quantum

en-noun

quantum (countable and uncountable, plural quantums or quanta)

[ˈkʰwɑ̃ntʰə̃m]

[ˈkʰwɑ̃ɾ̃ə̃m]

From Late Latin quantum, noun use of neuter form of Latin quantus (“how much”).

(now chiefly South Asia or law) The total amount of something; quantity.

(law) The amount of compensation awarded to a successful party in a lawsuit.

(law) The length or magnitude of the sentence handed down to someone who has been found guilty of a crime.

The reader will perhaps be curious to know the quantum of this present, but we cannot satisfy his curiosity.

1749, Henry Fielding, Tom Jones, Folio Society, published 1973, page 416:

A certain quantum of power must always exist in the community, in some hands, and under some appellation.

1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, Oxford, published 2009, page 142:

Otherwise I will have given the lie to my maxim that whether you work eight or twenty hours, the quantum of work that gets done on a normal day is the same.

1997, Kiran Nagarkar, Cuckold, HarperCollins, published 2013, page 375:

The Congress's core ministerial panel on Friday gave its green signal to raising motor fuel prices but the quantum of increase emerged as a hitch.


representation

representation (countable and uncountable, plural representations)

From Late Middle English representacioun, from Old French representacion, from Latin repraesentātiō. By surface analysis, represent + -ation.

People who cannot afford representation are eligible for government assistance.

(law) The lawyers and staff who argue on behalf of another in court.

vertegenwoordiging

people who speak on behalf of another in court


derelict

derelict (countable and uncountable, plural derelicts)

PIE word
 *de
The adjective and verb are a learned borrowing from Latin dērelictus (“(completely) abandoned, deserted, forsaken; discarded”), the perfect passive participle of dērelinquō (“to abandon, desert, forsake; to discard”), from dē- (prefix meaning ‘away from; completely, thoroughly’) + relinquō (“to abandon, desert, forsake, leave (behind); to depart (from); to give up, relinquish”) (from Proto-Italic *wrelinkʷō, from *wre (“again”) (whence Latin rē- (prefix meaning ‘again’)) + *linkʷō (“to leave”) (whence linquō (“to forsake; depart from, leave, quit”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave”))). Doublet of relict and relinquish.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

hylätty omaisuus

property abandoned by its former guardian or owner; item of such property

hulttio

person who is (perceived as) negligent in their hygiene and personal affairs

Till I came to the marge of Lake Lebarge, and a derelict there lay; / It was jammed in the ice, but I saw in a trice it was called the "Alice May." / And I looked at it, and I thought a bit, and I looked at my frozen chum: / Then "Here," said I, with a sudden cry, "is my cre-ma-tor-eum."

1907, Robert W[illiam] Service, “The Cremation of Sam McGee”, in Songs of a Sourdough, Toronto, Ont.: William Briggs, →OCLC, stanza 10, page 38:

(uncountable) Property abandoned by its former guardian or owner; (countable) an item of such property.

(uncountable, specifically, law) Property abandoned at sea with no hope of recovery and no expectation of being returned to its owner; (countable) an item of such property, especially a ship.

hylätty omaisuus

property abandoned at sea with no hope of recovery and no expectation of being returned to its owner; item of such property

vrak

ship abandoned at sea with no hope of recovery


evidence

en-noun

evidence (usually uncountable, plural evidences)

From Middle English evidence, from Old French [Term?], from Latin evidentia (“clearness, in Late Latin a proof”), from evidens (“clear, evident”); see evident.

der

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

For Lothian and Borders Police, the early-morning raid had come at the end one of biggest investigations carried out by the force, which had originally presented a dossier of evidence on the murder of Jodi Jones to the Edinburgh procurator-fiscal, William Gallagher, on 25 November last year.

2004 April 15, “Morning swoop in hunt for Jodi's killer”, in The Scotsman:

(law) Anything admitted by a court to prove or disprove alleged matters of fact in a trial.


impeach

en-verb

impeach (third-person singular simple present impeaches, present participle impeaching, simple past and past participle impeached)

impeaches (present singular third-person)
impeaching (participle present)
impeached (participle past)
impeached (past)

From Middle English empechen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman empecher, from Old French empeechier (“to hinder”), from Latin impedicāre (“to fetter”). Cognate with French empêcher (“to prevent”).

(law) To demonstrate in court that a testimony under oath contradicts another testimony from the same person, usually one taken during deposition.


summon

summon (third-person singular simple present summons, present participle summoning, simple past and past participle summoned)

summons (present singular third-person)
summoning (participle present)
summoned (participle past)
summoned (past)
summon (infinitive)

From Anglo-Norman somoundre, from Old French sumundre, from Latin summonēre, itself from sub + monēre, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *monéyeti, causative from *men- (“to think”).


exclusive right

en-noun

exclusive right (plural exclusive rights)

The company was granted the exclusive right to exploit the oil resources of the province.

(law) The power, granted by the government to persons, to allow or disallow others from taking certain actions (through legal force)

專有權

The power to allow or disallow others from taking certain actions


EULA

end user license agreement
end user license agreement#English

(law) Initialism of end user license agreement.


mulier

Or suppose an inquest were taken between us, and it were found that they are muliers, for which reason the voucher stood, and they came and pleaded the same exception to escape from warranting as heirs, then two inquests would be taken[…]

1908, Alfred John Horwood, Luke Owen Pike, Year books of the reign of King Edward the Third: Volume 15:

(law, historical) Lawful issue born in wedlock, in distinction from an elder brother born of the same parents before their marriage.


probative

en-adj

probative (comparative more probative, superlative most probative)

more probative (comparative)
most probative (superlative)

The judge had granted the DA a one-week extension with the caustic admonition that the case would be summarily dismissed if at that time probative, as opposed to prejudicial, evidence was not produced.

1999, Dana Stabenow, Hunter's Moon, →ISBN, page 109:

My grandfather in person organized the file with a surfeit of sworn testimonies and probative documents […]

2003, Gabriel García Márquez, chapter 2, in Edith Grossman, transl., Living to Tell the Tale:

(law) Tending to prove a particular proposition or to persuade someone of the truth of an allegation.

ապացուցողական

tending to prove a particular proposition


jurisprudence

en-noun

jurisprudence (usually uncountable, plural jurisprudences)

/ˈd͡ʒʊəɹɪsˌpɹuːdəns/

/ˌd͡ʒʊəɹɪsˈpɹuːdəns/

Borrowed from Latin iūrisprūdentia (“expertise in the law”).

bor

There is considerable jurisprudence to the effect that only the evidence that was before the initial decision-maker should be considered by the Court on judicial review.

1999 May 31, J. Dubé, “Chopra v. Canada (Treasury Board), 1999 CanLII 8044 (FC)”, in CanLII, retrieved 2022-06-01:

The concept of consent can be complicated, so much so that it is the subject of considerable jurisprudence and a formal definition in the Criminal Code.

2021 November 26, R. W. Elson, “R v Bear-Knight, 2021 SKQB 308”, in CanLII, retrieved 2022-06-01:

(law) Case law, or the body of case law regarding a certain subject.


defalcation

en-noun

defalcation (countable and uncountable, plural defalcations)

[ˌdɛfəɫˈkeɪʃən]

Late 15th century, from Medieval Latin dēfalcātiōnem, accusative singular of dēfalcātiō (literally “cutting off, lopping off with a sickle”), nominalization of dēfalcō, from Latin dē (“off”) + falx (“sickle, scythe, pruning hook”), from which also English falcate (“sickle-shaped”).
By surface analysis, defalcate + -ion (“the act of”).

surf

(law) The act of cancelling part of a claim by deducting a smaller claim which the claimant owes to the defendant.


frivolous

en-adj

frivolous (comparative more frivolous, superlative most frivolous)

more frivolous (comparative)
most frivolous (superlative)

From Latin frīvolus (“silly, empty, trifling, frivolous, worthless”), with the ending modified to match -ous.

bor

There is no easy definition for the phrase 'frivolous lawsuit,' but I imagine any claim for damages where the injuries are minimal or where the basis for the defendant's liability is hard to believe, might qualify as frivolous.

1996 August 31, Paul F. Waldner, President-Elect, Houston Trial Lawyers Association, “Viewpoints”, in Houston Chronicle:

One of the major cost drivers in the delivery of health care are these junk and frivolous lawsuits.

(law, said of a lawsuit) Having no reasonable prospect of success because its claim is without merit, lacking a supporting legal or factual basis, while the filing party is, or should be, aware of this.


sequester

en-verb

sequester (third-person singular simple present sequesters, present participle sequestering, simple past and past participle sequestered)

sequesters (present singular third-person)
sequestering (participle present)
sequestered (participle past)
sequestered (past)

From Middle English sequestren (verb) and sequestre (noun), from Old French sequestrer, from Late Latin sequestrō (“separate, give up for safekeeping”), from Latin sequester (“mediator, depositary”), probably originally meaning "follower", from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“follow”).

der

(law) To temporarily remove (property) from the possession of its owner and hold it as security against legal claims.

假扣押

law: to temporarily remove (property) from the possession of its owner and hold it as security against legal claims

The Budget Control Act of 2011 sequestered 1.2 trillion dollars over 10 years on January 2, 2013.

(transitive, US, politics, law) To remove (certain funds) automatically from a budget.

elkülönít

US, politics, law: to remove (certain funds) automatically from a budget


sequester

(law) A person with whom two or more contending parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy; one who mediates between two parties; a referee

Zwangsverwalter

a person with whom two or more parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy


extent

From Middle English extente, from Anglo-Norman extente and Old French estente (“valuation of land, stretch of land”), from estendre, extendre (“extend”) (or from Latin extentus), from Latin extendere (See extend.)

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 52. Completeness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 51. Part

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 32. Smallness

Well, push him out of doors;
And let my officers of such a nature
Make an extent upon his house and lands.
Do this expediently, and turn him going.

c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], lines 1117-20:

(law) A writ directing the sheriff to seize the property of a debtor, for the recovery of debts of record due to the Crown.


rendition

en-noun

rendition (countable and uncountable, plural renditions)

From obsolete French rendition, alteration (after rendre (“to render”)) of reddition (“reddition”). Many senses influenced by render.

(law, chiefly US) Formal deliverance of a verdict.

Since then, according to his lawyers and relatives, he has been repeatedly beaten, threatened with a firearm and with further rendition to Guantánamo by Ugandan officials, before being questioned by American officials.

