abietic

From Latin abies (“silver fir”) + -ic (“pertaining to”).

af

(botany) Of, pertaining to, or derived from fir trees


abscission

en-noun

abscission (countable and uncountable, plural abscissions)

From Latin abscissiō, from abscindō (“I cut, I tear”).

(botany) The natural separation of a part at a predetermined location, such as a leaf at the base of the petiole.


abaxial

From ab- (“away from”) + axial (“axis”).

The lobule margins, furthermore, are arched away from the lobe, with the consequence that (when fully inflated) the abaxial leaf surface forms the interior lining of the lobule.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 7:

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(botany, zoology) Of a side that is facing away from the axis or central line, such as the underside of a leaf, or the back of an animal.

abaxiaal

botany, zoology: of a side away from central line

(botany) Not in the axis. Applied to an embryo placed out of the axis of the seed.


acanthopodious

From Latin acanthopodius. This is the only English word in -podious in the English Wiktionary, as of December 2024.


acalycine

From a- + Latin calyx + -ine. By surface analysis, a- + calycine.

(botany) Without a calyx, or outer floral envelope.


acaulous

From a- + caulis (“stalk”) + -ous. See cole.


acanthaceous

en-adj

acanthaceous (comparative more acanthaceous, superlative most acanthaceous)

more acanthaceous (comparative)
most acanthaceous (superlative)

/ˌæk.n̩ˈθeɪ.ʃəs/

/ˌæk.ænˈθeɪ.ʃəs/

(botany): Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a member of the Acanthaceae family.


acantha

From Ancient Greek ἄκανθα (ákantha, “thorn”), from ἀκή (akḗ, “thorn”) + ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).


acanthocarpous

en-adj

acanthocarpous (comparative more acanthocarpous, superlative most acanthocarpous)

more acanthocarpous (comparative)
most acanthocarpous (superlative)

From acantho- (“having thorns”) + -carpous (“relating to fruit”), from Ancient Greek ἄκανθος (ákanthos) and κᾰρπός (kărpós) respectively.

af

(botany) Having the fruit covered with spines.


aberrant

en-adj

aberrant (comparative more aberrant, superlative most aberrant)

more aberrant (comparative)
most aberrant (superlative)

From Latin aberrāns, present active participle of aberrō (“go astray; err”), from ab (“from”) + errō (“to wander”). See aberr.

The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have been the number of connecting forms which, on my theory, have been exterminated.

1859, Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species:

(botany, zoology) Deviating from the ordinary or natural type; exceptional; abnormal.

aberrant

deviating from the ordinary or natural type; exceptional; abnormal


aberration

en-noun

aberration (countable and uncountable, plural aberrations)

/ˌæb.əˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/

A learned borrowing from Latin aberrātiō(n) (“relief, diversion”), first attested in 1594, from aberrō (“wander away, go astray”), from ab (“away”) + errō (“wander”). Compare French aberration. By surface analysis, aberrat(e) + -ion.

абера́ция

astronomy: small periodical change of position of heavenly bodies

(zoology, botany) Atypical development or structure; deviation from the normal type; an aberrant organ.

абера́ция

zoology, botany: atypical development or structure


achene

From French achène and its source, New Latin achena, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “a-”) + χαίνω (khaínō, “to gape”).

The mulberry puts forth its messy clusters of achenes.

2018, Richard Powers, The Overstory, Vintage (2019), page 37:

(botany) A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed, as in the buttercup.


synonym

From Middle English sinonyme, from Latin synōnymum, from Ancient Greek συνώνυμον (sunṓnumon), neuter singular form of συνώνυμος (sunṓnumos, “synonymous”), from σύν (sún, “with”) + ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”). By surface analysis, syn- + -onym.

(taxonomy, botany) Any name for a taxon, usually a validly published, formally accepted one, but often also an unpublished name.


abrupt

en-adj

abrupt (comparative more abrupt or abrupter, superlative most abrupt or abruptest)

more abrupt (comparative)
abrupter (comparative)
most abrupt (superlative)
abruptest (superlative)

First attested in 1583. Borrowed from Latin abruptus (“broken off”), perfect passive participle of abrumpō (“break off”), formed from ab (“from, away from”) + rumpō (“to break”).

Root oblong, blackish, nearly the thickness of the little finger, often growing obliquely; abrupt at the lower end, so as to appear as if bitten off, furnished with long whitish fibres.

1839, William Baxter, British Phænogamous Botany, →OCLC:

(botany) Suddenly terminating, as if cut off; truncate.


os

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ōs (“the mouth”).

ubor

The instrument closed, as seen in Fig. 1, is then passed along the finger to the os, in and through the cervix up to the fundus of the uterus, which may be determined both by the distance and the resistance to the broad rounded head of the Capiat.

1891, Texas Medical Association, Transactions, volume 23, page 175:

[…] monocolpate (“unisulcate”) pollen grains still have a continuous aperture membrane devoid of special openings (ora) in the exine for the emergence of the pollen tube.

2009 July 6, Armen Takhtajan, Flowering Plants, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:

(anatomy, sometimes botany) An opening or entrance to a passage, particularly one at either end of the cervix, internal (to the uterus) or external (to the vagina).


free

en-adj

free (comparative freer or more free, superlative freest or most free)

freer (comparative)
more free (comparative)
freest (superlative)
most free (superlative)

From Middle English free, fre, freo, from Old English frēo (“free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz (“beloved, not in bondage”), from Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“pleased, loved”), from *preyH- (“to please, love”). Related to friend.
cognates, etc
Germanic cognates include West Frisian frij (“free”), Dutch vrij (“free”), Low German free (“free”), German frei (“free”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian fri (“free”).
Other cognates include Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá-, “beloved”).
Germanic and Celtic are the only Indo-European language branches in which the PIE word with the meaning of "dear, beloved" acquired the additional meaning of "free" in the sense of "not in bondage". This was an extension of the idea of "characteristic of those who are dear and beloved", in other words friends and tribe members (in contrast to unfree inhabitants from other tribes and prisoners of war, many of which were among the slaves – compare the Latin use of liberi to mean both "free persons" and "children of a family").
The verb comes from Middle English freen, freoȝen, from Old English frēon, frēoġan (“to free; make free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frijōn, from Proto-Germanic *frijōną, from Proto-Indo-European *preyH-, and is cognate with German freien, Dutch vrijen, Czech přát, Serbo-Croatian prijati, Polish sprzyjać.

inh

there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

why buy the cow when you can get the milk for free

In this group of mushrooms, the gills are free.

Furthermore, the free anterior margin of the lobule is arched toward the lobe and is often involute[…]

en:unconstrained, physically or mechanically

(physical) Unconstrained.
(botany, mycology) Not attached; loose.


offset

From off- + set, used to construct the noun form of the verb to set off. Compare Middle English ofsetten (“to encumber, harass, beset, besiege”), from Old English ofsettan (“to press, oppress, overwhelm, crush”).

cog

[…] [I]nfected tulips are weakened by the viruses that cause the very patterns and swirls that fascinated horticulturists and investors in the first place. Such bulbs tend to dwindle away instead of fattening up and producing offsets.

2014 September 26, Charles Quest-Ritson, “The Dutch garden where tulip bulbs live forever: Hortus Bulborum, a volunteer-run Dutch garden, is dedicated to conserving historic varieties before they vanish for good [print version: Inspired by a living bulb archive, 27 September 2014, p. G5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):

(botany) A short prostrate shoot that takes root and produces a tuft of leaves, etc.


wall

From Middle English wal, from Old English weall (“wall, dike, earthwork, rampart, dam, rocky shore, cliff”), from Proto-West Germanic *wall (“wall, rampart, entrenchment”), from Latin vallum (“wall, rampart, entrenchment, palisade”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, roll”).
Perhaps conflated with waw (“a wall within a house or dwelling, a room partition”), from Middle English wawe, from Old English wāg, wāh (“an interior wall, divider”), see waw.
Cognate with North Frisian wal (“wall”), Saterland Frisian Waal (“wall, rampart, mound”), Dutch wal (“wall, rampart, embankment”), German Wall (“rampart, mound, embankment”), Swedish vall (“mound, wall, bank”). More at wallow, walk.

cog

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

throw enough mud at the wall and some of it will stick

throw things at the wall and see what sticks

There is definitely some sort of lump on the back wall of my throat (right side).

1982 April 24, Matthew Ross, “Personal advertisement”, in Gay Community News, page 15:

The epidermal cells of the capsule wall of Jubulopsis, with nodose "trigones" at the angles, are very reminiscent of what one finds in Frullania spp.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 4-5:

(anatomy, zoology, botany) A dividing or containing structure in an organ or cavity.

պատ

anatomy, zoology, botany: divisive or containing structure


fruit

en-noun

fruit (countable and uncountable, plural fruits)

Bislama: frut

Jamaican Creole: fruut

Tok Pisin: frut

→ Japanese: フルーツ (furūtsu)

Etymology tree
Latin frūctus
Old French fruitbor.
Middle English fruyt
English fruit
From Middle English fruyt, frut (“fruits and vegetables”), from Old French fruit (“produce, fruits and vegetables”), from Latin frūctus (“enjoyment, proceeds, profits, produce, income”) and frūx (“crop, produce, fruit”) (compare Latin fruor (“have the benefit of, to use, to enjoy”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to make use of, to have enjoyment of”). Cognate with English brook (“to bear, tolerate”) and German brauchen (“to need”). Displaced native Old English wæstm.

der

(botany) A product of fertilization in a plant, specifically:

The seed-bearing part of a plant; often edible, colourful, fragrant, and sweet or sour; produced from a floral ovary after fertilization.

The spores of cryptogams and their accessory organs.

[A]fter the flower is past commeth the fruit in long pods, every seede bunching out like the pods of Orobus and as bigge almost as the smaller Pease.

1640, John Parkinson, Theatrum botanicum: the Theater of Plants; or, An Herball of a Large Extent, London, page 1063:


stylus

Borrowed from Latin stylus (“a stake or pale”). Probably not directly related to Ancient Greek στῦλος (stûlos, “a pillar”). Doublet of style.

иго́лка

граммофо́нная


China

en-noun

China (countable and uncountable, plural Chinas)

China (disambiguation)
Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India
Duarte Barbosa
Garcia de Orta
Marco Polo
The Travels of Marco Polo
Zhengzhang Shangfang
states of ancient China
zh:鄭張尚芳

[ˈt͡ʃ(ʰ)aɪ̯nə]

From Portuguese China, probably under influence from Old French Chin, from Classical Persian چین (čīn), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (Čīn, “China”), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna, “the Chinese; China”) of uncertain etymology. It is usually thought to be derived from Chinese 秦 (Qín) (sm Qín, mc d͡ziɪn, oc *zin, "Qin"), the westernmost ancient Chinese state, but other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉 /晋 (jìn) (sm Jìn, mc t͡siɪn, oc *ʔsins, "Jin"), another important ancient state; 荊 /荆 (jīng) (sm Jīng, mc kˠiæŋ, oc *keŋ, "Chu"), the southernmost ancient Chinese state; or Zina, the endonym of the people of the Yelang kingdom. See "Names of China" and "Chinas" at Wikipedia. As a female name, usually derived via china (“porcelain”) and china doll, ultimately from the same source.

der

(botany, beverages) Clipping of China tea.


standard

→ Catalan: estàndard

→ Danish: standard

→ French: standard

→ Italian: standard

→ Polish: standard

→ Spanish: estándar

→ Turkish: standart

From Middle English standard, from Old French estandart (“gathering place, battle flag”), from Frankish *standahard (literally “stand firm, stand hard”), equivalent to stand + -ard. Alternative etymology derives the second element from Frankish *oʀd (“point, spot, place”) (compare Old French ordé (“pointed”), Old English ord (“point, source, vanguard”), German Standort (“location, place, site, position, base”, literally “standing-point”)). Merged with Middle English standar, stander, standere (“flag, banner”, literally “stander”), equivalent to stand + -er. More at stand, hard, ord.

cog

(botany) The upper petal or banner of a papilionaceous corolla.


imperfect

en-adj

imperfect (comparative more imperfect, superlative most imperfect)

more imperfect (comparative)
most imperfect (superlative)

From Middle English imperfit, from Old French imparfit (modern French imparfait), from Latin imperfectus. Spelling modified 15c. to conform Latin etymology. See im- + perfect.

