institute

From French institut, from Middle French, from Latin īnstitūtum.

Substitution is the nomination of substituted heirs, who take place, failing the institute.

1681, Viscount Stair, The Institutions of the Law of Scotland:

(law, Scotland) The person to whom an estate is first given by destination or limitation.


institute

en-verb

institute (third-person singular simple present institutes, present participle instituting, simple past and past participle instituted)

institutes (present singular third-person)
instituting (participle present)
instituted (participle past)
instituted (past)

From Middle English, from Latin īnstitūtus, past participle of īnstituō (“I set up, place upon, purpose, begin, institute”), from in (“in, on”) + statuō (“set up, establish”).

a writ issued to the bishop, to institute the clerk of that patron

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(ecclesiastical, law) To invest with the spiritual charge of a benefice, or the care of souls.


impeachment

en-noun

impeachment (countable and uncountable, plural impeachments)

→ Polish: impeachment

→ Portuguese: impeachment

desctree

→ Russian: импи́чмент (impíčment)
→ Kazakh: импичмент (impiçment)

→ Spanish: impeachment

Richard Nixon
United States Senate
Watergate scandal

From Middle English empechement (“hindrance, impediment, obstacle, obstruction; legal accusation or charge; act of calling into question or discrediting; challenge to a claim or right”), and thence either:
* from Middle English empechen, empeschen, empesche, enpechen, impechen (“to cause to get stuck; of a ship: to run aground; to block, obstruct; to hinder, impede; to prevent; to interfere with, harm; to criticize, disparage; to bring charges against; to formally accuse of treason or another high crime”) (from Anglo-Norman empecher, Old French empechier, empeechier) + -ment (suffix forming action nouns, concrete nouns, and nouns indicating a result or a condition or state); or
* from Old French empechement, empeechement, empeschement (“obstacle”) (modern French empêchement (“impediment, obstacle”)), from empeechier (“to fetter; to hinder”), empescher (“to inhibit, prevent”) + -ment (suffix forming nouns from verbs).
The English word is analysable as impeach + -ment.
Old French empechier, empeechier and empescher (compare modern French empêcher) are derived from Late Latin impedicāre (“to catch; to entangle”), present active infinitive of Latin impedicō (“to entangle; to fetter”), from im- (variant of in-) + pedica (“fetter, shackle; snare, trap”) (from pēs (“foot”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to step, walk; to fall, stumble”)) + -ō.
In senses 1.2 (“accusation that a person has committed a crime”) and 1.3 (“act of impeaching or charging a public official with misconduct”), the word has been used in place of Latin impetere, the present active infinitive of impetō (“to assail, attack, rush upon”).

Abqualifizierung

It is sometimes intimated that testimony which is direct and positive cannot legally be rebutted and overturned by presumptions less high than those which are juris et de jure in the absence of impeachment of the credibility of the witnesses. We are not prepared to accept that proposition unqualifiedly.

1903 November 16, Francis T. Nicholls, Chief Justice, “Barras et al. v. Barras”, in T. H. Thorpe, editor, Louisiana Reports: Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Louisiana at Term Beginning First Monday of November, 1903, volume III, St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., published 1904, →OCLC, column 299:

calling into question
call into question

(countable) The act of calling into question or challenging the accuracy or propriety of something.

(countable, law) A demonstration in a court of law, or before another finder of fact, that a witness was ingenuine before, and is therefore less likely to tell the truth now.

He [William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford] is charged in the Articles of Impeachment with Contriving the Death of the King, and being at ſeveral Meetings and Conſults about the King's Death, and Hiring Perſons to kill the King; And are theſe no Overt Acts? [...] My Lords, another Exception that is taken, is, That there is no Indictment. I conceive that an Impeachment of the Houſe of Commons is more than an Indictment. And there cannot be any doubt of that, the Impeachment of the Houſe of Commons having always been received and proceeded on by your Lordships.

1680 December 4, “The Fifth Day”, in The Tryal of William Viscount Stafford for High Treason, […], Dublin: Reprinted by Jos[eph] Ray, […], and are to be sold by S. Helsham, Joh. North, Jos[eph] Howes […], published 1681, →OCLC, page 243:

Backed by the Treasurer's bitterest enemies he brought charges against Danby. Impeachment followed. There was fresh uproar in the House.

1923, Georgette Heyer, “The Revenge”, in The Great Roxhythe, Boston, Mass.: Small, Maynard and Company, →OCLC, page 325:

(countable, law, British) An accusation that a person has committed a crime against the state, such as treason.

Anklage wegen Landesverrats

The Boſton Gazette of March 7 contains articles of impeachment of high crimes and miſdemeanors againſt Peter Oliver, Eſq; Chief Juſtice of the Superior Court of Judicature, &c., over the Province of Maſſachuſets Bay, by the Houſe of Repreſentatives in General Court aſſembled, [...] [T]he Aſſembly perſiſted in their impeachment, which was carried, upon a diviſion, yeas 92, nays 8: [...]

1774 May, “American Affairs”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume XLIV, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry, and sold by F[rancis] Newbery, […], published January 1755, →OCLC, pages 236–237:

The awful diſcretion, which a court of impeachments muſt neceſſarily have, to doom to honour or to infamy the moſt confidential and the moſt diſtinguiſhed characters of the community, forbids the commitment of the truſt to a ſmall number of perſons.

1788, Publius [pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton], “Number LXV. A Further View of the Constitution of the Senate, in Relation to Its Capacity as a Court for the Trial of Impeachments.”, in The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, […] , volume II, New York, N.Y.: […] J. and A. M‘Lean, […], →OCLC, page 211:

The acts for which an officer may be impeached, are preciſely thoſe for which he may be indicted as an officer; miſdemeanors in office, offences or unlawful acts done with an evil intention in his official capacity. For ſuch only can he be convicted on an Impeachment. And no officer can be convicted on an Impeachment, unleſs, on the ſame charge, and on the ſame evidence, he ought to be convicted on an Indictment. The ground of both is an unlawful act with an evil intention. Impeachment is Indictment, in other form, adopted in England for great offenders, whoſe influence might defeat the justice of the ordinary tribunals, and retained in Pennſylvania, either from ſimilar motives, or from imitation.

1803, Alexander Addison, Thomas Lloyd, stenographer, The Trial of Alexander Addison, Esq. […], on an Impeachment by the House of Representatives, before the Senate of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. […], 2nd edition, Lancaster, Pa.: Printd by George Helmbold, junior, for Lloyd and Helmbold, jun., →OCLC, pages 103–104:

Another letter [...] is worthy of being remembered, not merely as expressing more clearly Edmund Verney's antipathy of a Scotish war, but also as indicating what were his expectations, and no doubt the general expectations, of the results of calling a parliament. The quashing of ship-money, the abolition of monopolies, and even the impeachments of [William] Laud and [Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of] Strafford, are here clearly foreseen.

1853, John Bruce, editor, Letters and Papers of the Verney Family down to the End of the Year 1639. Printed from the Original MSS. in the Possession of Sir Harry Verney, Bart. (Publications (Camden Society); 56), London: Printed for the Camden Society, by John Bowyer Nichols and Sons, […], →OCLC, page 271:

The impeachment process provides a mechanism for removal of the President, Vice President, and other federal civil officers found to have engaged in "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." The Constitution places the responsibility and authority to determine whether to impeach and to draft articles of impeachment in the hands of the House of Representatives. A number of means have been used to trigger the House's investigation, but the ultimate decision in all instances as to whether impeachment is appropriate rests with the House. Should the House vote to impeach and vote articles of impeachment specifying the grounds upon which impeachment is based, the matter is then presented to the Senate for trial.

2010 April 8, Elizabeth B. Bazan, Anna C. Henning, “Summary”, in Impeachment: An Overview of Constitutional Provisions, Procedure, and Practice (CRS Report for Congress; 98-186), [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, →OCLC:

In popular impeachments, the street protesters use disruption in order to apply the ultimate accountability sanction for a president: removal from power. [...] Popular impeachments have only happened under extraordinary circumstances. In the case of legal accountability: blatant corruption, abuses of power, or both, that seem to go unpunished. In the case of political accountability: economic meltdowns, major political crises, or both, with no signs of light at the end of the tunnel.

2013, Leon Zamosc, “Popular Impeachments: Ecuador in Comparative Perspective”, in Mario Sznajder, Luis Roniger, Carlos A. Forment, editors, Shifting Frontiers of Citizenship: The Latin American Experience (International Comparative Social Studies; 29), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 265:

There is even a gender gap in support for impeachment, with more American women than men in favor of the House inquiry – and Trump’s removal from office.

2019 November 22, Lauren Gambino, “'Absolute fearlessness': women take impeachment spotlight and speak truth as Trump fumes”, in The Guardian:

(countable, law, chiefly US) The act of impeaching or charging a public official with misconduct, especially if serious, often with the aim of having the official dismissed from office.


conversion

en-noun

conversion (countable and uncountable, plural conversions)

From Middle English conversion, conversioun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman conversion, from Latin conversiō, from convertō.

обръщане

the act of having converted something or someone

המרת דת

to replace one religious faith with another

the conversion of a horse

Or bring my action of conversion / And trover for my goods.

1662 (indicated as 1663), [Samuel Butler], “[The First Part of Hudibras]”, in Hudibras. The First and Second Parts. […], London: […] John Martyn and Henry Herringman, […], published 1678; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1905, →OCLC:

(law) Under the common law, the tort of the taking of someone's personal property with intent to permanently deprive them of it, or damaging property to the extent that the owner is deprived of the utility of that property, thus making the tortfeasor liable for the entire value of the property.


extinct

en-verb

extinct (third-person singular simple present extincts, present participle extincting, simple past extincted, past participle extincted or (obsolete) extinct)

extincts (present singular third-person)
extincting (participle present)
extincted (past)
extincted (participle past)
extinct (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English extincten (“to extinguish or put out (a fire, light, etc.); to destroy, kill; (figurative) to suppress (an uprising); (law) to quash or stop (legal proceedings); to cancel (a privilege, title, etc.); (medicine) to eliminate or reduce (inflammation, an ulcer, etc.)”), from extinct (adjective) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs).

inh

So if I have a rent charge, and grant it upon condition; now, though the condition be broken, the grantee's estate is not defeated till I have made my claim: but if after any such grant my father purchase the land, and it descend to me; now, if the condition be broken, the rent ceaseth without claim. But if I had purchased the land myself, then I had extincted mine own condition, because I had disabled myself to make my claim.

c. 1596 (date written), Francis Bacon, “Maxims of the Law. Regula IX. Quod remedio destituitur ipsa re valet, si culpa absit.”, in James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denon Heath, editors, The Works of Francis Bacon, […], volume VII, London: Longman, Green, and Co.; […], published 1859, →OCLC, page 353:

And foraſmuch as the ſaid Statute vvas ordained to give a Certainty of Title in the Lands and Tenements compriſed in the Fine, it ſeemeth that the Fine extincteth the Title of all other, as vvell in Conſcience, as it doth in the Lavv.

