raphe

Borrowed from New Latin raphē, from Ancient Greek ῥᾰφή (rhăphḗ, “seam; suture”).

bor

The vast majority of the raphes do not bifurcate (123 genera), but the raphes of 7 genera do.

2003, Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., Charles R. Gunn, Anna L. Weitzman, Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae), page 24:

(botany) The part of the stalk of an anatropous ovary that is united in growth to the outside covering and forms a ridge along the body of the ovule.

The invariant occurrence of adhesive EPS at both the driving and the non-driving raphes supports a model for constitutive, rather than induced, secretion of the raphe adhesive.

2007, Andrew M. Smith, James A. Callow, Biological Adhesives, page 87:

(botany) A longitudinal median groove in the valve of many diatoms.


peapod

(botany) The pod of the pea plant, that holds the seeds (the peas) until they ripen


exosporium

(botany) The outer layer of a pollen grain or spore; the exine.


exine

(botany, palynology) the outer layer of a pollen grain or spore; the exosporium.


lamiids

en-noun

lamiids pl (normally plural, singular lamiid)


campanulids

Presumably based on subclass Campanulidae


fabids

(botany) Introduced as a more user-friendly alternate for eurosids I.


endothecium

(botany) The tissue found in the walls of anthers, and in moss capsules


intine

(botany, palynology) The innermost wall of a spore or pollen grain


endocarp

(botany) The woody inner layer of the pericarp of some fruits that contains the seed.


foliate

en-adj

foliate (comparative more foliate, superlative most foliate)

more foliate (comparative)
most foliate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin foliātus (“having leaves, leafy, leaved”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), a participial adjective derived from folium (“leaf; (Late Latin) leaf or sheet of paper”) + -ātus (participial adjective-forming suffix) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“blossom, flower”) or *dʰelh₁- (“to be green”)).

der

Of a leaf: having a (certain number of) leaflets.

-lehdykkäinen

of a leaf: having a (certain number of) leaflets


foliate

en-verb

foliate (third-person singular simple present foliates, present participle foliating, simple past and past participle foliated)

foliates (present singular third-person)
foliating (participle present)
foliated (participle past)
foliated (past)

From Latin folium (“leaf”) + -ate (verb-forming suffix) (more at etymology 1)

af

(intransitive)
(botany) Of a plant: to produce leaves.


infraspecific epithet

en-noun

infraspecific epithet (plural infraspecific epithets)

Coordinate term: subspecific name (in zoology)

In the name "Cannabis sativa subsp. indica", the word indica is the infraspecific epithet.

(botany) The third word in the scientific name of an infraspecific taxon, following the name of the species. This applies only to formal names of plants and fungi, and not to the formal names of bacteria or animals.


deflorate

The deflorate rose-bushes take on a brownish tint.


deflorate

en-verb

deflorate (third-person singular simple present deflorates, present participle deflorating, simple past and past participle deflorated)

deflorates (present singular third-person)
deflorating (participle present)
deflorated (participle past)
deflorated (past)

The bush is often deflorated by browsing wildlife.

(transitive, botany) To remove the flowers from.


photometric

(botany, of leaves) Adjusting position with respect to light.

photométrique

adjusting position with respect to light


hyalescent

The cruel crimson scar blanched and became a pale violet, and his vulturous eyes glazed, turned hyalescent […] as if the hell-fire that had raged behind them had burnt itself out […]

1989, Nick Cave, And the Ass Saw the Angel:

(medicine, botany) Which becomes translucent.


venation

en-noun

venation (countable and uncountable, plural venations)

For instance, native plants in the Mascarenes developed several adaptations, such as serrated leafs^([sic]) and leafs^([sic]) with red venation, to deter tortoise browsing (Cheke & Hume, 2010).

2017 March 1, Hanneke Meijer, The Guardian:

(botany, entomology) The arrangement of veins in a leaf, wing, or similar structure.


specific leaf area

specific leaf area (plural specific leaf areas)

(botany) a measure of leaf thickness, calculated by dividing the area of a portion of a leaf by the dry weight of that same portion of leaf.


revolute

Borrowed from Latin revolūtus, perfect passive participle of revolvō (“roll back”).

(botany) Having the edges rolled with the abaxial side outward.

с извит надолу край

having the edges rolled with abaxial side outward


ligularia

(botany) Any of several species of flowering plant, of the genus Ligularia, having heart-shaped leaves and bright, daisy-like flowers.


flabellate

en-adj

flabellate (comparative more flabellate, superlative most flabellate)

more flabellate (comparative)
most flabellate (superlative)

From Latin flābellum + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany, zoology) Fan-shaped; having parts or segments that are flattened and lengthened on one side, such that they are long and narrow.


elliptic

From Ancient Greek ἐλλειπτικός (elleiptikós), from ἐλλείπω (elleípō, “I leave out, omit”). By surface analysis, ellipse + -tic.

(botany, of leaves) Oval, with a short or no point.


serrate

en-adj

serrate (comparative more serrate, superlative most serrate)

more serrate (comparative)
most serrate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin serrātus, past participle of serrō.

zubatý

having a row of sharp or tooth-like projections

(botany) Of leaves: having tooth-like projections pointed away from the petiole.


APG

(botany) Any classification (of the Angiosperms) conforming to the publications of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.

(botany) The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: an international group of botanists.

(botany) The classification (of the Angiosperms) in the first, 1998, publication by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, as distinct from APG II (2003).


pectinate

Borrowed from Latin pectinātus (“combed”), from pectinō (“I comb”), from pecten (“comb”). First attested in the mid-18th century.

bor+

The moth's antennae were pectinate in shape, set with long teeth along one edge only.

(anatomy, zoology, botany) Having narrow ridges or projections aligned close together like the teeth of a comb.


capitular

From Middle English capituler, from Medieval Latin capitulāris, from Latin capitulum (“a small head, a chapter”).

der

the capitular process of a vertebra

(botany, anatomy) pertaining to a capitulum


haptophyte

From hapto- (“binding”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) A kind of unicellular marine phytoplankton, typically covered in tiny scales or plates composed of carbohydrates and calcium deposits


styled

en-adj

styled (comparative more styled, superlative most styled)

more styled (comparative)
most styled (superlative)

(botany, in combination) Having a style of the specified kind.


germinal

germinal (comparative more germinal, superlative most germinal)

more germinal (comparative)
most germinal (superlative)


phytosterol

(biochemistry, botany) Any of a group of steroid alcohols, phytochemicals naturally occurring in plants. They are white powders with mild, characteristic odor, insoluble in water and soluble in alcohols.


capitule

Borrowed from Late Latin capitulum (“chapter”) (diminutive of Latin caput (“head”)).

In this country the merits of the Chrysanthemum are already appreciated, and for some years it has acquired considerable repute, which is chiefly owing to the facility with which it doubles its capitules, and modifies the colours of its flowers. At the present day a great number of varieties are in cultivation, some of them with flowers dark purple, nearly black, rose, white, orange, yellow; sometimes we find a single capitule or head with two different colours; other varieties are distinguished by the form of their flowers, which constitute rayed capitules, partly or entirely ligulate; and partly or entirely tubular.

1850, M. Herincq, “French Daisy Chrysanthemums”, in The Gardeners' Magazine of Botany, volume 1, page 114:

These I take to be the shrunk up leaves that belong to the several deformed flowers of the capitule, and if you dissect the capitule you will find a succession of petals or leaves or whatever they be, becoming smaller and smaller until they are mere scales, and the more scale-like they are the more fleshy and the less leaf-like is their texture, and the suspicion my dawn upon you, as it has dawned upon me, that in my supposed capitule or head, or umbel, or many-flowered scape, we have not merely a number of monstrous flowers, but a number also of bulbs, stems, and leaves, all shrunk into leaf-like or scale-like processes, the double Daffodil being in reality a proliferous production, a sort of Pelion upon Ossa of a very lowly kind, and one of the most curious of all the vegetable monsters.

1875, Frederick William Burbidge, The Narcissus, page 29:

Now and then, as in the case of the dense conical capitule of the teasel, the flowers open according to no definite order, so that the surface becomes irregularly patched.

1884, Ward and Lock, The universal instructor, or, Self-culture for all: A complete Encyclopoedia of Learning and Self-Education - Volume 1, page 622:

Artichokes are used as fresh, canned or frozen vegetables — the receptacle (“bottom”) and the inner, soft bracts (“hearts”) are the edible parts of the capitule.

2019, Abraham H. Halevy, Handbook of Flowering: Volume II:

(botany) The flowering head that terminates a stem, a flower or flower head.


variegation

en-noun

variegation (countable and uncountable, plural variegations)

The variegation of leaves occurs so commonly that we do not often inquire into the cause of it. To the physiologist, however, the question of the origin of variegation is of considerable importance, and it certainly is not less so to the horticulturist, whether pleasure or profit be the main end of his endeavors.

1878, The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, volume 27, page 509:

The second and related type of white variegation is formed by the formation of a single loose layer of short palisade cells instead of a compact layer or two of long palisade cells in the green sectors of variegated leaves (La Rocca et al. 2011).

2014, Ulrich Lüttge, Wolfram Beyschlag, Progress in Botany, Springer, →ISBN, page 244:

(botany) A variation in the colour of different zones of the same plant.


proliferous

en-adj

proliferous (comparative more proliferous, superlative most proliferous)

more proliferous (comparative)
most proliferous (superlative)

(botany) producing many buds or offshoots from leaves or flowers


megaphyll

(botany) A leaf having an internally branching system of veins, or a structure that is derived from such a leaf.


microphyll

(botany) A leaf having a single unbranched vein, or a structure that is derived from such a leaf.


pteridology

(botany) The scientific study of ferns and other pteridophytes.


vascular tissue

en-noun

vascular tissue (countable and uncountable, plural vascular tissues)

(botany, phytotomy) The xylem, phloem, and associated tissues in a vascular plant.


tracheophyte

bryophyte

antonym(s) of “plant with vascular tissue”

/ˈtɹakɪəˌfʌɪt/

From trachea (“xylem vessel”) + -phyte (“plant”).

suffix

By virtue of the presence and absence of vascular tissues, the tracheophytes and the bryophytes were also considered two distinctly different levels of anatomical organization. Largely for these reasons, the bryophytes and the tracheophytes are traditionally viewed as two distinct lineages, though they trace their evolutionary history back to a common ancestor.

1997, Karl J. Niklas, The Evolutionary Biology of Plants, page 179:

The tracheophytes (vascular land plants) have a fossil record beginning in the Wenlock (Edwards et al. 1983).

2010, P. K. Strother, Thomas Servais, Marco Vecoli, “The effect of terrestrialization on marine ecosystems: the fall of CO₂”, in Marco Vecoli, Gaël Clément, B. Meyer-Berthaud, editors, The Terrestrialization Process, page 40:

There is a clear relationship between tracheophytes and trilete spores, but not with cryptospores.

