discharge

en-noun

discharge (countable and uncountable, plural discharges)

/dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/

/ˈdɪstʃɑːdʒ/

/dɪsˈtʃɑɹdʒ/

/ˈdɪstʃɑɹdʒ/

-ɪstʃɑː(ɹ)dʒ

From Middle English dischargen, from Old French deschargier (“to unload”), from Late Latin discarricāre (“unload”). By surface analysis, dis- + charge.

After having granted discharge from liability, the general meeting of shareholders may not demand for the company compensation for matters which it had knowledge of when granting discharge.

(law) Release from liability, as granted to someone having served in a position of trust, such as to the officers and governors of a corporate body.


nihil

nihil (countable and uncountable, plural nihils)


town

town (countable and uncountable, plural towns)

From Middle English toun, from Old English tūn (“enclosure, garden”), from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną (“fence”), of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”).
See also West Frisian tún, Dutch tuin (“garden”), German Zaun, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian tun; also archaic Welsh din (“hill”), Irish dún (“fortress”). Doublet of dun. See also -ton and tine (“to enclose”).

der

(law) A municipal organization, such as a corporation, defined by the laws of the entity of which it is a part.


strange

en-adj

strange (comparative stranger, superlative strangest)

stranger (comparative)
strangest (superlative)

From Middle English straunge, strange, stronge, from Old French estrange, from Latin extrāneus (“that which is on the outside”). Doublet of extraneous and estrange. Cognate with French étrange (“strange, foreign”) and Spanish extraño (“strange, foreign”). Displaced native Middle English selcouth and uncouth, from Old English seldcūþ and uncūþ.


user

From Middle English usere, equivalent to use + -er. Cognate with Scots usar, uiser (“user”).

2012, R. (Stephen Malpass) v Durham County Council, [2012] EWHC 1934 (Admin) http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2012/1934.html
As to evidence of user...
As to quality of user (i.e. was use by the public "as of right"), the inspector found that the grass over the whole of the application land has been regularly cut...
...which the inspector did not find sufficient of itself to render user permissive. Moreover, the defendant could not, the inspector advised, rely on communication to users that access to the land was regulated. Deferment to users of the organised pitches...

(law, dated) In land law, meaning either 1. or 2. above or use. Usually in singular form to mean use wherever there is assiduous re-use of precedents and aloof textbooks verbatim.


bill

→ Swahili: bili

→ Thai: บิล (bin)

→ Tokelauan: pili

→ Jamaican Creole: bills

From Middle English bille, from Anglo-Norman bille, from Old French bulle, from Medieval Latin bulla (“seal", "sealed document”). Compare bull.

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

... the legion of bills in the suit have been transformed into mere bills of mortality ...

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, chapter 1, in Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

(obsolete, law) A declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law.

法案

law: declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant


caveat

Learned borrowing from Latin caveat (“may he beware of”), third-person singular present active subjunctive of caveō (“I beware of”). Doublet of show.

lbor

If I adhered to the system of caveats, which would throw it upon an individual to be cautious, and to look out lest he should not have notice, if he did not enter a caveat I would require him to specify in respect of what he entered his caveat. General caveats, I think, should not be allowed against all the world and against general inventions, for the same reasons that I would not allow a person to have a patent for a general title without specifying upon what improvements he applied for a patent.

1849 August 25, Thomas Webster, “Law of Patents.—Report of the Committee on the Signet and Privy Seal Offices. Extracts from Minutes of Evidence.”, in J[oseph] C[linton] Robertson, editor, Mechanics’ Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal, and Gazette, volume LI, number 1359, London: Robertson and Co., Mechanics' Magazine Offices, No. 166, Fleet-street, London; and No. 99B, New-Street, Birmingham, →OCLC, pages 185–186:

The necessity for caveats arise in two cases: one class of caveats is prohibitory as regards some contemplated dealing or transaction affecting the property described in the caveat; while another class of caveats arises out of adverse claims to the land itself, or to some estate or interest in the land.

1861 May 29, William Charles Belt, “Minutes of Evidence”, in Real Property Law Commission, South Australia (chairman: Chief Justice Charles Cooper), Report of the Real Property Law Commission, with Minutes of Evidence and Appendix. Ordered by the Parliament to be Prited ([Parliamentary Paper, 1861]; no. 192), Adelaide, S.A.: Printed by authority, by W. C. Cox, Government Printer, Victoria-Square, published November 1861, →OCLC, page 94:

The purpose of a caveat is to give a person who has an unregistered interest in a property the ability to protect that interest from the harshness of indefeasibility of title, which is enjoyed by a later interest which is registered, assuming there is no exception to indefeasibility available to the holder of the earlier unregistered interest. Section 74H of the Real Property Act provides that a caveat operates to prevent dealings that are subsequently lodged from obtaining registration. In the absence of a caveat precluding the later interest from becoming registered, the later interest would be registerd and upon registration would enjoy the benefit of immediate indefeasibility of title.

2005, Geoffrey Moore, “Torrens Title: Priorities between Unregistered Interests”, in David Barker, editor, Essential Real Property (Cavendish Essential Series), Coogee, N.S.W.: Cavendish Publishing (Australia), →ISBN, page 76:

(law) A formal notice of interest in land under a Torrens land-title system.

(law) A notice requesting a postponement of a court proceeding.

Einspruch

notice requesting a postponement of a court proceedings

xodátajstvo o priostanóvke sudébnovo razbirátelʹstva

хода́тайство о приостано́вке суде́бного разбира́тельства


caveat

en-verb

caveat (third-person singular simple present caveats, present participle caveating or caveatting, simple past and past participle caveated or caveatted)

caveats (present singular third-person)
caveating (participle present)
caveatting (participle present)
caveated (participle past)
caveated (past)
caveatted (participle past)
caveatted (past)

But of all the Strategems to prevent the obtaining of Licences, commend me to that of entring Caveats againſt one another's Curates; a Project of vaſt Contrivance, and worthy the renowned Head that firſt invented it. By this means, 'tis eaſy to ſee, that if there be but Confederacy enough among the Incumbents, and Corruption enough in the Officer that receives them, the whole Body of Curates may be demoliſhed at once. "Tis but changing Hands, my caveating yours, and your caveating my Curate, and then a Fig for the Canons, that require them to be licenc'd Preachers."

1722, “a clergyman of the Church of England” [pseudonym; Thomas Stackhouse], The Miseries and Great Hardships of the Inferiour Clergy, in and about London. And a Modest Plea for Their Rights, and Better Usage; in a Letter to the Right Reverend Father in God, John Lord Bishop of London, London: Printed for T[homas] Payne, at the Crown in Pater-Noster-Row, →OCLC, paragraph 3, page 175:

With the facts that may thus be brought distinctly before the public, it may soon become generally understood whether Professor [Royal Earl] House's Letter Printing telegraph (the only American telegraph patented in Great Britain and other European kingdoms as well as in the United States) is any infringement of Prof. [Samuel] Morse's patent, or of anything which Prof. Morse has a right to claim; and it will also be seen whether the telegraph system caveatted in the United States Patent office by Col. Charles B. Moss, of Virginia, under claim for a patent, (in the same way that Prof. Morse caveatted his "vital" "principle" as late as 1845–6) is or is not at least as original and effective as any telegraph that makes arbitrary signs like the dots and lines first used by [Carl August von] Steinheil and by Davey^([sic – meaning Edward Davy]) in 1837 and 1838, and afterwards combined by Prof. Morse in his first patent of 1840.

1847 October 16, “Magnetic Telegraph”, in American Railroad Journal and General Advertiser for Railroads, Canals, Steamboats, Machinery and Mines, volume III, number 42 (Second Quarto Series; volume XX, number 591 overall), Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by D. K. Minor, editor and proprietor, No. 105 Chestnut Street, →OCLC, page 659, column 2:

Hurst in right of his wife, by counsel, on the 21st June, 1855, entered his caveat against the foregoing return and vouchers, and objected. […] 3d. He caveats the charge of fifty dollars paid McIntyre & Young, for making returns, as illegal and not a proper charge against ward. 4th. He also caveats the two expenditures to McIntyre & Ward and C. B. Cole, each for $150 00, as illegal, being for professional services rendered in defending himself in a suit against for mal-administration as guardian.

1857, B. Y. Martin (reporter), “No. 7.—William H. Hendry, guardian, plaintiff in error, vs. James M. Hurst and wife, defendants in error.”, in Reports of Cases in Law and Equity, Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Georgia, …, volume XXII, Columbus, Ga.: Times and Sentinel Steam Press, published 1858, →OCLC, page 314:

(transitive, law) To formally object to something.

It is unclear whether or not a purchaser upon exchange of contracts will be regarded as guilty of postponing conduct if failing to caveat.

2005, Geoffrey Moore, “Torrens Title: Priorities between Unregistered Interests”, in David Barker, editor, Essential Real Property (Cavendish Essential Series), Coogee, N.S.W.: Cavendish Publishing (Australia), →ISBN, page 93:

(transitive, law, specifically) To lodge a formal notice of interest in land under a Torrens land-title system.

The answer further alleged that the intestate, in right of his wife, caveated the probate in Virginia of the will of one William Hill, her relation; […]

1838 June, Judge William Gaston, “Hannah Gee v. Henry Gee and Peyton R. Tunstall”, in Thomas P. Devereux, William H[orn] Battle, editors, Reports of Cases in Equity, Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of North Carolina. From June Term, 1838, to December Term, 1839, both Inclusive, volume II, Raleigh, N.C.: Published by Turner and Hughes; Thos. J. Lemay, printer, published 1840, →OCLC, page 108:

The defendant, father of the testator, had caveated against granting of probate on the ground that the will was not duly executed, and that deceased did not know or approve of its contents.

1913 December 6, Justice Street, “Probate Court. (Before Mr. Justice Street.) Disputed Will. Wills v. Craven.”, in The Sydney Morning Herald, page 5:

(transitive, law, dated) To issue a notice requesting that proceedings be suspended.


prescribe

prescribe (third-person singular simple present prescribes, present participle prescribing, simple past and past participle prescribed)

prescribes (present singular third-person)
prescribing (participle present)
prescribed (participle past)
prescribed (past)

Borrowed from Latin praescrībere, from prae- (“before, in front”) and scrībere (“to write”).

Most probable that one presentation and 40 years possession thereafter, is sufficient to prescribe a right of patronage.

