wort

PIE word
 *wréh₂ds
From Middle English wort, wurt, wyrte (“any herb or plant; herb or plant used as food or medicine; (specifically) cabbage or vegetable of the genus Brassica; (chiefly plural) dish of cooked vegetables”) [and other forms], from Old English wyrt (“a plant; vegetable; herb, spice”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *wurti (“a root; a spice”), from Proto-Germanic *wrōts (“a root”), from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“a root”). Doublet of root and related to orchard.
cognates
* Old Dutch wort (“herb; plant”) (Middle Dutch wort (“herb; root”))
* Old High German wurz (“herb; root; spice”) (Middle High German wurz, modern German Wurz)
* Old Norse jurt, urt (“herb”) (Icelandic jurt, Norwegian urt, Old Danish urt (modern Danish urt), Old Swedish yrt (“plant”) (modern Swedish ört))
* Old Saxon wurt (“herb; plant; root”) (Middle Low German wort, wurt)

nb...

uert, uuort, uurt, wart, wert, werte, wirte, woort, woorte, word, worte, worth, worthe, wortt, wortte, wourt, wourte, wourth, wrt, wrte, wurd, wurte, wurth, wwrt, wyrt, (Early Middle English) virt, wirt, wvrt

nb...

(Late Old English) uuert, uert, virt, vyrt, (Old English) wurt, (Old English, rare) weort, wyirt, (chiefly Kent) wert, (in compounds) wort, (Early Old English) uuyrt, uyrt, wirt, wyrt

cog

(by extension, botany) A non-vascular plant growing on land from the division Anthocerotophyta (the hornworts) or Marchantiophyta (liverworts); an anthocerotophyte or marchantiophyte.


liber

en-noun

liber (countable and uncountable, plural libri)

From Latin liber (“the inner bark of a tree; book”). See libel.

bor

(botany) The inner bark of plants, next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is the part from which the fibre of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc.


series

en-noun

series (plural series or (obsolete) serieses)

series (plural)
serieses (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: シリーズ (shirīzu)

→ Korean: 시리즈 (sirijeu)

→ Burmese: စီးရီး (ci:ri:)

Attested from the 1610s; borrowed from Latin seriēs, from serere (“to join together, bind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together, to line up”). Related to desert, insert, sermon, and sorcerer.

مُتَسَلْسِلَة

in analysis: sum of the terms of a sequence

(botany) A subdivision of a genus, a taxonomic rank below that of section (and subsection) but above that of species.


turmeric

en-noun

turmeric (countable and uncountable, plural turmerics)

/təɹˈmɛ.ɾɪk/

From Middle English turmeryte, tarmaret, of uncertain origin. Possibly corrupted from Arabic كُرْكُم (kurkum, “Curcuma”). Others have theorized it might come from Old French terre mérite (“deserving earth”).

Curcuma longa
Curcuma longa#Translingual

(botany) An Indian plant (Curcuma longa), with aromatic rhizomes, part of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae).


herb

herb (countable and uncountable, plural herbs)

From Middle English herbe, erbe, from Old French erbe (French herbe), from Latin herba. Initial h was restored to the spelling in the 15th century on the basis of Latin, but it remained mute until the 19th century and still is for many speakers. Doublet of yerba.

(countable, botany) A plant whose stem is not woody and does not persist beyond each growing season


thorn

From Middle English thorn, þorn, from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós, from *(s)ter- (“stiff”).
cognates
Near cognates include West Frisian toarn, Low German Doorn, Dutch doorn, German Dorn, Danish and Norwegian torn, Swedish torn, törne, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus). Further cognates include Old Church Slavonic трънъ (trŭnŭ, “thorn”), Russian тёрн (tjorn), Polish cierń, Kamkata-viri taňi, tai (“thorn”), Sanskrit तृण (tṛ́ṇa, “grass”).

cog

On the mountains a few junipers and piñons are found, and cactuses, agave, and yuccas, low, fleshy plants with bayonets and thorns.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

(botany) A sharp protective spine of a plant.


culture

en-noun

culture (countable and uncountable, plural cultures)

From Middle French culture (“cultivation; culture”), from Latin cultūra (“cultivation; culture”), from cultus, perfect passive participle of colō (“till, cultivate, to grow, worship”) (related to colōnus and colōnia), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”).

der

http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/suffolk/grownet/flowers/sprgbulb.htm
The Culture of Spring-Flowering Bulbs


labium

Learned borrowing from Latin labium (“a lip”). Doublet of lip.


opposite

From Old French oposite, from Latin oppositus, perfect passive participle of oppōnō (“I oppose”). Compare oppose.

(botany) Of leaves and flowers, positioned directly across from each other on a stem.


leaf

en-noun

leaf (countable and uncountable, plural leaves)

Tok Pisin: lip

From Middle English leef, from Old English lēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *laub, from Proto-Germanic *laubą (“leaf”), from Proto-Indo-European *lowbʰ-o-m, from *lewbʰ- (“leaf, rind”)
See also West Frisian leaf, Low German Loov, Dutch loof, German Laub, Danish løv, Swedish löv, Norwegian Nynorsk lauv, Icelandic lauf; also Irish luibh (“herb”), Latin liber (“bast; book”), Lithuanian lúoba (“bark”), Albanian labë (“rind”), Latvian luba (“plank, board”), Russian луб (lub, “bast”).
(Internet slang: Canadian): In reference to the maple leaf as national symbol.

flat-leaf parsley

Petroselinum crispum neapolitanum group; syn. Petroselinum crispum var. neapolitanum

(botany) A foliage leaf or any of the many and often considerably different structures it can specialise into.


entire

From Middle English entere, enter, borrowed from Anglo-Norman entier, from Latin integrum, accusative of integer (“whole”), from Proto-Italic *əntagros (“untouched”). Doublet of entier and integer.

(botany) Having a smooth margin without any indentation.

(botany) Consisting of a single piece, as a corolla.


pagina

Learned borrowing from Latin pāgina. Doublet of page.

(botany) The surface of a leaf or of a flattened thallus.


acumen

acumen (usually uncountable, plural acumens or acumina)

Borrowed from Latin acūmen (“sharp point”).

The black star of the corolla, characteristic of the original form, the manyfloweredness of the inflorescence (often connected with [3]—4 whirls), upper leaves in the inflorescence, adpression of the acumina of the calyx, its size, the closely situated anthers, long pistils, the length of the pedicel above and below the articulation and the thickness of the pedicel dominate.

11. S. boyacense. Resembles S. Rybinii from which it is distinguished by the greater dissection of the leaves, the longer calyx acumens, smaller anthers and coloured corolla.

1956, S.M. Bukasov, Translation of THEORETICAL BASES OF PLAN BREEDING, page 6:

Finally, the acumina of all the narrowly lanceolate leaves of both species tend to be straight rather than curved.

1960, Svensk botanisk tidskrift, page 385:

Herbs with long creeping stolons; leaves with coarse white hairs, or glabrous. The arched corolla lobes and large acumens give the corolla a circular appearance with acumens standing out sharply from it. Corolla occasionally, however, substellate.

1978, chapter 2, in The Potato Crop: The scientific basis for improvement, →ISBN, page 30:

[…] the stem leaves lack recurved serrations on the margins, the acumina of the branch leaves are usually distinctly dentate.

1986, The Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, page 449:

In our opinion, specimens of I. pilifera represent a robust expression of I. sinensis with many stem and branch leaves becoming strongly concave and broadly ovate to obovate in outline, thereby intensifying the abrupt contraction of the pilaferous acumens. It is best accepted as a variety of N. comes. The length of leaf acumens is another variable character expressed by Barbella amoena. Thus, it is also better combined with the var. pilifera as a synonym.

1990, Cryptogamic Botany, Volume 2, page 315:

They examined the characters that were used by Paris (1908) to distinguish C. japonicum Broth. ex Paris from C. tonkinense: “Les charactères invoqués par Paris [Rev. Bryol., p. 46, 1908) pour distinguer la plante du Tonkin de celle du Japon s’évanouissent à l’examen, …”, and stated that the acumina of the leaves are narrower, and that those of the amphigastria are narrower and longer in C. japonicum Broth. ex Paris than in C. tonkinense.

(botany) A sharp, tapering point extending from a plant.


seed

seed (countable and uncountable, plural seeds)

From Middle English seed, sede, side, from Old English sēd, sǣd (“seed, that which is sown”), from Proto-West Germanic *sād, from Proto-Germanic *sēdą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow, throw”).
Cognate with West Frisian sied (“seed”), Dutch zaad (“seed”), Low German Saad (“seed”), German Saat (“sowing; seed”), Icelandic sæði (“seed”), Danish sæd (“seed”), Swedish säd (“seed”), Latin satiō (“seeding, time of sowing, season”). More at sow.

alkutilanne

initial state, condition or position of a process

(countable, botany) A fertilized and ripened ovule, containing an embryonic plant.


cuticle

From Middle French cuticule, from Latin cuticula (“cuticle, skin”).

(zoology, botany) A noncellular protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants.


callus

Borrowed from Latin callum (“hard skin”).

(botany) The new formation over the end of a cutting, before it puts out rootlets.

الكالس النباتات

botany: new formation over the end of a cutting

(botany) In orchids, a fleshy outgrowth from the labellum.

(botany) In grasses, a hardened extension from the base of a floret, which may or may not elongate and is often covered in hairs or bristles.


alpine

From Latin Alpīnus, from Alpēs (“the Alps”). Cognates include French alpin.

There can be little doubt that the autumn-flowering gentians are the elite of late-flowering alpines, but alas they can only be enjoyed by those gardeners with an acid soil, unless they can be grown in containers.

1991, Jack Elliott, Alpines in the Open Garden, Christopher Helm, →ISBN, page 64:

(botany) Any of several plants, native to mountain habitats, often grown in rock gardens.


pollen

en-noun

pollen (usually uncountable, plural pollens)

From Latin pollen (“fine flour”). Used by Linnaeus in the 18th century to describe the spores produced in the anthers of flowers.

In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.