2012, Philippe Steemans, Elodie Petus, Pierre Breuer, Paula Mauller-Mendlowicz, Philippe Gerrienne, “Paleozoic Innovations in the Micro- and Megafossil Plant Record: From the Earliest Plant Spores to the Earliest Seeds”, in John A. Talent, editor, Earth and Life: Global Biodiversity, Extinction Intervals and Biogeographic Perturbations Through Time, page 443:

(botany): Any plant possessing vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), including ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.


vascular plant

(botany) One of the Tracheophyta, any plant possessing vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), including ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.


germinate

en-verb

germinate (third-person singular simple present germinates, present participle germinating, simple past and past participle germinated)

germinates (present singular third-person)
germinating (participle present)
germinated (participle past)
germinated (past)

Latin germinātus, past participle of germināre (“to sprout”).

the Chalcites, which hath a Spirit that will put forth and germinate

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014 April 5, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend), page W22:

[…] The flesh [of the mistletoe berry] is sticky, and forms strings and ribbons between my thumb and forefinger. For the mistletoe, this viscous goop – and by the way, viscous comes to English from viscum – is crucial. The stickiness means that, after eating the berries, birds often regurgitate the seeds and then wipe their bills on twigs – leading to the seeds' getting glued to the tree, where they can germinate and begin the cycle anew.

2014 December 23, Olivia Judson, “The hemiparasite season [print version: Under the hemiparasite, International New York Times, 24–25 December 2014, page 7]”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2014-12-23:

(intransitive, botany, horticulture) Of a seed, to begin to grow, to sprout roots and leaves.


horsetail

From Middle English horsetaile, horstaile, equivalent to horse + tail.

(botany) Any of various simple vascular plants, of the order Equisetales, that have hollow stems and produce spores.

(botany) A mare's tail, a water plant in genus Hippuris.


channeled

en-adj

channeled (comparative more channeled, superlative most channeled)

more channeled (comparative)
most channeled (superlative)

(botany) Sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel.


palea

(botany) The interior chaff or husk of grasses.

In a single Brazilian species, doubtfully referred to Brickellia, a few pales occur toward the edge of the disk.

1917, Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, A Monograph of the Genus Brickellia:

(botany) One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, such as the sunflower.


pelea

Learned borrowing from New Latin pelea, from Hawaiian Pele (Hawaiian fire goddess) + -ea. Equivalent to Pele + -a.

(dated, botany) Synonym of melicope: a plant of the genus Pelea.


picotee

Borrowed from French picoté (“marked with points”), past participle of picoter.

bor+

(botany) A flower (such as a carnation) whose margin is a different colour from the flower's basic colour.


baccate

From Latin baccātus (“set or adorned with berries or pearls”), from bacca (“berry; pearl”).

uder

1848, Samuel Frederick Gray, Gray's Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia
[…] pericarp drupaceous, or baccate, 1—4 nuts (pyrena), which are sometimes enclosed in an utricular membrane […]

(botany) Pulpy throughout, like a berry; said of fruits.


periclinal

(botany) Of a type of cell division in a layer of cells that occurs parallel to an adjacent layer of cells.


segment

From Latin segmentum (“a piece cut off, a strip, segment of the earth, a strip of tinsel”), from secāre (“to cut”).

der

In Lejeuneaceae vegetative branches normally originate from the basiscopic basal portion of a lateral segment half, as in the Radulaceae, and the associated leaves, therefore, are quite unmodified.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany) A portion of an organ whose cells are derived from a single cell within the primordium from which the organ developed.

jaoke

botany: portion of an organ derived from a single cell within the primordium


sporophytic

(botany) Of or pertaining to a sporophyte plant.

(botany) Having the characteristics of a sporophyte.


gametophytic

(botany) Of or pertaining to a gametophyte plant.


sporophyte

From sporo- (“spore”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(b) sporophyte with foot reduced, the entire sporophyte enveloped by the calyptra, which is ± stipitate at the base.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) A plant (or the diploid phase in its life cycle) which produces spores by meiosis in order to produce gametophytes.

sporofyt

plant which produces spores by meiosis in order to produce gametophytes


polypetalous

(botany) having a corolla composed of distinct, separable petals

polipetalo

having a corolla composed of distinct petals


polypod

(botany) Any fern of the family Polypodiaceae

сладка папрат

fern of the family Polypodiaceae — see also polypody


uncongenial

en-adj

uncongenial (comparative more uncongenial, superlative most uncongenial)

more uncongenial (comparative)
most uncongenial (superlative)


polystichous

(botany) arranged in several rows or series


polysepalous

(botany, of a calyx) having separate sepals


monosepalous

(botany, of a calyx) having all sepals united


gamosepalous

gamosepalous (comparative more gamosepalous, superlative most gamosepalous)

more gamosepalous (comparative)
most gamosepalous (superlative)

(botany, of a calyx) Having united sepals.


portulaca

(botany) Any plant in the genus Portulaca


trichome

From French trichome, from New Latin trichoma, from Ancient Greek τρίχωμα (tríkhōma), from θρίξ (thríx, “hair”) or independently from tricho- + -ome. Doublet of trichoma.

(botany) A hair- or scale-like extension of the epidermis of a plant.


personate

This arrangement is well typified in plants with a personate corolla, such as the toad-flax and snap-dragon, ...

1881, Journal of the Northampton Natural History Society and Field Club, page 248:

[…] the commencement of the tube of a personate or labiate flower.

1887, Jonathan Periam, The American Encyclopedia of Agriculture: A Treasury of Useful Information for the Farm and Household, page 946:

Bumble bees are a sturdy race of insects, made to crowd, push, probe, and burrow; therefore they prefer a tubular or bell-shaped flower that they can enter, or a personate or papilionaceous flower that they can force, or a tubular ...

1899, Eliphalet Williams Hervey, Observations on the Colors of Flowers, page 90:

Botanically, the palate is a rounded prominence on the lower lip, closing or nearly closing the throat of a personate flower.

2011, Katherine Dunster, Dictionary of Natural Resource Management, UBC Press, →ISBN, page 230:

(botany, now uncommon) Having the throat of a corolla nearly closed by a projection of the base of the lower lip (in a way reminiscent of a mask), as in the flower of the snapdragon.


aerial root

(botany) Any adventitious root that grows from a plant stem above ground.


denticulate

[…]the mouth is formed by a rather strong tooth over a denticulate margin, confronting what may be called the upper jaw,

1904, Thomas R. R. Stebbing, “South African Crustacea. Part II.”, in Marine Investigations in South Africa, volume 2, page 80:

Selaginella tarda differs from S. sertata in that the plants are smaller and lacking flagelliform shoots, the leaves are denticulate, and the median leaves are not peltate.

1992, Rogers McVaugh, William R. Anderson, Flora Novo-Galiciana: Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes, page 430:

(botany, zoology) Finely dentate, as a leaf edge; bearing many small toothlike structures.


box tree

(botany) Any of several trees, of the genus Buxus, often used as a hedge, for topiary, and as a source of boxwood

(botany) Any trees of diverse species in Lophostemon, Eucalyptus, or other genera native to Australia.


spathe

From Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”). Doublet of epee, spatha, and spade.

(botany) A large bract that envelops or subtends a whole inflorescence, typically a spadix.


spadix

Via Latin spādīx from Ancient Greek σπᾱ́δῑξ (spā́dīx, “palm branch”).

der

The spadix of this plant is frequently quite white, or coloured, and the leaves liable to be streaked with white, and to have black, or scarlet blotches on them.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 148:

(botany) A fleshy spike (inflorescence) with reduced flowers, usually enclosed by a spathe, characteristic of aroids.


non-vascular plant

en-noun

non-vascular plant (plural non-vascular plants)

(botany) Any plant that does not have a vascular system


ellipsoid

en-adj

ellipsoid (comparative more ellipsoid, superlative most ellipsoid)

more ellipsoid (comparative)
most ellipsoid (superlative)

(botany) Having the tridimensional shape of an ellipse rotated on its long axis.

soikea

having the shape of an ellipse rotated on its long axis


tillering

en-noun

tillering (countable and uncountable, plural tillerings)

(uncountable) The property of grass species to produce multiple side shoots or tillers.


microsporangium

(botany) A case, capsule or container that holds microspores.


microspore

(botany) The smaller of the two spores produced by plants; compare megaspore.


sporangium

/spəˈɹænd͡ʒɪəm/

From Late Latin sporangium, from Ancient Greek σπορά (sporá, “seed”) + ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “vessel”).

Scientific explanations include that exposure to light, lack of moisture or absence of food can cause sporangia to form from the plasmodium. At least one of these three conditions has been present every time I've seen sporangia form.

1993, Sally Stenhouse Kneidel, Creepy Crawlies and the Scientific Method: Over 100 Hands-on Science Experiments for Children, page 81:

Asexual reproduction by the production of a bud in place of a sporangium is not uncommon.

2000, Peter R. Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity, page 161:

The sporangia, however, are much larger: 3–4 mm long 0.7–1.1 mm in diameter versus only 1–1.5 mm long 0.5–0.8 mm in Corynepteris, and are characteristically banana shaped with a pair of elongate annuli.

2009, Edith L. Taylor, Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 416:

(botany, mycology) A case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organism.

спора́нгий

a case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced


pruina

(botany) A white powdery bloom found on some lichens


epiphragm

(botany) The dilated apex of the columella in urn mosses.


half-hardy

(botany) Of a plant: requiring protection against frost.


half-hardy

(botany) A plant that requires protection against frost.


mucro

Borrowed from Latin mucro. From 17th century.

(botany, zoology) A pointed end, often sharp, abruptly terminating an organ, such as a projection at the tip of a leaf; the posterior tip of a cuttlebone; or the distal part of the furcula in Collembola.


galea

Borrowed from Latin galea. Doublet of galley.

(botany) A part of a flower or plant that is shaped like a helmet or hood.


hydathode

(botany) A tissue, in the leaves of many plants, that contains microscopic pores through which water is excreted.


costate

(botany) Having one or more longitudinal ribs.


scaleless

There are also some surprises such as Eurotamandua, a scaleless pangolin that looks astonishingly like a South American anteater.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 65:


colletor

Colletors are found in members of the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae families.

(botany) A multicellular trichome of a leaf or bud scale that produces a sticky secretion; a group or tuft of mucilaginous secretory hairs, usually found near the base of the leaf lamina and on the calyx.


seedpod

(botany) A pouch-like form on a plant which encloses the seeds.


seedcase

(botany) A pouch-like structure of a plant that encloses the seeds.


bipinnate

Calque of Latin bipinnatus or bi- + pinnate.

Three hours later Boyles and Rise are propped up against the trunk of the sole acacia tree on the knoll, drinking up the bipinnate shade.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 307:

(botany, of a leaf) Doubly pinnate; pinnate and having leaflets that are themselves pinnate.


dioecious

/daɪ̯ˈiːʃəs/

Most plants are hermaphrodite, even if some of them (hazel, for example) keep their male and female flowers apart. But some plants are dioecious, i.e. they have separate sexes. Some of our most familiar wild plants, such as nettle and red campion, are dioecious. If your holly never has any berries, that's probably because it's a male.

