evanescent

en-adj

evanescent (comparative more evanescent, superlative most evanescent)

more evanescent (comparative)
most evanescent (superlative)

Borrowed from French évanescent (“evanescent”), from Latin ēvānēscēns (“disappearing, vanishing”), present participle of ēvānēscō (“to disappear, vanish; to die out, fade away; to lapse”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away, out’)) + vānēscō (“to vanish”) (from vānus (“empty, vacant, void”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon, leave”)) + -ēscō (suffix forming verbs with the sense ‘to become’)).

намаляващ

disappearing, vanishing — see also disappearing, vanishing

Upward it [the "apennine adonis", probably the Pyrenean pheasant's eye (Adonis pyrenaica)] is of a pale green, with ſome Tinge of yellowiſh; and it is all the Way duſted with little grey tranſparent Globules. Theſe are the Extremities of ſo many round evaneſcent ſecretory Ducts; as the Hairs of other Plants are the more permanent Extremities of theirs.

1757 February, [John Hill; Thomas Hale], “Curious Plants and Flowers Now in Their Perfection”, in Eden: or, A Compleat Body of Gardening. […], number XXII, London: Printed for T[homas] Osborne, […]; T. Trye, […]; S. Crowder and Co., […]; and H. Woodgate, […], →OCLC, section I (Flora, or the Pleasure-garden), page 253, column 2:

Per[ianth]. Berry from the receptacle elongated into a cup globular, ſucculent, gaging at the top, colour'd, at length waſting from dryneſs, evaneſcent.

1787, [Carl Linnaeus; Carl Linnaeus the younger], “1135. Taxus. * Tournes. 362. Yew.”, in The Families of Plants, with Their Natural Characters, According to the Number, Figure, Situation, and Proportion of All the Parts of Frutification. Translated from the Last Edition, […] of the Genera Plantarum, and of the Mantissæ Plantarum of the Elder Linneus, and from the Supplementum Plantarum of the Younger Linneus, […], volume I, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Printed by John Jackson; sold by J[oseph] Johnson, […]; T. Byrne, […]; and J. Balfour, […], →OCLC, class XXII (Two Houses (Dioecia)), section XIII (One Brotherhood (Monadelphia)), page 706:

Leaves solitary or numerous, sometimes evanescent or rarely wanting, radical or cauline, alternate or occasionally whorled, simple, varying from a sheathing bract to a definite blade which is membranaceous, papyraceous, coriaceous or fleshy, flat or plicate, usually parallel-veined.

1960, Richard Evans Schultes, “Orchidaceae A. L. de Jussieu”, in Native Orchids of Trinidad and Tobago (International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology: Botany Division; 3), Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, →OCLC, page 19:

(botany) Of plant parts: shed after a period.

Ephemeral, fleeting, momentary.
Of plant parts: shed after a period.


areolar

en-adj

areolar (comparative more areolar, superlative most areolar)

more areolar (comparative)
most areolar (superlative)


palustral

palustral (comparative more palustral, superlative most palustral)

more palustral (comparative)
most palustral (superlative)

From Latin palustris, from palūs (“swamp”), -al.

Telebasis salva is found in shallow waters containing palustral vegetation.

1956, Robert Leslie Usinger, Aquatic Insects of California, page 145:

(botany, of a plant) That requires a marshy habitat.


variety

en-noun

variety (countable and uncountable, plural varieties)

From Middle French varieté (“variety”) (modern French variété (“variety; genre, type”)) or directly from its etymon Latin varietās (“difference; diversity, variety”) + English -ty (suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives). Varietās is derived from varius (“different, diverse, various; variegated”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon; to give out; to leave”)) + -tās (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns indicating a state of being). The English word displaced the native Old English mislīcnes.
Sense 1.3.2 (“total number of distinct states of a system; logarithm to the base 2 of the total number of distinct states of a system”) was coined by the English psychiatrist William Ross Ashby (1903–1972) in his work An Introduction to Cybernetics (1956).
cognates
* Galician variedade (“variety”)
* Italian varietà (“difference; variety”)
* Portuguese variedade (“variety”)
* Spanish variedad (“breed; variety”)

der

Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum is a variety of Capsicum annuum commonly known as chiltepin or Indian pepper.

(biology, loosely) An animal or plant (or a group of such animals or plants) with characteristics causing it to differ from other animals or plants of the same species; a strain or cultivar.

(botany, taxonomy) A rank in a taxonomic classification below species and (if present) subspecies, and above form; hence, an organism of that rank.


immaculate

en-adj

immaculate (comparative more immaculate, superlative most immaculate)

more immaculate (comparative)
most immaculate (superlative)

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Museo del Prado

From Late Middle English immaculat, immaculate (“blameless; flawless, spotless; specifically of the Virgin Mary: pure, undefiled”), borrowed from Latin immaculātus (“unstained”), from im- (negative prefix) + maculātus (“stained, spotted; defiled, polluted; (figurative) dishonoured”), the perfect passive participle of maculō (“to spot, stain; to defile, pollute; (figurative) to dishonour”), from macula (“a blemish, spot, stain; (figurative) blot on one’s character, fault”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *smh₂-tló-m (“wiping (?)”), from *smeh₁- (“to rub; to smear”). The word displaced Middle English unwemmed (“pure, untainted”). See also -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
cognates
* Catalan immaculat
* Italian immacolato, immaculato (obsolete)
* Middle French immaculé (modern French immaculé)
* Portuguese imaculado
* Spanish inmaculado

ref

From the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain.

perfek

containing no mistakes — see also flawless

(botany, zoology, especially entomology) Lacking blotches, spots, or other markings.

täplätön

lacking blotches, spots, or other markings — see also unspotted


ancipital

(botany) Two-edged instead of round; said of certain flattened stems, such as those of bluegrass, and rarely also of leaves.


ramification

en-noun

ramification (countable and uncountable, plural ramifications)

/ɹæmɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌɹæməfəˈkeɪʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ramification.wav

From Middle French ramification, or its source, Latin ramificō.

The character of trees may be studied to advantage […] in winter, when the forms of the ramification can be seen in the naked boughs […]

1829, Lincoln Phelps, Familiar Lectures on Botany, page 179:

From the left chamber or ventricle of the strong muscular mass, the heart, a large tube arises, called the aorta; and by a continued division or ramification, opens a way for the bright scarlet blood to the very minutest part of the living frame […]

1856, Neil Arnott, Isaac Hayes, Elements of Physics, pages 414–5:

[…]we may be sure that Becky and Briggs looked out those august names in the Peerage, and followed the noble races up through all the ramifications of the family tree.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter XLVIII, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

“You live in a different world to me, Mr. Overton—a sweeter and healthier one. My ramifications stretch out into many sections of society, but never, I am happy to say, into amateur sport, which is the best and soundest thing in England.[…]

1904 August, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter”, in The Return of Sherlock Holmes, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., published February 1905, →OCLC:

Quite unexpectedly an idea popped into Tarzan's head. In following out the many ramifications of the dictionary definition of God he had come upon the word create—“to cause to come into existence; to form out of nothing.”

1919, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “The God of Tarzan”, in Jungle Tales of Tarzan, pages 92–93:

(botany, anatomy, also figurative) A branching-out, the act or result of developing branches; specifically the divergence of the stem and limbs of a plant into smaller ones, or of similar developments in blood vessels, anatomical structures etc.


efflorescence

efflorescence (countable and uncountable, plural efflorescences)

/ˌɛfləˈɹɛsəns/

Borrowed from French efflorescence, from Latin efflōrēscō, which was from ex- (“out”) + flōrēscō (“to blossom”).


podium

Borrowed from Latin podium, from Ancient Greek πόδιον (pódion, “base”), a diminutive of πούς (poús, “foot”). Doublet of pew.


dichotomic

en-adj

dichotomic (comparative more dichotomic, superlative most dichotomic)

more dichotomic (comparative)
most dichotomic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dichotomic.wav

(botany) That system of classification which pertains to two opposite criteria.


albedo

en-noun

albedo (countable and uncountable, plural albedos or albedoes)

Borrowed from Latin albēdō (“whiteness”).

bor+

(botany) The whitish inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits that is a source of pectin, commonly referred to as the pith.


pelt

A variant of pelta, borrowed from Latin pelta, from Ancient Greek πέλτη (péltē, “small crescent-shaped leather shield of Thracian design”); further etymology uncertain, perhaps either from Thracian, or ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to cover; to wrap; hide; skin; cloth”).

der

(obsolete, rare) Alternative form of pelta

Alternative form of pelta
A flat apothecium with no rim.


posterior

en-adj

posterior (comparative more posterior, superlative most posterior)

more posterior (comparative)
most posterior (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin posterior (“that comes or follows after; later, latter”).

bor

(anatomy) Nearer the rear or hind end; nearer the caudal end of the body in quadrupeds or the dorsal end in bipeds.

(botany) Next to, or facing the main stem or axis.


viola

(botany) Any of several flowering plants, of the genus Viola, including the violets and pansies.


aril

1785. From New Latin arillus (compare modern French arille and the English doublet arillus), from Medieval Latin arilli.

(botany) A tissue surrounding the seed in certain fruits such as pomegranates.


dorsal

en-adj

dorsal (comparative more dorsal, superlative most dorsal)

more dorsal (comparative)
most dorsal (superlative)

From Late Middle English dorsal/dorsale, borrowing from Medieval Latin dorsālis (“of or relating to the back”), from dorsum (“the back”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to dorsum + -al.

ظَهْرِيّ

relating to the side in which the backbone is located

(botany) Relating to the surface naturally inferior, as of a leaf.

(botany) Relating to the surface naturally superior, as of a creeping hepatic moss.


clematis

en-noun

clematis (plural clematises or clematis)

From Latin clematis, from Ancient Greek κληματιτής (klēmatitḗs), κληματίς (klēmatís), from κλήμα (klḗma, “vine, branch with vines”).

Noiselessly she laid the clematis and wattle on her bed, then stood near the covered face, and, looking down at her untied bootlaces, sighed an impatient sigh always well known and understood by this now unresponsive father.

1907, Barbara Baynton, edited by Sally Krimmer and Alan Lawson, Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, published 1980, page 127:

(botany) Any plant of the genus Clematis, vigorous climbing lianas found throughout the temperate zones.


scarlet pimpernel

scarlet pimpernel (plural scarlet pimpernels)

[T]ogether they went north and were at Silloth in August, where James picked a scarlet pimpernel to press for her album[.]

1977, K.M. Elizabeth Murray, Caught in the Web of Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 65:

Anagallis arvensis
Anagallis arvensis#Translingual

(botany) A flowering plant, Anagallis arvensis, of the Primulaceae family, having small orange flowers.


cordon

From Middle English cordon, from Middle French cordon, from Old French cordon, diminutive of corde. More at cord.

(botany) A woody plant, such as a fruit tree, pruned and trained to grow as a single stem on a support. [from 19th c.]


climbing

From Middle English clymbyng; equivalent to climb + -ing.