(botany) unisexual: having either male (with stamens) or female (with pistil) flowers, but not with both.


quine

PIE word
 *pénkʷe
Learned borrowing from Latin quīnī (“five at a time; five together”), a plural form of quīnus (“five at a time; five each”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe (“five; hand”).

der

(botany, obsolete, rare) Of leaves: arranged in whorls of five.


plant

→ Punjabi: ਪਲਾਂਟ (palāṇṭ)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-plant.wav

From Middle English plante, from Old English plante (“young tree or shrub, herb newly planted”), from Proto-West Germanic *plantu, from Latin planta (“sprout, shoot, cutting”). Broader sense of "any vegetable life, vegetation generally" is from Old French plante. Doublet of clan (borrowed through Celtic languages) and planta (directly from Latin).
The verb is from Middle English planten, from Old English plantian (“to plant”), from Latin plantāre, later influenced by Old French planter. Compare also Dutch planten (“to plant”), German pflanzen (“to plant”), Swedish plantera (“to plant”), Icelandic planta (“to plant”).

inh

The garden had a couple of trees, and a cluster of colourful plants around the border.

In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual. Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 217:

(botany) An organism that is not an animal, especially an organism capable of photosynthesis. Typically a small or herbaceous organism of this kind, rather than a tree.

plante

a small or herbaceous organism, rather than a tree

(botany) An organism of the kingdom Plantae. Now specifically, a living organism of the Embryophyta (land plants) or of the Chlorophyta (green algae), a eukaryote that includes double-membraned chloroplasts in its cells containing chlorophyll a and b, or any organism closely related to such an organism.


pit

From Middle English pit, pet, püt, from Old English pytt, from Proto-West Germanic *puti, from Latin puteus (“trench, pit, well”), although there are phonetic difficulties.

he who digs a pit for others falls in himself

(botany) In tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells.


anterior

Borrowed from Latin anterior (“that is before, foremost”).

bor

(anatomy) Nearer the forward end, especially in the front of the body; nearer the head or forepart of an animal.

(botany) (of a part of a flower or leaf) Situated further away from the mainstem.


stem

From Middle English stem, stemme, stempne, stevin, from Old English stemn, from Proto-West Germanic *stamni, from Proto-Germanic *stamniz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand, stay”).

der

the apple does not fall far from the stem

After they are shot up thirty feet in length, they spread a very large top, having no bough nor twig in the trunk or the stem.

1736, Sir Walter Raleigh, The History of the World in Five Books:

(botany) The above-ground stalk (technically axis) of a vascular plant, and certain anatomically similar, below-ground organs such as rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, and corms.

سَاق نَبَات

botany: above-ground stalk of a vascular plant


russet

en-adj

russet (comparative more russet, superlative most russet)

more russet (comparative)
most russet (superlative)

From Middle English russet, from Anglo-Norman russet, rossat, roset, and Middle French rosset, rousset (“reddish, reddish-brown; a rough wool cloth”), from Middle French rous, rus (“to rouse”) + -et (diminutive suffix); compare Late Latin rossetum, russetum, russeta (“rough wool cloth”), Latin russus (“red”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)), Occitan rosseta (“rough wool cloth”).

Many apple varieties are mottled or russet, with a rough, dull skin hiding crisp, flavorful flesh.

2015, Jennifer A. Jordan, “Remembering Applies”, in Edible Memory: The Lure of Heirloom Tomatoes & Other Forgotten Foods, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 98:

(botany) Having a rough skin that is reddish-brown or greyish; russeted.


pistil

Borrowed from French pistil. Doublet of pestle and pistillum.

Some plant species have more than one pistil per flower.

(botany) A discrete organ in the center of a flower capable of receiving pollen and producing a fruit, it is divided into an ovary, style and stigma.

مِدَقَّة

a discrete unit in the center of a flower which receives the pollen and produces a fruit


female

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *fēmanā
Latin fēmina
Proto-Indo-European *-lós
Proto-Italic *-elos
Latin -lus
Latin -la
Latin fēmella
Latin fēminader.
Old French femelebor.
Middle English femele
Middle English female
English female
From Middle English female, an alteration of Middle English femele, from Old French femele, femelle (“female”), from Medieval Latin fēmella (“a female”), from Latin fēmella (“a girl, a young female, a young woman”), diminutive of fēmina (“a woman”). The English spelling and pronunciation were remodelled under the influence of male, which is otherwise not etymologically related. Contrast woman, which is etymologically built on man (as in person).

der

One of the female (feminine) sex or gender.

(botany) A plant which produces only that kind of reproductive organ capable of developing into fruit after impregnation or fertilization; a pistillate plant.


helicopter

→ Amharic: ሄሊኮፕተር (helikoptär)

→ Cebuano: helikopter

→ Malay: helikopter

→ Tagalog: helikopter

/ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptɜɹ/

Borrowed from French hélicoptère, from Ancient Greek ἕλιξ (hélix, “spiral”) + πτερόν (pterón, “wing”). Doublet of helicopteron. By surface analysis, helico- + -pter. The dragonfly sense is from a dragonfly's ability to hover and fly in any direction, like the flying machine.

af

(botany) The winged fruit of certain trees, such as ash, elm, and maple.


carnation

en-noun

carnation (countable and uncountable, plural carnations)

From Middle French carnation (“person's color or complexion”).

Dianthus caryophyllus

plant, flower; ancestor of the carnation

Dianthus caryophyllus
Dianthus caryophyllus#Translingual

(botany) A type of Eurasian plant widely cultivated for its flowers.

other members of genus Dianthus and hybrids


leaflet

(botany) One of the components of a compound leaf.

The new leaflets at the end of the branch were a lighter shade of green than the mature leaves.


duct

Borrowed from Latin ductus (“leading, conducting”, noun), from dūcō (“to lead, conduct, draw”) + -tus (action noun suffix). Doublet of ductus and douit. Also via Medieval Latin ductus (“a conveyance of water; a channel”), which itself has the first mentioned etymology.

شَأن

pipe, tube or canal which carries air or liquid from one place to another

A pipe, tube or canal which carries gas or liquid from one place to another

(botany) A tube or elongated cavity (such as a xylem vessel) for conveying water, sap, or air


wing

From Middle English winge, wenge, from Old Norse vængr ("wing of a flying animal, wing of a building"; compare vængi (“ship's cabin”)), from Proto-Germanic *wēingijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”), thus related to wind. Cognate with Danish vinge (“wing”), Swedish vinge (“wing”), Icelandic vængur (“wing”).
Replaced native Middle English fither (from Old English fiþre, from Proto-Germanic *fiþriją), which merged with Middle English fether (from Old English feþer, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō). More at feather.

gl

"wing of a flying animal, wing of a building"; compare <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">vængi</i> (“ship's cabin”)

der

(botany) Any membranaceous expansion, such as that along the sides of certain stems, or one of the bracts on a dragon fruit, or of a fruit of the kind called samara.

(botany) Either of the two side petals of a papilionaceous flower.


regular

en-adj

regular (comparative more regular, superlative most regular)

more regular (comparative)
most regular (superlative)

/ˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə/

/ˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/

[ˈɹɛɡ.jɪ̈.lɚ]

From Middle English reguler, from Anglo-Norman reguler, Middle French reguler, regulier, and their source, Latin rēgulāris (“continuing rules for guidance”), from rēgula (“rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *reg- (“move in a straight line”).

register

not etymologically related but has semantic associations

a regular flower; a regular sea urchin

(botany, zoology) Having all the parts of the same kind alike in size and shape.

säännöllinen

botany, zoology: having all the parts of the same kind alike in size and shape


finger

Sranan Tongo: finga

PIE word
 *pénkʷe
From Middle English fynger, finger, from Old English finger (“finger”), from Proto-West Germanic *fingr, from Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”), from Proto-Indo-European *penkʷrós, from *pénkʷe (“five”). Compare West Frisian finger, Low German/German Finger, Dutch vinger, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish finger; also Old Armenian հինգեր-որդ (hinger-ord, “fifth”). More at five.

sormi

something similar in function to a finger

Something similar in shape to the human finger, particularly:

(UK regional, botany, usually in the plural, obsolete) Synonym of foxglove (D. purpurea).

Something similarly extending, (especially) from a larger body, particularly:

(botany) Various protruding plant structures, as a banana from its hand.


hamose

(botany) Having the end hooked or curved.


flower

en-noun

flower (countable and uncountable, plural flowers)

flour (for people who pronounce flower as one syllable, or flour as two)

From Middle English flour, from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs, from Proto-Italic *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”). Doublet of flour.
Partly displaced native Old English blostma, whence Modern English blossom.

der

You know, Darwin studied their fertilisation, and showed that the whole structure of an ordinary orchid flower was contrived in order that moths might carry the pollen from plant to plant.

1894, H. G. Wells, The Flowering of the Strange Orchid:

(botany) A reproductive structure in angiosperms (flowering plants), often conspicuously colourful and typically including sepals, petals, and either or both stamens and/or a pistil.


apple

Book of Genesis
Frans Floris
Malmö Art Museum
The Fall of Man

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl
Proto-Germanic *aplaz
Proto-West Germanic *applu
Old English æppel
Middle English appel
English apple
The noun is derived from Middle English appel (“Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; (Christianity) forbidden fruit in Eden”), from Old English æppel (“apple; any type of fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; eyeball”), from Proto-West Germanic *applu (“apple; any type of fruit”), from Proto-Germanic *aplaz (“apple; any type of fruit”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, *h₂ébl̥ (“apple”).
As regards sense 1.4 (“forbidden fruit”), the type of fruit eaten by Adam and Eve is not identified in the Book of Genesis in the Bible. It may have come to be identified with the apple because of the similarity between Latin mālum (“apple”) and malum (“evil; misery, torment; wrongdoing”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
Cognate with Danish æble, Dutch appel, German Apfel, Irish úll, Lithuanian óbuolỹs, Russian я́блоко (jábloko), Scots aipple, Swedish äpple, Welsh afal, West Frisian apel, possibly Ancient Greek ἄμπελος (ámpelos, “vine”).

ref

From the collection of the Malmö Art Museum in Malmö, Scania, Sweden.

чӏва

common, firm, round fruit produced by a tree of the genus Malus; fruit of the tree Malus domestica

omena

something which resembles the fruit of Malus domestica in shape or colour

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

A common, firm, round fruit produced by a tree of the genus Malus.