2014 December 12, Ken Thompson, “Do plants have a gender? Most plants are hermaphrodite, but not all – and an interesting situation arises when only one sex is imported into the UK [print version: Alien plant species in search of a mate: Although most plants are hermaphrodite, some come in two distinct genders. So how does a single-sex community develop?, p. W28]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend):

(botany) Having the male and female reproductive organs on separate plants (of the same species) rather than different parts of the same plant.

dioek

botany: having the male and female reproductive organs on separate plants


monoecious

From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, solitary”) + οἶκος (oîkos, “house, dwelling-place”), equivalent to mono- + -oecious.

af

Further, species which show continuous variation that is not amenable to orthodox taxonomic treatment, and this is the situation in many monoecious plants, are treated as invariable.

1978, A. J. E. Smith, “Cytogenetics, Biosystematics and Evolution in the Bryophyta”, in H. W. Woolhouse, editor, Advances in Botanical Research, volume 6, page 247:

Recently, monoecious plants have been found in several places in the United States. The plants of Australia are monoecious and dioecious.

1997, LeRoy Holm, Jerry Doll, Eric Holm, Juan Pancho, James Herberger, World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution, page 398:

Two factors are likely to allow the establishment of forms with reduced pollen output (i.e., fewer male flowers) in a monoecious population: increased seed fitness as a result of an increase in the ratio of female to male flowers, and a reduced rate of self-fertilisation.

1999, Monica A. Geber, Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants, page 70:

(botany, invertebrate) Having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual, either in different flowers or in the same or different flowers; hermaphrodite.

monoeci

having the male and female reproductive organs on different parts of the same plant


barbule

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
Borrowed from Latin barbula (“little beard”).


tung tree

/ˈtʊŋ ˌtɹiː/

/ˈtʌŋ ˌtɹiː/

(botany) A candlenut tree, of either of the two species of the genus Aleurites, which also yield such oil.


tulip tree

Liriodendron tulipifera
Liriodendron tulipifera#Translingual

(botany) A North American tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, that has squarish leaves, cone-shaped fruit and an aromatic odor, of the family Magnoliaceae.

(botany) Indian tulip tree, a tropical tree (Thespesia populnea, family Malvaceae).

(botany) Nile tulip tree (Markhamia lutea, family Bignoniaceae).

(botany) African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata, of family Bignoniaceae).


mycorrhiza

en-noun

mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizas or mycorrhizae)

mycorrhizas (plural)
mycorrhizae (plural)

From myco- + Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “root”).

prefix

Alternatively, inoculations of a disturbed site with native or exotic fungi facilitate formation of mycorrhizae in a shorter period, given certain circumstances.

2004, Season R. Snyder, Michael F. Allen, Restoration of Micorrhizae in Arid Environments, Dilip K. Arora (editor), Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Applications, Marce Dekker, Inc., page 481

This has been associated with advances in different research disciplines such as genetics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and physiology, advances which have generated better insight into topics of mycorrhizal biology, including the mechanisms of host-mycorrhiza interactions pre- and post-penetration, the influence of the symbiosis on the host and its surroundings, and the evolution and diversity of mycorrhization.

2010, Hinanit Koltai, Yoram Kapulnik, editors, Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function, 2nd edition, Springer, page v:

In total, mycorrhizae are responsible for helping source the nutrients for about 80 per cent of all modern plant species.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 210:

(ecology, botany, mycology) A plant root formed in symbiosis with a fungus; the symbiosis between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant.

грыбакорань

symbiotic relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant


arbuscular

(botany) Similar to a small tree; shrublike.


microsporogenesis

(botany) The formation of four haploid microspores by meiosis.

(botany) In angiosperms, the formation of pollen and thus the production of the male gametophyte.


tunicate

Borrowed from Latin tunicatus, past participle of tunicare (“to clothe with a tunic”).

This tunicate withered hag the Señora had my financial number.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 404:

(anatomy, botany) Enclosed in a tunic or mantle; covered or coated with layers.


lenticular

en-adj

lenticular (comparative more lenticular, superlative most lenticular)

more lenticular (comparative)
most lenticular (superlative)

Inherited from Middle English lenticular, lenticuler, borrowed from Medieval Latin lenticulāris (“lentil-shaped”), ultimately from Latin lēns (“lentil”).


cortical

From Latin cortex (“bark”); Effectively cortex + -ical.

(botany) Pertaining to the cortex of a stem or root—the tissue that lies inward from the epidermis, but exterior to the vascular tissue.

cortical

botany: pertaining to the cortex of a stem or root


epiphytic

(biology, botany) Of or pertaining to an epiphyte.


epiphyte

From Ancient Greek ἐπιφύτον (epiphúton, “one [plant] that grows upon another plant”), from ἐπί (epí, “on top of”) + φυτόν (phutón, “plant”), via epi- (“above, over”) + -phyte (“plant”).

one 􂀿plant􂁀 that grows upon another plant

It has been suggested to me that these fine plants will not prove cultivable, because they are epiphytes.[…]The probability however is, that they do not require to be treated as epiphytes, and that, like orchids, they will grow better if committed judiciously to the earth.

1848, John Lindley, A notice of some species of Rhododendron inhabiting Borneo: Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, volume 3, page 88:

The nature of the surface of a plant also determines the number and sort of Epiphytes which lodge on it.

1893, Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress, volume 3, page 185:

(botany) A plant that grows on another, using it for physical support but obtaining no nutrients from it and neither causing damage nor offering benefit; an air plant.


peduncle

From Late Latin pedunculus, from pedis, genitive of pēs (“foot”).

(botany) The stalk supporting an inflorescence or a solitary flower/fruit.

سُوَيْق

botany: axis or supporting stalk of inflorescence

On fertilization, the archegonia form obyriform calyptrae that are distinctly narrowed at base to form a stalk or peduncle; this does not occur in other Hepaticae.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany) A short stalk at the base of a reproductive structure of a non-flowering plant.

سُوَيْق

botany: short stalk at the base of a leaf or reproductive structure


adnexed

From Latin adnexus (“annexed, attached”).

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is adnexed.

(botany, mycology) Narrowly attached to a stem or stipe.


reduplicate

en-adj

reduplicate (comparative more reduplicate, superlative most reduplicate)

more reduplicate (comparative)
most reduplicate (superlative)

From Medieval Latin reduplicātus, from reduplicāre, from re- with duplicāre.

EtymOnLine

Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “reduplicate”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

(botany) valvate with the margins curved outwardly

(botany) folded, with the abaxial surfaces facing one another


fenestration

en-noun

fenestration (countable and uncountable, plural fenestrations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fenestration.wav

The terms ‘nectar window’ and ‘fenestration’ are used interchangeably for enlarged gaps on the adaxial side of the stamen sheath or tube. The fenestrations facilitate access to the nectaries by a pollinator.

2005, S. Tucker, Australian Systematic Botany, 19(3):193-210. p. 194:

traits unique to Darlingtonia include the presence of transparent light-transmitting fenestrations, ...

2016 D. W. Armitage, Systematic Botany 103(4):780–785. p. 781

(botany) Either a translucent area in a structure such as a leaf or flower petal, or an opening in a structure.


rafflesia

/ɹəˈfliː.ʒə/

/ɹəˈfliː.ʒɪ.ə/

Rafflesia arnoldii
Rafflesia arnoldii#Translingual

(botany) Any of several large parasitic plants, of the genus Rafflesia, from South East Asia, that have no roots, stems or leaves; Rafflesia arnoldii has the largest known flower with a diameter of over a yard.


angel hair

Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Italian capelli d'angelo.

sl

(botany) A parasitic plant of the genus Cuscuta, dodder.


pruinose

en-adj

pruinose (comparative more pruinose, superlative most pruinose)

more pruinose (comparative)
most pruinose (superlative)

(botany) Having a very fine whitish powder (bloom) on a surface.


epicotyl

(botany) In plants with seeds, that portion of the embryo or seedling above the cotyledons.


hypocotyl

(botany) In plants with seeds, that portion of the embryo or seedling between the root and cotyledons.

alkeisvarsi

portion of the embryo between the root and cotyledons


cambium

en-noun

cambium (countable and uncountable, plural cambiums or cambia)

Borrowed from Late Latin cambium (“a change”), from Gaulish. Doublet of change.

Coordinate term: meristem

During winter we perceive no change in the cells of the cambium layer, which are filled with nutritive matter […].

1863, Harland Coultas, What may be learned from a tree:

(botany) A layer of cells between the xylem and the phloem that is responsible for the secondary growth of roots and stems.


anticlinal

en-adj

anticlinal (comparative more anticlinal, superlative most anticlinal)

more anticlinal (comparative)
most anticlinal (superlative)

(botany) Used to describe a type of cell division in a layer of cells that occurs perpendicular to the adjacent layer of cells.


potato blight

They say they used to give pauper children soup to change to protestants in the time of the potato blight.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 8]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans#Translingual

(phytopathology) A devastating disease of potatoes caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans.

perunarutto

Phytophthora infestans, disease of potatoes


phytochemistry

(chemistry, botany) The scientific study of the chemicals found in plants.

fütokeemia

the scientific study of the chemicals found in plants

The phytochemistry of mosses is very different from that of other plants.

(botany) The collection of chemicals and chemical processes found in a particular plant.


fruticose

fruticose (comparative more fruticose, superlative most fruticose)

more fruticose (comparative)
most fruticose (superlative)

Fruticose lichens drape and tuft; crustose and squamulose lichens creep and seep; foliose lichens layer and flake.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 84:

(botany) Having woody stems and branches; shrubby


depauperate

depauperate (comparative more depauperate, superlative most depauperate)

more depauperate (comparative)
most depauperate (superlative)

From Middle English depauperat (“impoverished”), from Medieval Latin depauperātus (“impoverished”), past participle of depauperō (“to impoverish”), itself from Latin de- + pauperō (“to impoverish”), from pauper (“poor”). Equivalent to de- + pauper + -ate (adjective-forming suffix). Cognate with Italian depauperare, Spanish depauperar.

af

/dɪˈpɔːpəɹət/

/dɪˈpɔːpəɹeɪt/

(botany, of a plant, etc.) Having stunted growth


pistillum

From Latin pistillum. Doublet of pestle and pistil.


pollen grain

(botany) A single male reproductive particle of which the pollen of a plant consists.


androecium

From New Latin; from andro- + oecium (from Ancient Greek οἰκῐ́ον (oikĭ́on), diminutive of οἶκος (oîkos, “house”)).


dissected

(botany) Deeply divided; cut into many segments.


obcordate

en-adj

obcordate (comparative more obcordate, superlative most obcordate)

more obcordate (comparative)
most obcordate (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Of a reversed cordate shape; heart-shaped but attached to the stalk by the pointed end.


obconic

obconic (comparative more obconic, superlative most obconic)

more obconic (comparative)
most obconic (superlative)

(botany) of a fruit, conical in shape and attached to the stalk by the pointed end.


convolvulus

en-noun

convolvulus (plural convolvuluses or convolvuli)

convolvuluses (plural)
convolvuli (plural)

From Latin convolvulus (“bindweed; caterpillar”), from convolvō (“convolve”).

bor

Toward it the torrent raced furiously, fed from above, where, down the left bank, transformed abruptly into a great wall of vegetation, water was spouting into the stream through thickets festooned with convolvuli on a higher level than the topmost trees of the jungle.