2011 March 30, Ian Cobain, The Guardian:

(law, chiefly US) The handing-over of someone wanted for justice who has fled a given jurisdiction; extradition.


collection

collection (countable and uncountable, plural collections)

From Middle English colleccioun, collection, from Old French collection, from Latin collēctiō, collēctiōnem, from collēctus, from colligō (“collect together”), composed of con- + legō (“bring together, gather, collect”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather, collect”).


jury

→ Dutch: jury (or via French)

→ Finnish: jyry

→ French: jury (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: zsűri

→ Macedonian: жири (žiri)

→ Norman: jury

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jury

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jury

→ Portuguese: júri

→ Swedish: jury

From Middle English jure, from Anglo-Norman juree, from Medieval Latin iūrāta, from Latin iūrō (“I swear or take an oath”).

And so the jury and he approached, as if this were a time of peace instead of one of the greatest world disturbances ever known in history, the question whether the prosecution had proved to the jury’s satisfaction that George Joseph Smith was guilty of murder. The jury were the shield which stood between him and death, unless, to the jury’s satisfaction, he was proved to be guilty. Yet while they were the shield of the man accused, they were also the Sword of the State; and if the man were proved guilty, they were the servants of the State to punish him. Their respective functions were these: he the judge, had to settle the law, and the jury must take the law from him. The jury were judges of fact.

1952, James Avery Joyce, Justice At Work, Pan 1957 edition, page 92:

(law) A group of individuals chosen from the general population to hear and decide a case in a court of law.


timely

en-adv

timely (comparative more timely, superlative most timely)

more timely (comparative)
most timely (superlative)

From Middle English timely, tymely, timliche, from Old English *tīmlīc (adj) and tīmlīċe (“in good time; timely; soon”, adverb), equivalent to time + -ly. Cognate with Danish timelig, Swedish timlig, Icelandic tímalegur, tímanlegur.

On May 14, 1997, the jury convicted the defendant, who currently is serving a fifteen-month sentence. The defendant timely appeals.

1998, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, US v. Merino-Balderrama:

[…] § 2255's one-year limitation period starts to run when the time for seeking such review expires. Under this rule, Clay's § 2255 petition was timely filed.

2003, United States Supreme Court, Clay v. United States:

(law) In compliance with applicable time limits.


lawsuit

The lawyer advised his client against filing a lawsuit as it would take a lot of time and money to resolve.

It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits.

2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

(law) In civil law, a case where two or more people disagree and one or more of the parties take the case to a court for resolution.

saak

case where a court is needed to resolve differences


verify

en-verb

verify (third-person singular simple present verifies, present participle verifying, simple past and past participle verified)

verifies (present singular third-person)
verifying (participle present)
verified (participle past)
verified (past)

From Old French verifier (French: vérifier), from Medieval Latin vērificāre, present active infinitive of vērificō (“make true”), from Latin vērus (“true”) + faciō (“do, make”); see -fy.

(transitive, law) To affirm something formally, under oath.

شَهِدَ

law: to affirm something formally, under oath


venire

/vɪˈnʌɪ.ə.ɹiː/

Shortening of Latin venīre faciās, the opening words of a writ.

[W]here a Venire omits Part of the Iſſue, or any of the Parties; if a Juror is named in the Habeas Corpora, by a Name different from that in the Venire; or a Juror return'd on ſuch a Panel is omitted in the Habeas Corpora; or a Venire or Diſtringas are iſſued without any Award on the Roll to warrant them; it will be ill, and is ſaid to be a Diſcontinuance.

1729, Giles Jacob, A New Law-dictionary Containing the Interpretation and Definition of Words and Terms Used in the Law; […], In the Savoy [London]: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, (Assigns of E. Sayer, Esq;) for J. and J. Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, page [704]:

The crown may have as many venires as it pleases. Suppose there had been no venire at all, would a defence have aided that error? In the case of Young and Watson there was no return to the venire, and yet there was held error after verdict. The Court might have granted a new rule after the old one was expired, and a venire de novo would have issued in that case, 2 Roll. Ab. 720, p. 2.

1817, T[homas] B[ayly] Howell, Thomas Jones Howell, “582. Proceedings on the Trial of an Information, filed Ex-Officio by his Majesty's Attorney General, against John Lambert, James Perry, and James Gray, for a Seditious Libel. […]”, in A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783: […], volume XXII (volume I of the continuation), London: Printed by T. C. Hansard, […]: For Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown [et al.], →OCLC, page 979/980:

A venire de novo may be granted for a defect which does not appear on the record; as, for instance, if the jury improperly eat or drink before they deliver their verdict […] In Dovey v. Hobson[…], the Court awarded a venire de novo where a juryman was sworn who had not been summoned. In Arundel's case[…], a venire de novo was awarded where the jury had been summoned from a wrong county.

1842 April 23, “Gee v. Swann”, in Montagu[e] Chambers, editor, The Law Journal Reports for the Year 1842: […], volumes XX (New Series – volume XI. Part II. Cases at Common Law), London: E. B. Ince, […], →OCLC, page 291:

[page 1941] Where a venire has been issued, the justice cannot proceed to try the cause without a jury. Sebring v. Wheedon, 8 Johns. 460. Day v. Wilber, 2 Cai. 134. […] [page 1942] Where a venire is demanded by either party, the justice may deliver it himself to the constable, to be executed; but if he delivers it to the party, and he does not appear at the time to which the cause is adjourned for trial, and the venire is not returned, the justice may consider the suppression of the venire by the party as a waiver of the trial by jury, and proceed to hear and decide the cause himself, as if no venire had been demanded or issued. Coon v. Snyder, 19 Johns. 384.

1871, George W[illiam] Clinton, A Digest of the Reported Decisions at Law and in Equity, of the Courts of the State of New York, from Its Organization to the Year 1860, volume III, Albany, N.Y.: William Gould & Sons, →OCLC, pages 1941–1942:

[T]he jury that in 1968 convicted the pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock and others protesting the Vietnam War of conspiring to violate the Military Service Act of 1967 by advocating the destruction of draft cards […] was devoid of women, largely because the venire from which this jury was formed contained only 9% women. A subsequent analysis of the distribution of the proportion of women in the venires of all the judges in the district showed that the venires for one judge – the Spock trial judge – had a distribution centered about an unusually low proportion of women.

1986, D[avid] H. Kaye with Mikel Aickin, Statistical Methods in Discrimination Litigation (Statistics, Textbooks and Monographs; 69), New York, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, Inc., →ISBN, pages 24–25:

The Spock defense pointed to the venire for their trial, which contained only one woman. That woman was released by the prosecution, making an all-male jury. Defense argued that the judge in the trial had a history of venires in which women were systematically underrepresented, contrary to the law. They compared this district judge's recent venires with the venires of six other Boston area district judges.

2012, Fred L. Ramsey, Daniel W. Schafer, The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis, 3rd edition, Boston, Mass.: Brooks/Cole, →ISBN, page 117:

During jury selection, Abbott used its first peremptory strike against the only self-identified gay member of the venire. […] This appeal's central question is whether equal protection prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation in jury selection.

2014 January 21, Stephen Reinhardt, Circuit Judge, SmithKline Beecham Corporation, doing business as GlaxoSmithKline v. Abbott Laboratories, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, archived from the original on 2015-09-06, page 2:

(law, chiefly US) A group of persons summoned by a writ of venire facias to appear in court for jury selection.


enjoyment

en-noun

enjoyment (countable and uncountable, plural enjoyments)

/ɪnˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/

/ənˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/

/ɛnˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/


dolus

dolus (countable and uncountable, plural doli)

Borrowed from Latin dolus (“deceit, trickery”); akin to Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “bait, ruse”). Compare dolose, dolosity.

der

Every actual delict presupposes a dolus or culpa, with the concomitant consciousness and prepense

1849, James G. Butler, A Summary of the Roman Civil Law:


malum prohibitum

en-noun

malum prohibitum (plural mala prohibita)

From Latin directly. Literally translated as "wrong because prohibited", or "bad because against the law".

(law) An action that is not inherently evil, but is nevertheless illegal only because prohibited, as opposed to malum in se. A malum prohibitum offense is something that is wrong only because a statute makes it so, or by consensus that society agrees to prohibit the act, and is typically regulatory in nature and often result in no direct injury or danger to the person, entity, or property but only merely create the danger or probability of it which the statute attempts to minimize. Used to develop consensual crimes.


entry

entry (countable and uncountable, plural entries)

exit

antonym(s) of “doorway that provides a means of entering a building”

Inherited from Middle English entre, from Old French entree (feminine past participle of the verb entrer, Modern French entrée). From Latin intrō. Doublet of entrada and entrée.


fraud

fraud (countable and uncountable, plural frauds)

From Middle English fraude (recorded since 1345), from Old French fraude, a borrowing from Latin fraus (“deceit, injury, offence”).

(law) The crime of stealing or otherwise illegally obtaining money by use of deception tactics.


popular

en-adj

popular (comparative more popular, superlative most popular)

more popular (comparative)
most popular (superlative)

From Middle English populer, from Old French populaire and Latin populāris, from populus (“people”) + -āris (“-ar”).


negative

/ˈnɛ(e)ɡəˌɾɪv/

From Middle English negative, negatif, from Old French negatif, from Latin negātīvus (“that denies, negative”), from negāre (“to deny”); see negate.

der

And as to the Constitutionality of laws, that point will come before the Judges in their proper official character. In this character they have a negative on the laws.

1787, Luther Martin, cited in The Constitutional Convention Of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Of America's Founding (2005), Volume 1, page 391

The qualified negative of the President differs widely from this absolute negative of the British sovereign; […]

1788, Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist, no. 68

1983, INS v. Chadha, Opinion of the Court
In the convention there does not seem to have been much diversity of opinion on the subject of the propriety of giving to the president a negative on the laws.


negative

/ˈnɛ(e)ɡəˌɾɪv/

"Negative Marcel. No IOC. Patient has been drinking heavily, we can give him nothing for pain."