2013 May–June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

(botany) Pollen grains (microspores) produced in the anthers of flowering plants.


admiral

→ Cebuano: admiral

desctree

→ German: Admiral
→ Czech: admirál
Hungarian: admirális
→ Polish: admirał
→ Slovene: admirȃl
→ Ukrainian: адміра́л (admirál)

Swahili: admirali

→ Tagalog: ádmirál

Amir_al-umara#In_Norman_Sicily
Chester Nimitz
Eighth Crusade
Florent de Varennes
George of Antioch
Gervase Alard
Horatio Nelson
Louis IX
Nelson's Column
Norman Sicily
admiral
admiral of France

From Middle English admiral etc., from Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admiror (“to admire, respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”). The ending is frequently but mistakenly folk etymologized to derive from the article ال (al-), particularly in Arabic أَمِير اَلبَحْر (ʔamīr al-baḥr, “commander of the sea”), first attested as a Fatimid office, or in Arabic أَمِير الْمُؤْمِنِين (ʔamīr al-muʔminīn, “Commander of the Believers, caliph”). It seems instead to have been borrowed from modification of only the first term in Arabic أَمِير الْأُمَرَاء (ʔamīr al-ʔumarāʔ, “emir of emirs, commander-in-chief”) as used as a title for important commanders in Norman Sicily in the mid-12th century. First attested as an English rank in reference to Gervase Alard of Winchelsea as "admiral of the fleet of the Cinque Ports". Doublet of emir, amir, Amir, and amira.
Etymology tree
Medieval Latin admiralisder.
Anglo-Norman admiralbor.
Middle English admiral
English admiral

cog

أَمِير اَلبَحْر

أَمِير الْمُؤْمِنِين

der

أَمِير الْأُمَرَاء

etymon

(botany, obsolete) Any of several varieties of pear, the trees which produce them.


hardy

en-adj

hardy (comparative hardier, superlative hardiest)

hardier (comparative)
hardiest (superlative)

From Middle English hardy, hardi, from Old French hardi (“hardy, daring, stout, bold”).
Old French hardi is usually regarded as the past participle of hardir ("to harden, be bold, make bold"; compare Occitan ardir, Italian ardire), from Frankish *hardijan; but it may also have come directly from Frankish *hardi, a secondary form of Frankish *hard (compare Old High German harti, herti, secondary forms of Old High German hart (“hard”)); or even yet from Frankish *hardig (compare Middle Low German herdich (“persevering”), Old Danish hærdig, Norwegian herdig, Swedish härdig (“vigorous, courageous”)).
Cognate with hard. May have at some point also been surface analysed as hard + -y.

cog

A hardy plant is one that can withstand the extremes of climate, such as frost.

The oat is hardier than wheat, and ripens in higher latitudes.

1880, Arthur Herbert Church, Food: Some Account of Its Sources, Constituents and Uses, London: Chapman and Hall, page 72:

By watching where the snow melted first, I discovered warmer spots that I knew would be possible locations for late-winter bloomers or borderline hardy plants.

2012, David L. Culp, The Layered Garden: Design Lessons for Year-Round Beauty from Brandywine Cottage, Timber Press, page 503:

(botany) Able to survive adverse growing conditions.


alternate

From Latin alternō (“take turns”), from alternus (“one after another, by turns”), from alter (“other”) + -rnus. See altern, alter.

Many trees have alternate leaf arrangement (e.g. birch, oak and mulberry).

(botany, of leaves) Distributed singly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular divergence


spear

Alteration of spire, from Middle English spyre, spier, spir, from Old English spīr (“stalk of a plant, shoot, blade”). More at spire.


sessile

From Latin sessilis (“sitting”), from sessus, perfect passive participle of verb sedeō (“to sit”), + adjective suffix -ilis. Compare session.

The pileus is sessile, or sometimes narrowed at the base into a short stem, the caps often numerous and crowded together in an overlapping or imbricate manner.

1903, George Francis Atkinson, chapter VII, in Studies of American Fungi. Mushrooms, Edible, Poisonous, etc., 2nd edition, New York: Henry Holt:

The sporophyte foot is also characteristic: it is very broad and more or less lenticular or disciform, as broad or broader than the calyptra stalk[…], and is sessile on the calyptra base[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany, oncology) Attached directly by the base; not having an intervening stalk; stalkless.


orthodox

en-adj

orthodox (comparative more orthodox, superlative most orthodox)

more orthodox (comparative)
most orthodox (superlative)

From Late Middle English orthodoxe, from Middle French orthodoxe and its etymon Late Latin orthodoxus, from Ancient Greek ὀρθόδοξος (orthódoxos), from ὀρθός (orthós, “straight”) + δόξα (dóxa, “opinion”).

(botany) Of pollen, seed, or spores: viable for a long time; viable when dried to low moisture content.


stale

From Middle English stale, from Old English stalu, from Proto-Germanic *stal-; compare English stell from this root. The development was paralleled by the ablaut which became English steal, from Middle English stele, from Old English stela, from Proto-Germanic *stel-. Both are from the same Proto-Indo-European root *stel-, *stol- (“to place, establish”), whence also Ancient Greek στελεός (steleós, “handle”). See also English stele.

haft

grip of tools, generally, and especially of axes


gland

Late 17th century borrowing from French glande, alteration of Old French glandre, from Latin glandulae (“throat glands, tonsils”), plural of glandula (“a little acorn”), from glāns (“an acorn”) + -ula (diminutive nominal suffix).

gjendër

organ that synthesizes and secretes substance

(botany) A secretory structure on the surface of an organ.


strap

en-noun

strap (countable and uncountable, plural straps)

→ Japanese: ストラップ (sutorappu)

From a variant of earlier strope (“loop on a harness”), from Middle English strope, stropp, from Late Old English strop, stropp (“a band, thong, strap; oar-thong”) and Old French estrope (“strap, loop on a harness”), both from Latin stroppus, struppus (“strap”), from Ancient Greek στρόφος (stróphos, “rope”) (compare strophe), from στρέφω (stréphō, “to twist”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *strebʰ- (compare Proto-West Germanic *stroppōn (“to twist, writhe”)). Cognate with Scots strap, strop (“strap, band, thong”), Dutch strop (“noose, strop, loop”), Low German Strop (“strap”), German Struppe, Strüppe, Strippe (“string, cord”), Danish strop (“strap”), Swedish stropp (“strap, loop”).

ремък

a long, narrow, pliable strip of leather, cloth, or the like

ивица

a narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass

(botany) The flat part of the corolla in ligulate florets, as those of the white circle in the daisy.

(botany) The leaf, exclusive of its sheath, in some grasses.


bisexuality

en-noun

bisexuality (countable and uncountable, plural bisexualities)

1926, Dorothy E. Newton, The Bisexuality of Individual Strains of Coprinus Rostrupianus:

Recall from earlier in this paper that H. longicornis consists of obligatory bisexual diploid races (20+XX 0; 20+X) […] and variance is obscured because of the simultaneous variables of method of reproduction (bisexuality vs. thelytoky) and […]

1983, Entomological Society of America, Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America:

(chiefly botany) The state of being bisexual (“having both male and female parts or roles”).


septum

Borrowed from Latin sēptum (“enclosure, wall, fence”).

(biology) A wall separating two cavities; a partition.

(botany) A partition that separates the cells of a fruit.

septe

(botany) partition separating the cells of a fruit


bisexual

en-adj

bisexual (comparative more bisexual, superlative most bisexual)

more bisexual (comparative)
most bisexual (superlative)

Charles Gilbert Chaddock
Havelock Ellis
Otto Weininger
Palisot de Beauvois
Psychopathia Sexualis
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
Robert John Thornton

From bi- + -sexual, via the French bisexuel (bi-, sexuel). Attested since 1792 as a synonym in botany for "hermaphroditic" ("having male and female parts"). First used of sexuality in Richard von Krafft-Ebing's 1886 Psychopathia Sexualis (in German) and Charles Gilbert Chaddock's 1892 English translation thereof, due to the theory that people were naturally attracted to the opposite sex and so the brain or mind of a person attracted to "both" sexes (or to the same sex) must be partly of another sex and thus "hermaphroditic".

двухпо́лы

botany: having both male and female organs

(chiefly botany) Having both male and female parts, characteristics, or functions.

(botany) Of flowers: having both pollen and seeds.

(botany) Of sporophytes: having both male and female organs.

(botany) Of gametophytes: producing both eggs and sperm.

(botany) Of fungi: producing both the "female" ascogonium and the "male" antheridium.

Midrash and Zohar present Adam as hermaphroditic or bisexual.

To say that Loki is bisexual means that he readily alternates between the male and female sexes, becoming female at will or as needed.

2004, Lois Bragg, Oedipus Borealis: The Aberrant Body in Old Icelandic Myth and Saga, →ISBN:

Among the arguments put forth for Ishtar's hermaphroditic or bisexual character is the practice of transvestism in religious rites associated with her (e.g. Harris 2000: 170; Groneberg 1986: 39).

2013, Zainab Bahrani, Women of Babylon: Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia, →ISBN:

(rare) Hermaphroditic/intersex, being both male and female, or alternating between being male and being female.

The bisexual name, such as Marion and Carol (and Evelyn and Vivian in England), is frequently a source of annoyance and embarrassment to the letter writer, who, if he does not know his ambiguously named correspondent personally […]

1947, Louise Pound, Kemp Malone, Arthur Garfield Kennedy, William Cabell Greet, American Speech:

At the desk, he completed the registration card, signing his name Jean Cable and giving a New York address. He did not know for sure that he was being pursued, but if so, he knew his pursuers would check new registrations around the city. The bisexual name would give them one more obstacle […]

1976, Frank V. Fowlkes, The Peruvian Contracts: A Novel, Putnam Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 128:

And although Stevens introduces Nanzia Nunzio as a woman, the inflections of the bisexual name and the symbolism implicit in the messenger's characteristics suggest that the "contemplated spouse" is something more than a woman.

Consider the identity play of the French artist who gave herself the bisexual name of Claude Cahun (1894–1954).

2003, Efrat Tseëlon, Masquerade and Identities: Essays on Gender, Sexuality and Marginality, Routledge, →ISBN, page 59:

On August 16, in Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, Michael McConnell alone applied for a marriage license for himself and Baker, under his new adoptive name. The "bisexual name of Pat […]"

2005, Minnesota Law Review, volume 89, number 6, page 1762:

The Bionic Woman of the television serial of the seventies, though she wears ordinary dress most of the time, has the bisexual name of Jamie Summers.

2013, Marina Warner, Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism, Oxford University Press, USA, →ISBN, page 307:


bisexual

(botany, rare) A plant or fungus, or part thereof, which is bisexual.


conjugate

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/

From the participle stem of Latin coniugō (“to yoke together”), from con- (“with”) + iugō (“to join”).


median

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-median.wav

Borrowed from Middle French median, from Latin mediānus (“of or pertaining to the middle”, adjective), from medius (“middle”) (see medium), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”). Doublet of mean and mizzen. Cognate with Old English midde, middel (“middle”). More at middle.

der

Cellariiform, the orifices nearly confined to the convex frontal and lateral surfaces; the basal surface with a strong median calcareous keel, almost concealed by a flat membranous epitheca, which covers the whole zoarium […]

1957, Sidney Frederic Harmer, The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, page 1106:

(anatomy, botany) In the middle of an organ, structure etc.; towards the median plane of an organ or limb.


torch

The noun is derived from Middle English torch, torche (“large candle; lighted stick; (figurative) sunbeam”), from Old French torche, torque (“torch; bundle of (twisted) straw”) (modern French torche); further etymology uncertain, probably from Vulgar Latin *torca (“coiled object”) (referring to a torch made from twisted plant fibres dipped in a flammable substance such as pitch), from Latin torqua, a variant of torquis (“collar of twisted metal, torque; wreath”), from torqueō (“to twist, wind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to spin; to turn”).
Sense 2.3 (Verbascum thapsus) is either due to the plant’s spike of yellow flowers, or because its leaves and stalks were used to make torches (noun sense 1). Sense 3.2 (“precious cause, etc., which needs to be protected and transmitted to others”) is derived from Latin lampada trādere, from Ancient Greek λᾰμπᾰ́δᾰ πᾰρᾰδιδόναι (lămpắdă părădidónai, “to hand over the torch”), a reference to the torch race held at various festivals such as the Panathenaic Games in Ancient Greece, which involved a relay where a torch was passed from one runner to another.
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

λᾰμπᾰ́δᾰ πᾰρᾰδιδόναι

sueo'

stick of wood, etc., with one end soaked in a flammable substance and set on fire; similarly shaped implement with a replaceable supply of flammable material

A flower which is red or red-orange in colour like a flame.

soihtu

Of this kinde, there is founde an other, the Spikes, eares, or torches wherof, are very dubble, ſo as in euery Spyky eare, in ſteede of the little knappes or heades, it bringeth forth a number of other ſmal torches, wherof eche one is lyke to the ſpike or torch of great Plantayne.