1947, Malcolm Lowry, Under the Volcano, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, page 318:

In this painting he uses the lovers for his narrative and makes his symbolic points with the convolvulus, signifying entanglements, climbing up the steps.

1994, Edmund Swinglehurst, The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites: A Compilation of Works from the Bridgeman Art Library, Parragon Book Service Limited, “Stages of Cruelty · 1856–90 · Ford Madox Brown”, page 38/2

(botany) Any of several plants, of the genus Convolvulus, found in temperate climates, having small trumpet-shaped flowers.


cross-pollinate

en-verb

cross-pollinate (third-person singular simple present cross-pollinates, present participle cross-pollinating, simple past and past participle cross-pollinated)

cross-pollinates (present singular third-person)
cross-pollinating (participle present)
cross-pollinated (participle past)
cross-pollinated (past)

(botany, transitive) To fertilize by the transfer of pollen from an anther of one plant to the stigma of another.


flabellum

en-noun

flabellum (plural flabellums or flabella)

(botany, zoology) Any fan-shaped structure.


epiphyllospermous

/ˌɛpɪˌfɪləˈspɜː(ɹ)məs/

EPIPHYLLOSPERMOUS PLANTS, so called by the old botanists, because they bore their seed upon the back of their leaves. They are what have more recently been called dorsiferous ferns.

1843, Charles Knight, George Long, The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge:

(obsolete, botany) That bears seeds on the backs of the leaves


heterochlamydeous

en-adj

heterochlamydeous (comparative more heterochlamydeous, superlative most heterochlamydeous)

more heterochlamydeous (comparative)
most heterochlamydeous (superlative)

From hetero- + Ancient Greek χλαμύδος (khlamúdos, “mantle, cloak”) + -ous.

der

Flowers single or in cymes, regular, usually unisexual, enclosed in a spathe, mostly with petals and sepals clearly differentiated (heterochlamydeous) […]

1927, China Ling, Lingnan Science Journal:

(botany) Having a perianth in which the calyx and corolla are differentiated, usually by colour or texture.


effuse

en-adj

effuse (comparative more effuse, superlative most effuse)

more effuse (comparative)
most effuse (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French effuser, from Latin effusus, past participle of effundere (“to pour out”).

an effuse inflorescence

(botany) Spreading loosely, especially on one side.


false dichotomy

en-noun

false dichotomy (plural false dichotomies)

(botany) A branching in which the main axis appears to divide dichotomously at the apex but is in reality suppressed, the growth being continued by lateral branches (as in the dichasium).


calvous

en-adj

calvous (comparative more calvous, superlative most calvous)

more calvous (comparative)
most calvous (superlative)

67th Berlin International Film Festival
Elsevier
John Lindley
Patrick Stewart

Borrowed from Latin calvus (“bald, hairless”) (from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂wós, from *kalw- (“bald; naked”) + *-wós (suffix forming adjectives from verb stems)) + -ous (suffix forming adjectives from nouns, denoting possession or presence of a quality).

suffix

LXII. MORYSIA. Cass. / Achenium calvous, terete, furrowed, wingless. [...] Glabrous shrubs, with scattered oblong, dentate, or entire leaves, and corymbose yellow flowers: closely related to Athanasia, from which they differ in the calvous achenia.

1838, William Henry Harvey, The Genera of South African Plants, Arranged According to the Natural System, Cape Town: A. S. Robertson, […], →OCLC, order 62 (Compositæ), tribe 4 (Senecionideæ), sub tribe 4 (Anthemideæ), division 4 (Athanasieæ), page 183:

In almost every family enumerated, the per centage is in favour of naked or wingless seeds, remarkably so in Dipsaceæ, where 11 per cent. of species with calvous seeds are widely dispersed, while only 3 per cent. of those furnished with pappus enjoy as wide a range. Among the Compositæ the proportions are as 4·5 to 2·9 per cent. in favour of calvous seeds, by which it should follow that daisies were twice as diffusable as thistles or dandelion.

1857, W[illiam] H[enry] H[arvey], “Geographie Botanique raisonee ou Exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution geographique des plantes des l’époque actuelle. Par M. Alphonse De Candolle. 2 Vols. Paris. 1855. [book review]”, in A[lexander] H[enry] Halliday, W[illiam] H[enry] Harvey, S. Houghton, et al., editors, The Natural History Review: A Quarterly Journal of Zoology, Botany, Geology, and Palæontology, volume IV, London: Williams & Norgate, […]; Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co.; Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, […], →OCLC, page 52:

(botany, rare) Lacking bristles or pappuses.


subdecurrent

en-adj

subdecurrent (comparative more subdecurrent, superlative most subdecurrent)

more subdecurrent (comparative)
most subdecurrent (superlative)

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is subdecurrent.

(botany, mycology) Attached to and running downward along a stem or stipe, but curving inward just before the attachment point.


vitellus

en-noun

vitellus (countable and uncountable, plural vitelli or vitelluses)

From Latin vitellus (“the yolk of an egg”). Doublet of veal.

(botany) Perisperm in an early condition.


petalled

The petalled rim of the sunflower glowed in the morning sunlight.


petaled

The petaled rim of the sunflower glowed in the morning sunlight.


vigna

(botany) Any of the genus Vigna of fabaceous plants, including a number of cultivated legumes.


emarginate

en-adj

emarginate (comparative more emarginate, superlative most emarginate)

more emarginate (comparative)
most emarginate (superlative)

From Latin emarginare; e- (“out”) + marginare (“to furnish with a margin”), from margo (“margin”).

(botany, of leaves) With the outline of the margin more or less concave in places, usually at the apex.

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is emarginate.

(botany, mycology) Having roughly the same height or width for most of its length, becoming much shallower or narrower before reaching the attachment point.


batology

From Ancient Greek βάτος (bátos, “blackberry”) + -ology.

uder

[…]more than another that has always been clearly recognized by British botanists, it is R. leucostachys, in spite of the various forms, which, before they were detected as hybrids, were often a puzzle to our predecessors in British batology.

1905, Berthold Seemann, editor, Journal of Botany: British and Foreign, volume 43, page 202:

Further knowledge of Rubus plant geography is steadily emerging, particular[ly] as co-workers such as D. Grant and T. Schofield are also contributing substantially to Yorkshire batology.

1999, The Naturalist, volumes 124-127, page 112:

In Species Plantarum, in 1753, Linnaeus identified two European species of Rubus within the large five-petaled family Rosa, thus beginning one of taxonomy′s largest studies — batology.

2005, Lisa Robertson, “Rubus Armeniacus: A Common Architectural Decorative Motif in the Temperate Mesophytic Region”, in Occasional Work and Seven Walks from the Office for Soft Architecture, page 125:

(botany) The scientific study of plants in the genus Rubus, commonly known as brambles.


apetalousness

(botany) The state or quality of being apetalous.


vespertine

From Middle English vespertyne, from Latin vespertīnus (“evening”).

Similarly, the flowers of the sphingophilous taxa correspond to the characteristics and habits of western American hawkmoths in many ways: in ... vespertine and nocturnal nectar production

1993, Verne Grant, Origin of floral isolation between ornithophilous and sphingophilous plant species, PNAS:

matutinal

of, related to, or occurring in the evening

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, pinnatifid, asperate; flowers large, terminal and solitary, vespertine, (or expanding towards sun-set,) not deciduous or marcescent after closing, but re-opening at the usual time for several days in succession, when closed involute in a cone;[…].

1818, Thomas Nuttall, The Genera of North American Plants, and a Catalogue of the Species, to the Year 1817, volume 1, page 29:

It^([Mentzelia ornata]) belongs to the vespertine section, or those in which the flowers fully expand only towards evening.

1883, William Robinson, The English Flower Garden, published 2011, page 184:

I read of vespertine flowers, night bloomers like four o'clocks, opening like mouths in evening prayer.

2008, Pat Mora, House of Houses, page 9:

(botany, of a plant) That opens or blooms in the evening.


pubescence

en-noun

pubescence (countable and uncountable, plural pubescences)

(botany, zoology) A covering of fine, soft hairs.


adnexal

(botany) Having the property of being adnexed.


priming

(botany) A form of seed planting preparation in which the seeds are presoaked in a nanoparticle solution.


micropyle

From French, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + πύλη (púlē, “gate”).

(botany) In seed-bearing plants, a small opening in the integuments of the ovule through which sperm are able to access the ovum.


nucellus

From French nucelle (“little nut”), from Latin nux (“nut”).

(botany) The tissue which surrounds and protects the embryo and lies inside of the integuments.


digitate

From Latin digitātus for the adjective and digitāre for the verb.

(botany, anatomy) Having parts that spread out from a common point in a finger-like manner.

إِصْبَعِيّ

botany: having leaves divided in finger-like parts


digitate

en-verb

digitate (third-person singular simple present digitates, present participle digitating, simple past and past participle digitated)

digitates (present singular third-person)
digitating (participle present)
digitated (participle past)
digitated (past)

But what is most worthy of notice is, that the greater number of muscular fibres arising from the coracoid and radio-ulnar bones form a pectoral muscle, superficial to the other fibres of the great lateral, and digitating with them along the side of the fish opposite the extremities of the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth ribs.

1857 December 23, John Cleland, “On the Skeleton, Muscles, and Viscera of Malapterurus Beninensis”, in Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, volume 1, Edinburgh, published 1858, page 393:

(botany, anatomy) To spread out from a common point in a finger-like manner.


hibernaculum

From Latin hībernāculum (“winter quarters”).

(botany) A bud, case, or protective covering that a plant uses to survive the challenging environmental conditions during a dormancy period.


submerse

From Latin submersus, past participle of submergo.


stolon

(botany) A shoot that grows along the ground and produces roots at its nodes; a runner.


floristics

(botany) The scientific study of the distribution of plants, especially on the regional level.


caruncle

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kəl/

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kl̩/

/ˈkɛɹˌʌŋ.kəl/

/ˈkæˌɹʌŋ.kəl/

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kəl/

Borrowed from Middle French caruncule, from Latin caruncula (“a little piece of flesh”), diminutive of carō (“flesh”). Doublet of caruncula.

der

(botany) A colored waxy or oily outgrowth near the micropyle of some seeds, attractive to ants which aid the seed's dispersal.


quenching

en-noun

quenching (countable and uncountable, plural quenchings)

From Middle English quenchinge, equivalent to quench + -ing.