1753, Andrew McDouall, An Institute of the Laws of Scotland in Civil Rights […] , volume 3, Table of Contents, page 86:

[…] held, in a question with a party who had acquired right from the commissioners of the forfeited estates to the estate of the forfeited superior, as it stood in his person, that the crown charter of the vassal was a valid title on which to prescribe a right to the coal […]

1834, Patrick Shaw, Digest of Cases Decided in the Courts of Session, Teinds, and Justiciary in the House of Lords, 1821–1833 […] , page 135:

Because of the juristic difficulties associated with the Donation of Constantine, the question of whether the papacy had in any case prescribed its jurisdiction in the patrimony had become a common topic amongst jurists […]

1987, Joseph Canning, The Political Thought of Baldus de Ubaldis, page 53:

(law) To develop or assert a right; to make a claim (by prescription).


whereas

From where + as (“that”); first attested in the meaning of "where" First attested in the 14ᵗʰ century. Compare thereas.

And Whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union.

1778, United States Articles of Confederation:

(chiefly law) It being the fact that; inasmuch as. (Often used to begin recitals; sometimes emboldened or emphasized as a signifier.)


innuendo

en-noun

innuendo (plural innuendoes or innuendos or innuendis)

innuendoes (plural)
innuendos (plural)
innuendis (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-innuendo.wav

From the Latin innuendō (“by nodding”), ablative singular form of innuendum (“a nodding”), gerund of innuō (“I give a nod”).

(law) Part of a pleading in cases of libel and slander, pointing out what and who was meant by the libellous matter or description.


innuendo

en-verb

innuendo (third-person singular simple present innuendos, present participle innuendoing, simple past and past participle innuendoed)

innuendos (present singular third-person)
innuendoing (participle present)
innuendoed (participle past)
innuendoed (past)

A statement that a person's presence at a certain club may be "irksome," may be innuendoed that the person is of such bad character as not to be a fit associate with honourable men.

1894, Frank Towers Cooper, A Handbook of the Law of Defamation and Verbal Injury, page 119:

(transitive, law) To interpret (something libellous or slanderous) in terms of what was implied.


element

From Middle English element, from Old French element, from Latin elementum (“a first principle, element, rudiment”) (see further etymology there).

element

simplest or essential part or principle of anything

One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based.

(law) A required aspect or component of a cause of action. A deed is regarded as a violation of law only if each element can be proved.


reception

en-noun

reception (countable and uncountable, plural receptions)

/ɹɪˈsɛp.ʃn̩/

Borrowed from Middle French reception, from Latin recipiō(n) (“the act of receiving; reception”), from recipiō (“receive”), from re- (“back”) + capiō (“I hold”).

der

Among the numerous receptions of Roman law one event stood out, to the extent that, at least in central Europe, it almost monopolized the term.

1942 October, Ernst Levy, “Reflections on the First "Reception" of Roman Law in Germanic States”, in The American Historical Review, →JSTOR, page 20:

(law) The conscious adoption or transplantation of legal phenomena from a different culture.

vastaanotto

adoption of legal phenomena from a different culture


real

en-adj

real (comparative realer or more real, superlative realest or most real)

realer (comparative)
more real (comparative)
realest (superlative)
most real (superlative)

fictitious

antonym(s) of “that has physical existence”

imaginary

antonym(s) of “relating to numbers with a one-to-one correspondence to the points on a line”

UK

US

From Middle English real, from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). Doublet of realis.

der

the real treasure is the friends we made along the way

real estate; real property

Many are perfect in men's humours that are not greatly capable of the real part of business.

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Cunning”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

(law) Relating to immovable tangible property.

անշարժ

law: relating to immovable tangible property


purge

en-verb

purge (third-person singular simple present purges, present participle purging, simple past and past participle purged)

purges (present singular third-person)
purging (participle present)
purged (participle past)
purged (past)

From Middle English purgen, from Old French purgier, from Latin pūrgō (“I make pure, I cleanse”), from pūrus (“clean, pure”) + agō (“I make, I do”).

(transitive, law) To clear of a charge, suspicion, or imputation.

оневинявам

to clear of a charge, suspicion, or imputation


process

→ Japanese: プロセス (purosesu)

From Middle English proces, from Old French procés (“journey”), from Latin prōcessus (“course, progression”), nominalization of prōcēdō (“proceed, advance”).

But if either at Calling by the Clerk, after the Session Bell, or before the Ordinary by the Roll, an Advocat compears, and craves to be Marked for the Defender, and to see the Process; The Clerk in the first Case, and the Judge in the second, will allow him to see it

1711, John Spotiswood, The Form of Process, section 39:

(law) Documents issued by a court in the course of a lawsuit or action at law, such as a summons, mandate, or writ.


process

process (third-person singular simple present processes, present participle processing, simple past and past participle processed)

processes (present singular third-person)
processing (participle present)
processed (participle past)
processed (past)

When I saw that he would not let me alone, I processed him for £12. My mother was with his brother John, and he allowed her six guineas for clothes; and if she did not want the money, he would allow it to me in the rent, and I made him pay that when he would not leave me alone.

1845, Report from Her Majesty's Commissioners of inquiry into the state of the law and practice in respect to the occupation of land in Ireland:

(transitive, law) To take legal proceedings against.


minor

en-adj

minor (comparative more minor, superlative most minor)

more minor (comparative)
most minor (superlative)

antonym(s) of

serious, grave, severe, dangerous, fatal, life-threatening, acute (informal)

From Middle English minor, menor, menour, etc., from Latin minor (“lesser; young; young person”) both directly and via Norman and Middle French menor, menour, etc. Doublet of minus but not mini-. Cognate with minister, minify, Minorca, Menshevik, and possibly minnow. Compare Latin minimum and minuō, Old High German minniro, Cornish minow.

der

The defendant resides at 123 Fake Street with his partner and two minor children.

Lesser, smaller in importance, size, degree, seriousness, or significance compared to another option, particularly:

(law) Underage, not having reached legal majority.


minor

byvak

subject of secondary undergraduate study

No, he can't get a mortgage or sell the house. He's still a minor. For the most part, he can't sign a legally binding contract.

He was only a minor when he succeeded his father to the barony.

King Richard the second... for the first tenne yeares of his raigne, was a Minor.

1612, John Davies, A Discouerie of the True Causes Why Ireland Was Neuer Entirely Subdued..., page 88:

(law) A child, a person who has not reached the age of majority, consent, etc. and is legally subject to fewer responsibilities and less accountability and entitled to fewer legal rights and privileges.


offer

→ Tokelauan: ofo

From Middle English offer, from Old English offrian (“offer or make a sacrifice”) rather than from Old French offre (“offer”), from offrir (“to offer”), from Latin offerō (“to present, bring before”). Compare North Frisian offer (“sacrifice, donation, fee”), Dutch offer (“offering, sacrifice”), German Opfer (“victim, sacrifice”), Danish offer (“victim, sacrifice”), Icelandic offr (“offering”). See verb below.

cog

His first letter was not a real offer, but an attempt to determine interest.

(law) An invitation to enter into a binding contract communicated to another party which contains terms sufficiently definite to create an enforceable contract if the other party accepts the invitation.

nabídka

law: invitation to enter binding contract


cross

en-verb

cross (third-person singular simple present crosses, present participle crossing, simple past and past participle crossed)

crosses (present singular third-person)
crossing (participle present)
crossed (participle past)
crossed (past)
cross (infinitive)

From Middle English cross, cros, from Old English cros (“rood, cross”), perhaps from Old Irish cros (compare Welsh croes, Irish crois), perhaps from Latin crux (cruci). In this sense displaced native Middle English rood, from Old English rōd; see rood.
The sense of "two intersecting lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles" without regard to religious signification develops from the late 14th century.
cognates
*Old Norse kross (“cross”)
*Icelandic kross (“cross”)
*Faroese krossur (“cross”)
*Danish kors (“cross”)
*Swedish kors (“cross”)
*German Kreuz (“cross”)
*Dutch kruis (“cross”)

(law) To conduct a cross examination; to question a hostile witness.


evergreen

evergreen (third-person singular simple present evergreens, present participle evergreening, simple past and past participle evergreened)

evergreens (present singular third-person)
evergreening (participle present)
evergreened (participle past)
evergreened (past)

(patent law, pharmaceuticals) To extend the term of a patent beyond the normal legal limit, usually through repeated small modifications.


bar

en-noun

bar (countable and uncountable, plural bars)

→ Albanian: bar m

→ Arabic: بَار m (bār)

→ Armenian: բար (bar)

→ Bulgarian: бар (bar)

→ Burmese: ဘား (bha:)

→ Chichewa: bála

→ Cantonese: 吧 (baa¹)

→ Czech: bar m

→ Danish: bar c

→ Dutch: bar m

→ Esperanto: baro

→ Estonian: baar

→ French: bar m
→ Romanian: bar

→ Galician: bar m

→ Georgian: ბარი (bari)

→ German: Bar f

→ Greek: μπαρ n (bar)

→ Gulf Arabic: بار (bār)

→ Hebrew: בָּר (bar), בָּאר (bár)

→ Hungarian: bár (also via German)

→ Icelandic: bar m

→ Irish: beár m

→ Italian: bar m

→ Japanese: バー (bā)

→ Khmer: បារ (baa)

→ Korean: 바 (ba)

→ Lithuanian: bãras m

→ Macedonian: бар m (bar)

→ Malagasy: ba

→ Mandarin: 吧 (bā)

→ Norwegian:

Bokmål: bar m

Nynorsk: bar m

→ Persian: بار (bâr)

→ Polish: bar m

→ Portuguese: bar m

→ Russian: бар m (bar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ба̑р m, bȃr m

→ Slovene: bȃr m

→ Spanish: bar m

→ Swahili: baa

→ Swedish: bar c (see there for further descendants)

→ Thai: บาร์ (baa)

→ Turkish: bar

→ Xhosa: íbhári

→ Zulu: ibha

From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin. Doublet of barre.

der

(UK, law) The railing surrounding the part of a courtroom in which the judges, lawyers, defendants and witnesses stay.

He's studying hard to pass the Bar this time; he's failed it twice before.

(US, Philippines, law, usually with the) The bar exam, the legal licensing exam.

He was called to the bar. ― He became a barrister.

(law, metonymically, "the Bar", "the bar") Collectively, lawyers or the legal profession; specifically applied to barristers in some countries, but including all lawyers in others.