1980, Richard Louis Newmann, Siege of Orbitor, page xxiv. 93:


challenge

→ French: challenge (orthographic)

→ Japanese: チャレンジ (charenji)

→ Russian: че́ллендж (čéllendž)

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ɪnd͡ʒ/

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ənd͡ʒ/

From Middle English chalenge, variant with palatalization of Middle English kalange (“an accusation, claim”), from Old French chalenge, chalonge, palatalized Central French variants of Old Northern French calenge, calonge (see Continental Norman calengier), from Latin calumnia (“a false accusation, calumny”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁l-, *keh₁l- (“to beguile, deceive”). Cognate with Old English hōl (“calumny”). Doublet of calumny.

der

The act of appealing a ruling or decision of a court of administrative agency.

kifogás

the act of appealing a ruling or decision

Consanguinity in direct line is a challenge for a judge when he or she is sitting cases.

conflict of interest
conflict of interest

(law, rare) A judge's interest in the result of a case, constituting grounds for them to not be allowed to sit the case (e.g., a conflict of interest).

takistatus

judge's interest in the result of the case for which they should not be allowed to sit

We're still waiting to hear how the court rules on our challenge of the arbitrator based on conflict of interest.

The act of seeking to remove a judge, arbitrator, or other judicial or semi-judicial figure for reasons of alleged bias or incapacity.

(US) An act of seeking to have a certain person be declared not legally qualified to vote, made when the person offers their ballot.


challenge

en-verb

challenge (third-person singular simple present challenges, present participle challenging, simple past and past participle challenged)

challenges (present singular third-person)
challenging (participle present)
challenged (participle past)
challenged (past)

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ɪnd͡ʒ/

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ənd͡ʒ/

(law, transitive) To make a formal objection to a juror.


mise

Borrowed from French mise (“a putting, setting, expense”).


constable

From Middle English constable, cunstable, constabil, connestable, cunestable, from Old French conestable, from Latin comes stabulī (“officer of the stables”). For the sense-development; compare marshal. Doublet of connétable.

der

(UK, law) A police officer or an officer with equivalent powers.

konstablo

a police officer or an officer with equivalent powers


malum in se

From Latin malum, the neuter of malus (“bad”) + in (“in”) + se, form of sui (“oneself, itself”).

malum prohibitum
malum prohibitum#English

(law) The Latin phrase used in law to refer to crimes that are illegal from the nature of crime, that is, inherently evil without any fact of being noticed or punished, as opposed to malum prohibitum. Used to develop common law crimes.


warrant

en-noun

warrant (countable and uncountable, plural warrants)

→ Cantonese: 窩輪／窝轮 (wo¹ leon⁴⁻²), 花令

→ Italian: warrant

The noun is derived from Middle English warant (“protector; guard, shield, protection”), from Anglo-Norman warrant, Old Northern French warant, warand, a variant of Old French guarant, garant, garand (“assurance, guarantee; authorization, permission; protector; protection, safety”) (modern French garant), from Frankish *warand, present participle of *warjan (“to fend off; to stop, thwart”). The word is cognate with Old High German werento (“guarantor”).
The verb is derived from Middle English warrant, waranten (“to give protection; to protect, shield; to assure, pledge, promise; to guarantee”), from Anglo-Norman warantir, warandir, warentir, and Old Northern French warandir, warantir, variant forms of Old French guarantir (“to protect”) (modern French garantir), a Romance formation from the noun guarant: see above.

inh

an arrest warrant issued by the court

Mr. Musso said he desired to make an application at this stage on behalf of the accused, namely, that he be discharged on the ground that he was improperly held in custody, there being no warrant issued by the Court and no counter-signature to any warrant by the Senior-Consul. At the last hearing the fact was disclosed that the accused was arrested without a warrant.

1913 October 11, “The Bomb-making Charge. An Important Discussion.”, in The North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette: The Weekly Edition of the North-China Daily News, volume CIX (New Series), number 2409, Shanghai: Printed and published at the offices of the North-China Daily News & Herald, Ld., →OCLC, pages 113–114:

Avina: Former Spectre agent Saren Arterius is nearing the vicinity of the Council Camber.
Avina: A warrant has been issued for his arrest, though Citadel Security is unable to respond at this time.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:

(law, countable) A judicial writ authorizing an officer to make a search, seizure, or arrest, or to execute a judgment.


testimony

en-noun

testimony (countable and uncountable, plural testimonies)

PIE word
 *tréyes
Inherited from Middle English testimonie, from Old French testimonie, from Latin testimōnium (“testimony”).

inh+

The Missouri prosecutors' case against Clemons, based partly on incriminating testimony given by his co-defendants, was that Clemons was part of a group of four youths who accosted the sisters on the Chain of Rocks Bridge one dark night in April 1991.

2012 August 21, Ed Pilkington, “Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, in The Guardian:

(law) Statements made by a witness in court.


FDL

Free Documentation License
w:GNU Free Documentation License

(copyright law) Initialism of Free Documentation License.


alienation

en-noun

alienation (usually uncountable, plural alienations)

From Middle English alienacioun, borrowed from Old French alienacion, itself borrowed from Latin aliēnātiōnem.

The most usual and universal method of acquiring a title to real estates is that of alienation, conveyance, or purchase in it's limited sense: under which may be comprized any method wherein estates are voluntarily resigned by one man, and accepted by another; whether that be effected by sale, gift, marriage settlement, devise, or other transmission of property by the mutual consent of the parties.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Title by Alienation”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England:

(property law) The transfer of property to another person.


schedule

→ Cebuano: eskedyul

→ Indonesian: skedul

→ Japanese: スケジュール

→ Korean: 스케줄 (seukejul)

→ Tagalog: iskedyul

From Old French cedule (whence French cédule), from Late Latin schedula (“papyrus strip”), diminutive of Latin scheda, from Ancient Greek σχέδη (skhédē, “papyrus leaf”), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰíďďō, from Proto-Indo-European *skid-yé-ti, from *skeyd- (“to divide, split”). Doublet of cedula and cedule.
This word was historically pronounced /ˈsɛdjuːl/, /ˈsɛdʒuːl/; the pronunciations with /ʃ/ and /sk/ are due to the spelling (the latter may have been reinforced by learned influence); compare schism.

atodlen

a table of information forming appendix to a statute, other regulatory instrument or legal contract

menetrend

especially one with times of arrivals and departures

Heroin is a Schedule I drug with a high potential for abuse.

Currently, cannabis/marijuana is classified as a Schedule I drug, meaning it defined as having “no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.” This is the same designation given to LSD, heroin and ecstasy.

2022 October 13, Shawn Radcliffe, “What Happens if Marijuana is No Longer Classified as Schedule 1 Drug?”, in healthline:

controlled substance
controlled substance

(law) A written or printed table of information, often forming an annex or appendix to a statute or other regulatory instrument, or to a legal contract.

(US, law, often capitalized) One of the five divisions into which controlled substances are classified, or the restrictions denoted by such classification.

(Australia, law, medicine) One of the nine schedules of the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons. Identical to the American usage above.

schedule of tribes


chicanery

en-noun

chicanery (countable and uncountable, plural chicaneries)

From French chicanerie (“trickery”), from chicaner, borrowed from Middle Low German schicken, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *skikkijan, from Proto-Germanic *skikkijaną. Related to German schicken (“to send, ship”), Middle English skekken (“to send forth, issue”).

cog

(countable, law) A slick performance by a lawyer.


possess

en-verb

possess (third-person singular simple present possesses, present participle possessing, simple past and past participle possessed)

possesses (present singular third-person)
possessing (participle present)
possessed (participle past)
possessed (past)
possess (infinitive)

PIE word
 *pótis
From Middle English possessen (“to have, own; to obtain possession of; to inhabit, occupy”) [and other forms], from Middle French possesser, possessier, Old French possesser, possessier (“to have, own, possess; to dominate”), from Latin possessus (“possessed; seized”), the perfect passive participle of possideō (“to have, hold, own, possess; to have possessions; to take control or possession of, occupy, seize; to abide, inhabit, occupy; to dominate”), from potis (“able, capable, possible”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“master; ruler; husband”)) + sedeō (“to sit; to be seated; to be established, hold firm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)).

der

(law) To have control or possession of, but not to own (a chattel or an interest in land).


ratio

→ Portuguese: rácio

/ˈɹeɪ.ʃi.əʊ/

/ˈɹeɪ.ʃiˌoʊ/

Borrowed from Latin ratiō. Doublet of ration and reason.


public domain

From public (“able to be seen or known by everyone”) + domain (“field or sphere of activity, expertise, or influence”).

公有的

As the copyright in this book has lapsed, it is now in the public domain.

intellectual property
intellectual property

(also attributively) Often preceded by in the.

The state of not being owned by anyone, and thus freely usable by everyone.

(specifically, law) The realm of intellectual property which is not or no longer protected by copyrights or patents, and thus over which no person can establish a proprietary interest.


suffer

en-verb

suffer (third-person singular simple present suffers, present participle suffering, simple past and past participle suffered)

suffers (present singular third-person)
suffering (participle present)
suffered (participle past)
suffered (past)
suffer (infinitive)

English Creole:

Jamaican Creole: sofa

From Middle English suffren, from Anglo-Norman suffrir, from Latin sufferre (“to offer, hold up, bear, suffer”), from sub- (“up, under”) + ferō (“I carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Displaced native Old English þrōwian.

der

the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must

Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:

But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:

"Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.

1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203

[…] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]

1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland


SDP

en-noun

SDP (countable and uncountable, plural SDPs)

(law, US) Initialism of sexually dangerous person.


blackmail

Anglo-Scottish border
Scottish Highlands
blackmail
border reivers

From black + mail (“a piece of money”). Compare Middle English blak rente (“a type of blackmail levied by Irish chieftains”).
The word is variously derived from the tribute paid by English and Scottish border dwellers to border reivers in return for immunity from raids and other harassment. This tribute was paid in goods or labour, in Latin reditus nigri (“black mail”); the opposite is blanche firmes or reditus albi (“white rent”), denoting payment by silver.
McKay derives it from two Scottish Gaelic words blàthaich, pronounced (the th silent) bl-aich, "to protect" and màl (“tribute, payment”). He notes that the practice was common in the Scottish Highlands as well as the Borders.
More likely, from black + Middle English mal, male, maile (“a payment, rent, tribute”), from Old English māl (“speech, contract, agreement, lawsuit, terms, bargaining”), from Old Norse mál (“agreement, speech, lawsuit”); related to Old English mæðel (“meeting, council”), mæl (“speech”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 (maþl, “meeting place”), from Proto-Germanic *maþlą (“gathering, agreement”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to give advice, measure”). From the practice of freebooting clan chieftains who ran protection rackets against Scottish farmers. Black from the evil of the practice.
Expanded c. 1826 to any type of extortion money. Compare silver mail (“rent paid in money”) (1590s); buttock-mail (“fine imposed for fornication”) (1530s, Scottish).

der

(England law, historical) Black rent; rent paid in corn, meat, or the lowest coin, as opposed to white rent, which was paid in silver.


bond

en-noun

bond (countable and uncountable, plural bonds)

From Middle English bond, a variant of band, from Old English beand, bænd, bend (“bond, chain, fetter, band, ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown”), from Proto-Germanic *bandaz, *bandiz (“band, fetter”). Cognate with Dutch band, German Band, Swedish band. Doublet of Bund. Related to bind.

