volubile

en-adj

volubile (comparative more volubile, superlative most volubile)

more volubile (comparative)
most volubile (superlative)

From Middle French volubile, from Latin volūbilis (“rolling”), from volvō (“I roll”). Doublet of voluble.

[…] or this less volubil earth,
By shorter flight to th' east,
had left him there
Arraying with reflected purple and gold
The clouds that on his western throne attend.

1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

(archaic, chiefly botany) Turning or whirling; winding.


domatium

/dəʊˈmeɪʃəm/

Borrowed from New Latin dōmatium, from Ancient Greek δωμάτιον (dōmátion, “chamber, bedroom”), diminutive of δῶμα (dôma, “house, dwelling place of animals”); akin to δόμος (dómos, “house”).

der

A domatium typically takes the form of a hollow under a leaf, or a system of tunnels in a thorn or stem. Ideally, it is a mutualistic adaptation and should not be confused with simple damage by a borer or gall-forming pest, although commonly there is no sharp distinction between domatia of value to the plant and galls caused by harmful aphids and mites, for example.

All are ordinary anatomical features of the plants that the ants exploit, apparently in a unilateral manner. In contrast, the domatia listed comprehensively in Table 14-1 do appear uniquely to serve as ant nests.

1990, Bert Hölldobler, Edward O. Wilson, The Ants, Harvard University Press, page 535:

Although the earliest work on mites and leaf domatia was inspired by a belief that mites protected trees from fungal disease (O'Dowd and Willson 1989), mite–fungus–plant interactions received experimental attention only recently.

2004, David Evans Walter, “11: Hidden in Plain Sight: Mites in the Canopy”, in Margaret D. Lowman, H. Bruce Rinker, editors, Forest Canopies, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 237:

Domatia and extrafloral nectaries are plant structures that provide shelter and food to predaceous arthropods and thus affect herbivorous insects only indirectly.

2005, Louis M. Schoonhoven, Joop J. A. van Loon, Marcel Dicke, Insect-Plant Biology, Oxford University Press, page 40:

(entomology, botany) A chamber produced by a plant in which insects, mites, or fungi live.

domatie

chamber produced by a plant, in which insects, mites or fungi live


monoclinous

From mono- (“one”) + κλίνη (klínē, “bed”) + -ous.


diclinous

From di- (“two”) + κλίνη (klínē, “bed”) + -ous.


armeria

(botany) Any member of the thrift genus Armeria.


sterigma

en-noun

sterigma (plural sterigmata or sterigmas)

These sterigmata are retained and make the twigs rough for several years after leaf fall.

2009, J.E. Eckenwalder, Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference, Timber Press, →ISBN:

(botany) A woody projection from the tip of the leaf base in certain conifers (Picea and Tsuga).


hydrophilous

en-adj

hydrophilous (comparative more hydrophilous, superlative most hydrophilous)

more hydrophilous (comparative)
most hydrophilous (superlative)


hispid

hispid (comparative more hispid, superlative most hispid)

more hispid (comparative)
most hispid (superlative)

From Latin hispidus (“rough, hairy, bristly”).

der

The hispid hare inhabits forested areas.

An erect, branching, hispid or glabrate annual, 1 ft. high. Radical leaves petioled, crowded, spreading on the ground, hispid with white hairs, lobes toothed; cauline entire or pinnatifid.

1875, Joseph Dalton Hooker, The Flora of British India, Volume 1, L. Reeve & Co., page 157:

Larger and stouter, less than a foot high, much branched, roughish-hispid: nutlets dull, with rounded sides, no angles, and a large and deep areola or scar.

1886, Asa Gray, Synoptical Flora of North America: The Gamopetalæ, Volume 2, Part 1, 2nd edition, Smithsonian Institution, page 428:

(obsolete outside biology, botany) Covered in short, stiff hairs.


lignotuber

(botany) A starchy enlargement (caudex), usually of a root, of a woody plant, serving to store water.


tracheid cell

(botany) An elongated cell found in plant xylem whose major function is to carry water.


marcescence

Ultimately from Latin marcēscō (“I wither”).

(botany) Retention (by a plant) of dead organs (such as leaves) that normally are shed.


tracheid

From German Tracheïde, corresponding to trachea + -id.


etiolation

en-noun

etiolation (countable and uncountable, plural etiolations)

From French étiolé, past participle of étioler (“to blanch”).

(botany) Growth process of plants grown in the absence of light, characterized by long, weak stems, fewer leaves and chlorosis.

eitialacht

growth process of plants grown in the absence of light

(botany) Blanching of plants, accomplished by excluding the light of the sun; the condition of a blanched plant.


epicormic

Epicormic branching often follows disturbances, such as thinning or top breakage, which stimulate the sprouting of dormant buds on the boles. The branches may add to the growth capacity of the tree, but they also create knots that reduce lumber value.

1964, Arnold Hedlund, Epicormic Branching in North Louisiana Delta, Southern Forest Experiment Station:

(botany) Of a sprout: growing from a dormant, adventitious bud on the trunk of a tree.


phyllode

From Latin phyllodium, from Ancient Greek φυλλώδης (phullṓdēs, “resembling a leaf”).

der

(botany) A flattened petiole or leaf rachis that resembles and functions as a leaf, and may or may not be combined with an actual lamina.


antitranspirant

(botany, horticulture) Reducing transpiration in plants.


antitranspirant

(botany, horticulture) A substance applied to plant leaves to reduce transpiration.

antitranspirante

a substance applied to plant leaves to reduce transpiration


aerenchyma

en-noun

aerenchyma (plural aerenchymas or aerenchymae)

aerenchymas (plural)
aerenchymae (plural)

→ Irish: aereincíoma

(botany) A spongy, airy tissue found especially in the roots of aquatic plants.

aerenkyymi

airy tissue found in the roots of aquatic plants


allotropous

en-adj

allotropous (comparative more allotropous, superlative most allotropous)

more allotropous (comparative)
most allotropous (superlative)

(botany) Pertaining to a flower which attracts a large range of different insects to feed on its nectar.


disjunct

disjunct (comparative more disjunct, superlative most disjunct)

more disjunct (comparative)
most disjunct (superlative)

(botany) Occurring in widely separated geographic areas.


scape

From Latin scāpus, from Doric Greek σκᾶπος (skâpos). Doublet of native English shaft.

(botany) A leafless stalk growing directly out of a root, bulb, or subterranean structure.


diaphysis

(botany) An abnormal elongation of the axis of a flower or of an inflorescence.


diplobiontic

All embryophytes are diplobiontic.

(botany) Describing a plant or fungus where both the haploid and diploid phases are represented by a multicellular phase.


ament

[T]he scales of the ament in the salix rosea, rose-willow, grow into leaves; and produce other kinds of monsters.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

(botany) A catkin or similar inflorescence.


anatropal

anatropal (comparative more anatropal, superlative most anatropal)

more anatropal (comparative)
most anatropal (superlative)


anatropous

anatropous (comparative more anatropous, superlative most anatropous)

more anatropous (comparative)
most anatropous (superlative)

(botany, of an ovule) Having an inverted nucleus, whose apex points to the base


quintine

(botany) The embryonic sac of an ovule, sometimes regarded as an innermost fifth integument.


quartine

(botany, archaic) A supposed fourth integument of an ovule, counting from the outside.


radicate

From Latin radicatus, past participle of radicari (“to take root”), from radix (“root”).

(botany) Having a root; growing from a root; (of a fungus) having rootlike outgrowths at the base of the stipe.


sporulate

From sporul(e) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


trabecula

en-noun

trabecula (plural trabeculae or trabeculas)

From Latin trabēcula (“small beam”), diminutive of trabs (“beam, timber”).

(botany) A projection from the cell wall across the cell cavity of the ducts of certain plants.


long-acuminate

en-adj

long-acuminate (comparative more long-acuminate, superlative most long-acuminate)

more long-acuminate (comparative)
most long-acuminate (superlative)

From long (Old English lang (“long”)) + acuminate (Latin acuminatus, past participle of acumināre (“to sharpen to a point”)).

(botany) Tapering to a characteristically long point at its apex.


halophyte

(botany) Any plant that tolerates an environment having a high salt content


apocarpous

(botany) Having carpels that are not joined


radicle

(botany) The rudimentary shoot of a plant which supports the cotyledons in the seed, and from which the root is developed downward; the root of the embryo.


die back

en-verb

die back (third-person singular simple present dies back, present participle dying back, simple past and past participle died back)

dies back (present singular third-person)
dying back (participle present)
died back (participle past)
died back (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-die back.wav

The changing weather pattern, and in particular warmer winters, has also affected the inspection of earthworks. Lineside vegetation is not dying back as previously and has to be cleared before any inspections can take place.

2023 May 3, 'Industry Insider', “Funds for railway's upkeep”, in RAIL, number 982, page 84:

(botany, of a plant) To wither, particularly during the winter.


circumnutation

en-noun

circumnutation (countable and uncountable, plural circumnutations)

[T]he increased turgescence of the cells, together with the extensibility of their walls, is the primary cause of the movement of circumnutation.

1880, Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis Darwin, “Introduction”, in The Power of Movement in Plants, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 3:

(botany) The successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stem of many plants, especially seen in climbing plants.


bulbil

From Spanish bulbillo, from the diminutive form of Latin bulbus, from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

uder

(botany) A bulb-shaped bud in the place of a flower or in a leaf axil.


remontant

From French remontant (“rising again”). Compare remount.

(botany, especially of cultivated roses) That flowers more than once in each season.


remontant

(botany) A plant that flowers more than once in each season.


rheophyte

/ˈɹiːə(ʊ)fʌɪt/

From rheo- (“flow, current”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(botany) A plant that grows in running water, such as in a stream or river


funiculus

From Latin funiculus, diminutive of funis (“rope, cord”) + -culus.

(botany) A stalk that connects the seed (or ovule) with the placenta


lindera

(botany) Any plant of the genus Lindera, flowering shrubs and trees.


flower head

(botany) A compact cluster of florets having the appearance of a single [flower]] (as in the daisy family).


carnose

en-adj

carnose (comparative more carnose, superlative most carnose)

more carnose (comparative)
most carnose (superlative)

(botany) of a fleshy consistency; applied to succulent leaves, stems, etc.


connate

connate (comparative more connate, superlative most connate)

more connate (comparative)
most connate (superlative)

From Latin connatus. Doublet of cognate.

(botany) United with other organs of the same kind (for example sepals connate with sepals, petals connate with petals, or stamens with stamens).


epicalyx

en-noun

epicalyx (plural epicalyxes or epicalyces)

(botany) A group of bracts resembling a calyx


calyculus

(botany, British) A group of bracts resembling an outer calyx.


epicarp

epi- + Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”); epi- + -carp.


heliophilous

en-adj

heliophilous (comparative more heliophilous, superlative most heliophilous)

more heliophilous (comparative)
most heliophilous (superlative)

(botany) That needs, or tolerates, a high level of direct sunlight

heliòfil

needing or tolerating a high level of sunlight


cyprine

cyprine (comparative more cyprine, superlative most cyprine)

more cyprine (comparative)
most cyprine (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to the cypress.


extrorse

extrorse (comparative more extrorse, superlative most extrorse)

more extrorse (comparative)
most extrorse (superlative)

(botany) Said of anthers dehiscing outwards from the center of the flower.


phelloderm

From Ancient Greek φελλός (phellós) + -derm.