"the Bar"; "the bar"; "the Bar"; "the bar"


waste

en-noun

waste (countable and uncountable, plural wastes)

→ Japanese: ウエス (uesu)

→ Wu: 違司／违司 (we⁶-sy¹)

From Middle English wast, waste (“a waste”, noun), from Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wast, waste (“a waste”), from Frankish *wōstī (“a waste”), from Proto-Germanic *wōstaz, *wōstuz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“empty, wasted”).
Displaced native Old English essian and strȳndan. Largely overtook Old English forspillan and weste.

der

(law) A cause of action which may be brought by the owner of a future interest in property against the current owner of that property to prevent the current owner from degrading the value or character of the property, either intentionally or through neglect.

hävittäminen

legal: cause of action against degrading the value or character of a property


waste

en-verb

waste (third-person singular simple present wastes, present participle wasting, simple past and past participle wasted)

wastes (present singular third-person)
wasting (participle present)
wasted (participle past)
wasted (past)
waste (infinitive)

From Middle English wasten (“to waste, lay waste”), from Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French waster (“to waste, devastate”) (compare also the variant gaster and French gâter from a related Old French word); the Anglo-Norman form waster was either from Frankish *wōstijan (“to waste”), from Proto-Indo-European *wāsto- (“empty, wasted”), or alternatively from Latin vastāre, present active infinitive of vastō and influenced by the Frankish; the English word was assisted by similarity to native Middle English westen ("to waste"; > English weest). Cognate with Old High German wuostan, wuastan, wuostjan (“to waste”) (Modern German wüsten), Old English wēstan (“to lay waste, ravage”).

gloss

"to waste"; > English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">weest</i>

cog

Waste in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

(law) To damage, impair, or injure (an estate, etc.) voluntarily, or by allowing the buildings, fences, etc., to fall into decay.


nude

en-adj

nude (comparative nuder, superlative nudest)

nuder (comparative)
nudest (superlative)

Entered English 1531 as a legal term, meaning "unsupported, not formally attested," from Latin nūdus (“naked, bare”).

A void sale is that which can never take effect; in which the articles opposed to each other, or one of them, not bearing any legal value the contract is nude.

1825, Sir William Hay Macnaghten, Principles and Precedents of Moohummudan Law:


service

en-noun

service (countable and uncountable, plural services)

From Middle English servise, from Old French servise (French service), from the verb servir, from Latin servitium (compare Portuguese serviço, Italian servizio, Norman sèrvice, Spanish servicio), from servus (“servant; serf; slave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo-s (“guardian”), possibly from *ser- (“watch over, protect”). Displaced native Old English þeġnung.

He Suſpends on theſe Reaſons, that Thomas Rue had granted a general Diſcharge to Adam Muſhet, who was his Conjunct, and correus debendi, after the alleadged Service, which Diſcharged Muſhet, and conſequently Houstoun his Partner.

1668 July 3, James Dalrymple, “Thomas Rue contra Andrew Houſtoun” in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), page 548

The service happened yesterday.

(law) The serving, or delivery, of a summons or writ.


incorporeal

en-adj

incorporeal (comparative more incorporeal, superlative most incorporeal)

more incorporeal (comparative)
most incorporeal (superlative)

/ɪŋkɔː(ɹ)ˈpɔːɹiəl/

(law) Relating to an asset that does not have a material form; such as a patent.


pool

1. From French poule (“collective stakes in a game”). The French word "poule" in this context is an abbreviation of "poulain, pouliche" (foal, filly), and referred to races with female horses under 3 years old. It then became used by punters to designate bets on that race, and started to be used from the racetrack to the stadiums.
2. The OED suggests that this may be a transferred use of poule (“hen”), which has been explained anecdotally as deriving from an old informal betting game in France - 'jeu de poule' - Game of Chicken (or Hen, literally) in which poule became synonymous with the combined money pot claimed by the winner.

bor

pull (accents with FOOT-GOOSE merger or full-fool merger)

(law) An aggregation of properties or rights, belonging to different people in a community, in a common fund, to be charged with common liabilities.

yhtymä

legal: aggregation of properties or rights


pirate

en-verb

pirate (third-person singular simple present pirates, present participle pirating, simple past and past participle pirated)

pirates (present singular third-person)
pirating (participle present)
pirated (participle past)
pirated (past)

From Old French pirate, from Latin pīrāta, from Ancient Greek πειρατής (peiratḗs), from πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, attempt, plot”). Displaced native Old English wīċing, which was the word for both "pirate" and "viking".

If a book is pirated there is a remedy for the author and publisher; if a photograph or an engraving is made of a picture without permission the law protects the painter.

1904, Edward Elgar, in a speech on 4 July, 1904:

(transitive, copyright law) To create and/or sell an unauthorized copy of.

Not willing to pay full price for the computer game, Heidi pirated a copy.

In the 1970s cable companies began to pirate some of the football games that the networks had contracted to televise.

2002, John Sayle Watterson, College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy, page 343:

College students, with their limited budgets, often pirate software to save their money for buying more important items (like beer).

2004, Wally Wang, Steal this File Sharing Book: What They Won't Tell You about File Sharing:

Many college students now expect to sample, if not outright pirate, movies, music, software, and TV programs.

2007, Diane Kresh, Council on Library, Information Resources, The Whole Digital Library Handbook, page 85:

(transitive, copyright law) To knowingly obtain an unauthorized copy of.


scilicet

(law) Done in the appropriate place within a jurisdiction for the documented act.


derogatory

en-adj

derogatory (comparative more derogatory, superlative most derogatory)

more derogatory (comparative)
most derogatory (superlative)

/dɪˈɹɒɡətɹi/

/dɪˈɹɑɡətɔɹi/

Borrowed from Late Latin dērogātōrius, from Latin dērogāre; corresponding to derogate + -ory.

(law, of a clause in a testament) Being or pertaining to a derogatory clause.


special

special (comparative more special or specialer, superlative most special or specialest)

more special (comparative)
specialer (comparative)
most special (superlative)
specialest (superlative)

common

antonym(s) of “distinguished by a unique or unusual quality”

From Middle English *special, especial, especiall, from Old French especial (whence also French spécial), from Latin speciālis (from speciēs). In this sense displaced native Old English synderlīċ. Doublet of especial.

מיוחד \ מְיֻחָד

of or related to disabilities, especially learning or intellectual disabilities

For the few times the U.S. Supreme Court has to actually try a case, they will appoint a special master to do so.

After the Watergate break in, a special prosecutor was appointed.

(law) Appointed specifically to examine a single event or issue.


first-degree murder

en-noun

first-degree murder (countable and uncountable, plural first-degree murders)

(law, chiefly US, Canada) The criminal offence of murder in a form considered by law to be the most serious; the precise distinction may vary by jurisdiction but typically involves premeditation, or the choice of victim or other circumstances being regarded as especially blameworthy.

moord

premeditated or especially serious murder

előre megfontolt szándékkal elkövetett emberölés

(law, chiefly US, Canada) An act that constitutes the crime of first-degree murder.


IP

IP (countable and uncountable, plural IPs)

In the past year, Disney has announced 4 sequels and one reboot, but not a single new IP

intellectual property
intellectual property#English

(law, countable and uncountable) Initialism of intellectual property.

(law, uncountable) Initialism of indigenous peoples.


trust

trust (countable and uncountable, plural trusts)

From Middle English trust (“trust, protection”). Long considered a borrowing from Old Norse traust (“confidence, help, protection”), itself from Proto-Germanic *traustą, but the root vocalism is incompatible, and so it is considered a reflex of an unattested Old English *trust, from a rare zero-grade proto-Germanic variant of the same root also attested in Middle High German getrüste (“host”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“be firm, hard, solid”). Akin to Danish trøst (“comfort, solace”), Saterland Frisian Traast (“comfort, solace”), West Frisian treast (“comfort, solace”), Dutch troost (“comfort, consolation”), German Trost (“comfort, consolation”), Gothic trausti (“alliance, pact”). Doublet of tryst. More at true, tree.

cog

I put the house into my sister's trust.

(law) The confidence vested in a person who has legal ownership of a property to manage for the benefit of another.

vertrouwen

the confidence vested in a person who has legal ownership of a property to manage for the benefit of another


trust

en-adj

trust (comparative more trust, superlative most trust)

more trust (comparative)
most trust (superlative)


crimp

Uncertain. Likely from etymology 1, above, but the historical development is not clear. Attested since the seventeenth century.

(specifically, law) One who infringes sub-section 1 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1854, applied to a person other than the owner, master, etc., who engages seamen without a license from the Board of Trade.


estate

From Middle English estat, from Anglo-Norman estat and Old French estat (French: état), from Latin status. Doublet of state and status.

(law) The nature and extent of a person's interest in, or ownership of, land.

تركة

law: nature and extent of a person's interest in, or ownership of, land

oikeus maa-alueeseen (no exact translation for this umbrella term)


opposition

/ˌɒp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/

/ˌɑ.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

From Middle English opposicioun, from Old French oposicion (whence French opposition), from Late Latin oppositiō, translating Ancient Greek ἀντίθεσις (antíthesis), from the past participle stem of classical Latin oppōnō (“I set against”).

intellectual property
intellectual property

(law) In United States intellectual property law, a proceeding in which an interested party seeks to prevent the registration of a trademark or patent.

kiistäminen

legal: proceeding to prevent registration of a trademark or patent


replevin

Anglo-Norman, from Old French replevir (“recover”), from re- + plevir (apparently from a Germanic word which was also the source of English pledge).

(law) An action to recover personal property unlawfully taken, especially that seized by way of distraint; the writ or procedure of such action.


vacation

en-noun

vacation (countable and uncountable, plural vacations)

From Middle English vacation, vacacion, vacacioun, from Anglo-Norman vacacioun, from Old French vacacion, vacation, from Latin vacātiō. Equivalent to vacate + -ion.

(US, law) The act of making legally void.


fiction

fiction (countable and uncountable, plural fictions)

→ Irish: ficsean

→ Scottish Gaelic: ficsean

From Middle English ficcioun, from Old French ficcion (“dissimulation, ruse, invention”), from Latin fictiō (“a making, fashioning, a feigning, a rhetorical or legal fiction”), from fingō (“to form, mold, shape, devise, feign”). Displaced native Old English lēasspell (literally “false story”).


reply

From Middle English replyen, replien, borrowed from Old French replier (“to reply”), from the Latin replicō, replicāre (“I fold back”) (in Late or Medieval Latin "to reply, repeat"), from re + plicō (“I fold”); the noun derives from the verb by nominalisation. Doublet of replicate and replica.

der

(US, law) A document written by a party specifically replying to a responsive declaration and in some cases an answer.


location

→ German: Location

/ləʊˈkeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Latin locatio, locationis (“a placing”), from locare (“to place, put, set, let”), from locus (“a place”). Equivalent to locate + -ion.

(law, Scotland) A contract for the use of a thing, or service of a person, for hire.