(botany, of a plant) That climbs; that grows upwards by gripping onto a surface.


primula

The genus Primula was named by botanist Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778) after Latin primus (“first”) because it flowers early.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Primula; the primroses.


radiant

en-adj

radiant (comparative more radiant, superlative most radiant)

more radiant (comparative)
most radiant (superlative)

From Middle English radyant, from Latin radiāns, radiantis, present participle of radiāre (“to emit rays or beams”).

(botany) Having a ray-like appearance, like the large marginal flowers of certain umbelliferous plants; said also of the cluster which has such marginal flowers.


woody

woody (comparative woodier, superlative woodiest)

woodier (comparative)
woodiest (superlative)

From Middle English woodi, wody, wodi, equivalent to wood + -y.

Subshrubs, shrubs, trees and lianas are all woody plants.

the woody parts of a plant


adnate

adnate (comparative more adnate, superlative most adnate)

more adnate (comparative)
most adnate (superlative)

From Latin adnatus, past participle of variant form of agnascor (“born or growing at or upon”).

Adnate mushroom gills are broadly attached to the stalk slightly above the bottom of the gill, with most of the gill fused to the stem.

An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament.

The ovary is more adnate to the calyx than in any other species of the genus.

1889, John Gilbert Baker, Handbook of the Bromeliaceae, page 116:

Morphologically and chemically X. isidiigera is also similar to X. australasica, but the isidia are typically thinner and more coralloid branched and the thallus more adnate in the latter species.

1995, Thomas H. Nash, Corinna Gries, J. A. Elix, A Revision of the Lichen Genus Xanthoparmelia in South America, page 61:

Morphologically, Hypotrachyna kriegeri closely resembles more adnate morphotypes of H. imbricatula.

2009, Flora Neotropica, number 104, page 88:

(botany, mycology) Linked or fused to a structure of a type different from itself; for example, attachment of a stamen to a petal is adnate, while attachment of a stamen to another stamen is connate.


escapee

(botany) A plant that has escaped from cultivation.


illegitimate

illegitimate (comparative more illegitimate, superlative most illegitimate)

more illegitimate (comparative)
most illegitimate (superlative)

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmət/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmɨt]

/ɘlɘˈdʒɘtɘmɘt/

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmeɪt/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmeɪt]

Based on Latin illegitimus; equivalent to il- + legitimate.

illegitimate union; illegitimate fertilization

[…] the legitimate unions between the two forms of the above nine species of Primula are much more fertile than the illegitimate unions; although in the latter case pollen was always taken from a distinct plant of the same form.

1877, Charles Darwin, chapter 1, in The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species:

(botany) Involving the fertilization of pistils by stamens not of their own length, in heterogonously dimorphic and trimorphic flowers.


radiate

radiate (comparative more radiate, superlative most radiate)

more radiate (comparative)
most radiate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin radiātus (see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more).

(botany) Having parts radiating from the center, like the petals in many flowers.

(botany) Consisting of a disc in which the florets are tubular.


coherent

coherent (comparative more coherent, superlative most coherent)

more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

From Middle French coherent, from Latin cohaērēns, from co- + haereō. By surface analysis, cohere + -ent.

(botany) Attaching or pressing against an organ of the same nature.


tamarind

en-noun

tamarind (countable and uncountable, plural tamarinds)

From Late Middle English thamarynde, from Old French tamarinde, from Medieval Latin tamarindus, from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, literally “Indian date”).

der

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ

Tamarindus indica
Tamarindus indica#Translingual

(botany) A tropical tree, Tamarindus indica.


neophyte

Borrowed from Latin neophytus, from Ancient Greek νεόφυτος (neóphutos, “newly planted”), from νέος (néos, “new”) + φυτόν (phutón, “plant, child”). By surface analysis, neo- + -phyte.

(botany) A plant species recently introduced to an area (in contrast to archaeophyte, a long-established introduced species).


fringe

From Middle English frenge, from Old French frenge, from Vulgar Latin *frimbia, a metathesis of Latin fimbriae (“fibers, threads, fringe”, plural), of uncertain origin. Compare German Franse and Danish frynse. Eclipsed native Middle English fnæd (“fringe”), Middle English byrd (“fringe”), Middle English fasel (“fringe”) from Old English fæs (“fringe”), and Old English fnæs (“fringe”). Doublet of fimbria.

(botany) The peristome or fringe-like appendage of the capsules of most mosses.


sebaceous

Borrowed from Latin sebaceus, from Latin sebum, from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out”), which Proto-Germanic *saipǭ ("soap") is also derived from.

a sebaceous plant secretion


running

a running vine

(botany) Extending by a slender climbing or trailing stem.


cross-pollination

en-noun

cross-pollination (countable and uncountable, plural cross-pollinations)

(botany) Fertilization by the transfer of pollen from an anther of one plant to a stigma of another.


pollination

pollination (countable and uncountable, plural pollinations)

/ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən/

(botany) The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma; effected by insects, birds, bats and the wind etc.


didymous

en-adj

didymous (comparative more didymous, superlative most didymous)

more didymous (comparative)
most didymous (superlative)

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek δίδυμος (dídumos, “twin”).

(botany, zoology) Twin, twinned; growing or occurring in pairs.


anther

From French anthère, from Ancient Greek ἀνθηρός (anthērós, “flowery, blooming”), from ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).

der

(botany) The pollen-bearing part of the stamen of a flower.


stoma

From New Latin stoma, from Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

(botany) One of the tiny pores in the epidermis of a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor pass.

estoma

botany: tiny pore in the epidermis of a leaf


calyx

From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch.

Meronym: sepal

(botany) The outermost whorl of flower parts, comprising the sepals, which covers and protects the petals as they develop.


crypt

From Latin crypta (“vault”), from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”). Doublet of grotto.

(botany) Any of the genus Cryptocoryne of aquatic plants of southern and southeastern Asia.

(botany) Any of the genus Cryptopus of orchids of Madagascar and Mauritius.


cow-tree

(botany) Any of various South American trees which, when wounded, exude a rich milky liquid.

(botany) Brosimum utile, native to Brazil and Venezuela

(botany) Couma macrocarpa of the family Apocynaceae, a tropical rain forest tree native to Colombia.

(botany) Gymnema lactiferum, native to Ceylon.

Manilkara bidentata
Manilkara bidentata#Translingual

(botany) Manilkara bidentata, native to Brazil


edema

From New Latin edema, from Ancient Greek οἴδημα (oídēma, “swelling”), from οἰδέω (oidéō, “I swell”).

(American spelling, botany) A similar swelling in plants caused by excessive accumulation of water.


stigma

From Latin stigma, from Ancient Greek στίγμα (stígma, “brand”), from στίζω (stízō, “I mark”). Distantly related to stick.

Now you see just how the stamen gets its lusty dust onto the stigma / And why this frenzied chlorophyllous orgy starts in spring is no enigma!

1982, Dennis Linde (lyrics and music), “Reproduction”, in Grease 2:

(botany) The sticky part of a flower that receives pollen during pollination.


measles

en-noun

measles pl (normally plural, singular measle)

Either from Middle Dutch masels (“blood blisters, measels”) or Middle Low German maselen (“red blemishes, measels”), both from Old High German masala (“blood blister, phlegmon”). Doublet of measlings. Cognate with mazer & mase and Middle Low German masele & māsel. Influenced in pronunciation and some senses by mesel (“leprous, leper”).

der

Their fruit-trees are subject to two diseases, the Meazels... and lowsiness.

1674, John Josselyn, An Account of Two Voyages to New-England, page 190:

(botany, obsolete) Any disease causing a tree's bark to become rough and irregular.


vesicle

From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula.

Coordinate term: acinus

en:small bladder-like structure
en:compartment within fruit

A small bladder-like cell or cavity, as:

(botany) A small sac filled with juice, one of many constituting the pulp of a fruit such as an orange, lemon, or grapefruit.


suture

From Middle English suture, from Latin sūtūra (“suture”), from suere (“sew, join or tack together”) + -tūra (forms action nouns).

af

(botany) The seam at the union of two margins in a plant.


piping

en-noun

piping (countable and uncountable, plural pipings)

(botany) A piece cut off to be set or planted; a cutting.


scorch

scorch (countable and uncountable, plural scorches)

From Middle English scorchen, scorcnen (“to make dry; parch”), perhaps an alteration of earlier *scorpnen, from Old Norse skorpna (“to shrivel up”).

(phytopathology) Brown discoloration on the leaves of plants caused by heat, lack of water or by fungi.


lanceolate

en-adj

lanceolate (comparative more lanceolate, superlative most lanceolate)

more lanceolate (comparative)
most lanceolate (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Having the general shape of a lance; much longer than wide, with the widest part lower than the middle and a pointed apex.

копиевиден

botany, mycology: longer than wide, pointed apex


heterodromous

heterodromous (comparative more heterodromous, superlative most heterodromous)

more heterodromous (comparative)
most heterodromous (superlative)

(botany) Spiralling in opposite directions on a stem or branch


cyclic

cyclic (comparative more cyclic, superlative most cyclic)

more cyclic (comparative)
most cyclic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek κυκλικός (kuklikós). Possibly from cycle + -ic.

(botany) Having parts arranged in a whorl.


heterogamous

(botany) in which the stamens and pistils are not present in every flower; i.e. there are male and female flowers

in the daisy family Asteraceae, having two types of flowers in a flower head (such as some sterile, some hermaphrodite, or some female, some hermaphrodite)


heterophyllous

(botany) Having leaves of different types upon the same plant


heteroplastic

heteroplastic (comparative more heteroplastic, superlative most heteroplastic)

more heteroplastic (comparative)
most heteroplastic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-heteroplastic.wav

(botany) Of cells possessing plastids from two or more parent cells or organisms.


heliotrope

en-noun

heliotrope (countable and uncountable, plural heliotropes)

PIE word
 *sóh₂wl̥
The noun is borrowed from French héliotrope, from Latin hēliotropium (“plant which turns to face the sun; bloodstone”), from Ancient Greek ἡλῐοτρόπῐον (hēlĭotrópĭon, “European heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum); bloodstone; solar clock, sundial”), from ἥλῐος (hḗlĭos, “the sun”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“the sun”)) + τρόπος (trópos, “a turn”) (from τρέπω (trépō, “to rotate; to turn”) (from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns from verbs)) + -ῐον (-ĭon, diminutive suffix forming nouns).
The French-derived spelling displaced Middle English elitrope, eliotropius, elitropium (“plant which turns to face the sun; bloodstone”) [and other forms], from Old English eliotropus, from Latin hēliotropium (see above); and Old English siġelhweorfa, sōlsece, and sunnfolgend (“heliotrope flower”).
Sense 6 (“synonym of bloodstone”) is from the fact that a piece of the mineral placed in water is said to change the sun’s rays to a blood-red colour: see the 1601 quotation.
The adjective is probably derived from the noun.

ref

From the B. A. Colonna collection, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A.

nb...

eliscrope, eliotropia, elitrepie, elitropius

garden heliotrope

Heliotropium arborescens or Valeriana officinalis

As they entered now, it seemed a blaze of roses and carnations, though one recognised in a moment the presence of the lily, the heliotrope, and the stock.