(botany) The innermost parenchymatous tissue of the periderm of some plants


floriferous

floriferous (comparative more floriferous, superlative most floriferous)

more floriferous (comparative)
most floriferous (superlative)

So floriferous are Asian pears, and the tree so laden with young fruit, that as the tree approaches maturity it is worth considering thinning the fruit (I can't quite bring myself to thin the flowers) so as to neither overburden the tree for this year nor tire it for the next.

2015 September 5, Mark Diacono, “In praise of the Asian pear”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), archived from the original on 2015-09-12, page 3:

(botany) That bears flowers (especially lots of flowers).


gynophore

(botany) The stalk of a pistil; the stalk, present in certain flowers (such as those of the genera Telopea and Brachychiton), which supports the gynoecium.


gynoecium

en-noun

gynoecium (plural gynoeciums or gynoecia)

From New Latin; from gyno- + oecium (from Ancient Greek οἰκῐ́ον (oikĭ́on), diminutive of οἶκος (oîkos, “house”)).

(botany) The pistils/carpels of a flower considered as a group


gamopetalous

en-adj

gamopetalous (comparative more gamopetalous, superlative most gamopetalous)

more gamopetalous (comparative)
most gamopetalous (superlative)

(botany) Having petals wholly or partially fused in such a way that the corolla takes the form of a tube, trumpet, channel, or similarly nearly-rigid structure.


introrse

introrse (comparative more introrse, superlative most introrse)

more introrse (comparative)
most introrse (superlative)

From Latin introrsus, introrsum (“toward the inside”, adverb), variant of introversus, from intrō + versus (“turned”).

(botany) Facing or turned inwards or towards an axis.

(botany) Said of anthers turned toward the center of the flower.


monogynian

(botany) Relating to the Monogynia; monogynous.


mesophyllic

mesophyllic (comparative more mesophyllic, superlative most mesophyllic)

more mesophyllic (comparative)
most mesophyllic (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to the mesophyll of a leaf


mericarp

(botany) An individual carpel of a schizocarp, having a single seed


mesophyll

(botany) The soft internal parenchyma of a leaf


mesocarp

From meso- + -carp (from Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, “middle”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”)).

(botany) The middle layer of the pericarp of a fruit. In many fruits such as drupes and tomatoes, the mesocarp is fleshy


mesophyte

From French mésophyte, equivalent to meso- (“middle”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any normal terrestrial plant that grows in environments that have an average supply of water.

méisifít

plant that grows with an average supply of water


umbilicate

umbilicate (comparative more umbilicate, superlative most umbilicate)

more umbilicate (comparative)
most umbilicate (superlative)

Latin umbilicatus. By surface analysis, umbilic- + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


monodelphous

(botany) Describing stamens that have filaments united into a single tubelike group


melliferous

en-adj

melliferous (comparative more melliferous, superlative most melliferous)

more melliferous (comparative)
most melliferous (superlative)

/mɪˈlɪfəɹəs/

/məˈlɪfəɹəs/

PIE word
 *mélit
Learned borrowing from Latin mellifer (“honey-bearing, honey-producing, melliferous”) + English -ous (suffix forming adjectives denoting the presence of a quality, typically in abundance). Mellifer is derived from mel (“honey”) (plural form mella; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mélit (“honey”)) + -fer (suffix meaning ‘bearing, bringing, carrying’).

lbor

[I]t vvas impoſſible to tell the Number of Palm-Trees, Olive-Trees, and Fig-trees [in Canaan]; beſides the Paſturage for raiſing innumerable Cattle; and vvas the great Market, for the Arabians and all the Countries about. And being Mountanous, could not but abound vvith Melliferous Plants of the beſt kind.

1701, Nehemiah Grew, “Of the Truth and Excellency of the Hebrew Code. And First, as They Appear from Foreign Proof.”, in Cosmologia Sacra: Or A Discourse of the Universe as It is the Creature and Kingdom of God. […], London: […] W[illiam] Rogers, S[amuel] Smith, and B[enjamin] Walford: […], →OCLC, 4th book, paragraph 22, pages 148–149:

Pliny [the Elder] ſays this flovver [the anemone] […] differs alſo from ranunclulus in not having a melliferous pore on the clavv of each petal.

1789, [Erasmus Darwin], The Botanic Garden; a Poem, in Two Parts. […], London: J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1791, →OCLC, part II (The Loves of the Plants; 3rd edition), footnote, page 33:

Thus, for the due fertilization of the common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) it is necessary that the irritable stamens should be brought into contact with the pistil by the application of some stimulus to the base of the filament; but this would never take place were not insects attracted by the melliferous glands of the flower to insinuate themselves amongst the filaments, and thus while seeking their own food unknowingly fulfil the intentions of nature in another department.

1815, William Kirby, William Spence, “Letter IX. Benefits Derived from Insects.”, in An Introduction to Entomology: Or Elements of the Natural History of Insects: […], volume I, London: […] [Richard and Arthur Taylor] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], →OCLC, page 288:

In the Yucatan of Mexico, most resource-poor farmers manage garden, overstory, and edge vegetation to generate plant products for household use and income from non-timber forest products such as honey. Competing growth is removed around 34 melliferous plant species at field edges and in neighboring woodlands. This pruning requires in-depth knowledge of flowering phenology of melliferous and polliniferous species in the area.

1999, Kenneth W. Mudge, Eric B[arton] Brennan, “Clonal Propagation of Multipurpose and Fruit Trees Used in Agroforestry”, in Louise E[lizabeth] Buck, James P[hilip] Lassoie, Erick C. M. Fernandes, editors, Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems (Advances in Agroecology), Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 142:

The importance of the flowering in the dry season was reported by Porter-Bolland (2003), who found that at least 30% of the melliferous flora of Campeche flowers in the dry season.

2015, Mirna Valdez-Hernández, “Vegetative and Reproductive Plant Phenology”, in Gerald Alexander Islebe, Sophie Calmé, Jorge L[eonel] León-Cortés, Birgit Schmook, editors, Biodiversity and Conservation of the Yucatán Peninsula, Cham, Zug, Switzerland: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, part II (Plants and Environment), page 94:

(botany) Of a plant or its parts: bearing any substance (such as nectar or pollen) which is collected by bees to produce honey.

mel·lífer

of a plant or its parts: bearing any substance which is collected by bees to produce honey


laccate

en-adj

laccate (comparative more laccate, superlative most laccate)

more laccate (comparative)
most laccate (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Having a waxy covering that gives the appearance of lacquer


gymnospermous

(botany) Having seeds that are not protected in a capsule

nagozalążkowy

having seeds that are not protected in a capsule

(botany) Of or pertaining to a gymnosperm


perigone

From French périgone, doublet of perigonium.


pappus

Via Latin pappus from Ancient Greek πάππος (páppos), an affectionate term for elderly men (referencing beards).

(botany) The markedly reduced sepals of an Asteraceae floret that take the form of trichomes or scale attached to the ovary or seed.


papillose

papillose (comparative more papillose, superlative most papillose)

more papillose (comparative)
most papillose (superlative)

(botany) Bearing, covered with or resembling papillae.


verruculose

verruculose (comparative more verruculose, superlative most verruculose)

more verruculose (comparative)
most verruculose (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Having moderate-sized growths.


monstrose

monstrose (comparative more monstrose, superlative most monstrose)

more monstrose (comparative)
most monstrose (superlative)

(botany) Having an abnormal, distorted and disfigured growth of the body (especially of a cactus)


petaloid

petaloid (comparative more petaloid, superlative most petaloid)

more petaloid (comparative)
most petaloid (superlative)

From whence he concludes, that no apetalous can be a perfect Flower, since the only Fence of a Flower consists in its being petaloid.

1720, Patrick Blair, Botanick essays, London:

A peach tree, flowering in July for the second time in Kew Gardens, had double flowers, all of which were proliferated, and many of the outermost carpels were petaloid in part.

1916, Wilson Crosfield Worsdell, The Principles of Plant-teratology, volume 2, Ray Society, page 204:

On a single bush of Warai-gishi one usually can find some few normal single flowers, flowers with flaglike appendages to the otherwise normal anthers, petaloid filaments with traces of anther left, and completely transformed stamens.

1954 January, FJ HERMANN, A Synopsis of the Genus Arachis (Agriculture Monograph; No. 19), United States Department of Agriculture, page 15:

(botany) Resembling the petal of a flower.


petaloid

Comparative transcriptomic studies among petal, stamen petaloid and stamen through RNA-seq were conducted, which identified several candidate genes involved in stamen petaloid, especially some MADS-box genes.

2020, Tingyun Kuang, Xuchu Wang, Xiaochun Qin, Shaojun Dai, Pingfang Yang, Ling Li, editors, Plant Protein and Proteome Altlas--Integrated Omics Analyses of Plants under Abiotic Stress, MDPI, page 355:

One or more rows of large outer petals lying flat or undulating, with a mass of intermingled petaloids and stamens in the center.

2024 September 30, Wikipedia contributors, “Camellia japonica”, in English Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation:

(botany) A petaloid structure in a flower.


retuse

retuse (comparative more retuse, superlative most retuse)

more retuse (comparative)
most retuse (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having a rounded apex with a small central notch.

retús

having a rounded apex with a small central notch


sarmentose

sarmentose (comparative more sarmentose, superlative most sarmentose)

more sarmentose (comparative)
most sarmentose (superlative)

From Latin sarmentōsus, from Latin sarmentum.

(botany) Having long, slender, prostrate stolons (runners)


synpetalous

synpetalous (comparative more synpetalous, superlative most synpetalous)

more synpetalous (comparative)
most synpetalous (superlative)


synsepalous

synsepalous (comparative more synsepalous, superlative most synsepalous)

more synsepalous (comparative)
most synsepalous (superlative)


sympetalous

sympetalous (comparative more sympetalous, superlative most sympetalous)

more sympetalous (comparative)
most sympetalous (superlative)


stameniferous

stameniferous (comparative more stameniferous, superlative most stameniferous)

more stameniferous (comparative)
most stameniferous (superlative)


strophiole

Diminutive of Ancient Greek στροφή (strophḗ, “a turn, bend, twist”).

der

(botany) An excrescence or tubercle around the hilum of certain seeds.


schizocarp

(botany) A dry fruit that develops from multiple carpels and splits into multiple, one-seeded mericarps at maturity


uniparous

(botany) Having a cluster of flowers that form a single axis at each branching


suffruticose

en-adj

suffruticose (comparative more suffruticose, superlative most suffruticose)

more suffruticose (comparative)
most suffruticose (superlative)

(botany) Having a woody base, but herbaceous higher up

suffruticoso

botany: having a woody base, but herbaceous higher up


tubulous

tubulous (comparative more tubulous, superlative most tubulous)

more tubulous (comparative)
most tubulous (superlative)

From tubule + -ous. Compare French tubuleux.

a tubulose flower

(botany) Having a hollow cylindrical corolla, often expanded or toothed at the border.

a tubulous compound flower

Constructed of, or containing tubular parts.

(botany) Composed wholly of tubular florets.


trigone

From French trigone, from Latin trigōnum, from Ancient Greek τρῐ́γωνον (trĭ́gōnon). Doublet of trigon and trigonon.