(law, US) The marking out of the boundaries, or identifying the place or site of, a piece of land, according to the description given in an entry, plan, map, etc


battery

en-noun

battery (countable and uncountable, plural batteries)

Korean: 배터리 (baeteori)

Borrowed from Middle French batterie, from Old French baterie (“action of beating”), from batre (“battre”), from Latin battuō (“beat”), from Gaulish. Doublet of batterie.

der

[…] A battery is the actual infliction of unlawful personal violence. […] [The defendant] fell to the ground and lashed out with his feet and in doing so kicked the hand of one of the police officers, fracturing a bone. He was charged with assault […] although this was a battery.

2003, Mike Molan, Modern Criminal Law, 5th edition, 7.2.2-3, pages 221–222:

He offered three types of battery for which Mr. Trump might be liable under New York law: rape, sexual abuse and forcible touching.

2023 May 9, Lola Fadulu, “New York law gave jurors three types of battery to consider in the Trump case.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

An order asserted itself, and the hoods on the furnaces were oped wide, and a final march was organized. The wails of the injured and the roars of the dead-on-the-march overwhelmed the tinny speakers in the cell, and they all watched as nearly one thousand people reduced themselves to a few frantic hundred in less than an hour, then settled into a sustained orgy of battery, rapine and rape with no end in sight but the total depopulation of the entire facility.

2024 September 28, HarryBlank, “Not Ready for Prime Time”, in SCP Foundation, archived from the original on 2024-09-29:

(law) The infliction of unlawful physical violence on a person, legally distinguished from assault, which includes the threat of impending violence.


acquiescence

en-noun

acquiescence (countable and uncountable, plural acquiescences)

(law) Inaction, passivity, or neglect to take legal action when it is called for in order to assert, preserve, or safeguard a right, and which inaction implies the abandonment of said right.

rechtsverwerking

inaction to take legal recourse which implies the abandonment of a right


canon

canon (countable and uncountable, plural canons)

From Middle English canoun, from Old French canon and Old English canon, both from Latin canōn, from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”), akin to κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Semitic (compare Hebrew קָנֶה (qane, “reed”) and Arabic قَنَاة (qanāh, “reed”)). Doublet of qanun. See also cane, cannon, canyon, canal.

der

The lessees of public lands had to pay a perpetual rent or "canon" at some periodical time.

1919 January 18, Charles P. Sherman, “A Brief History of Imperial Roman Canon Law”, in California Law Review, volume 7, number 2, Berkeley, California: University of California, pages 96–97:

(Roman law) A rent or stipend payable at some regular time, generally annual, e.g., canon frumentarius


acquittal

en-noun

acquittal (countable and uncountable, plural acquittals)

(law) A legal decision that someone is not guilty with which they have been charged, or the formal dismissal of a charge by some other legal process.


actionable

en-adj

actionable (comparative more actionable, superlative most actionable)

more actionable (comparative)
most actionable (superlative)

From action + -able. Compare Late Latin actionabilis. See action.

I'm sure it's not good of me to write that he's a lush, but is it actionable?

Clearly the libelous book is actionable, but I'm not commenting on anything to do with legal issues.

"It may be so, or it may not, Mr. Holmes," said he, "but if you are so very sharp you ought to be sharp enough to know that it is you who are breaking the law now, and not me. I have done nothing actionable from the first, but as long as you keep that door locked you lay yourself open to an action for assault and illegal constraint."

1891 [September, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Adventure III.—A Case of Identity.”, in Geo[rge] Newnes, editor, The Strand Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly, volume II (July to December), number [9], London: […], page 258, column 1:

(law) Affording grounds for legal action.


credit

en-noun

credit (countable and uncountable, plural credits)

Borrowed from Middle French crédit (“belief, trust”), from Latin crēditum (“a loan, credit”), neuter of crēditus, past participle of crēdere (“to believe”). The verb is from the noun. Doublet of shraddha, creed.

In view of your payment record, we are happy to extend further credit to you.

(uncountable, law, business, finance) A privilege of delayed payment extended to a buyer or borrower on the seller's or lender's belief that what is given will be repaid.


discovery

discovery (countable and uncountable, plural discoveries)

from discover + -ery, on the pattern of the pair recover, recovery. Displaced native Old English onfundennes.

The prosecution moved to suppress certain items turned up during discovery.

(law, uncountable) A pre-trial phase in which evidence is gathered.

vyšetřování

legal: pre-trial phase in which evidence is gathered

The defense argued that the plaintiff's discovery was inadequate.

(law, uncountable) Materials revealed to the opposing party during the pre-trial phase in which evidence is gathered.

näyttö

legal: materials revealed to the opposing party during the pre-trial phase


admiralty

admiralty (countable and uncountable, plural admiralties)

From French amirauté, for an older amiralté (“office of admiral”), from Late Latin admīrālitās. See admiral. Analyzable as admiral + -ty.

(law) The court which has jurisdiction of maritime questions and offenses.

(law) The system of jurisprudence of admiralty courts.


admission

admission (countable and uncountable, plural admissions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-admission.wav

Borrowed from Latin admissio, admissionis; compare French admission. See admit.

(law) Acquiescence or concurrence in a statement made by another, and distinguishable from a confession in that an admission presupposes prior inquiry by another, but a confession may be made without such inquiry.

признание

(law) acquiescence or concurrence in a statement made by another

(British, ecclesiastical law) Declaration of the bishop that he approves of the presentee as a fit person to serve the cure of the church to which he is presented.


admittance

admittance (countable and uncountable, plural admittances)

(British, law) The act of giving possession of a copyhold estate.


advancement

advancement (countable and uncountable, plural advancements)

From Middle English avancement, Old French avancement. See advance.
Morphologically advance + -ment

(law) Property given, usually by a parent to a child, in advance of a future distribution.

voorschot op de erfenis

property given in advance of future distribution


same

From Middle English same, from Old Norse samr (“same”) and/or Old English same, sama (“same”) in the phrase swā same (swā) (“in like manner, in the same way (as)”), both from Proto-Germanic *samaz (“same”), from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”). Doublet of -some.
Cognate with Scots samin (“same, like, together”), Dutch samen (“together”), Danish samme (“same”), Swedish samma (“same”), Norwegian Bokmål samme (“same”), Norwegian Nynorsk same (“same”), Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰 (sama), a weak adjectival form, Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”), Old Irish som, Russian са́мый (sámyj), Sanskrit सम (samá), Persian هم (ham, “also, same”), Finnish sama (“same”), Estonian sama (“same”).

The question is his credibility or lack of same.

Light valve suspensions and films containing UV absorbers and light valves containing the same (title of US Patent 5,467,217)

Methods of selectively distributing data in a computer network and systems using the same (title of US Patent 7,191,208)

(formal, often law) It or them, without a connotation of similarity.


discover

en-verb

discover (third-person singular simple present discovers, present participle discovering, simple past and past participle discovered)

discovers (present singular third-person)
discovering (participle present)
discovered (participle past)
discovered (past)

conceal

antonym(s) of “expose something previously covered”

From Middle English discoveren, from Old French descovrir, from Late Latin discoperīre < discooperiō, discooperīre, from Latin dis- + cooperiō. Displaced native Old English onfindan.

Indeed, the plaintiffs suggest that they may not need to call Ms. Samji at all if they are allowed to discover the defendant on the new documents before any new trial takes place.

2019 July 2, Ward K. Branch, “Gordon v. Canada, 2017 FC 454”, in CanLII, retrieved 2021-04-13:

(law, transitive) To question (a person) as part of discovery in a lawsuit.


acting

en-noun

acting (countable and uncountable, plural actings)

(countable, law) Something done by a party—so called to avoid confusion with the legal senses of deed and action.


aggravated

en-adj

aggravated (comparative more aggravated, superlative most aggravated)

more aggravated (comparative)
most aggravated (superlative)

/ˈæɡ.ɹə.veɪ̯tɪd/

(criminology) Of or characterized by factors that increase the heinousness or offensiveness of the criminal offense.


aggrieved

aggrieved (comparative more aggrieved, superlative most aggrieved)

more aggrieved (comparative)
most aggrieved (superlative)

The aggrieved person may present their petition to the court for review.

(law) Having one's rights denied or curtailed.


murder

en-noun

murder (countable and uncountable, plural murders)

From Middle English murder, murdre, mourdre, alteration of earlier murthre (“murder”) (see murther), from Old English morþor (“secret slaying, unlawful killing”) and Old English myrþra (“murder, homicide”), both from Proto-West Germanic *morþr, from Proto-Germanic *murþrą (“death, killing, murder”), from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tro- (“killing”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer-, *mor-, *mr̥- (“to die”). Akin to Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr, “murder”), Old High German mord (“murder”), Old Norse morð (“murder”), Old English myrþrian (“to murder”) and morþ.
The -d- in the Middle English form may have been influenced in part by Anglo-Norman murdre, from Old French murdre, from Medieval Latin murdrum (whence the English doublet of murdrum), from Frankish *morþr, *murþr (“murder”), from the same Germanic root, though this may also have been wholly the result of internal development (compare burden, from burthen).
(crows): Attested at least since 1475.

inh

(uncountable) The crime of killing a person unlawfully, especially with predetermination.

(uncountable, law, in jurisdictions which use the felony murder rule) The act of committing or abetting a crime that results in the killing of a person, regardless of intent, and even if the committer or abettor is not the one who killed the person: felony murder.


administration

en-noun

administration (usually uncountable, plural administrations)

/ədˌmɪnəˈstɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English administracioun, from Old French administration, from Latin administratio, from administrare; see administer; compare French administration.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The company went into voluntary administration last week.

The other ambitions, and much of Prescott's plan, foundered just south of Hatfield that October, when a GNER express derailed on a shattered rail […], plunging the railway into a crisis that led to private track owner Railtrack being put into administration.

2024 September 4, Philip Haigh, “Can public-private partnerships be made to deliver?”, in RAIL, number 1017, page 52:

(uncountable, law, UK) An arrangement whereby an insolvent company can continue trading under supervision.


allotment

allotment (countable and uncountable, plural allotments)

From Old French alotement (modern French allotement).

Maynard used to help before he got sick, but there was no income except what I brought in my allotment.

2013, Maxine Holsinger, The Life of Maxine Holsinger:

(law) The allowance of a specific amount of money or other credit of a particular thing to a particular person.

betoelaging

law: the allowance of a specific amount of money or other credit of a particular thing to a particular person


administrator

Borrowed from Latin administrātor (literally “he that is near to attend”). Doublet of administrador.

bor

(law) A person who manages or settles the estate of an intestate, or of a testator when there is no competent executor; one to whom the right of administration has been committed by competent authority

опеку́н

law: one to whom the right of administration has been committed


exclude

en-verb

exclude (third-person singular simple present excludes, present participle excluding, simple past and past participle excluded)

excludes (present singular third-person)
excluding (participle present)
excluded (participle past)
excluded (past)

Borrowed from Latin exclūdō, from prefix ex- (“out”) + variant form of verb claudō (“close”).