1578, Rembert Dodoens, “Of Plantayne or Waybrede”, in Henry Lyte, transl., A Niewe Herball, or Historie of Plantes: […], London: […] [Henry [i.e., Hendrik van der] Loë for] Gerard Dewes, […], →OCLC, 1st part (Sundry Sortes of Herbes and Plantes), page 91:

A spike (“kind of inflorescence”) made up of spikelets.

[page 118] The white male Mulleyn (or rather Wolleyn) hath […] the whole top with his pleaſant yellow floures ſheweth like to a waxe Candell or taper cunningly wrought. […] [pages 119–120] Mulleyn is called […] in English alſo Tapſus barbatus, Mulleyne, or rather Wulleyn, Hig[h]taper, Torches, and Longworte: […]

1578, Rembert Dodoens, “Of Mulleyne⸝ or Hygtaper”, in Henry Lyte, transl., A Niewe Herball, or Historie of Plantes: […], London: […] [Henry [i.e., Hendrik van der] Loë for] Gerard Dewes, […], →OCLC, 1st part (Sundry Sortes of Herbes and Plantes), pages 118–120:

Verbascum thapsus
Verbascum thapsus#Translingual

(chiefly in the plural) The common mullein, great mullein, or torchwort (Verbascum thapsus).

Cereus Peruuianus ſpinoſus L'Obelij. The torch, or thornie Euphorbium. […] [T]his plant, vvhich is called of the Indians in their mother toong Vragua, vvhich is as much to ſay, a torch, taper, or vvaxe candle, vvhereupon it hath been called in Latine of thoſe that vnderſtoode the Indian toong, Cereus, or a torch […] riſeth vp to the height of a ſpeare of 20. foote long, […]

1597, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], “Of the Gummie Thistle Called Euphorbium”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant, for Bonham and Iohn Norton, →OCLC, book II, page 1015:

(obsolete) A cactus with a very elongated body; a ceroid cactus; a torch cactus or torch-thistle.


inverse

Recorded since 1440, from Latin inversus, the past participle of invertere (“to invert”), itself from in- (“in, on”) + vertere (“to turn”).

(botany) Inverted; having a position or mode of attachment the reverse of that which is usual.


gum

en-noun

gum (countable and uncountable, plural gums)

From Middle English gomme, gumme, borrowed from Anglo-Norman gome, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin cummi, gummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy (“anointing oil”), qmyt (“acanthus resin, gum”). Cognate with Spanish goma (“rubber”). Doublet of gumma.

صَمْغ

sticky substance exuded by certain plants

խեժ

sticky substance resembling that exuded by certain plants

gum arabic

gum-oleo-resin

(botany, biochemistry, chiefly uncountable) A viscous water-soluble carbohydrate exudate of certain plants that hardens when it becomes dry, or such a substance as a component of a plant exudate.


coma

Borrowed from Latin coma (“hair of the head”), from Ancient Greek κόμη (kómē, “hair”).

(botany) A tuft or bunch, such as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree, a cluster of bracts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant, or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds.


runner

From Middle English rennere, rynner, urnare, equivalent to run + -er. Cognate with Old Norse rennari (“runner; messenger”). Displaced earlier Middle English runel (“runner”), from Old English rynel (“runner”; also “messenger, courier”).

махови́к

mechanical part intended to guide or aid something else to move

(botany) A long stolon sent out by a plant (such as strawberry), in order to root new plantlets, or a plant that propagates by using such runners.


over

From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo.
Akin to Dutch over, German ober, über, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir, Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar), Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Albanian upri (“group of peasants”), Sanskrit उपरि (upári).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.

(botany) Of a flower: wilting or withering.

Finished; ended; concluded.
Of a flower: wilting or withering.


radical

en-adj

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

more radical (comparative)
most radical (superlative)

derivative

antonym(s) of “linguistics, in reference to words”

Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

der

(botany, not comparable) Pertaining to a root (of a plant).


single

From Middle English single, sengle, from Old French sengle, saingle, sangle, from Latin singulus, a diminutive derived from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”). Akin to Latin simplex (“simple”). See simple, and compare singular.

a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step

better to light a single candle than to curse the darkness

(botany) Having only one rank or row of petals.

enkel

botany: having only one rank or row of petal


acicular

the acicular foliage of coniferous trees

[…] though fond of foliage, their trees always had a tendency to congeal into little acicular thorn-hedges, and never tossed free.

1860, John Ruskin, chapter 3, in Modern Painters […], volume V, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, part VIII (Of Ideas of Relation:—I. Of Invention Formal.), page 189:

(botany) Of a leaf, slender and pointed, needle-like.


stella

Borrowed from Latin stēlla (“a star”). Doublet of estoile, étoile, star, and aster.

doublet

Plants of this collection are several decimeters taller; the pedicels are more remote in the inforescence; the stellae are larger and form a less dense cover on plant parts, and the siliques are slightly larger than in the usual form of the species.

1939 June, Reed C. Rollins, “Studies in the Genus Lesquerella”, in American Journal of Botany, volume 26, number 6, →DOI:

Stems and young branches terete, viscid, densely ferruginous-tomentose with sessile to short-stalked pauciradiate stellae bearing greatly prolonged 4-6-celled midpoints, these 0.1-0.2 cm long, gland-tipped, strongly armed with ferruginous laterally compressed prickles, these broad-based and sparsely glandular in the basal quarter.

1997 July, Maria de Fátima Agra, Michael Nee, “A new species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) from northeastern Brazil”, in Brittonia, volume 49, number 3, →DOI, page 350:

The morphological and statistic analyses are also given to the stellae structure of Olivooides and Punctatus, which indicates that this structure is a result of adaptive evolu- tion to a lifestyle of fast-attaching after hatching, probably with the function of mucilage secretion.

2008 December, Fang Chen, XiPing Dong, “The internal structure of Early Cambrian fossil embryo Olivooides revealed in the light of synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy”, in Chinese Science Bulletin, volume 53, number 24, →DOI, page 3860:


catadromous

en-adj

catadromous (comparative more catadromous, superlative most catadromous)

more catadromous (comparative)
most catadromous (superlative)

From cata- + -dromous, by analogy with anadromous. Compare catanadromous.

(botany) Of a fern in which the first veins in a frond segment are produced towards the base of the frond.


placenta

en-noun

placenta (plural placentae or placentas)

Elision for phrases such as New Latin placenta uterī (“womb cake”), placenta uterina (“uterine cake”), from Latin placenta (“flat cake”), because of the flat round shape of the afterbirth.

(botany) In flowering plants, the part of the ovary where ovules develop; in non-flowering plants where the spores develop.


repent

From Latin rēpēns, present participle of rēpō (“I creep”).

The pennated, repent and ferine entities of the boscage, are ousels, shellducks, […] and ursine quadrupeds.

1870, Samuel Klinefelter Hoshour, Letters to Squire Pedant in the East, page 54:

(chiefly botany) Creeping along the ground.


thyrsus

From Latin thyrsus, from Ancient Greek θύρσος (thúrsos). Doublet of thyrse, torse, and torso.

(botany) A species of inflorescence; a dense panicle, as in the lilac and horse-chestnut.


cleistogamy

From Ancient Greek κλειστός (kleistós, “closed”) + -gamy.

der

(botany) The production of flowers which do not open and are self-fertilized in the bud.

cleistogamia

the production of flowers which do not open, and are self-fertilized in the bud


dracaena

From the genus name Dracaena, from Latin dracaena, from Ancient Greek δράκαινᾰ (drákaină, “she-dragon”).

“Again with this?” I groaned to the dracaenae. (“Talk to them!” numerous readers advised.) The plants chuckled and shook their heads. No they didn’t. They’re plants!

2022 October 29, Melissa Kirsch, “Garden Varieties”, in The New York Times:

(botany) Any of the genus Dracaena of liliaceous plants with woody stems and funnel-shaped flowers.


lacerate

From Middle English laceraten, from Latin lacerātus, past participle of lacerō.

The bract at the base is dry and papery, often lacerate near its apex.

(botany) Jagged, as if torn or lacerated.


scion

From Middle English sion, sioun, syon, scion, cion, from Old French cion, ciun, cyon, sion, from Frankish *kīþō, *kīþ, from Proto-Germanic *kīþô, *kīþą, *kīþaz (“sprout”), from Proto-Indo-European *geye- (“to split open, sprout”), same source as Old English ċīþ (“a young shoot; sprout; germ; sprig”), Old Saxon kīth (“sprout; germ”), Old High German kīdi (“offshoot; sprout; germ”). See also French scion and Picard chion. Doublet of chit.

cog

[If] you finde a certaine miſlike or conſumption in the plant, you ſhall immediatly vvith a ſharp knife cut the plant off ſlope-vviſe upvvard, about three fingers from the ground, and ſo let it reſt till the next ſpring, at vvhich time you ſhall behold nevv cyons iſſue from the roote, […]

1613, G[ervase] M[arkham], “Of the Setting or Planting of the Cyons or Branches of Most Sorts of Fruit-trees”, in The English Husbandman, […], revised edition, London: […] [Augustine Matthews and John Norton] for Henry Taunton, […], published 1635, →OCLC, 2nd part (Containing the Art of Planting, Grafting, and Gardening, […]), page 132:

He used to think that the plums in this country weren’t good enough, and so he has reformed them, grafting scion to rootstock.

2020, Hilary Mantel, The Mirror and the Light, Fourth Estate, page 681:

(botany) A detached shoot or twig containing buds from a woody plant, used in grafting; a shoot or twig in a general sense.


connective

From connect + -ive, modeled after French connectif, from New Latin connectivus, from connectō (“I connect”); compare connect, connexive, connectivum, connection.