Leaf cells are about 25–30 μm, with thin walls and bulging trigones.

1992, Marie L. Hicks, Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina, page 66:

The epidermal cells of the capsule wall of Jubulopsis, with nodose "trigones" at the angles, are very reminiscent of what one finds in Frullania spp.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 4-5:

(botany) One of the thickenings of the cell wall at the angles where several cells join.


divarication

en-noun

divarication (countable and uncountable, plural divarications)

Unattested Latin *dīvāricātiō, from the verb dīvāricō (“I spread out”), from di- + vāricō (“I spread apart”).

(botany) The growth habit of some low-growing shrubs; with wide angles where they diverge, the branches may interlace.


argentate

en-adj

argentate (comparative more argentate, superlative most argentate)

more argentate (comparative)
most argentate (superlative)


stylet

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-stylet.wav

From French stylet (“stiletto”), from Middle French stilet (“stiletto”), from Old Italian stiletto. Doublet of stiletto.


vernation

en-noun

vernation (countable and uncountable, plural vernations)

From New Latin vernātiō, from Latin vernāre (“to be verdant, to flourish”) + -tiō (“-tion”, suffix forming abstract nouns), from vernus (“springlike”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥. Equivalent to vernal + -tion.

der

(botany) The arrangement of multiple organs (such as leaves and flower parts) within a bud.

(botany) Arrangement of only leaves within the bud; prefoliation.


silicule

(botany) Alternative spelling of silicle


silicula

en-noun

silicula (plural siliculas or siliculae)


silicle

(botany) A short silique, such as the seed capsule (fruit) of shepherd's purse.


silique

From French silique, from Latin siliqua (“a pod or husk, a very small weight or measure”). Doublet of siliqua.

der

(botany) A long dry fruit (seed capsule), length more than twice the width, typical to cruciferous plants and consisting of two fused carpels that separate when ripe.


tomentum

(botany) A mass of filamentous hairs on the leaf of a plant.

tomento

matted woolly down on the surface of a plant


anastomose

en-adj

anastomose (comparative more anastomose, superlative most anastomose)

more anastomose (comparative)
most anastomose (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Joined or run together; interconnected.


uniaxial

(botany) Having a single stem, with no branches, that terminates in a flower


capitulum

en-noun

capitulum (plural capitulums or capitula)

Borrowed from Latin capitulum. Doublet of chapiter and chapter.

(botany) A densely clustered inflorescence composed of a large number of individual florets arising from a platform-like base.


phytomere

(botany) A segment of the shoot of a grass; it includes the internode and leaf together with parts of the upper and lower nodes.


psilotophyte

(botany) Any of the whisk ferns, of order Psilotales.


pterophyte

From ptero- (“wing, feather”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(botany) Any fern (of division Pteridophyta).


sciophyte

/ˈsʌɪə(ʊ)fʌɪt/

From scio- (“shade”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant that tolerates or thrives in a low light level (shade)

sciophyte

plant that tolerates or thrives in shade


nitrophyte

From nitro- (“nitrogen”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant that tolerates or thrives in a nitrogen-rich soil.


pinophyte

(botany) Any gymnosperm (of the division Pinophyta)


lycopodiophyte

(botany) Any plant (such as the club mosses) that is a member of the division Lycopodiophyta


limnodophyte

Ancient Greek λιμνώδης (limnṓdēs, “marshy”) + -phyte (“plant”)


helophyte

Ancient Greek ἕλος (hélos, “marsh”) + -phyte (“plant”)

(botany) Any plant (typically found in marshy ground) whose buds overwinter under water; helophytes grow partially submerged, and regrow from beds below the water.


hemicryptophyte

From Danish hemikryptofyt, equivalent to hemi- (“half”) + cryptophyte, from crypto- (“hidden”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant whose buds rest on the surface, being protected in various ways.


eophyte

From Ancient Greek ἠώς (ēṓs, “early in the day”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany, paleontology) A fossil plant from the Silurian age


cuprophyte

From cupro- (“copper”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant that tolerates or thrives in soil with a high level of copper


coprophyte

From copro- (“dung”) + -phyte (“plant”).


edaphophyte

From Ancient Greek ἔδαφος (édaphos, “ground”) + -phyte.

(botany) any plant that grows with its roots in the soil and shoots in the air


cryophyte

From cryo- (“cold, freezing”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(botany) Any plant whose buds overwinter below ground

(botany) Any plant that grows on ice or snow


cycadophyte

(botany) Any plant of the division Cycadophyta; a cycad.


embryophyte

From embryo- (“embryo”) + -phyte (“plant”), a calque of translingual Embryophyta.

(botany) Any member of the subkingdom Embryophyta, which includes most land plants


chamerophyte

From Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “ground”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any herbaceous or woody plant whose buds overwinter just above soil level


cormophyte

From Ancient Greek κορμός (kormós, “trunk stripped of its boughs”) -phyte (“plant”); see also corm (“swollen underground stem”), Latin cormus.

der

Very careful developmental or anatomical investigation may be required to show that the variously-constructed organs of many cormophytes are derived by the metamorphosis of the three primary organs, root, stem, and leaf, and to ascertain with which of these any particular structure is really homologous.

1940, Edgar Nelson Transeau, Homer Cleveland Sampson, Lewis Hanford Tiffany, Textbook of botany, Part 1, page 156:

Botany used to recognize, if vaguely, these two kinds of plant, namely the thallophyte which grew and absorbed superficially, and the cormophyte, which is the root-shoot system with internal accommodation.

2002, E. J. H. Corner, The Life of Plants, page 108:

The morphology of cormophytes exhibits considerable variations in size, appearance of the various parts, and duration of the life cycle.

2008, Giulia Caneva, Maria Pia Nugari, M. P. Nugari, O. Salvadori, editors, Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage: Biodeterioration and Conservation, page 91:

(now informal, botany) Any plant having a proper stem or axis of growth, which is distinct from its leaves, phyllophyte


chomophyte

Ancient Greek χῶμα (khôma, “heaped earth”) + -phyte (“plant”)

uder

(botany) Any plant that grows in rock fissures or crevices.


chamaephyte

From Danish kamæfyt, chamæfyt, equivalent to chamae- (“ground”) + -phyte (“plant”) (first element from Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “on the ground”)).

der

(botany) Any low perennial plant whose buds overwinter just above soil level


olearia

(botany) Any of the genus Olearia of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.


fasciate

From Latin fasciō (“to swathe or bind”).

The stems of the garden cockscomb are often fasciate.

(botany) Flattened and laterally widened.


apoplast

(botany) The space outside of a plant's plasma membrane through which water and soluble nutrients are transported across a tissue or organ

apoplasme

the space outside of a plant's plasma membrane


basipetal

(botany) That develops, matures or opens from the apex towards the base in sequence


acropetal

From Ancient Greek ἄκρον (ákron, “the top”) + Latin petō, petere (“fall, rush out”) + -al.

(botany) That develops, matures or opens from the base towards the apex in sequence.


cornus

(botany) Any of the genus Cornus of dogwoods.


silene

(botany) Any of several plants of the genus Silene - the campions


heliophyte

(botany) Any plant that thrives in bright sunlight


discoid

en-adj

discoid (comparative more discoid, superlative most discoid)

more discoid (comparative)
most discoid (superlative)

(botany, of a capitulum) Having only disk florets, without petal-like ray florets.


ericaceous

ericaceous (comparative more ericaceous, superlative most ericaceous)

more ericaceous (comparative)
most ericaceous (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to the heath family (Ericaceae).


hypanthium

From hypo- + Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos) + -ium.

affix

(botany) The bowl-shaped part of a flower on which the sepals, petals, and stamens are borne


cultigen

From culti(vated) + -gen or from Latin cultus (“cultivated”) + gēns (“kind”). Coined by American botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey in 1918.

(botany, horticulture) A plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans, that is it has resulted from artificial rather than natural selection.


anemochorous

(botany) Adapted for dispersal via wind.


medullary

From medulla + -ary; compare also Late Latin medullaris.


sorus

From New Latin sōrus, from Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”).

(mycology, lichenology) Any reproductive structure, in some lichens and fungi, that produces spores.

itiöpesäkeryhmä

mycology, lichenology: Any reproductive structure that produces spores

AGLAOMORPHIA, [...] Sori non-indusiate, rotundate, [...] Fronds coriaceous, dimorphous, the sterile sessile querciform, brown rigid; [...]

1857, Thomas Moore, Index Filicum: A Synopsis, with Characters, of the Genera, and an Enumeration of the Species of Ferns : with Synonymes, References:

(botany) A cluster of sporangia on the edge or underside of a fern frond.


peristome

Its removal does not, however, leave the mouth of the capsule wide open, for around the margin are two circles of pointed teeth forming the peristome.

1911, “Bryophyta”, in Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition:

(botany) One or two rings of tooth-like appendages surrounding the opening of the capsule of many mosses.


campanula

From translingual Campanula, from Latin campānula, diminutive of campāna (“bell”).

(botany) Any plant of the genus Campanula.


puccoon

en-noun

puccoon (countable and uncountable, plural puccoons)

Borrowed from Powhatan poughkone. Doublet of poke.

The puccoon dye was used as a sort of body rouge; it rubbed off on English linen quite easily, as Byrd's men discovered.

2002, Stephen G Ausband, Byrd's line, page 62:

(countable, botany) Any one of several plants yielding a red pigment which is used by the North American Indians, such as the bloodroot and two species of Lithospermum, Lithospermum hirtum and Lithospermum canescens.


ocrea

(botany) A sheath around a plant stem forming from the stipule of a leaf and extending above the point of insertion of the leaf.


aquilegia

As for what to plant, stick to the tough, reliable types that will overwinter easily: perennials such as anemones, sedums, echinops (Echinops ritro is a beast – just a warning), aquilegias, Rudbeckia fulgida and its like, heucheras, Brunnera macrophylla, geraniums, geums and Knautia macedonica are made for autumn planting.

2015 November 14, Alys Fowler, “Alys Fowler: get a head start on spring”, in The Guardian:

(botany) Any member of the genus Aquilegia.


unguis

From Latin unguis (“nail, claw, hoof”). Doublet of onyx.

(botany) The slender base of a petal in some flowers; a claw; an ungula.


collum

Borrowed from Latin collum (“the neck”). Doublet of col.


stirps

Borrowed from Latin stirps (“rootstock, stem”).

(zoology, botany) A superfamily of animals or plants.


homospore

(botany) any plant producing spores of the same size and type.


homosporous

(botany) producing spores of the same size and type.


diaspore

diaspore (countable and uncountable, plural diaspores)

From Ancient Greek διασπείρω (diaspeírō, “to scatter”), describing its decrepitation on heating.

der

(botany) seeds and fruit together regarded as a dispersal unit.


nutlet

(botany) One of the lobes or sections of the mature ovary of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae.


polyarch

en-noun

polyarch (plural polyarchs or polyarches)

From Latin, from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”) + ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “beginning”).

(botany) A root that has many xylem bundles.