1746, Christopher St. Germain, “The Fifth Question of the Student”, in Doctor and Student: Or Dialogues between a Doctor of Divinity, and a Student in the Laws of England, […], In the Savoy [London]: […] Henry Lintot, (assignee of Edward Sayer, Esq), →OCLC, page 74:

(obsolete, figurative, chiefly law) To abolish or make void (a law, a legal right, etc.); also, to cancel (a creditor's claim, a licence, etc.).


manslaughter

en-noun

manslaughter (countable and uncountable, plural manslaughters)

From Middle English manslaȝter, manslauter, equivalent to man + slaughter, or taken as an adaptation of Old English mansliht (“murder; killing of a person”), from mann (“person”) + sliht (“killing”), see manslaught. Cognate with Scots manslauchter (“homicide”). Compare also Old Frisian monslaga (“murder”).

inh

justifiable homicide
justifiable homicide

(law) The unlawful killing of a human, either in negligence or incidentally to the commission of some unlawful act, but without specific malice, or upon a sudden excitement of anger; considered less culpable than murder, but more culpable than justifiable homicide.

[Verbrechen] mit Todesfolge

intentional harm but unintentional killing

előre meg nem fontolt szándékkal elkövetett emberölés


intangible

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Usmaan (Middle river exports)-intangible.wav

Borrowed from Middle French intangible, from Medieval Latin intangibilis, from Late Latin tangibilis, from Latin tango.

(law) Incorporeal property that is saleable though not material, such as bank deposits, stocks, bonds, and promissory notes


concurring opinion

en-noun

concurring opinion (plural concurring opinions)

(law) An opinion which follows the outcome of the majority of the court, but might be reached in a differing manner.


confessio

From Latin cōnfessiō. Doublet of confession.

(law) A confession; a defense of one's faith, or a confession of guilt.


in personam

From Latin in persōnam (literally “towards a person”).

bor

Coordinate term: in rem

in personam judgment

(law) In a lawsuit against a specific individual, a summons and complaint to give the court jurisdiction that is served to a person to try a case. In personam means that a judgment can be enforceable against the person wherever he/she is.


carnal knowledge

to have carnal knowledge of someone

to knock a woman, to have carnal knowledge of her

1785, [Francis Grose], “Knock”, in A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, London: […] S. Hooper, […], →OCLC:

The legal definition of rape, is the carnal knowledge of a woman by force, and against her will. The carnal knowledge of a child, under ten years of age, with or without her consent, is considered rape.

1836, Michael Ryan, A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 2nd edition, London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, page 309:

(archaic, chiefly law) Sexual intercourse.


covert

en-adj

covert (comparative more covert, superlative most covert)

more covert (comparative)
most covert (superlative)

From Middle English covert, from Old French covert, past participle of covrir (“to cover”) (corresponding to Latin coopertus); cognate to cover.

feme covert

[…] a separate use for a woman cannot be created unless she is covert, or unless in immediate contemplation of her marriage.

1880, Weekly Notes of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the County Courts of Philadelphia, and the United States District and Circuit Courts for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, page 292:

[…] in the second case, as long as the woman is covert she cannot anticipate the income, and a mere alienation of her interest is not an attempt to anticipate.

1890, Albert Gibson, Robert McLean, Law Notes, page 77:

Being advised of the fact that the woman is covert, he stands charged with a knowledge of her disability . A married woman has no power to deal as principal if she is in fact a surety […]

1906, Abraham Clark Freeman, The American State Reports: Containing the Cases of General Value and Authority Subsequent to Those Contained in the "American Decisions" [1760-1869] and the "American Reports" [1869-1887] Decided in the Courts of Last Resort of the Several States [1886-1911], page 305:


reservation

en-noun

reservation (countable and uncountable, plural reservations)

/ˌɹɛzəˈveɪʃən/

/ˌɹɛzɚˈveɪʃən/

From Middle French reservation, equivalent to reserve + -ation.

Coordinate term: disallowance

(law, politics) A power of an overseeing authority to suspend legislation in the jurisdiction being overseen pending the approval of a higher authority. Such as a provincial/state governor reserving a bill passed by the state/provincial legislature from assent, pending approval of the federal government; or a federal bill passed by federal parliament being reserved by the viceroy pending approval by the crown.


copyrighted

(law) Covered by a copyright, not public domain.


objection

/əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/

From Middle French objection, from Old French objeccion, from Latin obiectio.

Counsel for the property owner immediately raised an objection which was sustained following argument outside the presence of the jury.

1994, Stephen Davis Porter, editor, Illinois Appellate Reports: Official Reports of the Illinois Appellate Court, page 500:

(law) An official protest raised in a court of law during a legal trial over a violation of the rules of the court by the opposing party.


objection

/əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/

Objection! That is irrelevant to this case, Your Honor!

(chiefly US, law) An assertion that a question or statement is in violation of the rules of the court.


cartel

→ Spanish: cártel

In the business sense, borrowed from German Kartell, first used by Eugen Richter in 1871 in the Reichstag. In the political sense, which was the vehicle for this metaphor, the English sense, like the German sense, was borrowed from French cartel in the sixteenth century, from Italian cartello, diminutive of carta (“card, page”), from Latin charta.

He then sent down a flag of truce in military style, proposing a cartel or exchange of prisoners – the corporal for the notary.

1832, Tales of the Alhambra, Washington Irving:

(historical, law) An official agreement concerning the exchange of prisoners.

kartel

official agreement concerning exchange of prisoners


citizen's arrest

citizen's arrest (plural citizen's arrests or citizens' arrests)

citizen's arrests (plural)
citizens' arrests (plural)

(uncountable, law) The right of a person who is not acting as a sworn law enforcement official to detain a suspected criminal until the police can be summoned.

公民逮捕權

right of a person to detain a suspected criminal

(countable, law) An arrest made under this right.


verification

verification (countable and uncountable, plural verifications)

From Middle French vérification, from Medieval Latin verificatio.

(law) A formal phrase used in concluding a plea, to denote confirmation by evidence.


quiddity

quiddity (countable and uncountable, plural quiddities)

From Middle French quiddité, and its source, Late Latin quidditas, from Latin quid (“what”) + -itas (“-ness”).


erroneous

en-adj

erroneous (comparative more erroneous, superlative most erroneous)

more erroneous (comparative)
most erroneous (superlative)

/ɪˈɹəʊ.nɪ.əs/

/ɛɹˈəʊ.nɪ.əs/

From late Middle English erroneous, from Middle French erroneux, from Latin erroneus.

If, while having the power to act, one commits error in the exercise of that power, he acts erroneously.

(law) Deviating from the requirements of the law, but without a lack of legal authority, thus not illegal.


summary

summary (comparative more summary, superlative most summary)

more summary (comparative)
most summary (superlative)

From Middle English summary, from Medieval Latin summārius, from Latin summa (“total, sum”) + -ārius (suffix forming adjectives).

The matter was brought to a close by summary dismissal of the cases.

The summary executions caused outrage.

(law) Performed by omitting the procedures of a full trial.

по съкратена процедура

cutting the procedures of a normal trial


transmission

en-noun

transmission (countable and uncountable, plural transmissions)

Borrowed from Latin transmissionem (accusative of transmissio), from transmittere.

monochromated scanning transmission electron microscope

(law) The right possessed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his successor(s) any inheritance, legacy, right, or privilege, to which he is entitled, even if he should die without enjoying or exercising it.


drawdown

drawdown (countable and uncountable, plural drawdowns)

The presidential drawdown authority, a US foreign policy tool, allows for the speedy delivery of DoD stocks to foreign countries in crisis.

2023 December 27, “US to provide Ukraine with up to $250m in arms and equipment”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

The act of reduction or depletion (including through withdrawal or utilization).

(US, military, law, in particular) The withdrawal of weapons, ammunition and other supplies from US stocks, and provision of it to another nation.


caption

Borrowed from Latin captiō (“deception, fraud”), from the past participle of capiō (“I take, I seize”) (English capture). Compare Middle English capcioun (“seizure, capture”).

cog

(law) The section on an official paper (for example, as part of a seizure or capture) that describes when, where, and what was taken, found or executed, and who authorized the act.

1919 Thomas Welburn Hughes. A treatise on criminal law and procedure. The Bobbs-Merril Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA. Sec. 557 (p. 378).
The caption and asportation must be felonious.

(obsolete, law) A seizure or capture, especially of tangible property (chattel).


intentional

en-adj

intentional (comparative more intentional, superlative most intentional)

more intentional (comparative)
most intentional (superlative)

[ɪnˈtʰɛnʃn̩ɫ̩]

Borrowed from Medieval Latin intentiōnālis. By surface analysis, intention + -al.


bigamy

en-noun

bigamy (countable and uncountable, plural bigamies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-bigamy.wav

From Middle English bigamie (“having two spouses simultaneously, bigamy; second marriage; marrying a widow or widower”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman bigamie and Middle French bigamie (“having two spouses simultaneously; second marriage; marrying a widow or widower”) (modern French bigamie (“bigamy”)), and its etymon Late Latin bigamia (“having two spouses simultaneously; second marriage”), from Late Latin, Latin bigamus (“bigamous”) + -ia (variant of -ius (suffix forming adjectives from nouns)). Bigamus is derived from bis (“twice, two times”) + Ancient Greek γάμος (gámos, “marriage; matrimony”) (from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”)). The English word is analysable as bi- + -gamy.

der

Bigamie was a counterplea (deuiſed at yͤ Councell of Lyons, vpon mislike of ſecond marriage) to be obiected, when the priſoner demaundeth the benefite of the Clergie, to wit, his Book, as namely to ſay, that he which demaundeth the priuiledge of the Clergie, was married to ſuch a woman at ſuch a place, within ſuch a Dioceſſe, and that ſhee is dead, and that hee hath married another woman within the ſame Dioceſſe, or within ſome other Dioceſſe, and ſo is Bigamus.

