box

en-noun

box (plural boxes or (nonstandard, computing, humorous) boxen)

boxes (plural)
boxen (humorous nonstandard plural)

Tok Pisin: bokis

→ Afrikaans: boks

→ Bengali: বাক্স (bakśo)

→ Bulgarian: бокс (boks)

→ Crimean Tatar: boks

→ Danish: boks

→ Dutch: box m

→ Faroese: boks

→ French: box m

→ German: Box f

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बकस m (bakas), बक्सा m (baksā)

Urdu: بکس m (baks, bakas)

→ Icelandic: box n

→ Indonesian: boks

→ Irish: bosca m

→ Italian: box m

→ Japanese: ボックス (bokkusu)

→ Korean: 박스 (bakseu)

→ Maori: pāka

→ Marwari: बकस (baks, bakas)

→ Nepali: बाकस (bākas)

→ Norman: bosc m

→ Norwegian: boks m

→ Pashto: بکس (baks)

→ Persian: باکس (bâks)

→ Polish: boks m

→ Portuguese: box m

→ Russian: бокс m (boks)

→ Scottish Gaelic: bogsa m, bocsa

→ Spanish: box m

→ Swedish: box c

→ Welsh: bocs

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πῠ́ξος (pŭ́xos)
Ancient Greek -ις (-is)
Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís)bor.
Late Latin buxisbor.
Proto-West Germanic *buhsā
Old English box
Middle English box
English box
From Middle English box (“container, box, cup”), from Old English box (“box, case”), from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā (“box”) from Late Latin buxis (“box”), Latin pyxis (“small box for medicines or toiletries”), of uncertain origin; compare Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”) and Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”). Doublet of piseog, pyx, and pyxis.
Cognate with Middle Dutch bosse, busse (“jar; tin; round box”) (modern Dutch bos (“wood, forest”), bus (“container, box; bushing of a wheel”)), Old High German buhsa (Middle High German buhse, bühse, modern German Büchse (“box; can”)), Swedish bössa (“box”).
The humorous plural form boxen is from box + -en, by analogy with oxen.

кутия

compartment or receptacle for receiving items

ramme

rectangular border around an image, text, etc.

квадратче

small area on a document for a tick mark

tofu

empty box displayed by some computer systems in place of a character not supported by available fonts

In electric fencing, foil and saber fencers wear lames, which are thin outer jackets that cover their target areas. Lames are made from fabric that conducts electricity. When a fencer touches an opponent's lame with his or her blade, an electronic signal is sent to the scoring box. A colored light goes on to signal a touch. […] In épée, the whole body is the target, so épée fencers do not need to wear lames. A signal is sent to the scoring box from the épée any time a touch is made.

2009, Suzanne Slade, “Electric Fencing: Get Hooked Up”, in Fencing for Fun!, Mankato, Minn.: Compass Point Books, →ISBN, pages 30–31:

Senses relating to a three-dimensional object or space.

(fencing) A device used in electric fencing to detect whether a weapon has struck an opponent, which connects to a fencer's weapon by a spool and body wire. It uses lights and sound to notify a hit, with different coloured lights for on target and off target hits.


box

en-verb

box (third-person singular simple present boxes, present participle boxing, simple past and past participle boxed)

boxes (present singular third-person)
boxing (participle present)
boxed (participle past)
boxed (past)

⇒ French: boxer
→ Catalan: boxar

⇒ Galician: boxear

⇒ German: boxen

⇒ Portuguese: boxear, boxar

⇒ Spanish: boxear

From Middle English box (“a blow; a stroke with a weapon”); further origin uncertain, with relation to Proto-Germanic *boki-, whence Danish bask (“a blow; a stripe”), Danish baske (“to flap, move around, beat violently”), Middle Dutch boke (“a blow, a hit”), bōken (“to slap, strike”) (modern Dutch beuken (“to slap”)), West Frisian bûkje, bûtse, bûtsje (“to slap”), West Frisian and Saterland Frisian batsje (“to slap”), Low German betschen (“to slap, beat with a flat hand”), Middle High German buc (“a blow, a stroke”), bochen (“to slap, strike”), and further onomatopoeic shaping.
The verb is from Middle English boxen (“to beat or whip (an animal)”), which is derived from the noun.

inh

(transitive, boxing) To fight against (a person) in a boxing match.