(obsolete, botany) Synonym of pome (“a type of fruit in which the often edible flesh arises from the swollen base of the flower and not from the carpels”)


ray

Via Middle English, borrowed from Old French rai, from Latin radius (“staff, stake, spoke”). Doublet of radius.

(botany) A radiating part of a flower or plant; the marginal florets of a compound flower, such as an aster or a sunflower; one of the pedicels of an umbel or other circular flower cluster; radius.


tooth

Wales (usually), Midlands (especially Birmingham)

From Middle English tothe, toth, tooth, from Old English tōþ (“tooth”), from Proto-West Germanic *tanþ, from Proto-Germanic *tanþs (“tooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth”). Related to tusk. Doublet of dent, dens, tind, and tine.
Cognates:
Cognate with Scots tuth, tuith (“tooth”), North Frisian toth, tos (“tooth”), Dutch tand (“tooth”), German Zahn (“tooth”), Danish tand (“tooth”), Swedish tand (“tooth”), Norwegian tann (“tooth”), Icelandic tönn (“tooth”), Welsh dant (“tooth”), Latin dēns (“tooth”), Lithuanian dantìs (“tooth”), Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús)/ὀδών (odṓn, “tooth”), Armenian ատամ (atam), Persian دندان (dandân), Sanskrit दत् (dát), दन्त (danta, “tooth”).

(botany) A pointed projection from the margin of a leaf.

hammas

botany: pointed projection from the margin of a leaf


perfect

en-adj

perfect (comparative perfecter or more perfect, superlative perfectest or most perfect)

perfecter (comparative)
more perfect (comparative)
perfectest (superlative)
most perfect (superlative)

flawed

antonym(s) of “fitting its definition precisely”

faulty

antonym(s) of “without fault or mistake”

From Middle English perfit, from Old French parfit (modern: parfait), from Latin perfectus, perfect passive participle of perficere (“to finish”), from per- (“through, thorough”) + facere (“to do, to make”). Spelling modified 15c. to conform to Latin etymology. Doublet of parfait.
Displaced native Old English fulfremed.

let the perfect be the enemy of the good

(botany, of flowers) Having both male parts (stamens) and female parts (carpels).

kaksineuvoinen

botany: having both male and female parts


neck

From Middle English nekke, nakke, from Old English hnecca, *hnæcca (“neck, nape”), from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô (“nape, neck”), from Proto-Indo-European *knog-, *kneg- (“back of the head, nape, neck”). Cognate with Scots nek (“neck”), North Frisian neek, neeke, Nak (“neck”), Saterland Frisian Näkke (“neck”), West Frisian nekke (“neck”), Dutch nek (“neck”), German Low German Nack (“neck”), German Nacken (“nape of the neck”), Danish nakke (“neck”), Swedish nacke (“nape of the neck”), Icelandic hnakki (“neck”), Tocharian A kñuk (“neck, nape”). Possibly a mutated variant of *kneug/k (compare Old English hnocc (“hook, penis”), Welsh cnwch (“joint, knob”), Latvian knaūķis (“dwarf”). Doublet of nek. More at nook. Displaced halse (“neck, throat”) and swire (“neck”).

Archegonia are surrounded early in their development by the juvenile perianth, through the slender beak of which the elongated neck of the fertilized archegonium protrudes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany) The slender tubelike extension atop an archegonium, through which the sperm swim to reach the egg.

kaula

botany: slender tubelike extension atop an archegonium


adherent

adherent (comparative more adherent, superlative most adherent)

more adherent (comparative)
most adherent (superlative)

From Middle English adherent, from Old French adherent, from Latin adhaerēns, present participle of adhaereō (“to stick to, cling”).

(botany) Attaching or pressing against a different organ.


hair

en-noun

hair (countable and uncountable, plural hairs)

From Middle English her, heer, hær, from Old English hǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *hār, from Proto-Germanic *hērą (“hair”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Hier (“hair”), West Frisian hier (“hair”), Dutch haar (“hair”), German Low German Haar (“hair”), German Haar (“hair”), Swedish, Danish and Norwegian hår (“hair”), Icelandic hár (“hair”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English cheveler, chevelere (“hair”), borrowed from Old French chevelëure (“hair, head-hair, coiffure, wig”).
The modern spelling with ai is not a regular representation of the vowel developed from Middle English. Rather, it is from Middle English here (haircloth) influenced by Old French haire.

noncog

one hair of a woman can draw more than a hundred pair of oxen

Internal hairs occur in the flower stalk of the yellow frog lily (Nuphar).

(botany, countable) A cellular outgrowth of the epidermis, consisting of one or of several cells, whether pointed, hooked, knobbed, or stellated.

karva

botany: cellular outgrowth of the epidermis


polygamy

en-noun

polygamy (countable and uncountable, plural polygamies)

Recorded since 1591, from Late Latin polygamia, from Ancient Greek πολυγαμία (polugamía), itself from πολύγαμος (polúgamos, “married to many”), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γάμος (gámos, “marriage”). Relates to modern prefix and suffix poly- + -gamy.

تَعَدُّدُ الأَزْوَاج

the having of a plurality of socially bonded sexual partners at the same time

usually understood as “polygyny”, but may include “polyandry”, unlike تَعَدُّدُ الزَّوْجَات (taʕaddudu z-zawjāt)

(botany) The condition or state of a plant which bears both perfect and unisexual flowers.

poligàmia

botany: the condition or state of a plant which bears both perfect and unisexual flowers


cork

cork (countable and uncountable, plural corks)

From Middle English cork (“oak bark, cork”), from Middle Dutch curc (“cork (material or object)”), either from Spanish corcho (“cork (material or object)”) (also corcha or corche) or from Old Spanish alcorque (“cork sole”). Doublet of cortex.

liège

(botany) tissue that grows from the cork cambium

kurken (adjective, corresponding to attributive use in English)

(botany, uncountable) The dead protective tissue between the bark and cambium in woody plants, with suberin deposits making it impervious to gasses and water.

I confess my confidence was shaken by these actions, though I knew well enough that his leg was no more cork than my own

1908, Edwin George Pinkham, Fate's a fiddler, page 108:

Because cork is porous, it expands and contracts with changes in humidity.

1980, Robert M. Jones, editor, Walls and Ceilings, Time-Life Books, →ISBN, page 48:

The phellem of the cork oak, used for making bottle stoppers, flotation devices, and insulation material.


inflected

en-adj

inflected (comparative more inflected, superlative most inflected)

more inflected (comparative)
most inflected (superlative)

(botany) bent or curved inward or downward


foot

en-noun

foot (plural feet or (UK colloquial, unit of measure) foot)

→ Assamese: ফুট (phut)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feet</i>

→ Japanese: フット (futto), フート (fūto); フィート (fīto) (from feet)

→ Russian: фут (fut)

Sranan Tongo: futu

Aukan: futu

Saramaccan: fútu

→ Swahili: futi

→ Thai: ฟุต (fút)

Tok Pisin: fut, put

→ Urdu: فٹ (fuṭ)

→ Phalura: fuṭ

From Middle English fot, fote, foot, from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Doublet of pes, pie (“Spanish unit of length”), and pous.

doublet

not touch something with a ten-foot pole

you cannot put the same shoe on every foot

(b) sporophyte with foot reduced, the entire sporophyte enveloped by the calyptra, which is ± stipitate at the base.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) In a bryophyte, that portion of a sporophyte which remains embedded within and attached to the parent gametophyte plant.


pinnate

en-adj

pinnate (comparative more pinnate, superlative most pinnate)

more pinnate (comparative)
most pinnate (superlative)

From Latin pinnātus (“feathered”), from pinna (“feather”).

Mimosa is a tree with pinnate leaves.

The trunk is unbranched, often much shortened, and bears a crown of feathery or pinnate fronds.

(botany) Having two rows of branches, lobes, leaflets, or veins arranged on each side of a common axis

pariliuskainen

having two rows of members arranged on each side of a common axis


gregarious

gregarious (comparative more gregarious, superlative most gregarious)

more gregarious (comparative)
most gregarious (superlative)

/ɡɹɪˈɡɛə.ɹɪ.əs/

/ɡɹɪˈɡɛɚ.i.əs/

(botany) Growing in open clusters or colonies; not matted together.


self

→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)

Sranan Tongo: srefi

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated

From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.

(botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs).

(botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated.


self

en-verb

self (third-person singular simple present selfs, present participle selfing, simple past and past participle selfed)

selfs (present singular third-person)
selfing (participle present)
selfed (participle past)
selfed (past)

(botany) To fertilize by the same individual; to self-fertilize or self-pollinate.

(botany) To fertilize by the same strain; to inbreed.


race

en-noun

race (countable and uncountable, plural races)

1560s, via Middle French race from Italian razza (early 14th century), of uncertain origin. Partially displaced native Middle English kinde (“kind, type, sort, race, nature”), whence English kind.
theories
* Diez and some other scholars suggest derivation from Proto-Germanic *raitō (whence Old High German reiza (“line”) and Old Norse ríta (“to score, log, outline”)), perhaps via Lombardic *raiza (“line”), which Körting notes is a literal rendering of Latin linea sanguinis (“bloodline of descent”). Anatoly Liberman says "the semantic fit is good" but the chronology falters; he says the Germanic word went out of use before the Italian word arose, and he says the intermediary is not attested.
* Some scholars suggest derivation from Old Spanish raza, rasa, from earlier ras, res (“head of cattle”), from Arabic رَأْس (raʔs, “head”), but Italian razza predates the Spanish word according to Diez and Meyer-Lübke.
* Meyer-Lübke suggested Latin generatio as the root; Körting says "the disappearance of two initial syllables hardly seems credible", but Meyer-Lübke notes the Venetian form narazza and the Old Bellunesian form naraccia, positing that after the first syllable ge- was lost, the remaining (una) narazza came to be reanalysed as una razza.
* Gianfranco Contini suggests the Italian word comes from Old French haraz (“troop of horses”), whence Modern French haras (“breeding farm for horses; stud farm”), from Old Norse hárr (“grey-haired; hoary”). Liberman considers this derivation the most likely.
* Other suggested Latin etyma:
** radius (perhaps via Vulgar Latin *radia) (per Baist).
** radix (“root”) (per Ulrich); Liberman says "the semantic match is excellent", and race (“rhizome of ginger”) (which definitely derives from radix) shows that the phonology is plausible.
** *raptiare (“breed falcons”) (per Körting).
** The nominative of ratio (perhaps via an unattested intermediate form *razzo), as opposed to ragione which derives from the accusative rationem.
* Other implausible suggestions include Slavic raz and Basque arraca, supposedly meaning "stud animal" (Basque arrazza, "race", derives from Spanish).

raça

a group of sentient beings distinguished by common characteristics

عِرْق

a large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of physical characteristics

raça

a group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics

Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the direct action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock.

1859, Charles Darwin, “Variation under Domestication”, in On the Origin of Species:

Tree races develop not only in different latitudes, but also at different altitudes and within mountainous regions. Since climate changes markedly with altitude as well as latitude, both kinds of development are included in the term climatic races. In addition, soil or site races may develop in areas similar climatically but characterized by different soil or site conditions.