(botany) The tissue which connects the locules of an anthers together.


cauline

(botany) Growing immediately on a caulis, the main stem of a plant; of or pertaining to a caulis.

caulinar

growing immediately on a caulis; of or pertaining to a caulis


sheath

From Middle English sheth, shethe (“holder for a sword, knife, etc., scabbard, sheath”) [and other forms], from Old English sċēaþ (“sheath”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþiju, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþiz (“sheath; covering”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to dissect, split”) (possibly from the notion of a split stick with a sword inserted).
The English word is cognate with Danish skede, Dutch schede, Icelandic skeið, German Scheide, Low German scheed, Norwegian skjede.

nb...

chethe, scǽð, scaþ, schede, schete, scheth, schethe, seaþ, seeth, seth, sethe, shæþ, shede, sheethe, sheith, (Southwest) ssethe, sseþe, (early forms) scæðe, scaþe, seaþe

der

(botany) The base of a leaf when sheathing or investing a branch or stem, as in grasses.


acutifoliate

From Latin acutifolius, from acutus (“sharp”) + folium (“leaf”).


caulis

Learned borrowing from Latin caulis. Doublet of cole, gobi, and kale.

(botany) The stalk of a plant, especially a herbaceous stem in its natural state.


aculeus

Many plants, like many animals, are furnished with arms for their protection; these are either aculei, prickles, as in rose and barberry, which are formed from the outer bark of the plant; or spinæ, thorns […].

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 15:

(botany) A sharp spike or other projection growing on a plant, as in some brambles and roses.


acuminate

en-adj

acuminate (comparative more acuminate, superlative most acuminate)

more acuminate (comparative)
most acuminate (superlative)

From Late Latin acuminatus, past participle of acuminare (“to sharpen to a point”).

(botany, mycology) Tapering to a long point in concave manner at its apex.

pitkäsuippuinen

botany, mycology: tapering to a long point in concave manner


pleat

From Middle English, from a variant of plait, from Old French pleit. Doublet of plait.

(botany) A fold in an organ, usually a longitudinal fold in a long leaf such as that of palmetto, lending it stiffness.


ruminate

1533, "to turn over in the mind," also "to chew cud" (1547), from Latin rūminātus, perfect active participle of rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”), from rūmen (“the throat, gullet”), of uncertain origin.

a ruminate endosperm

(botany) Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw.


avenious

(botany) Being without veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain plants.


axillary

Alteration by association with -ary of the French axillaire (“of the axilla”), itself an alteration of the earlier forms aisselliere and aissellaire, both from the assumed Latin etymon *axillāris, from axilla (“armpit”), diminutive form of the assumed *axula.

(botany) Situated in, or rising from, an axil; relating to an axil.


axilla

Borrowed from Latin axilla (“side, armpit”). Doublet of axil.

(botany, uncommon) Alternative form of axil


axil

(botany) The angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs.


prolific

prolific (comparative more prolific, superlative most prolific)

more prolific (comparative)
most prolific (superlative)

1640–1650: from French prolifique, from Latin proles (“offspring”) and facere (“to make”).

fecund

producing offspring or fruit in abundance

(botany) Of a flower: from which another flower is produced.


palate

From Middle English palate, from Latin palātum (“roof of the mouth, palate”), perhaps of Etruscan origin.

bor

(anatomy) The roof of the mouth, separating the cavities of the mouth and nose in vertebrates.

(botany) A projection in the throat of certain bilabiate flowers as the snapdragon.


axial

en-adj

axial (comparative more axial, superlative most axial)

more axial (comparative)
most axial (superlative)

The secondary xylem usually consists of axial and radial elements.

(botany) In the same direction as the axis, parallel to the axis.

aksiaalinen

botany: in the same direction as the axis


nerve

Recorded since circa 1374 as Middle English nerve, from Medieval Latin nervus (“nerve”), from Latin nervus (“sinew”). Doublet of neuron and sinew.

Some plants have ornamental value because of their contrasting nerves.

(botany) A vein in a leaf; a grain in wood.


vagina

en-noun

vagina (plural vaginas or vaginae or (obsolete) vaginæ)

vaginas (plural)
vaginae (plural)
vaginæ (obsolete plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin vāgīna (“a sheath, scabbard; a covering, sheath, holder”).

lbor

زهگیر sg (zehgir, literally “semen-gatherer”)

urogenital sinus - embryological precursors

(botany) A sheathlike structure, such as the leaf of a grass that surrounds a stem.


ala

Originated 1730–40, borrowed from Latin āla (“wing”). Doublet of aisle.

(botany) The flattened border of some stems, fruits, and seeds, or one of the two side petals of certain flowers in the pea family.


bladder

From Middle English bladdre, bleddre, bladder, bledder, from Old English blæddre, a variant of blǣdre, blēdre (“blister, bladder”), from Proto-West Germanic *blādrā, from Proto-Germanic *blēdrǭ, *bladrǭ (“blister, bladder”).

urogenital sinus - embryological precursor

(botany) A hollow, inflatable organ of a plant.


beak

en-noun

beak (countable and uncountable, plural beaks)

From Middle English bec, borrowed from Anglo-Norman bec, Old French bec, from Latin beccus, from Gaulish *bekkos, from Proto-Celtic *bekkos (“beak, snout”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bak-, *baḱ- (“pointed stick, peg”). Cognate with Breton beg (“beak”). Compare Saterland Frisian Bäk (“mouth; muzzle; beak”); Dutch bek (“beak; bill; neb”).

cog

(botany) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant.


oblique

en-adj

oblique (comparative obliquer, superlative obliquest)

obliquer (comparative)
obliquest (superlative)

From Middle French oblique, from Latin oblīquus (also spelled oblīcus) (“slanting, sideways, indirect, envious”).

uder

Leaves long, lanceolate, tapering upward from the middle to an acute point, […] secondaries very oblique, distinct, alternate, parallel, curved in transversing the blade

1892, Leo Lesquereux, The Flora of the Dakota Group, page 78:

(botany, of leaves) Having the base of the blade asymmetrical, with one side lower than the other.

Oblique and sinker roots will normally be under a greater compression stress than lateral roots.

1997, A. Stokes, D. Guitard, “Tree Root Response to Mechanical Stress”, in Arie Altman, Yoav Waisel, editors, Biology of Root Formation and Development, page 233:

(botany, of branches or roots) Growing at an angle that is neither vertical nor horizontal.


keel

From Middle English kele, from Old Norse kjǫlr, itself from Proto-Germanic *keluz, of uncertain origin. Displaced Old English ċēol from a related root. Distantly related to kile.

Vegetatively it is the nearest to H. translucens with its oblong-lanceolate leaves, with the margins and keel beset with pellucid teeth, but it differs and is characterised by the greyish-black quadrantly positioned globose flowers; […]

1985, Charles L. Scott, The Genus Haworthia (Liliaceae): A Taxonomic Revision, page 80:

(botany) The two lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower, united and enclosing the stamens and pistil; a carina.


skeleton

From New Latin sceleton, from Ancient Greek σκελετόν (skeletón), the neuter of σκελετός (skeletós, “dried up, withered, dried body, parched, mummy”), from σκέλλω (skéllō, “dry, dry up, make dry, parch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelh₁- (“to parch, wither”); compare Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”).

der

However interesting the skeleton of a leaf that has been bleached by nature may be, it cannot be alleged to be beautiful in colour, and therefore it is not of much value for the purposes of household decoration.

1870, Robert Kemp Philp, Best of everything, by the author of 'Enquire within'., page 336:

Rather than abstracting the leaf from the outline of the leaf, I can begin by working from the skeleton of the leaf.

2010, Ruth B. McDowell, Piecing: Expanding The Basics:

This is going to get rid of all the green leafy debris sticking to the skeleton of the leaf and you are going to find a really attractive fiber network of your leaf.

2016, Dueep Jyot Singh, John Davidson, Mendon Cottage Books, Skeleton Leaves - Preserving Leaves for Everlasting Beauty, page 10:

(botany) The network of veins in a leaf.


column

From Middle English columne, columpne, columpe, borrowed from Old French columne, from Latin columna (“a column, pillar, post”), originally a collateral form of columen, contraction culmen (“a pillar, top, crown, summit”). Akin to Latin collis (“a hill”), celsus (“high”), probably to Ancient Greek κολοφών (kolophṓn, “top, summit”).

cog

a little from column A and a little from column B


juglandaceous

en-adj

juglandaceous (comparative more juglandaceous, superlative most juglandaceous)

more juglandaceous (comparative)
most juglandaceous (superlative)

The fossil was evidently juglandaceous.

(botany, relational) Of or relating to Juglandaceae.


skullcap

(botany) Any of several species of flowering plants of the genus Scutellaria, in the Lamiaceae family.


pod

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Middle English *pod ("seed-pod, husk, shell, outer covering"; attested in pod-ware (“legume seed; seed grain”)), itself possibly from Old English pād (“an outer garment, covering, coat, cloak”), from Proto-West Germanic *paidu, from Proto-Germanic *paidō (“coat, smock, shirt”), from Proto-Indo-European *baiteh₂- (“woolen clothes”). If so, then cognate with Old Saxon pēda (“skirt”), German dialectal Pfeid, Pfeit (“shirt”), Gothic 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (paida, “mantle, skirt”), and perhaps Albanian petk (“gown, garment, dress, suit”) and Ancient Greek βαίτη (baítē, “goat-skin, fur-coat, tent”).

unc

uncertain

gloss

"seed-pod, husk, shell, outer covering"; attested in <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">pod-ware</i> (“legume seed; seed grain”)

ncog

(botany) A seed case for legumes (e.g. peas, beans, peppers); a seedpod.


pouch

From Middle English pouche, poche, borrowed from Old Northern French pouche, from Old French poche, puche (whence French poche; compare also the Anglo-Norman variant poke), of Germanic origin: from Frankish *poka (“pouch”) (compare Middle Dutch poke, Old English pohha, dialectal German Pfoch). Doublet of poke; compare pocket.

(botany) A silicle, or short pod, as of the shepherd's purse.


costa

Unadapted borrowing from Latin costa (“a rib”). Doublet of coast.

ubor

(botany, zootomy) A riblike part of a plant or animal, such as a midrib of a leaf or a thickened vein or the margin of an insect wing.

(entomology) The vein forming the leading edge of most insect wings.


transpire

en-verb

transpire (third-person singular simple present transpires, present participle transpiring, simple past and past participle transpired)

transpires (present singular third-person)
transpiring (participle present)
transpired (participle past)
transpired (past)

Borrowed from Middle French transpirer, from Medieval Latin transpirare (“to breathe through”), from Latin trans (“across”) spirare (“to breathe”). The sense “to become known” is also present in French, while the sense “to happen” is not; the latter probably developed in English from the former.

der

(botany, intransitive) Of plants, to give off water and waste products through the stomata.

transpirar

botany: to give off water and waste products through the stomata


section

From Middle English seccioun, from Old French section, from Latin sectiō (“cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation of diseased parts of the body, etc.”), from sectus, past participle of secāre (“to cut”). More at saw.