(law) Evidence of a long-term debt, by which the bond issuer (the borrower) is obliged to pay interest when due, and repay the principal at maturity, as specified on the face of the bond certificate. The rights of the holder are specified in the bond indenture, which contains the legal terms and conditions under which the bond was issued. Bonds are available in two forms: registered bonds, and bearer bonds.

The bailiff released the prisoner as soon as the bond was posted.

Ellison, who is out on bond, also faces the prospect of lengthy imprisonment. Her lawyers did not comment.

2023 September 30, Victoria Bekiempis, “‘Dark’ donations, free love and the fall: the Sam Bankman-Fried trial is here”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


title

⇒ Wu: 抬頭／抬头 (⁶de-deu)

→ Japanese: タイトル (taitoru)

→ Korean: 타이틀 (taiteul)

→ Welsh: teitl

From Middle English title, titel, from Old English titul (“title, heading, superscription”), from Latin titulus (“title, inscription”). Doublet of tilde, titer/titre, titlo, tittle, and titulus.

doublet

a good title to an estate, or an imperfect title

(property law) Legal right to ownership of a property; a deed or other certificate proving this.


charter

en-verb

charter (third-person singular simple present charters, present participle chartering, simple past and past participle chartered)

charters (present singular third-person)
chartering (participle present)
chartered (participle past)
chartered (past)

From Middle English charter, chartre, borrowed from Old French chartre, from Latin chartula (diminutive of charta). See chart. Doublet of chartula.

(transitive, Canada, law) (of a peace officer) To inform (an arrestee) of their constitutional rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms upon arrest.


umpire

From a Middle English rebracketing of a noumpere as an oumpere, from Old French nonper (“odd number, not even (as a tie-breaking arbitrator)”), from non (“not”) + per (“equal”), from Latin par (“equal”).

съдия

an official who oversees a game or match

You for their umpire and their ſynod take, / And their appeal alone to Cæſar make.

a. 1701 (date written), John Dryden, “To His Sacred Majesty. A Panegyric on his Coronation.”, in The Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, […], volume I, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1760, →OCLC, page 34:

(law) A person who arbitrates between contending parties.

մրցավար

a person who arbitrates between contending parties


pursuit

en-noun

pursuit (countable and uncountable, plural pursuits)

Old French poursuite, from the verb porsuir (“to pursue”).

That pursuit for tithes ought, and of ancient time did pertain to the spiritual court.

1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):


continue

en-verb

continue (third-person singular simple present continues, present participle continuing, simple past and past participle continued)

continues (present singular third-person)
continuing (participle present)
continued (participle past)
continued (past)

terminate

antonym(s) of “transitive, proceed with, to prolong”

From Middle English continuen, from Old French continuer, from Latin continuāre. Displaced native Old English þurhwunian.

This meeting has been continued to the thirteenth of July.

(transitive, law) To adjourn, prorogue, put off.


composition

en-noun

composition (countable and uncountable, plural compositions)

→ Korean: 컴포지션 (keompojisyeon)

/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/

From Middle English composicioun, borrowed from Old French composicion, from Latin compositiō, compositiōnem.

hyvitys

agreement to pay money in order to clear a liability or obligation

(obsolete) A payment of money in order to clear a liability or obligation; a settling or fine.

(Singapore, law) A payment of fine in order to settle a (usually minor) criminal charge.

(law) an agreement or compromise by which a creditor or group of creditors accepts partial payment from a debtor.

velkajärjestely

legal: agreement by which creditors accept partial payment from a debtor


conclusion

conclusion (countable and uncountable, plural conclusions)

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French conclusion, from Latin conclūsiō, from the past participle stem of conclūdere (“to conclude”), from con- + claudō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, conclude + -sion.

der

(law) The end or close of a pleading, for example, the formal ending of an indictment, "against the peace", etc.

It was determined, that though the fine operated at first by conclusion, and passed no interest, yet the estoppel should bind the heir

1818, William Cruise, A Digest of the Laws of England Respecting Real Property:

(law) An estoppel or bar by which a person is held to a particular position.


misjoinder

(law) An incorrect union of parties or of causes of action in a procedure in court.


amenable

en-adj

amenable (comparative more amenable, superlative most amenable)

more amenable (comparative)
most amenable (superlative)

From French as if *amenable, from amener (“to bring or lead, fetch in or to”), from a- + mener (“to lead, conduct”), from Late Latin mināre (“to drive”), Latin deponent minārī (“to threaten, menace”).

Decisions of the Boards of Appeal are amenable to actions before the Court of Justice of the European Communities.

(law) Liable to the legal authority of (something).

hatálya/illetékessége alá tartozik

liable to the legal authority of (something)


poll

en-verb

poll (third-person singular simple present polls, present participle polling, simple past and past participle polled)

polls (present singular third-person)
polling (participle present)
polled (participle past)
polled (past)

From Middle English pol, polle ("scalp, pate"), from or cognate with Middle Dutch pol, pōle, polle (“top, summit; head”), from Proto-West Germanic *poll, from Proto-Germanic *pullaz (“round object, head, top”), from Proto-Indo-European *bolno-, *bōwl- (“orb, round object, bubble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, swell”).
Akin to Scots pow (“head, crown, scalp, skull”), Saterland Frisian pol (“round, full, brimming”, adj), German Low German Polle, Poll (“round object, ball”), German Low German Poller (“head, tree-top, bulb”), Danish puld (“crown of a hat”), Swedish dialectal pull (“head”).
Meaning "collection of votes" is first recorded 1625, from the notion of "counting heads".

cog

a polled deed

(law) To cut or shave smooth or even; to cut in a straight line without indentation


prevarication

en-noun

prevarication (countable and uncountable, plural prevarications)

/pɹɪˌvæɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

/pɹɪˌvæɹəˈkeɪʃən/

From Anglo-Norman prevaricassion, Middle French prevarication, and their source, Latin praevāricātiō (“collusion with an opponent; transgression; deceit”), from the stem of praevāricor.

der

(Ancient Rome, law, historical) The collusion of an informer with the defendant, for the purpose of making a sham prosecution.

If it shall appeare, that they haue forfeited their Faith, or wronged their Client by preuarication.

1628, Robert Le Grys, Argenis, translation of original by John Barclay:

(law) A false or deceitful seeming to undertake a thing for the purpose of defeating or destroying it.


contempt

en-noun

contempt (countable and uncountable, plural contempts)

From Latin contemptus (“scorn”), from contemnō (“I scorn, despise”), from com- + temnō (“I despise”). Displaced native Old English forsewennes.

The panel voted unanimously on Tuesday to recommend charging Mr. [Stephen K.] Bannon with criminal contempt of Congress for defying its subpoena, sending the issue to the House.

2021 October 19, Luke Broadwater, “House Panel Recommends Contempt Charge Against Bannon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Justice Merchan has yet to issue a ruling on whether to find Mr. Trump in contempt.

2024 April 28, Maggie Haberman, Jonah E. Bromwich, “Trump’s Trial Could Bring a Rarity: Consequences for His Words”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law) Open disrespect or willful disobedience of the authority of a court of law or legislative body.

неуважение

law: open disrespect or willful disobedience of the authority


misrule

en-verb

misrule (third-person singular simple present misrules, present participle misruling, simple past and past participle misruled)

misrules (present singular third-person)
misruling (participle present)
misruled (participle past)
misruled (past)

From Middle English mysrule; equivalent to mis- + rule.

(law) Of a trial judge, to make a bad decision in court.


issue

From Middle English issue, from Old French issue (“an exit, a way out”), feminine past participle of issir (“to exit”), from Latin exeō (“go out, exit”), from prefix ex- (“out”) + eō (“go”).

drain

small incision etc. to drain excess bodily fluid

He died intestate and without issue, so the extended family have all lawyered up.

Someone or something that flows out or comes out, particularly:

(now usually historical or law) Offspring: one's natural child or children.

(historical or rare law) Income derived from fines levied by a court or law-enforcement officer; the fines themselves.

The issue before the court is whether participation in a group blog makes the plaintiff a public figure under the relevant statute.

Any question or situation to be resolved, particularly:

(law) A point of law or fact in dispute or question in a legal action presented for resolution by the court.


issue

issue (third-person singular simple present issues, present participle issuing, simple past and past participle issued)

issues (present singular third-person)
issuing (participle present)
issued (participle past)
issued (past)

(law) To come to a point in fact or law on which the parties join issue.


equitable

en-adj

equitable (comparative more equitable, superlative most equitable)

more equitable (comparative)
most equitable (superlative)

From French équitable, from Old French, from equité (“equity”).

Coordinate term: legal

(law) Relating to the general principles of justice that correct or supplement the provisions of the law; relating to equity or courts of equity.


particular

particular (comparative more particular, superlative most particular)

more particular (comparative)
most particular (superlative)
non-comparable (also)

From Middle English particuler, from Anglo-Norman particuler, Middle French particuler, particulier, from Late Latin particularis (“partial; separate, individual”), from Latin particula (“(small) part”). Equivalent to particle + -ar. Compare particle.

подробен

concerned with, or attentive to, details; minute; precise; fastidious

a particular estate, or one precedent to an estate in remainder

a particular tenant

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

osa-

e.g. particular tenant - "osavuokralainen"


promise

en-noun

promise (countable and uncountable, plural promises)

From Middle English promis, promisse, borrowed from Old French promesse, from Medieval Latin prōmissa, Latin prōmissum (“a promise”), feminine and neuter past participles of prōmittō (“I send forth, I say beforehand, I promise”), from pro (“forth”) + mittere (“to send”); see mission. Compare admit, commit, permit, etc. Displaced native ġehātan (“to promise”) and ġehāt (“a promise”).

He purſued Andrew Houſtoun upon his promiſe, to give him the like Sallary for the next year, and in abſence obtained him to be holden as confeſt and Decerned.