боксирам

to fight against (a person) in a boxing match

(intransitive, stative, boxing) To participate in boxing; to be a boxer.


anchor

anchors (plural)
anchour (alternative archaic)

→ Chuukese: angko

From Middle English anker, from Old English ancor, ancra, from Latin ancora, from (or cognate with) Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura). The modern form is a sixteenth-century modification after the Medieval Latin spelling anchora. Doublet of ancora, anker, angora, and Ankara.

doublet

(archery) A point that is touched by the draw hand or string when the bow is fully drawn and ready to shoot.


coal

en-noun

coal (countable and uncountable, plural coals)

coals (plural)
cole (alternative obsolete)
coale (alternative obsolete)
colle (alternative obsolete)
coole (alternative obsolete)
coell (alternative obsolete)
coile (alternative obsolete)

→ Hausa: kwal

From Middle English cole, from Old English col, from Proto-West Germanic *kol, from Proto-Germanic *kulą (compare West Frisian koal, Dutch kool, German Kohle, Danish kul), from *ǵwelH- (“to burn, shine”). Compare Old Irish gúal (“coal”), Lithuanian žvi̇̀lti (“to twinkle, glow”), Persian زغال (zoġâl, “live coal”), Sanskrit ज्वल् (jval, “to burn, glow”), Tocharian B śoliye (“hearth”), all from the same root.

cog

(military slang, World War I– World War II) Bombs emitting black smoke on impact.


ball

en-noun

ball (countable and uncountable, plural balls)

→ Cantonese: 波 (bo¹)

→ Japanese: ボール (bōru)

→ Makah: ba·la

→ Yoruba: bọ́ọ̀lù

From Middle English bal, ball, balle, from an unattested Old English *beall, *bealla (“round object, ball”) or Old Norse bǫllr (“a ball”), both from Proto-Germanic *balluz, *ballô (“ball”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-n- (“ball, bubble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell”). Cognate with Old Saxon ball, Dutch bal, Old High German bal, ballo (German Ball (“ball”); Ballen (“bale”)). Related forms in Romance are borrowings from Germanic. See also balloon, bale.

ампыл

object, generally spherical, used for playing games

туп

ballistics: a solid nonexplosive missile

cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey

(ballistics, firearms) A solid, spherical nonexplosive missile for a cannon, rifle, gun, etc.

A jacketed non-expanding bullet, typically of military origin.

[…] the Good Old Cause, which, as they seemed to represent it, smelt of Gunpowder and ball […]

1659, Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, England’s Confusion, London, page 7:

I gave each of them a Musket with a Firelock on it, and about eight Charges of Powder and Ball, charging them to be very good Husbands of both, and not to use either of them but upon urgent Occasion.

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, page 294:

[…] some headstrong Maroons were using a soldier of Captain Craskell’s ill, and compelling him to write to his commander, that it was too late to do any thing good, and that they wanted nothing, having got plenty of powder and ball […]

1803, Robert Charles Dallas, The History of the Maroons, London: Longman and Rees, Volume 1, Letter 5, p. 148:

This is my substitute for pistol and ball. With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly take to the ship.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 1, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 1:

(uncountable, obsolete) Such bullets collectively.


brake

brakes (plural)
break (alternative rare)

→ Japanese: ブレーキ (burēki)

→ Korean: 브레이크 (beureikeu)

→ Portuguese: breque

→ Swahili: breki

→ Thai: เบรก (brèek)

→ Welsh: brêc

Origin uncertain; possibly from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German brake (“nose ring, curb, flax brake”), which according to Watkins is related to sense 4 and from Proto-Germanic *brekaną (“to break”).

逼力

bik¹⁻⁶ lik⁶⁻¹

(military) An ancient engine of war analogous to the crossbow and ballista.


clean

en-adj

clean (comparative cleaner, superlative cleanest)

cleaner (comparative)
cleanest (superlative)

From Middle English clene, clane, from Old English clǣne (“clean, pure”), from Proto-West Germanic *klainī (“shining, fine, splendid, tender”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *glēy- (“gleaming”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to gleam”). Cognate with Scots clean (“absolute, pure, clear, empty”) and clene, clane (“clean”), North Frisian klien (“small”), West Frisian klien (“small”), klean (“clean”), Dutch klein (“small”), Low German kleen (“small”), German klein (“small”), Swedish klen (“weak, feeble, delicate”), Icelandic klénn (“poor, feeble, petty, snug, puny, cheesy, lame”).

skoon

not having used mind-altering or mood-changing substances

Our team won, but it wasn't clean.

professional wrestling
professional wrestling

Free of imperfections, blemishes, or defects.