1870, B[enjamin] Disraeli, chapter XXIX, in Lothair. […], volume III, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 326:

Here's newyearspray, the posquiflor, a windaborne and heliotrope; there miriamsweet and amaranth and marygold to crown.

1939 May 4, James Joyce, Finnegans Wake, London: Faber and Faber Limited, →OCLC; republished London: Faber & Faber Limited, 1960, →OCLC, part III, page 561:

(countable, botany, also figuratively) A plant with flowers which turn to face and follow the sun, such as (archaic) marigolds and sunflowers.

(specifically) A plant of the genus Heliotropium, especially the common heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens) which has clusters of purple flowers with a strong fragrance.

heliotrooppi

plant of the genus Heliotropium; any of various plants resembling those of the genus Heliotropium

With a qualifying word: any of various plants resembling those of the genus Heliotropium.

In the Opale, there be obſerved alſo divers blemiſhes and imperfections as vvell as in other ſtones; namely, if the colour reſemble the floure of that hearbe vvhich is called Heliotropium, id eſt, Turneſole:[…]

[1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XXXVII.] Of the Pretious Stone Opalus, and All the Sundrie Kinds. The Faults in Them and the Means to Trie which be Good. Also Divers Sorts of Other Gems and Pretious Stones.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 2nd tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 614:

Lac[o]. Theſe forked tricks, I vnderſtand 'hem not. / VVould he vvould tell vs vvhome he loues, or hates, / That vve might follovv, vvithout feare, or doubt. / Arr[untius]. Good Heliotrope! Is this your honeſt man? / Let him be yours ſo ſtill. He is my knaue.

1603 (first performance), Ben[jamin] Jonson, Seianus His Fall, London: […] G[eorge] Elld, for Thomas Thorpe, published 1605, →OCLC, Act IV, signature [I4], verso:

AGRYPNIA, or Vigilance, […] her chaplet of Heliotropium, or turneſole; in her one hand a lampe, or creſſet, in her other a bell. The lampe ſignified ſearch and ſight, the bell vvarning. The Heliotropium care; and reſpecting her obiect.

[1604 March 25 (first performance; Gregorian calendar; published 1604), Beniamin Ionson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Part of the Kings Entertainment in Passing to His Coronation [The Coronation Triumph]”, in The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, →OCLC, pages 846–847:

Cordials. […] Flovvers of Heliotrope, […]

a. 1627 (date written), Francis Bacon, edited by [Thomas Tenison], Baconiana. Or Certain Genuine Remains of Sr. Francis Bacon, […], London: […] J. D. for Richard Chiswell, […], published 1679, →OCLC, page 166:

Flovvers in Prime, or yet laſting. […] Star-vvort, Heliotrop, French Mary-gold, […]

1664, J[ohn] E[velyn], “Kalendarium Hortense: Or, The Gard’ners Almanac; […] [August.]”, in Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions. […], London: […] Jo[hn] Martyn, and Ja[mes] Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 73:

[S]till as on the night before, slouched Ahab stood fixed within his scuttle; his hid, heliotrope glance anticipatingly gone backward on its dial; sat due eastward for the earliest sun.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “The Chase—Second Day”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 621:


ampelography

From French ampélographie, from ampelo- (“vine”) + -graphy.

She is the American apostle of Pierre Galet, a Frenchman whose internationally recognized contribution to ampelography, or the science of classifying grape vines, rests on identifying leaf design and the appearance of a vine's growing tips.

1986 August 6, Howard G. Goldberg, “Wine Talk”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, page C18:

Scientists are just now devising a genetic test to distinguish one rootstock from another. Until they do, the only recourse is the arcane art of ampelography, in which the vines are identified by physical appearance. Like art authenticators, ampelographers practice a craft that they would have others think is a science.

1993 October 17, Arthur Lubow, “What's Killing the Grapevines of Napa?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The mainstay of grapevine identification is the science of ampelography, and manuals of ampelography (Galet 1971) are the major resource for grapevine identification.

1993, Proceedings of the Eighth Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference, Volume 8, Australian Wine Research Institute, page 78:

(botany, oenology) The discipline within botany concerned with the taxonomy of cultivars in the grapevine genus, Vitis.


attenuate

en-adj

attenuate (comparative more attenuate, superlative most attenuate)

more attenuate (comparative)
most attenuate (superlative)

From Latin attenuāre, from attenuāt-, at- = ad- (“to”) + tenuāre (“to make thin”), tenuis (“thin”).

(botany, of leaves) Gradually tapering into a petiole-like extension toward the base.


apophysis

From Ancient Greek ἀπόφυσις (apóphusis, “offshoot”), from ἀπό (apó) + φύω (phúō, “to bring forth”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to exist, to grow”). Equivalent to apo- + -physis.

der

(botany) The external part of a cone scale.


petal

From Ancient Greek πέταλον (pétalon), from πέταλος (pétalos, “broad, flat”), from Proto-Hellenic *pétalos, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out”), whence Latin pandō and Proto-Germanic *faþmaz (“embrace”) (English fathom).

(botany) One of the component parts of the corolla of a flower. It applies particularly, but not necessarily only, when the corolla consists of separate parts, that is when the petals are not connately fused. Petals are often brightly colored.

kroonblaar

one of the component parts of the corolla of a flower


perpetual

/pəˈpɛtʃʊəl/

From Middle English perpetuel, from Old French perpetuel, from Latin perpetuālis (“universal”), from perpetuus, from petō.

perpetual motion machine of the first kind

perpetual motion machine of the second kind

By means of artificial hybridization, practised for a series of years, he has succeeded in producing a race of carnations which are perpetual bloomers.

The hybrid perpetual roses as a rule require to be pruned to within 4 to 6 inches of the ground.

(botany) Flowering throughout the growing season.

stedsegrøn (used with green plants; literally "ever green")


persistent

en-adj

persistent (comparative more persistent, superlative most persistent)

more persistent (comparative)
most persistent (superlative)

From Latin persistentem, present participle of persistō (“continue steadfastly”). By surface analysis, persist + -ent.

Pine cones have persistent scales.

The Jubulaceae have a leaf whose lobule, usually transformed into a water-sac, is normally very narrowly attached to the stem and to the dorsal lobe; indeed some Frullania taxa reproduce vegetatively by dropping the dorsal lobes, but not the lobules, and Neohattoria has caducous lobules but persistent lobes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) Lasting past maturity without falling off.

неопадащ

botany: lasting past maturity without falling off


orthotropic

(botany) Growing vertically, either upwards or downwards.


obverse

an obverse leaf

(botany) Having the base, or end next to the attachment, narrower than the top.


gymnosperm

from Ancient Greek γυμνός (gumnós, “naked”) + σπέρμα (spérma, “seed”). By surface analysis, gymno- + sperm.

Like cycads — their gymnosperm relatives — and ferns, the ginkgo produces motile sperm.

2015 October 29, Dave Taft, “The Female Ginkgo Tree’s Acrid Smell of Success”, in The New York Times:

The palynoassemblage is rich in angiosperm taxa (45.63%) followed by gymnosperms (0.45%), pteridophytes (18.49%) and fungal remains (23.88%).

2016 March 2, “Depositional Environment of Mio-Pliocene Siwalik Sedimentary Strata from the Darjeeling Himalayan Foothills, India: A Palynological Approach”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) Any plant such as a conifer whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.


seminiferous

seminiferous (comparative more seminiferous, superlative most seminiferous)

more seminiferous (comparative)
most seminiferous (superlative)

From (the stem of) Latin sēmen (“semen”) + -iferous.


angiosperm

From Ancient Greek ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “receptacle”) + σπέρμα (spérma, “seed”), equivalent to angio- + sperm.

der

As with the Lejeuneaceae, this pattern of massive speciation appears to be correlated with the Cretaceous explosion of the angiosperms and the simultaneous creation of a host of new microenvironments, differing in humidity, light intensity, texture, etc.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 3-4:

The notion of magnoliaceans as the most primitive living angiosperms, justified or not, does not mean that all their characters, including multilacunar nodal anatomy and the lack of tannins, are primary.

1997, Valentin A. Krassilov, Angiosperm Origins: Morphological and Ecological Aspects, page 134:

2009, Xin Wang, 3: New Fossils and New Hope for the Origin of Angiosperms, Pierre Pontarotti, Evolutionary Biology: Concept, Modeling, and Application, page 55,
With all these features, it is pretty easy for one to identify an angiosperm. This is a very normal and common practice for neobotanists. However, the situation becomes complicated when you go back to the early history of angiosperms.

(botany) Any plant of the clade Angiosperms, characterized by having ovules enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant.


partial

en-adj

partial (comparative more partial, superlative most partial)

more partial (comparative)
most partial (superlative)

From Middle English partiall, parcial, from Old French parcial (“biased or particular”), from Late Latin partiālis (“of or pertaining to a part”), from Latin pars (“part”).


gravitropism

(biology, botany) a plant's ability to change its growth in response to gravity


multiplex

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-multiplex.wav

From multi- + -plex or multi- + complex.

(botany) Having petals lying in folds over each other.


one-sided

en-adj

one-sided (comparative more one-sided, superlative most one-sided)

more one-sided (comparative)
most one-sided (superlative)


cactus

en-noun

cactus (plural cacti or cactuses or cactusses or cactus)

cacti (plural)
cactuses (plural)
cactusses (plural)
cactus (plural)

→ Welsh: cactws

From Latin cactus, from Ancient Greek κάκτος (káktos, “cardoon”), possibly of Pre-Greek origin.

fishhook cactus

Mammillaria, Echinomastus, and Sclerocactus spp.

hedgehog cactus

Pediocactus, Echinocereus, and Echinopsis spp.

ladyfinger cactus (Mammillaria elongata,

pitahaya cactus Acanthocereus tetragonus

Steinbach's crown cactus (Rebutia steinbachii

On the mountains a few junipers and piñons are found, and cactuses, agave, and yuccas, low, fleshy plants with bayonets and thorns.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

This was another experimental garden started under Dr. Berry as a ‘Nopalry’ or place for the rearing of the cochineal insect on cacti, which however, became a sort of experimental garden where exotic plants were received as they arrived in the Port of Madras and were nursed and looked after until they could be despatched to the interior stations.

1960, A. K. Yegna Narayan Aiyer, P. Abraham, Cultivation of Cloves in India (I.C.A.R. Bulletin), New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, →OCLC, page 5:

Three years later, the unwatered cactus was still about two feet tall, a dark green color. The watered cactus was a paler green, its trunk visibly swollen with moisture. It had grown to be over five feet tall.