1948 June, “Development of Races”, in Woody-Plant Seed Manual, Miscellaneous Publication no. 654, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, page 15:

Our genetic evaluation suggests that the morphologically distinct race (Dolores River) is more closely related to the type materials than the ecologically distinct, high-elevation race.

1995 September 11–14, Loreen Allphin, Michael D[ennis] Windham, Kimball T[aylor] Harper, “A Genetic Evaluation of Three Potential Races of the Rare Kachina Daisy”, in Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants: Proceedings of the Second Conference, Flagstaff, Arizona, page 75:

A group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics; often an informal infraspecific rank in taxonomy, below species:

(botany) A strain of plant with characteristics causing it to differ from other plants of the same species.


down

en-noun

down (countable and uncountable, plural downs)

From Middle English doun, from Old Norse dúnn, from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“down”), which is related to *dauniz (“(pleasant) smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂-nis, from the root *dʰewh₂-.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Duune (“fluff, down”), German Daune (“down”) and Danish dun (“down”).

Down or Cotton-Thiſtle. This hath many large Leaves lying on the Ground, ſomewhat cut in, and as it were crumpled on the Edges, of a green Colour on the upper ſide, but covered with long hairy Wool or Cottony Down, ſet with moſt ſharp and cruel pricks

1718, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, London: W. Churchill, →OCLC, page 120:

No candle should light it, neither should any flower adorn it, save for several dried stalks of old and withered thistles, their heads pale with silken down, held in a common glass jar.

1998, Valerie Worth, The Crone's Book of Charms and Spells, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, →ISBN, page 152:

(botany) The pubescence of plants; the hairy crown or envelope of the seeds of certain plants, such as the thistle.


acotyledon

From a- (“not”) + cotyledon (“cup-shaped”).

(botany) A plant that has no cotyledons, as the dodder and all flowerless plants.


button

→ German: Button

→ Hindi: बटन (baṭan)

→ Gujarati: બટન (baṭan)

→ Korean: 버튼 (beoteun)

→ Maori: pātene

→ Marathi: बटण (baṭaṇ)

→ Urdu: بَٹَن (baṭan)

From Middle English boton, botoun, from Old French boton (Modern French bouton), from Old French bouter, boter (“to push; thrust”), ultimately from a Germanic language. Doublet of Biden and beat. More at butt.

O queen Emilia, / Fresher than May, sweeter / Than her gold buttons on the boughs,

c. 1613–1614, William Shakespeare, John Fletcher, The Two Noble Kinsmen, act 3, scene 1, lines 4–6:


sting

sting a sting (canonical)
stings (plural)

From Middle English stynge, sting, stenge, from Old English sting, stinċġ (“a sting, stab, thrust made with a pointed instrument; the wound made by a stab or sting”), from Proto-Germanic *stangiz.

(botany) A sharp-pointed hollow hair seated on a gland which secretes an acrid fluid, as in nettles.


simple

en-adj

simple (comparative simpler or more simple, superlative simplest or most simple)

simpler (comparative)
more simple (comparative)
simplest (superlative)
most simple (superlative)

Inherited from Middle English symple, simple, from Old French and French simple, from Latin simplex (“simple”, literally “onefold”) (as opposed to duplex (“double”, literally “twofold”)), from semel (“the same”) + plicō (“I fold”). See same and fold. Compare single, singular, simultaneous, etc.
Partially displaced native English onefold.

der

(heading, technical) Structurally uncomplicated.

(botany) Not compound, but possibly lobed.

Structurally uncomplicated.
Not compound, but possibly lobed.


boot

Solombala English: бучь (bučʹ)

→ Maltese: buz

→ Russian: бутса (butsa)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу́це

Latin script: búce

→ Swahili: buti

From Middle English boote, bote (“shoe”), from Old French bote (“a high, thick shoe”). Of obscure origin, but probably related to Old French bot (“club-foot”), bot (“fat, short, blunt”), from Old Frankish *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz, *butaz (“cut off, short, numb, blunt”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewt-, *bʰewd- (“to strike, push, shock”); if so, a doublet of butt. Compare Old Norse butt (“stump”), Low German butt (“blunt, plump”), Old English bytt (“small piece of land”), buttuc (“end”). More at buttock and debut.

cog

couldn't pour water out of a boot with the instructions on the heel

(botany) The inflated flag leaf sheath of a wheat plant.

paisunut lippulehden tuppi

botany: inflated flag leaf sheath of a wheat plant


apex

Borrowed from Latin apex (“point, tip, summit”).

The highest or the greatest part of something, especially forming a point.

(botany) The end of a leaf, petal or similar organ opposed to the end where it is attached to its support.


cell

From Middle English celle, selle, from Old English cell (attested in inflected forms), from Latin cella (“chamber, small room, compartment”), later reinforced by Old French cel, sele, Old French cele. ultimately from Proto-Italic *kelnā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”). Doublet of cella and hall.

der

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

Each of the two cells or lobes of the anther is marked with a lateral line or furrow, running from top to bottom[…].

1858, Asa Gray, Introduction to Structural and Systematic Botany, fifth edition, p. 282:

(biology, now chiefly botany) Any of various chambers in a tissue or organism having specific functions.


collar

→ Hausa: kwala

→ Burmese: ကော်လာ (kaula)

→ Swahili: kola

From Middle English coler, borrowed from Old French coler (Modern French collier), from Late Latin collāre, from Latin collāris, from collum (“neck”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals, “neck”), Old English heals (“neck”). Compare Spanish cuello (“neck”). More at halse.

(botany) The neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem

коро́на

the neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem


string

en-noun

string (countable and uncountable, plural strings)

Tok Pisin: string

→ Dutch: string

→ Finnish: stringit

→ French: string

→ German: String

desc

מחרוז//מַחְרֹזֶת

→ Hebrew: מחרוז /מַחְרֹזֶת (makhrózet) (semantic loan)

→ Japanese: ストリング (sutoringu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: streng (semantic loan)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: streng (semantic loan)

→ Polish: stringi

→ Portuguese: estrém; string

→ Swedish: string

From Middle English string, streng, strynge, from Old English strenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *strangi, from Proto-Germanic *strangiz (“string”), from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“rope, cord, strand; to tighten”).
Cognate with Scots string (“string”), Dutch streng (“cord, strand”), Low German strenge (“strand, cord, rope”), German Strang (“strand, cord, rope”), Danish streng (“string”), Swedish sträng (“string, cord, wire”), Icelandic strengur (“string”), Latvian stringt (“to be tight, wither”), Latin stringō (“I tighten”), Ancient Greek στραγγαλόομαι (strangalóomai, “to strangle”), from στραγγάλη (strangálē, “halter”), Ancient Greek στραγγός (strangós, “tied together, entangled, twisted”).

cog

στραγγαλόομαι

弦

any similar long, thin and flexible object

弓弦

ゆづる, yuzuru, ゆみづる, yumizuru, ゆんづる, yunzuru

the strings of beans

(botany) The tough fibrous substance that unites the valves of the pericarp of leguminous plants.


blade

From Middle English blade, blad, from Old English blæd (“leaf”), from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-o-to-m, from *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”).
See also West Frisian bled, Dutch blad, German Blatt, Danish blad, Irish bláth (“flower”), Welsh blodyn (“flower”), Tocharian A pält, Tocharian B pilta (“leaf”), Albanian fletë (“leaf”). Similar usage in German Sägeblatt (“saw blade”, literally “saw leaf”). Doublet of blat. More at blow.

teh

typically sharp-edged working end of a knife or other cutting tool

(botany) The thin, flat part of a plant leaf, attached to a stem (petiole).


apostrophe

As is well known, chloroplast in the epistrophe position presents an oval or more or less circular form; in the apostrophe position a flattened and lenticular form.

1905 September 8, Harold Wager, “On Some Problems of Cell Structure and Physiology”, in English Mechanics and the World of Science, volume 82, number 2111, page 105:

(botany) An arrangement of chlorophyll grains perpendicular to the outer surface of plant cells, as opposed to epostrophe (an arrangement on the outer surface).


flame

en-noun

flame (countable and uncountable, plural flames)

From Middle English flawme, blend of Old French flame and flambe, flamble, the first from Latin flamma, the second from Latin flammula, diminutive of flamma, both from pre-Latin *fladma; Proto-Italic *flagmā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to shimmer, gleam, shine”). Displaced native Old English līeġ.

der

The Gardeners divide it into Five Claſſes, which they diſtinguiſh by the Name of Picketees, Painted Ladies, Beazarts, Flakes, and Flames: […] the Flames have a red Ground always ſtrip’d with black or very dark Colours.

1718, Richard Bradley, “Part II. Chapter II: Of Perannual Flowers, the talleſt Blowers. Sect IX. Of the Carnation or July-Flower […] ”, in New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, Both Philoſophical and Practical […] , 2nd edition, London: W. Mears, page 82:

Sic flow’rs o’ sorts ane seldom sees, / Flecks, flames, bussards an’ picketees, / Wi’ strong carnations, like young trees, / To face the entry; […]

1812, Peter Forbes, “On going to see a nobleman’s gardener in the neighbourhood”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, Edinburgh: R. Menzies, page 89:

(obsolete, botany) A variety of carnation.


continuous

From Latin continuus, from contineō (“hold together”). Displaced native Old English singal.

continuous erythropoietin receptor activator

(botany) Not deviating or varying from uniformity; not interrupted; not joined or articulated.


valve

→ Cantonese: 嘩佬 /哗佬 (waa1 lou2)

→ Japanese: バルブ (barubu)

→ Thai: วาล์ว (waao)

From Middle English valve, from Latin valva (“double door, valve”). Doublet of valva.

(botany) One of the pieces into which certain fruits naturally separate when they dehisce.

(botany) A small portion of certain anthers, which opens like a trapdoor to allow the pollen to escape, such as in the barberry.


pyrene

From Ancient Greek πῡρήν (pūrḗn, “fruit-stone”).

uder

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pyrene.wav


vein

From Middle English veyne, borrowed from Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna (“a blood-vessel; vein; artery”) of uncertain origin. See vēna for more. Doublet of vena. Displaced native edre, from ǣdre (whence edder).

жи́ла

stripe or streak in stone or other material

(botany) In leaves, a thickened portion of the leaf containing the vascular bundle.


pyrena

From New Latin pyrēna, from Ancient Greek πῡρήν (pūrḗn, “fluit-stone”).

[…] pericarp drupaceous, or baccate, 1—4 nuts (pyrena), which are sometimes enclosed in an utricular membrane […]

1848, Samuel Frederick Gray, Gray's Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia:

(botany) A nutlet resembling a seed, or the kernel/stone of a drupe.


ring

→ French: ring
→ Romanian: ring

→ Hungarian: ring

→ Italian: ring

→ Japanese: リング

→ Polish: ring

→ Serbo-Croatian: ring

→ Spanish: ring

→ Turkish: ring

From Middle English ryng, from Old English hring (“ring, circle”), from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Doublet of rank and rink, as well as indirectly range.
cognates
* West Frisian ring
* Low German Ring
* Dutch ring
* German Ring
* Swedish ring
* Finnish rengas

(physical) A solid object in the shape of a circle.