1668 July 3rd, James Dalrymple, “Thomas Rue contra Andrew Houſtoun” in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), pages 547–548

(countable, law) A transaction between two persons whereby the first person undertakes in the future to render some service or gift to the second person or devotes something valuable now and here to his use.


perjury

perjury (countable and uncountable, plural perjuries)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒəɹi/

From Anglo-Norman perjurie, from Latin perjurare (“swear falsely”), from per- + jūrāre. Displaced native Old English mānāþ (literally “false oath”).

ncog

We declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.

(law) The deliberate giving of false or misleading testimony under oath.


courtesy

en-noun

courtesy (countable and uncountable, plural courtesies)

From Middle English curteisie, curtesie, from Anglo-Norman curtesie, from Old French curteisie, cortoisie. Equivalent to courteous + -y (abstract noun suffix).

(law) The life interest that the surviving husband has in the real or heritable estate of his wife.


indict

en-verb

indict (third-person singular simple present indicts, present participle indicting, simple past and past participle indicted)

indicts (present singular third-person)
indicting (participle present)
indicted (participle past)
indicted (past)

From Middle English enditen, endyten (“to accuse”), from Old French enditer (“to dictate, indite”), from Late Latin indictāre, frequentative of Latin indicere (“to proclaim”), from in- + dicere (“to say”), or from in- + dictāre (“to say often, to dictate”). Doublet of indite.
The irregular spelling is due to the word having been borrowed into Middle English from Old French, and not from Latin as was the case with most other descendants of dictāre (but see dight). The borrowed /iː/ regularly shifted to /aɪ/ in the course of the Great Vowel Shift; the ⟨c⟩ represents a later attempt at graphic Latinisation.

der

his former manager was indicted for fraud

“Now, let’s consider what our competition did in the same six-week period,” wrote Betsy Ankney, Haley’s campaign manager. “Donald Trump had a good Q1, if you count being indicted as ‘good.'"

2023 April 11 [2023 April 10], Sarah Elbeshbishi, quoting Betsy Ankney, “Former South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley slams Donald Trump, Ron DeSantis in campaign letter”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-12:

(law) To make a formal accusation or indictment for a crime against (a party) by the findings of a jury, especially a grand jury.

предявявам обвинение

to make a formal accusation or indictment


Casey

en-proper noun

Casey (countable and uncountable, plural Caseys)

Anglicisation of an Irish surname Ó Cathasaigh (“descendant of (a person named) Watchful”).

Planned Parenthood v. Casey
w:en:Planned Parenthood v. Casey

(US, law, US politics, informal, uncountable) Ellipsis of Planned Parenthood v. Casey. A 1992 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that reaffirmed the right to having an abortion; and reaffirmed the existence of a right to privacy under due process following the 14th Amendment.


instruction

en-noun

instruction (countable and uncountable, plural instructions)

From Middle English instruccioun, from Old French instruccion, from Latin instructio; equivalent to instruct + -ion.

инструкция

that which instructs, or with which one is instructed

I cannot act until I have taken instructions from my client.

(law, in the plural) The directions given by a client to their lawyer in relation to a particular legal matter, which govern the purpose and scope of their work.


dismissal

dismissal (countable and uncountable, plural dismissals)

From dismiss + -al. A nineteenth-century coinage (modelled on committal etc.), replacing the regular form dismission.

(law) The rejection of a legal proceeding, or a claim or charge made therein.


engross

en-verb

engross (third-person singular simple present engrosses, present participle engrossing, simple past and past participle engrossed)

engrosses (present singular third-person)
engrossing (participle present)
engrossed (participle past)
engrossed (past)

From Middle English engrossen, from Anglo-Norman engrosser (“to gather in large quantities, draft something in final form”); partly from the phrase en gros (“in bulk, in quantity, at wholesale”), from en- + gros; and partly from Medieval Latin ingrossō (“thicken, write something large and in bold lettering”, v.), from in- + grossus (“great, big, thick”), from Old High German grōz (“big, thick, coarse”), from Proto-West Germanic *graut, from Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“large, great, thick, coarse grained, unrefined”), from Proto-Indo-European *ghrewə- (“to fell, put down, fall in”). More at in-, gross.

der

Coordinate term: longhand

This envelope had the air of an official record of some period long past, when clerks engrossed their stiff and formal chirography on more substantial materials than at present.

1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Custom-house. Introductory to ‘The Scarlet Letter.’”, in The Scarlet Letter, a Romance, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, →OCLC, page 34:

laws that may be engrossed upon a finger nail

1846, Thomas De Quincey, “On Christianity, as an Organ of Political Movement”, in Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine:

Wherefore Mr. Micawber […] set to work at the petition, invented it, engrossed it on an immense sheet of paper, spread it out on a table, and appointed a time for all the club, and all within the walls if they chose, to come up to his room and sign it.

1849 May – 1850 November, Charles Dickens, The Personal History of David Copperfield, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1850, →OCLC:

(transitive, now law) To write (a document) in large, aesthetic, and legible lettering; to make a finalized copy of.


yield

en-noun

yield (countable and uncountable, plural yields)

From Middle English ȝeld, from Old English ġield, from Proto-West Germanic *geld, from Proto-Germanic *geldą (“reward, gift, money”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian jild, Dutch geld, Low German and German Geld, Danish gæld, Swedish gäld, Icelandic gjald. See also geld.

inh

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013 July 6, “The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8843, page 68:

(law) The current return as a percentage of the price of a stock or bond.


redirect

(law) An examination of a witness, following cross-examination, by the party that conducted the direct examination, re-examination.


judgment

en-noun

judgment (countable and uncountable, plural judgments)

From Middle English juggement, borrowed from Old French jugement, from Late Latin iūdicāmentum, from Latin iūdicō. Displaced native doom.
Morphologically judge + -ment

In judgments between the Rich and the Poor: it is not to be considered what the poor man needs, but what is his own

1651, Jer[emy] Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living. […], 2nd edition, London: […] Francis Ashe […], →OCLC:

Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgment.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

(law) The act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also, the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge.

присъда

(law) act of determining what is conformable to law


borough

burgh (Received Pronunciation, Scotland)

From Middle English borwe, borgh, burgh, buruh, from Old English burh, from Proto-West Germanic *burg, from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold, city”).
Cognate with Dutch burcht, German Burg, Swedish borg, French bourg, Turkish burç. Doublet of Brough, burgh, and Bury.

inh

(historical, British, law) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behaviour of each other.


LP

en-noun

LP (countable and uncountable, plural LPs)

limited partnership
limited partnership#English

(business, law) Initialism of limited partnership.


servitude

servitude (countable and uncountable, plural servitudes)

From Middle French servitude, from Latin servitūdō, from Latin servus (“slave”).

(law) A qualified beneficial interest severed or fragmented from the ownership of an inferior property and attached to a superior property or to some person other than the owner; the most common form is an easement.


versus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versus.wav

From Middle English versus, borrowed from Latin versus (“facing”), past participle of vertere (“to turn, change, overthrow, destroy”).

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.

(law) Bringing a legal action against, as used in the title of a court case in which the first party indicates the plaintiff (or appellant or the like), and the second indicates the defendant (or respondent or the like).


blur

en-verb

blur (third-person singular simple present blurs, present participle blurring, simple past and past participle blurred)

blurs (present singular third-person)
blurring (participle present)
blurred (participle past)
blurred (past)

From earlier blurre, probably an alteration of blear, from Middle English bleren, from Old English *blerian (attested in āblered (“made bare, made bald”)), from Proto-West Germanic *blaʀjan, from Proto-Germanic *blazjaną (“to make pale”), from Proto-Germanic *blasaz (“pale”). Compare Scots blore, bloar (“to blur, cover with blots”), Low German bleeroged (“blear-eyed”). More at blear.

inh

(copyright law) To use a sign, image, expression, etc. sufficiently close to a trademarked one that it causes confusion between them.


vacate

en-verb

vacate (third-person singular simple present vacates, present participle vacating, simple past and past participle vacated)

vacates (present singular third-person)
vacating (participle present)
vacated (participle past)
vacated (past)

From Latin vacātus, perfect participle of vacō.

The judge vacated the earlier decision when new evidence was presented.

On Thursday, the New York court of appeals vacated his conviction after concluding that a trial judge permitted jurors to see and hear too much evidence not directly related to the charges he faced. It also erased his 23-year prison sentence and ordered a retrial.

2024 April 27, Maya Yang, “Disgraced former Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein hospitalized”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

(law, transitive) To have a court judgement set aside; to annul.


defense

en-noun

defense (countable and uncountable, plural defenses)

From Middle English defens, defense, from Old French defens, defense, from Late Latin dēfēnsa (“protection”). Displaced native Old English bewering. The verb is from the noun.

obrana

An argument in support or justification of something.

(law, by extension) The case presented by the defendant in a legal proceeding.

(law, by extension) The lawyer or team thereof who presents such a case.


review

review (countable and uncountable, plural reviews)

→ Bulgarian: ревю́ (revjú)

→ Finnish: review

→ Japanese: レビュー (rebyū)

→ Korean: 리뷰 (ribyu)

→ Tagalog: ribyu

From Middle English revewe, reveue, from Old French reveüe, revue (Modern French: revue), feminine form of reveü, past participle of reveoir (French: revoir), from Latin revideō, from re- +videō (“see, observe”) (English: video). Equivalent to re- + view. Compare retrospect. Doublet of revue.

The victims demanded a full judicial review of the case.

(law) A judicial reassessment of a case or an event.


premises

(law) The subject of a conveyance or deed.


utter

en-verb

utter (third-person singular simple present utters, present participle uttering, simple past and past participle uttered)

utters (present singular third-person)
uttering (participle present)
uttered (participle past)
uttered (past)

From Middle English utter, partly from utter (adjective, adverb), partly from Middle Dutch uteren.

1564, Proclamation of Elizabeth I of England dated November, 1564, London: Richard Jugge and John Cawood, 1565,
[…] there are […] forrayne peeces of golde, of the like quantitie and fashion (although of lesse value) lyke to an Englyshe Angell, brought hyther, and here vttered and payde for ten shyllynges of syluer, beyng for they lacke of wayght, and for the basenesse of the allay, not worth. vii. shillinges, to the great deceite and losse of the subiectes of this her Realme:

1735, Jonathan Swift, Drapier’s Letters, Letter 3, in The Works of Jonathan Swift, Dublin: George Faulkner, Volume 4, p. 123,
There is nothing remaining to preserve us from Ruin, but that the whole Kingdom should continue in a firm determinate Resolution never to receive or utter this FATAL Coin:

1842, cited in Supplement to The Jurist, containing a Digest of All the Reported Cases […] published during the year 1842, p. 49,
If two persons jointly prepare counterfeit coin, and then utter it in different shops, apart from each other, but in concert, and intending to share the proceeds, the utterings of each are the joint utterings of both, and they may be convicted jointly.