2013, Leslie Morgan Steiner, The Baby Chase:

(botany) Any member of the family Cactaceae, a family of flowering New World succulent plants suited to a hot, semi-desert climate.


ovulate

From ovul(e) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

Ovulate flowers are usually isolated by enclosing them individually or in clusters in pollenproof bags […]

1948, W. C. Cumming, Francis Irving Righter, Methods Used to Control Pollination of Pines in the Sierra Nevada of California, page 3:

(botany) Containing, or bearing, an ovule.


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).

noncog

(botany and zoology) Later or subsequent.


ovule

Borrowed from French ovule (“ovum”), from Latin ōvum (“egg”). Doublet of ovolo.

(botany) The structure in a plant that develops into a seed after fertilization; the megasporangium of a seed plant with its enclosing integuments.

ডিম্বক

botany: structure that develops into a seed


carnivorous

en-adj

carnivorous (comparative more carnivorous, superlative most carnivorous)

more carnivorous (comparative)
most carnivorous (superlative)

(botany) Insectivorous: capable of trapping insects and absorbing nutrient from them.


ovary

From New Latin ovarium, from Medieval Latin ovaria (“bird ovary”), from Latin ovum (“egg”). Doublet of ovarium.

(botany) The lower part of a pistil or carpel that bears ovules and ripens into fruit.


nervous

nervous (comparative more nervous, superlative most nervous)

more nervous (comparative)
most nervous (superlative)

Baths of Caracalla
Farnese Hercules
National Archaeological Museum, Naples

From Middle English nervous (“composed of or incorporating nerves”), from Latin nervōsus (“nervous; sinewy; energetic, vigorous”), from nervus (“nerve; muscle; sinew, tendon; (figuratively) energy, power; nerve; force, strength, vigour”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). The English word is analysable as nerve + -ous.

refn

From R. Lawton Roberts (1888) “Lecture I”, in Illustrated Lectures on Ambulance Work, 3rd edition, London: H. K. Lewis, […], →OCLC, figure 3, page 20.

From the collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Naples in Italy.

der

nervous as a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs

CANNACORUS, […] It hath a knobbed tuberoſe Root: The Leaves are long and nervous: […]

1733, Philip Miller, “CANNACORUS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:


tassel

From Middle English tassel, from Old French tassel, from Latin taxillus (“small cube”), from tālus (“ankle”).

(botany) The panicle on a male plant of maize, which consists of loose threads with anthers on them.


tassel

en-verb

tassel (third-person singular simple present tassels, present participle tasselling or tasseling, simple past and past participle tasselled or tasseled)

tassels (present singular third-person)
tasselling (participle present)
tasseling (participle present)
tasselled (participle past)
tasselled (past)
tasseled (participle past)
tasseled (past)

Maize is a crop that tassels.

(intransitive, botany) To put forth a tassel or flower.


wilt

en-noun

wilt (countable and uncountable, plural wilts)

Recorded since 1691, probably an alteration of welk, itself from Middle English welken, presumed from Middle Dutch (preserved in modern inchoative verwelken) or Middle Low German welken (“to wither”), cognate with Old High German irwelhen (“to become soft”).

cog

(phytopathology) Any of various plant diseases characterized by wilting.


cordate

en-adj

cordate (comparative more cordate, superlative most cordate)

more cordate (comparative)
most cordate (superlative)

From Latin cor(d) (“heart”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany) Heart-shaped, with a point at the apex and a notch at the base.


periderm

(botany) The outer layer of plant tissue comprising the phellem, phellogen and the phelloderm.


urn

From Middle English urne, from Old French urne, from Latin urna (“vessel”). Doublet of urna.

(botany) A hollow body shaped like an urn, in which the spores of mosses are contained; a spore case; a theca.


duplicate

en-noun

duplicate (countable and uncountable, plural duplicates)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplicātus, perfect passive participle of duplicō.

Each collection, which may be a unicate or several specimens as duplicates in several herbaria, constitutes a record in the Conifer Database.

2013, Aljos Farjon, Denis Filer, An Atlas of the World's Conifers: An Analysis of their Distribution, Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Status, Koninklijke Brill, →ISBN, page 3:

(botany, zoology) A biological specimen that was gathered alongside another specimen and represents the same species.


xenogamy

From Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “stranger”) + γάμος (gámos, “marriage”). By surface analysis, xeno- + -gamy.

(botany) The transfer of pollen from the anthers of one plant to the stigma of another; cross-pollination.


undulate

en-adj

undulate (comparative more undulate, superlative most undulate)

more undulate (comparative)
most undulate (superlative)

/ˈʌnd͡ʒəlɪt/

/ˈʌnd͡ʒʊlɪt/

/ˈʌnd͡ʒələt/

Borrowed from Late Latin undulātus (“undulated”), from an unattested *undula (“small wave”), diminutive of Latin unda (“wave”).

(botany, of a margin) sinuous, winding up and down.


rugose

rugose (comparative more rugose, superlative most rugose)

more rugose (comparative)
most rugose (superlative)

Petraea foliis rugosis ovatis. The oval, rugose-leaved Petraea. The root is brachiated; the shrub rises to ten feet high: the leaves are three inches long, an inch and a half broad, even at the edges, and very rough to the touch: (Note: In modern nomenclature, the plant in question probably is Petrea rugosa, as the spelling "Petraea" does not seem to match any extant genus,)

1751, anonymous author, A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions Of The Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Of the Different Parts of the World, Thomas Osborne, pages 261–:

The original leaves were flat and very rugose, and almost hid by the numerous single-stemmed flowers; while the leaves produced in the umbellate state were larger, more upright, and less wrinkled.

1866, Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Transactions of the Botanical Society, pages 459–:

(botany) Having a rough, wrinkled, or wavy surface; commonly in parasynthetic usage e.g. "rugose-veined" or "rugose-leaved".


umbelliferous

(botany) Pertaining to a member of the family Umbelliferae.

сенникоцветен

pertaining to a member of the family Umbelliferae


villus

Borrowed from Latin villus (“shaggy hair”).

bor+

(botany) One of the fine soft hairs on fruits, flowers, and other parts of plants.


umbilicus

en-noun

umbilicus (plural umbilici or umbilicuses)

Borrowed from Latin umbilīcus (“navel”).


inflorescence

inflorescence (countable and uncountable, plural inflorescences)

/ˌɪnflɔːˈɹɛsəns/

From Latin inflōrēscentia, from inflōrēscō (“I begin to flower”), inchoative verb of flōreō (“I flower”).

(botany) Flower cluster; a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches.


chalaza

From Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hailstone, lump”).

der

(botany) The location where the nucellus attaches to the integuments, opposite the micropyle.


voluble

en-adj

voluble (comparative more voluble, superlative most voluble)

more voluble (comparative)
most voluble (superlative)

From Middle French volubile, from Latin volūbilis (“rolling”), from volvō (“roll”).

(botany) Twisting and turning like a vine.


campana

(obsolete, botany) A bell-shaped flower, particularly the pasque flower.


lymph

en-noun

lymph (usually uncountable, plural lymphs)

Borrowing from French lymphe and/or Latin lympha (“clear water”), from Ancient Greek νῠ́μφη (nŭ́mphē, “bride; spring water”). Doublet of nymph.

der

(obsolete, literary) Pure water.
(archaic, botany) The sap of plants.


undated

en-adj

undated (comparative more undated, superlative most undated)

more undated (comparative)
most undated (superlative)

From Latin undatus, past participle of undare (“to rise in waves, to wave, to undulate”).

(botany) Rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a leaf; waved.


napiform

napiform (comparative more napiform, superlative most napiform)

more napiform (comparative)
most napiform (superlative)

The primary root is transformed into an^([sic]) perennating storage root, which is tuberous or napiform and then often branched, […]

2007, K. Kubitzki, editor, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, volume IX, page 265:

(botany) Shaped like a turnip; spherical at the top, but with a tapering bottom.


hoary

hoary (comparative hoarier, superlative hoariest)

hoarier (comparative)
hoariest (superlative)

Possibly from Middle English *hori (suggested by horilocket (“hoary-locked, having hoary locks or curls”)), equivalent to hoar + -y. Alternatively, Middle English horilocket may represent Middle English hor (“hoar, hoary”) + ilocket (“locked”) rather than hori (“hoary”) + locket (“locked”).

(botany) Covered with short, dense, greyish white hairs.


plume

From Late Middle English plum, plume (“feather; plumage”), from Anglo-Norman plum, plume f and Middle French, Old French plume f, plome (“plumage; down used for stuffing pillows, etc.; pen, quill”) (modern French plume f (“feather; pen, quill; pen nib; (figurative) writer”)), and directly from its etymon Latin plūma f (“feather; plumage; down”) (compare Late Latin plūma f (“pen, quill”)), from Proto-Italic *plouksmā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly; to flow; to run; to flap with hands; to splash”).
The English word is a doublet of pluma.

der

(botany) A large and flexible panicle of an inflorescence resembling a feather, such as is seen in certain large ornamental grasses.


dehisce

en-verb

dehisce (third-person singular simple present dehisces, present participle dehiscing, simple past and past participle dehisced)

dehisces (present singular third-person)
dehiscing (participle present)
dehisced (participle past)
dehisced (past)

From Latin de- + hisco (“to split”), from hiare (“to be open”); related to hiatus.

Anthers dehisce when the flower opens.

(intransitive, botany) To burst or split open at definite places, discharging seeds, pollen or similar content.


palmate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-palmate.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin palmātus (“hand-shaped, palm-leaf shaped”), from palma (“palm, palm-tree”). Equivalent to palm + -ate (adjective-forming suffix). Compare French palmé.

lbor

Although palmate leaves are typical of most Western maples, a number of species have leaves without lobes.

(chiefly botany) Having three or more lobes or veins arising from a common point.

длановиден

botany: having three or more lobes or veins arising from a common point

The horse chestnut, buckeye and hickory trees have palmate leaves. That is, the broad oval leaflets are all set around the tip of a common leaf stem, spreading in a circle, like the ribs of a palm leaf fan.

1909, Eleanor Stockhouse Atkinson, “In the Tree Tops”, in The How and Why Library:

(botany, of leaves) Having more than three leaflets arising from a common point, often in the form of a fan.

sormiliuskainen

botany: having more than three leaflets arising from a common point


frond

Borrowed from Latin frons, frond- (“leafy branch”).

(botany) The leaf of a fern, especially a compound leaf.


paripinnate

(botany) pinnate with a pair of leaflets at the apex


even-pinnate

(botany) pinnate with an even number of leaflets at the apex


odd-pinnate

(botany) pinnate with a single leaflets at the apex

oneven geveerd

pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex


imparipinnate

Borrowed from Latin impar (“unequal”) + English pinnate.

(botany) pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex


transpiration

en-noun

transpiration (countable and uncountable, plural transpirations)

Borrowed from Middle French transpiration, from Medieval Latin transpiratio, from transpiro, from Latin trans + spiro.

(botany) The loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants, especially through the stomata; accompanied by a corresponding uptake from the roots.