2022 August 27, Michael Le Page, Genetic tweaking increases soy yield by upgrading photosynthesis, New Scientist, Issue 3401, page 16,
When a leaf is in full sunshine, it absorbs more light energy than its photosynthetic machinery can handle. This damages cells unless they turn on a mechanism known as quenching to dissipate the excess energy.
When a leaf is shaded, however, quenching has to be turned off to avoid dissipating energy that could be used.

(botany) The dissipation of energy from light in excess of what can be used for photosynthesis.


fasciation

fasciation (countable and uncountable, plural fasciations)

/fæsɪˈeɪʃən/

These odd-looking shoots are not diseased but are the result of a fairly common condition known as "fasciation" that affects shoots on all sorts of plants quite randomly and for no apparent reason, but presumed by plant experts to be the result of damage to buds just as the shoots were starting to form. There is therefore nothing to be alarmed about and you should simply cut off the shoots that are unsightly. […] Fasciation can also affect, with somewhat more visually catastrophic results, various spire-forming herbaceous plants such as delphiniums and hollyhocks.

2015 March 28, Helen Yemm, “Thorny problems: what should I do about the invasion of the spanish slug?”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), page G9:

The process or state of being fasciated.

(botany) Abnormal growth in vascular plants in which the apical meristem (growing tip) becomes elongated perpendicularly to the direction of growth, thus producing flattened, ribbon-like, crested, or elaborately contorted tissue.


epigeal

From Ancient Greek ἐπίγειος (epígeios, “on the earth”) + -al.

der

(botany, of a cotyledon) Emerging above the surface of the ground after being germinated

epigeo

emerging above the surface of the ground after being germinated


excentric

en-adj

excentric (comparative more excentric, superlative most excentric)

more excentric (comparative)
most excentric (superlative)

excentric nucleus

excentric stalk

excentric extremities

(botany) One-sided; having the normally central portion not in the true center.


incrassate

incrassate (comparative more incrassate, superlative most incrassate)

more incrassate (comparative)
most incrassate (superlative)

From the participle stem of Latin incrassare, from in- + crassare ‘make thick’, from crassus.

(botany, zoology) Made thick or thicker; swelled out at some particular part, like the antennae of certain insects.


crown gall

(phytopathology) A disease of plants caused by infection of soil bacteria of the genus Agrobacterium


polyadelph

(obsolete, botany) Any plant of the class Polyadelphia, having the stamens united in three or more bundles by the filament.


calcar

(botany, anatomy) A spur-like projection.


syconium

From New Latin sȳconium, from Ancient Greek σῦκον (sûkon, “fig”) + -ium.

(botany) A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig; a hollow ball with a stalk at one end and an opening (ostiole) at the other, with flowers or fruits on the inside


anthesis

Ancient Greek ἄνθησις (ánthēsis, “flowering”), from ἀνθέω (anthéō), from ἄνθος (ánthos).


declinate

en-adj

declinate (comparative more declinate, superlative most declinate)

more declinate (comparative)
most declinate (superlative)

Latin dēclīnātus, past participle of dēclīnō (“I decline”).

(botany) Bending downward in a curve; declined.


cancellate

cancellate (comparative more cancellate, superlative most cancellate)

more cancellate (comparative)
most cancellate (superlative)

From Latin cancellatus, past participle of cancellare.

cancellate leaves

(botany) Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma; lattice-like.


kneed

(botany) Having angular joints like the knee.


scrambling

scrambling (comparative more scrambling, superlative most scrambling)

more scrambling (comparative)
most scrambling (superlative)

1998, Kerp, Hans, and Michael Krings. "Climbing and scrambling growth habits: common life strategies among Late Carboniferous seed ferns", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Series IIA-Earth and Planetary Science 326.8 (1998): 583-588.
All three types of climbing organs here demonstrated for Late Palaeozoic seed ferns are also found in modern angiosperms. This leads to the conclusion that several taxa of Late Palaeozoic seed ferns were well-adapted to climbing and scrambling growth habits.

(botany) Having a stem too weak to support itself, instead attaching to and relying on the stems or trunks of stronger plants.


tholus

From Latin tholus (“dome, rotunda”). Doublet of tholos.

(lichenology) Part of the apical structure of the asci of some lichen species.


leaf spot

(phytopathology) Any of various fungal or bacterial diseases of plants that cause blemishes on their leaves.


stipula

en-noun

stipula (plural stipulas or stipulae or stipulæ)

stipulas (plural)
stipulae (plural)
stipulæ (plural)

From Latin stipula (“stalk, stem”). Doublet of stubble.


monocarpic

From mono- + -carpic. Analyzable as monocarp + -ic.

A nire accurate division of plants, as connected with flowering and fructification, is into monocarpic, or those which flower but once, and perish; and into polycarpic, or those which flower and ripen seeds several times before the entire plant, root and branch, perish.

1839 July 27, Robert Dickson, “Contributions to the Natural Theology of the Vegetable Kingdom”, in The Church of England Magazine, volume 7, number 175, page 52:

(botany) (of a plant) That flowers and bears fruit only once before dying.


nervose

A foot or more high, leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper usually ovate-lanceolate and sessile by a nervose veined base; pedicels shorter than the acute lobes of the calyx ; the lower lip or the corolla violet or rose-purple and the upper paler to nearly white; the saccate throat very oblique to the true tube, fully as broad as long; gland short.

1879, Volney Rattan, A Popular California Flora, page 91:

(botany) nerved; having prominent veins.


halved

(botany) Appearing as if one side were cut away.


waterleaf

Hydrophyllaceae
Hydrophyllum
Talinum fruticosum
Waterleaf (architecture)

waterleaf (plural waterleafs or waterleaves)

waterleafs (plural)
waterleaves (plural)

(botany) Any plant of the genus Hydrophyllum.

(botany) Any plant of Hydrophyllaceae, the waterleaf family.


circinate

From Latin circinatus, past participle of circinō (“to make round”).

(botany) Used of leaves or similar parts that are coiled on themselves from the apex toward their base.


felted

(botany) Having interlocked hairs to the extent of being matted.


succise

en-adj

succise (comparative more succise, superlative most succise)

more succise (comparative)
most succise (superlative)

(botany) Appearing as if a part were cut off at the extremity.


hydrophyte

From hydro- (“water”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) A plant that lives in or requires an abundance of water, usually excluding seaweed.


knop

From Middle English knop, from Middle Low German and Middle Dutch knoppe, from Proto-Germanic *knuppô, *knuppaz, *knappô, which is perhaps related to *knappō (“knob, boy”).

On these shawl borders the knop and flower are often also combined, the knop becoming the cone or Cypress-like trunk of a tree, the branches of which fam out like the fronds of the Hom. [Plate III., fig. 6]. In some Indian and Persian carpets the knop or cone throws out graceful Hom fronds, one on either side, from the ends of which hangs a large flower, presenting the alternation of a branching cone and flower.

1878, Sir George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood, Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878: Handbook to the British Indian Section, Offices of the Royal Commission, page 106:

(botany, art) A closed bud or bud-like, swelling protuberance of a plant, or the representation thereof in the decorative arts


eradiate

(botany) Said of several types of capitulum that do not have petal-like florets.


indusium

(botany) A protecting membrane, especially that covering the developing spores of a fern.


pinnule

(botany) Any of the ultimate leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf; a subleaflet.


habitus

en-noun

habitus (countable and uncountable, plural habiti or habitus or habituses)

habiti (plural)
habitus (plural)
habituses (plural)

From Latin habitus (“habit”), from habeō (“have; maintain”). The plural habiti is a misconstruction, as the Latin plural is in fact habitūs. This is reflected by the English plural habitus, which is occasionally encountered. habiti may have been influenced by Latin habitī, the plural of the participle habitus; however, it is not the etymon of the English term.


subtend

en-verb

subtend (third-person singular simple present subtends, present participle subtending, simple past and past participle subtended)

subtends (present singular third-person)
subtending (participle present)
subtended (participle past)
subtended (past)

From Latin subtendere, from sub (“under”) + tendere (“to stretch, extend”). See tend.

(botany, transitive) To stand beneath or close to, as a bract at the base of a flower.


decurrent

en-adj

decurrent (comparative more decurrent, superlative most decurrent)

more decurrent (comparative)
most decurrent (superlative)

From Latin decurrens — de (“down”) + curro (“to run”).

(botany) Of plant parts: extending downward, most often in the case of leaf blades that partly wrap or have wings around the stem or petiole and extend down along the stem.

décurrent

pertaining to plant parts that extend downward


alate

alate (comparative more alate, superlative most alate)

more alate (comparative)
most alate (superlative)

Beetles fly, many ants send forth massive swarms of reproductive alate females and males, arachnids and insect predators emerge from their hidden refugia, and termite swarm.

2016, Justin O. Schmidt, The Sting of the Wild, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page 113:

(entomology, botany) Having wings or winglike extensions or parts; winged.


astragal

From Ancient Greek ἀστράγαλος (astrágalos). Doublet of astragalus.

(botany) Synonym of milkvetch: a plant of the genus Astragalus.


pistillate

pistillate (comparative more pistillate, superlative most pistillate)

more pistillate (comparative)
most pistillate (superlative)

From pistil + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


carpellate

From carpel + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

(botany) Having functional carpels (and lacking stamens).


obovate

en-adj

obovate (comparative more obovate, superlative most obovate)

more obovate (comparative)
most obovate (superlative)

From ob- (“inverse”) + ovate (“egg-shaped”).

(botany, mycology) Shaped like an egg, with the broad extremity located away from the base.


superposed

(botany) That grows vertically above another part


vallecular

From vallecula + -ar, derived from diminutive of Latin valles (“valley”).

A transverse section of the internode shows a pattern of sub-epidermal strengthening tissue and chlorenchyma, vallecular canals in the cortex opposite the furrows, and carinal canals opposite the ridges.

2011 July 12, “An extensin-rich matrix lines the carinal canals in Equisetum ramosissimum, which may function as water-conducting channels”, in Annals of Botany, →DOI:

(botany) Of or relating to a channel between the nodes of the stem of some species of Equisetum.


radiated

radiated (comparative more radiated, superlative most radiated)

more radiated (comparative)
most radiated (superlative)


staminate

Latin staminatus (“consisting of threads”), from stamen (“thread”).

(botany) Having functional stamens, but (typically) no carpels.


drupelet

From drupe (“stone fruit”) + -let (diminutive suffix). Compare Late Latin drupella (“small ripe olive”).

cog

It is best to pick the berries while all drupelets are of a consistent, dark red coloration.

The passengers on the chock-full boat were packed across the deck like drupelets.

Aggregated Fruits are close clusters of simple fruits all of the same flower. The raspberry and blackberry are good examples. In these, each grain is a drupelet or stone-fruit, like a cherry or peach on a very small scale.