Banksian

en-adj

Banksian (comparative more Banksian, superlative most Banksian)

more Banksian (comparative)
most Banksian (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to Joseph Banks, English botanist and naturalist.


oil spot

(botany) One of the yellow spots, often circular in shape, on the upper leaf surface of grapevines in the early stages of downy mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola infection).


cyma

head

cyma (plural cymas or cymae or cymæ or cymata)

cymas (plural)
cymae (plural)
cymæ (plural)
cymata (plural)

From New Latin cȳma (“young sprout or shoot of cabbage”) (whence the botanic usage of cyme), from Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “swell, wave”, “cyma”, “sprout of a plant”), from κύω (kúō, “I conceive, I become pregnant”).
For more information, click to expand this box.
Most English coinages on this root are formed on its short stem, κῡμ- (kūm-). The fact that the Ancient Greek etymon only inflects as a third-declension neuter noun has led some writers to prescribe forms that preserve the root’s long stem, κῡματ- (kūmat-), for philological reasons (see, for example, the 1903 and 1908 citations of cymatoscope), but such forms are rare.
Latinate phrases that include cyma, namely cyma inversa, cyma recta, and cyma reversa, show that, when employed as a Latin word, cȳma is treated as a first-declension feminine noun rather than as third-declension neuter consonant-stem noun.
There are several Classical precedents, both from Latin and from Ancient Greek, for formations on the short stem (κῡμ- (kūm-)) of this root, although formations on the long stem (κῡματ- (kūmat-)) are more common in Ancient Greek; consequently, whereas formations on the long stem may be preferable, especially when combined with other Ancient Greek elements, formations on the short stem are by no means incorrect.


velate

Latin velatus, past participle of velare (“to veil”). See veil.


hypogeal

en-adj

hypogeal (comparative more hypogeal, superlative most hypogeal)

more hypogeal (comparative)
most hypogeal (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ὑπόγειος (hupógeios) + -al.

affix

grc:ὑπόγειος

(botany, of a cotyledon) Remaining under the surface of the ground after having germinated


sap ball

(botany) Any large fungus of the genus Polyporus.


apiculate

en-adj

apiculate (comparative more apiculate, superlative most apiculate)

more apiculate (comparative)
most apiculate (superlative)

(botany) Having a short, sharply pointed tip.


falcate

falcate (comparative more falcate, superlative most falcate)

more falcate (comparative)
most falcate (superlative)

Latin falx (falc-) (“sickle”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(zoology and botany) Shaped like a sickle.


mycotrophic

en-adj

mycotrophic (comparative more mycotrophic, superlative most mycotrophic)

more mycotrophic (comparative)
most mycotrophic (superlative)

(botany) Describing any plant that obtains (all or some of) its nutrients through symbiosis with fungi

microtròfic

obtaining one's nutrients through symbiosis with fungi


xerophytic

(botany) Of, pertaining to, or being a xerophyte


farinose

farinose (comparative more farinose, superlative most farinose)

more farinose (comparative)
most farinose (superlative)

Borrowed from Late Latin farīnōsus, from Latin farīna.

(botany, zoology) Covered with a sort of white, mealy powder, like the leaves of some poplars, and the body of certain insects; mealy


strobilus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek στρόβιλος (stróbilos). According to Liddell and Scott, 8th ed. 1882: of various meanings such as a pine-cone, something screwed up into a lump like a pine-cone, a pine tree and more.

(botany) A cone-shaped fruiting body sensu stricto of gymnosperms and vascular plants other than angiosperms, bearing either seeds or spores, but sensu lato may refer to similarly structured catkins and cones in angiosperms; usage arbitrary according to preferences of various authorities.

(botany) Sensu strictissimo a more-or-less cone-shaped fruiting body of any of various vascular Pteridophyta, such as horsetail, that bear spores;

(botany) Sensu stricto according to source and context, a more-or-less cone-shaped fruiting body; a structure that might or might not be seen as an infructescence, usually woody, of either Pteridophyta or gymnosperms such as pines and cycads, that bear seeds — usage has varied arbitrarily among authors since the 19th century.

The strobilus in Selaginella is the sporangia-bearing region of the sporophyte. The sporangia arise in the axils of leaves called the sporophylls.

2006, Anil Kumar, Botany for Degree Pteridophyta, S. Chand Publishing, →ISBN:

As a term, female strobilus refers to the stage prior to pollination... The strobilus emerges slowly from its bud then its scales flex open. Once pollinated the strobilus now becomes a conelet. At fertilization the conelet becomes a cone.

2009, Claire G. Williams, Conifer Reproductive Biology, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:

(botany) Sensu lato according to source and context, A more-or-less cone-shaped fruiting body; a structure that might or might not be seen as an infructescence of either Pteridophyta, gymnosperms, or angiosperms; examples include the cones of Casuarina, or catkin-like strobili of Alnus


syngenesious

(botany, archaic or very rare) synantherous


isotype

(botany, taxonomy) A duplicate specimen of the holotype, from the same genetic individual.


andromonoecy

(botany) The production of both bisexual and male flowers on the same plant


andromonoecious

andromonoecious (comparative more andromonoecious, superlative most andromonoecious)

more andromonoecious (comparative)
most andromonoecious (superlative)

(botany) Producing both bisexual and male flowers on the same plant


monoecy

(botany) The condition of being monoecious, the state of having pistils and stamens on separate flowers of the same plant.


frondose

frondose (comparative more frondose, superlative most frondose)

more frondose (comparative)
most frondose (superlative)


gemmate

From Latin gemmatus, past participle of gemmare (“to put forth buds”), from gemma (“bud”).

gemmate structure

(botany) Having buds; reproducing by buds.


ptyxis

en-noun

ptyxis (countable and uncountable, plural ptyxes)

From New Latin ptyxis, from Ancient Greek πτύξις (ptúxis, “a folding”).

der

(botany) The way in which an individual leaf is folded in the bud.


locusta

(botany) The spikelet or flower cluster of grasses


thalloid

(botany) Of a plant, alga, or fungus lacking complex organization, especially lacking distinct stems, roots, or leaves.


monochasium

From New Latin monochasium, from Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, only, sole, single”) + χάσις (khásis, “chasm, separation”).

(botany) A type of cyme on which each single axis bears one flower.


staminode

From New Latin stāminōdium, from Latin stāmen (“warp, thread”) + Ancient Greek εἶδος (eîdos, “form, likeness”).

(botany) An abortive stamen, or any organ modified from an abortive stamen; a staminodium


scorpioid

en-adj

scorpioid (comparative more scorpioid, superlative most scorpioid)

more scorpioid (comparative)
most scorpioid (superlative)

From Ancient Greek σκορπιοειδής (skorpioeidḗs, “scorpionlike”), from σκορπίος (skorpíos, “scorpion”) + εἶδος (eîdos, “form, likeness”).

uder

σκορπιοειδής

a scorpioid cyme

(botany) Resembling a scorpion's tail; circinate.


cyme

]
Borrowed from French cime, cyme (“top, summit”), from Vulgar Latin *cima, from Latin cȳma (“young sprout of a cabbage”, “spring shoots of cabbage”), from Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “anything swollen, such as a wave or billow”; “fetus”, “embryo”, “sprout of a plant”), from κύω (kúō, “I conceive”, “I become pregnant”; in the aorist “I impregnate”). For considerably more information, see cyma, which is an etymological doublet. Compare also Frankish *kīmō (“sprout”), from Proto-Germanic *kīmô, whence German Keim (“sprout”).

cime

in the obsolete first sense only, [18th century]

The inflorescence is some form of cyme, and the flowers are usually regular.

1906, “Gentianaceæ”, in Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby, editors, The New International Encyclopædia:

The plant bears small groups of two or three yellowish coloured flowers on an axillary cyme.

2003, S. M. Reddy, S. J. Chary, University Botany 2: Gymnosperms, Plant Anatomy, Genetics, Ecology, page 190:

The flower cluster is a cyme (terminal flower is the most advanced), is terminal within the bud and may contain up to six individual flowers.

2003, David Curtis Ferree, Ian J. Warrington, Apples: Botany, Production and Uses, page 157:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(botany) A flattish or convex flower cluster, of the centrifugal or determinate type, on which each axis terminates with a flower which blooms before the flowers below it. Contrast raceme.

kvast

botany: a centrifugal or definite inflorescence, esp. compound inflorescences of this type forming a more or less flat head


reclinate

en-adj

reclinate (comparative more reclinate, superlative most reclinate)

more reclinate (comparative)
most reclinate (superlative)

reclinate bristles

reclinate leaves

reclinate setae

(botany, entomology) bent downward, so that the point is lower than the base.


exogeny

(botany) A division of woody plants whose stem is formed by successive accretions to the outside of the wood under the bark


retama

(botany) Any of the genus Retama of flowering bushes.


radicant

(botany) Taking root on, or above, the ground; rooting from the stem, like the trumpet creeper and the ivy.


bracteate

bracteate (comparative more bracteate, superlative most bracteate)

more bracteate (comparative)
most bracteate (superlative)

From Latin bracteātus (“gold-plated, golden”), from bractea (“gold leaf, veneer, glitter”).


pencilled

(botany) Marked with fine lines, as if with a pencil.


rosaceous

Borrowed from Latin rosāceus. Alternatively, from Rosaceae + -ous.

(botany, relational) Of or relating to a rose, or a member of the Rosaceae family of plants.


angustifoliate

en-adj

angustifoliate (comparative more angustifoliate, superlative most angustifoliate)

more angustifoliate (comparative)
most angustifoliate (superlative)

From Latin angustus (“narrow”) + foliate.


scandent

From the present participle stem of Latin scandere (“to climb”).

I found but a single specimen—a scandent shrub of Datura metel, at a house site in a small coastal village, planted, I was told, as a remedy for asthma.

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 52:

(botany) Climbing, without obvious morphological adaptations.


procumbent

procumbent (comparative more procumbent, superlative most procumbent)

more procumbent (comparative)
most procumbent (superlative)

From Latin pro (“forward”) + cumbĕre (“to lie down”).


apoplastic

apoplastic (comparative more apoplastic, superlative most apoplastic)

more apoplastic (comparative)
most apoplastic (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to an apoplast


apomictic

apomictic (comparative more apomictic, superlative most apomictic)

more apomictic (comparative)
most apomictic (superlative)

I have found no definite reports of apomictic turbellarians, although the stenostomid Rhynchoscolex is said neither to reproduce by fission (but see Pennak, 1978) nor to possess a male system (Sterrer and Rieger, 1974).

1982, Graham Bell, The Masterpiece of Nature: The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality:

Successful breeding of apomictic species is a relatively recent achievement and thus far only a few artificially bred cultivars of any apomictic crop have been released. For many years the only source of cultivars of apomictic species was selection and increase of the best natural apomictic ecotypes.

1990, E. C. Bashaw, Wayne W. Hanna, “5: Apomictic reproduction”, in Geoffrey Peter Chapman, editor, Reproductive Versatility in the Grasses, Cambridge University Press, page 115:

2001, Julien Berthaud, Chapter 2: Apomixis and the Management of Genetic Diversity, Yves Savidan, John G. Carman, Thomas Dresselhaus (editors), The Flowering of Apomixis: From Mechanisms to Genetic Engineering, CIMMYT, page 20,
The first generation hybrid between teosinte (sexual, aa) and apomictic maize (AA) would be apomictic (Aa), and BC₁ plants with teosinte as female would produce Aa (apomictic) and aa (sexual) progeny.

