, Bernard Bloch, Language - Volume 58, page 827:

This causation may be principally of two kinds, "distant" and "contactive".

2002, Masayoshi Shibatani, The Grammar of Causation and Interpersonal Manipulation, page 11:

More generally, semantically absolutive normally marks an entity as participating as a whole in the situation identified by the verb, though not necessarily contactive, involving location.

2006, John M. Anderson, Modern Grammars of Case, page 131:

In series, re and direct object òè 'leg' join gbe to express contactive 'kick.'

2016, Ronald P. Schaefer, Francis O. Egbokhare, A Grammar of Emai, page 631:

(linguistics, syntax) Implying direct or physical contact.