(botany) A flexible band partly or wholly encircling the spore cases of ferns.


halm

en-noun

halm (countable and uncountable, plural halms)


mildew

→ Catalan: míldiu

→ French: mildiou

→ Portuguese: míldio

→ Spanish: mildiu

From Middle English myldew, from Old English meledēaw, mildēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *milidauw, from *mili (“honey”) + *dauw (“dew”). Compare West Frisian moaldau, Dutch meeldauw, German Mehltau. More at dew.

(phytopathology) A growth of minute powdery or webby fungi, whitish or of different colors, found on various diseased or decaying substances.


locellate

Latin locellus (“compartment”), diminutive of locus (“place”).

(botany) Divided into secondary compartments or cells, as where one cavity is separated into several smaller ones


beard

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
From Middle English berd, bard, bærd, from Old English beard, from Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz (compare West Frisian burd, Dutch baard, German Bart). Cognate further to Latin barba, Lithuanian barzda, Russian борода́ (borodá): the word may date to Proto-Indo-European as *bʰardʰeh₂, *bʰh₂erdʰeh₂. Doublet of barb.

the beard of grain

(botany) Long or stiff hairs on a plant; the awn.


base

base (countable and uncountable, plural bases)

acid

antonym(s) of “chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali”

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis and bass.

أَسَاس

something from which other things extend

(botany) The end of a leaf, petal or similar organ where it is attached to its support.

báze

botany: end of a leaf, petal or similar organ where it is attached to its support


stone

stone (countable and uncountable, plural stones or (UK colloquial, as unit of mass) stone)

stones (plural)
stone (UK colloquial plural)

Sranan Tongo: ston

→ Esperanto: ŝtono

From Middle English ston, stone, stan, from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”).
See also West Frisian stien, Saterland Frisian Steen, Dutch steen, German Stein, Danish and Swedish sten, Norwegian stein; also Russian стена́ (stená, “wall”), Ancient Greek στία (stía, “pebble”), στέαρ (stéar, “tallow”), Albanian shtëng (“hardened or pressed matter”), Sanskrit स्त्यायते (styāyate, “it hardens”)). Doublet of stein.

cog

a peach stone

(botany) The central part of some fruits, particularly drupes; consisting of the seed and a hard endocarp layer.


heart

en-verb

heart (third-person singular simple present hearts, present participle hearting, simple past and past participle hearted)

hearts (present singular third-person)
hearting (participle present)
hearted (participle past)
hearted (past)

PIE word
 *ḱḗr
From Middle English herte, from Old English heorte (“heart”), from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô (“heart”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd (“heart”). Doublet of cardia; see also core.
Most of the modern figurative senses (such as passion or compassion, spirit, inmost feelings, especially love, affection, and courage) were present in Old English. However, the meaning “center” dates from the early 14th century.
The verb sense “to love” is from the 1977 I ❤ NY advertising campaign.

(intransitive, agriculture, botany) To form a dense cluster of leaves, a heart, especially of lettuce or cabbage.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

(botany) The part of a plant where the root and stem meet.


set

en-verb

set (third-person singular simple present sets, present participle setting, simple past set, past participle set or (dialectal) setten)

sets (present singular third-person)
setting (participle present)
set (past)
set (participle past)
setten (dialectal participle past)

desctree

→ Japanese: セット (setto)
→ Hokkien: siat-to͘h

From Middle English setten, from Old English settan, from Proto-West Germanic *sattjan, from Proto-Germanic *satjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti, causative of *sed- (“to sit”).

set a beggar on horseback and he'll ride to the Devil

to set seed

Many fruit trees will only flower and set fruit following a cold winter.

2012, Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows, page 155:

(transitive, botany) To produce after pollination.


squash

en-noun

squash (countable and uncountable, plural squash or squashes)

Shortening of Narragansett askutasquash (“[a vegetable] eaten green (or raw)”), from askut (“green, raw”) + asquash (“eaten”).

wasawa

plant and its fruit of the genus Cucurbita

Cucurbita maxima
Cucurbita maxima#Translingual

(botany, countable) A plant and its fruit of any of a few species of the genus Cucurbita, or gourd kind.

Cucurbita maxima, including hubbard squash, great winter squash, buttercup squash, and some varieties of pumpkins.

Cucurbita argyrosperma (syn. Cucurbita mixta), cushaw squash.

Cucurbita moschata
Cucurbita moschata#Translingual

Cucurbita moschata, butternut squash, Barbary squash, China squash.

Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbita pepo#Translingual

Cucurbita pepo, most pumpkins, acorn squash, summer squash, zucchini.

(botany) Any other similar-looking plant of other genera.

Lagenaria siceraria
Lagenaria siceraria#Translingual

Lagenaria siceraria (syn. Cucurbita verrucosa), calabash, long-neck squash.


nut

→ Japanese: ナット (natto)

From Middle English nute, note, from Old English hnutu, from Proto-West Germanic *hnut, from Proto-Germanic *hnuts (“nut”), from a root *knu- possibly shared with Proto-Celtic *knūs and Latin nux (“nut”). Based on the form of the nouns and the restriction of the root to Germanic, Celtic and Italic, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European (substrate) origin.
See also West Frisian nút, Dutch noot, German Nuss, Danish nød, Swedish nöt, Norwegian nøtt.

dió

walnut in particular and an element in the name of some other nuts

dióféle

literally: ’walnut-like’, the family of this fruit

walnuts, hazelnuts/peanuts, chestnuts, and related fruits

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

(food, loosely) Any of various hard-shelled seeds or hard, dry fruits from various families of plants.

(botany, strictly) Such a fruit that is indehiscent.


stick

en-verb

stick (third-person singular simple present sticks, present participle sticking, simple past and past participle stuck or (archaic) sticked)

sticks (present singular third-person)
sticking (participle present)
stuck (participle past)
stuck (past)
sticked (archaic participle past)
sticked (archaic past)

From Middle English stiken (“to stick, pierce, stab, remain embedded, be fastened”), from Old English stician (“to pierce, stab, remain embedded, be fastened”), from Proto-Germanic *stikōną (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tig-, *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”).
See also the related Proto-Germanic *stikaną, whence West Frisian stekke, Low German steken, Dutch steken, German stechen; compare also Danish stikke, Swedish sticka.
Cognate with the first etymology (same PIE root, different paths through Germanic and Old English), to stitch, and to etiquette, via French étiquette – see there for further discussion.

inh

would lose one's head if it wasn't stuck on

Stick cuttings from geraniums promptly.

(botany, transitive) To propagate plants by cuttings.


key

From Middle English keye, kaye, keiȝe, from Old English cǣġ (“key, solution, experiment”) (whence also Scots key and kay (“key”)), of uncertain origin. The only sure cognates are Saterland Frisian Koai (“key”), West Frisian kaai (“key”), and North Frisian kay (“key”). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *kēgaz, *kēguz (“stake, post, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵogʰ-, *ǵegʰ-, *ǵegʰn- (“branch, stake, bush”), which would make it cognate with Middle Low German kāk (“whipping post, pillory”), and perhaps to Middle Dutch keige (“javelin, spear”) and Middle Low German keie, keige (“spear”). For the semantic development, note that medieval keys were simply long poles (ending in a hook) with which a crossbar obstructing a door from the inside could be removed from the outside, by lifting it through a hole in the door. Liberman has noted, however, "The original meaning of *kaig-jo- was presumably '*pin with a twisted end.' Words with the root *kai- followed by a consonant meaning 'crooked, bent; twisted' are common only in the North Germanic languages."

шпи́лка

object used to maintain the orientation between two others

Key in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

(botany) An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, such as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara.


leader

→ Catalan: líder

→ Czech: lídr

→ Galician: líder

→ Japanese: リーダー (rīdā)

→ Korean: 리더 (rideo)

→ Polish: lider

→ Portuguese: líder

→ Romanian: lider

→ Russian: ли́дер (líder)

→ Spanish: líder

→ Turkish: lider

→ Ukrainian: лі́дер (líder)

From Middle English leder, ledere, from Old English lǣdere (“leader”), from Proto-West Germanic *laidijārī (“leader”), equivalent to lead + -er. Cognate with Scots ledar, leidar (“leader”), West Frisian lieder (“leader”), Dutch leider (“leader”), German Leiter (“leader, conductor, manager”), Danish leder (“leader, manager”), Swedish ledare (“leader, conductor, director”), Icelandic leiðari (“leader, conductor”).

cog

A strong central leader may result in essentially horizontal branches resembling a "telephone pole."

1975, David J. De Laubenfels, Mapping the world's vegetation: regionalization of formations and flora, page 82:

Someone or something that leads or conducts.

(botany) A fast-growing terminal shoot of a woody plant.


masked

en-adj

masked (comparative more masked, superlative most masked)

more masked (comparative)
most masked (superlative)


acarpellous

a-("without") + carpel + -ous (“full of”)


acarpous

Ancient Greek ἄκαρπος (ákarpos, “fruitless”), from privative ἀ- (a-) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”).

uder

(botany) Not producing fruit; unfruitful; sterile.


cycle

→ Japanese: サイクル (saikuru)

From Middle English cicle (“fixed length period of years”), from Late Latin cyclus, from Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”), from Proto-Hellenic *kúklos, *kʷókʷlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”).
Doublet of chakra, chakram, charkha, chukker, cyclus, and wheel (see there for more).

pyörä

bicycle, tricycle, motorcycle etc. — see also bicycle

a cycle or set of leaves

1857, Asa Gray, First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology:

(botany) One entire round in a circle or a spire.

kierros

botany: entire round in a circle or a spire


acauline

en-adj

acauline (comparative more acauline, superlative most acauline)

more acauline (comparative)
most acauline (superlative)


acaulescent

(botany) Having no stem or caulis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground.


polygonaceous

polygonaceous (comparative more polygonaceous, superlative most polygonaceous)

more polygonaceous (comparative)
most polygonaceous (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to a family of apetalous plants, Polygonaceae, of which the knotweeds of the genus Polygonum are the type, and which includes also the docks of the genus Rumex, the buckwheat, rhubarb, sea grape of the genus Coccoloba, and several other genera.


polygonum

en-noun

polygonum (plural polygonums or polygona)

From translingual Polygonum, from Ancient Greek πολύγονον (polúgonon, “knotweed”), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γόνυ (gónu, “knee”), so called in allusion to the numerous joints, or neuter of πολύγονος (polúgonos, “prolific”), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γόνος (gónos, “offspring”). Related to polygon (from γωνία (gōnía, “corner, angle”), a derivative of γόνυ (gónu)).

affix

(botany) Any of many plants, of the family Polygonaceae, embracing a large number of species, including bistort, knotweed, smartweed, etc.


stepmother

From Middle English stepmoder, from Old English stēopmōdor, from Proto-Germanic *steupamōdēr (“stepmother”), corresponding to step- + mother. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Stäifmuur (“stepmother”), Dutch stiefmoeder (“stepmother”), German Low German Steevmoder (“stepmother”), German Stiefmutter (“stepmother”), Danish stedmor (“stepmother”), Swedish styvmor (“stepmother”), Icelandic stjúpmóðir (“stepmother”). Compare also West Frisian styfmem (“stepmother”).

cog

The second came up about ten days later in the lee of the channel marker, and it was called stepmother, or love-in-idelness.