(botany, zoology) Of, pertaining to, or characterised by apomixis.


eurosid

(botany) Any plant in a clade that includes many taxonomic orders related to the roses


arbuscle

Latin arbuscula, diminutive of arbor or arbos (“tree; tuft of feathers”).

Gumme is an Arabick word, and when it is put abſolutely; it muſt be underſtood of Gum-Arabick, which Galen calls Thebane, ſome Babylonian, and others Acanthine Gumme. It flowes from a certain arbuſcle, which [Pedanius] Dioſcorides calls Acacia, whereof he conſtitutes two ſorts […]

1657, "Renodæus" [Jean de Renou], translated by Richard Tomlinson, A Medicinal Dispensatory, containing the VVhole Body of Physick: Discovering the Natures, Properties, and Vertues of Vegetables, Minerals, & Animals: The Manner of Compounding Medicaments, and the Way to Administer Them. Methodically Digested in Five Books of Philosophical and Pharmaceutical Institutions; Three Books of Physical Materials, Galenical and Chymical. Together with a most Perfect and Absolute Pharmacopoea or Apothecaries Shop. Accommodated with Three Useful Tables, London: Printed by Jo: Streater and Ja: Cottrel; and are to be sold by Henry Fletcher at the three gilt Cups neer the west-end of Pauls, →OCLC, page 395:

Ar′boret or arbus′cle. A little tree.

1853, F[rederick] Knighton, The American Etymological School Grammar, containing Copious Exercises, and a Systematic View of the Formation and Derivation of Words, from the Anglo-Saxon, Latin and Greek, which Explain the Etymology of above Ten Thousand English Words, Philadelphia, Pa.: Robert E. Peterson & Co. 124, Arch Street, →OCLC, page 103:

Hybrid 800 was an arbuscle only 1.5 m in height at the age of six years because of suppression by adjoining poplars and honeylocusts. […] Further observations have shown that plants subjected to summer pruning when young suffered little from frosts. They continued to grow as arbuscles and no longer needed summer pruning. Some are now no less winterhardy than the most winterhardy specimens.

1967, OTS, Washington, D.C.: Office of Technical Services, United States Department of Commerce, →OCLC, pages 87 and 150:

(botany) A plant midway in height between a shrub and a tree; a dwarf tree.

arbuscule

a plant midway in height between a shrub and a tree


papilionaceous

papilionaceous (comparative more papilionaceous, superlative most papilionaceous)

more papilionaceous (comparative)
most papilionaceous (superlative)

From New Latin papilionaceus (from Latin pāpiliō (“butterfly”)) + -ous. In scientific sense, after Papilionaceae (family name).

[T]he broad road is lined with wild bushes and tangled shrubs lavishly decked with brilliant blossoms: the lentisk, so covered with yellow, papilionaceous flowers [translating Schmetterlingsblumen] that not a green leaf is visible…

1962, JW Goethe, translated by WH Auden and Elizabeth Mayer, Italian Journey, Penguin, published 1970, page 261:

(botany) Having a corolla in the form of a butterfly, with prominent wing-like petals; (generally) pertaining to the Faboidea (Papilionoidea) family of plants.


geophily

(botany) The property of bearing flowers and fruit at or below ground level.


geophilic

geophilic (comparative more geophilic, superlative most geophilic)

more geophilic (comparative)
most geophilic (superlative)

(botany) Fruiting and/or flowering at or below ground level; exhibiting geophily.


porrect

porrect (comparative more porrect, superlative most porrect)

more porrect (comparative)
most porrect (superlative)

From Latin porrectus, past participle of porrigō (“stretch out”).

The palpi of moths in the genus Thumatha are porrect and slender.

(entomology, botany) stretched out or forward


hebetate

hebetate (comparative more hebetate, superlative most hebetate)

more hebetate (comparative)
most hebetate (superlative)

Latin hebetatus, past participle of hebetare (“to dull”).

(botany) Having a dull or blunt and soft point


oogonium

(botany, mycology) A sac (the female gametangium) containing oospheres in algae or fungi.


rupestral

From New Latin rupestris, from Latin rūpes (“rock”).

The rupestral species have been the next class of lichens to suffer from the atmospheric pollution; and the effects are particularly noticeable in the hilly districts in the eastern part of South Lancashire.

1915, The Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany, volume 43, Linnean Society of London, page 93:

By contrast, in the oak woodland on a steep hillside at Keskadale in Cumberland the occurrence is solely rupestral.

1973, James Holms Dickson, Bryophytes of the Pleistocene, page 123:

Among the more notable of these rupestral oceanic and Atlantic bryophytes of acidic rocks are the mosses[…].

2012, Derek Ratcliffe, A Nature Conservation Review, volume 1, page 78:


cineraria

(botany) Any of the genus Cineraria of flowering plants in the sunflower family.


colpus

From Late Latin colpus (“stroke; strike; hit”), from earlier Latin colaphus. Doublet of coup.

der

(botany, palynology) A groove sometimes occurring on grains of pollen


semiparasitic

(botany) Describing a plant that, although it uses photosynthesis, obtains some nutrition from other plants.


palynomorph

(botany) Any spore (derived from fungi, algae or spore-bearing embryophytes) or pollen grain (derived from seed-bearing embryophytes).


lespedeza

(botany) Any of many leguminous plants of the genus Lespedeza, including bush clover.


thyrse

From Middle French thyrse, from Latin thyrsus, from Ancient Greek θύρσος (thúrsos). Doublet of thyrsus, torse, and torso.

The Thyrsus *, or Thyrse, is a mode of inflorescence very nearly allied to the panicle, being, in fact, a panicle contracted into an ovate, or egg-shaped form. In the thyrse, the middle footstalks, which are longer, extend horizontally, whilst the upper and lower oes are shorter, and rise up vertically.

1804, Benjamin Smith Barton, Elements of Botany, page 143:

The example of the thyrse of Eugenia leads us to understand several inflorescences which resemble also racemes or panicles; such are the thyrses of the Lilac.

1840, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, translated by Boughton Kingdon, Vegetable Organography, volume II, page 24:

1998, D. W. Stevenson, M. Colella, B. Boom, Rapateaceae, Klaus Kubitzki, H. Huber (editors), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume IV: Flowering Plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae), page 417,
The number of spikelets is variable, and some genera have thyrses with 70 spikelets (Saxofridericia, Spathanthus) or only 1-3 spikelets per inflorescence (Stegolepsis, Monotrema).

(botany) A type of inflorescence; a compact panicle having an obscured main axis and cymose subaxes.


fastigiate

en-adj

fastigiate (comparative more fastigiate, superlative most fastigiate)

more fastigiate (comparative)
most fastigiate (superlative)

From Latin fastigiatus (“peaked”), from fastigium (“peak”).

The branches of this species are fastigiate.

This is a fastigiate variety.

(botany, horticulture) Having closely-bunched erect parallel branches


mallee

Probably borrowed from Wemba-Wemba mali; compare Woiwurrung mali.

mallee ringneck

Australian ringneck; Barnardius zonarius

[page 1-4, section 1.3] Of the many variations in form of the Eucalyptus (shrubs, mallees, trees, etc.), virtually all species being tested in the above category are those which exhibit good tree form (e.g., height, straightness of trunk, etc.). […] [page 2-1, section 2.2] Shrubby eucalypts are usually referred to as "mallees" although the term strictly applies to those species which have many stems growing from an enlarged rootstock (lignotuber).

1978 June, Eliseo O. Mariani, Warren A. Wood, Paul C. Kouchoukos, Mary Beth Minton, Marelco, Inc., “Introduction” and “The Eucalypts”, in The Eucalyptus Energy Farm: Feasibility Study and Demonstration: Phase 1: Site and Species Selection (HCP/T2557-01), Washington, D.C.: Division of Solar Technology, Office of Energy Technology, United States Department of Energy, →OCLC, pages 1-4 and 2-1:

Eucalypts with a mallee growth form can also be found in areas wetter than those already considered and where single-stemmed eucalypts predominate. This occurs in a variety of unfavourable habitats, either by normally single-stemmed eucalypts assuming a mallee habit (e.g., E. baxteri) or by the occurrence of distinct wet-country mallees of restricted distribution specific to such habitats.

1994, R. F. Parsons, “Eucalyptus Scrubs and Shrublands”, in R. H. Groves, editor, Australian Vegetation, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 292:

(botany, Australia) The growth habit of certain eucalypt species that grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber, shared by species of related genera.


florigen

(botany) a supposed hormone that causes flowering in plants


polliniate

From pollinium + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

This is a polliniate orchid.

(botany, palynology) Forming pollinia, coherent masses of pollen dispersed as a single unit.


acarodomatium

(botany) A pit with tufted trichomes in leaf vein axils and occupied by predatory and mycophagous mites.


epiphora

en-noun

epiphora (countable and uncountable, plural epiphoras)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐπιφορά (epiphorá).

(botany) Polystachya (a genus of orchids).


hypothecal

Two of the four hypothecal plates are very much enlarged.

1978, Harold Charles Bold, Michael James Wynne, Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction, →ISBN, page 441:

(microbiology, planktology) Of or pertaining to the hypotheca, the lower half of the shell of certain types of plankton


hypotheca

(microbiology, planktology) The lower or posterior half of the theca of a thecate protist such as a diatom or dinoflagellate


theca

From New Latin, from Latin thēca, from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē, “a case, box, receptacle”), from τίθημι (títhēmi, “put, set, place”). Doublet of tay.

der

en:external case or sheath in biology, broadly

(biology) Any of several external cases or sheaths.

(biology, botany) The pollen-producing organ usually found in pairs and forming an anther.

(biology, microbiology, planktology) The membrane complex enveloping the cells of certain plankton including diatoms and dinoflagellates.


peloric

(botany, of a flower) Having a mutation such that a normally asymmetric flower becomes radially symmetric


druse

Borrowed via French from German Druse (“crystallized piece of ore”); compare dross.

(botany) An aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals found in certain plants.

drusa

an aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals found in certain plants


trophophyte

(botany) A plant which behaves as hydrophyte in the rainy season and a xerophyte in the dry season.


sporophyll

(botany) The equivalent to a leaf, in ferns and mosses, that bears the sporangia.

σποριόφυλλο

the equivalent to a leaf in ferns and mosses


sinistrorse

en-adj

sinistrorse (comparative more sinistrorse, superlative most sinistrorse)

more sinistrorse (comparative)
most sinistrorse (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sinistrorse.wav

(botany) Turning to the left (of the observer) as it grows taller.


unbuttressed

an unbuttressed sapling

(botany, forestry) Not buttressed; having a trunk without a flared base


pomiferous

From Latin pōmifer (“fruit-bearing”) + -ous.

(botany) bearing pomes or pomelike fruit as opposed to berries.


pulvinus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin pulvīnus. Doublet of pillow.

(botany) A joint on a plant leaf or petiole that may swell and cause movement of the leaf or leaflet.


pome

en-noun

pome (plural pomes or (heraldry) pomeis)

From Middle English pome (“fruit, meatball”), from Old French pome (“apple”), from Latin pōmum. For the verb, compare French pommer. Doublet of pomme.

The best-known example of a pome is the apple.

(botany) A type of fruit in which the often edible flesh arises from the swollen base of the flower and not from the carpels.


postgermination

There have been few studies of early postgermination growth in plants in relation to heterosis.