разрэ́з

surgery: incision or the act of making an incision

(botany) A taxonomic rank below the genus (and subgenus if present), but above the species.


supreme

en-adj

supreme (comparative supremer or more supreme, superlative supremest or most supreme)

supremer (comparative)
more supreme (comparative)
supremest (superlative)
most supreme (superlative)

From Middle English suppreme, partly from Middle French suppreme, supreme and partly from its etymon, Latin suprēmus, superlative of superus (“that is above”). Doublet of supremo, and equivalent to super + -eme.

(botany) Situated at the highest part or point.


acinaceous

acinaceous (comparative more acinaceous, superlative most acinaceous)

more acinaceous (comparative)
most acinaceous (superlative)

(botany) Containing seeds or stones of grapes, or grains like them.


acinaciform

From New Latin acīnacifōrmis, from acinaces (“short sword”) + -form.

an acinaciform leaf


acinus

From Latin acinus (“grape, grape-stone”); the histopathologic sense comes figuratively from the fancied resemblance (on microscopy) of acinic cells (acinar cells) to bunches of drupelets, berries, or grapes.

Coordinate term: vesicle

(botany) One of the small grains or drupelets which make up some kinds of fruit, as the blackberry, raspberry, etc.


-id

From Middle French -ide (like also English -ide), French -ide, and their sources, Latin -id-, -is and Ancient Greek -ῐδ- (-ĭd-), -ῐς (-ĭs).

(botany) Forming nouns from Latin or Greek roots, including certain plant names modelled on Latin sources.


synonymy

en-noun

synonymy (countable and uncountable, plural synonymies)

From Latin synonymia, from Ancient Greek συνωνυμία (sunōnumía), from σύν (sún, “with”) + ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”).

(botany) The collective synonyms (all the names referring to a particular taxon, except the correct name)

In 1924 this name was reduced to synonymy.

(botany) The state of not being a correct name, of being a synonym


spur

From Middle English spure, spore, from Old English spora, spura, from Proto-West Germanic *spurō, from Proto-Germanic *spurô, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”).

(botany) A short thin side shoot from a branch, especially one that bears fruit or, in conifers, the shoots that bear the leaves.


scab

scab (countable and uncountable, plural scabs)

From Middle English scabb, scabbe (also as shabbe, schabbe > English shab), from Old English sċeabb and Old Norse skabb, both from Proto-Germanic *skabbaz (“scab, scabies”), from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to cut, split, carve, shape”). Doublet of shab. Cognate with German Schabe (“scabies”), Danish skab (“scab, scabies”), Swedish skabb (“scab, scabies”), Latin scabies (“scab, itch, mange”). Related also to Old English scafan (“to scrape, shave”), Latin scabere (“to scratch”), English shabby.

der

(phytopathology) Any one of various more or less destructive fungal diseases that attack cultivated plants, forming dark-colored crustlike spots.


gynandrous

From Ancient Greek γύνανδρος (gúnandros, “of doubtful sex, womanish; warlike woman”); equivalent to gyno- (“woman”) + -androus.

bor

Orchids have gynandrous flowers.

(botany) Having stamens and pistils together in a column.

ginandru

botany: having stamens and pistils together in a column


barb

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
From Middle English barbe, from Middle French barbe, from Old French barbe (“beard, beard-like element”). Doublet of beard.

der

(botany) A hair or bristle ending in a double hook.

осил

botany: hair or bristle ending in a double hook


throat

peak

antonym(s) of “end of a gaff next to the mast”

From Middle English throte, from Old English þrote, þrota, þrotu (“throat”), from Proto-Germanic *þrutō (“throat”), from Proto-Indo-European *trud- (“to swell, become stiff”). Cognate with Dutch strot (“throat”), German Drossel (“throttle, gorge of game (wild animals)”) (etymology 2), Icelandic þroti (“swelling”), Swedish trut.

cog

one's belly thinks one's throat has been cut

one's stomach thinks one's throat has been cut

(botany) The orifice of a tubular organ; the outer end of the tube of a monopetalous corolla; the faux, or fauces.


shield

From Middle English scheld, shelde, from Old English scield (“shield”), from Proto-West Germanic *skeldu, from Proto-Germanic *skelduz (“shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“cut, split”). Cognate with West Frisian skyld, Dutch schild (“shield”), German Schild (“shield”), Danish skjold (“shield”), Icelandic skjöldur (“shield”) and Faroese skjøldur (“shield”).
Compare Latin scūtum (“shield”), Irish sciath (“shield”), Latgalian škīda (“shield”), Lithuanian skydas (“shield”), Russian щит (ščit, “shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover, protect”), *skey- (“to cut, split”).

noncog

Anything that protects or defends; defense; shelter; protection.

(lichenology) In lichens, a hardened cup or disk surrounded by a rim and containing the fructification, or asci.


recalcitrant

en-adj

recalcitrant (comparative more recalcitrant, superlative most recalcitrant)

more recalcitrant (comparative)
most recalcitrant (superlative)

compliant

antonym(s) of “stubbornly unwilling to obey authority”

amenable

antonym(s) of “difficult to operate or deal with”

orthodox

antonym(s) of “not viable for long period”

Borrowed from French récalcitrant, from Latin recalcitrāns, recalcitrantis, present participle of recalcitrō, recalcitrāre (“be disobedient, kick back [as a horse]”), from calx (“heel”), 1820s.

(botany, of seed, pollen, spores) Not viable for an extended period; damaged by drying or freezing.


hormone

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὁρμῶν (hormôn), present participle of ὁρμάω (hormáō, “to set in motion, to urge on”), from ὁρμή (hormḗ, “rapid motion forwards, onrush, onset, assault, impulse to do a thing, effort”).

hormon

synthetic compound with the same activity as a hormone

(botany) Any similar substance in plants.


style

en-noun

style (countable and uncountable, plural styles)

→ Finnish: staili

→ Scottish Gaelic: stoidhle

→ Iban: stail

→ Japanese: スタイル (sutairu)

→ Korean: 스타일 (seutail)

→ Malay: stail

→ Portuguese: style

→ Swahili: staili

The noun is derived from Middle English stile, stel, stele, stiel, stiele, stil, still, stille, styele, style, styill, styll, styyl (“writing tool, stylus; piece of written work; characteristic mode of expression, particularly one regarded as high quality; demeanour, manner, way of life; person's designation or title; stem of a plant; period of time”), from Old French style, estile, stil, stile (modern French style), or from Medieval Latin stylus, both from Latin stilus (“pointed instrument, pale, spike, stake; writing tool, stylus; act of setting down in writing, composition; characteristic mode of expression, style; stem of a plant”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp; to pierce, prick, puncture, stab; to goad”). Doublet of stylus.
The English word is cognate with Catalan estil (“engraving tool, stylus; gnomon; manner of doing something, style; fashionable skill, grace”), German Stiel (“handle; stalk”), Italian stilo (“needle, stylus; fountain pen; beam; gnomon; part of pistil, style”), Occitan estil, Portuguese estilo (“writing tool, stylus; manner of doing something, style”), Spanish estilo (“writing tool, stylus; manner of doing something, style; fashionable skill, grace; part of pistil, style”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

styl

manner of expression in writing or speech

styl

manner of creating, doing, or presenting something, especially a work of architecture or art

The calyx of Theophraſta is a ſmall, permanent perianthium, divided into five obtuſe ſegments, making obtuſe angles alſo with one another: [...] the ſtyle is ſubulated, and ſhorter than the corolla: the ſtigma is acute.

1751, John Hill, A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions of the Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals of the Different Parts of the World; […], London: Printed for Thomas Osborne, […], →OCLC, page 268:

Senses relating to a thin, pointed object.

(botany) The stalk that connects the stigma(s) to the ovary in a pistil of a flower.


pilum

Borrowed from Latin pilum. Doublet of pile.

(botany) The columella on the surface of a pollen grain.


disk

→ Japanese: ディスク (disuku)

→ Korean: 디스크 (diseukeu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: disk

→ Thai: ดิสก์ (dìt)

→ Turkish: disk

→ Welsh: disg

From Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “a circular plate suited for hurling”), from δικέω (dikéō, “to hurl, to launch”). Doublet of dais, desk, disc, discus, dish, and diskos.

doublet

(botany) A ring- or cup-shaped enlargement of the flower receptacle or ovary that bears nectar or, less commonly, the stamens.


inferior

en-adj

inferior (comparative more inferior, superlative most inferior)

more inferior (comparative)
most inferior (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin īnferior (“lower in situation or place”), comparative of īnferus (“below, underneath”).

bor

(botany) Situated below some other organ (said of a calyx when free from the ovary, and therefore below it, or of an ovary with an adherent and therefore inferior calyx).

(botany) On the side of a flower which is next to the bract.


spine

From late Middle English spyne, from Old French espine (French épine) or its source, Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”). Doublet of spina.

der

The male, as Dr. Gunther informs me, has a cluster of stiff, straight spines, like those of a comb, on the sides of the tail.

1871, Charles Darwin, “chapter 12”, in Descent of Man, page 331:

(zootomy, botany, mycology) A pointed, fairly rigid protuberance or needlelike structure on an animal, shell, mushroom or plant.

espina

rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure


trachea

en-noun

trachea (plural tracheae or (obsolete) tracheæ or tracheas)

tracheae (plural)
tracheæ (obsolete plural)
tracheas (plural)

From late Middle English, from Medieval Latin trāchēa (“the windpipe”) (also borrowed as Late Latin trāchīa), from Ancient Greek τρᾱχεῖᾰ ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (trākheîă ărtērĭ́ā, “windpipe, trachea”).

der

τρᾱχεῖᾰ ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ


armed

en-adj

armed (comparative more armed, superlative most armed)

more armed (comparative)
most armed (superlative)

From arm (“to equip with a weapon”) + -ed.


canker

en-noun

canker (countable and uncountable, plural cankers)

From Middle English canker, cancre, from Old English cancer, akin to Dutch kanker, Old High German chanchar. Ultimately from Latin cancer (“a cancer”). Doublet of cancer, a later borrowing from Latin, and chancre, which came through French.

(phytopathology) A plant disease marked by gradual decay.


bract

From Latin bractea (“a thin plate of metal; gold leaf”).

der

In this vegetable monster the bractes, or divisions of the spike, become wonderfully enlarged; and are converted into leaves.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

A Verticil or Whirl may be[…]Naked; that is without involucre, bracte or brittle. Bracted - or Involucred

1793, Thomas Martyn, The Language of Botany:

Great dense patches of them grew, four and five and six feet deep, impenetrable swathes of dark green bracts that advertised their danger.