1974, Tove Jansson, translated by Thomas Teal, The Summer Book, Sort Of Books, published 2003, page 115:

Viola tricolor
Viola tricolor#Translingual

(botany, rare) A viola, especially Viola tricolor, heartsease.


diurnal

en-adj

diurnal (comparative more diurnal, superlative most diurnal)

more diurnal (comparative)
most diurnal (superlative)

nocturnal

antonym(s) of “happening or active during the day”

nocturnal

antonym(s) of “active or open during the day”

From Latin diurnālis, from diēs (“day”). Doublet of journal.

(botany) Said of a flower that is open, or releasing its perfume during daylight hours, but not at night.

diürn

botany; of flowers open or releasing perfume during the day


kernel

→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

From Middle English kernel, kirnel, kürnel, from Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *kurną (“seed, grain, corn”), equivalent to corn + -le. Cognate with Yiddish קערנדל (kerndl), Middle Dutch kernel, cornel, Middle High German kornel. Related also to Old Norse kjarni (“kernel”).

der

(botany) The central (usually edible) part of a nut, especially once the hard shell has been removed.

(botany) A single seed or grain, especially of corn or wheat.

(botany, US) The stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums.

կորիզ

(US) stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums


jag

The noun is from late Middle English jagge, the verb is from jaggen.


tentacle

From New Latin tentāculum, from tentō. Doublet of tentaculum.

(botany) One of the glandular hairs on the leaves of certain insectivorous plants.


linear

en-adj

linear (comparative more linear, superlative most linear)

more linear (comparative)
most linear (superlative)

From Latin līneāris, from līnea (“line”) + -āris (adjectival suffix), equivalent to line + -ar. Doublet of lineal.

lineêr

in mathematics, of first-degree polynomial

(botany, of leaves) Long and narrow, with nearly parallel sides.


tank

→ Afrikaans: tenk

→ Albanian: tank

→ Assamese: টেংকি (teṅki)

→ Asturian: tanque

→ Azerbaijani: tank

→ Bashkir: танк (tank)

→ Belarusian: танк (tank)

→ Bengali: ট্যাংক (ṭêṅko)

→ Burmese: တင့်ကား (tang.ka:)

→ Buryat: танк (tank)

→ Catalan: tanc

→ Chechen: танк (tank)

→ Chinese:

Mandarin: 坦克 (tǎnkè)

→ Chuvash: танк (tank)

→ Czech: tank

→ Danish: tank

→ Dutch: tank

→ Dzongkha: ཏེངཀ (tengk)

→ Eastern Mari: танк (tank)

→ Estonian: tank

→ Fiji Hindi: tanki

→ Finnish: tankki

→ French: tank

→ Galician: tanque

→ Georgian: ტანკი (ṭanḳi)

→ German: Tank

→ Greek: τανκ (tank)

→ Greenlandic: tanki

→ Hebrew: טנק (tank)

desctree

→ Hindi: टंकी (ṭaṅkī)
→ Burmese: တိုင်ကီ (tuingki)

→ Indonesian: tank

→ Italian: tank, tanca

→ Japanese: タンク (tanku)

→ Kazakh: танк (tank)

→ Korean: 탱크 (taengkeu)

→ Kumyk: танк (tank)

→ Kyrgyz: танк (tank)

→ Latvian: tanks

→ Lezgi: танк (tank)

→ Lithuanian: tankas

→ Macedonian: тенк (tenk)

→ Malay: tank

→ Maori: taika

→ Norwegian: tank, tanks

→ Ossetian: танк (tank)

→ Persian: تانک (tânk)

desc

→ Portuguese: tanque (“armored vehicle”)

→ Quechua: tanki

→ Romanian: tanc

→ Romansch: tanc

desctree

→ Russian: танк (tank), танкъ (tank) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: տանկ (tank)
→ Kazakh: танк (tank)
→ Mongolian: танк (tank)

→ Carpathian Rusyn: танк (tank)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тенк

Latin script: tenk

→ Sidamo: tanke

→ Slovak: tank

→ Slovene: tank

→ Swahili: tangi

→ Tajik: танк (tank), тонк (tonk)

→ Tamil: தாங்கி (tāṅki)

→ Tatar: танк (tank)

→ Tokelauan: tane

→ Turkish: tank

→ Turkmen: tank

→ Ukrainian: танк (tank)

→ Upper Sorbian: tank

→ Urdu: ٹینک (ṭaink)

→ Uzbek: tank

→ Vietnamese: xe tăng

→ Walloon: tank

→ Welsh: tanc

→ Yakut: тааҥка (taañka)

→ Yiddish: טאַנק (tank)

From Portuguese tanque (“tank, liquid container”), from an Indo-Aryan language such as Gujarati ટાંકી (ṭā̃kī, “cistern”) or Marathi टांकी (ṭāṅkī). Compare the Arabic verb اِسْتَنْقَعَ (istanqaʕa, “to become stagnant, to stagnate”).
In the sense of armoured vehicle, first attested in 1915, prototypes were described as tanks for carrying water to disguise their nature as well as due to physical resemblance.

der

(botany) A structure of tightly overlapping leaves used by some bromeliads to retain water.


uva

(botany) A small pulpy or juicy fruit containing several seeds and having a thin skin, such as a grape.


test

→ Azerbaijani: test

→ Catalan: test

→ Czech: test

→ Danish: test

→ Dutch: test

→ Finnish: testi

→ French: test

→ German: Test

→ Hungarian: teszt

→ Italian: test

→ Japanese: テスト (tesuto)

→ Korean: 테스트 (teseuteu)

→ Macedonian: тест (test)

→ Norwegian: test

→ Persian: تست (test)

→ Polish: test

→ Portuguese: teste

→ Romanian: test

→ Russian: тест (test)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тест

Latin script: test

→ Slovene: test

→ Spanish: test

→ Swedish: test

→ Turkish: test

→ Ukrainian: тест (test)

From Middle English test, teste, from Old French test, teste (“an earthen vessel, especially a pot in which metals were tried”), from Latin testum (“the lid of an earthen vessel, an earthen vessel, an earthen pot”), from *terstus, past participle of the root *tersa (“dry land”). See terra, thirst. The examination sense came via metaphor of the metallurgical sense - the way a metallurgist puts to the test their gold, a teacher may put to the test their students' knowledge.


lauraceous

en-adj

lauraceous (comparative more lauraceous, superlative most lauraceous)

more lauraceous (comparative)
most lauraceous (superlative)

/ˌlɔɹˈeɪ.ʃəs/

From Lauraceae, from Latin laurus (“laurel”).

(botany) Belonging to, or resembling, a natural order (Lauraceae) of trees and shrubs having aromatic bark and foliage, and including laurel, sassafras, cinnamon, true camphor, etc.


laurel

en-noun

laurel (countable and uncountable, plural laurels)

Inherited from Middle English laurer, laurel, from Anglo-Norman lorer, from Old French lorier, from Vulgar Latin *laurārius, from Latin laurus (“laurel”).

(botany) Any plant of the family Lauraceae.

(botany) Any of various plants of other families that resemble laurels.


champion

→ Danish: champion

→ German: Champion

→ Estonian: tšempion

→ Georgian: ჩემპიონი (čemṗioni)

→ Irish: seaimpín

→ Japanese: チャンピオン (chanpion)

→ Korean: 챔피언 (chaempieon)

→ Latvian: čempions

→ Lithuanian: čempionas

→ Polish: czempion

desctree

→ Russian: чемпио́н (čempión)
→ Armenian: չեմպիոն (čʻempion)
→ Azerbaijani: çempion
→ Crimean Tatar: çempion
→ Gagauz: çempion
→ Kazakh: чемпион (çempion)
→ Turkmen: çempion
→ Uzbek: chempion
→ Yakut: чемпион (cempion)

→ Swahili: championi

→ Ukrainian: чемпіон (čempion)

→ Yiddish: טשעמפּיאָן (tshempyon)

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *kampos
Latin campusbor.
Proto-West Germanic *kamp
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Germanic *-janą
Proto-West Germanic *-jan
Proto-West Germanic *kampijan
Proto-Germanic *-jô
Proto-West Germanic *-jō
Frankish *kampijōbor.
Medieval Latin campiō
Old French champiunbor.
Middle English champioun
English champion
From Middle English champioun, from Old French champion, from Medieval Latin campio (“combatant in a duel, champion”), from Frankish *kampijō (“fighter”), from Proto-West Germanic *kampijō (“combat soldier”), a derivative of Proto-West Germanic *kampijan (“to battle, to campaign”), itself a derivative of Proto-West Germanic *kamp (“battlefield, battle”), ultimately a borrowing in West-Germanic from Latin campus (“a field, a plain, a place of action”).

kampion

someone who has been winner in a contest

җиңеп чыгучы

ciñep çığuçı

өстен чыгучы

östen çığuçı

Pictured above is an actual photograph of a Regal Lily that famed all over the world. It's a champion plant—because in one season it produced a total of 89 blooms from one bulb, an amazing record among lilies.

1938 November 5, Puritan Cordage Mills, “Take a Lesson from a Lily”, in Elmer C. Hole, editor, American Lumberman, volume 65, number 3138, Chicago, page 55:

There was a news clipping there with a photo of a magnificent American elm, which had just been named the champion for its species, the largest of its kind.

2013, Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass, 1st edition, Milkweed Editions, →ISBN, →LCCN, pages 43–44:

He [Matthew Olson] was searching for red maple trees to be tapped for syrup as part of the Stockton Maple Project when he came across the new champion tree.

2022 February 10, Christopher Doyle, “Stockton professor, students discover largest 'champion tree' in New Jersey”, in The Press of Alantic City, archived from the original on 2022-02-10:

(botany) A particularly notable member of a plant species, such as one of great size.


acephalous

en-adj

acephalous (comparative more acephalous, superlative most acephalous)

more acephalous (comparative)
most acephalous (superlative)

From French acéphale, from Ancient Greek ἀκέφαλος (aképhalos, “headless”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). By surface analysis, a- + -cephalous.

der

(botany) Having the style spring from the base, instead of from the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries


acerose

From Latin acerosus (“chaffy”), from acus (“chaff”) (genitive aceris).

/ˈæs.əˌɹoʊs/

/ˈæs.əˌɹoʊz/

(botany) Having the nature of chaff; chaffy.


acerose

As if from Latin acus (“needle”); compare French acéreux.

/ˈæs.əˌɹoʊs/

/ˈæs.əˌɹoʊz/

(botany) needle-shaped, having a sharp, rigid point, as the leaf of the pine.


acetabuliform

From New Latin acetabuliformis, from acetabulum (“saucer”) + -form.

(botany) Shaped like a saucer or shallow cup.


acervate

en-adj

acervate (comparative more acervate, superlative most acervate)

more acervate (comparative)
most acervate (superlative)

From Latin acervātus, perfect passive participle of acervō (“heap or pile up”), from acervus (“heap”).

(chiefly botany, rare) Heaped, or growing in heaps, or closely compacted clusters.


canescent

canescent (comparative more canescent, superlative most canescent)

more canescent (comparative)
most canescent (superlative)

From Latin canescens, present participle of canescere (“to become gray or white”).

(botany) Covered with short white or gray hairs; hoary.


accumbent

accumbent (comparative more accumbent, superlative most accumbent)

more accumbent (comparative)
most accumbent (superlative)

From Latin accumbō (“recline”), from ad- (“to”) + *cumbō (“recline”).