1950, J.W. Gowen, editor, Heterosis, page 105:


plica

plica (countable and uncountable, plural plicas or plicae)

From Medieval Latin, from Latin plicare (“to fold”).

(botany) A diseased state in plants in which there is an excessive development of small entangled twigs, instead of ordinary branches.


megaspore

(botany) The larger spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producing a female gametophyte

isoitiö

botany: larger of the spores of a heterosporous plant


saccus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin saccus (“a sack, bag”), from Ancient Greek σᾰ́κκος (sắkkos, “coarse cloth of hair; sack, bag”), from Semitic. Doublet of sac, sack, saco, and sakkos.

der

(botany) A bladder or winglike structure found on the pollen grains of many species of conifer. The shape or number of the sacci on a pollen grain can help identify the species it came from.


styleless

Short-styled and styleless flowers were sometimes mixed in these individuals.

1990, Nihon Shokubutsu Gakkai, The Botanical Magazine, Tokyo:

(botany) Lacking a style (stalk structure).


multiple fruit

(botany) A fruit that develops from the fusion of carpels from more than one flower, as for instance, a pineapple.

fruit composé

a fruit that develops from the fusion of carpels from more than one flower


aggregate fruit

en-noun

aggregate fruit (plural aggregate fruits)

(botany) A fruit that develops from the fusion of more than one carpel within a single flower, as for instance, a raspberry.

eteri

a fruit that develops from the fusion of more than one carpel within a single flower, as for instance, a raspberry


indument

indument (countable and uncountable, plural induments)

Latin indumentum (“a covering”). See indue, and compare induement.

The leaf indument of a number of North American, Macaronesian and European Dryopteris taxa is described.

1986, “Taxonomical significance of the leaf indument in Dryopteris (Pteridophyta): I. Some North American, Macaronesian and European taxa”, in Plant Systematics and Evolution, volume 153, →DOI, page 77:


stipular

(botany) Of, relating to, or constituting a stipule.


saccate

en-adj

saccate (comparative more saccate, superlative most saccate)

more saccate (comparative)
most saccate (superlative)

(botany) Of a pollen grain: having one or more sacci.


amphistomatic

(botany, of a leaf) Having stomata on both sides


astomatic

(botany, of a leaf) Having no, or very few, stomata


cuspidate

cuspidate (comparative more cuspidate, superlative most cuspidate)

more cuspidate (comparative)
most cuspidate (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Tapering to a sharp, firm point


bipennate

Its bipennate leaves are composed of a slightly straightened general petiole, of four partial petioles, situated, two at the extremity of the proceeding, and convergent, two a little lower, and growing almost at right angles; each of them bearing more than twenty pairs of small horizontal petioles.

1849, Adrien de Jussieu, James Hewetson Wilson, The Elements of Botany, page 501:

But this Burnet Pimpinella is of a different (Umbelliferous) order, though similarly styled because its leaves are likewise bipennate.

1897, William Thomas Fernie, Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure, 2006 Gutenberg eBook edition:

(botany, of leaves) Bipinnate (pinnate and having a pinnate leaflet).


epistomatic

(botany, of a leaf) Having stomata on the upper surface only


equifacial

(botany, of a leaf) Having both sides the same.


hypostomatic

hypostomatic (comparative more hypostomatic, superlative most hypostomatic)

more hypostomatic (comparative)
most hypostomatic (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having stomata (mostly) on the underneath (foliar abaxial surface)


infructescence

(botany) The fruiting stage of an inflorescence.

(botany) A group of fruits arranged on a stem in a characteristic pattern.


restio

Restios can be found in virtually all habitats of the fynbos, from sandy plains to mountain summits and from very dry places to seasonally wet or to permanent marshes.

2012, Els Dorrat-Haaksma, H. Peter Linder, Restios of the Fynbos, →ISBN, page 14:

(botany) Any member of the family Restionaceae of perennial, evergreen, rush-like flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere.

(botany) In particular, any member of the genus Restio of the family Restionaceae


parallelinerved

parallelinerved (comparative more parallelinerved, superlative most parallelinerved)

more parallelinerved (comparative)
most parallelinerved (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having the venation arranged in parallel lines of veins


palminerved

(botany, of a leaf) Having the venation arranged like the fingers of an open hand.


penninerved

penninerved (comparative more penninerved, superlative most penninerved)

more penninerved (comparative)
most penninerved (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having the nerves arranged on each side of the midriff like the barbs of a feather


plagiotropic

plagiotropic (comparative more plagiotropic, superlative most plagiotropic)

more plagiotropic (comparative)
most plagiotropic (superlative)

(botany) Growing at an oblique or almost horizontal angle


peltinerved

peltinerved (comparative more peltinerved, superlative most peltinerved)

more peltinerved (comparative)
most peltinerved (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having the veins radiating from the centre

peltinervio

having the veins radiating from the centre


unijugate

(botany, of a pinnate leaf) Having only one pair of leaflets.


fagaceous

(botany) Of the family Fagaceae of beeches and similar trees.


mycorrhized

(botany) That has a mycorrhiza (symbiotic relationship with a fungus)


bryalean

bryalean (comparative more bryalean, superlative most bryalean)

more bryalean (comparative)
most bryalean (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to mosses of the subclass Bryales.


eyespot

(botany) Any of a group of fungal infections of grasses that are characterized by oval spots; strawbreaker


coleoptile

A classical compound of the Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath”) + the English -ptile (“leaf”) – the suffix representing the Ancient Greek πτῐ́λον (ptĭ́lon) – probably after the French coléoptile.

This kinetic scheme was proposed to account for the observed responses of Avena coleoptiles, and it was thought that it could also be applied to the phototropic responses of corn coleoptiles.

1965, Barbara Ann Koch, Phototropic responses of corn coleoptiles:

(botany) A pointed sheath that protects the emerging shoot in monocotyledons such as oats and grasses.


arenophile

It seems to be a characteristic arenophile. Not common in Holderness except on the morainic gravels, being the chief plant on Coneygarth Hill, near Brandesburton.

1902, James Fraser Robinson, The Flora of the East Riding of Yorkshire, page 161:

(botany) A plant that thrives in or requires a sandy environment to grow.


psammophile

(botany) arenophile, a sand-loving organism


saintpaulia

(botany) Any of the perennial flowering plants of the genus Saintpaulia, the African violets, especially Saintpaulia ionantha.


manicate

manicate (comparative more manicate, superlative most manicate)

more manicate (comparative)
most manicate (superlative)

From Latin manicatus (“sleeved”), from manica (“a sleeve”).

(botany) Covered with hairs or pubescence so interwoven as to form a mass easily removed.


acrostichoid

(botany, of a fern) Whose sori densely cover the underside of the frond like a felt, without visible gaps between them.


acrophyll

(botany) In a climbing plant, a leaf produced by the mature plant, which is physically distinct from the leaves produced by the immature plant.


bathyphyll

(botany) In a climbing plant, a leaf produced by the immature plant, which is physically distinct from the leaves produced by the mature plant.


acrophore

(botany) A stem or stalk that is apical.


plectostele

(botany) A type of protostele in which the two types of vascular tissue in the stem are intermingled.


haplostele

(botany) A type of protostele, in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem is smooth, without lobes or mixing of the tissues.


dictyostele

(botany) A type of siphonostele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a central cylinder around a pith, but with closely spaced leaf gaps.


actinostele

(botany) A type of protostele, in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem extends outward in lobes.

actinostelo

protostele in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem extends outward


protostele

(botany) A type of stele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a solid core, with no central pith or leaf gaps.


eustele

(botany) A type of siphonostele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a central ring of bundles around a pith.


atactostele

(botany) A type of eustele, found in monocots, in which the vascular tissue in the stem exists as scattered bundles.


siphonostele

(botany) A type of stele in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a cylinder surrounding a central pith and possessing leaf gaps.


amphiphloic

(botany) Of stems in which the phloem is both external and internal to the xylem.


ectophloic

(botany) Of stems in which the phloem is external to the xylem.


leaf gap

(botany) A gap or break in the central cylinder of vascular tissue within a plant's stem, caused by the extension of the tissue as a leaf trace.


leaf trace

(botany) An extension of vascular tissue from a plant's stem into a nearby leaf, resulting in a leaf gap in the plant's stele.


solenostele

(botany) A type of siphonostele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a central cylinder around a pith, with widely spaced leaf gaps.


vascular bundle

en-noun

vascular bundle (plural vascular bundles)

(botany) A strand of xylem, phloem, and their associated tissues within a eustele or atactostele.

維管束 /维管束

botany: part of transport system in vascular plants


anthracnose

anthracnose (countable and uncountable, plural anthracnoses)

(phytopathology) Any of several fungal diseases that affect many plants and trees.

caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides


honey guide

(botany) Colorful spots or stripes on a flower that indicate to insects where the nectar is produced.


antheridial

(botany) Of, pertaining to, or produced in, the antheridium

anteridial

of, pertaining to, or produced in, the antheridium


macrandrous

(botany) Having antheridia formed on normal-sized male vegetative filaments.


antheridium

Ascodesmis is a third type which might be derived either directly or through the erysiphaceous type from an endomycetous ancestor; the antheridium and oogonium are but little differentiated, but the latter is furnished with a trichogyne and becomes septate after fertilization; the ascogenous hyphae are few and the sheath simple.

2010, Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, Fungi: Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales, page 54:

(botany, mycology) An organ producing male gametes called antherozoids, found in some algae, ferns, and bryophytes.


dieback

The National Trust reports that 30,000 ash trees on its land will have been felled this year owing to ash dieback. “Dieback” sounds like a gentle, seasonal withdrawal. In fact, ash dieback is a devastating disease caused by a fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, likely to have been carried into the UK on imported ash saplings in the early part of this century.

2021 December 12, “The Guardian view on ash dieback: a tiny chink of hope”, in The Guardian:

(phytopathology) The browning and death of a plant shoot starting at the tip, due to either disease or climate conditions.

(botany) The withering of a plant, especially the cyclical withering in autumn and winter; distal parts die off but core parts stay alive (and semidormant or dormant).


spikelet

(botany) A small, or secondary spike, especially one of many in the inflorescence of a grass or sedge.


arundinoid

(botany) Any grass of the subfamily Arundinoideae.


clonally

asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction

(chiefly botany) By means of asexual reproduction.


cleistothecium

(botany) A closed ascocarp, in some fungi, from which spores are released following decay or disintegration


pothos

pothos (countable and uncountable, plural pothoses)

From translingual Pothos, the genus name. The similarity to Ancient Greek Πόθος (Póthos), the name of one of Aphrodite's erotes who was said to carry a vine (from πόθος (póthos, “yearning, desire”)) is noted; however, other references give the origin as Sinhalese පෝටා වැල් (pōṭā wæl).

(uncountable, botany) Pothos, a genus of plants consisting of subtropical and tropical, climbing, flowering vines, indigenous to the environs of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean.


putamen

(botany) The shell of a nut; the stone of a drupe fruit; endocarp.


euascomycete

(botany) Any fungus of the former taxon Euascomycota (now the Pezizomycotina)


ethnobotany

ethnobotany (usually uncountable, plural ethnobotanies)

(botany, sociology) The scientific study of the relationships between people and plants.


heterothallism

heterothallism (usually uncountable, plural heterothallisms)

(botany) The condition of being heterothallic

erilaissekovartisuus

botany: the condition of being heterothallic


cymose

en-adj

cymose (comparative more cymose, superlative most cymose)

more cymose (comparative)
most cymose (superlative)

From the Latin cȳmōsus, from cȳma, whence the English cyma.