蒸騰 /蒸腾

botany: the loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants


labiate

en-adj

labiate (comparative more labiate, superlative most labiate)

more labiate (comparative)
most labiate (superlative)

(botany, of flowers such as the snapdragon) Having the corolla divided into two liplike parts.

huulimainen

having corolla divided into two liplike parts

(botany) of, or belonging to the mint family (Labiatae, now Lamiaceae).


labiate

(botany) A plant of the mint family (Labiatae)


summit

PIE word
 *upó
The noun is derived from Late Middle English somet, somete (“head, top”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman sumet and Middle French sommet (masculine), somete, sommette (“top of a thing; highest point of a mountain”) (feminine) (modern French sommet), from Old French somet, sommette, from som, sum (“highest point, summit”) + -et (suffix forming diminutive masculine nouns), -ete, -ette (suffix forming diminutive feminine nouns). Som, sum are derived from Latin summum (“top, summit”), a noun use of the neuter of summus (“greatest, highest; top, uppermost”, adjective) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upó (“below, under”) + *-m̥mós, *-tm̥mós (“suffix forming superlative adjectives”)). The modern English spelling was influenced by summity (“height or top of a thing; utmost degree, perfection”) (obsolete).
The verb is derived from the noun.

der

anther

The topmost point or surface of a thing; the apex, the peak.

(botany) Synonym of anther (“the pollen-bearing part of the stamen of a flower”); also (rare), synonym of stigma (“the sticky part of a flower that receives pollen during pollination”)


claw

From Middle English clawe, from Old English clawu, from Proto-Germanic *klawō. Compare West Frisian klau, Dutch klauw, German Klaue, Danish klo, Norwegian klo, and Swedish klo.

a narrow base, as the petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short

1857, Asa Gray, First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology:

(botany) A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, such as the base of petals of the pink.


rib

From Middle English rib, ribbe, from Old English ribb (“rib”), from Proto-West Germanic *ribi, from Proto-Germanic *ribją (“rib, reef”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ- (“arch, ceiling, cover”).
Cognate with Dutch rib (“rib”), Norwegian ribbe (“sparerib”), Norwegian ribben (“rib”), Low German ribbe (“rib”), German Rippe (“rib”), Old Norse rif (“rib, reef”), Serbo-Croatian rèbro (“rib”).
(wife or woman): In reference to the creation of Eve from Adam's rib in the Bible.

(botany) The main, or any of the prominent veins of a leaf.


rib

From Middle English ribbe, from Old English ribbe (“hound's-tongue”).

(botany) Hound's-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale).

Tanacetum balsamita
Tanacetum balsamita#Translingual

(botany) Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita).

Nasturtium officinale
Nasturtium officinale#Translingual

(botany) Watercress (Nasturtium officinale).


pubescent

en-adj

pubescent (comparative more pubescent, superlative most pubescent)

more pubescent (comparative)
most pubescent (superlative)

From Middle French pubescent, from Latin pubescens (“to become hairy, downy, or an adult”).

uder

(botany, zoology) Covered with down or fine hairs.


patent

en-adj

patent (comparative more patent, superlative most patent)

more patent (comparative)
most patent (superlative)

From Middle English patent, patente (“wide open; clear, unobstructed; unlimited; of a document: available for public inspection”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman and Middle French patent (modern French patent), and directly from their etymon Latin patēns (“open; accessible, passable; evident, manifest; exposed, vulnerable”), the present active participle of pateō (“to be open; to be accessible, attainable; to be exposed, vulnerable; of frontiers or land: to extent, increase”), from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out; to fly”).

der

[ˈpʰæ̝ʔn̩t̚]

[ˈpʰe̞ɪʔn̩t̚]

(botany) Of a branch, leaf, etc.: outspread; also, spreading at right angles to the axis.


reseda

From French réséda, from Latin resēda, said by Pliny the Elder (23–79 C.E.) to be from resēdāre (“to soothe”), from re- (“again”) + sēdāre (“to assuage, calm”)), an allusion to the healing properties of the plant.

Reſeda […] An herbe that hath a ſtalke like knots and joynts, a leafe like a nettle, and white in the middle.

[1640, John Rider, Francis Holy-Oke [i.e., Francis Holyoake], “Reseda”, in Riders Dictionarie, Corrected and Augmented with the Addition of Many Hundred Words Both out of the Law, and out of the Latine, French, and Other Languages, such as Were and Are with Us in Common Use, but Never Printed till Now, to the Perfecting of the Worke. …, London: Imprinted by Felix Kingston for Iohn Waterson, →OCLC:

This genus of plants, of which we have twelve species, was named Reseda by the ancients, from resedare to assuage, because some of the species were esteemed good for mitigating pains; and we learn from Pliny, that the Reseda was considered to possess even the power of charming away many disorders. He tells us […] that when it was used to resolve swellings, or to assuage inflammations, it was the custom to repeat the following words, thrice spitting on the ground at each repetition:— / "Reseda, cause these maladies to cease: knowest thou, knowest thou, who hath driven these pullets here? Let the roots have neither head nor foot."

1850 September, “Flora Historica” [pseudonym], “MIGNONETTE.—RESEDA ODORATA.”, in Joseph Harrison, editor, The Floricultural Cabinet, and Florists’ Magazine, volume XVIII, number 45 (New Series), London: Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria Lane, →OCLC, page 223:

A little work on bees which I read some time ago, states that bees collect pollen only on flowers of the same species, in order not to mix the pollen of different flowers together, and I have several times observed this statement as perfectly true during the time when resedas, roses, and geraniums adorned a bed close to a bee-hive. The same bee or humble-bee which had been on a reseda would only visit resedas, another only geraniums, &c.

1877, “Blanche”, “[Notes and Queries.] Fertilization of Flowers.”, in J[ohn] E[llor] Taylor, editor, Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip: An Illustrated Medium of Interchange and Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature, volume XIII, London: Hardwicke & Bogue, 192, Piccadilly, →OCLC, page 21:

Reseda luteola
Reseda luteola#Translingual

Reseda odorata
Reseda odorata#Translingual

(botany) Any of various plants of the genus Reseda having small, pale grayish green flowers, such as dyer's rocket (Reseda luteola) and mignonette (Reseda odorata).

About the middle of this month, if the ſeaſon proves favourable, you may plant out your hardy annuals, ſuch as Marvel of Peru, Sweet Sultan, China After or Starwort, Sweet Reſeda called Mignonette d'Egypt, French and African Marigolds, Female Balſamine, Capſicum, Brown Jolly, and ſeveral other ſorts, which, if artfully diſpoſed, will afford an agreeable pleaſure, after the beauty of ſpring is paſt; […]

1757, Philip Miller, “May”, in The Gardeners Kalendar; Directing what Works are Necessary to be Done Every Month in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleasure-Gardens, as also in the Conservatory and Nursery. With Accounts I. Of the Particular Seasons for the Propagation of All Sorts of Esculent Plants and Fruits, with the Seasons wherein Each Sort is Proper for the Table. II. Of All Sorts of Trees, Plants, and Flowers, with the Time of Their Flowering in Each Month, 11th edition, London: Printed by Charles Rivington, for John Rivington, at the Bible and Crown, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; and James Rivington and James Fletcher, at the Oxford-Theatre, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC, page 146:

Reseda or mignonette is grown in the Grasse region [of France]. The tendency for green notes in recent years has given fresh interest to the reseda note. Absolute oil of reseda has an odour recalling that of violet leaves, but with a rather fine 'powdery' background and a suggestion of rose and a little basil.

[2003], H. Panda, “Raw Materials: Products of Natural Origin”, in The Complete Technology Book on Herbal Perfumes & Cosmetics, New Delhi: Ajay Kr. Gupta, National Institute of Industrial Research, →ISBN, page 92:

(botany, horticulture, specifically) Mignonette (Reseda odorata).


anandrous

From Ancient Greek ἄνανδρος (ánandros). Equivalent to an- + -androus.

(botany) Lacking stamens; devoid of male parts in plants


lurid

en-adj

lurid (comparative more lurid, superlative most lurid)

more lurid (comparative)
most lurid (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin lūridus (“pale yellow, wan”).

a lurid plant with maroon leaves and pink flowers

(botany) Having a brown colour tinged with red.


inserted

(botany) Attached to or growing out of some part.


astragalus

From Latin astragalus, from Ancient Greek ἀστράγαλος (astrágalos), q.v. Doublet of astragal.

(botany) Synonym of milkvetch: a plant of the genus Astragalus.


phalange

Borrowed from Middle French phalange. Doublet of phalanx, planch, plancha, planche, and plank.

doublet

(botany) A bundle of stamens joined by their filaments.


blight

en-noun

blight (countable and uncountable, plural blights)

The etymology of the noun is uncertain; suggested derivations include the following:
* possibly related to Middle English blichening (“mildew or rust on grain, blight”), possibly related to Middle English bliken (“to gleam, shine; to turn pale”), from Old English blīcan (“to shine, sparkle”) (whence modern English blike (“(obsolete) to gleam, shine”); also compare Old Norse blikna (“to grow pallid”)), from Proto-West Germanic *blīkan (“to shine”), from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną (“to gleam, shine”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”); or
* since sense 2.2 is a diseased condition of the skin, possibly from Middle English *bleighte, *bleȝte, from Old English blǣcþa (“leprosy”) (related to blǣċe (“an itching skin-disease”) and blǣċo (“leprosy; paleness”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“pale; white”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”). If so, the word is a doublet of bleak.
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

Proceed, inhuman Parent in thy Scorn; / Root up my Trees, vvith Blites deſtroy my Corn; / My Vineyards Ruin, and my Sheepfolds burn.

1697, Virgil, “The Fourth Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 136, lines 467–469:

As ſudden blights corrupt the ripen'd grain, / And of its verdure ſpoil the mournful plain; / So hapleſs love on blooming features preys, / So hapleſs love deſtroys our peaceful days.

1720, John Gay, “[Miscellanies.] Panthea. An Elegy.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, volume II, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], and Bernard Lintot, […], →OCLC, page 388, lines 337–340:

Some there are vvho imagine the moſt deſtructive Blights vvhich attend Fruit-Trees, are produc'd by ſmall Shovvers of Rain, or vvhite Hoar-Froſts falling upon the Bloſſoms of Fruit-trees, vvhich being ſucceeded by cold North or Eaſterly VVinds, or froſty Mornings, are the Occaſion of the frequent Blights vvhich happen in the Spring Seaſon: […]

1733, Philip Miller, “BLIGHTS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:

A blight in 1855–56 set back the industry, many plantations being ruined and then given over to sugar cane. After the blight had disappeared, the plantations were re-established, and prosperity continued for years.

1922, William H[arrison] Ukers, “Cultivation of the Coffee Plant”, in All About Coffee, New York, N.Y.: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, →OCLC, page 241, column 1:

A diseased condition suffered by a plant; specifically, a complete and rapid chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as floral organs, leaves, branches, or twigs, especially one caused by a fungus; a mildew, a rust, a smut.