(transitive, law) To refuse to accept (evidence) as valid.

отхвърлям

law: to refuse to accept (evidence) as valid


instrument

From Middle English instrument, from Old French instrument, from Latin īnstrūmentum (“an implement, tool”),
From īnstruō (“build, construct; arrange”) + -mentum.

suffix

A bond indenture is the instrument that gives a bond its value.

Negotiable instruments are the foundation of the debt markets.

(law) A legal document, such as a contract, deed, trust, mortgage, power, indenture, or will.


tender

From Middle English tendren, from Old French tendre (“stretch out”).

We will submit our tender to you within the week.

(law) A formal offer to buy or sell something.


diversion

en-noun

diversion (countable and uncountable, plural diversions)

/daɪˈvɜːʃən/

/daɪˈvɜːʒən/

From French diversion, from Medieval Latin diversiō, from Latin divertō (“to divert”); see divert.

(law) Officially halting or suspending a formal criminal or juvenile justice proceeding and referral of the accused person to a treatment or care program.


amendment

amendment (countable and uncountable, plural amendments)

From French amendement, from Late Latin amendamentum, equivalent to amend + -ment.

(law) Correction of an error in a writ or process.


tale

From Middle English tale, from Old English talu (“tale, series, calculation”), from Proto-West Germanic *talu, from Proto-Germanic *talō (“calculation, number”), from Proto-Indo-European *del- (“to reckon, count”).
Cognate with West Frisian taal (“speech, language”), Dutch taal (“language, speech”), German Zahl (“number, figure”), Danish tale (“speech”), Icelandic tala (“speech, talk, discourse, number, figure”), Latin dolus (“guile, deceit, fraud”), Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “wile, bait”), Albanian ndjell (“to lure”), Northern Kurdish til (“finger”), Old Armenian տող (toł, “row”). Related to tell, talk.


altercation

en-noun

altercation (countable and uncountable, plural altercations)

/ˌɔːltəˈkeɪʃn̩/

/ˌɔltɚˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌɑltɚˈkeɪʃən/

From Late Middle English altercacioun (“quarrelling, wrangling; argument or discussion about a controversy, debate, disputation; argument advanced during a disputation”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman altercacion, altercacione, altercacioun, Middle French altercacion, altercation, and Old French altercation (“quarrelling, wrangling; debate, disputation; question and answer in a law court”) (modern French altercation), and from its etymon Latin altercātiōnem, the accusative singular of altercātiō (“altercation, dispute; argument, debate; question and answer in a law court”), from altercātus (“argued”) + -iō (suffix forming abstract nouns from verbs). Altercātus is the perfect active participle of altercor (“to have a discussion or difference with another, argue, dispute, quarrel, wrangle; to contend, struggle; to put questions to someone in a law court”), from alter (“the other”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“other”)) + -icō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs, sometimes with a frequentative sense)
cognates
* Catalan altercació
* Italian altercazione
* Occitan altercatio, altercassion
* Portuguese altercação
* Spanish altercación

nb...

altercacion, altercacione, altercacioun, altercacyon, altircacioune, altricacioun

der

The vvhole of this proceſs is denominated the pleading; in the ſeveral ſtages of vvhich it muſt be carefully obſerved, not to depart or vary from the title or defence, vvhich the party has once inſiſted on. For this (vvhich is called a departure in pleading) might occaſion endleſs altercation.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Pleading”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 310:

(countable, law, historical) An act of posing questions to, and obtaining answers from, a witness in a court of law.

審判

(countable) act of posing questions to, and obtaining answers from, a witness in a court of law


allow

en-verb

allow (third-person singular simple present allows, present participle allowing, simple past and past participle allowed)

allows (present singular third-person)
allowing (participle present)
allowed (participle past)
allowed (past)
allow (infinitive)

From Middle English allowen, alowen, a borrowing from Anglo-Norman allouer, alouer, from Medieval Latin allaudāre, present active infinitive of allaudō, merged with alouer, from Medieval Latin allocō (“to assign”). Doublet of allaud (via allaudāre) or allocate (via allocāre).
The similarity with Middle English alyfen (from Old English ālīefan) and German erlauben, both from Proto-Germanic *uzlaubijaną (“to allow”) is coincidental.

cog

to allow an objection ― to find in favour of the objection and forbid the conduct objected to

to allow an appeal ― to decide the appeal in favour of the appellant (contrast grant leave to appeal, to permit an appeal to be heard)

(law, transitive) To decide (a request) in favour of the party who raised it; to grant victory to a party regarding (a request).


aid

en-noun

aid (countable and uncountable, plural aids)

From Middle English aide, eide, ayde, from Old French eide, aide, from aidier, from Latin adiūtō, adiūtāre (“to assist, help”). Cognates include Spanish ayuda, Portuguese ajuda and Italian aiuto.

aide

aide-de-camp; obsolete except in sense of

(countable, law) A pecuniary tribute paid by a vassal to his feudal lord on special occasions.


intent

en-noun

intent (countable and uncountable, plural intents)

Existing since Middle English entente, from Old French entent or entente, ultimately from Latin intentus. Modified later in spelling to align more closely with the Latin word. Compare intention.

(law) The state of someone’s mind at the time of committing an offence.


agree

en-verb

agree (third-person singular simple present agrees, present participle agreeing, simple past and past participle agreed)

agrees (present singular third-person)
agreeing (participle present)
agreed (participle past)
agreed (past)

From Middle English agreen, from Old French agreer (“to accept or receive kindly”), from a gré (“favorably”), from Latin ad (“to”) + gratum (“pleasing”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to welcome, greet, praise”).

der

(intransitive, law) To consent to a contract or to an element of a contract.


alibi

From the 18th century, from Latin alibī (“elsewhere, at another place”, adverb). Probably after French alibi, which has this use since the late 14th century.

bor

to set up an alibi

to prove an alibi

Alibi is different from all of the other defenses . . . it is based upon the premise that the defendant is truly innocent.

(law) The plea or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to prove being in another place when the alleged act was committed.

現場不在証明

げんじょうふざいしょうめい


stuffing

en-noun

stuffing (countable and uncountable, plural stuffings)

(US, finance, law) A tax loophole whereby a corporation acquires property that will result in a loss of revenue, purely in order to reduce its tax liability.


trap

trap (countable and uncountable, plural traps)

From Middle English trappe, from Old English træppe, treppe (“trap, snare”) (also in betræppan (“to trap”)) from Proto-West Germanic *trappjā (“trap, snare”), from Proto-West Germanic *trappjan (“to step”), from Proto-Germanic *trapjaną (“to tread, stamp”), from Proto-Indo-European *drebʰ- (“to step, trip, trample”).
Cognate with Dutch trap (“trap, snare”), German Low German Trapp (“trap”). Akin also to West Frisian traap (“stepping, treading, stairway”), German Treppe (“step, stair”), Old English træppan (“to step, tread”). Connection to "step" is "that upon which one steps". French trappe and Spanish trampa are ultimately borrowings from Germanic.

cog

trap street

(by extension, cartography, law, technical) A (usually fictional) location or feature originally added to a map to detect plagiarism and copyright violations by other map makers or map services.


stale

en-adj

stale (comparative staler, superlative stalest)

staler (comparative)
stalest (superlative)

From Middle English stale, from Old French estale (“settled, clear”), but probably originally from Proto-Germanic *stāną (“to stand”): compare West Flemish stel in the same sense for ‘beer’ and ‘urine’.

a stale affidavit

a stale demand

The jury will rarely give credit to a stale complaint.

1769, William Blackstone, Common Laws of England, IV xv 211:

(law) Unreasonably long in coming, in reference to claims and actions.


walk

en-verb

walk (third-person singular simple present walks, present participle walking, simple past and past participle walked)

walks (present singular third-person)
walking (participle present)
walked (participle past)
walked (past)
walk (infinitive)

Chinese Pidgin English: walkee

From Middle English walken (“to move, walk, roll, turn, revolve, toss”), a conflation of Old English wealcan (“to move round, revolve, roll, turn, toss”) (ġewealcan (“to go, traverse”)) and Old English wealcian (“to curl, roll up”); both from Proto-West Germanic *walkan, from Proto-Germanic *walkaną, *walkōną (“to twist, turn, roll about, full”), from Proto-Indo-European *walg- (“to twist, turn, move”).
Cognate with Scots walk (“to walk”), Saterland Frisian walkje (“to full; drum; flex; mill”), West Frisian swalkje (“to wander, roam”), Dutch walken (“to full, work hair or felt”), Dutch zwalken (“to wander about”), German walken (“to flex, full, mill, drum”), Danish valke (“to waulk, full”), Latin valgus (“bandy-legged, bow-legged”), Sanskrit वल्गति (valgati, “amble, bound, leap, dance”). More at vagrant and whelk. Doublet of waulk.

cog

If you can’t present a better case, that robber is going to walk.

(intransitive, colloquial, law) To "walk free", i.e. to win, or avoid, a criminal court case, particularly when actually guilty.

gå fri

colloquial: to avoid a criminal court case


register

en-verb

register (third-person singular simple present registers, present participle registering, simple past and past participle registered)

registers (present singular third-person)
registering (participle present)
registered (participle past)
registered (past)

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪs.tə/

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪs.tɚ/

From Medieval Latin registrum, from Late Latin regesta (“list, items recorded”), from Latin regerō (“to record, to carry back”), from re- + gerō (“to carry, bear”). Compare Latin registoria (“a treasurer”). Some senses influenced by association with unrelated Latin regō (“to rule”).

der

(law) To voluntarily sign over for safe keeping, abandoning complete ownership for partial.


ancestral

From Anglo-Norman ancestrel, from ancestre (“ancestor”).

He considered that the local custom permitted a sister's son to inherit in default of near male ancestrals.

1868, The Punjab Record - Volume 3, page 58:

But ancestrals cannot be willed away .

1921, Jagannath Raghunath Gharpure, Principles of Hindu Law, page 390:

Having no regards for their ancestrals and parents.

1946, Sino-Indian Studies - Volume 2, Part 1, page 19:

(India, law) A descendant of one's ancestors.


infanticide

en-noun

infanticide (countable and uncountable, plural infanticides)

(law, Canada) The criminal offence of killing of a newborn, committed by its mother while psychologically disturbed by the effects of childbirth or lactation, not regarded as murder.


alias

From Latin alias (“at another time; at another place, elsewhere, under other circumstances, otherwise”). See else and alien.

bor

Smith, alias Simpson.