(botany) having a cyme, a usually flat-topped flower cluster in which the main and branch stems each end in a flower that opens before those below it or to its side.

kvastagtig

botany: having a flower cluster with stems ending in a flower that opens before those below it


pergamentaceous

/ˌpɜːɡəmənˈteɪʃəs/

/ˌpɚɡəmənˈteɪʃəs/

From the suffixation of post‑Classical Latin pergament(um) (“parchment”) with the suffix -aceous (“of the nature of”) (itself from the Latin compound adjectival suffix ‑āceus).

(biology, now chiefly botany) Reminiscent of parchment.


bolter

trap

antonym(s) of “missed landing on an aircraft carrier”

Evidence is accumulating that bolters are plants which have changed their long-day habit to that of short-day.

1949, Redcliffe Nathan Salaman, The History and Social Influence of the Potato, published 2000, page 68:

(botany, horticulture) A plant that grows larger and more rapidly than usual.


glumed

(botany) Having a (specified form of) glume.


sublinear

(botany) Almost but not quite linear in shape.


heteroblasty

(biology, botany) The state of being heteroblastic


scobina

(botany) The pedicle of the spikelets of grasses.


rachilla

en-noun

rachilla (plural rachillas or rachillae)

(botany) The part of a spikelet, in grasses and sedges, that bears the florets

(botany) A rachis of secondary or higher order in leaves and ferns that are compound more than once.


verticillate

en-adj

verticillate (comparative more verticillate, superlative most verticillate)

more verticillate (comparative)
most verticillate (superlative)


malpighiaceous

malpighiaceous (comparative more malpighiaceous, superlative most malpighiaceous)

more malpighiaceous (comparative)
most malpighiaceous (superlative)

(botany) Of, relating to, or similar to the plants in the Malpighiaceae family.


protonema

(botany) A filament of cells that forms following the germination of the spores of mosses and liverworts


proembryo

(botany) A cluster of cells in the ovule of a fertilized flowering plant that has not yet formed into an embryo


episperm

(botany) The outer, protective layer of the seed of a flowering plant.

episperma

the outer, protective layer of the seed of a flowering plant


stomium

(botany) The region of a sporangium where dehiscence takes place


gilia

(botany) Any of the genus Gilia of polemoniaceous flowering plants.


urediniospore

(botany) A spore produced by a uredinium


gesneriad

(botany) Any of the family Gesneriaceae of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, valued as ornamentals.


uredinium

(botany) A pustule that occurs on the leaves and stems of a plant infected with rust fungus.


ungula

Borrowed from Latin ungula (“claw, hoof”), from unguis (“nail, claw, hoof”).


nymphoid

(botany) Any plant of the genus Nymphoides.


marantaceous

Borrowed from translingual Marantaceae [Term?] + ous.

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the family Marantaceae of flowering plants.


preflower

(botany) A growth in the internode of a plant that develops into a flower


selfed

(botany) Produced by vegetative propagation


selfing

(botany) A plant produced by vegetative propagation.


synergid

(botany) Either of two naked nucleated cells at the top of the embryo sac that cooperate with the oosphere in the production of the embryo.


oosphere

PIE word
 *h₂ōwyóm
From oo- (prefix denoting something relating to eggs or ova) + sphere, modelled after French oosphère.

affix

(botany, mycology) A large nonmotile egg cell, especially of an alga or fungus, formed in an oogonium and ready for fertilization.

oosfera

large nonmotile egg cell formed in an oogonium


marcot

en-verb

marcot (third-person singular simple present marcots, present participle marcotting or marcoting, simple past and past participle marcotted or marcoted)

marcots (present singular third-person)
marcotting (participle present)
marcoting (participle present)
marcotted (participle past)
marcotted (past)
marcoted (participle past)
marcoted (past)

(botany, transitive) To propagate by marcottage.


marcottage

en-noun

marcottage (countable and uncountable, plural marcottages)

(botany) A process of plant propagation where soil is tied onto a branch stripped of a ring of bark.

Cutting of the marcottage is done about 3 months later when the roots are fully developed as can be seen through the plastic covering.

1990, Jesse D. Dagoon, Crop Production Technology:

(botany) marcot (new branch formed by marcottage)


bilete

(botany, of a spore) Having two lines indicating the splitting axes


morphoanatomy

(botany, anatomy) The study of anatomical forms and structures with emphasis on characteristics useful in distinguishing the species.


phytography

(botany) The branch of botany concerned with the description of plants.


polyphore

(botany, mycology) A receptacle which bears many ovaries.


pezizoid

en-adj

pezizoid (comparative more pezizoid, superlative most pezizoid)

more pezizoid (comparative)
most pezizoid (superlative)

(botany) Resembling a fungus of the polyphyletic genus Peziza, having a cuplike form.


prolification

en-noun

prolification (countable and uncountable, plural prolifications)

(dated, botany) Reproduction by the growth of a plant, or part of a plant, directly from an older one, or by gemmae.


protocorm

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014 April 5, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend), page W22:

(botany) A tuberous mass of cells that is the embryonic form of orchids and club mosses


monandrous

(botany) Having only one stamen in each flower.


humusy

en-adj

humusy (comparative more humusy, superlative most humusy)

more humusy (comparative)
most humusy (superlative)

This plant thrives best in a humusy soil.


rhizophagy

From rhizo- (“root”) + -phagy (“to feed on”).

We suggest that this ability of roots to incorporate microbes be termed rhizophagy to reﬂect the apparent active uptake mechanism. (2013-C. Paungfoo-Lonhienne et al. (original author), Mol. Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere, John Wiley, doi:10.1002/9781118297674.ch115)

Rhizophagy may be considered to be a cyclic process that involves symbiotic bacteria—perhaps more appropriately denominated ‘rhizophagy cycle’ or ‘rhizophagy symbiosis'. (2017-S.K. Verma et al., Indigenous endophytic seed bacteria promote seedling development and defend against fungal disease in browntop millet (Urochloa ramosa), J. Appl. Microbiol., doi:10.1111/jam.13673)

(botany) The degradation of symbiotic microbes within root cells; 'rhizophagy symbiosis', or 'rhizophagy cycle', is a cyclic process whereby plants obtain nutrients from symbiotic bacteria that alternate between a root intracellular endophytic phase and a free-living soil phase. Bacteria acquire soil nutrients in the free-living soil phase; nutrients are extracted from bacteria oxidatively in the intracellular endophytic phase.


floccose

floccose (comparative more floccose, superlative most floccose)

more floccose (comparative)
most floccose (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Covered or growing in wooly tufts


holoparasitic

(botany) Of or pertaining to a plant sustaining itself entirely through parasitism.


apogamy

(botany) Asexual reproduction of a fully formed plant directly from a bud.

apogamia

asexual reproduction of a fully formed plant directly from a bud


squamule

The cap of the mushroom has squamules.


strangulated

(botany) Contracted at irregular intervals, if tied with a ligature; constricted.


subpentagonal

(anatomy, botany) Having five sides, but not forming a regular pentagon

subpentagonale

having five sides, but not forming a regular pentagon


scutellum

Borrowed from New Latin scūtellum, diminutive of Latin scūtum (“shield”).

Any of several shield-shaped structures in insects, grasses etc

(lichenology) A rounded apothecium having an elevated rim formed of the proper thallus, the fructification of certain lichens.

(botany) A grass seed cotyledon that is highly modified for absorption.


gametangium

Gymnoascus and its allies; the gametangia are not much differentiated; both, like the mycelial cells, are multinucleate (it is difficult to gauge the significance of this character in Fungi) and the oogonium, or an outgrowth from it becomes septate after fertilization and gives rise to ascogenous hyphae.

(botany, mycology) A gamete-producing organ or cell found in many multicellular protists, algae and fungi, and in the gametophytes of plants.


hydrochoric

hydrochoric (comparative more hydrochoric, superlative most hydrochoric)

more hydrochoric (comparative)
most hydrochoric (superlative)

(botany) Having seeds that are dispersed by water


hydrochory

(botany) The dispersal of seeds, spores, or fruit by water.


megacephalic

megacephalic (comparative more megacephalic, superlative most megacephalic)

more megacephalic (comparative)
most megacephalic (superlative)

(botany, zoology) Having an extremely large head.


synanthy

en-noun

synanthy (usually uncountable, plural synanthies)

Many of the recorded cases of synanthy are really cases of the adhesion of the inflorescence rather than of the flowers.

1869, Maxwell Tylden Masters, Vegetable Teratology, page 44:

(botany) the abnormal fusion of two or more flowers


clubroot

clubroot (countable and uncountable, plural clubroots)

Plasmodiophora brassicae
Plasmodiophora brassicae

(phytopathology) A common disease of cabbages, radishes, turnips, and other plants of the Cruciferae, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, in which galls form on latent roots, rendering them clublike.


prunella

From post-classical Latin prunella, from brunus + -ella, perhaps because of the plant's brown sepals.

(botany) A member of the genus Prunella of herbaceous plants, the allheals.


heterocarpous

en-adj

heterocarpous (comparative more heterocarpous, superlative most heterocarpous)

more heterocarpous (comparative)
most heterocarpous (superlative)


heterocarpy

The production of two or more distinct fruit types by an individual, i.e. heterocarpy, is considered as a mixed dispersal strategy in which a proportion of the offspring is able to colonize new sites, whilst others remain near the maternal location.

2013, Rubén Torices, Alicia Agudo, Inés Alvarez Fernández, Not only size matters: achene morphology affects time of seedling emergence in three heterocarpic species of "Anacyclus" (Anthemideae, Asteraceae):

(botany) The production of multiple kinds of fruit on the same plant.


protogynous

protogin

botany: whose female parts become mature before the male ones

protogin

whose female parts mature before the male parts release their spermatozoids

(botany) Whose female parts (stigma) becomes mature before the male ones (anthers).

(botany) Whose female parts (archegonia) mature before the male parts (antheridia) release their spermatozoids.


nival

nival (comparative more nival, superlative most nival)

more nival (comparative)
most nival (superlative)

From Latin nivalis, from nix, nivis (“snow”).

In 1884 O. Heer published a comprehensive account of the nival flora of Switzerland, in which he listed 338 species of flowering plants found above 2600 m.; of these, 6 were found above 3900 m.

As can be seen from the present chapter, main problems of adaptation, ecophysiology, ecology and evolutionary biology of the nival fauna were hardly investigated at all.” The early history of explorations of the nival zone in the Alps has been summarized[…]

2013, Rosa Margesin, Franz Schinner, Cold-Adapted Organisms: Ecology, Physiology, Enzymology and Molecular Biology, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 165:

(botany) Found or thriving in snowy conditions.


lineate

lineate (comparative more lineate, superlative most lineate)

more lineate (comparative)
most lineate (superlative)

Latin lineatus, past participle of lineare (“to reduce to a straight line”).

a lineate leaf

(botany) Marked longitudinally with depressed parallel lines.


funicle

From Latin fūniculus (“cord”), diminutive from fūnis (“cord”) + -culus.

The elaiosome emerges from the funicle.