главня

type of diseased condition of a plant — see also mildew, rust, smut

The cause of such a condition, often unseen but believed to be airborne; specifically, a bacterium, a virus, or (especially) a fungus; also, an aphid which attacks fruit trees.


blight

en-verb

blight (third-person singular simple present blights, present participle blighting, simple past and past participle blighted)

blights (present singular third-person)
blighting (participle present)
blighted (participle past)
blighted (past)
blight (infinitive)

But if it happens, as ſometimes it does, that this Vapour bears up along vvith it any noxious mineral Steams, it then blasts Vegetables, eſpecially thoſe vvhich are more young and tender: blights Corn and Fruits: and is ſometimes injurious even to Men vvho chance to be then abroad in the Fields.

1695, John Woodward, “Part IV. Of the Origin and Formation of Metalls and Minerals.”, in An Essay toward a Natural History of the Earth: And Terrestrial Bodies, Especially Minerals: […], London: […] Ric[hard] Wilkin […], →OCLC, pages 212–213:

In your eye there is death, / There is frost on your breath / Which would blight the plants.

1830 June, Alfred Tennyson, “The Poet’s Mind”, in Poems. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 51:

Oh, Love! like the blast of the desert thou blightest / The fairest of flowers with thy venomous breath.

1840 August, “The Talisman”, in The Citizen; a Monthly Journal of Politics, Literature, and Art, volume II, number X, Dublin: Machen and Company, […]; London: Simpkin and Marshall, and Richard Groombridge, →OCLC, stanza IV, page 157:

Much is permitted to the power of spirits, so that, being unseen and unperceived, they appear rather in their effects than in their acts: as when some lurking evil in the air blighteth the fruit or grain in the blossom, killeth it in the blade, woundeth it in its full growth, and when the atmosphere tainted in some secret way poureth over the earth its pestilential vapours.

1842, Tertullian, “The Book of Apology against the Heathen”, in C[harles] Dodgson, transl., edited by E[dward] B[ouverie] P[usey], Tertullian (A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, […]; 10), volume I (Apologetic and Practical Treatises), Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: J. G. F. and J. Rivington, →OCLC, pages 54–55:

(phytopathology) To affect the fertility or growth of (a plant) with a blight (noun sense 1.1), especially one caused by a fungus; to blast, to mildew, to smut.

antaa ruostetauti

to affect the fertility or growth of (a plant) with a blight


capitate

From Latin capitatus (“having a head”), from caput (“head”).

1884 A. de Bary Comparative Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs of the Phanerogams and Ferns. Oxford University Press
Capitate hairs occur on most leaf-forming plants, especially Dicotyledons and Ferns, as a rule in company with non-glandular hairs. It is true they are absent from many large groups... To this category belong in the first place the great majority of the universally distributed glandular hairs ... Meanwhile we need only remark here, that the glandular hairs are characterised by no special form, but rather by definite properties of the cell walls; therefore the terms capitate and glandular hair are not equivalent. In the case of many capitate hairs, it is as yet uncertain whether they possess the characteristic properties of glandular hairs...

Capitate antennae are thin through most of the structure, then abruptly widen, so it looks like the head of a pin sitting on the end of the antennae. This antennal shape is commonly found in butterflies.

2020 Jason H. Byrd, Jeffery K. Tomberlin (eds) Forensic Entomology ISBN: 978-0-815-35016-3

(botany, zoology) Topped with a dense, head-like cluster, such as the inflorescences of composites or the antennae of some insects.


glaucous

en-adj

glaucous (comparative more glaucous, superlative most glaucous)

more glaucous (comparative)
most glaucous (superlative)

From Latin glaucus, from Ancient Greek γλαυκός (glaukós, “blue-green, blue-grey”), 1670s. See Irish glas.

der

(botany) Covered with a bloom or a pale powdery covering, regardless of colour.

мъхест

covered with a bloom or a pale powdery covering, regardless of colour


uncinate

From Latin uncīnātus, from uncīnus (“hook, barb”).


capsule

Borrowed from French capsule, from Latin capsula, diminutive of capsa (“box”).

(botany) A type of simple, dehiscent, dry fruit (seed-case) produced by many species of flowering plants, such as poppy, lily, orchid, willow and cotton.

The epidermal cells of the capsule wall of Jubulopsis, with nodose "trigones" at the angles, are very reminiscent of what one finds in Frullania spp.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 4-5:

(botany) A sporangium, especially in bryophytes.


nervure

(botany, now rare) Any of the veins that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ.


phytotomy

Phytotomy, or anatomy of plants

1821, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, K. Sprengel, anonymous translator, Elements of the Philosophy of Plants, translation of original in German:

Having often been asked for the names of the plants in which these crystals may be most conveniently examined and distinguished, probably a short list of them, with a few explanatory remarks, would be useful to the students of this interesting and too much neglected branch of microscopic phytotomy.

1877, George Gulliver, “List of Plants which afford Raphides, Sphæraphides, Long Crystal Prisms, and Short Prismatic Crystals”, in Henry Lawson, editor, The Monthly Microscopical Journal:

Anatomy may be divided into two great classes, Phytotomy, or vegetable anatomy, and Zoötomy, or animal anatomy.

1895, William Darling, The Essentials of Anatomy:

(botany, dated) The study of the internal structures of plants.


hypodermis

en-noun

hypodermis (plural hypodermes or hypodermises)

hypodermes (plural)
hypodermises (plural)

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(botany) A layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis.


dabai

(botany) Sarawak olive (Canarium odontophyllum)


hypophysis

From Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + φύσις (phúsis, “nature”), from φύω (phúō, “to bring forth”).

All the cells of the suspensor, except one, are eventually crushed and obliterated by the growing embryo; this fortunate cell known as the hypophysis is the one in immediate contact with the embryo and plays an important role in the formation of the root apex.

1995, Trevor A. Thorpe, In Vitro Embryogenesis in Plants, Springer, →ISBN, page 85:

(botany) The top cell of the suspensor in a dicot embryo, which will differentiate to form part of the root cap.


attached

en-adj

attached (comparative more attached, superlative most attached)

more attached (comparative)
most attached (superlative)

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe ranges from attached to almost decurrent.

(botany, mycology) Broadly joined to a stem or stipe, but not decurrent.

kiintynyt

broadly joined to a stem or stipe, but not decurrent


rhizome

From rhiz- + -ome. As philosophical metaphor, used by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.

All these species are climbing, briery plants, having long slender roots, which proceed in all directions from a common rootstalk or rhizome.

1868, George Bacon Wood, A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology, Or Materia Medica, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, page 432:

(botany) A horizontal, underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots (scions) from its nodes.

kökümsov

horizontal underground stem of some plants


areola

en-noun

areola (plural areolas or areolae or areolæ)

areolas (plural)
areolae (plural)
areolæ (plural)

/ˌæ.ɹiˈəʊ.lə/

Borrowed from Latin āreola (“small vacant space, garden”), diminutive of ārea. Doublet of areole.

bor

(botany) Any of the small spaces between fibres of the tissues of certain lichens.

Every pulvillus or areola is studded with from six to eight spines... From these pulvilli, also called spiniferous areola, or very close to it, burst the young bud or flower. If the latter, it is then called the floriferous areola, and the point where the epidermis bursts is of a deep pink tinge.

1876 Richard E. Kunzé Cereus bonplandii (Parmet). Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York p.129

(botany) Small patches, bearing the spines and glochids characteristic of the stems of cacti.


rupture

en-verb

rupture (third-person singular simple present ruptures, present participle rupturing, simple past and past participle ruptured)

ruptures (present singular third-person)
rupturing (participle present)
ruptured (participle past)
ruptured (past)

Borrowed from Middle French rupture, or its source, Latin ruptūra (“a breaking, rupture (of a limb or vein)”) and Medieval Latin ruptūra (“a road, a field, a form of feudal tenure, a tax, etc.”), from the participle stem of rumpere (“to break, burst”).

der

(botany, intransitive) To dehisce irregularly.


truss

From Middle English trusse, from Old French trousse, torse. Doublet of torse and trousse.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-truss.wav

(botany) A tuft of flowers or cluster of fruits formed at the top of the main stem of certain plants.


CAM

crassulacean acid metabolism
w:crassulacean acid metabolism

(botany) Initialism of crassulacean acid metabolism.


senescence

en-noun

senescence (usually uncountable, plural senescences)

(botany) Fruit senescence, leading to ripening of fruit.

kypsyminen

botany: fruit senescence, leading to ripening of fruit


marcescent

From Latin marcescens, present participle of marcescere.

How often is the flower of human life marcescent, tenacious of its old estate when the blooming-time is past.

a. 1893, Edith M. Thomas, The Undertime of the Year, published in The Atlantic Monthly, volume 72 (October 1893), page 452

“But,” she answered, “granting that Mon Cul is a remarkable creature, that he is the elder statesman among monkeys, that his marcescent eyelids have opened upon sights and splendors about which the most romantic among us only dream,[…]”

1990, Tom Robbins, Another Roadside Attraction, page 75:

(botany, of an organ such as a leaf or blossom; rarely also figurative) Withered, but still attached.


syllepsis

syllepsis (countable and uncountable, plural syllepses)

From Latin syllepsis, from Ancient Greek σύλληψις (súllēpsis), from συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō).

(botany) Growth in which lateral branches develop from a lateral meristem, without the formation of a bud or period of dormancy, when the lateral meristem is split from a terminal meristem.


packet

From Middle English pacquet; either from Middle French pacquet, or formed independently from pak and -et.

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…].

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

(botany) A specimen envelope containing small, dried plants or containing parts of plants when attached to a larger sheet.


apomixis

apomixis (countable and uncountable, plural apomixes)

From German Apomixis, from apo- + mixis.

(botany) Plant reproduction without fertilization.

(botany) Plant reproduction without fertilization, meiosis, or the production of gametes.

apomixie

plant reproduction without fertilization, meiosis, or the production of gametes


amphora

amphora (plural amphoras or amphorae or amphorai)

amphoras (plural)
amphorae (plural)
amphorai (plural)

/æmˈfɔ(ː)ɹə/

From Latin amphora (“large wine vessel, Roman unit of liquid measure”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, Greek units of liquid measure”), ultimately from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸 (a-pi-po-re-we, “carried on both sides”).

der

(botany) A lower valve of a fruit that opens transversely.


sinus

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus (“a bent surface, curve, hollow”). Doublet of sine.

lbor

(botany) A rounded notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of a leaf or petal.


tubercle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tubercle.wav

tubercle

wartlike protuberance on the roots of some plants

(botany) A small rounded wartlike protuberance of the roots of some leguminous plants; the lip of certain orchids, cacti.


pitcher

From Middle English picher, from Old French pichier, pechier (“small jug”), bichier (compare modern French pichet), from Late Latin or Medieval Latin pīcārium, alteration of bīcārium, itself possibly from bacarium, bacar or from Ancient Greek βῖκος (bîkos). Doublet of beaker.