1624, [John Rastell], “Bigamie”, in Les Termes de la Ley: Or, Certaine Difficult and Obscure VVords and Termes of the Common Lawes of This Realme Expounded. […], new edition, London: […] Company of Stationers, →OCLC, folio 45, recto and verso:

(ecclesiastical law, historical) A second marriage after the death of a spouse.


repugnant

en-adj

repugnant (comparative more repugnant, superlative most repugnant)

more repugnant (comparative)
most repugnant (superlative)

/ɹɪˈpʌɡnənt/

From Middle English repugnaunt, from Old French repugnant, borrowed from Latin repugnans, present participle of repugnare (“to oppose, to fight against”), from re- (“back, against”) + pugnare (“to fight”); see pugnacious.

a repugnant condition


court fee

(law) A fee paid purportedly to cover administrative costs, at the start of each new court filing.


interlocutor

The agent noun counterpart, via suffix -tor, of Latin interloquor (“speak between, issue an interlocutory decree”), from inter- + loquor (“speak”).

uder

(law) An interlocutory judgement or sentence.


guilty

en-adj

guilty (comparative guiltier or more guilty, superlative guiltiest or most guilty)

guiltier (comparative)
more guilty (comparative)
guiltiest (superlative)
most guilty (superlative)

From Middle English gilty, gulty, from Old English gyltiġ (“offending, guilty”); equivalent to guilt + -y.

inh

The guilty man was led away.


guilty

(law) A plea by a defendant who does not contest a charge.

(law) A verdict of a judge or jury on a defendant judged to have committed a crime.


convey

en-verb

convey (third-person singular simple present conveys, present participle conveying, simple past and past participle conveyed)

conveys (present singular third-person)
conveying (participle present)
conveyed (participle past)
conveyed (past)

From Middle English conveien, from Old French conveier (French convoyer), from Vulgar Latin *convio, from Classical Latin via (“way”). Compare convoy.

accompany

to take someone from one place to another

He conveyed ownership of the company to his daughter.

[…] before his breaking forth into open rebellion, [the Earle of Desmond] had conveyed secretly all his lands to feoffees of trust, in hope to have cut off her Maiestie from the escheate of his lands.

1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC:


res nullius

From Latin rēs nūllīus (“nobody's thing”).

(law) Something that has no owner and is not subject to the jurisdiction of any state, but is susceptible to national appropriation.


assign

assign (third-person singular simple present assigns, present participle assigning, simple past and past participle assigned)

assigns (present singular third-person)
assigning (participle present)
assigned (participle past)
assigned (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Latin ad
Latin ad-
Proto-Indo-European *sek-der.
Proto-Italic *seknom
Latin signum
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin signō
Latin assignōlbor.
Old French assignerbor.
Middle English assignen
English assign
From Middle English assignen, from Old French assigner, asigner, from Latin assignō, from ad- + signō (“mark, sign”).

luokittaa

to attribute or sort something into categories

(transitive, law) To transfer (property, a legal right, etc.) from one person to another.

приписвам

to transfer property, a legal right, etc., from one person to another


infancy

en-noun

infancy (countable and uncountable, plural infancies)

From Middle English infancie, from Latin īnfantia (“infancy, early childhood; childishness”), equivalent to infant + -cy.


infraction

/ɪnˈfɹækʃən/

From Middle French infraction, from Latin infractio, from infractum, past participle of infringere, from in (“in”) + frangere (“to break”).

Even stealing a pack of gum is an infraction in the eyes of the law.


syllabus

Borrowed from Medieval Latin syllabus (“list”), which arose as a misprint, its accusative plural syllabos appearing in place of sittybas in a 1470s edition of Cicero's “Ad Atticum” IV.5 and 8. The corrupt form was influenced by the stem of Ancient Greek συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō, “put together”), the source of σῠλλᾰβή (sullabḗ, “syllable”); the true etymon is σιττύβα (sittúba, “parchment label, table of contents”) of unknown origin.

(law) The headnote of a reported case; the brief statement of the points of law determined prefixed to a reported case.


remission

en-noun

remission (countable and uncountable, plural remissions)

/ɹɪˈmɪʃ(ə)n/

/ɹəˈmɪʃ(ə)n/

From Middle English remissioun (“release from duty; freeing of captives; mercy, pardon, respite; forgiveness; release from or reduction of penances; reduction in intensity (of a quality, symptom, etc.); transfer of property, quitclaim; legal opinion or submission; reference, cross-reference”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman remission, remissione, remissioun, remissiun and Middle French, Old French remission (“forgiveness of sin; pardoning of an offence; postponement; cessation, suspension; diminishing or weakening of something; reduction of debt; reduction in intensity of a disease or symptom”) (modern French rémission), and their etymon Late Latin remissiō (“forgiveness; pardon of sins”), Latin remissiō (“release; sending back; easing off, relaxing, softening; reduction of debt; reduction in intensity of a disease or symptom”), from remittō (“to remit, send back; to diminish; to relax; to do without, forego”) + -siō. Remittō is derived from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’) + mittō (“to cause to go; to send; to discharge, emit, let go, release; to throw; to extend, reach out; to announce, tell; to produce, yield; to attend, escort, guide; to dismiss, disregard; to end”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to change, exchange; to change places, go past”) or *(s)meyt- (“to throw”)).
The English word is cognate with Catalan remissió, Italian remissioni, remissione (“remission; withdrawal of legal action; compliance, submission”), Old Occitan remessió, Portuguese remisson, remissão (“pardon; remission”), Spanish remisión (“remission”).

nb...

remiscioun, remisiun, remission, remissiun, remissyon, remyscioun, remyscyon, remyscyoun, remyssion, remyssioun, remyssyon, remyssyoun, remyssyoune

Zurücksendung

That Mr. Carstairs answer all interrogatories that shall be put to him, betwixt and the first of October next, upon his great oath. That which being done, he shall have his majesty's full pardon and remission, for his life, limb, estate, and fame.

1684, “314. The Trial of Robert Baillie, of Jerviswood, in Scotland, for High Treason: 36 Charles II. a.d. 1684”, in Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, volumes X (A.D. 1680–1685), London: Printed by T[homas] C[urson] Hansard, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Co.; [et al.], published 1811, →OCLC, column 693:

At common law, the criminal was bound to assyth the party whom he had injured; no special statute was necessary to establish a point received and understood; but a doubt might be entertained, how far crimes were not entirely abolished by a remission, so as not only to stop the punishment of the law, but to exclude the claim of damages. To obviate this doubt was the intention of these various statutes, which provide that assythment shall be due, notwithstanding a remission.

1767 February 24, William Maxwell Morison, “[Proof.] Macharg against Campbell.”, in The Decisions of the Court of Session, from Its Institution until the Separation of the Court into Two Divisions in the Year 1808, Digested under Proper Heads, in the Form of a Dictionary. […], volumes XXIX–XXX, Edinburgh: Printed for Archibald Constable and Company, published 1811, →OCLC, division III (Public Instrument, How Far Probative), section IV (Decrees, Acts of Court, &c.), case no. 429, page 12543:

A lessening of amount due, as in either money or work, or intensity of a thing.

(law) A reduction or cancellation of the penalty for a criminal offence; in particular, the reduction of a prison sentence as a recognition of the prisoner's good behaviour.

смекчаване

It was held by the Court of Errors and Appeals that the remission of the case to the trial court for clarification of the verdict was justified, and that the record, as corrected, clearly indicated that the recommendation of life imprisonment should apply only to Rannelli and not to Merra.

1953 October term, Silvio DeVita, Petitioner, vs. the State of New Jersey, Respondent. […] Brief for the State of New Jersey Oppositing Petition for Writ of Certiorari (Supreme Court of the United States; no. 429), Newark, N.J.: Arthur W. Cross, page 9:

An act of remitting, returning, or sending back.

(law) A referral of a case back to another (especially a lower or inferior) court of law; a remand, a remittal.

siirtäminen

referral of a case back to another court


guilt

en-noun

guilt (usually uncountable, plural guilts)

From Middle English gilt, gult, from Old English gylt (“guilt, sin, offense, crime, fault”), of obscure origin, but possibly related with Old English ġieldan (“to pay, requite, punish”), whence yield. More specifically it could be connected with Proto-West Germanic *guldijā, whence Middle Low German gülde, Middle High German gülte (“debt, fee, financial duty”). However, neither the Old English stem form nor the -t (instead of -d) fit the continental form.

cog

(law) The state of having been found guilty or admitted guilt in legal proceedings.


disorderly

en-adj

disorderly (comparative more disorderly, superlative most disorderly)

more disorderly (comparative)
most disorderly (superlative)

From disorder + -ly or from dis- + orderly.

a disorderly house

(law) Offensive to good morals and public decency.


litigant

From French litigant, from Middle French, from Latin litigans, litigantis.

(law) A party suing or being sued in a lawsuit, or otherwise calling upon the judicial process to determine the outcome of a suit.

訴訟當事人

a party suing or being sued in a lawsuit


overturn

en-verb

overturn (third-person singular simple present overturns, present participle overturning, simple past and past participle overturned)

overturns (present singular third-person)
overturning (participle present)
overturned (participle past)
overturned (past)

/ˌəʊvə(ɹ)ˈtɜː(ɹ)n/

/ˈəʊvə(ɹ)ˌtɜː(ɹ)n/

From Middle English overturnen, equivalent to over- + turn. Compare also Middle English overterven (“to overturn”), see terve.

cog

In a report for the Sun on Sunday, Barak claimed that Andrew is consulting lawyers about overturning that settlement.