(law) Used to connect the different names of a person who has gone by two or more, and whose true name is for any cause doubtful


alias

(law) A second or further writ which is issued after a first writ has expired without effect.


ancestor

From Middle English ancestre, auncestre, ancessour; the first forms from Old French ancestre (modern French ancêtre), from the Latin nominative antecessor (“one who goes before”); the last form from Old French ancessor, from Latin antecessōrem, accusative of antecessor, from antecēdō (“to go before”) + -tor (“-er”), from ante- (“before”) + cēdō (“to go”). See cede, and compare with antecessor.

suffix

(law) One from whom an estate has descended;—the correlative of heir.


applicant

From Latin applicans, present participle of applicare. See apply.

One who applies for something; one who makes a request; a petitioner.

(specific, law) A party who initiates legal proceedings against another party.


discuss

en-verb

discuss (third-person singular simple present discusses, present participle discussing, simple past and past participle discussed)

discusses (present singular third-person)
discussing (participle present)
discussed (participle past)
discussed (past)

From Middle English discussen, from Middle French and Anglo-Norman discusser (French discuter), from Latin discussus, past participle of discutiō (“to strike or shake apart, break up, scatter; examine, discuss”), from dis- (“apart”) + quatiō (“to shake”).

(transitive, law) To examine or search thoroughly; to exhaust a remedy against, as against a principal debtor before proceeding against the surety.


infant

Inherited from Middle English infaunt, borrowed from Latin īnfantem, accusative masculine singular of īnfāns, nominal use of the adjective meaning 'not able to speak', from īn- (“not”) + fāns, present participle of for (“to speak”). The verb is from Anglo-Norman enfanter, from the same Latin source. Doublet of infante.

Thomas Humphrey Doleman died the 30th of August 1712, an infant, intestate and without issue; Lewis the next nephew died the 17th of April 1716, an infant about sixteen years old, having left his mother Mary Webb, ...

1793, William Peere Williams, Samuel Compton Cox, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Chancery, and of Some Special Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench [1695-1735]: De Term. S. Trin. 1731, page 602:


disallow

disallow (third-person singular simple present disallows, present participle disallowing, simple past and past participle disallowed)

disallows (present singular third-person)
disallowing (participle present)
disallowed (participle past)
disallowed (past)
disallow (infinitive)

From Middle English disallowen, desallowen, a borrowing from Anglo-Norman desalouer, Old French desalöer. By surface analysis, dis- + allow.

(UK, law, historical) To overrule a colonial legislation by the sovereign-in-privy council.


ancient

From Middle English auncyen, from Old French ancien, from Vulgar Latin *anteānus, composed of Latin ante (“before”) + -ānus (adjective-forming suffix). The non-etymological /t/ is by analogy with the common ending -ent.

(UK, law) One of the senior members of the Inns of Court or of Chancery.


member

→ Japanese: メンバー (menbā)

→ Malay: member

→ Punjabi: ਮੈਂਬਰ (maimbar)

From Middle English membre, from Old French membre, from Latin membrum (“limb, body part”), from Proto-Italic *memzrom, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗms, *mēms-rom (“flesh”). Akin to Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 (mimz, “meat, flesh”), Crimean Gothic menus.
Coexists with native Middle English lim, limb (“member, limb, joint”) (from Old English lim (“limb, joint, main branch”)), and displaced Middle English lith (“limb, joint, member”) (from Old English liþ (“limb, member, join, tip”)).

cog

(Australia, law) the judge or adjudicator in a consumer court.

jäsen

law: judge or adjudicator in a consumer court


executor

/ɪɡˈzɛkjʊtɚ/

/ˈɛɡzɪˌkjuːtɚ/

From Middle English executour, from Anglo-Norman executour, from Latin execūtor, agent noun of exequor.

literary executor

(law) Someone appointed by a testator to administer their estate in accordance with their will; an administrator.

وَصِيّ

someone appointed by a testator to administer a will


appearance

en-noun

appearance (countable and uncountable, plural appearances)

Borrowed from Middle French apparence, from Latin apparentia, from appareo. Morphologically appear + -ance. Displaced native Old English hīew (the way something looks or seems) and ætīewednes (act of appearing or coming into view).

явяване

The coming into court of either of the parties

(law) An instance of someone coming into a court of law to be part of a trial, lawsuit or other proceeding, either in person or represented by an attorney or such like; a court appearance


clog

en-verb

clog (third-person singular simple present clogs, present participle clogging, simple past and past participle clogged)

clogs (present singular third-person)
clogging (participle present)
clogged (participle past)
clogged (past)

Unknown; perhaps from Middle English clog (“weight attached to the leg of an animal to impede movement”). Perhaps of North Germanic origin and derived from Proto-Germanic *klumpô (“lump, mass, clasp”); compare Old Norse klugu, klogo (“knotty tree log”), Dutch klomp.

der

1973, Humble Oil & Refining Co. v. Doerr, 123 N.J. Super. 530, 544, 303 A.2d 898.
For centuries it has been the rule that a mortgagor’s equity of redemption cannot be clogged and that he cannot, as a part of the original mortgage transaction, cut off or surrender his right to redeem. Any agreement which does so is void and unenforceable as against public policy.

(law) To enforce a mortgage lender right that prevents a borrower from exercising a right to redeem.


regulation

en-noun

regulation (countable and uncountable, plural regulations)

/ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

/ˌɹɛɡjəˈleɪʃən/

Coordinate term: statute

(law, often in the plural) A type of law made by the executive branch of a government, usually as authorized by a statute made by the legislative branch giving the executive the authority to do so.

Regulation 18B of the Defence (General) Regulations 1939 (S.R. & O. 1939/927) authorized the British government to intern suspected spies and collaborators during World War II.

(2) These Regulations extend to England and Wales only, subject to paragraph (3).
(3) This regulation and regulation 2(h) and (v)(i) and (ii) extend to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

2023, Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, “Regulation 1(2)-(3)”, in Social Housing (Regulation) Act 2023 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provision) Regulations 2023, page 1:

(countable, in the singular) A numbered provision within such kind of legislation.

(European Union law) A form of legislative act which is self-effecting, and requires no further intervention by the Member States to become law.


reduce

en-verb

reduce (third-person singular simple present reduces, present participle reducing, simple past and past participle reduced)

reduces (present singular third-person)
reducing (participle present)
reduced (participle past)
reduced (past)

From Middle English reducen, from Old French reduire, from Latin redūcō (“reduce”); from re- (“back”) + dūcō (“lead”). See duke, and compare with redoubt.

It is important that all business contracts be reduced to writing.

(transitive, law) To convert to written form. (Usage note: this verb almost always appears as "reduce to writing".)

foglal (in írásba foglal)

law: to convert to written form (as in "reduce to writing")


appeal

en-noun

appeal (countable and uncountable, plural appeals)

From Middle English apel, appel (“formal accusation brought in court; a challenge to trial by combat; an appeal to a higher court or authority; plea (for mercy, protection, etc.); pealing (of bells)”) [and other forms], from Old French apel (“a call”) (modern French appel (“a call; an appeal”)), from apeler (“to call; to call out”), from Latin appellāre (“to address as, call by name; to drive, move to; to land or put ashore”), alternative form adpellāre, from ad- (prefix meaning ‘to; towards’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“at; to”)) + pellere (“to drive, impel, push; to hurl, propel; to banish, expel; to eject, thrust out”) + -āre, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”), from *pel- (“to beat; to drive; to push”). Doublet of appel.

çağırış

call to a person or an authority for a decision, help, or proof — see also entreaty

An application to a superior court or judge for a decision or order by an inferior court or judge to be reviewed and overturned.

اِلْتِمَاس

application to a superior court or judge for a decision or order by an inferior court of judge to be reviewed and overturned

The legal document or form by which such an application is made; also, the court case in which the application is argued.

appello

I have an appeal against the lower court decision.

A person's legal right to apply to court for such a review.

valitusoikeus

person’s legal right to apply to court for such a review

Anciently an appeal lay for high treaſon. […] But it ſeems to be taken away by the ſt[atute] 1 H[enry] 4. 14. And now, if murder be made treaſon, an appeal does not lie.

1793, John Comyns, Stewart Kyd, “Appeal”, in A Digest of the Laws of England. […], 4th edition, volume I, Dublin: Luke White, →OCLC, page 515:

(historical) An accusation or charge against someone for wrongdoing (especially treason).

Ovld Iohn of Gaunt time honoured Lancaſter, / Haſt thou according to thy oath and bande / Brought hither Henrie Herford thy bolde ſonne, / Here to make good the boiſtrous late appeale, / Which then our leyſure would not let vs heare / Againſt the Duke of Norfolke, Thomas Moubray?

1595 December 9 (first known performance), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

(historical) A process which formerly might be instituted by one private person against another for some heinous crime demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered, rather than for the offence against the public; an accusation.

siviilikanne

(historical) At common law, an accusation made against a felon by one of their accomplices (called an approver).


appeal

en-verb

appeal (third-person singular simple present appeals, present participle appealing, simple past and past participle appealed)

appeals (present singular third-person)
appealing (participle present)
appealed (participle past)
appealed (past)

From Middle English apelen, appelen (“to accuse; to make a formal charge before a court, etc., impeach; to challenge to trial by combat; to apply to a higher court or authority for review of a decision; to call upon for a decision, favour, help, etc.; to call by a name”) [and other forms], from Old French apeler (“to call; to call out”); see further at etymology 1.

nb...

apeal, apeale, apeele, apele, appel, appele

اِسْتَأْنَفَ

(intransitive) to apply to a superior court or judge for a decision or order by an inferior court or judge to be reviewed and overturned

apelovat

to call upon a person or an authority to corroborate a statement, to decide a controverted question, or to vindicate one’s rights — see also entreat, invoke

appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober

Dissatisfied with the judge’s ruling, she decided to appeal.

He was advised by his lawyer to appeal against his conviction.

For if I [Jesus] be an offender, or haue committed any thing worthy of death, I refuſe not to die: but if there be none of theſe things whereof theſe accuſe me, no man may deliuer me vnto them. I appeale vnto Ceſar.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 25:11, column 2:

(intransitive) Often followed by against (the inferior court's decision) or to (the superior court): to apply to a superior court or judge for a decision or order by an inferior court or judge to be reviewed and overturned.

The plaintiff appealed the decision to the appellate court.

The supreme court of Victoria has upheld a decision the transfer of juvenile detainees to an adult maximum security prison, where some of them spent Christmas Day, was unlawful. The [Daniel] Andrews government had appealed the original decision, which was handed down last week.