1858, Asa Gray, “How Plants are Propagated or Multiplied in Numbers”, in Botany for Young People and Common Schools. How Plants Grow, a Simple Introduction to Structural Botany. […], New York, N.Y.: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, & Co., →OCLC, section IV (Fruit and Seed), § 1 (Seed-vessels), paragraph 244, page 81:

The fruits of the genus Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) are aggregates of small drupes (drupelets) upon the receptacle of a single flower, each drupelet from a single pistil.

1931, A[lbert] S[pear] Hitchcock, “Fruits and Seeds”, in Field Work for the Local Botanist, Washington, D.C.: Published by the author […]; composed and printed at the Waverley Press, Inc. […], →OCLC, page 22:

Each fertilized pistil/ovule will develop into a fleshy drupelet containing one seed (a pyrene). Erect and semi-erect blackberry cultivars produce fruit with relatively large pyrenes compared to those of trailing blackberries.

2017, Bernadine C. Strik, “Growth and Development”, in Harvey K. Hall, Richard C. Funt, editors, Blackberries and Their Hybrids (Crop Production Science in Horticulture; 26), Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Boston, Mass.: CABI, →ISBN, page 29:

(botany) One of the small drupe-like subdivisions which compose the outer layer of certain fruit such as blackberries or raspberries.

drupennig

one of the small drupe-like subdivisions which compose the outer layer of certain fruit


esca

(phytopathology) A fungal disease afflicting grapes.


impalement

en-noun

impalement (countable and uncountable, plural impalements)

From Middle French empalement; equivalent to impale + -ment.

The parts of fructification are seven in number... The First part is the calyx, impalement, or flower cup.

1823, Charles Mead, The School Exercise:

(botany, obsolete) In the sense of an enclosure, the calyx of a flower. (In still older works, also spelt empalement.)


sigillate

en-adj

sigillate (comparative more sigillate, superlative most sigillate)

more sigillate (comparative)
most sigillate (superlative)


monadelphous

The stamens are monadelphous and are united for more than half their length into an open tube adnate to the petals

1988, Michael Hickey & Clive King, 100 families of flowering plants, Cambridge University Press, 2007 digital reprint, p. 326

(botany) Having all its stamens within a flower fused together at least partly by the filaments.

yksikuntainen

having all stamens fused together by filaments


quincuncial

quincuncial (comparative more quincuncial, superlative most quincuncial)

more quincuncial (comparative)
most quincuncial (superlative)

quincuncial aestivation

(botany) Having the leaves of a pentamerous calyx or corolla so imbricated that two are exterior, two are interior, and the other has one edge exterior and one interior.


cirrous

cirrous (comparative more cirrous, superlative most cirrous)

more cirrous (comparative)
most cirrous (superlative)

And Ivy divided from the root, we have observed to live some years, by the cirrous parts commonly conceived but as tentacles and holdfasts unto it.

1658, Sir Thomas Browne, The Garden of Cyrus, Folio Society, published 2007, page 198:

(botany, zoology) Pertaining to cirri; having filaments, fibrous.


circination

/sɜːsɪˈneɪʃən/

From Latin circinationem, from circinare, from circinus.

The same is also observable underground in the circinations and sphærical rounds of Onyons, wherein the circles of the Orbes are ofttimes larger, and the meridionall lines stand wider upon one side than the other.

1658, Sir Thomas Browne, The Garden of Cyrus, Folio Society, published 2007, page 200:

(botany) A circular growth or foliation.


kex

From Middle English kex. Origin unknown; but compare Welsh cecys (“hollow stalks”) and Welsh cegid (“hemlock”), apparently from the same source as Latin cicūta (“hemlock”).

(obsolete, botany) A plant having such a stem; a weed, a kecksy.


head blight

(phytopathology) a blight afflicting the seed heads or inflorescences of cereal crops


trifid

From Latin trifidus, from tri- (“three”) + -fidus, form of findere (“to split”).

The leafits are four or five pairs, with a trifid terminal leafit.

1850, George Luxford, Edward Newman, The Phytologist: A Popular Botanical Miscellany, page 1058:


oblanceolate

oblanceolate (comparative more oblanceolate, superlative most oblanceolate)

more oblanceolate (comparative)
most oblanceolate (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Of a reversed lanceolate shape: attached to the stem by the pointed end, with the other end rounded.


shanked

Your Muscat Grapes are both shanked and scalded ; the latter can be easily remedied, but the former is more difficult.

(botany) Affected with disease of the shank or footstalk


vascularization

en-noun

vascularization (countable and uncountable, plural vascularizations)


intravaginal

(botany, of some grasses) Within a sheath.


true leaf

(botany) Any leaves of a seed plant other than the cotyledons.

(botany) Any leaf containing vascular tissue.


trifolium

trifolium (plural trifoliums or trifolia)

The larger species (Panax quinquefolium) is rather coarse and ordinary in its appearance; the flowers are very nearly like those of the trifolia, but grow in an irregular and elongated cluster.

1867, Wilson Flagg, “The Early Wild Flowers”, in The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries, page 155:

The majority of the trifoliums are native to Europe and Asia. Only comparatively few of the trifoliums native to the United States are of food production significance.

2012, Douglas M. Considine, Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia, page 441:

(botany) Any of the genus Trifolium of clovers and trefoils.


pteridospermous

(botany) Of or pertaining to the pteridosperms.


zoosporangium

(botany) A sporangium, or conceptacle containing or producing zoospores.

parveiluitiöpesäke

a sporangium, or conceptacle containing or producing zoospores


excurrent

This species of tree is recognized by the excurrent veins in its leaves.

(botany) Of a vein or costa, extending beyond the tip or the margin of a leaf.


drip tip

(botany) An elongated leaf tip from which excess water can drip off harmlessly, as found in plants of the rainforest.


rhizodermis

(botany) The outermost primary cell layer of the root.


pomology

pomology (usually uncountable, plural pomologies)

(botany) The study of pome fruit and of the cultivation of such fruit.

(botany) The study of fruit in general and of the cultivation of fruit.


nucular

en-adj

nucular (comparative more nucular, superlative most nucular)

more nucular (comparative)
most nucular (superlative)

(botany) Nut-shaped; of or relating to a nucule — a section of a compound (usually hard) fruit.


ranunculaceous

/ɹəˌnʌŋkjʊˈleɪʃəs/

The stomata are ranunculaceous (anomocytic) and confined to the lower leaflet surface.

1993, Klaus Kubitzki, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, page 349:


runcinate

From Latin runcinatus, from runcinare (“to plane off”).

(botany, of leaves) Having tooth-like projections pointing away from the apex.

(botany, of leaves) Having a lacerated aspect with the projection pointing away from the apex, like dandelion leaves.


hygrophilous

(botany, of a plant) adapted for growth in a damp or wet environment.


biserrate

(botany, of leaves) Having serration that are themselves serrate.


retroserrate

(botany, of leaves) Having tooth-like projections pointed away from the apex.


pinnatipartite

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend more than half-way toward the midrib.


oblyrate

(botany, of leaves) Having a reverse lyrate shape, with the lobes near the apex.


pinnatifid

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the midrib.

parihalkoinen

of leaves, having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the midrib


obpandurate

(botany, of leaves) Having a reverse pandurate shape, with the sinuosity toward the apex and the broadest part toward the base.


obreniform

(botany, of leaves) Having a reverse reniform shape, with the petiole opposite the notch.


obdeltoid

(botany, of leaves) Triangular and attached to the stem via a tip.


bifoliate

(botany) Having exactly two leaves. Compare bifoliolate, having two leaflets per leaf.


palmatisect

palmatisect (comparative more palmatisect, superlative most palmatisect)

more palmatisect (comparative)
most palmatisect (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend almost up, but not quite to the petiole.


palmatipartite

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend over half-way toward the petiole.


palmately compound

(botany, of leaves) Having more than three leaflets attached directly to the petiole


sagittate

(botany, of leaves) Shaped like an arrowhead, with two pointed lobes extending downward from the base.


pinnatisect

From New Latin pinnatisectus, from Latin pinnātus (“feathered”) + sectum, past participle of secō (“to cut”).

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend almost, or up to midrib.


peltate

peltate (comparative more peltate, superlative most peltate)

more peltate (comparative)
most peltate (superlative)

From Ancient Greek πέλτη (péltē) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany, of leaves) Having the petiole attached to the lower surface instead of the margin.


lyrate

en-adj

lyrate (comparative more lyrate, superlative most lyrate)

more lyrate (comparative)
most lyrate (superlative)

From New Latin lyrātus, from lyra (“lyre”).

1976, T. G. Tutin, Flora Europaea, Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae), page 72,
Basal leaves simple, lyrate or pinnatifid; cauline leaves 1- to 2-pinnatifid, pinnatisect or simple.

(botany, of leaves) Having a large terminal lobe and smaller rounded lobes toward its base.


bidentate

(botany) Having tooth-like projections that are themselves dentate.


bicrenate

(botany) Crenate, with the teeth themselves crenate; twice crenate.


palmatifid

palmatifid (comparative more palmatifid, superlative most palmatifid)

more palmatifid (comparative)
most palmatifid (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the petiole.


obsagittate

(botany, of leaves) Of a reverse sagittate shape, with two pointed lobes extending at the apex.


pandurate

pandurate (comparative more pandurate, superlative most pandurate)

more pandurate (comparative)
most pandurate (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Having a shape reminiscent of a fiddle; obovate with a pair of sinuous indentations near the base.


crenate

crenate (comparative more crenate, superlative most crenate)

more crenate (comparative)
most crenate (superlative)

From New Latin crēnātus, probably Latinization of Middle French crené, past participle of crener (“to mark with a notch”), derivative of cren, cran (“notch”).

(botany) Having round or blunt teeth on its margin; scalloped.


amplexicaul

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes (usually auriculate) that completely surround the stem.

sepivä

having lobes that completely surround the stem


perfoliate

Borrowed from New Latin perfoliāta, from Latin per- (“through”) + the feminine of Latin foliātus (“foliate”).

(botany, of leaves) Appearing to have the stem passing through the blade.

(botany, of leaves) Having the leaf round the stem at the base.


cirrhose

(botany, of leaves) Ending in a tendril at the apex.


aristate

Latin aristatus, from arista. See arista.

(botany) Having a long bristle at its apex.

(botany) Having a pointed, beard-like process, like those of the glumes of wheat; awned


weigela

(botany) Any plant of the genus Weigela.


dendrobium

“I think there are a lot of people like me who would not have become a collector were it not for Chadwick’s,” says Sarah Ann Scott, who lives in Chesterfield County. She is dropping off two bloomed-out dendrobiums and a cattleya and picking up a perky slipper orchid.

2019 April 10, Adrian Higgins, “This florist started caring for ailing orchids on the side. He’s now babysitting 13,000.”, in The Washington Post:

(botany) Any plant of the genus Dendrobium.


caudate

From the Medieval Latin caudātus, from the Classical Latin cauda (“tail”).