A person shall not utter a postage stamp knowing it to be forged.

1914, Section 87G(2), Crimes Act 1914 (Cth)

1948, 18 U.S. Code § 486, Uttering coins of gold, silver or other metal
Whoever, except as authorized by law, makes or utters or passes, or attempts to utter or pass, any coins of gold or silver or other metal, or alloys of metals, intended for use as current money, whether in the resemblance of coins of the United States or of foreign countries, or of original design, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

(transitive, law) To put (currency) into circulation.

пускам в обращение

put counterfeit money etc. into circulation

A man named Edward Agar was convicted in October 1855 of uttering a forged cheque, and sentenced to be transported for life.

1875, George Hayter Chubb, Protection from fire and thieves including the construction of locks, safes, strong-rooms, and fireproof buildings : burglary, and the means of preventing it; fire, its detection, prevention, and extinction; etc. : also a complete list of patents for locks and safes, page 23:

(transitive, law) To commit the crime of uttering (knowingly presenting forged documentation).


forfeit

forfeit (third-person singular simple present forfeits, present participle forfeiting, simple past and past participle forfeited or (rare) forfeit)

forfeits (present singular third-person)
forfeiting (participle present)
forfeited (participle past)
forfeited (past)
forfeit (participle past rare)
forfeit (past rare)

From Middle English forfait from ca. 1300, from Old French forfait (“crime”), originally the past participle of forfaire (“to transgress”), and Medieval Latin foris factum. During the 15th century, the sense shifted from the crime to the penalty for the crime.

After the raid on USPV, Plaintiffs filed claims with the FBI seeking return of their seized property. The government did not return the property in response to these claims; instead, it indicated that it was seeking to forfeit the property.

2024 January 23, Judge Milan D. Smith, Jr., Snitko v. United States, archived from the original on 2024-01-24:

(law) Of government officials: to legally remove property from its previous owners.


stranger

acquaintance

antonym(s) of “person whom one does not know”

From Middle English straunger, from Old French estrangier (“foreign, alien”), from estrange, from Latin extraneus (“foreign, external”) (whence also English estrange), from extra (“outside of”). Cognate with French étranger (“foreigner, stranger”) and Spanish extranjero (“foreigner”). Displaced native Old English fremde (literally “strange or unfamiliar person”).

sumido

one who has not been seen for a long time

Actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title.

[Judge Beverly] Davis then granted the adoption to the new wife of the boy's father; this action designated the boy's natural mother a "legal stranger," terminating all rights the mother had to visit her child.

1980 August 9, Jil Clark, “Lesbian Mother Fights For Son”, in Gay Community News, page 1:

(law) One not privy or party to an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right.


personality

en-noun

personality (countable and uncountable, plural personalities)

→ Japanese: パーソナリティ (pāsonariti)

/pɜːsəˈnælətɪ/

[ˌpɝsəˈnælɪɾi]

Coined between 1350 and 1400 as Middle English personalite, from Middle French [Term?], from Latin persōnālitās.
Morphologically personal + -ity

(law) That quality of a law which concerns the condition, state, and capacity of persons.


tinsel

The noun is derived from Middle English tinsel (“destruction, loss; damnation, spiritual loss; state of damnation”) [and other forms], probably from Old Norse *týnsla (modern Norwegian tynsla (“damage, destruction”)), from týna (“to destroy; to lose; to perish”) (whence Middle English tinen (“to be deprived of, lose; to fail to maintain; to forfeit; to lose track of; to mislay; to be separated from; to escape; to be defeated or forced to withdraw; to waste; to consume, use up; to be destroyed, perish; to damn; to remove, take”)) + -sla (suffix forming nouns from verbs, either denoting the action of the verb or the medium or product of the action). Týna is derived from tjón (“damage; loss”), from Proto-Germanic *teuną (“damage; destruction, ruin; lack”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dū- (“to torment, vex”) or *dāw- (“to burn”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

tensale, tenselle, tinsail, tinsaill, tinsale, tinsall, tinsell, tinselle, tinsil, tinsill, tynsal, tynsall, tynsel, tynsele, tynsell, tynsil, tynsyll,


puny

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-puny.wav

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pós
Proto-Indo-European *-ti
Proto-Indo-European *pós-ti
Proto-Italic *posti
Latin poste
Latin post
Proto-Indo-European *íh₂
Latin ea
Latin posteā
Vulgar Latin *postius
Old French puis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós
Proto-Italic *gnātos
Latin gnātus
Latin nātus
Old French né
Old French puisné
Middle French puisnébor.
English puisne
English puny
 PIE word
 *pós
A respelling of puisne, from Anglo-Norman puisné (“later, more recent; junior; weakly”) [and other forms] and Middle French puisné (“born after (a specified person); younger, youngest; one who is born after (a specified person)”) (modern French puîné (“cadet (born after a sibling); a cadet (someone born after a sibling)”)), from puis (“after; since”) + né (“born”). Puis is derived from Old French pois (“after; since”), from Vulgar Latin *postius (“afterward”), from Latin posteā (“afterwards; hereafter; thereafter; next, then”), from post (“after; since”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“afterwards”)) + ea (“these (things)”); and né from Latin nātus (“born”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”).

der

(obsolete)
Alternative spelling of puisne
(law) A puisne or junior judge.

Alternative spelling of puisne
A puisne or junior judge.

[T]he whole companye or most parte of the Studentꝭ [Studentis] of the same house mette toogether to beginne their Christmas, of wᶜʰ som̃e came to see sports […] others to make sporte wᵗʰall of this last sorte were they whome they call Fresh-menn Punies of the first yeare, who are by no meanes admitted to be agent's or behoulders of those sports, before themselues haue biñe patient perfourmers of them.

c. 1610, “[The Election of the Prince]”, in Frederick S[amuel] Boas, editor, The Christmas Prince (The Malone Society Reprints; 47b), London: Printed for the Malone Society by Frederick Hall M.A. at the Oxford University Press, published 1923 (indicated as 1922), →OCLC, page 3, lines 9–12 and 14–18:

(university slang, law) A new student at a school, university, the Inns of Court, etc.; a junior.


sergeant

From Middle English sergeant, sergeaunt, serjent, serjaunt, serjawnt, sergant, from Old French sergeant, sergent, serjant, sergient, sergant (“sergeant, servant”), from Medieval Latin servientem, accusative of serviens (“a servant, vassal, soldier, apparitor”), from Latin serviēns (“serving”), present participle of serviō (“serve, be a slave to”). Doublet of servant and servient.
The shift from /vj/ > /dʒ/ was a regular development in Old French. Compare cavea > cage, salvia > sage.
The fish is so called because of its stripes, supposed to resemble a sergeant's insignia of rank.
The pronunciation with /ɑɹ/ is due to a widespread development of Middle English er + consonant (see barn, start etc.). In sergeant, the spelling was standardised in one way, the pronunciation in another (compare clerk, derby in Commonwealth English, further parson vs. person, and varsity vs. university).

All other sergeants and barristers indiscriminately (except in the Court of Common Pleas, where only sergeants are admitted) may take upon them the protection and defense of any suitors.

(law, historical) A lawyer of the highest rank, equivalent to the doctor of civil law.


leapfrog

en-noun

leapfrog (countable and uncountable, plural leapfrogs)

Sam Hood
State Library of New South Wales

The Supreme Court can hear appeals direct from the High Court under the ‘leapfrog’ procedure. This procedure is reserved for matters certified by the Supreme Court to be of general public importance—the type of issue which would ultimately be appealed from the Court of Appeal in any event. There are normally a few of these direct appeals from the High Court each year.

2015, Scott Slorach, Judith Embley, Peter Goodchild, Catherine Shephard, “The Court System of England & Wales”, in Legal Systems & Skills, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 75:

An appeal to the Court of Cassation can be filed against judgments issued on (first) appeal, which means judgments issued in general by a court of appeals, even though the Code provides for judgments issued by courts of first instance that can be reviewed by the Court of Cassation through a sort of ‘leapfrog’ appeal; […]

2017, Elisabetta Silvestri, “The Italian Supreme Court of Cassation: Of Misnomers and Unaccomplished Missions”, in Cornelius Hendrik (Remco) van Rhee, Yulin Fu, editors, Supreme Courts in Transition in China and the West: Adjudication at the Service of Public Goals (Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice; 59), Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 234:

(chiefly British, law, usually attributive) The process by which a case is appealed or allowed to be appealed directly to a supreme court, bypassing an intermediate appellate court.


leapfrog

en-verb

leapfrog (third-person singular simple present leapfrogs, present participle leapfrogging, simple past and past participle leapfrogged)

leapfrogs (present singular third-person)
leapfrogging (participle present)
leapfrogged (participle past)
leapfrogged (past)

In Jones v Kaney [2010] EWHC 61 (Q.B.) at first instance, the issue was whether the claimant's psychologist in a personal injury claim was negligent because in a joint written statement with the other side's expert, she had resiled from her diagnosis of PTSD without comment or amendment of her report, greatly damaging the claimant's case. The claimant sued in negligence, the judge was constrained by the authorities, but granted a certificate under s. 12 of the Administration of Justice Act 1960 to leapfrog the case to the Supreme Court.

2012, Lord Justice [Rupert] Jackson, editor, Civil Procedure, volume 1, London: Sweet & Maxwell, Thomson Reuters, →ISBN, paragraph 35.12.4, page 1097:

(transitive, chiefly British, law) To appeal or allow to be appealed (a case) directly to a supreme court, bypassing an intermediate appellate court.


testatrix

en-noun

testatrix (plural testatrices or testatrixes)

testatrices (plural)
testatrixes (plural)

From Late Latin testātrīx, feminine of Latin testātor (“one who makes a will”); see testator.


mutatis mutandis

Unadapted borrowing from Late Latin mūtātīs mūtandīs (“with [the things] to be changed having been changed”).

ubor

with 􂀿the things􂁀 to be changed having been changed

And like billes, mutatis mutandis, were put In ayenst Gloucestre & Worcestre

a.''' 1525, The Coventry Leet Book, page 595:

26 May 1564. M. to Mr. Tipton, and another (mutatis mutandis) to Mr. Cuerton. Pp. 3.

1863, H.M.'s Public Record Office, Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, volume VII, page 141:

What is said of the army here is to be taken also to apply, mutatis mutandis, to the air force and the navy.