2016 December 28, Calla Wahlquist, “Supreme court upholds ruling that children are being held at adult prison unlawfully”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-26:

(transitive, originally US) To apply to a superior court or judge to review and overturn (a decision or order by an inferior court or judge).

megfellebbez

(transitive) to apply to a superior court or judge to review and overturn (a decision or order by an inferior court or judge)

This ſhalle not ſo be ended ſaid ſyr Mador de la porte / for here haue I loſte a ful noble knyght of my blood / And therfore vpon this ſhame & deſpyte I wille be reuenged to the vtteraunce / and there openly ſir Mador appeled the quene of the dethe of his coſyn ſir patryſe /

[1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum Tercium”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII (in Middle English), [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 365, recto; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 729, lines 12–17:

This shall not so be ended, said Sir Mador de la Porte, for here have I lost a full noble knight of my blood. And therefore upon this shame and despite I will be revenged to the utterance. And there openly Sir Mador appealed the queen of the death of his cousin Sir Patryse.

We thanke you both, yet one but flatters vs, / As well appeareth by the cauſe you come, / Namely to appeale each other of high treaſon: […]

He gan that Ladie ſtrongly to appele / Of many haynous crymes by her enured, / And with ſharpe reaſons rang her ſuch a pele, / That thoſe, whom ſhe to pitie had allured, / He now t'abhorre and loath her perſon had procured.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 39, page 307:

(transitive, historical) To accuse or charge (someone) with wrongdoing (especially treason).

(transitive, historical) Of a private person: to instituted legal proceedings (against another private person) for some heinous crime, demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered.

(transitive, historical) Of the accomplice of a felon: to make an accusation at common law against (the felon).


execution

en-noun

execution (countable and uncountable, plural executions)

From Old French execution (c.1360), from Latin exsecutiō, an agent noun from exsequor (“to follow out”), from ex (“out”) + sequor (“follow”).

(law) The carrying into effect of a court judgment, or of a will.

uitvoering

(law) The formal process by which a contract is made valid and put into binding effect.


caveat emptor

Latin for “buyer beware”; from Latin caveat (“may he / she / subject-noun beware”), the third-person subjunctive of caveō (“I beware”) + ēmptor (“buyer”).

uder

(historical, commercial law) A provision of Roman law which gave the seller of a house the legal right to keep quiet about any defects of the house.


fiat

en-noun

fiat (countable and uncountable, plural fiats)

(English law) A warrant of a judge for certain processes.

(English law) An authority for certain proceedings given by the Lord Chancellor's signature.


fee

From Middle English fee, fe, feh, feoh, from Old English feoh (“cattle, property, wealth, money, payment, tribute, fee”) with contamination from Old French fieu, fief (from Medieval Latin fevum, a variant of feudum (see feud), from Frankish *fehu (“cattle, livestock”); whence fief), both from Proto-Germanic *fehu (“cattle, sheep, livestock, owndom”), from Proto-Indo-European *péḱu (“livestock”).
Cognate with Old High German fihu (“cattle, neat”), Scots fe, fie (“cattle, sheep, livestock, deer, goods, property, wealth, money, wages”), West Frisian fee (“livestock”), Dutch vee (“cattle, livestock”), Low German Veeh (“cattle, livestock, property”), Veh, German Vieh (“cattle, livestock”), Danish fæ (“cattle, beast, dolt”), Swedish fä (“beast, cattle, dolt”), Norwegian fe (“cattle”), Icelandic fé (“livestock, assets, money”), Latin pecū (“cattle”), Sanskrit पशु (paśu, “cattle”).

taksë

monetary payment charged for professional services

(law) An inheritable estate in land, whether absolute and without limitation to potential heirs (fee simple) or with limitations to particular kinds of heirs (fee tail).

(law, historical) A right to the use of a superior's land as a stipend for certain services to be performed, typically military service.

(law, historical) Synonym of fief: the land so held.

(law, historical) An inheritable estate in land held of a feudal lord on condition of performance of certain services, typically military service.


third person

en-noun

third person (countable and uncountable, plural third persons)

The plaintiffs here are third persons, and cannot be made responsible for the inadequate judgment or the improper exercise of power by the defendant's wife.

1828, Comprising Reports of Cases in the Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, and Common Pleas, from 1822 to 1835: and Law Journal Reports divided into Equity and Bankruptcy Cases. Common Law Cases 1836-1858, page 11:

(law) Someone not associated with a particular matter; a third party.


appointment

[əˈpʰɔɪ̯nʔmɪnʔ]

[əˈpʰɔɪ̯̃ʔmɪnʔ]

From Middle French apointement (French appointement). See appoint.

(law) The exercise of the power of designating (under a power of appointment) a person to enjoy an estate or other specific property; also, the instrument by which the designation is made.


appoint

en-verb

appoint (third-person singular simple present appoints, present participle appointing, simple past and past participle appointed)

appoints (present singular third-person)
appointing (participle present)
appointed (participle past)
appointed (past)

From Middle English apointen, borrowed from Old French apointier (“to prepare, arrange, lean, place”) (French appointer (“to give a salary, refer a cause”)), from Late Latin appunctō (“to bring back to the point, restore, to fix the point in a controversy, or the points in an agreement”); Latin ad + punctum (“a point”). See point.

der

If the donee of a power appoint the fund to one of the objects of the power, under an understanding that the latter is to lend the fund to tho former, although on good security, the appointment is bad.

1828–29 (case decided), published in 1843, in the Reports of Cases Decided in the High Court of Chancery

(transitive, law) To fix the disposition of (property) by designating someone to take use of (it).


exchange

en-noun

exchange (countable and uncountable, plural exchanges)

From Middle English eschaunge, borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from Old French eschange (whence modern French échange), from the verb eschanger, from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre, present active infinitive of *excambiō (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Spelling later changed on the basis of ex- in English. By surface analysis, ex- + change.

exchange of contracts
exchange of contracts#English

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland) Clipping of exchange of contracts.


exchange

en-verb

exchange (third-person singular simple present exchanges, present participle exchanging, simple past and past participle exchanged)

exchanges (present singular third-person)
exchanging (participle present)
exchanged (participle past)
exchanged (past)

From Middle English eschaungen, from Anglo-Norman eschaungier, Old French eschanger, from the Old French verb eschangier, eschanger (whence modern French échanger), from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre, present active infinitive of *excambiō (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Gradually displaced native Old English wrixlan, wixlan (“to change, exchange, reciprocate”) and its descendants, wrixle being one of them.

exchange contracts
exchange contracts#English

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland) Clipping of exchange contracts.


average

/ˈæv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle French avarie, from Old French avarie, from Old Italian avaria (which is possibly from Arabic عَوَارِيَّة (ʕawāriyya, “damaged goods”), from عَوَار (ʕawār, “fault, blemish, defect, flaw”), from عَوِرَ (ʕawira, “to lose an eye”)) + English suffix -age.

der

Historically, the courts have allowed a general average claim only where the loss occurred as a result of the ship being in immediate peril.[…]The court awarded the carrier the general average claim. It noted that “a ship′s master should not be discouraged from taking timely action to avert a disaster,” and need not be in actual peril to claim general average.

2008, Filiberto Agusti, Beverley Earle, Richard Schaffer, Filiberto Agusti, Beverley Earle, International Business Law and Its Environment, page 219:

(law, marine) Financial loss due to damage to transported goods; compensation for damage or loss.


average

From Middle English average, from Medieval Latin averagium, from aver (“horse or other beast of burden, service required from the same”) from Old English eafor (“obligation to carry goods and convey messages for one's lord”) from aferian (“to remove, take away”); + -age.

inh

(UK, law, obsolete) The service that a tenant owed his lord, to be done by the animals of the tenant, such as the transportation of wheat, turf, etc.


remainder

dearth

antonym(s) of “a part or parts remaining”

From Middle English remaindre, remeigner, from Anglo-Norman remaindre, with infinitive used as noun.

մնացորդ

mathematics: amount left over after repeatedly subtracting the divisor

(law) An estate in expectancy which only comes in its heir's possession after an estate created by the same instrument has been determined


departure

en-noun

departure (countable and uncountable, plural departures)

/dɪˈpɑː(ɹ)t͡ʃə(ɹ)/

From Old French deporteure (“departure; figuratively, death”).

uder

(law) The desertion by a party to any pleading of the ground taken by him in his last antecedent pleading, and the adoption of another


application

en-noun

application (countable and uncountable, plural applications)

/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/

From Late Middle English applicacioun, borrowed from Old French aplicacion (French application), from Latin applicātiōnem, accusative singular of applicātiō (“attachment; application, inclination”), from applicō (“join to, attach; apply”).

Their application for a deferral of the hearing was granted.

(bureaucracy, law) A petition, entreaty, or other request, with the adposition for denoting the subject matter.

молба

(bureaucracy, law) a petition, entreaty, or other request, with the adposition for denoting the subject matter


apprehension

apprehension (countable and uncountable, plural apprehensions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-apprehension.wav

Borrowed from Latin apprehensio, apprehensionis, compare with French appréhension. See apprehend.

The warrant had been issued for his apprehension on the charge of rioting.

1855, Elizabeth Gaskell, chapter 37, in North and South:

When he told us that a large reward was offered by Sir Leicester Dedlock for the murderer's apprehension, I did not in my first consternation understand why; […]

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

(law) The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest.


move

en-verb

move (third-person singular simple present moves, present participle moving, simple past and past participle moved)

moves (present singular third-person)
moving (participle present)
moved (participle past)
moved (past)
move (infinitive)

From Middle English moven, moeven, meven, borrowed from Old Northern French mover, moveir and Old French mouver, moveir (“to move”) (compare modern French mouvoir from Old French movoir), from Latin movēre, present active infinitive of moveō (“move; change, exchange, go in or out, quit”), from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move, drive”). Cognate with Lithuanian mauti (“to push on, rush”), Sanskrit मीवति (mī́vati, “pushes, presses, moves”), Middle Dutch mouwe (“sleeve”). More at muff. Largely displaced native English stir, from Middle English stiren, sturien, from Old English styrian.

cog

An attorney moved the court to issue a restraining order.

The district attorney moved for a non-suit.

(law, transitive, intransitive) To request an action from the court.


treasure trove

en-noun

treasure trove (countable and uncountable, plural treasure troves or treasures trove)

treasure troves (plural)
treasures trove (plural)

From Anglo-Norman tresor trové (“found treasure”), calque of Latin thesaurus inventus, where the past participle trové was interpreted in English as a noun.
Perhaps related to trophy.

(law, usually uncountable) Precious metal objects that were buried or concealed by an unknown owner.

Schatzregal

law: precious metal objects that were buried or concealed by an unknown owner


-ee

From Middle English -ee, -ē, from Anglo-Norman and Old French -ee, French -é, -ée, endings forming past participle of verbs ending in -er. Doublet of -ate. More distantly related to inherited English -ed.