(botany) Tapering into a long, tail-like extension at the apex.

lisäkkeellinen

botany: tapering into a long, tail-like extension at the apex


squilla

From Latin squilla, from Ancient Greek σκίλλα (skílla).

(botany, obsolete) A squill, a sea onion.


cattleya

Named after William Cattley, English botanist.

The vegetation had again changed, and only the vegetable ivory tree remained, with a great profusion of wonderful orchids, among which I learned to recognize the rare Nuttonia Vexillaria and the glorious pink and scarlet blossoms of Cattleya and odontoglossum.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

A bell chimes as you open the door, and fans swirl below a pressed-tin ceiling. Cymbidiums, cattleyas and other flowering orchids are presented in decorative pots on round tables.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Cattleya, a species of orchid.


clivia

(botany) Any plant of the genus Clivia, native to southern Africa.


apomyxis

(botany) Alternative spelling of apomixis


parthenocarpy

(botany) production of (seedless) fruit without fertilization of ovules.


rebutia

(botany) Any plant of the cactus genus Rebutia, the crown cactus.


venter

Borrowing from Latin venter (“the belly; the womb; a swelling”).

bor

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-venter.wav

(biology) A protuberant, usually hollow structure, notably:

(botany) The swollen basal portion of an archegonium in which an egg develops.


francoa

The genus Francoa was named by botanist Antonio José Cavanilles (1745-1804) after Spanish physician Francisco Franco who lived in 16th century.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Francoa, with white, pink or red flowers, native to Chile.


pallescent

en-adj

pallescent (comparative more pallescent, superlative most pallescent)

more pallescent (comparative)
most pallescent (superlative)

From (the present participle stem of) Latin pallēscere (“to become pale”).

[T]he spirit of black melancholy, began to set his seal on her pallescent countenance.

1818, Thomas Love Peacock, chapter 9, in Nightmare Abbey, Hookham, published 1818:

(now chiefly botany, zoology) Growing or becoming pale.


attenuated

attenuated (comparative more attenuated, superlative most attenuated)

more attenuated (comparative)
most attenuated (superlative)

(botany) Long and tapering (especially of leaves)


squamulose

squamulose (comparative more squamulose, superlative most squamulose)

more squamulose (comparative)
most squamulose (superlative)

From New Latin squāmulōsus (“squamulose”), from Latin squamula (“small scales”) (diminutive of squāma (“scale of a fish or reptile; item shaped like a scale, flake”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’). The English word is analysable as squamula + -ose.

The stem of the mushroom is squamulose.

Fruticose lichens drape and tuft; crustose and squamulose lichens creep and seep; foliose lichens layer and flake.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 84:

(botany, mycology, zoology) Having small scales.


cucullated

cucullated (comparative more cucullated, superlative most cucullated)

more cucullated (comparative)
most cucullated (superlative)

From Latin cucullatus, from cucullus (“hood”).

They are differently cucullated or capuched upon the head and back, and in the Cicada the eyes are more prominent

1646, Sir Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Folio Society, published 2007, page 429:

(zoology, botany) Having a hood-like covering or component; hood-shaped.

(botany) Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet.


caryopsis

en-noun

caryopsis (plural caryopses or caryopsides)

The variation of caryopsis characters in species of Aegilops and wheat diploids is similar to that of wheat tetraploids .

1995, Romuald Kosina, Tetraploids of the Genus Triticum in the Light of Caryopsis Structure:

(botany) A type of fruit in which the fruit skin is stuck to the seed coat; especially the grain of a cereal.


farctate

en-adj

farctate (comparative more farctate, superlative most farctate)

more farctate (comparative)
most farctate (superlative)

Latin farctus, past participle of farciō. See farce.

Stem stout and farctate.

1917, South African Journal of Science - Volume 13, page 100:

In species such as P. lejolisii, the young tetrasporangia are pigmented and the sporangium remains farctate throughout development, with the eventual septa appearing as thin lines in side view.

1984, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History).: Botany, page 328:

a farctate leaf, stem, or pericarp

Its surface is possessed of a mild satin glow, an encircling gestalt which seems independent of stock solar light. It is otherwise farctate.

2021, Donald Wesling, Internal Resistances: The Poetry of Edward Dorn, page 63:

(botany, obsolete) Stuffed; filled solid.


coronilla

/ˌkɔɹəˈnɪlə/

(botany) Any of the genus Coronilla of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets.


blister blight

(phytopathology) An infection of tea plants, caused by the fungus Exobasidium vexans, characterized by blister-like lesions on the leaves.

(phytopathology) A similar disease of some pines caused by Cronartium asclepiadeum.


vallecula

en-noun

vallecula (plural valleculae or valleculas)

1859 borrowing from Late Latin vallecula (“a little valley, glen, dell”), diminutive of vallēs (“a valley, vale”).

bor

(anatomy, botany) A depression, channel or groove.


tridentate

(botany) Having tooth-like projections that are themselves bidentate.


solanum

(botany) Any plant in the genus Solanum.


sclerenchyma

en-noun

sclerenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural sclerenchymas or sclerenchymata)

sclerenchymas (plural)
sclerenchymata (plural)

/sklɪəɹˈɛŋkɪmə/

/skləɹˈɛŋkəmə/

(botany) A mechanical ground tissue, impermeable to water, which consists of cells having narrow lumen and thick, mineralized walls of lignin; present in stems, vascular bundles (of monocots), seed coverings, and vein and tips of leaves.

sklerenkima

a mechanical, supportive ground tissue in plants consisting of aggregates of cells having thick, often mineralized walls


enation

enation (countable and uncountable, plural enations)

From Latin enatus (ēnātus) (from ēnāscor (“spring forth”)) + English + -ion.

In field infections, the enations are very small and appear as gray streaks on the backs of the leaves. However, conspicuous enations appear on plants inoculated and reared in the glasshouse (Lindsten, 1961a; Catherall, 1970).

1977, Robert G. Milne, Osvaldo Lovisolo, “Maize Rough Dwarf and Related Viruses”, in Karl Maramonosch, Max A Lauffer, editors, Advances in Virus Research, volume 21, page 282:

Irrespective of how the terminal position of sporangia on short lateral branches evolved, we should keep in mind that it was an important step in positioning the developing sporangia so that they could be protected by enations and microphylls.

1993, Wilson Nichols Stewart, Gar W. Rothwell, Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, page 113:

Infected trees are stunted, with narrow leaves, often with large enations on their underside.

1996, M. Diekmann, C. A. J. Putter, Stone Fruits, page 20:

(botany) A small outgrowth on the surface of a plant organ.

Enation is characterized by the formation of very small, leaflike outgrowths — enations — from the lower surface of leaves, usually along the larger veins (fig. 116).

1965, Albert Julius Winkler, General Viticulture, page 416:

Wallace and Drake (1960, 1961) reported that the woody-gall problem found in Peru, South Africa and Australia was related to vein enation.

1991, Chester N. Roistacher, Graft-Transmissible Diseases of Citrus: Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis, page 145:

Choose varieties resistant to the pea enation virus for summer crops.

2011, Linda Gilkeson, Backyard Bounty: The Complete Guide to Year-Round Organic Gardening in the Pacific Northwest, page 244:

(botany, uncountable) The generation of such an outgrowth.


sandersonia

(botany) A plant of the genus Sandersonia, with yellow or orange flowers, Sandersonia aurantiaca.


esquamulose

From e- (prefix forming adjectives with the sense of lacking something) + squamulose; squamulose is derived from New Latin squāmulōsus (“squamulose”), from Latin squamula (“small scales”) (diminutive of squāma (“scale of a fish or reptile; item shaped like a scale, flake”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’). The English word is analysable as e- + squamula + -ose.

prefix

D[umortiera] hirsuta Nees. Diœcious; thallus 5–15 cm. long, 1.3–2 cm. wide, thin, deep-green, becoming blackish, plane and entire on the margins, exareolate and naked, or sometimes with a delicate, coarsely reticulated, closely appressed, cobweb-like pubescence above, hirsute and esquamulose beneath; [...]

1884, Lucien M[arcus] Underwood, “Article I.—Descriptive Catalogue of the North American Hepaticæ, North of Mexico”, in Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Normal, Illinois, volume II, Peoria, Ill.: J. W. Franks & Sons, printers and binders, →OCLC, order II (Marchantiaceæ Corda.), section VII (Dumortiera Nees.), paragraph 1, page 38:

Saurauja nudiflora, [...]. A tree 20 to 30 feet high; youngest branchlets dark-coloured, squamulose towards the apex; the older esquamulose, pale, faintly striate.

1890 February 5, George King, “VIII.—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.”, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume LIX, part II (Natural Science), number 2, Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist Mission Press, →OCLC, order XV (Ternstrœmiaceæ), section 6 (Saurauja, Willd.), page 198:

Hookeri [...] In the only British specimen seen these are about 1 in. high, robust, entirely esquamulose, with the apothecia somewhat large, conglomerate, and having a few minute squamules intermixed.

1894, James M[orrison] Crombie, A Monograph of Lichens Found in Britain: Being a Descriptive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum, London: Printed by order of the Trustees [of the British Museum] […], →OCLC, page 164:

Cladonia multiformis. [...] Podetia irregularly sub-cylindrical at the base, commonly entire but sometimes fissured and gaping, slender or stout, simple or pseudo-branched by obliteration of an early scyphus, esquamulose or more or less leafy throughout, [...]

1909 January, G. K. Merrill, “Lichen Notes No. 7. Cladonia multiformis (nom. nov.) Bry. 6: 1908.”, in Annie Morrill Smith, editor, The Bryologist: An Illustrated Bimonthly Devoted to North American Mosses, Hepatics and Lichens, volume XII, number 1, New York, N.Y.: Published by the editor, […], →OCLC, page 4:

Both subspecies may superficially resemble C. furcata var. furcata, but can be distinguished by the imperforate axils and esquamulose podetia.

1974, D. C. Lindsay, “Systematic Account”, in The Macrolichens of South Georgia (British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports; no. 89), London: British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-19, section 14 (Descriptions of Genera and Species), page 22:

(botany, mycology) Not covered in scales or scale-like objects; having a smooth skin or outer covering.

schuppenlos

not covered in scales or scale-like objects


solanaceous

en-adj

solanaceous (comparative more solanaceous, superlative most solanaceous)

more solanaceous (comparative)
most solanaceous (superlative)

From modern Latin Solanaceae, from Latin solanum (“nightshade”).

(botany) Pertaining to the family Solanaceae, which includes the nightshades.


squama

Borrowed from Latin squāma (“scale”). Doublet of squame.