2023 January 22, Matthew Weaver, “Ghislaine Maxwell calls Prince Andrew photo with Virginia Giuffre ‘a fake’”, in The Guardian:

Harvey was rightfully convicted. It’s unfortunate that the court has overturned his conviction. As a survivor, I am beyond disappointed.

2024 April 27, Maya Yang, quoting Rosanna Arquette, “Disgraced former Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein hospitalized”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

(law, transitive) To reverse (a decision); to overrule or rescind.


exception

en-noun

exception (countable and uncountable, plural exceptions)

From Middle English exception, excepcioun, from Anglo-Norman excepcioun, from Old French excepcion, from Latin exceptiō.

përjashtim

that which is excepted or taken out from others

(law) An objection, on legal grounds; also, as in conveyancing, a clause by which the grantor excepts or reserves something before the right is transferred.


settlement

settlement (countable and uncountable, plural settlements)

(law) A disposition of property, or the act of granting it.

(law) A settled place of abode; residence; a right growing out of legal residence.

The family of a^([sic]) Ohio teenager who was crushed to death by the seat of a minivan after emergency responders failed to find him in time has been awarded a $6million settlement […] As part of the settlement, the city has pledged to improve its 911 call centre […]

2021 April 11, A. Hutton, “Kyle Plush: $6million settlement for family of Ohio teen who was crushed to death in 2018”, in The Independent:

(law) A mutual agreement to end a dispute without resorting to legal proceedings, also known as an out-of-court settlement or settling out of court.


nullius filius

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nullius filius (“nobody's son”), from Latin nullius + filius.

bor

A bastard is considered nullius filius as far as regards his right inherit. But the rule of nullius filius does not apply in other respects

1856, Bouvier Law Dictionary, 6th edition:


impunity

en-noun

impunity (countable and uncountable, plural impunities)

From Middle French impunité, from Latin impunitas, from impunis (“without punishment”).

(countable, law) Exemption from punishment.


Easter

Easter (countable and uncountable, plural Easters)

→ Chickasaw: Iista'

The noun is derived from Middle English Ester, from Old English ēastre, seemingly from Ēastre, a proposed Anglo-Saxon goddess of the dawn whose festival is thought to have been celebrated around the vernal equinox. Further from Proto-West Germanic *Austrā, from Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ, derived from either Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn; east”) or, more semantically plausible, from *austrą, *auzrą, a metathesized form of *wazrą (“spring (season)”), *-ǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).
The English word is cognate with German Low German Oostern (“Easter”), Old High German ōstarūn (modern German Ostern) and is possibly a doublet of east. Despite a modern folk etymology, not related to Ishtar.
The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(UK, Ireland, law, education) Ellipsis of Easter term.


certify

en-verb

certify (third-person singular simple present certifies, present participle certifying, simple past and past participle certified)

certifies (present singular third-person)
certifying (participle present)
certified (participle past)
certified (past)

From Old French certefier (“confirm, assure, make certain”). Compare French certifier.

uder

(transitive, law) To authenticate or verify in writing.


antimiscegenation

antimiscegenation laws

(US, law) Against mixing or blending; especially, against the mixing or blending of races in marriage or breeding.

antimiscigenação

against mixing or blending; especially, against the mixing or blending of races in marriage or breeding


jurat

From Medieval Latin iūrātus (“sworn [man]”) or iūrātum (“[that which is] sworn”), from Latin iūrō (“I swear an oath”). As a medieval office, via French jurat, via Occitan juré.

The affidavit's jurat reads "Sworn this __ day of ________, 20__, before me" and is followed by the notary's signature. Looks like she forgot to fill it in.

(law) A sworn statement concerning where, when, and before whom an oath has been made.

(law, obsolete) A sworn person, particularly:

(law, historical) A medieval informant: a man sworn to provide information about crimes committed in his neighborhood.

A councilman or alderman of the Cinque Ports.

Guernsey and Jersey have twelve jurats each, and Alderney six.

The Jurat came of a good old Guernsey family which, in the Middle Ages, always had the sense to fight on the side paid best [...].

1974, GB Edwards, The Book of Ebenezer Le Page, New York, published 2007, page 179:

A magistrate of Channel Islands, serving for life, who forms part of the islands' royal court.

(historical) A municipal officer of Bordeaux and certain other French towns.

(historical, in French contexts) A member of any association sworn to do nothing against its internal rules.


erstwhile

“Scarcely had Alice reached her twentieth birthday, than she gave her erstwhile fiancée^([sic]) his formal congé.[…]”

1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “The Disappearance of Count Collini”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:

As an aftermath of the erstwhile competition between companies, 41 goods depots served the Liverpool and Birkenhead docks in 1923.

1964 November, P. F. Winding, “Re-shaping the LMR's North Western Line - 2”, in Modern Railways, page 343:

Other erstwhile stalwarts are also wavering. Southampton had two of the best full-backs in the league last season but Ryan Bertrand has been below par this season and Cédric Soares made an uncharacteristic lapse that led to Stoke’s winning goal in Southampton’s last outing.

2017 October 14, Paul Doyle, “Mauricio Pellegrino yet to find attacking solution for stuttering Southampton”, in the Guardian:

(literary, law or India) Former, previous.


grounds

grounds for divorce

(law) Basis or justification for something.


fee simple

Sir, for a Cardceue he will ſell the fee-ſimple of his ſaluation, the inheritance of it, and cut th’ intaile from all remainders, and a perpetuall ſucceſsion for it perpetually.

c. 1604–1605 (date written), William Shakespeare, “All’s Well, that Ends Well”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii], page 248, column 2:

It had never occurred to me that a parson has no fee-simple in the house and glebe he occupies.

1787, William Cowper, letter, 19 October

(law) The private ownership of property (real estate) in which the owner has the right to control, use, and transfer the property at will.

永久產權

The rights and privileges of private ownership of property particularly real estate

fee simple subject to condition subsequent

fee simple subject to executory interest

fee simple subject to executory limitation


docketing software

(computing, law) Software for use in scheduling legal matters, for example ex parte proceedings, litigation, and other legal matters.


leasehold

term of years absolute
term of years absolute

(property law) Of an estate in land, held for a term of years absolute by a lessee or tenant.


leasehold

en-noun

leasehold (countable and uncountable, plural leaseholds)

(property law) Real property held as an estate in land of this type.


freehold

fee simple absolute in possession
fee simple absolute in possession

(property law) Of a tenure or estate in land, held in fee simple absolute in possession by a proprietor; granted out of the allodial title, liable to determine only on escheat.


freehold

freehold (countable and uncountable, plural freeholds)

(property law) Real property held by a tenure of this type.


memorial

From Late Latin memoriale, neuter of memorialis.

Captain Surman […] immediately addressed a memorial to the governor, stating that an act of Providence had sent him into port for the preservation of the lives of those on board; he therefore trusted he should be allowed to refit and depart.

1808–10, William Hickey, Memoirs of a Georgian Rake, Folio Society 1995, page 178:

(law) A statement of facts set out in the form of a petition to a person in authority, a court or tribunal, a government, etc.


matter of fact

See matter, fact. First attested in the 16th century.

Whether he left his house on the night of the murder is a matter of fact.

(law) An issue concerning the factual circumstances of a cause of action that is to be tried or proved; an allegation forming the basis of a claim or defense, as opposed to a matter of law.


walker

→ Irish: válcaeir

→ Persian: واکر (vâker)

From Middle English walkere (“one who walks, traveller”), equivalent to walk + -er.


Lawrence

en-proper noun

Lawrence (countable and uncountable, plural Lawrences)

(US, law, sexuality, US politics, informal, uncountable) Ellipsis of Lawrence v. Texas. A 2003 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that legalized same-sex sexual relations; and reaffirmed the existence of a right to privacy under due process following the 14th Amendment.


wend

From Middle English wenden, from Old English wendan (“to turn, change, translate”), from Proto-West Germanic *wandijan, from Proto-Germanic *wandijaną (“to turn”), causative of *windaną (“to wind”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, wind, braid”).
Cognate with Dutch wenden (“to turn”), German wenden (“to turn, reverse”), Danish vende (“to turn”), Norwegian Bokmål vende (“to turn”), Norwegian Nynorsk venda (“to turn”), Swedish vända (“to turn, turn over, veer, direct”), Icelandic venda (“to wend, turn, change”), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wandjan, “to cause to turn”). Related to wind (Etymology 2).

cog

(obsolete, UK, law) A large extent of ground; a perambulation; a circuit


vested interest

en-noun

vested interest (plural vested interests)

Popularized in sociology by Thorstein Veblen, The Vested Interests and the Common Man (1919).

I saw them enjoying a special privilege which had been theirs so long that it had become a vested interest: they seemed to think it was a law ordained of nature that they should be forever life's favorite sons.

1940, Thomas Wolfe, chapter 46, in You Can't Go Home Again, →OCLC:

(law) An indefeasible right or title, distinguished from a contingent interest, which could be defeated (i.e. cease) if a certain event occurred.


lapidate

en-verb

lapidate (third-person singular simple present lapidates, present participle lapidating, simple past and past participle lapidated)

lapidates (present singular third-person)
lapidating (participle present)
lapidated (participle past)
lapidated (past)

From Latin lapidātus, past participle of lapidō (“throw stones at”), from lapis (“stone”).

the host (in tailcoat, grey cravat, purple vest) is lapidated by his wife while he loudly cries: "Maggie—please save a cup fer coffee in the morning."

1932 February 1, “Jiggs & Maggie”, in Time Magazine:

On August 27, 2002, a Nigerian court ordered the mother of a newborn child, Amina Lawal, to be publicly lapidated for adultery.

(transitive, law) To throw stones or other objects at, as punishment, sometimes until death.


vested

en-adj

vested (comparative more vested, superlative most vested)

more vested (comparative)
most vested (superlative)

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

(law) Settled, fixed or absolute, with no contingencies.


variance

en-noun

variance (countable and uncountable, plural variances)

From Middle English variance, variaunce, equivalent to vary + -ance, from Old French variance or directly from Anglo-Latin variaunce, veriaunce, wariaunce; all from Latin variantia.

(law) A discrepancy between two legal documents.