-të

forming words meaning a person to whom or a thing to which an action is done

-eur

forming words meaning a person who or a thing that does an action, especially where a passive sense of the verb is implied

assign + -ee → assignee

legate + -ee → legatee

mortgage + -ee → mortgagee

(law) Used to form words meaning a person who is the other party to a contract or other transaction involving a person described by the corresponding word ending in -or.


determine

en-verb

determine (third-person singular simple present determines, present participle determining, simple past and past participle determined)

determines (present singular third-person)
determining (participle present)
determined (participle past)
determined (past)

From Middle English determinen, from Old French determiner, French déterminer, from Latin determināre (“to bound, limit, prescribe, fix, determine”), from de + termināre (“to limit”), from terminus (“bound, limit, end”).

der

Now, where is he that will not stay so long / Till his friend sickness hath determined me?

c. 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 2, act 4, scene 5:

The statutes for the general government of the new universities ... shall be made in the first instance ... by the Dublin Commissioners appointed under this Act, and ... by the Belfast Commissioners appointed under this Act, and, after the powers of these commissioners determine, by the governing bodies of the universities and colleges.

1908 August 1, UK Parliament, “Irish Universities Act, 1908”, in Irish Statute Book, § 4(1):

If a lease is determined by notice, forfeiture or frustration, all incumbrances will normally end automatically with the determination of the lease and can therefore be ignored.

2021, HM Land Registry, Practice guide 26: leases – determination, archived from the original on 2021-10-04:

(law, otherwise obsolete) To bring to an end; to finish.


defect

en-verb

defect (third-person singular simple present defects, present participle defecting, simple past and past participle defected)

defects (present singular third-person)
defecting (participle present)
defected (participle past)
defected (past)

From Middle French defaicte, from Latin defectus (“a failure, lack”), from deficere (“to fail, lack, literally 'undo'”), from past participle defectus, from de- (“priv.”) + facere (“to do”).

Passing through Thailand, she submitted a handwritten statement agreeing to defect, a requirement for North Korean refugees to be allowed to enter the South.

2015 August 15, Choe Sang-Hun, “A North Korean Defector’s Regret”, in The New York Times, retrieved 2015-09-20:

(law) To flee one's country and seek asylum.


appropriate

appropriate (third-person singular simple present appropriates, present participle appropriating, simple past and past participle appropriated)

appropriates (present singular third-person)
appropriating (participle present)
appropriated (participle past)
appropriated (past)

From Middle English appropriaten, borrowed from Latin appropriatus, past participle of approprio (“to make one's own”), from ad (“to”) + proprio (“to make one's own”), from proprius (“one's own, private”).

Some [benefices] were appropriated to secular ecclesiastical corporations

176, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, book, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(transitive, British, ecclesiastical, law) To annex (for example a benefice, to a spiritual corporation, as its property).


sever

sever (third-person singular simple present severs, present participle severing, simple past and past participle severed)

severs (present singular third-person)
severing (participle present)
severed (participle past)
severed (past)

From Middle English severen, from Old French sevrer, from Latin separāre (“to separate”), from se- (“apart”) + parāre (“provide, arrange”).

sever an estate in joint tenancy

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) To disconnect; to disunite; to terminate.

разделям

legal: to disunite; to disconnect; to terminate


counterpart

From Middle English conterpart, countre parte (“duplicate of a legal document”), equivalent to counter- + part. Compare Old French contrepartie, itself from contre (“facing, opposite”) (from Latin contra (“against”)) + partie (“copy of a person or thing”) (originally past participle of partīre (“to divide”)).


-er

From Middle English -er, from Anglo-Norman -er, Old French -er, the infinitive verbal ending.

disclaim + -er → disclaimer

remit + -er → remitter

misname + -er → misnomer

rebut + -er → rebutter

attain + -er → attainder

(chiefly law, added to a verb) Instance of (the verbal action); used to form nouns from verbs.


felony

From Middle English felony, felonie, from Old French felonie (“evil, immoral deed”), from felon (“evildoer”). Ultimately of Proto-Germanic origin. More at felon.

der

Coordinate term: misdemeanor

Many experts have also expressed skepticism about the significance of this case and its legal underpinnings, which employed an unusual legal theory to seek a felony charge for what is more commonly a misdemeanor, and Mr. Trump will undoubtedly seek an appeal.

2024 May 30, The Editorial Board, “Donald Trump, Felon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law, criminology, US, historical in UK) A serious criminal offense, which, under United States federal law, is punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than one year or by the death penalty in the most serious offenses.


misdemeanor

Coordinate term: felony

(law, criminology, historical in UK) A lesser criminal act in most common law legal systems, generally punished less severely than a felony.


approve

en-verb

approve (third-person singular simple present approves, present participle approving, simple past and past participle approved)

approves (present singular third-person)
approving (participle present)
approved (participle past)
approved (past)

From Middle English approuen, approven, from Old French aprouer; a- + a form apparently derived from the pro, prod, in Latin prōsum (“be useful or profitable”). Compare with improve.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-approve.wav

(transitive, law, English law) To make profit of; to convert to one's own profit — said especially of waste or common land appropriated by the lord of the manor.


amicus

(law, informal) Someone not a party to a case who submits a brief and/or presents oral argument in that case.


fixed

en-adj

fixed (comparative more fixed, superlative most fixed)

more fixed (comparative)
most fixed (superlative)

постоянен

not changing, not able to be changed, staying the same

In the United States, recordings are only granted copyright protection when the sounds in the recording were fixed and first published on or after February 15, 1972.

(law) Of sound, recorded on a permanent medium.


affiliation

en-noun

affiliation (countable and uncountable, plural affiliations)

/əˌfɪliˈeɪʃən/

From French affiliation, from Latin affiliatiō, noun of action from verb affiliō, from af- (form of ad- (“to”) before an f) + filiō (from filius (“son”)).

[…] he did not […] forget to write to Mark a stinging letter in which he stated that if he refused to accept his responsibilities he would see that an action for affiliation was brought against him.

1938, Xavier Herbert, chapter VII, in Capricornia, page 114:

If the defendant is adjudged to be the father, an affiliation order can be made under which he will be obliged to pay any expenses incidental to the birth and to pay a weekly sum for the maintenance and education of the child.

1978, A.G. Chloros, editor, The Reform of Family Law in Europe, Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media:

The complaint in Marckx related to the fact that according to Belgian law, birth did not create a legal bond between a child and its unmarried mother. Under the Civil Code the mother had to follow an affiliation procedure which would result in adoption of the child.

2001, Jane Wright, Tort Law and Human Rights, Oxford: and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, page 117:

(law) The establishment of a child's paternity or maternity


affirmation

affirmation (countable and uncountable, plural affirmations)

From Old French afermacion, from Latin affirmare (“to assert”). Doublet of affirmatio.

(law) A solemn pledge (to tell the truth, to bear allegiance, etc.), legally equivalent to an oath, taken by people who are forbidden to take a religious oath (such as Quakers) or otherwise prefer not to do so.


cognate

Borrowed from Latin cognātus (“related by blood”), from com- + gnātus (“born”). Doublet of connate and cognatus.

(law, dated) One who is related to another on the female side.

(law, dated) One who is related to another, both having descended from a common ancestor through legal marriages.


manus

Borrowed from Latin manus (“hand”). Doublet of mano.

(obsolete, Roman law) The power over other people, especially that of a man over his wife.


enlarge

en-verb

enlarge (third-person singular simple present enlarges, present participle enlarging, simple past and past participle enlarged)

enlarges (present singular third-person)
enlarging (participle present)
enlarged (participle past)
enlarged (past)

From Middle English enlargen, from Old French enlargier, enlargir. By surface analysis, en- + large.

the court would not take farther time to adjourn and deliberate, where the term was near spent, unless the parties would consent to enlarge it

1795, Charles Runnington, The History, Principles and Practice […] :

(law) To extend the time allowed for compliance with (an order or rule).


patron

From Middle English patroun, patrone, from Old French patron, from Latin patrōnus, derived from pater (“father”). Doublet of padrone, Patronus, and pattern.

doublet

(historical, Roman law) A protector of a dependent, especially a master who had freed a slave but still retained some paternal rights.


bugger

From Middle English bougre (“heretic”), from Old French bougre, from Medieval Latin Bulgarus (“Bulgar”), from Old Church Slavonic блъгаринъ (blŭgarinŭ, “Bulgarian”), used in designation of heretics (especially the Bogomils, who arose around the 10th century AD in the First Bulgarian Empire), to whom various sexual practices such as anal sex were ascribed. Doublet of Bulgar.

der

The British Sexual Offences Act of 1967 is a buggers’ charter.

(UK law) Someone who commits buggery; a sodomite.

male homosexual and Thesaurus:fudge packer


haircut

never ask the barber if you need a haircut

to take a haircut

And he needs to make sure that any American bank that was involved in loans to Asia, and now wants to share in the I.M.F. bailout, takes a haircut. And I'm not just talking about a trim.

1998 January 17, Thomas L. Friedman, “Haircut Time”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Its president, Nestor Kirchner, was expected to confirm overnight that about 75% of the country's bondholders had agreed to swap their old debt for new at a loss of up to 70 cents in the dollar—also a record and one that Mr Kirchner has called “the biggest haircut in history” for investors.

2005 March 4, Ashley Seager, “Argentina says debt default is over”, in The Guardian:

Something similar was happening at the same time in Greece. In the spring of 2012 Greece's public debt did, eventually, take a haircut, confirming that an unpayable debt will receive a haircut whatever the dogmas of European officials.

2016, Yanis Varoufakis, And the Weak Suffer What They Must? […] , Hachette UK, →ISBN:

And there is a growing consensus that it is finally time for founders to swallow their pride, accept a huge haircut to valuation and help establish a new floor for their stock to start growing again, helping to encourage all the companies coming up behind them to do the same.

2024 March 16, Tabby Kinder, “Reddit IPO reveals reality check for Silicon Valley”, in FT Weekend, Companies & Markets, page 14:

return on investment
return on investment

(law, business) A partial loss, financially: thus, in a bankruptcy proceeding, the proportional reduction in the debt that will be paid to each creditor (based on an evaluation of the total debt owed and the total assets of the debtor); among investors, the negative return on investment from a losing proposition.


junior

Borrowed from Latin junior, a contraction of iuvenior (“younger”) which is the comparative of iuvenis (“young”); see juvenile.


stakeholder

→ German: Stakeholder

(law) A person such as a trustee, escrow agent or garnishee, who holds money or assets under trust for another party in a contractual agreement or as part of a claim.