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

(botany) A tubular or cuplike appendage or expansion of the leaves of certain plants. See pitcher plant.


glume

From Latin gluma (“husk of grain”). The root can also be seen in glubere (“to peel”).

[T]he glume in some alpine grasses, and the scales of the ament in the salix rosea, rose-willow, grow into leaves; and produce other kinds of monsters.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

(botany) A basal, membranous, outer sterile husk or bract in the flowers of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae).


stipule

From French, from Latin stipula (“stalk (of hay), straw”).

(botany) A basal appendage of a typical leaf of a flowering plant, usually appearing paired beside the petiole although sometimes absent or highly modified.


involucre

Borrowed from French involucre, from Latin involūcrum (“wrapper”). Doublet of involucrum.

(botany) Conspicuous bract, bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence.


perianth

From French périanthe, from New Latin perianthium.

(botany) The sterile parts of a flower; collectively, the sepals and petals (or tepals).

Archegonia are surrounded early in their development by the juvenile perianth, through the slender beak of which the elongated neck of the fertilized archegonium protrudes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany, bryology) The sterile, tubelike tissue that surrounds the female reproductive structure in a leafy liverwort.


apetalous

From New Latin āpetalus. By surface analysis, a- + petal + -ous.


parted

a parted leaf


pinna

From Latin pinna (“dorsal fin; wing, feather”). Doublet of pen, penna, and panne.

der

(botany) A leaflet or primary segment of a pinnate compound leaf.


conifer

From Latin cōnifer (“bearing cones”), by surface analysis, Latin cōnus (“cone”) + -fer.

surf

(botany) A plant belonging to the order Coniferales; a cone-bearing seed plant with vascular tissue, usually a tree.

хво́йні pl (xvójni, literally “conifers”)


monogamous

/məˈnɒɡəməs/

/məˈnɑɡəməs/

(botany) Monogamic; having a simple flower with united anthers.


receptacle

From Middle English receptacle, from Anglo-Norman receptacle and Middle French receptacle (“organ containing a fluid; gathering place; water basin”) (modern French réceptacle), from Latin receptāculum (“animal enclosure, container, place of refuge, receptacle, repository, reservoir, shelter”), from receptāre (“to harbour, to receive, to shelter”) or receptō (“I receive back or again, I recover”), frequentative of recipiō (“I receive; I hold back, I reserve”) (from re- (“back, again”) + capiō (“I hold”)) + -culum (suffix forming nouns from verbs, particularly nouns representing tools and instruments); cognate with Italian recettaculo, ricettaculo, Portuguese receptáculo, Spanish receptáculo.

der

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

The form of the flower is highly dependent on the structure of the receptacle, even though this may not always be obvious externally. The receptacle is also called the floral axis, or it is sometimes called the torus, which may be translated as "swelling". These expressions per se imply that, although in the majority of cases the receptacle is greatly reduced, it is frequently thickened in a capitate form or broadened into a definitely disc-like shape.

1992, F[ocko] Weberling, “Morphology of Flowers”, in R. J. Pankhurst, transl., Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences, 1st paperback edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 19:

A basic flower […] has four series of parts arranged in concentric whorls (or rings) on the receptacle, which is the name given to the expanded end of the pedicel (flower stalk).

2003, Ian Clarke, Helen Lee, “The Structure of Flowers”, in Name that Flower: The Identification of Flowering Plants, 2nd edition, Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, Melbourne University Publishing, →ISBN, page 7:

(botany) The part of the flower stalk (peduncle or pedicel) to which the floral parts are attached; a thalamus, a torus.

All flowers in a head share a common receptacle. The receptacle may be flat or convex. It may bear tiny scales called paleae. The paleae of a receptacle are referred to as chaff. Receptacles without paleae are said to be epaleate or naked. When the paleae are shed, they may leave either a smooth or a pitted receptacle. Occasionally, hairs, scales, or bristles may also be present on the receptacle.

2015, Robert H. Mohlenbrock, “Descriptions and Illustrations”, in Flowering Plants: Asteraceae, Part I (The Illustrated Flora of Illinois), Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, →ISBN, page 7:

A condensed rachis of a capitate or umbellate inflorescence at the end of the peduncle, to which all of the florets or pedicels are attached.

Plants all marine, of an olive-brown or olive-green colour, becoming black on exposure to air; […] Frutification, tubercles contained in distinct receptacles, or embedded in the frond, and containing dark-coloured seeds surrounded with a pellucid limbus, which escape by a terminal pore.

1830, Robert Kaye Greville, “Order I.—FUCOIDEÆ.”, in Algæ Britannicæ, or Descriptions of the Marine and Other Inarticulated Plants of the British Islands, Belonging to the Order Algæ; with Plates Illustrative of the Genera, Edinburgh: Maclachlan & Stewart, Edinburgh; and Baldwin & Cradock, London, →OCLC, page 1:

In addition to gas bladders, the thallus of reproductive rockweed, Fucus, has inflated tips called receptacles. The small bumps on the surface of each receptacle are conceptacles, chambers within which the gametangia grow.

2013, George Karleskint, Jr., Richard Turner, James W. Small, Jr., “Multicellular Primary Producers”, in Introduction to Marine Biology, 4th edition, Belmont, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, figure 7-12 caption, page 170:

(phycology) A structure at the end of a branch of an alga containing conceptacles (reproductive organs).


bulbous

en-adj

bulbous (comparative more bulbous, superlative most bulbous)

more bulbous (comparative)
most bulbous (superlative)

From bulb + -ous or alteration of Latin bulbosus.

(botany) Growing from a bulb or producing bulbs.


ligule

(botany) A portion of a leaf found at the base of the petiole, when present.

(botany) In many grasses (Poaceae) and some sedges (Cyperaceae), the membranous appendage or ring of hairs projecting from the inner side of a leaf at the junction between the blade and the sheath.


cuneate

cuneate (comparative more cuneate, superlative most cuneate)

more cuneate (comparative)
most cuneate (superlative)

(botany) wedge-shaped, with the narrow part at the base.

(botany) having straight, or almost straight sides meeting at the apex or base.


protogenic

(botany) Relating to intercellular spaces formed within undifferentiated plant tissues.


petiole

Borrowed from French pétiole, and its source, Late Latin petiolus (“little foot”), diminutive form of Latin pēs (“foot”).

Most insects consume tissue from the leaf blade were measured just past the twist on the side away only, leaving the leaf petioles unscathed.

1978, Harry T. Valentine, Estimating Defoliation of Hardwoods Using Blade-petiole Relations, Forest Service Research Paper NE 405, US Department of Agriculture, page 1:

By contrast, the petioles of large pinnate leaves, as well as stems, typically resist torsion by placing stiff materials with high elastic moduli (like sclerenchyma) toward the perimeters of their cross sections.

1992, Karl J. Niklas, Plant Biomechanics, University of Chicago Press, page 167:

An example of this is leaf petioles. Some species of trees have pinnate leaves which, when the leaves fall, shed pinnae from the petiole, which is then left as a tapering, somewhat flexible rod.

2000, Mike Hansell, Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour, Cambridge University Press, page 116:

(botany) The stalk of a leaf, attaching the blade to the stem.


caudex

From Latin caudex (“tree trunk”, “tree stem”); compare codex.

uder

(botany) An enlargement of the stem, branch or root of a woody plant, usually serving to store water.


recrudescence

en-noun

recrudescence (countable and uncountable, plural recrudescences)

From Late Latin recrudescentia, from Latin recrūdēscēns, present participle of recrūdēscere (“to recrudesce”), from recrūdēscō (“to become raw again”); from re- (“again”) + crūdēscō (“to grow harsh or violent; to become worse”) (from crūdus (“bleeding, bloody, raw”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”)) + -ēscō (suffix forming verbs indicating a becoming of something)). The word is cognate with French recrudescence, Italian recrudescenza, Spanish recrudescencia, recrudecimiento.

der

[Frédéric] Kirschleger describes a tuft of leaves as occurring on the apex of the flowering spike after the maturation of the fruit in Plantago, and a similar growth frequently takes place in the common wallflower, in Antirrhinum majus, &c. In cases where a renewal of growth in the axis of inflorescence has taken place after the ripening of the fruit, the French botanists use the term recrudescence, but the growth in question by no means always occurs after the ripening of the fruit, but frequently before.

[1869, Maxwell T[ylden] Masters, “Prolification”, in Vegetable Teratology, an Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants (Ray Society; XLV), London: Published for the Ray Society by Robert Hardwicke, […], →OCLC, book I (Deviations from Ordinary Arrangement), part III (Alterations of Position), page 104:

A great many of the scapes have furnished examples of "recrudescence," a few flowers having been produced amongst the ripening capsules; but fresh flower-stalks have also continued to shoot up from the root, and at the time I write (Oct. 4) I see there is one very pretty bunch of flowers upon a last year's seedling plant.

1872, Robert Holland, “Monstrous Plants in 1872”, in J[ohn] E[llor] Taylor, editor, Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip: An Illustrated Medium of Interchange and Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature, volume VIII, number 96, London: Robert Hardwicke, […], published 1873, →OCLC, page 271, column 1:

(botany) The production of a fresh shoot from a ripened spike.


chorion

From Late Latin chorion, from Ancient Greek χόριον (khórion, “membrane surrounding the fetus, afterbirth”).

(botany) The outer membrane of seeds of plants.


lepra

From Latin lepra (“psoriasis & similar skin diseases”), from Koine Greek λέπρα (lépra, “psoriasis & similar skin diseases”), from λεπρός (leprós, “scaly”), from either λεπίς (lepís, “scale”) or λέπος (lépos, “husk, scale”) + -ρος (-ros, suffix forming adjectives). The shift of sense from psoriasis to Hansen's disease occurred in large part from the use of λέπρα (lépra) to translate Hebrew צרעת (“tzaraath”) in the Septuagint and its subsequent use in the New Testament and Late Latin.

der

Lepra is frequently met with on the trunks, especially of young trees.

1805, translation of Karl Ludwig Willdenow as The Principles of Botany and of Vegetable Physiology, p. 344

(botany, rare, obsolete) Any layer of algae, lichens, or other substance producing a leprosylike appearance on the surfaces of plants.


thallogen

(botany) Any of a large number of plants that consist of a thallus only, with no flower, leaves etc.


carpel

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-carpel.wav

1835, borrowed from French carpelle, from New Latin carpellum, a diminutive of Ancient Greek κᾰρπός (kărpós, “fruit”), from Proto-Indo-European *kerp- (“to pluck, harvest”).

(botany) A constituent part of a flower pistil - the female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma, although some flowers have carpels without a distinct style. In origin, carpels are leaves (megasporophylls) that have evolved to enclose the ovules. A pistil may be composed of a single carpel or of several carpels fused together.


thallophyte

From translingual Thallophyta. Surface reading of thallus + -phyte (“plant”).