несъотве́тствие

discrepancy, especially between two legal documents

(law) A departure from a cause of action originally in a complaint.


vexatious

en-adj

vexatious (comparative more vexatious, superlative most vexatious)

more vexatious (comparative)
most vexatious (superlative)

a vexatious lawsuit

(law, of an action) Commenced for the purpose of giving trouble, without due cause.

a vexatious litigant

(law, of a party or entity) In the habit of starting vexatious litigation and therefore liable to have restraints placed on one's ability to access the courts.


duplicate

en-noun

duplicate (countable and uncountable, plural duplicates)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplicātus, perfect passive participle of duplicō.

(law) An original instrument repeated; a document which is the same as another in all essential particulars, and differing from a mere copy in having all the validity of an original


writ

writ (countable and uncountable, plural writs)

From Middle English writ, from Old English writ and ġewrit (“writing”), from Proto-Germanic *writą (“fissure, writing”), from Proto-Indo-European *wrey-, *wrī- (“to scratch, carve, ingrave”). Cognate with Scots writ (“writ, writing, handwriting”), Icelandic rit (“writing, writ, literary work, publication”).

cog

(law) A written order, issued by a court, ordering someone to do (or stop doing) something.


ultra vires

From Latin ultra vires (“beyond the power”).

Acts of the Scottish Parliament, unlike Westminster, can be challenged in court on the basis that they relate to reserved matters and are, therefore, ultra vires.

(law) beyond the legal power or authority of a person or body


remedy

From Middle English remedie, from Old French *remedie, remede, from Latin remedium (“a remedy, cure”), from re- (“again”) + mederi (“to heal”). Doublet of remeid.

(law) The legal means to recover a right or to prevent or obtain redress for a wrong.

сре́дство

суде́бной защи́ты


antisocial behaviour order

en-noun

antisocial behaviour order (plural antisocial behaviour orders)

(British, law) A civil order made against a person, as a result of persistent antisocial behaviour.


rejoinder

/ɹɪd͡ʒˈɔɪndɚ/

From Middle English rejoinder, rejonder, rejoynder, from Middle French rejoindre, with infinitive used as noun frequent in Law French. Doublet of rejoin.

(law) The defendant's answer to the replication.

(US patent law) Re-insertion, typically after allowance of a patent application, of patent claims that had been withdrawn from examination under a restriction requirement.


attribution

attribution (countable and uncountable, plural attributions)

From Middle French attribution, from Latin attributio.

(law) A legal doctrine by which liability is extended to a defendant who did not actually commit the tortious or criminal act.


assignee

From Middle English assigne, from Old French assigné, equivalent to assign + -ee.

(law) One to whom a right or property is being transferred.

وَكِيل

law: one to whom rights or property is being transferred


administer

en-verb

administer (third-person singular simple present administers, present participle administering, simple past and past participle administered)

administers (present singular third-person)
administering (participle present)
administered (participle past)
administered (past)

From Middle English administren, from Old French aminister, from Latin administrare (“to manage, execute”), from ad (“to”) + ministrare (“to attend, serve”), from minister (“servant”); see minister.

der

(law) To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or whose will fails of an executor.


witness

en-noun

witness (countable and uncountable, plural witnesses)

From Middle English witnesse, from Old English ġewitnes, equivalent to wit + -ness. Cognate with Middle Dutch wetenisse (“witness, testimony”), Old High German gewiznessi (“testimony”), Icelandic vitni (“witness”).

cog

The witness for the prosecution did not seem very credible.

From the evidence of witnesses and of the recorded passing times, including the time at which the circuit breakers were tripped when the wires were brought down, the train was travelling at a speed of not less than 70 m.p.h.

1961 November, “Talking of Trains: Derailment near Holmes Chapel”, in Trains Illustrated, page 652:

(countable, law) Someone called to give evidence in a court.

getuie

someone called to give evidence in a court

понята́я

someone who is present at and signs the report of a police search


petition

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French peticiun, from stem of Latin petitio, petitionem (“a request, solicitation”), from petere (“to require, seek, go forward”).

der

(law) A formal written request for judicial action.

жа́лба

legal: formal request for judicial action


visitor

Partly from Middle English visiter, visitere, equivalent to visit + -er; and partly from Middle English visitour, from Anglo-Norman visitour, from Old French visetëor.

As to eleemoſynary corporations, by the dotation the founder and his heirs are of common right the legal viſitors, to ſee that that property is rightly employed, which would otherwiſe have deſcended to the viſitor himſelf: […]

1765, William Blackstone, “Of Corporations”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book I (Of the Rights of Persons), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 469:

(law) A person authorized to visit an institution to see that it is being managed properly.


proposal

/pɹəˈpəʊzəl/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-proposal.wav

ข้อเสนอ

kɔ̂ɔ-sà-nə̌ə

Something which is proposed, or offered for consideration or acceptance.

(law) The offer by a party of what they have in view as to an intended business transaction, which, with acceptance, constitutes a contract.

προσφορά

law: the offer by a party of what they have in view


proponent

From Latin prōpōnēns, present participle of prōpōnō (“to put forward; propose”).

(law) One who propounds a will for probate.


unavoidable

en-adj

unavoidable (comparative more unavoidable, superlative most unavoidable)

more unavoidable (comparative)
most unavoidable (superlative)

/ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbəl/

From Middle English unavoidable, equivalent to un- + avoidable.

A confirmation is allied to a release, being a conveyance of an estate or right in esse whereby a voidable estate is made unavoidable

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) Not voidable; incapable of being made null or void.


guillotine

Borrowed from French guillotine, named after the French physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (1738–1814), who proposed its use for capital punishment.

named-after

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

The right hon. Gentleman is making a great stooshie about time in relation to this Bill, but was it not the case that, when the SNP [Scottish National Party] Scottish Government introduced their continuity Bill in the Scottish Parliament, they operated a ruthless guillotine to prevent proper scrutiny of it? That is the case; they ran a guillotine on that Bill, and there was a very limited amount of time allowed for debate and scrutiny, yet he complains about that happening here.

2019 October 22, Stephen Kerr, Member of Parliament for Stirling, “Second Reading of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill”, in House of Commons Debates (House of Commons)^(https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000813/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-10-22/debates/277C5A20-456D-469B-A415-D04AFFD83248/EuropeanUnion(WithdrawalAgreement)Bill), volume 666, archived from the original on 2019-10-24, column 860:

(British) A parliamentary procedure for fixing the dates when various stages of discussion of a bill must end, to ensure that the enactment of the bill proceeds expeditiously.

(US) A legislative motion that debate be ended and a vote taken; a cloture.


guillotine

en-verb

guillotine (third-person singular simple present guillotines, present participle guillotining, simple past and past participle guillotined)

guillotines (present singular third-person)
guillotining (participle present)
guillotined (participle past)
guillotined (past)

Borrowed from French guillotiner (“to execute with a guillotine, to guillotine”), from guillotine (see etymology 1) + -er (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs).

bor

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

(British) To end discussion (about a parliamentary bill or part of one) by invoking a guillotine procedure.

(US) To end (a legislative debate) by invoking cloture.


provision

en-noun

provision (countable and uncountable, plural provisions)

/pɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/

From Middle English provisioun, from Old French provisïon, from Latin prōvīsiō (“preparation, foresight”), from prōvidēre (“provide”).

der

An arrest shall be made in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

Almost half of MEPs wanted to remove the new provisions' to expand the use of megatrucks but an amendment to do that failed to pass by just six votes.

(law) A clause in a legal instrument, a law, etc., providing for a particular matter; stipulation; proviso.

määräys

in contracts or non-governmental regulations


uses

(law) A form of equitable ownership peculiar to English law, by which one person enjoys the profits of lands, etc. whose legal title is vested in another in trust.


under protest

(US, law) of a payment made subject to dispute


witness tampering

From witness + tampering. First use appears c. 1902 in the Indianapolis Sun.

(law, criminology) The act of attempting to improperly alter, influence or prevent the testimony of witnesses within civil or criminal proceedings.


coercion

en-noun

coercion (countable and uncountable, plural coercions)

Inherited from Middle English cohercioun, from Old French cohercion, from Latin coercitiō (“magisterial coercion”), from past participle coercitus of coerceō (“to restrain, coerce”), from co- (“with”) + arceō (“to shut in, enclose”); see coerce.

der

(law, uncountable) Use of physical or moral force to compel a person to do something, or to abstain from doing something, thereby depriving that person of the exercise of free will.


plaintiff in error

en-noun

plaintiff in error (plural plaintiffs in error)

(law) A party who appeals the decision of a lower court.


age of majority

age of majority (plural ages of majority)

In Indiana the age of majority is 18 years.

(law) The age at which the rights and privileges of an adult are legally granted or recognized; i.e.; the age where a person ceases to be a minor legally and becomes a legal adult.

سِنّ الرُّشْد

(sometimes used with definite; sjálfræðisaldurinn m)


deuterogamist

(theology, law) A practicer or supporter of deuterogamy.

(theology, law) One who remarries after the divorce or death of their spouse.