2017, Benjamin Myers, The Gallows Pole, Bloomsbury, published 2019, page 31:

(botany) A leaf or leaf-like structure from the axil out of which a stalk of a flower or an inflorescence arises.


reverse

From Middle English revers, from Anglo-Norman revers, Middle French revers, and their source, Latin reversus, perfect passive participle of reversō, from re- + versō. Doublet of revers.

обратен

having the order of its constituents moved backwards

a reverse shell


cyanic

en-adj

cyanic (comparative more cyanic, superlative most cyanic)

more cyanic (comparative)
most cyanic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cyanic.wav

(botany, of a flower) Containing an anthocyanin


catkin

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-catkin.wav

From Middle Dutch katteken (“catkin”, literally “little cat”), equivalent to cat + -kin. So named due to the resemblance of lengthier kinds to a kitten's tail, or, perhaps more probably, the fine fur found on some catkins (compare the pictures). Cognate with German Kätzchen, modern Dutch katje.

der

(botany) A type of inflorescence, consisting of an axis with many unisexual apetalous flowers along its sides, as in the willow and poplar.


cycad

From translingual Cycas (“genus of tropical trees”).

bor

As has been already remarked, the occurrence of genuine Cycads in the Carboniferous vegetation has not been demonstrated, and the same holds good of all the Palaeozoic floras. True Cycads, therefore, so far as known, make their first appearance in the Trias, at the commencement of the Mesozoic period, where they are represented by the genera Pterophyllum, Zamites, and Podozamites.

1872, Henry Alleyne Nicholson, A Manual of Palaeontology for the Use of Students with a General Introduction on the Principles of Palaeontology:

Then, after incomputable years, he was no longer man but a man-like beast, roving in forests of giant fern and calamite, or building an uncouth nest in the boughs of mighty cycads.

I began to count the pools, each a flare of turquoise light lost behind the high walls of the villas with their screens of cycads and bougainvillaea.

2000, JG Ballard, Super-Cannes, Fourth Estate, published 2011, page 7:

(botany) Any plant of the division Cycadophyta, having a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves.


curl

From metathesis of Middle English crulle (“curled, curly”), from Middle Dutch crul, crulle (“curl”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kruzlǭ (“bent or crooked object, curl”), of unknown origin; possibly from Pre-Germanic *grus-, contracted from Proto-Indo-European *gurus- (“twist, curl”), same source as Persian گرس (gors, “braid of hair”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Krulle (“curl, lock”), West Frisian krul (“curl”), Dutch krul (“curl”), German Low German Krull (“curl”), dialectal German Krolle (“curl”), Danish krølle (“curl”), Norwegian krull (“curl”). Related also to Saterland Frisian Kruus (“curl”), German kraus (“frizzy, crumpled, curly”), Danish krus (“curl”), Swedish krusa (“to crimp, curl”). Compare also Gothic 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan, “to grind, crush, gnash”).

unk

unknown

cog

These potatoes, however, planted the next year, have a fair yield, untouched by the curl.

1840, "Farmers' Department", The Family Magazine, volume 1, page 227:

(agriculture, phytopathology) Any of various diseases of plants causing the leaves or shoots to curl up; often specifically the potato curl.


sport

en-noun

sport (countable and uncountable, plural sports)

→ Belarusian: спорт (sport)

→ Bulgarian: спорт (sport)

→ Catalan: esport

→ Cebuano: esport

→ Czech: sport

→ Danish: sport

→ Dutch: sport (see there for further descendants)

→ French: sport (see there for further descendants)

→ Georgian: სპორტი (sṗorṭi)

→ German: Sport (see there for further descendants)

→ Hebrew: ספורט

→ Hungarian: sport

→ Irish: spórt, spóirt (Cois Fharraige)

→ Italian: sport

→ Latvian: sports

→ Lithuanian: sportas

→ Lower Sorbian: sport

→ Macedonian: спорт (sport)

→ Norman: sport

→ Northern Kurdish: spor

→ Norwegian: sport

→ Polish: sport

→ Brazilian Portuguese: esporte

→ Russian: спорт (sport) (see there for further descendants)

→ Scottish Gaelic: spòrs

→ Serbo-Croatian: sport / спорт

→ Swahili: spoti

→ Swedish: sport

→ Thai: สปอร์ต (sà-bpɔ̀ɔt)

→ Uzbek: sport

Japanese: スポーツ (supōtsu)

Korean: 스포츠 (seupocheu)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English sporten (verb) and sport, spoort, sporte (noun), apheretic shortenings of disporten (verb) and disport, disporte (noun). More at disport.

We never shot another like it, so I do not know if it was a `sport' or a distinct species.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

At Hortus Bulborum you will find heirloom narcissi that date back at least to the 15th century and famous old tulips like 'Duc van Tol' (1595) and its sports.

2014 September 26, Charles Quest-Ritson, “The Dutch garden where tulip bulbs live forever: Hortus Bulborum, a volunteer-run Dutch garden, is dedicated to conserving historic varieties before they vanish for good [print version: Inspired by a living bulb archive, 27 September 2014, p. G5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):

(biology, botany, zoology, countable) A plant or an animal, or part of a plant or animal, which has some peculiarity not usually seen in the species; an abnormal variety or growth. The term encompasses both mutants and organisms with non-genetic developmental abnormalities such as birth defects.


climb

en-verb

climb (third-person singular simple present climbs, present participle climbing, simple past climbed or (archaic) clomb, past participle climbed or (archaic) clumb)

climbs (present singular third-person)
climbing (participle present)
climbed (past)
clomb (archaic past)
climbed (participle past)
clumb (archaic participle past)
climb (infinitive)

From Middle English climben, from Old English climban (“to climb”), from Proto-West Germanic *klimban, from Proto-Germanic *klimbaną (“to climb, go up by clinging”), believed to be a nasalised variant of Proto-Germanic *klibaną, *klibāną (“to stick, cleave”), from Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to stick”). Cognate with West Frisian klimme (“to climb”), Dutch klimmen (“to climb”), German klimmen (“to climb”), Old Norse klembra (“to squeeze”), Icelandic klifra (“to climb”). Related to clamber. See also clay, glue.

inh

(botany) Of plants, to grow upwards by clinging to something.

gabear

of plants: to grow upwards by clinging to something


lobule

The Jubulaceae have a leaf whose lobule, usually transformed into a water-sac, is normally very narrowly attached to the stem and to the dorsal lobe; indeed some Frullania taxa reproduce vegetatively by dropping the dorsal lobes, but not the lobules, and Neohattoria has caducous lobules but persistent lobes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) In liverworts with bilobed leaves, the smaller of the two lobes, sometimes modified to form a sac.


hilum

Learned borrowing from Latin hīlum (“a trifle; a spot on a seed”).

lbor

The hilum is very prominent in some species and nearly flat in others.

1913, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, volume III, Washington, D.C.: Washington Academy of Sciences, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 141:

On the tip of each corn kernel is a hilum, collectively known as the "black layer," where it is attached to the cob. While corn is growing, nutrients are being transferred from the rest of the cob to the kernels through the hilum.

2005, David Feldman, Do Elephants Jump? (Imponderables Book), New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins Publishers, →ISBN, page 24:

(botany) The eye of a bean or other seed; the mark or scar at the point of attachment of an ovule or seed to its base or support.

In central hilum starch grains the grain is laid down around the hilum in the form of concentric layers.

1916, William Mansfield, Histology of Medicinal Plants, New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →OCLC, page 188:


chive

From Middle English chive, chyve, variant of chith, chyth, from Old English ċīþ (“shoot, scion, sprout”). Doublet of chit and scion.

inh

(botany) The filament which supports the anther of a flower; stamen.


farina

en-noun

farina (countable and uncountable, plural farinas)

Borrowed from Latin farīna (“flour, meal”), from far (“kind of grain”).

(botany) A powdery, pale yellow, crystalline secretion consisting of flavonoids in Primula and other species.


notate

Back-formation from notation or from Latin notātus, past participle of notāre. Morphologically note + -ate.

(botany) Marked with coloured spots or lines.


monad

From Latin monas (“unit”) (from Ancient Greek μονάς (monás), from μόνος (mónos), from Proto-Indo-European *men-) + -ad.

(botany) A single individual (such as a pollen grain) that is free from others, not united in a group.


ovate

en-adj

ovate (comparative more ovate, superlative most ovate)

more ovate (comparative)
most ovate (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) With the broadest extremity near the base.

puikea

botany, of leaves: broadest near the base


legume

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-legume.wav

Borrowed from French légume, from Latin legūmen (“bean”). Doublet of legumen.

(botany) The fruit or seed of leguminous plants (as peas or beans) used for food.

(botany) Any of a large family (Fabaceae, syn. Leguminosae) of dicotyledonous herbs, shrubs, and trees having fruits that are legumes or loments, bearing nodules on the roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and including important food and forage plants (as peas, beans, or clovers).

(botany) A pod dehiscent into two pieces or valves, and having the seed attached at one suture, as that of the pea.


phloem

First attested in 1872. From German Phloëm, coined by Swiss botanist Carl Nägeli in 1858 from Ancient Greek φλόος (phlóos, “husk, bark”) + a Greek-sounding ending -em (cf. System).

der

(botany) A vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients manufactured in the shoot.


superior

/sʉːˈpɪə.ɹiː.ə/

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French superiour, from Latin superior (“higher, upper”).

Located above or out; higher in position.

(botany) (of a calyx) Above the ovary; said of parts of the flower which, although normally below the ovary, adhere to it, and so appear to originate from its upper part.

(botany) (of an ovary) Above and free from the other floral organs.

(botany) Belonging to the part of an axillary flower which is toward the main stem.

(botany) (of the radicle) Pointing toward the apex of the fruit.


sepal

From French sépale, from New Latin sepalum.

1836, The Family Magazine, Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge, Volume III, Redfield & Lindsay, page 367,
When the sepals are distinct, or separate from each other, the calyx is said to be polysepalous.

The sepal and the petal are essentially leaf-like in form and anatomy but generally simpler in detailed structure than a foliage leaf.

2009, Shubhrata R. Mishra, Understanding Plant Reproduction, Discovery Publishing House, page 164:

In tomato, for example, the first sepal primordium is formed as an outgrowth at the periphery of the apex and the subsequent sepal primordia are initiated in a helical fashion at an angle of approximately 137° from the previous one.

2017, Taylor A. Steeves, Vipen K. Sawhney, Essentials of Developmental Plant Anatomy, Oxford University Press, page 29:

(botany) One of the component parts of the calyx, particularly when such components are not fused into a single structure.


solute

en-adj

solute (comparative more solute, superlative most solute)

more solute (comparative)
most solute (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin solutus, past participle of solvo.

a solute stipule


thrum

From Middle English thrum, throm (> Anglo-French trome), from Old English *þrum (found in tungeþrum (“ligament of the tongue”)) from Proto-Germanic *þrumą. Cognate with German Trumm, Trümmer and Old Norse thrǫmr (“edge, brim”).

(botany) A threadlike part of a flower; a stamen.