1994, Estrelita A. Madriaga, Anthony Lee, Felicitas B. Ventura, Orlando A. Oronce (coordinator), Biology: Science and Technology II, page 347,
They lack the vascular tissues; thus, they are called thallophytes. Algae are thallophytes with chlorophyll. […] Fungi are thallophytes without chlorophyll.

1994, Pat E. Rasmussen, Chapter IV.5: Mercury in Vegetation of the Precambrian Shield, Carl J. Watras, John W. Huckabee (editors), Mercury Pollution: Integration and Synthesis, page 422,
In general, the usefulness of the thallophytes as Hg bioindicators was limited by their sporadic occurrence in the forest environment. Because of the importance of the thallophytes as components of the food chain, however, several samples from different groups (summarized in Table 2) were collected for comparison with values reported in the literature.

Fossile^([sic]) records along with molecular, cytological and morphological phylogenetic work favour a single origin of land plants from charophycean thallophytes, and indicate that several major lineages of vascular plants had evolved more than 400 million years ago.

1999, R. G. Hermann, “The Chloroplast: Part of the Integrated Genetic System of the Plant Cell”, in Joan H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou, Horst Senger, editors, The Chloroplast: From Molecular Biology to Biotechnology, page 66:

(botany) Any of very many primitive plants that consist of a thallus (plant body not differentiated into roots, stems and leaves), formerly collected in the obsolete taxonomic group Thallophyta.


thallus

From Ancient Greek θαλλός (thallós, “young shoot, twig”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (“to bloom”).

der

As it flows it takes the forms of sappy leaves or vines, making heaps of pulpy sprays a foot or more in depth, and resembling, as you look down on them, the laciniated, lobed, and imbricated thalluses of some lichens; […]

1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Spring”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:

(botany) An undifferentiated plant body, such as in algae.

(botany) Any plant body lacking vascular tissue.


filament

Borrowed from Medieval Latin fīlāmentum, from Late Latin fīlō (“to spin, draw out in a long line”), from Latin fīlum (“thread”).

(botany) The stalk of a flower stamen, supporting the anther.


pungent

en-adj

pungent (comparative more pungent, superlative most pungent)

more pungent (comparative)
most pungent (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin pungens (stem pungent-), present participle of pungo (“to sting”). Doublet of poignant.

(botany) Having a sharp and stiff point.


indeterminate

indeterminate (comparative more indeterminate, superlative most indeterminate)

more indeterminate (comparative)
most indeterminate (superlative)

(botany, of inflorescences) Not topped with some form of terminal bud.


moriform

moriform (comparative more moriform, superlative most moriform)

more moriform (comparative)
most moriform (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin morus (“mulberry”) + -form.

A moriform (blackberry-like) capitulum is one in which the flower-buds are longer than the interfloral bracts prior to anthesis; when the buds are concealed prior to anthesis by imbricated bracts or by interlocking bracteal setae the capitulum is termed conelike.

1985, Rupert C. Barneby, The Genus Mimosa (Mimosaceae) in Bahia, Brazil: New Taxa and Nomenclatural Adjustments, in Brittonia, vol. 37, no. 2


adaxial

[…]it has been transformed, except in a few taxa where lobules are always explanate, into a galeate water-sac, which is formed wholly from the lobule, with the external surface from the adaxial leaf surface.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) On the side that is towards the axis or central line, usually on the upper side.

levél színe

on the side that is towards the axis or central line


verruca

(botany) A sexine element similar to a wart.


thalamus

From Latin thalamus, from Ancient Greek θάλαμος (thálamos, “an inner chamber, a bedroom, a bed”).

der

(botany) The receptacle of a flower; a torus.


annulus

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ānnulus, a misspelling of Latin ānulus (“ring, especially one worn on a finger”), from ānus (“ring”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂no- (“ring”)) + -ulus (diminutive suffix).
The plural form annuli is a learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ānnulī.

lbor

(botany) A structure surrounding a sporangium (or part of it) which shrinks and causes it to rupture for spore dispersal; specifically, in a fern: a structure around about two-thirds of the sporangium consisting of differentially thick-walled cells which dry and distort the sporangium; and in a moss: a complete ring of cells around the tip of the sporangium which dissolves to cause the tip to detach.

annulus

structure surrounding a sporangium (or part of it) which shrinks and causes it to rupture for seed dispersal


cortex

en-noun

cortex (countable and uncountable, plural cortexes or cortices)

(uncountable, botany) The tissue of a stem or root that lies inward from the epidermis, but exterior to the vascular tissue.


rounded

en-adj

rounded (comparative more rounded, superlative most rounded)

more rounded (comparative)
most rounded (superlative)


monocot

(botany) Alternative form of monocotyledon


magnoliopsid

(botany) A member of the class Magnoliopsida. Circumscription of this class will vary with the taxonomic system being used.


magnoliopsid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the class Magnoliopsida.


dicot

(botany) A plant whose seedlings have two cotyledons, a dicotyledon.


liliopsid

(botany) a member of the class Liliopsida. Circumscription of this class will vary with the taxonomic system being used.


liliopsid

liliopsid (comparative more liliopsid, superlative most liliopsid)

more liliopsid (comparative)
most liliopsid (superlative)

(botany) pertaining to a member of the class Liliopsida.


cotyledon

From Latin cotylēdōn, from Ancient Greek κοτυληδών (kotulēdṓn, “cup-shaped cavity”), from κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup”).

der

(botany) The leaf of the embryo of a seed-bearing plant; after germination it becomes the first leaves of the seedling.


monocotyledon

Elachistine moths are the world’s most species-rich group of Lepidoptera that specialize on monocotyledon plants, especially grasses and sedges.

2011 November 18, Lauri Kaila, Elachistine Moths of Australia: (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae) (Animal & Veterinary Science):

(botany) Any plant whose seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed leaf) (in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots), thereby belonging to the taxonomic monocots, formerly variously known as Monocotyledones, Monocotyledonae, or Liliopsida, a class in the angiosperms (Angiospermae), the flowering plants.

birləpəlilər

Plant belonging to Monocotyledones or Liliopsida


dicotyledon

From di- (“two”) + cotyledon (“embryonic leaf”).

pre

Dicotyledons and monocotyledons together make up the flowering plants, the angiosperms.

(botany) A plant whose seedling has two cotyledons.

(botany, historical) Any plant in what used to be the Dicotyledones.


seta

setas (plural)
setae (plural)
setæ (plural)

From Latin seta, from saeta. Doublet of soy (“silk”).

The latter has the sporophyte seta 4 cells in diam. and has thecal Lejeunea-type androecial branches[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 6:

(botany) The stalk of a moss sporangium, or occasionally in a liverwort.


corymb

From the French corymbe, from the Latin corymbus, from the Ancient Greek κόρυμβος (kórumbos). Doublet of corymbus.

Hoya carnosa (Thick-leaved).—Foliage large, flowers in large drooping corymbs; they are of a pinkish-white colour, and contain, or rather yield, drops of pure sweet honey; hence this fine old plant is known as the Honey plant.

1855 June 5, T. Appleby, “Plants for Baskets”, in George W. Johnson, Robert Hogg, editors, The Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman’s Companion: A Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany, and Natural History, volume XIV, number CCCXLIX, London: Published for the proprietors, […], →OCLC, page 161, column 2:

(botany) A cluster of flowers with a flat or convex top.


flowering plant

en-noun

flowering plant (plural flowering plants)

(botany) Any plant that produces flowers and fruit; an angiosperm.


silky

en-adj

silky (comparative silkier, superlative silkiest)

silkier (comparative)
silkiest (superlative)

From Middle English sylky, equivalent to silk + -y.

(botany) Covered in long, slender, glistening hairs pressed close to the surface; sericeous.


eudicot

Probably a back-formation from eudicots, short for eudicotyledons, from the New Latin coinage eudicotylēdōn, from the Ancient Greek components εὐ- (eu-, “good, well”) + δι- (di-, “two”) + κοτυληδών (kotulēdṓn, “cup-shaped cavity”); equivalent to eu- (“true”) + dicot.


tricolpate

The pollen grains are tricolpate to tricolporoidate.

Tricolpate pollen, the signature of eudicots, first appears ca. 110 million years ago.

(botany, palynology, of a pollen) Having three grooves, or colpi, on each grain.


tricolpate

(botany, taxonomy) A plant with tricolpate (three-grooved) pollen, including any dicot.


softwood

en-noun

softwood (countable and uncountable, plural softwoods)

The bodies are sheeted in softwood, a double layer of ⅝-in. boards on the quarters, with a single thickness lining inside the steel ends.

1952 January, “British Railways Standard Wagons”, in Railway Magazine, page 61:

(uncountable, chiefly botany) The wood from any gymnosperm, without regard to how soft this wood is.


homotypic

(botany) Said of a taxon name which shares the exact same type as a different name and thus must necessarily refer to the same taxon.


maquis

Borrowed from French maquis, from Corsican machja (related to Italian macchia), ultimately from Latin macula. Doublet of macula.

The older man claims to find a measure of peace in Corsica’s wild landscape, and as Mitchell explores the foothills of maquis, fragrant with “the sharp resinous smell of laurel rose and thyme,” he too succumbs.

2007 May 27, Alida Becker, “Season in the Sun”, in New York Times:

(botany) Dense Mediterranean coastal scrub.


tendril

From Middle French tendrillon (“bud, shoot, cartilage”), perhaps a diminutive of tendron (“cartilage”), from Old French tendre (“soft”) (see tender (adj.)), or else from Latin tendere (“to stretch, extend”) (see tender (v.)).

uder

(botany) A thin, spirally coiling stem that attaches a plant to its support.


cycadean

en-adj

cycadean (comparative more cycadean, superlative most cycadean)

more cycadean (comparative)
most cycadean (superlative)

(botany) Belonging to the same taxonomic order as the cycad.


saccharine

saccharine (comparative more saccharine, superlative most saccharine)

more saccharine (comparative)
most saccharine (superlative)

From New Latin saccharum (“sugar”) + English -ine (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Saccharum is derived from saccharon (“syrupy liquid from bamboo or reeds”), from Ancient Greek σάκχαρον (sákkharon), from Pali sakkharā (“sugar; gravel; granule, grain; crystal; potsherd”), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar; cotton sugar, sugarmaple; gravel, grit, pebbles; potsherd”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂ (“boulder; gravel”).

der

(chiefly botany, geology) Resembling granulated sugar; saccharoid.

سُكَّرِيّ

of or relating to sugar — see also sugary


bipartite

From Latin bipartītus (“bisected”), perfect passive participle of bipartiō (“I divide into two parts, bisect”).

(botany, of leaves) Divided into two at the base.


sida

(botany) any of the flowering plants of the genus Sida in the mallow family


ficus

(botany) Any plant belonging to the genus Ficus, including the rubber plant.


spinescence

en-noun

spinescence (countable and uncountable, plural spinescences)

(botany) The quality of being spinescent


stipulate

From stipule + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany) Having stipules; that is, having outgrowths borne on either side of the base of the leafstalk.