Distinguished from other genera, with accumbent cotyledons, in the same class and order, by the entire, nearly equal petals; and the dehiscent, nearly entirely pouch, of 2, 1- or many-seeded cells, a broad dissepiment (septum), and nearly flat valves.

1840, William Baxter, British phænogamous botany, volume 5:

(botany) Lying against anything, as one part of a leaf against another leaf


accrescent

accrescent (comparative more accrescent, superlative most accrescent)

more accrescent (comparative)
most accrescent (superlative)

From Latin accrescens, accrescentis, present participle of accrescere, from ad + crescere (“to grow”).

The fruiting calyx is accrescent, covering all or most of the fruit.

2012, Bean, "A taxonomic revision of the Solanum echinatum group (Solanaceae)", Phytotaxa 57:33–50, doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.57.1.6

(botany) Which keeps growing past the point it normally would stop and begin wilting.


accrete

Fruit coriaceous, crowned with accrete calyx

1881, Henry Baillon, “Jackia”, in The Natural History of Plants, volume 7:


slash

Originally a verb of uncertain etymology. Possibly from French esclachier (“to break”). Used in the Wycliffe Bible as slascht (see 1 Kings 5:18) but otherwise unattested until 16th century. Conjunctive use from various applications of the punctuation mark ⟨/⟩. See also slash fiction.

(botany) A deep taper-pointed incision in a plant.


torus

Borrowed from Latin torus (“a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance”).

bor

(botany) The end of the peduncle or flower stalk to which the floral parts (or in the Asteraceae, the florets of a flower head) are attached.

(botany) The thickening of a membrane closing a wood-cell pit (as of gymnosperm tracheids) having the secondary cell wall arched over the pit cavity.


arrow

From Middle English arwe, from Old English earh (oblique form ēarw-), from Proto-West Germanic *arhu, from Proto-Germanic *arhwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érkʷo- (“bow, arrow”). Cognate with Faroese ørv (“arrow”), Icelandic ör (“arrow”), örvar (“arrows”), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arƕazna, “dart”), Latin arcus (“bow”).

der

When the bulb of the “blowing ball” is operated, a gentle spray, much like what happens in Nature when a sugar cane arrow is shaken by the wind or gently tapped, is given out at the free end of the capsule and can be directed to any portion of the arrow as desired.

1921, The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, volume 67, page 187:

(botany) The inflorescence or tassel of a mature sugar cane plant.


arrow

en-verb

arrow (third-person singular simple present arrows, present participle arrowing, simple past and past participle arrowed)

arrows (present singular third-person)
arrowing (participle present)
arrowed (participle past)
arrowed (past)

The more vigorous and luxuriant the vegetation of a field of canes, the less will the tendency to flowering be shewn; whereas nearly all the canes will be found to arrow if the soil be poor and the vegetation meagre.

1848, Louis Antoine A.G. De Verteuil, Three essays on the cultivation of the sugar-cane in Trinidad, page 12:

In some sugar cane countries efforts are made to harvest the cane crops before the period of arrowing, and in Barbados it is thought that a considerable loss occurs in the yield of sugar if the harvest be delayed and only completed through the arrowing season.

1903, Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, volume 30, page 374:

It is easily grown and arrows freely. It appears to be of moderate merit only, but might be cautiously tried on a small scale.

1905, Sugar-Cane Experiments in the Leeward Islands:

(intransitive, botany, of a sugar cane plant) To develop an inflorescence.


testa

en-noun

testa (plural testas or testae or testæ)

testas (plural)
testae (plural)
testæ (plural)

The testa develops from the tissue, the integument, originally surrounding the ovule.

The seeds are furnished with a reticulated testa, very much in appearance like that of the seeds of two closely-allied pericarps in the cabinet of my friend Mr. Ward, of Wellclose-square, the names of which I have been unable to obtain, but which present strong evidence of belonging to the Malvaceæ.

1840, James Scott Bowerbank, A History of the Fossil Fruits and Seeds of the London Clay, page 30:

1969, C. W. Bennett, Seed Transmission of Plant Viruses, Alison Smith, Advances in Virus Research, Volume 14, page 224,
In tests with the Lincoln and Virginia varieties of cowpea, Crowley (1959) found that, in plants infected with bean southern mosaic virus before blossoming, the virus was present in nearly 100% of the testae and endosperms of seeds of both varieties, but could not be detected in the embryos.

Thus, two conditions must be satisfied for the testas to have this effect: contact between the testas and the radicle, and the presence of at least half of the testas.

1977, Commonwealth Scientific, Industrial Research Organization, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, page 354:

2005, D. W. Dickson, D. De Waele, Nematode Parasites of Peanut, Michel Luc, Richard A. Sikora, John Bridge, Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture, page 419,
A. arachidis is a parasite of pods, testae, roots and hypocotyls, but not the cotyledons, embryos or other parts of the plant (Bos, 1977a; Bridge et al., 1977).

One of the most remarkable features of cultivated beans is the enormous range of testa colours and patterns which can be found.

2007, J. Smartt, “Evolution of American Phaseolus beans under domestication”, in Peter John Ucko, G. W. Dimbleby, editors, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, page 458:


bolt

en-verb

bolt (third-person singular simple present bolts, present participle bolting, simple past and past participle bolted)

bolts (present singular third-person)
bolting (participle present)
bolted (participle past)
bolted (past)

From Middle English bolt, from Old English bolt, from Proto-West Germanic *bolt, from Proto-Germanic *bultaz, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”). Compare Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”). Akin to Dutch and West Frisian bout, German Bolz or Bolzen, Danish bolt, Swedish bult, Icelandic bolti.

der

Lettuce and spinach will bolt as the weather warms up.

When an onion bolts and forms a flower stalk, the stem grows right up through the neck, forming a tough, fibrous tube that pierces the center of the bulb. The plant channels all its energy into this flower stalk, so no more fleshy […]

1982, Dorothy Hinshaw Patent, Diane E. Bilderback, Garden Secrets: A Guide to Understanding how Your Garden Grows and how You Can Help it Grow Even Better, →ISBN:

To be honest, this hasn't been my Garden of Eden year. […] The lettuce turned bitter and bolted. The Green Comet broccoli was good, but my coveted Romanescos never headed up.

1995, Anne Raver, “Gandhi Gardening”, in Deep in the Green: An Exploration of Country Pleasures, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN:

Hardneck garlic bolts, which means it produces a single flower stalk, also known as a scape. It is considered to be far tastier and “gourmet.” You can find hardneck garlic mainly at farmers' markets […]

2011, Trina Clickner, A Miscellany of Garlic: From Paying Off Pyramids and Scaring Away Tigers to Inspiring Courage and Curing Hiccups, the Unusual Power Behind the World's Most Humble Vegetable, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(intransitive, botany, of lettuce, spinach, garlic, onion, etc) To produce flower stalks and flowers or seeds quickly or prematurely; to form a bolt (stalk or scape); to go to seed.

spinach; garlic; onion; etc; spinach; garlic; onion; etc


obtuse

en-adj

obtuse (comparative obtuser or more obtuse, superlative obtusest or most obtuse)

obtuser (comparative)
more obtuse (comparative)
obtusest (superlative)
most obtuse (superlative)

clear

antonym(s) of “deadened, muffled, muted”

pointed

antonym(s) of “now chiefly botany, zoology”

From Middle French obtus (“obtuse (geometry); narrow-minded, obtuse; boring, dull, lifeless”), from Latin obtūsus (“blunt, dull; obtuse”), past participle of obtundere, from obtundō (“to batter, beat, strike; to blunt, dull”), from ob- (“against”) (see ob-) + tundō (“to beat, strike; to bruise, crush, pound”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to hit; to push”)). More at obtund.

der

The Herb Pantagruelion hath a little Root somewhat hard and ruff, roundish, terminating in an obtuse and very blunt Point, and having some of its Veins, Strings or Filaments coloured with some spots of white, […]

1653, Francis Rabelais [i.e., François Rabelais], [Peter Anthony Motteux, transl.], “How Pantagruel Did Put Himself in a Readiness to Go to Sea; and of the Herb Named Pantagruelion”, in The Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais Doctor in Physick: Containing Five Books of the Lives, Heroick Deeds and Sayings of Gargantua and His Sonne Pantagruel [...], volume II, London: Navarre Society, published 1921, →OCLC, book III, pages 57–58:

(now chiefly botany, zoology) Blunt; not sharp, pointed, or acute in form.

(botany, zoology) Blunt, or rounded at the extremity.

If you put foure Spleets in a Hiue, then cut their backes, where they must leane one against another, to square angles, such as be foure in a circle: if but three, cut them to obtuse angles, such as are three in a circle: (you may readily try them, before you put them in, by Moulds made iust to those formes) and so will they stand close and firme together.

1623, Charles Butler, “Of the Hiues, and the Dressing of Them”, in The Feminine Monarchie: or, The Historie of Bees: Shewing Their Admirable Nature, and Properties, Their Generation, and Colonies, Their Gouernment, Loyaltie, Art, Industrie, Enemies, Warres, Magnanimitie, &c. […], London, →OCLC, chapter 3, section 11, footnote c; republished Mytholmroyd, U.K.: Northern Bee Books, 1985:

More-over, as the Buildings Ambligon / May more receive then Mansions Oxigon / (Because th' acute, and the rect-Angles too, / Stride not so wide as obtuse Angles doe) / So doth the Circle in his Circuit span / More room then any other Figure can.

1641, “The Columnes. The Fourth Part of the Second Day of the II. Weeke”, in Alexander B. Grosart, editor, The Complete Works of Joshua Sylvester: For the First Time Collected and Edited […], Edinburgh Univ. Press, published 1880, page 156, lines 198–203:

Obtuse angles of the through crossing. — The system of the two obtuse-angled points is especially termed the dead-crossing. […] The point itself, less liable to damage than that of the crossing proper, on account of its obtuse form and its position relatively to the wheels, acts the same part towards the tapered portion of the cut rail, as the wing-rail does with respect to the acute-angle of the crossing.

1877, Ch[arles] Couche, “Special Points in the Permanent Way”, in James N. Shoolbred, transl., Permanent Way Rolling Stock and Technical Working of Railways. Followed by an Appendix on Works of Art, volume I, London: Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Square; Paris: Dunod, 49, Quai des Augustins, →OCLC, § XIV (Rail-crossings), paragraph 258, page 316:

If he is standing close beside me I know that our separate axes of vision will meet at an acute angle in the centre of his object, and if we are further apart, at an obtuser angle.

1922, May Sinclair, “Space, Time and Other Consciousnesses”, in The New Idealism, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, section V, pages 255–256:

(geometry, specifically, of an angle) Larger than one, and smaller than two right angles, or more than 90° and less than 180°.

բութ

geometry: larger than 90° but less than 180°

Unless A lies in that part of a semi-infinite strip bounded by AB outside a semi-circle of diameter AB, the triangle is obtuse, so that the probability of getting an obtuse triangle is equal to 1.

2013, Edward J. Barbeau, “Probability and Statistics”, in More Fallacies, Flaws, and Flimflam (Spectrum Series), Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, →ISBN, page 128:

(geometry, by ellipsis) Obtuse-angled, having an obtuse angle.

For we see a Feather or a Rush drawn along the Lip or Cheek, doth tickle; whereas a thing more obtuse, or a touch more hard, doth not.