(botany) The bract of a deciduous spike.


panicle

Borrowed from Latin pānicula, diminutive of pānus (“ear of millet, literally 'thread wound on a bobbin'”), from Ancient Greek πῆνος (pênos, “web”), πηνίον (pēníon, “bobbin”). Doublet of panocha.


thermotropism

(botany) Thermotropic movement of a plant or plant part in response to changes in temperature.

thermotropisme

thermotropic movement of a plant or plant part


haberlea

(botany) Any plant of the genus Haberlea, perennials native to Bulgaria and Greece.


polyadenous

polyadenous (comparative more polyadenous, superlative most polyadenous)

more polyadenous (comparative)
most polyadenous (superlative)

(botany and zoology, rare) Having many glands.


polyanthous

polyanthous (comparative more polyanthous, superlative most polyanthous)

more polyanthous (comparative)
most polyanthous (superlative)


polyantha

Rosa multiflora
Rosa multiflora#Translingual

(botany) Any of several hybrids of Rosa multiflora that have clusters of small flowers; a polyantha rose; Rosa polyantha.


budburst

(botany) The emergence of new leaves on a plant at the beginning of each growing season


acrophyte

From acro- (“sharp; peak”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(botany) Any plant, such as an Alpine, that grows at a high altitude


acidophyte

(botany) Any plant that thrives in an acidic environment


amphiphyte

From amphi- (“near”) + -phyte (“flower”).

(botany) Any plant that grows on the edges of water or wetlands, and is sometimes submerged.


apophyte

From apo- (“away from; lacking”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(ecology, botany) Any native plant growing in disturbed land, such as in an abandoned field


anthophyte

From antho- (“flower”) + -phyte (“plant”), from Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).

(botany) Any flowering plant, or extinct close relative of the flowering plants.

antófita

any angiosperm or related extinct plants


archaeophyte

From archaeo- (“ancient; early”) + -phyte (“a plant that grows in a specified habitat”). Archaeo- is derived from Ancient Greek ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos, “ancient, primeval”), from ᾰ̓ρχή (ărkhḗ, “beginning, origin”) (from ἄρχω (árkhō, “to begin; to command, rule”) + -ῐος (-ĭos, “suffix forming adjectives”); while -phyte is from Ancient Greek φῠτόν (phŭtón, “plant; tree”), from φῠ́ω (phŭ́ō, “to arise, grow, spring up”) + -ον (-on, “suffix forming nouns”).

der

Holonym: archaeophyta

[page 126] Archæophytes (Rikli), plants which have occurred constantly with us since pre-historic times, originally, however, growing wild nowhere in the country, field and garden weeds, […] [page 127] Further, the flora of the cultivated areas consists of a very heterogeneous element, e.g., the field weed flora is composed of at least two groups, the true Archæophytes […] and the spontaneous Apophytes […]

1906 April, T[homas] W[illiam] Woodhead, “Classification of Alien Plants according to Origin”, in Thomas Sheppard, Thomas William Woodhead, editors, The Naturalist: A Monthly Illustrated Journal of Natural History for the North of England, number 369 (number 591 overall), London, Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire: A. Brown & Sons, […], →OCLC, pages 126–127:

Anthropochorous plants are divided into (a) those introduced unintentionally, including ephemerophytes (casuals), epoikophytes (colonists, aliens) and archaeophytes (naturalised plants), and (b) those introduced intentionally, including ergasiphytes (foreign cultivated plants) and ergasiphygophytes (escapes from cultivation).

1913 March, “Swedish Lapland: Simmons, H. G. ‘Die Flora und Vegetation von Kiruna im schwedischen Lappland.’ Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., 48, 1912, pp. 1–86, 6 plates.”, in The Journal of Ecology, volume I, number 1, London: Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 65:

It may be doubtful whether the three species first mentioned should more properly be regarded as archæophytes, since they also occur outside the actually cultivated soil; […]

1931, C[arl] H[ansen] Ostenfeld, The Distribution within Denmark of the Higher Plants: Results of the Topographic-botanical Investigation: 1: A Brief Historical Survey of the Investigation (Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling [Publications of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Department of Natural Science and Mathematics]; vol. 9, number 3(1)), Copenhagen: Andr[eas] Fred[erik] Høst & Søn, […], →OCLC:

N. Eur. an archæophyte, following the cereals, Færoes one place, but here noticed with an interval of 30 years.

1934, Meddelelser om Grønland [Monographs on Greenland], volume 92, Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels Forlag, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 18:

Carduus acanthoides […] In Central Bohemia an archeophyte growing in a variety of ruderal habitats (dumps, railroads, construction areas, waste places), in pastures, and abandoned fields.

1990, J. Osbornová, “Abandoned Fields in the Region”, in J. Osbornová, M. Kovářová, J. Lepš, and J, Prach, editors, Succession in Abandoned Fields: Studies in Central Bohemia, Czechoslovakia (Geobotany; 15), Dordrecht, Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISBN, page 19, column 1:

[A]rcheophytes are adapted to habitat types created early in history, including pastures, fields, and their edges; many of the neophytes, on the other hand, occur predominantly in ruderal, industrial, and urban habitats. […] [T]he proportion of neophytes is much higher in the flora of Berlin than in adjacent non-urban areas, but no difference was found for archeophytes.

1999, H[erbert] Sukopp, U[we] Starfinger, “Disturbance in Urban Ecosystems”, in Lawrence R. Walker, editor, Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground (Ecosystems of the World; 16), Amsterdam, Lausanne: Elsevier, →ISBN, page 405, column 1:

The separation between natives and archeophytes relies on a combination of paleobotanical, archeological, ecological, and historical evidence (archeophytes and neophytes are absent from the fossil record in the last glacial period, the late glacial, and the early post-glacial). Archeophytes are often known from archeological evidence to have been present in prehistoric times.

2009, P. Pyšek, D. M. Richardson, “Invasive Plants”, in Sven Erik Jørgensen, editor, Applications in Ecological Engineering, Amsterdam, Boston, Mass.: Elsevier, →ISBN, page 291, column 3:

Archaeophytes, or aliens that arrived through man's cultural activity and applied for a residency permit more than 500 years ago, can be accepted but are apologised for. Neophytes, aliens that have had an assisted passage since 1500, are beyond the pale, and never protected. Nevertheless, some of these may be of both cultural value and international conservation concern, like Lady Amherst's pheasant in Bedfordshire, just as much as those threatened archaeophyte weeds.

2009, T[homas] C[hristopher] Smout, “History, Nature and Culture in British Nature Conservation”, in Exploring Environmental History: Selected Essays, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, page 213:

Many taxa that are rare as natives are much commoner than aliens; only the native (or archaeophyte) distribution is considered for present purposes.

2010, Clive Stace, “Introduction”, in New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page xxiv:

Of the 1,459 total number of species inventoried, 13.6% were archaeophytes (introduced before 1500), 15.4% neophytes (introduced after 1500), and 71.0% native species.

2013, Norbert Müller, Maria Ignatieva, Charles H. Nilon, Peter Werner, Wayne C. Zipperer, “Patterns and Trends in Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Design”, in Thomas Elmqvist et al., editors, Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment […], Dordrecht, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 130–131:

In the past, species now considered to be archaeophytes have been variously treated as native or alien, but in the twentieth century in Britain they were most often considered as mainly native, e.g. by Clapham et al. (1952), Dandy (1958).

2015, Clive A[nthony] Stace, Michael J[ohn] Crawley, Alien Plants (Collins New Naturalist Library; 129), London: William Collins, →ISBN:

Archaeophytes were introduced before modern times – that is, before the year of 1492 (≈1500 AD), when Christopher Columbus reached the coasts of the American continent. Archaeophyte tree or shrub species were introduced, for instance, by the Romans or the ancient Greeks from Central Asia or Persia.

2016, Matthias Meyer, “Invasive Species, Indigenous vs. Alien Dendroflora”, in Andreas Roloff, editor, Urban Tree Management for the Sustainable Development of Green Cities, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section 14.2.1 (“Indigenous” vs. “Alien”), page 187:

As a consequence of the human displacements which occurred in Southern Europe from the East to the West, archeophytes (i.e. the exotic species that were introduced before 1500) were established in Western European territories such as the Iberian peninsula.

2017 November, Irene Martín-Forés, “Exotic Plant Species in the Mediterranean Biome: A Reflection of Cultural and Historic Relationships”, in Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš, editor, Mediterranean Identities: Environment, Society, Culture, Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, →DOI, →ISBN, page 180:

Habitats affected (or degraded) and fragmented by man's activity were, beginning with the Neolithic, often invaded by apophytes and archeophytes and over the past 500 years also by neophytes.

2018, Alexander Fehér, “Case Studies”, in Vegetation History and Cultural Landscapes: Case Studies from South-west Slovakia (Springer Geography), Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 3.5 (Historical Reconstruction of Expansion of Alien Plants in the Nitra River Basin), page 248:

(botany) A plant which was introduced to an area by humans (or arrived naturally, but from an area in which it was present as a human introduction) and became naturalized before 1500 C.E. (but especially in prehistoric times).

arxeofit

plant introduced to an area by humans (or arrived naturally, but from an area in which it was present as a human introduction) and became naturalized before 1500 C.E.


involucrum

Borrowed from Latin involūcrum. Doublet of involucre.


nerving

(botany) An arrangement of nerves or veins in a plant.


nerved

en-adj

nerved (comparative more nerved, superlative most nerved)

more nerved (comparative)
most nerved (superlative)

The leaf was palmately nerved.

(botany, often in combination) Having one or more principal veins, especially of a leaf.

-ruotinen

botany: having one or more principal veins


lotos

A flock of pigeons circled about the tower of the Memorial Church; sometimes alighting on the purple tiled roof, sometimes wheeling downward to the lotos fountain in front of the marble arch.

1895, Robert W. Chambers, The King in Yellow:


caducous

caducous (comparative more caducous, superlative most caducous)

more caducous (comparative)
most caducous (superlative)

caducous leaves


disciform

disciform (comparative more disciform, superlative most disciform)

more disciform (comparative)
most disciform (superlative)

Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disc”) + -form

The sporophyte foot is also characteristic: it is very broad and more or less lenticular or disciform, as broad or broader than the calyptra stalk[…], and is sessile on the calyptra base[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:


sanguinaria

[…] the violets, houstonias, hepaticas, and sanguinarias, which take so kindly to home cultivation.

1871, Edward Everett Hale, Old and New, volume 3, page 108:

(botany) Any of the genus Sanguinaria, or bloodroots.


annulate

annulate (comparative more annulate, superlative most annulate)

more annulate (comparative)
most annulate (superlative)

Borrowed from New Latin annulatus, from Latin ānulātus.

(botany) Describes a fern sporangium that has an annulus.


crassula

From the genus name, translingual Crassula f.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Crassula, often succulents native to southern Africa.


rachis

From New Latin rachis, from Ancient Greek ῥάχις (rhákhis, “spine, ridge”).

der

(botany) The axis of either a compound leaf, inflorescence, or fern frond.

raquis

main shaft of a compound leaf or inflorescence


coleorhiza

(botany) A sheath-like structure found in a monocotyledon plant seed that acts as a protective covering enclosing the radicle.