(botany) The stalk or stem of an ovule or seed.


elaiosome

Ancient Greek ἔλαιον (élaion, “olive oil”) + σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

uder

Ants collect the diaspores for the edible elaiosome, carry them to their nests and consume the elaiosomes. Sometimes, the elaiosome content is sucked from the diaspores, or the elaiosome is loosened on the way to the nest.

1999, Karen van Rheede van Oudtshoorn, Margaretha W. van Rooyen, Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants, Springer, page 17:

Experiments with removal of C.^([Corydalis]) cava seeds with elaiosomes ablated, and with paper balls, infiltrated with juices of seed bodies and elaiosomes, showed the crucial role of elaiosome content in the ant attraction.

2003, Elena Gorb, Stanislav S. N. Gorb, “Seed Dispersal by Ants in a Deciduous Forest Ecosystem: Mechanisms, Strategies, Adaptations”, in Publications, Kluwer Academic, page 44:

Elaiosomes also vary in size, and ants in many instances preferentially disperse diaspores with the greatest elaiosome/diaspore mass ratio, although plants produce seeds of different sizes, allowing for a variety of ants to effect their dispersal

2007, Victor Rico-Gray, Paulo S. Oliveira, The Ecology and Evolution of Ant-Plant Interactions, University of Chicago Press, page 47:

(botany) A fleshy structure rich in lipids attached to the seeds of many plant species, usually to attract ants that disperse the seeds.


seed fern

(botany) A plant of division Pteridospermatophyta, which had fronds like a fern and naked seeds.


naked seed

(botany) A gymnosperm seed which isn't enclosed in a plant ovary.


seed plant

The typical ('higher') seed plants are called Spermatophyta.

(botany) A plant which reproduces by breading seeds in the wide sense of the term, including spores etc.

zaadplant

plant which reproduces by spreading seeds in the wide sense of the term, including spores etc.


seed coat

(botany) The protective outer cover of a seed


foliole

Diminutive of Latin folium (“leaf”). Compare French foliole.

(botany) One of the distinct parts of a compound leaf; a leaflet.


psammophyte

From German Psammophyt, containing Ancient Greek ψάμμος (psámmos, “sand”). By surface analysis, psammo- + -phyte.

(botany) Any plant which thrives in sandy conditions.

psammofita

any plant which thrives in sandy conditions


spermatophyte

From spermato- (“seed”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant that bears seeds rather than spores


protoderm

(botany) the primary meristem from which the epidermis develops


areole

Borrowed from French aréole, from Latin areola: a small area. Doublet of areola.

(botany) Any of the smallest enclosures created by the veins of a leaf.

(botany) A bump on a cactus out of which grow clusters of spines.


zygosphere

(botany) A plant's gamete which can form a zygospore by uniting with a similar one.


soybean rust

(phytopathology) A fungal disease of soybeans and other legumes, caused by Phakopsora spp..


grex name

Grex names are mainly used for orchids and bromeliads, which hybridize easily and are eagerly cultivated

(botany) A common name for the collective ('herd') of hybrids stemming from a given set of two (or more) commonly paired parent species


nothospecies

/ˈnɒθəʊˌspiːʃiz/

The fourth species, the nothospecies Fragaria × ananassa, was originally established for the hybrids F. chiloensis × F. virginiana, which had originated under cultivation and are known as the large-fruited garden strawberries. When the hybrid populations in the coastal regions of northwestern North America were identified as introgressants of the same two octoploid species, they were combined with the cultivated garden strawberries into the nothospecies F. ×ananassa.

1999, Günter Staudt, “Systematics and Geographic Distribution of the American Strawberry Species: Taxonomic Studies in the Genus Fragaria (Rosaceae: Potentilleae)”, in Botany, volume 81, University of California Press, page 32:

For our treatment we designate hybrid species (nothospecies) by prefix with a multiplication sign placed flush with the species epithet (×; Art H.1.1; H.3A.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Greuter et al. 2000) only if they are of restricted distribution and are sympatric with their putative parents.

2004, David M. Spooner, Wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota; Solanaceae) of North and Central America, page 17:

The number that precedes each species is presented to help determine parentage of nothospecies (i.e., hybrids). Therefore, all nothospecies included in the manual are provided with a numeric formula (e.g., 1 × 3) in addition to the scientific name (when present).

2011, Arthur Haines, New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native an Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England, page xvi:

(botany) A hybrid which is formed by direct hybridization of two species, not other hybrids.


seed leaf

(botany) One of the first leaves a seed plant's embryo develops.


seed vessel

(botany) The ripened and otherwise modified wall of a plant ovary


binate

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Latin binus (“two each, in pairs”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix)

af

(botany) Double; growing in pairs or couples.


aetheogamous

ā.ē'thēŏʹgəməs

/eɪˌiːθiːˈɒɡəməs/


aëtheogamous

ā.ē'thēŏʹgəməs

/eɪˌiːθiːˈɒɡəməs/

aëtheʹos (ἀήθης, unusual), in compounds = unusual ; aëtheogamʹic, aëtheogʹamous (γάμος, marriage), synonymous with cryptogamic.

1900, Benjamin Daydon Jackson, A Glossary of Botanic Terms: With Their Derivation and Accent, page 7 ^〃 (4ᵗʰ Ed.; Duckworth)


aetheogam

/eɪˈiːθɪəʊɡæm/

From Ancient Greek ἀήθης (aḗthēs, “unusual”) + γάμος (gámos, “marriage”).

(botany) A cryptogam; a plant of the obsolete taxonomic class Cryptogamia, having neither stamina nor pistils, and therefore no proper flowers, such as an alga, fern, fungus, lichen or moss.


tapetum

(botany) The cells on the outside of an archesporium.


carpo-

Combining form of Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”).


innovant

These all agree with typical Thysananthus in habit, rooting flagella, lingulate leaves, repeatedly and closely innovant inflorescence, and trigonous perianths; and only differ in the entire underleaves and perianths.

1884, Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Volume 15, page 71:

Secondary less rigid, paler brown, ascending, simple or dichotomous, innovant in older plants.

1894, Mordecai Cubitt Cooke, Handbook of British Hepaticae, page 158:

Stems irregularly pinnate, alternate, 2 to 3 cells wide, innovant branch arising from base of perianth, sometimes long and again innovant, rarely two innovant branches.

1918, William Henry Pearson, “Notes on a Collection of Hepatics from the Cameroons, West Coast of Africa”, in Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society, page 4:

(botany) Growing out of older branches rather than from the main stem.


etaerio

From French étairion, from Ancient Greek ἑταιρείᾱ (hetaireíā, “association”).

uder

Sometimes the achenia are aggregated upon a common receptacle, forming what is called an etaerio, as in the ranunculus, in which they are placed upon a dry receptacle, or in the strawberry, in which the receptacle is fleshy.

1882, Achenium, entry in The American Universal Cyclopædia, Volume 1, [Reprint of Chambers Encyclopædia], S. W. Green's Son, page 66

1953, John Melvin Lowson, Textbook of Botany, University Tutorial Press, page 318,
Clematis: actinomorphic; 4 petaloid sepals; petals 0; fruit an etaerio of achenes with persistent hairy styles.

Four types of aggregate fruits include etaerios of achenes, follicles, drupelets, and berries. Ranunculaceae species, including Clematis and Ranunculus have an etaerio of achenes, Calotropis has an etaerio of follicles, and Rubus species like raspberry, have an etaerio of drupelets. Annona have an etaerio of berries.

2018, Donovan Stevens, Daxton Ware, Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, ED-Tech Press, page 62:

(botany) An aggregate fruit comprised of achenes, drupelets, follicles, or berries.


multifoliate

en-adj

multifoliate (comparative more multifoliate, superlative most multifoliate)

more multifoliate (comparative)
most multifoliate (superlative)


nonseptate

(botany) Lacking cell walls especially in fungi.


crenation

en-noun

crenation (countable and uncountable, plural crenations)

(botany) A rounded tooth on the edge of a leaf.


clado-

From Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos, “shoot, branch”).


parthen-

From Ancient Greek παρθένος (parthénos, “virgin”).

uder

(botany and biology) absence of fertilisation, asexual reproduction


achlorophyllaceous

en-adj

achlorophyllaceous (comparative more achlorophyllaceous, superlative most achlorophyllaceous)

more achlorophyllaceous (comparative)
most achlorophyllaceous (superlative)

(chiefly botany, rare) Lacking chlorophyll; hence colourless


loment

(botany) A type of modified legume that breaks apart at constrictions occurring between the segments of the seeds.

loment

a type of modified legume that breaks apart at constrictions occurring between the segments of the seeds


rhizoid

(botany) A rootlike structure in fungi and some plants that acts as support and/or aids the absorption of nutrients.


Beltian body

From Belt + -ian, after Thomas Belt (1832–1878), English geologist and naturalist.

(botany) A structure found on the tips of leaflets in some acacias, rich in lipids and proteins, believed to have evolved as part of a symbiotic relationship with ants.


multijugate

multijugate (comparative more multijugate, superlative most multijugate)

more multijugate (comparative)
most multijugate (superlative)

(botany, of a pinnate leaf) Having more than one pair of leaflets.


heterosporous

(botany, of an organism) Producing both male and female gametophytes.


lupulin

(botany) Small hairs obtained from the strobili of the hop plant.


vaccinium

Borrowed from translingual Vaccinium, itself borrowed from Latin vaccīnium.

(botany) Any of the genus Vaccinium of ericaceous shrubs including the various kinds of blueberries and the true cranberries.


ostiole

(botany) A similar hole or opening in plants, such as the opening of the involuted fig inflorescence through which fig wasps enter to pollinate and breed.


aspermous

aspermous (comparative more aspermous, superlative most aspermous)

more aspermous (comparative)
most aspermous (superlative)


pleuston

From Ancient Greek πλεῦσις (pleûsis, “sailing”), from πλέω (pléō).

der

(botany) Plants that live floating at the surface of water.


methyl jasmonate

(botany) A volatile organic compound derived from jasmonic acid, used in plant defense and other developmental pathways.


barbate

en-adj

barbate (comparative more barbate, superlative most barbate)

more barbate (comparative)
most barbate (superlative)

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
Borrowed from Latin barbatus, from barba (“beard”).

barbate leaves

(botany) bearded; having long thin hairs


ambitus

From Latin ambitus (“circuit, ostentation”). Doublet of ambit.

(botany, zoology) The exterior edge or border of a thing, such as a leaf or shell.


idioblast

(botany) An isolated specialised cell found in the midst of an otherwise homogeneous group of cells in plant tissue.


apocynaceous

(botany, relational) Of the family Apocynaceae, which contains the periwinkle and oleander.


calceolaria

/ˌkalsiːəʊˈlɛːrɪə/

/ˌkalsɪəˈlɛːrɪə/

From translingual Calceolaria, the genus of slipperworts, from Latin calceolus (“slipper, little shoe”) + -āria (“-ary: forming plant names”), from calceus (“calceus, footwear”) + -olus (“-ole: forming diminutives”).

bor

(botany) Any plant of the genus Calceolaria.


acrogynous

/əˈkɹɑ.d͡ʒɪn.əs/

From Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros, “tip”) + γυνή (gunḗ, “female”).

(botany) Producing archegonia from the apical cell of a reproductive branch.