(theology, law) One who believes in the moral right to, and the lawfulness of, remarriage after divorce or spousal death.


redundancy

redundancy (countable and uncountable, plural redundancies)

non-redundancy

antonym(s) of “state of being redundant”

employment

antonym(s) of “state of being unemployed”

hiring

antonym(s) of “instance or act of dismissal”

(law) surplusage inserted in a pleading which may be rejected by the court without impairing the validity of what remains.


retain

en-verb

retain (third-person singular simple present retains, present participle retaining, simple past and past participle retained)

retains (present singular third-person)
retaining (participle present)
retained (participle past)
retained (past)
retain (infinitive)

From Late Middle English reteinen, retein (“to continue to keep, retain; to continue to possess; to possess; to contain; to draw back, retire; to hold back, restrain; to keep in mind, remember; to take back, repossess; to appoint; to engage in one’s service, employ, hire”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman reteiner, retenir [and other forms], Middle French retenir, and Old French retenir (“to keep back, retain; to keep, maintain, preserve; to possess; to engage in one’s service, employ; to detain; to hold back, restrain; to remember”) (modern French retenir), from Vulgar Latin *retinīre, from Latin retinēre, the present active infinitive of retineō (“to keep or hold back, detain, retain; to hold in check, stop; to hold fast, maintain; to keep in mind, remember”) (compare Late Latin retineō (“to keep engaged in one’s service”)), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + teneō (“to grasp, hold; to hold fast, restrain; to possess; to keep in mind, remember”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to extend, stretch”)).
Sense 1.10 (“to declare (a sin) not forgiven”) is derived from John 20:23 in the Bible, in Late Latin quorum retinueritis, retenta sunt, and in Koine Greek ἄν τινων κρατῆτε, κεκράτηνται: see the 1526 quotation.
cognates
* Catalan retenir
* Italian retenere (obsolete), ritenere
* Portuguese reter
* Spanish retener

nb...

retainen, retayne, reteign, reteigne, reteine, retene, retenne, reteyene, reteygn, reteygne, reteyign, reteyn, reteyne, retine

restenir, reteigner, reteingner, retener, retenier, retiner

lang

ἄν τινων κρατῆτε, κεκράτηνται

ἄν τινων κρατῆτε, κεκράτηνται

أَبْقَى

to keep (something) in control or possession; to continue having (something)

It is vvell knovvn thou retaineſt thy Lavvyers by the Year, ſo a freſh Lavv-Suit adds but little to thy Expences; […]

1733, Humphry Polesworth [pseudonym; John Arbuthnot], Alexander Pope, compiler, “Law is a Bottomless Pit. Or, The History of John Bull. […]. The Second Part. Chapter XVI. How John Bull and Nic. Frog Settled Their Accompts.”, in Miscellanies, 2nd edition, volume II, London: […] Benjamin Motte, […], →OCLC, page 143:

"Mr. Pickwick is the defendant in Bardell and Pickwick, Serjeant Snubbin," said Perker. / "I am retained in that, am I?" said the Sergeant. / "You are, Sir," replied Perker.

1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “Which is All about the Law, and Sundry Great Authorities Learned therein”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC, page 325:

To engage or hire (someone), especially temporarily.

(chiefly law) To employ (someone, especially a lawyer) by paying a retainer (“fee one pays to reserve another person's time for services”); specifically, to engage (a barrister) by making an initial payment to secure their services if needed.

pitää palkattuna

to employ (someone, especially a lawyer) by paying a retainer; to engage (a barrister) by making an initial payment to secure their services if needed


petit

en-adj

petit (comparative more petit, superlative most petit)

more petit (comparative)
most petit (superlative)

From Middle English petit, from Old French petit, from Late Latin *pitittus, diminutive of Latin *pit-, possibly from Proto-Celtic *pett- (“part, bit, piece”) (see Latin pettia), or of imitative origin.
Compare also Latin pitinnus (“small”), pitulus, Italian pezza. Doublet of petty.

onomatopoeic

imitative

Petty, in its various senses:
(law, of scale) Small, minor.

Petty, in its various senses:
Small, minor.


pari passu

From Late Latin pari passu, from Latin parī, ablative of pār (“equal”) + passū, ablative of passus (“step”).


BT

en-noun

BT (countable and uncountable, plural BTs)


prevaricate

en-verb

prevaricate (third-person singular simple present prevaricates, present participle prevaricating, simple past and past participle prevaricated)

prevaricates (present singular third-person)
prevaricating (participle present)
prevaricated (participle past)
prevaricated (past)

/pɹɪˈvæɹɪkeɪt/

/pɹɪˈvɛɹɪkeɪt/

From the participle stem of Latin praevāricārī (“to walk crookedly; to play a false or double part”), from prae- + vāricāre (“to stand with feet apart, straddle”), from vāricus (“with feet spread apart”).

der

(intransitive, law) To collude, as where an informer colludes with the defendant, and makes a sham prosecution.

(law, UK) To undertake something falsely and deceitfully, with the purpose of defeating or destroying it.


unity

en-noun

unity (countable and uncountable, plural unities)

George B. McClellan
George Meade
Ulysses S. Grant
William Rosecrans
William Tecumseh Sherman
unity

Etymology tree
Middle English unite
English unity
From Middle English unite, from Anglo-Norman, Old French unité, from Latin ūnitās, from ūnus (“one”) + noun of state suffix -itās, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one, single”), hence distantly related to one and an. Displaced native Old English ānnes (literally “oneness”).

der

(law) The peculiar characteristics of an estate held by several in joint tenancy.

съвместно владение

law: the peculiar characteristics of an estate held by several in joint tenancy


quitclaim

en-verb

quitclaim (third-person singular simple present quitclaims, present participle quitclaiming, simple past and past participle quitclaimed)

quitclaims (present singular third-person)
quitclaiming (participle present)
quitclaimed (participle past)
quitclaimed (past)

From Middle English quiteclaymen, from Anglo-Norman quiteclamer, from clamer quite (“to claim quit”). Compare claim quit.

1991, JD Gordon, "How Not to Succeed in Law School", Yale Law Journal, April
I hereby give, grant, bargain, sell, release, convey, transfer, and quitclaim all my right, title, interest, benefit, and use whatever in, of, and concerning this chattel, otherwise known as an orange, or citrus orantium, together with all the appurtenances thereto of skin, pulp, pip, rind, seeds, and juice for his own use and behoof, to himself and his heirs in fee simple forever, free from all liens, encumbrances, easements, limitations, restraints, or conditions whatsoever, any and all prior deeds, transfers or other documents whatsoever.

It introduced a bill into the legislature that allowed the king to quitclaim all of Ruth's lands in return for Spreckels gaining title to 24,000 crucial acres at Wailuku, near Spreckelsville.

2012, Julia Flynn Siler, Lost Kingdom, Grove Press, page 86:

(transitive, law) To relinquish or release (a claim, title, etc.); to transfer (an interest in property).


quitclaim

(law) A deed that is a renunciation of claims to a parcel of real property and a transfer of one's claims to another.


cat's-paw

en-noun

cat's-paw (plural cat's-paws or cats'-paws)

From cat + paw. In most senses, due to a resemblance of shape. In its senses as a pawn to another's interests or analysis, variant of earlier cat's-foot, derived from European tales of a monkey (attested as early as 1456 but sometimes misattributed to the 16th-century monkey of Pope Julius II) who used a sleeping puppy or cat's foot to rake hot chestnuts out of a fire, taken as a metaphor for rulers' ill use of their subjects. Now usually understood in light of Jean de La Fontaine's 1679 fable of the "The Monkey and the Cat" (sometimes misattributed to Aesop), in which the monkey fools the cat into removing the chestnuts through flattery and promises of shared reward. The cat removes the chestnuts one by one, burning his paw while the monkey eats each in turn. A maid then enters and chases them both away. La Fontaine's moral concludes that princes should not endure real losses for mere flattery from their king.

an unrelated metaphor from a separate story

pull someone's chestnuts out of the fire

(US law) A supervisor whose reliance on a subordinate's analysis is so complete as to render him or her liable for the subordinate's animus or other misconduct towards a third employee.


show trial

We demand an end to these "Revere" showtrials. The indictments were drawn through forced testimony of gay youth and coerced testimony of gay men. The indictments were inspired by those seeking to use homophobia for political purposes. The trial is now being used by those who would exploit hatred of homsexuals.

1978 December 23, John Mitzel, Charley Shively, Ed Hougen, Tom Reeves, “Boston/Boise Committee”, in Gay Community News, volume 6, number 22, page 5:

(law) A trial held for appearance's sake, but whose verdict is predetermined, especially a "guilty" verdict with the purpose of making an example of the accused.


culprit

From Anglo-Norman cul. prit, contraction of culpable: prest (d'averrer nostre bille) 'guilty: ready (to prove our case)', words used by prosecutor in opening a trial, mistaken in English for an address to the defendant. See culpable. It may have been influenced by Latin culpa (“blame, fault”).

(UK, law) A prisoner accused but not yet tried.


moratorium

moratorium (plural moratoriums or moratoria)

/ˌmɒ.ɹəˈtɔː.ɹɪəm/

/ˌmɔː.ɹəˈtɔː.ɹɪəm/

New Latin from Late Latin morātōrium, noun use of the neuter of morātōrius (“moratory, delaying”), from Latin moror (“I delay”), from mora (“delay”), from Proto-Indo-European *mere (“to delay, hinder”). See also moratory.

der

(law) An authorization to a debtor, permitting temporary suspension of payments.

اِسْتِمْهَال

authorization permitting temporary suspension of payments

otsróčka po platežám i finánsovym objazátelʹstvam

отсро́чка по платежа́м и фина́нсовым обяза́тельствам


cloture

en-noun

cloture (countable and uncountable, plural clotures)

Borrowed from French clôture (“closure”). Doublet of closure and clausure.

Now, a filibuster typically begins when a Senator or group of Senators signals their intent to filibuster – which can be done by a private conversation with the majority leader or by quietly placing a bill or nomination on hold. Given the modern Senate's scarce floor time, this threat is usually enough to table the disputed issue until the dissenting Senators cave or until there are definitely enough votes to invoke cloture.

2010 April 22, Mimi Murray Digby Marziani, Diana Lee, “Statement for the Record, Brennan Center for Justice, New York, NY”, in Examining the Filibuster: Hearings before the Committee on Rules and Administration, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010, May 19, 2010, June 23, 2010, July 28, 2010, and September 22 and 29, 2010 (S. Hrg. 111-706), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →ISBN, page 112:

(law, politics, chiefly US) In legislative assemblies that permit unlimited debate (that is, a filibuster): a motion, procedure or rule by which debate is ended so that a vote may be taken on the matter. For example, in the United States Senate, a three-fifths majority vote of the body is required to invoke cloture and terminate debate.


transferee

(law) A person to whom title or ownership is conveyed.


deponent

From Latin dēpōnēns (“laying aside”), the present active participle of dēpōnō (“lay aside”), from dē- + pōnō (“put, place”). The name comes from the idea that such verbs were originally reflexive and then later "laid aside" their passive meanings.