(sports, for example, professional wrestling, slang) Of a victory or performance: without any blemishes such as submission holds, disqualification, interference, etc.


clear

en-verb

clear (third-person singular simple present clears, present participle clearing, simple past and past participle cleared)

clears (present singular third-person)
clearing (participle present)
cleared (participle past)
cleared (past)
CLR (alternative)

From Middle English clere, from Anglo-Norman cler, from Old French cler (Modern French clair), from Latin clarus. Displaced native Middle English schir (“clear, pure”) (from Old English scīr (“clear, bright”)), Middle English skere (“clear, sheer”) (from Old English scǣre and Old Norse skǣr (“sheer, clear, pure”)), Middle English smolt (“clear (of mind), serene”) (from Old English smolt (“peaceful, serene”)). Cognate with Danish klar, Dutch klaar, French clair, German klar, Italian chiaro, Norwegian klar, Portuguese claro, Romanian clar, Spanish claro, and Swedish klar.

çliroj

to remove obstructions or impediments from

raivata

to remove in order to make something else unobstructed

To prevent any shooting accidents, remember to clear your pistol and stay aware of your surroundings.

(transitive, firearms) To unload a firearm, or undergo an unloading procedure, in order to prevent negligent discharge; for safety reasons, to check whether one's firearm is loaded or unloaded.


base

en-noun

base (countable and uncountable, plural bases)

acid

antonym(s) of “chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali”

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis and bass.

أَسَاس

something from which other things extend

basis

chemical compound that will neutralize an acid

(military, historical) The smallest kind of cannon.


cover

cover (countable and uncountable, plural covers)

→ Hijazi Arabic: كَڤَر (kavar)

→ Portuguese: cover

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Latin operiō
Latin cooperiō
Old French covrirbor.
Middle English coveren
English cover
From Middle English coveren, borrowed from Old French covrir, cueuvrir (modern French couvrir), from Late Latin coperire, from Latin cooperiō (“I cover completely”), from co- (intensive prefix) + operiō (“I close, cover”). Displaced native Middle English thecchen and bethecchen (“to cover”) (from Old English þeccan, beþeccan (“to cover”)), Middle English helen, (over)helen, (for)helen (“to cover, conceal”) (from Old English helan (“to conceal, cover, hide”)), Middle English wrien, (be)wreon (“to cover”) (from Old English (be)wrēon (“to cover”)), Middle English hodren, hothren (“to cover up”) (from Low German hudren (“to cover up”)).
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the original sense of the verb and noun cover was “hide from view” as in its cognate covert. Except in the limited sense of “cover again”, the word recover is unrelated and is cognate with recuperate. Cognate with Spanish cubrir (“to cover”).

cog

throw nickels around like manhole covers

(military) A solid object, including terrain, that provides protection from enemy fire.

掩體 /掩体

military: solid object that provides protection from enemy fire

(espionage) A persona maintained by a spy or undercover operative; cover story.

peitetarina

espionage: persona maintained by an operative — see also cover story


cover

en-verb

cover (third-person singular simple present covers, present participle covering, simple past and past participle covered)

covers (present singular third-person)
covering (participle present)
covered (participle past)
covered (past)

→ German: covern

→ Danish: lave en cover

(military, law enforcement, transitive) To protect using an aimed firearm and the threat of firing; or to protect using continuous, heaving fire at or in the direction of the enemy so as to force the enemy to remain in cover; or to threaten using an aimed firearm.


iron

en-noun

iron (countable and uncountable, plural irons)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-iron.wav

From Middle English iren, from Old English īsern, īsærn, īren, īsen, from Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną (“iron”), from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom (“iron”), a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).

(military, slang) Dumb bombs, those without guidance systems.


buzzard

From Middle English bosart, from Anglo-Norman buisart, from Old French busart, busard, a derivative ( + -ard) of Old French buison, buson (French buse), possibly from Latin būteō (“hawk”).

(US, military slang, World War I) A fighter plane.

(US, military slang, 20th century) The insignia of a colonel, or a petty officer within the navy.

(US, military slang, 1860s–1920s) A military discharge (due to the military discharge certificate).


acoustic

Borrowed from Medieval Latin acūsticus, acousticos, from Ancient Greek ἀκουστῐκός (akoustĭkós, “of or for hearing”), from ἀκούω (akoúō, “to hear”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, adjectival suffix). Sense 4 ("autistic") was popularized on TikTok in late October 2023. Doublet of hear.

af

acoustick (alternative obsolete)
acoustical (alternative)

صَوْتِيّ

pertaining to hearing or the science of sounds

Pertaining to the sense of hearing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sounds.