1670, Francis Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Alban [Francis Bacon], “Century VIII”, in Sylva Sylvarum, or, A Natural History, in Ten Centuries: Whereunto is Newly Added, the History Natural and Experimental of [Life] and Death, or of the Prolongation of Life. […], 9th and last edition, London: William Rawley, →OCLC, paragraph 766, page 161:

See then the quiver broken and decay'd, / In which are kept our arrows! Rusting there / In wild disorder, and unfit for use, / […] Their points obtuse, and feathers drunk with wine!

1817, William Cowper, The Task, London: John Sharpe, page 58:

Yet you do not brighten what would otherwise be dull, impart a keenness to the obtusest point, and diffuse a general lustre?

1932, Ernest Bramah, chapter XV, in The Moon of Much Gladness: Related by Kai Lung, London: Cassell and Co., →OCLC; republished [s.l.]: Read Books, 2013, →ISBN, section IV:


botanist

(botany) A person engaged in botany, the scientific study of plants.


acute

en-adj

acute (comparative acuter or more acute, superlative acutest or most acute)

acuter (comparative)
more acute (comparative)
acutest (superlative)
most acute (superlative)

From Late Middle English acute (“of a disease or fever: starting suddenly and lasting for a short time; of a humour: irritating, sharp”), from Latin acūta, from acūtus (“sharp, sharpened”), perfect passive participle of acuō (“to make pointed, sharpen, whet”), from acus (“needle, pin”). The word is cognate to ague (“acute, intermittent fever”).
As regards the noun, which is derived from the verb, compare Middle English acūte (“severe but short-lived fever; of blood: corrosiveness, sharpness; musical note of high pitch”).

cog

204. Eremophila abietina […] Corolla 23–35 mm long, cream or very pale lilac, lobes faintly metallic bluish green or lilac, tube occasionally brownish, prominently purple spotted; outer and inner surfaces glandular-pubescent; lobes acute, lobe of lower lip strongly reflexed.

2007 April 24, R[obert] J[ames] Chinnock, “Taxonomic Treatment of the Family Myoporaceae R. Br.”, in Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae, Dural Delivery Centre, N.S.W.: Rosenberg Publishing, →ISBN, section XXV (Eremophila sec. Pulchrisepalae (12 spp.)), page 622:

(botany) With the sides meeting directly to form an acute angle (at an apex or base).


berry

→ Indonesian: beri

→ Japanese: ベリー (berī)

desc

→ Thai: เบอร์รี (bəə-rîi)

→ Thai: เบอร์รี (bəə-rîi)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *bazją
Proto-West Germanic *baʀi
Old English berġe
Middle English berye
English berry
From Middle English berye, from Old English berġe, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Bäie, West Flemish beier, German Beere, Icelandic ber, Danish bær.
The slang sense "police car" may come from the lights on the vehicles' roofs.

etymon

the blacker the berry, the sweeter the juice

the darker the berry, the sweeter the juice

(botany) A soft fruit which develops from a single ovary and contains seeds not encased in pits.

я́гада

botany: soft fruit developing from a superior ovary and containing seeds not encased in pits


lumen

Borrowed from Latin lumen (“light, an opening”). Use as a unit was first adopted by French physicist André Blondel in 1894.

(botany) The cavity bounded by a plant cell wall.


tern

PIE word
 *tréyes
The noun is derived from Late Middle English terne (“throw of a die or dice showing the number three”), from Old French terne (“gathering of three people; trinity”) (modern French terne), from Latin ternās, the accusative feminine plural of ternī (“three each; three at a time”), from ter (“thrice”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes (“three”)) + -ī (from -us (suffix forming adjectives)).
The adjective is either derived from the noun, or directly from Latin ternī (“three each; three at a time”); see above.

der

tern flowers tern leaves

a tern schooner, one with three masts

(chiefly botany, rare) Consisting of three components; ternate, threefold, triple.


achilous

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip”).


egret

From Middle English, from Anglo-Norman egret, aigrette (“egret”), from Old Occitan aigreta, diminutive of aigron (“heron”), from Medieval Latin hairo, from Frankish *haigro (“heron”). Cognate with Old High German heigaro (“heron”), Old English hrāgra (“heron”). Doublet of aigrette. More at heron.

(botany) The flying feathery or hairy crown of seeds or achenes, such as the down of the thistle.


limb

The corolla limb of the moonvine Calonyction aculeatum is normally undivided.

1945, “A new form of the moonvine Calonyction aculeatum with divided corolla limb, and length-of-day behavior and flowering of the common form”, in Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, volume 35, number 2:

(botany) The border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corolla, or of a petal or sepal; blade.


aggregate

en-adj

aggregate (comparative more aggregate, superlative most aggregate)

more aggregate (comparative)
most aggregate (superlative)

/ˈæɡ.ɹɪ.ɡət/

From Latin aggregātus, perfect passive participle of aggregō (“I flock together”), from ag- (combining form of ad (“to, toward”)) + gregō (“I flock or group”), from grex (“flock”). Compare gregarious.

(botany) Composed of several florets within a common involucre, as in the daisy; or of several carpels formed from one flower, as in the raspberry.


climber

From Middle English climber, clymber, clymbare (“one who climbs, climber”), from climben (“to climb; to ascend, fly upward, rise; to slope upwards; to approach God in prayer; to advance; to overcome, triumph; to aspire; to be presumptuous”) + -er, -ere (suffix forming agent nouns). The English word is analysable as climb (verb) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).

affix

Someone or something that climbs (such as a mountain climber).

(botany) A plant such as a vine that climbs upwards as it grows by attaching itself to some support.


axis

Borrowed from Latin axis (“axle, axis”) in the 16th century.

(botany) The main stem or central part about which organs or plant parts such as branches are arranged


achlamydeous

From a- + Ancient Greek χλαμύδος (khlamúdos, “mantle, cloak”) + -ous; a- + chlamydeous.


stamen

(botany) In flowering plants, the male reproductive structure in a flower that produces pollen, typically consisting of an anther and a filament.


perennial

The adjective is borrowed from Latin perennis (“lasting through the whole year or for several years, perennial; continual, everlasting, perpetual”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Perennis is derived from per- (“completive or intensifying prefix with the sense of doing something all the way through or entirely”) + annus (“year; season, time”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et- (“to go”)). By surface analysis, per- + -ennial.
The noun is derived from the adjective.
cognates
* Middle French pérenne (modern French pérenne (“lasting through the whole year, perennial”))
* Italian perenne (“lasting for a long time”)
* Spanish perenne (“eternal; permanent; a perennial plant”)

tilbagevendende

appearing or recurring again and again — see also recurrent

(botany) Of a plant: active throughout the year, or having a life cycle of more than two growing seasons.

шматгадо́вы

of a plant: active throughout the year, or having a life cycle of more than two growing seasons


perennial

One would have supposed from the appearance of the country at the end of the first season after the eruption that practically all plants except the trees and bushes had been destroyed, and that revegetation must be due to new seedlings started on the ash. Such, however, is not the case. Excavation of the root systems of the new plants shows that they are old perennials which have come through the ash from the old soil.

1917 January, Robert F[iske] Griggs, “The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes”, in National Geographic, volume XXXI, number 1, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society […], →ISSN, →OCLC:

(botany) A plant that is active throughout the year, or has a life cycle of more than two growing seasons.

многогоди́шно расте́ние

plant active throughout the year, or has a life cycle of more than two growing seasons


grain

en-noun

grain (countable and uncountable, plural grains)

From Middle English greyn, grayn, grein, from Old French grain, grein, from Latin grānum (“seed”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (“grain”). Doublet of corn, gram, granum, and grao.

𒊺

harvested seeds of various grass-related food crops

гран

unit of mass notionally based on grain's weight

(botany) A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in the common dock.


included

(botany) Enclosed, not protruding, e.g. stamens within the corolla.


deciduous

From Latin dēciduus (“falling down or off”), from dēcidō (“fall down”).

. Compare caducous.

a deciduous tree

(botany) Of or pertaining to trees which lose their leaves in winter or the dry season.

սաղարթավոր

of or pertaining to trees which lose their leaves in winter or the dry season

Laub-

as in Laubbaum (deciduous tree) or Laubwald (deciduous forest)


lip

lip (countable and uncountable, plural lips)

From Middle English lippe, from Old English lippa, lippe (“lip”), from Proto-West Germanic *lippjō (“lip”), from Proto-Germanic *lepô, from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang loosely, droop, sag”).
Cognate with West Frisian lippe (“lip”), Dutch lip (“lip”), German Lippe and Lefze (“lip”), Swedish läpp (“lip”), Norwegian leppe (“lip”),
Danish læbe (“lip”),
Latin labium (“lip”).

der

there's many a slip between the cup and the lip

there's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip

(botany) One of the two opposite divisions of a labiate corolla.

(botany) A distinctive lower-appearing of the three true petals of an orchid.


integument

Borrowed from Latin integumentum (“a covering”).

Her active living was suspended, but underneath, in the darkness, something was coming to pass. If only she could break through the last integuments!

1920, D.H. Lawrence, chapter 1, in Women in Love:

(botany) The outer layer of an ovule, which develops into the seed coat.


annual

First attested around 1382, borrowed from Late Latin annuālem, annuālis, related to Latin annālis, adjective form of annus (“year”). Used to categorize plants since 1710.

(botany, of a plant) Having a life cycle that is completed in only one growing season; e.g. beans, corn, marigold. See Annual plant in Wikipedia. Compare biennial, perennial.


annual

I can't wait to plant my annuals in the spring.

(botany) An annual plant; a plant with a life span of just one growing season; a plant which naturally germinates, flowers and dies in one year. Compare biennial, perennial.


pelta

Latin, a shield, from Ancient Greek πέλτη (péltē, “shield”).

The calyx is composed of five linear spreading sepals J inch long and attached to the sides of the inferior ovary are four bracts, two of which, the anterior and posterior, remain abortive, whilst the two lateral ones develop into large rounded flattened discs (peltae) attached at the centre.

1907, Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist, page 3:


aerial

en-adj

aerial (comparative more aerial, superlative most aerial)

more aerial (comparative)
most aerial (superlative)

General American, Mary–marry–merry merger

From Latin āerius + -al, from Ancient Greek ἀέριος (aérios), from ἀήρ (aḗr, “air”).


horn

en-noun

horn (countable and uncountable, plural horns)

From Middle English horn, horne, from Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną. Compare West Frisian hoarn, Dutch hoorn, Low German Hoorn, horn, German Horn, Danish and Swedish horn, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-nó-m, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”). Compare Breton kern (“horn”), Latin cornū, Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras), Proto-Slavic *sьrna, Old Church Slavonic сьрна (sĭrna, “roedeer”), Hittite [script needed] (surna, “horn”), Persian سر (sar), Sanskrit शृङ्ग (śṛṅga, “horn”).
(telephone): From the horn-shaped earpieces of old communication systems that used air tubes.

cog

(botany) An incurved, tapering and pointed appendage found in the flowers of the milkweed (Asclepias).


stimulus

Borrowed from Latin stimulus (“goad, prick”).

bor+

Many plants, like many animals, are furnished with arms for their protection; these are either aculei, prickles […]; or stimuli, stings, as in the nettles, which are armed with a venomous fluid for the annoyance of naked animals.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 15:

(botany, entomology) A stinging part on the body of a plant or insect.