(botany) A tuft, bundle, or fringe of any threadlike structures, as hairs on a leaf, fibers of a root.


xylem

From German Xylem, from Ancient Greek ξύλον (xúlon, “wood”).

(botany) A vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of water and minerals taken up by the roots; also the primary component of wood.


lemma

From the Ancient Greek λέμμα (lémma), from λέπω (lépō, “I peel”).

(botany) The outer shell of a fruit or similar body.

(botany) One of the specialized bracts around the floret in grasses.

niðara blómuøgn

botany: one of the specialized bracts around the floret in grasses


iris

irises (plural)
iris (plural)
irides (plural)

From Middle English [Term?], from Latin īris, from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris, “rainbow”). Presuming an earlier form *ϝῖρις (*wîris), possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *w(e)ih₁-ro- (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”). If so, it would be cognate to English wire.

der

Breezes blowing from beds of iris quickened her breath with their perfume; she saw the tufted lilacs sway in the wind, and the streamers of mauve-tinted wistaria swinging, all a-glisten with golden bees; she saw a crimson cardinal winging through the foliage, and amorous tanagers flashing like scarlet flames athwart the pines.

1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, “Afterglow”, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, page 168:

(botany) A plant of the genus Iris, common in the northern hemisphere, and generally having attractive blooms (See Iris (plant) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia).


gall

From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).

Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.

1974, Philip P. Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas:

(phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii).


dichotomy

en-noun

dichotomy (countable and uncountable, plural dichotomies)

Audio (GA)

Audio (AU)

From Ancient Greek διχοτομία (dikhotomía, “dichotomy”).

der

1969, J. F. Rigby, Permian Sphenopsids from Antarctica, Geological Survey Professional Paper 613-F, page F-9,
In one forked leaf there is a distinct vein dichotomy, and the leaf boundary commences 1.5 mm above the dichotomy.

In most of the creeping species with dorsiventral stems (e.g., S. kraussiana, S. laevigata) roots arise at or close to the point of dichotomy; in species like S. rupestris and S. wallichii they arise at the point of dichotomy as well as other positions and in S. selaginoides and S. spinulosa they arise from knot like swellings present at the basal portion of the stem.

2010, V. Singh, P. C. Pande, D. K. Jain, Text Book Of Botany: Diversity Of Microbes And Cryptogams, 4th edition, page 511:

(botany) Division and subdivision; bifurcation, such as that of a stem of a plant or a vein of the body into two parts as it proceeds from its origin; often successive.


disc

From French disque, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disk, quoit, platter”). Doublet of dais, desk, discus, dish, disk, and diskos.

doublet

(botany) The flat surface of an organ, as a leaf, any flat, round growth.


flagellation

From flagellum (“elongated filiform appendage”), itself a diminutive of Latin flagrum (“whip”), closely related to etymology 1.

/ˌflæd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

(botany) The formation by plants of flagella, or their arrangement


fructification

en-noun

fructification (countable and uncountable, plural fructifications)

In nature, the wild hop is usually shadowed during its growing period by bushes and trees, and it is only those aboveground parts which are intensively illuminated which pass into fructification period.

2012, V. Rybacek, Hop Production, page 104:

Lucuma salicifolia (canistal) and Micropholis mexicana (wild apricot) are the most infested fruit species. They have a very short fructification period.

2013, Martin Aluja, Fruit Flies: Biology and Management, page 384:

Studying the duration of the flowering-fructification period among interspecific first-generation back-cross progenies of African species showed that this trait is positively correlated (r=0.78) with 100-seed weight and caffeine content.

2014, Victor R. Preedy, Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention, page 43:

(botany) The act of forming or producing fruit; the act of fructifying, or rendering productive of fruit; fecundation.

The fructification is liable to become very convex in age.

1824, Robert Kaye Greville, Flora Edinensis: Or, A Description of Plants Growing Near Edinburgh, page 332:

The essence of the fructification consists in the flower and the fruit.

1836, William Paul Crillon Barton, Elements of Botany, page 89:

Postheterotopic transformations played a great role in the evolution of fructifications. The formation of specialized seed-like sporophylls in the Lepidocarpaceae, of strobilar fructifications in the Noeggerathiales, of various capsules and other seed-bearing organs of many gymnosperms belong here.

2012, Sergei Meyen, Fundamentals of Palaeobotany, page 380:

(botany) The collective organs by which a plant produces its fruit, or seeds, or reproductive spores.


foliation

foliation (countable and uncountable, plural foliations)

/fəʊlɪˈeɪʃn/

From French foliation, from Latin folium (“leaf”).

(botany) The process of forming into a leaf or leaves.

(botany) The manner in which the young leaves are disposed within the bud.


corona

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

laki

upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body

kruunu

Pentándria, Digynia. All as in Stapèlia; but the corolla is tuberculate, and the branches of the plant warted; and the outer corona of the corolla lacerately multifid.

1838, George Don, A General History of the Dichleamydeous Plants, […], volume IV (Corollifloræ), London: […] [Gilbert & Rivington] for J. G. and F. Rivington; […], page 122, column 2:

(biology) Any appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona (sense 4.1).

(botany) A ring or set of appendages of adaxial tissue arising from the corolla or the outer edge of the stamens, present in some plants (Narcissus, Passiflora, etc.); a paraperigonium.

kruunu

ring or set of appendages of adaxial tissue arising from the corolla or the outer edge of the stamens, present in some plants — see also paraperigonium


hybridization

en-noun

hybridization (countable and uncountable, plural hybridizations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hybridization.wav

Hybridization, strictly speaking, is the art or act of obtaining an offspring or progeny between two different species of animals or plants; ...

1843, D. J. Browne, “Hybridization and Cross Fecundation of Plants”, in Agricultural Journal and Transactions of the Lower Canada Agricultural Society, section 135:

The act of hybridizing, or the state of being hybridized.

(biology, including botany) The process of breeding a mixed offspring from two different strains or species of animal or plant


incomplete

en-adj

incomplete (comparative more incomplete, superlative most incomplete)

more incomplete (comparative)
most incomplete (superlative)

From Middle English incomplete, incompleet, from Late Latin incomplētus, from in- (“un-; not”) + complētus (“complete”), equivalent to in- (“not”) + complete.

(botany) Of a flower, wanting any of the usual floral organs.


innate

Borrowed from Latin innātus (“inborn”), perfect active participle of innāscor (“be born in, grow up in”), from in (“in, at on”) + nāscor (“be born”); see natal, native.

an innate anther

(botany) Joined by the base to the very tip of a filament.


node

→ Irish: nód

From Middle English node, borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knot, knout, and nodus.


reiterate

/ɹiˈɪtəɹeɪt/

/ɹiˈɪɾəɹeɪt/

/ɹiːˈɪtəɹæɪt/

[ɹiːˈɪɾəɹæɪt]

Early 15th century, from Late Latin reiteratus, past participle of reiterare (“to repeat”) from re- (“again”) + iterare (“to repeat”) from iterum (“repeat”).

(botany) A tree with vertical branches alongside the main trunk and which continue to grow upwards.


segregate

segregate (comparative more segregate, superlative most segregate)

more segregate (comparative)
most segregate (superlative)

/ˈsɛɡɹəˌɡeɪt/

From Latin sēgregātus, perfect passive participle of sēgregō (“I separate”), from sē- (“apart”) + gregō (“I flock or group”), from grex (“flock”). Compare gregarious, aggregate.

(botany) Separated from others of the same kind.


rosette

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *wardahder.?
Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon)bor.?
Latin rosalbor.
Old French rose
Latin -ittus
Old French -ete
Old French rosete
Middle French rosettebor.
Middle French rosette
French rosetteinflu.
English rosette
Borrowed from Middle French rosette (in sense 15) and (modern) French rosette.

etymon

(botany) One or more whorls of leaves, clustered tightly at the base of a plant.

(botany) A plant growth form in which the plant grows outward in all directions for a short distance, producing a small round shape.


solitary

From Middle English [Term?], borrowed from Latin sōlitārius. Doublet of solitaire.

(botany) Not associated with others of the same kind.


pearl

en-verb

pearl (third-person singular simple present pearls, present participle pearling, simple past and past participle pearled)

pearls (present singular third-person)
pearling (participle present)
pearled (participle past)
pearled (past)

Horace
Jean Jannon
New Testament
Vergil
en:pearl
en:pearl (disambiguation)
en:pearl (typography)

From Middle English perle, from Old French perle of uncertain etymology. Probably via unattested Medieval Latin *pernula, from Latin perna (“haunch; a marine bivalve shaped like a leg of lamb”) but also derived from Medieval Latin perla, from Latin perula (“little bag”). Its typographic use follows the name given by Jean Jannon to the type used in his miniature editions of Vergil, Horace, & the New Testament in the 1620s, which were the smallest printed works to his time. Its surfing use derives from the supposed resemblance to pearl diving.

der

(intransitive, botany) Of aquatic plants: to produce visible bubbles on the stems and leaves during photosynthesis, usually in a simulated environment like an aquarium.


core

en-noun

core (countable and uncountable, plural cores)

desc

Translingual: core eudicots, core Malvales

From Middle English core, kore, coor (“apple-core, pith”), of obscure and uncertain origin. Possibly of native English origin, from Old English *cor, related to Old English *coruc, *corc (diminutive) (> Middle English cork, crok (“core of a apple or other fruit, heart of an onion”)) and Old English corn (“seed", also "grain”); or alternatively perhaps from Old French cuer (“heart”), from Latin cor (“heart”); or from Old French cors (“body”), from Latin corpus (“body”). Compare also Middle English colk, coke, coll (“the heart or centre of an apple or onion, core”), Dutch kern (“core”), German Kern (“core”). See also heart, corpse.

unc

obscure and uncertain

сърцеви́на

something that produces a hollow space in a casting

The most important part of a thing or aggregate of things wherever located and whether of any determinate location at all; the essence.

A technical term for classification of things denoting those parts of a category that are most easily or most likely understood as within it.

(botany) Used to designate the main and most diverse monophyletic group within a clade or taxonomic group.


strict

en-adj

strict (comparative stricter or more strict, superlative strictest or most strict)

stricter (comparative)
more strict (comparative)
strictest (superlative)
most strict (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin strictus, past participle of stringere (“to draw tight, bind, contract”). Doublet of strait and stretto. See stringent, strain.