The said William Aitken, being of new solemnly sworn, &c., depones he is a Burgess of Hawick, and had the property of a house which he now liferents, the fee being disponed to his son-in-law, Bailie Robert Scot, for the use of his son William, his daughter, Bailie Scot's wife, having paid the price of the house; depones sixty years ago Gilbert Elliot was tenant in Nether Southfield, who broke Hawick Common by plowing a part of it, which the Deponent saw at the Common-Riding when the Magistrates and other persons at the Common-Riding potched the ground he had plowed, and was then sown that he might not reap the crop of this.

1898, R. S. Craig, Adam Laing, The Hawick Tradition of 1514: The Town's Common Flag and Seal, page 240:

(law) A witness; especially one who gives information under oath, in a deposition concerning facts known to him or her.


respondent

(law) A defendant, especially in a case instituted by a petition or in appellate and divorce proceedings.


returns

(law) The rendering back of a writ to the proper officer.


voir dire

voir dire (countable and uncountable, plural voir dires)

/ˈvwɑː ˌdɪə/

/ˈvɔɹ ˌdaɪɹ/

/ˈvwɑɹ ˌdɪɹ/

Anglo-Norman for “to say the truth”, from Old French voir (“true, truth”) + dire (“to say”), from Latin vērum + dīcere.

(law, US) The preliminary phase of a jury trial in which the jurors are examined and selected.

(law, England, Wales, New Zealand, Australia, US) A preliminary hearing without a jury in order to determine whether the evidence meets the test for admissibility to go to a full hearing at a criminal trial, in the legal systems of England and Wales, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.

(law) A hearing in the context of a larger trial to determine some specific issue relevant to that trial, such as the admissibility of a piece of evidence or the competency of a witness to testify.


transitory

en-adj

transitory (comparative more transitory, superlative most transitory)

more transitory (comparative)
most transitory (superlative)

From Middle French transitoire, from Old French, from Latin transitorius.

in transitory actions, for injuries that might have happened anywhere

(law) Of an action: that may be brought in any county


juror

From Middle English jurour, jurrour, borrowed from Anglo-Norman jurour and Old French jureor, from the verb jurer (“to swear”), or possibly from Latin iūrātor, iūrātōrem, whence the English doublet jurator.


mischief

en-noun

mischief (countable and uncountable, plural mischiefs)

/ˈmɪʃ.t͡ʃɪf/

From Middle English myschef, meschef, meschief, mischef, from Old French meschief, from meschever (“to bring to grief”), from mes- (“badly”) + chever (“happen; come to a head”), from Vulgar Latin *capare, from Latin caput (“head”).

(law) A criminal offence defined in various ways in various jurisdictions, sometimes including causing damage to another's property.


plebiscite

Sense 1 (“referendum”) is borrowed from French plébiscite, from Latin plēbiscītum, plēbis scītum, plēbī scītum (“law of the common people or plebs”), from plēbis (the genitive singular of plēbs (“common people, plebeians”)) + scītum (“decree, ordinance, statute”).
Sense 3 (“law enacted by the common people”) is a learned borrowing from Latin plēbiscītum: see above. It is attested earlier than English plebiscitum.
cognates
* Italian plebiscito
* Middle French plebiscite (modern French plébiscite)
* Middle Low German plebiscīt (“ordinance”)
* Spanish plebiscito, plebisçito (obsolete)

cog

(law, politics) A direct popular vote on an issue of public importance, such as an amendment to the constitution, a change in the sovereignty of the nation, or some government policy.

plebiscitu

direct popular vote on an issue of public importance — see also referendum


decree absolute

en-noun

decree absolute (plural decrees absolute)

(law) the official decree marking the legal end of a marriage, allowing the two people to remarry.

(law) An absolute unconditional accruement of a claim's validity and legitimacy.


decree nisi

decree nisi (plural decree nisis or decrees nisi)

decree nisis (plural)
decrees nisi (plural)

(law) a decree issued on a first petition for divorce; it becomes absolute at some later date unless cause is shown why it should not.


extinguish

en-verb

extinguish (third-person singular simple present extinguishes, present participle extinguishing, simple past and past participle extinguished)

extinguishes (present singular third-person)
extinguishing (participle present)
extinguished (participle past)
extinguished (past)

/ɪkˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/

Borrowed from Latin extinguo (“to put out (what is burning), quench, extinguish, deprive of life, destroy, abolish”), from ex (“out”) + stinguere (“to put out, quench, extinguish”). Doublet of extinct.

унищожавам

to put an end to (something) completely — see also annihilate, destroy

1668 December 19, James Dalrymple, “Mr. Alexander Seaton contra Menzies” in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), page 575

The Pupil after his Pupillarity, had granted a Diſcharge to one of the Co-tutors, which did extinguiſh the whole Debt of that Co-tutor, and conſequently of all the reſt, they being all correi debendi, lyable by one individual Obligation, which cannot be Diſcharged as to one, and ſtand as to all the reſt.

If the amnesty becomes law as expected this month or in June, it promises to extinguish the charges Puigdemont faces of disobedience and misuse of public funds.

2024 May 11, Barney Jopson, “Catalonia separatist deal tested at ballot box”, in FT Weekend, page 2:

(figurative, chiefly law) To abolish or make void (a law, a legal right, etc.); also, to cancel (a creditor's claim, a licence, etc.).


house arrest

en-noun

house arrest (countable and uncountable, plural house arrests)

Convicted in Federal District Court in Brooklyn of insurance fraud, a 35-year-old legal secretary could have received up to 50 years in prison and a $56,000 fine. The judge sentenced her instead to house arrest for two years.

1986 July 20, Richard Haitch, “Follow-up on the News: House Arrest Instead of Prison”, in New York Times, retrieved 2014-04-27:

(law) Confinement of a person to his or her residence, sometimes with a limited travel allowance, ordered by a judge or other authority as a more lenient alternative to imprisonment.

إقامة جبرية

confinement of a person, by authorities, to his or her residence


specialty

From Middle English specialte, Old French specialte, especialte, from Latin specialitas.

Let specialties be therefore drawne betweene vs,
That couenants may be kept on either hand.

c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

1812, Joseph Chitty, A Treatise on Pleading, with a Collection of Practical Precedents, and Notes Thereon, 2nd American edition, edited by Thomas Day, New York, Volume 2, section 456, note c,
[…] in a plea to an action of debt on specialty, it is still necessary to show that the debt on which the judgment was recovered was a specialty, or to aver that the judgment was recovered before the defendant had notice of the plaintiff’s demand.

(law) A contract or obligation under seal; a contract by deed; a writing, under seal, given as security for a debt particularly specified.


privilege

privilege (countable and uncountable, plural privileges)

From Middle English privilege, from Anglo-Norman privilege and Old French privilege, from Latin prīvilēgium (“ordinance or law against or in favor of an individual”), from prīvus (“private”) + lēx, lēg- (“law”).

der

(ecclesiastical law, now chiefly historical) An exemption from certain laws granted by the Pope.

erioikeus

Your honor, my client is not required to answer that; her response is protected by attorney-client privilege.

(law) A common law doctrine that protects certain communications from being used as evidence in court.


complaint

en-noun

complaint (countable and uncountable, plural complaints)

From Middle English compleynte, from Anglo-Norman compleint, from Old French compleindre, eventually from Latin planctus (whence plaint).

haastehakemus

legal: in a civil action, the first pleading of the plaintiff

žaloba

criminal law: preliminary charge or accusation made by one person against another

(to lodge a criminal complaint)porter plainte

criminal complaint

in criminal law, the preliminary charge or accusation made by one person against another to the appropriate court or officer

(law) In a civil action, the first pleading of the plaintiff setting out the facts on which the claim is based;

In a civil action, the first pleading of the plaintiff setting out the facts on which the claim is based;
The purpose is to give notice to the adversary of the nature and basis of the claim asserted.

(law) In criminal law, the preliminary charge or accusation made by one person against another to the appropriate court or officer, usually a magistrate.

In criminal law, the preliminary charge or accusation made by one person against another to the appropriate court or officer, usually a magistrate.
However, court proceedings, such as a trial, cannot be instituted until an indictment or information has been handed down against the defendant.


script

script (countable and uncountable, plural scripts)

From Middle English scrit, borrowed from Old French escrit, from Latin scriptum (something written), from scrībō (“write”).

(countable, law) An original instrument or document.

оригина́л

(law) an original instrument or document


set up

en-verb

set up (third-person singular simple present sets up, present participle setting up, simple past and past participle set up)

sets up (present singular third-person)
setting up (participle present)
set up (participle past)
set up (past)

They claimed that they weren't selling drugs, but that they'd been set up by the police.

(informal, transitive, criminology) To trick or lure (someone) in order to entrap them.


over the transom

A transom is a lintel or crosspiece over a door; likely an alteration of Latin trānstrum (“crossbeam”). Refers to the idea of a writer tossing a manuscript through the open window over the door of the publisher's office. Alternatively, a "transom" is the nautical term for the back of a small boat. Something which "came in over the transom" would have suddenly (and presumably, surprisingly) entered through the "back door" of the craft, metaphorically.

They worked into the night and sent an associate to make an over-the-transom filing.

(idiomatic, law, government) Meeting a deadline by delivery after the day of the deadline but before opening of business the following business day.


personable

en-adj

personable (comparative more personable, superlative most personable)

more personable (comparative)
most personable (superlative)

From Middle English personable, personabil, equivalent to person + -able. Compare Medieval Latin personabilis (“personal”), found in a late 13th century British source. The Middle French personable (“remarkable, important”) does not appear until 1528.

cog

15th century, Petitions of the Commonshttps://books.google.com/books?id=RTbnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA683&dq=%22personable+to%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiy3cfe44_yAhVFgVwKHSxLC-I4ChDoATAIegQICBAC#v=onepage&q=%22personable%20to%22&f=false
The Queen be by that name personable to plead

The demaundant was iudged personable to maintaine this action

(law, obsolete) Enabled to maintain pleas in court.


genericized trademark

en-noun

genericized trademark (plural genericized trademarks)

(business, law) A successful brand name or trademark that has come to refer to the generic class of objects rather than the specific brand type.