1962, Samuel Edward Finer, chapter 2, in The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics:

Similar considerations apply, mutatis mutandis, to the example of nightmare imagined by Brown.

1962, Norman Malcolm, chapter 15, in Dreaming:

(especially law) with the necessary changes being made; with the necessary modifications; with such changes as are necessary to ensure congruence


ignoramus

Directly from Latin ignōrāmus (“we do not know”).

/ɪɡnəˈɹeɪməs/

(law, dated) A grand jury's ruling on an indictment when the evidence is determined to be insufficient to send the case to trial.


ignoramus

en-verb

ignoramus (third-person singular simple present ignoramuses, present participle ignoramusing, simple past and past participle ignoramused)

ignoramuses (present singular third-person)
ignoramusing (participle present)
ignoramused (participle past)
ignoramused (past)

/ɪɡnəˈɹeɪməs/

(law, transitive) To make such a ruling against (an indictment).


relief

en-noun

relief (countable and uncountable, plural reliefs)

From Old French relief (“assistance”), from Old French relever (“to relieve”), from Latin relevare (“to raise up, make light”). See also relieve.

ease

feeling of removal of stress and discomfort

(law) Court-ordered compensation, aid, or protection, a redress.

korvaus

law: court-ordered compensation, aid, or protection, redress


deceased

From decease + -ed, from Middle English deceas via Old French [Term?], from Latin dēcessus (“departure”), equivalent to dēced-, variation of dēcēdō, dēcēdere (“to go away”).

(law) One who has died. In property law, the alternate term decedent is generally used. In criminal law, "the deceased" refers to the victim of a homicide.


deceased

(law) One who has died. In property law, the alternate term decedent is generally used in US English. In criminal law, “the deceased” refers to the victim of a homicide.


testator

From Latin testator (“one who makes a will, in Late Latin also one who bears witness”), from testari (“to bear witness, make a will”). See testament.

[…] there is an exception “in the cases of heir and executor, who may plead a release to the ancestor or testator whom they respectively represent; so also with respect to several tortfeasors, for in all these cases there is a privity between the parties which constitutes an identity of person”.

1881, Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Common Law:

As it is, knowing that the testator was a gentleman of the highest intelligence and acumen, and that he has absolutely no relations living to whom he could have confided the guardianship of the child, we do not feel justified in taking this course.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

(law) One who makes or has made a legally valid will.


extend

en-verb

extend (third-person singular simple present extends, present participle extending, simple past and past participle extended)

extends (present singular third-person)
extending (participle present)
extended (participle past)
extended (past)

From Middle English extenden, from Anglo-Norman extendre, estendre, from Latin extendō (“I stretch out”).

(UK, law) To value, as lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt; to assign by writ of extent.


surveillance

en-noun

surveillance (countable and uncountable, plural surveillances)

Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”), from surveiller (“to watch, oversee”), from sur- (“over”) + veiller (“to watch”), from Middle French, from Old French veillier (“to stay awake”), from Latin vigilāre, present active infinitive of vigilō (“I am watchful”). More at vigilant.

ubor

(law) In criminal law, an investigation process by which police gather evidence about crimes, or suspected crime, through continued observation of persons or places.


verdict

From Middle English verdit, from Anglo-Norman verdit (> Medieval Latin veredictum), from veir (“true”) + dit (“saying”); possibly a calque of a Germanic term such as Old English sōþword, sōþsprǣċ, sōþspell, sōþsagu, or sōþcwide, all meaning "true story, statement of truth, account, history". Doublet of veredictum.

The jury returned a “not guilty” verdict.

Such a scandal as the prosecution of a brother for forgery—with a verdict of guilty—is a most truly horrible, deplorable, fatal thing. It takes the respectability out of a family perhaps at a critical moment, when the family is just assuming the robes of respectability: […] it is a black spot which all the soaps ever advertised could never wash off.

1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

When his body was retrieved, it was apparent that he had not raised his hands to cover his face. Had he suffered some sort of fit or seizure? The coroner’s verdict was accidental death.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger’s history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, page 124:

(law) A decision on an issue of fact in a civil or criminal case or an inquest.


status

en-noun

status (countable and uncountable, plural statuses or status)

→ Cantonese: status

Northern England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, many accents

Learned borrowing from Latin status. Doublet of state and estate.

(law) The legal condition of a person or thing.

He is a status Indian.

(Canada, usually used to modify another noun) The state (of a Canadian First Nations person) of being registered under the Indian Act.


aerodrome

→ Irish: aeradróm

* (aircraft): In the obsolete sense of “flying machine” coined by American aviation pioneer Samuel Langley in 1897, from Ancient Greek ἀεροδρόμος (aerodrómos, “traversing the air”).
* (airfield): In the sense of “airfield”, from aero- + -drome, a suffix formed in analogy with hippodrome (“horse racecourse”), from Ancient Greek.

der

(law, Australia, Canada, term of art) Any area of land or water used for aircraft operation, regardless of facilities.


instant

From French instant and Middle English instant, both from Old French, from Latin instans (“standing by, being near, present, also urgent, importunate”), present participle of instō (“to stand upon, press upon, urge, pursue, insist”), from in (“on, upon”) + stō (“to stand”); see state.

He received just two disciplinary reports prior to committing the instant offense, one in March 2019 for activating an alarm during a non-emergency situation, and one in May 2019 for failing to provide a urine specimen.

December 28, 2019 Attorney Jeffery S. Levin, quoted in The Boston Globe, p. 3


custom

en-noun

custom (countable and uncountable, plural customs)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
 PIE word
 *swé
From Middle English custume, borrowed from Anglo-Norman custume, inherited from Latin consuētūdinem, a noun derived from cōnsuēscō, from con- (“with”) + suēscō (“become used or accustomed to”). Doublet of costume and consuetude.
Adjective form circa 1830.

klandizie

habitual buying of goods from one same vendor

The distinction between custom and usage it that usage is a fact and custom is a law. There can be usage without custom, but not custom without usage.

1888, Francis Wharton, A Commentary on the Law of Evidence in Civil Issues, 3rd edition, volume 2, page 188:

(law) Long-established practice, considered as unwritten law, and resting for authority on long consent. Compare prescription.


licit

en-adj

licit (comparative more licit, superlative most licit)

more licit (comparative)
most licit (superlative)

From Latin licitus (“lawful”), perfect participle of licet (“[it] is permitted”, impersonal verb).

The contract validly made and consummated is dissolved by death alone. However, the Church must determine what is required for a valid and licit marriage contract.

1913, Joseph Selinger, Catholic Encyclopedia, Moral and Canonical Aspect of Marriage:

(law) Explicitly established or constituted by law.


gloss

From Middle English glosse, glose, from Late Latin glōssa (“obsolete or foreign word requiring explanation”), from Ancient Greek γλῶσσα (glôssa, “language”). Doublet of glossa.

der

This volume is thus not a narrowly defined treatment of the Code of Professional Responsibility but rather represents a "common law" gloss on it.

1979, American Bar Foundation., Annotated code of professional responsibility, page ix:

Judicial Gloss on Test [section title]

2007, Bruce R. Hopkins., The law of tax-exempt organizations., page 76:

(countable, law, US) An interpretation by a court of a specific point within a statute or case law.


lawful

en-adj

lawful (comparative more lawful, superlative most lawful)

more lawful (comparative)
most lawful (superlative)

From Middle English laweful, equivalent to law + -ful, conflated with Middle English leful, leeful, leveful (“according to law, lawful, pertaining to law”). See also leveful.

Lawful money is always a land asset and can only be issued by an actual land jurisdiction government — not a corporation.

The laws are controversial. Forcing someone to work during a lawful strike is a major step. It was always likely to inflame a situation, and so it proved with LNER. ASLEF's counter-tactic came as a five-day walkout, which would have been the longest stoppage for many years had LNER not withdrawn its plan.

2024 February 7, Philip Haigh, “Railway's fragile resilience”, in RAIL, number 1002, page 3:

(law) Conforming to, or recognised by the laws of society.

قانوني

conforming to or recognised by law or rules


without prejudice

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-without prejudice.wav

sitoumuksetta

law: allowing return to earlier position

(law) Without affecting a legal interest.

(law) A term used to allow a statement or proposal in communications, while allowing the party to return to their original position without being impeded by the described statement or proposal.


stillicide

en-noun

stillicide (countable and uncountable, plural stillicides)

(law, historical, uncountable) Synonym of stillicidium


trespass

trespass (countable and uncountable, plural trespasses)

Borrowed into Middle English trespas, from Old French trespas (“passage; offense against the law”), from trespasser.

der

External infrastructure issues such as severe weather and trespass caused 17.1% of [train] cancellations, [...].

2019 December 18, Andrew Roden, “New measurements reveal improvement in punctuality”, in Rail, page 24:

Network Rail has produced a free downloadable comic highlighting the consequences of railway trespass. Between March 23 and April 26, there were 1,024 trespass incidents on the railway. [...] it is based on the company's award-winning safety film 18, which shows the dangers of trespass, especially around electrified lines.

2020 June 17, “Stop & Examine”, in Rail, page 71:

(law) An intentional interference with another's property or person.


trespass

en-verb

trespass (third-person singular simple present trespasses, present participle trespassing, simple past and past participle trespassed)

trespasses (present singular third-person)
trespassing (participle present)
trespassed (participle past)
trespassed (past)

From Middle English trespassen, borrowed from Old French trespasser (“to go across or over, transgress”), from tres- (“across, over”) + passer (“to pass”).

der

(law) To enter someone else's property illegally.

侵入

legal: to enter someone else's property illegally


pupil

From Middle English pupille, from Anglo-Norman pupille (“orphan”), from Latin pūpillus (“orphan, minor”), variant of pūpulus (“little boy”), from pūpus (“child, boy”).

(law, obsolete) An orphan who is a minor and under the protection of the state.


pone

Inherited from Middle English pone, from Anglo-Norman pone, from Late Latin pone, from Latin pōne, imperative of pōnere (“to place”).

(law, historical) A writ in law used by the superior courts to remove cases from inferior courts.

(law, historical) A writ to enforce appearance in court by attaching goods or requiring securities.


gallery

From Middle English galery, gallerye, from Middle French galerie, gallerie, from Old French galerie, gallerie (“a long portico, a gallery”), from Medieval Latin galeria (“gallery”), perhaps an alteration of galilea (“church porch”), probably from Latin Galilaea, Galilee, region of Palestine. More at Galilee.