(botany) Upright, or straight and narrow; — said of the shape of the plants or their flower clusters.


wavy

wavy (comparative wavier, superlative waviest)

wavier (comparative)
waviest (superlative)

(botany, of a margin) Moving up and down relative to the surface; undulate.


pith

en-noun

pith (usually uncountable, plural piths)

The noun is derived from Middle English pith, pithe (“central tissue of a plant’s stem or a tree’s trunk and branches; other spongy inner tissue in a plant; flesh of a fruit, pulp; inner tissue in a body; inner part of an object; essential part, essence, quintessence; importance, value; energy, force, strength, vigour; severity”) [and other forms], from Old English piþa [and other forms], from Proto-Germanic *piþô, from earlier *piþō (oblique *pittan); further etymology unknown. Doublet of pit (“seed or stone inside a fruit”).
The verb is derived from the noun (Middle English pethen (“to give courage or strength”), from pith (noun), did not survive into modern English).
cognates
* Dutch peen (“carrot”)
* Middle Low German peddek, peddik, piddek (“bone marrow; medulla; spinal cord; inner part of a horn or quill; (figurative) core, essence”) (the last spelling rare) (Low German Peddik (“core; pulp”))
* West Frisian piid (“pulp, kernel”)

nb...

peth, peþe, pight, piþ, piþe, piþþe, pyght, pyth, pythe, pytthe, pyþe, (Early Middle English) piþa

cog

This ſvveete ſmelling Reede is of a darke dun colour, full of ioints and knees eaſie to be broken into ſmall ſplinters, hollovv and full of a certaine vvhite pith, cobvveb vviſe, ſomevvhat gummie in eating, and hanging in the teeth, and of a ſharpe bitter taſte.

1597, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], “Of Aromaticall Reedes”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant, for Bonham and Iohn Norton, →OCLC, book I, page 56:

Some make inciſion into the very Vine braunch, as farre as to the pith and marrovv vvithin (to divert the moiſture that feedeth the grape:) others lay the cluſters a drying upon tile-houſes: and all this is done vvith the grapes of the Vine Helvenaca.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XIV.] Foureteene Sorts of Sweet Wines.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 1st tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 417:

Atop the [Palmito] tree is a pith, in taſte better then Cabbage; and eating it takes avvay the future benefit of grovvth or fructifying, theſe and the Date-tree thriue not, except the male and female be vnited, and haue copulation: the ſhe is only fruitfull.

1634, T[homas] H[erbert], “Mohelia, Its Description”, in A Relation of Some Yeares Trauaile, Begunne Anno 1626. into Afrique and the Greater Asia, […], London: […] William Stansby, and Jacob Bloome, →OCLC, page 24:

VVhy are the Annual Grovvths of all both Herbs and Trees, vvith great Piths, the quickeſt and longeſt? But hovv are the Pores and Bladders of the Pith permeable? That they are ſo, both from their being capable of a repletion vvith Sap, and of being again vvholly emptied of it, and again, inſtead thereof fill'd vvith Aer, is as certain as that they are Pores.

1671 December 17 (Gregorian calendar), Nehemiah Grew, “The Anatomy of Plants, Begun. […] The First Book. […] Chapter III. Of the Trunk.”, in The Anatomy of Plants. […], 2nd edition, [London]: […] W. Rawlins, for the author, published 1682, →OCLC, page 25:

The food often grows in one country, and the sauce in another. The fruits of Portugal are corrected by the products of Barbadoes, and the infusion of a China plant is sweetened by the pith of an Indian cane.

1711 May 30 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “SATURDAY, May 19, 1711”, in The Spectator, number 69; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume I, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 278:

The soft, spongy substance inside plant parts; specifically, the parenchyma in the centre of the roots and stems of many plants and trees.

نُخَاع

The albedo (“whitish inner portion of the rind”) of a citrus fruit.


spike

From Middle English spike, spyke, spik, from Old Norse spík (“spike, sprig”), from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“stick, splinter, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“to be pointed; sharp point, stick”). Cognate with Icelandic spík (“spike”), Swedish spik (“spike, nail”), Dutch spijker (“nail”), Old English spīcing (“spike”), and Latin spīca (“ear of corn”), which may have influenced some senses.

шпайкове

informal: running shoes with spikes in the soles

(botany) A kind of inflorescence in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis.


scurf

en-noun

scurf (countable and uncountable, plural scurfs)

From scurf (“skin disease causing scabs or scales; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease, etc.”), from Old English scurf, from Proto-Germanic *skurf- (“to gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever; to divide, separate”). Cognate with Dutch schurft, German Schorf, Danish skurv, Swedish skorv.

inh

(botany) Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot.


umbel

Borrowed from Latin umbella (“umbrella”). Compare umbrella, composed of the same etymological elements but formed independently.

(botany) A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster (= inflorescence) in which the individual flower stalks arise from the same point, the youngest flowers being at the centre.


acrogenous

an acrogenous plant

(botany) Increasing by growth from the extremity.


recondite

en-adj

recondite (comparative more recondite, superlative most recondite)

more recondite (comparative)
most recondite (superlative)

Recondite, (aculeus) concealed within the abdomen, seldom exposed to view.

1825, Thomas Say, Say's Entomol., Glossary, 28:

(somewhat archaic) Hidden or removed from view.

(botany, entomology, obsolete, rare, of a structure) Difficult to see, especially because it is hidden by another structure.


waif

The noun is derived from Late Middle English weif (“ownerless property subject to seizure and forfeiture; the right of such seizure and forfeiture; revenues obtained from such seizure and forfeiture”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman waif, weif [and other forms] (compare Anglo-Latin waivum [and other forms], Medieval Latin waivium), possibly from Old French waif, a variant of gaif, gayf (“property that is lost and unclaimed; of property: lost and unclaimed”) (Norman) [and other forms], probably from a North Germanic source such as Old Norse veif (“flag; waving thing”), from Proto-Germanic *waif-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to oscillate, swing”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

waif, waife, wafe, wayf, wayffe, (Early Middle English) waiph, waive

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waif.wav

(by extension, botany) A plant introduced in a place outside its native range but not persistently naturalized.


leucite

en-noun

leucite (countable and uncountable, plural leucites)

From Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -ite.


volunteer

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

Borrowed from Middle French voluntaire, from Latin voluntārius (“willing, voluntary”); or from voluntary + -eer.

der

(botany, agriculture) A plant that grows spontaneously, without being cultivated on purpose; see volunteer plant in Wikipedia.


volunteer

en-verb

volunteer (third-person singular simple present volunteers, present participle volunteering, simple past and past participle volunteered)

volunteers (present singular third-person)
volunteering (participle present)
volunteered (participle past)
volunteered (past)

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

(intransitive, botany) To grow without human sowing or intentional cultivation.


adenophyllous

(botany) Containing glands on the leaves.


adelaster

Either from Ancient Greek ἄδηλος (ádēlos, “not manifest”) + ἀστήρ (astḗr, “star”) or from Ancient Greek ἄδηλος (ádēlos, “not manifest”) + Latin -aster.

uder

(botany) A provisional name for a plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined, and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus.


basionym

Arundinaria distans is the basionym of Colanthelia distans.

(botany, taxonomy) An earlier valid scientific name of a species that has since been renamed and from which the new name is partially derived.

basiònim

an earlier name of a species that has since been given a derived name


shell

From Middle English schelle, from Old English sċiell, from Proto-West Germanic *skallju, from Proto-Germanic *skaljō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cleave”).
Compare West Frisian skyl (“peel, rind”), Dutch schil (“peel, skin, rink”), Low German Schell (“shell, scale”), Irish scelec (“pebble”), Latin silex (“pebble, flint”), siliqua (“pod”), Old Church Slavonic сколика (skolika, “shell”). More at shale.
Doublet of sheal.
* (computing): From being viewed as an outer layer of interface between the user and the operating-system internals.

cog

The black walnut and the hickory nut, both of the same Genus as the pecan, have much thicker and harder shells than the pecan.

(botany) The hard external covering of various plant seed forms.

The covering, or outside part, of a nut.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

A pod containing the seeds of certain plants, such as the legume Phaseolus vulgaris.

(in the plural) Husks of cacao seeds, a decoction of which is sometimes used as a substitute or adulterant for cocoa and its products such as chocolate.


mentum

Learned borrowing from Latin mentum (“the chin”). Doublet of menton.

lbor

(botany) A projection in front of the flower in some orchids.


drupe

Scientific Latin, from Latin drūpa (“wrinkled olive”), from Ancient Greek δρύππᾱ (drúppā).

Her bare foot slipped, and the two panting youngsters tangled ignominiously among the branches, in a shower of drupes and leaves, clutching at each other [...].

1969, Vladimir Nabokov, Ada or Ardor, Penguin, published 2011, page 71:

(botany) a kind of fruit, with a fleshy exterior, formed from the exocarp and mesocarp, surrounding a hardened endocarp which protects the seed.


fairy ring

The idea of a ring where fairies danced was a traditional explanation for the fungal phenomenon before it was understood.

This curious phenomenon has been differently accounted for. The following is Mr. Nicholson's description and explanation: "the appearance in the grass, says he, commonly called Fairy Rings, is well known. It consists either of a ring of grass of more luxuriant vegetation than the rest, or a kind of circular path in which the vegetation is more defective than elsewhere. It appears to be pretty well ascertained that the latter state precedes the former. […]

1821, Edward Polehampton, chapter VIII, in The Gallery of Nature and Art: Or, A Tour Through Creation and Science, volume 5, page 316:

The best known Fungus occupant of fairy rings is the Fairy Ring Agaric or Champignon, Marasmius oreades, termed in the older botanical textbooks Agaricus oreades.

1884, The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Home Farmer, Volume 7, 3rd Series, July—December, 1883, page 213:

So writing it down and reading it later, I realized somehow my subconscious was giving me a warning of things to come. In the dream I woke up at the height of the full moon in my garden. I didn't realize that in my drunken stupor I had fallen asleep amidst a fairy ring. A fairy ring is a bunch of mushrooms growing in a circle. I often see them growing on lawns. Legend has it that if one gets caught in this circle on a full moon, the fairies will take him or her captive and do as they please.

2012, Juliana Regina Delion, Heart Attack!: Shadows on the Eve of Tomorrow, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 18:

(mycology, botany) A ring of fungi marking the periphery of the perennial underground growth of the mycelium.

ве́дьмин круг m (védʹmin krug, literally “witch's ring”)


attenuation

en-noun

attenuation (countable and uncountable, plural attenuations)

From Middle English attenuacioun, a borrowing from Latin attenuātiō (“a diminishing”). Equivalent to attenuate + -ion.

(botany) The tapering of a leaf etc to a fine point.


fascicule

From French fascicule, from Latin fasciculus.


terrestrial

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/təˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

From Middle English terrestrialle, from terrestre or Latin terrestris, from terra (“land, earth, ground”), with the suffix -al.


pedicel

From Late Latin pedīcellus, diminutive of pedīculus (“foot-stalk or pedicle of a fruit or leaf”), diminutive of pēs (“foot”).

Coordinate term: peduncle

Water flux through the pedicel could also be involved in tomato fruit CC.^([cuticle cracking])

2004, Martine Dorais, “5: Greenhouse Tomato Fruit Cuticle Cracking”, in Jules Janick, editor, Horticultural Reviews, Volume 30, Wiley, page 170:

(botany) A stalk of an individual flower (or fruit, e.g., once fertilised) or spore-producing body within a cluster.