European Union trade mark
de:Markengesetz
en:European Union trade mark
genericized trademark

marca vulgaritzada

brand name that has come into general use

however pursuant to § 49 II Nr. 1 MarkenG

for forfeiture of the trademark the naming must be in commercial intercourse

the same requirements are set down for European Union trade marks in Art. 58 I b) Regulation 2017/1001.


tenant

From Middle English tenaunt, from Anglo-Norman tenaunt and Old French tenant, present participle of tenir (“to hold”), from Latin tenēre, present active infinitive of teneō (“hold, keep”).

مُسْتَأجِر

one who pays a fee in return for the use of land, etc.

(in the Middle Ages, serf or villein) jobbágy

(property law, by extension) One who owns real estate other than via allodial title.


patent

patent (countable and uncountable, plural patents)

The noun is derived from Middle English patent (“document granting an office, property, right, title, etc.; document granting permission, licence; papal indulgence, pardon”) [and other forms], which is either:
* a clipping of lettre patent, lettres patente, lettres patentes [and other forms]; or
* directly from Anglo-Norman and Middle French patente (modern French patent), a clipping of Anglo-Norman lettres patentes, Middle French lettres patentes, lettre patente, and Old French patentes lettres (“document granting an office, privilege, right, etc., or making a decree”) (compare Late Latin patēns, littera patēns, litterae patentēs).
For the derivation of Anglo-Norman and Middle French patente (adjective) in lettre patente, see etymology 2 below.
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

patent lettre, patent lettres, patente lettre, patente lettres

der

[pʰe̞ɪʔn̩t̚]

[…] Squib proved clearly by his patent that the house and office did now belong to him.

1660 February 20 (date written; Gregorian calendar), Samuel Pepys, Mynors Bright, transcriber, “February 10th, 1659–1660”, in Henry B[enjamin] Wheatley, editor, The Diary of Samuel Pepys […], volume I, London: George Bell & Sons […]; Cambridge: Deighton Bell & Co., published 1893, →OCLC, page 52:

Philip of Spain had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns, a patent of nobility, and immunity for all past crimes, to the assassinator of the Prince of Orange.

1858, John M. Neale, A History of the So-called Jansenist Church of Holland, page 116:

An official document granting an appointment, privilege, or right, or some property or title; letters patent.

(originally) A grant of a monopoly over the manufacture, sale, and use of goods.

mana waihanga

The patent situation, too, played a part in this, as often a firm sought to produce something which would achieve a given result, and yet not infringe a patent held by another; or a railway engineer would think of a device of his own that would free him of obligation to some manufacturer.

1951, T. S. Lascelles, “British Railway Signalling Since 1925”, in Railway Magazine, number 600, page 226:

The solitary, lumbering trolls of Scandinavian mythology would sometimes be turned to stone by exposure to sunlight. Barack Obama is hoping that several measures announced on June 4th will have a similarly paralysing effect on their modern incarnation, the patent troll.

2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, London: Economist Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-03-26, page 55:

A declaration issued by a government agency that the inventor of a new invention has the sole privilege of making, selling, or using the claimed invention for a specified period.

بَرَاءَة اِخْتِرَاع

(US, historical) A specific grant of ownership of a piece of real property; a land patent.

maaoikeus

specific grant of ownership of a piece of property


patent

en-verb

patent (third-person singular simple present patents, present participle patenting, simple past and past participle patented)

patents (present singular third-person)
patenting (participle present)
patented (participle past)
patented (past)

[pʰe̞ɪʔn̩t̚]

To his great credit, Manson refused to patent his invention, as he desired to remove any obstacle to its adoption by other companies.

1946 November and December, “The Why and The Wherefore: Tablet Exchange Apparatus, L.M.S.R.”, in Railway Magazine, page 392:

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013 June 21, Karen McVeigh, “US Rules Human Genes Can’t be Patented”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 10:

To (successfully) register (a new invention) with a government agency to obtain the sole privilege of its manufacture, sale, and use for a specified period.

патентовам

to (successfully) register (a new invention) with a government agency to obtain the sole privilege of its manufacture, sale, and use for a specified period

(US, historical) To obtain (over a piece of real property) a specific grant of ownership.


patent

en-adj

patent (comparative more patent, superlative most patent)

more patent (comparative)
most patent (superlative)

From Middle English patent, patente (“wide open; clear, unobstructed; unlimited; of a document: available for public inspection”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman and Middle French patent (modern French patent), and directly from their etymon Latin patēns (“open; accessible, passable; evident, manifest; exposed, vulnerable”), the present active participle of pateō (“to be open; to be accessible, attainable; to be exposed, vulnerable; of frontiers or land: to extent, increase”), from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out; to fly”).

der

[pʰe̞ɪʔn̩t̚]

a patent right    patent medicines

Madder is eſteemed a very rich Commodity, and what will turn to good profit; ſo that in King Charles I's Time it was made a Patent Commodity.

1707, J[ohn] Mortimer, “Of Madder”, in The Whole Art of Husbandry; or, The Way of Managing and Improving of Land. […], London: […] J[ohn] H[umphreys] for H[enry] Mortlock […], and J[onathan] Robinson […], →OCLC, page 125:

[H]e took up an old newspaper; / The paper was right easy to peruse; / He read an article the king attacking, / And a long eulogy of "Patent Blacking."

1824 March 26, [Lord Byron], Don Juan. Cantos XV. and XVI., London: […] [C. H. Reynell] for John and H[enry] L[eigh] Hunt, […], →OCLC, canto XVI, stanza XXVI, page 74:

"Yes, I have a pair of eyes," replied Sam, "and that's just it. If they wos a pair o' patent double million magnifyin' gas microscopes of hextra power, p'raps I might be able to see through a flight o' stairs and a deal door; but bein' only eyes you see, my wision's limited."

1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “Is Wholly Devoted to a Full and Faithful Report of the Memorable Trial of Bardell against Pickwick”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC, page 368:

There, were also a small mouse-trap; a patent corkscrew, too good to be used in common; fragments of a silver tea-spoon, that had, by natural decay, arrived at a dissolution of its parts; […]

1853, Pisistratus Caxton [pseudonym; Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter III, in “My Novel”; Or Varieties in English Life […], volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book second, page 103:


attentat

From either French attentat or German Attentat.

All the several acts of one court day constitute, with reference to attentats, but one act, notwithstanding an appeal intermediate between those acts (h).

1842, Richard Burn, The Ecclesiastical Law, 9th edition, volume 4, page 217:

An attentat, in the language of the civil and canon laws, is anything, whatsoever, wrongfully innovated or attempted in the suit by the judge à quo, pending an appeal.[…]In Chichester v. Donegal (3) it was intimated by Sir John Nicholl that “The regular course for procuring the revocation of attentats was by a separate proceeding, civil or criminal, as against a judge à quo, and that it was not by charging the supposed attentats, accumulatively, in a mere ordinary libel of appeal.”

1848, Archibald John Stephens, A Practical Treatise of the Laws Relating to the Clergy, volume 1, page 33:

(law, obsolete) Anything whatsoever, as a ruling, by the judge of a lower court in a matter pending an appeal.

(law, obsolete) Any step wrongly innovated or attempted by an inferior judge in a suit.


identity theft

en-noun

identity theft (countable and uncountable, plural identity thefts)

(law, criminology) The deliberate assumption of another person's identity, usually to gain access to that person's finances or to frame a person for a crime.


tarnish

en-verb

tarnish (third-person singular simple present tarnishes, present participle tarnishing, simple past and past participle tarnished)

tarnishes (present singular third-person)
tarnishing (participle present)
tarnished (participle past)
tarnished (past)

From Middle English ternysshen, from Old French terniss-, stem of ternir (“to make dim, make wan”), borrowed from Old High German *ternen, tarnen, from Proto-West Germanic *darnijan (“to conceal”). Doublet of dern and darn.

der

(copyright law) To use a sign, image, expression, etc. sufficiently close to a trademarked one that it brings disrepute to it.


RFP

request for production
request for production#English

(law) Initialism of request for production.


embezzlement

(law, business) The fraudulent conversion of property from a property owner.

اِخْتِلَاس

the fraudulent conversion of property from a property owner


quackery

en-noun

quackery (countable and uncountable, plural quackeries)

When no certain cure exists, quack remedies tend to proliferate and the history of quackery and secret cures is full of extraordinary forms of treatment for the various arthritic disorders.

1976 March 27, F. Dudley Hart, “History of the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis”, in British Medical Journal, volume 1, number 6012, →DOI, →JSTOR, page 763:

(law, medicine, uncountable) The practice of fraudulent medicine, usually in order to make money or for ego gratification and power; health fraud.


deduction

deduction (countable and uncountable, plural deductions)

From Middle French déduction, from Latin deductio.
Equivalent to deduct + -ion or deduce + -tion.

That which is deducted; that which is subtracted or removed

(law, finance) A sum withheld from an employee's pay for the purpose of paying tax.

verovähennys

sum withheld from pay for the purpose of paying tax


EA

EA (countable and uncountable, plural EAs)

environmental assessment
environmental assessment#English

(law) Initialism of environmental assessment.


precatory

en-adj

precatory (comparative more precatory, superlative most precatory)

more precatory (comparative)
most precatory (superlative)

From Late Latin precatorius, from Latin precari (“to pray”).

precatory words in a will

(law) Expressing a wish but not creating any legal obligation or duty.


rebuttal

(law) A pleading by a defendant in reply to the evidence put forward by a plaintiff or the prosecution.


asp

Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009 (2009 asp 9)

Act of the Scottish Parliament
w:Act of the Scottish Parliament

(UK, law, in citation) Initialism of Act of the Scottish Parliament.


ASL

Apache Software License
w:Apache License

(software, copyright law) Initialism of Apache Software License.


commonhold

(property law, England and Wales) The freehold tenure of part of a multioccupancy building (typically a flat) with shared responsibility for common services.


interference

en-noun

interference (countable and uncountable, plural interferences)

/ˌɪntə(ɹ)ˈfɪəɹəns/

From interfere + -ence. The sense in physics was likely introduced by English polymath Thomas Young, which he used as early as 1801 in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

(US, law) In United States patent law, an inter partes proceeding to determine the priority issues of multiple patent applications; a priority contest.

müdahale

legal, patent law: inter partes proceeding to determine the priority issues of multiple patent applications