Rose and Valerie, screaming from the gallery
Say he must go free

1969, Paul McCartney (lyrics and music), “Maxwell's Silver Hammer”, in Abbey Road, performed by The Beatles:

(law) The part of a courtroom, often elevated and in the rear, where seating for the public audience is facilitated during trial.


in loco parentis

/ɪn ˌləʊkəʊ pəˈɹɛntɪs/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-in loco parentis.wav

Borrowed from Latin in locō parentis (“in place of a parent”).

bor

All persons in loco parentis have a responsibility to care for the child.

(law) Assuming the place or position of a parent.


pertinent

Inherited from Middle English pertinent, borrowed from Old French pertinent and Latin pertinēns, pertinentem.

(law) A right that attaches to land, in Scots law.


transpose

en-verb

transpose (third-person singular simple present transposes, present participle transposing, simple past and past participle transposed)

transposes (present singular third-person)
transposing (participle present)
transposed (participle past)
transposed (past)

From Middle English transposen, from Old French transposer, from Latin trānspositus, perfect passive participle of trānspōnō (“to put across”), from trāns (“across”) + pōnō (“to put”).

(transitive, law, chiefly of the European Union) To give force to a directive by passing appropriate implementation measures.

átültet

law: to give force to a directive by passing appropriate implementation measures


post

post (third-person singular simple present posts, present participle posting, simple past and past participle posted)

posts (present singular third-person)
posting (participle present)
posted (participle past)
posted (past)

Chinese: po

Inherited from Old English post (“pillar, door-post”) and Latin postis (“a post, a door-post”) through Old French. .

inh+

to post bail

For example, if the police or court sets bail at $1,000, and a suspect owns a fancy watch worth at least that amount, the defendant may be able to use the watch to post bail.

2022 January 1, Paul Bergman, Sara J. Berman, The Criminal Law Handbook: Know Your Rights, Survive the System, Nolo, →ISBN:

Because wealthy defendants are better positioned to post bail or provide collateral, the American bail system has been criticized as being biased against the poor.

2010 May 18, David Andrew Schultz, Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN, page 45:

Carmen posted a $15,000 bond, and like the other Valenzuelas before her, failed to appear for trial. Morgan's scorecard for case 4: 4.4 pounds seized, 2 Valenzuelas arrested, 1 Valenzuela dismissed, 1 bail jump.

2006 05, Robert Perry, Dirty Money, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 34:

When you post bail, and the case is over, the court system will take 30 percent of that bail which, in this example, will be $3,000 of the original 10 percent that you posted. Hence, you will get $7,000 back.

1996, Lee N. June, Matthew Parker, Men to Men: Perspectives of Sixteen African-American Christian Men, Harper Collins, →ISBN, page 201:

(transitive) To deposit a payment that may or may not be returned.


bundle

From Middle English bundel, from Middle Dutch bondel or Old English byndele, byndelle (“a binding; tying; fastening with bands”); both from Proto-Germanic *bundil-, derivative of *bundą (“bundle”). Compare also bindle, Dutch bundel, German Bündel.

(law) A court bundle, the assemblage of documentation prepared for, and referred to during, a court case.

aineisto

law: assemblage of documentation for a court case


animus

en-noun

animus (usually uncountable, plural animuses)

Learned borrowing from Latin animus (“the mind, in a great variety of meanings: the rational soul in man, intellect, consciousness, will, intention, courage, spirit, sensibility, feeling, passion, pride, vehemence, wrath, etc., the breath, life, soul”), from Proto-Italic *anamos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”). Closely related to Latin anima, which is a feminine form.

lbor

(law) intention, motivation (of a legal person)


separation

en-noun

separation (countable and uncountable, plural separations)

/ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌsep.əˈɹæɪ.ʃən/

Attested in the 15th Century C.E.; from Middle English separacioun, from Old French separacion, from Latin separatio, separationem.
Morphologically separate + -ion

I should have gone back to her the day after the fair, if it hadn't been for you talking about the law, and rubbish about getting a separation;

1874, Thomas Hardy, chapter 52, in Far from the Madding Crowd. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Smith, Elder & Co., […], →OCLC:

“You are deserting me?”
“Don’t be the neglected, dramatic wife, Scarlett. The rôle isn’t becoming. I take it, then, you do not want a divorce or even a separation? Well, then, I’ll come back often enough to keep gossip down.”

1936 June 30, Margaret Mitchell, chapter 63, in Gone with the Wind, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, 1944, →OCLC:

The act or condition of a married couple living in separate homes while remaining legally married.

(law) An agreement legalizing such an arrangement.

asumisero

(law) an agreement terminating a relationship


WS

WS (countable and uncountable, plural WSs)

(law, Scotland) Initialism of writer to the signet.


dissolve

en-verb

dissolve (third-person singular simple present dissolves, present participle dissolving, simple past and past participle dissolved)

dissolves (present singular third-person)
dissolving (participle present)
dissolved (participle past)
dissolved (past)

Recorded since c. 1374 (displacing Old English toliesan) as Middle English dissolven, from Latin dissolvere (“to loosen up, break apart”) but with the sense from Anglo-Norman dissoldre (variant of Old French dissoudre), itself from dis- (“apart”) + solvere (“to loose, loosen”). By surface analysis, dis- + solve.

der

to dissolve an injunction

Jon Snow is the legitimate heir to the Targaryen line, by the old rules, of the old government, which was dissolved and reshaped by King Robert.

2017 August 13, Brandon Nowalk, “Oldtown offers one last game-changing secret as Game Of Thrones goes behind enemy lines (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:

(law, transitive) To annul; to rescind; to discharge or release.


sustain

en-verb

sustain (third-person singular simple present sustains, present participle sustaining, simple past and past participle sustained)

sustains (present singular third-person)
sustaining (participle present)
sustained (participle past)
sustained (past)

From Middle English susteinen, sustenen, from Old French sustenir (French soutenir), from Latin sustineō, sustinēre (“to uphold”), from sub- (“from below, up”) + teneō (“hold”, verb).

(law, of a judge) To allow, accept, or admit (e.g. an objection or motion) as valid.

stattgeben

law: to allow, accept, or admit (e.g. an objection or motion) as valid


Warsaw Convention

(law, international law) An international treaty (full title: Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929) signed in Warsaw in 1929, covering international air travel, including such topics as ticketing, cargo and liability.


consortium

en-noun

consortium (plural consortia or consortiums)

Learned borrowing from Latin cōnsortium.

(law) The right of a spouse to all the normal relationships with his or her mate.


heads

Until the session of 1782 bills could only (under Poynings’ Law) begin in the Irish privy council. However, informal legislative initiatives, known as ‘heads of bills’, began regularly in the houses of parliament.

2000s "How Irish statutes were made" Queens University Belfast

The Heads of the Bill are being published to enable consultation with relevant sectors on the proposed changes prior to the detailed drafting of the Bill.

2012 Department of Justice and Equality "Government Publishes Proposed Amendments to Anti Money-Laundering Law" Dublin, 6 June 2012

(Ireland, law) The draft scheme of a bill before it is formally introduced to a parliament.


standing

standing (countable and uncountable, plural standings)

→ German: Standing

From Middle English standyng, stonding, stondung, from Old English *standung, equivalent to stand + -ing.

to have standing

He may be insulting, a miserable rotter and a fool, but unless he slanders or libels you, or damages your property, you do not have standing to sue him.

Legal experts noted earlier this week that while Epps will have to prove that Carlson’s claims damaged his reputation, he presents a strong argument and therefore likely has standing.

2023 July 12, Erum Salam, “Fox News faces another defamation lawsuit involving Tucker Carlson”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

en:right of a party to bring a legal action

(law) The right of a party to bring a legal action, based on the relationship between that party and the matter to which the action relates.


distress

distress (countable and uncountable, plural distresses)

The verb is from Middle English distressen, from Old French destrecier (“to restrain, constrain, put in straits, afflict, distress”); compare French détresse. Ultimately from Medieval Latin as if *districtiō, an assumed frequentative form of Latin distringō (“to pull asunder, stretch out”), from dis- (“apart”) + stringō (“to draw tight, strain”).
The noun is from Middle English distresse, from Old French destrece, ultimately also from Latin distringō.

der

(law) A seizing of property without legal process to force payment of a debt.

запор

law: a seizing of property without legal process to force payment of a debt

If he were not paid, he would straight go and take a distress of goods and cattle.

1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC:

The distress thus taken must be proportioned to the thing distrained for.

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) The thing taken by distraining; that which is seized to procure satisfaction.


distress

en-verb

distress (third-person singular simple present distresses, present participle distressing, simple past and past participle distressed)

distresses (present singular third-person)
distressing (participle present)
distressed (participle past)
distressed (past)

This power of distress, as anciently used, became as oppressive as the feudal forfeiture. It was as hard for the tenant to be stripped in an instant of all his goods, for arrears of rent, as to be turned out of the possession of his farm.

1894, James Kent with William Hardcastle Browne, Commentaries on American Law, page 645:

(law) To retain someone’s property against the payment of a debt; to distrain.


incapacitate

incapacitate (third-person singular simple present incapacitates, present participle incapacitating, simple past and past participle incapacitated)

incapacitates (present singular third-person)
incapacitating (participle present)
incapacitated (participle past)
incapacitated (past)

Mid-17th century, from incapacity + -ate.

令癱瘓

to put out of action, to render ineffective

(law) To make someone ineligible; to disqualify.


facial

Early 17th century, borrowed from Medieval Latin faciālis (“face-to-face, direct, open”), from faciēs (“form, configuration, figure; face, visage, countenance”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

The facial constitutionality of the law is in question.

(transferred sense, law) (of a law or regulation validity) On its face; as it appears (as opposed to on a more probing analysis, as it is applied, etc.).


unlawful

en-adj

unlawful (comparative more unlawful, superlative most unlawful)

more unlawful (comparative)
most unlawful (superlative)

From Middle English unlawful; equivalent to un- + lawful.

He was charged with unlawful use of a car.

That year a U.S. appeals court found the program Snowden had exposed was unlawful and that the U.S. intelligence leaders who publicly defended it were not telling the truth.

2022 September 26, “Putin grants Russian citizenship to U.S. whistleblower Snowden”, in Mark Trevelyan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-09-26, Europe:

(law) Prohibited; not permitted by law (either civil or criminal law; see illegal); wrongful.

onwettig

prohibited; not permitted by law (either civil or criminal law)