(weaponry, of an explosive mine or other weapon) Able to be set off by sound waves.


electric

electrics (plural)
electrick (alternative archaic)

De Magnete
Thomas Browne
William Gilbert (physician)

First appears c. 1646 in a publication by Thomas Browne, from New Latin ēlectricus (“electrical; of amber”), from ēlectrum (“amber”) + -icus (“adjectival suffix”), from Ancient Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron, “amber”), related to ἠλέκτωρ (ēléktōr, “shining sun”), of unknown origin; see there for further information. The Latin term was apparently used first with the sense “electrical” in 1600 by the English physician and scientist William Gilbert in his work De Magnete.

der

(fencing) Fencing with the use of a body wire, box, and related equipment to detect when a weapon has touched an opponent.


partridge

en-noun

partridge (plural partridges or partridge)

/ˈpɑːtɹɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈpɑɹtɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle English partrich, partriche, pertriche, perdriz, from Old French perdriz, partriz, from Latin perdīx (“partridge”), from Ancient Greek πέρδιξ (pérdix, “partridge”), probably from πέρδομαι (pérdomai, “to fart”).

partridge-wood

Andira inermis; Millettia stuhlmannii; Stereum frustulosum

(obsolete, military) A type of cannon charge composed of several missiles fired all together, similar to langrage or case-shot. Also a large cannon that shoots stones.


magpie

From Mag, a nickname for Margaret that was used to denote a chatterer, + archaic pie (“magpie”), from Old French pie, from Latin pīca, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“woodpecker, magpie”). Displaced native Old English agu, "magpie".

(military, firearms) The third circle on a target, between the inner and outer.


woodpecker

From wood + pecker. Compare Middle English wod spek (“woodpecker”), Middle English wodehake (“woodpecker”), Middle English wodewale (“woodpecker”). Displaced speight.

(military slang) A Type 92 heavy machine gun.


CRO

(military) Initialism of COMSEC responsible officer.


donkey

en-noun

donkey (plural donkeys or (obsolete) donkies)

donkeys (plural)
donkies (obsolete plural)

→ Afrikaans: donkie

→ Northern Sotho: tonki

→ Tok Pisin: donki

desc

→ Urdu: ڈَنْکی (ḍaṅkī)

→ Urdu: ڈَنْکی (ḍaṅkī)

The origin is uncertain. Originally a slang term from the late eighteenth century. Perhaps from Middle English *donekie (“a miniature dun horse”), a double diminutive of Middle English don, dun, dunne (a name for a dun horse), equivalent to modern English dun (“brownish grey colour”) + -ock (diminutive suffix) + -ie (diminutive suffix). Compare Middle English donning (“a dun horse”), English dunnock. Became more common than the original term ass due to the latter's homophony and partial merger with arse (compare similar development between coney and rabbit).

inh

(naval slang, dated) A box or chest, especially a toolbox.


hedgehog

/ˈhɛd͡ʒ.hɒɡ/

/ˈhɛd͡ʒ.hɔɡ/

From Middle English heyghoge; equivalent to hedge + hog. Eclipsed non-native Middle English yrchoun, irchoun (“hedgehog”), from Old French hirchoun, herichon (“hedgehog”); and Middle English il, from Old English īl, iġil (“hedgehog”).
In the philosophical sense, from the 1953 essay The Hedgehog and the Fox by Isaiah Berlin.

Ukrainian civilians have been DIY-ing hedgehogs, welding two bars or beams at an angle to make a cross and then adding a third to ensure it holds its shape even if it's knocked over.

2022 March 21, Bill Chappell, “SWIFT, hedgehog, MiG: Here's a guide to the terms of war in Ukraine”, in SPECIAL SERIES: Ukraine invasion — explained, NPR, retrieved 2022-03-21:

(military) Ellipsis of Czech hedgehog (“an antitank obstacle constructed from three steel rails”).

Czech hedgehog

(informal, military, historical) A spigot mortar-type of depth charge weapon from World War II that simultaneously fires a number of explosives into the water to create a pattern of underwater explosions intended to attack submerged submarines.


hedgehog

en-verb

hedgehog (third-person singular simple present hedgehogs, present participle hedgehogging, simple past and past participle hedgehogged)

hedgehogs (present singular third-person)
hedgehogging (participle present)
hedgehogged (participle past)
hedgehogged (past)

/ˈhɛd͡ʒ.hɒɡ/

/ˈhɛd͡ʒ.hɔɡ/

Hedgehogging means — let us call a spade a spade — that we're were encircled: It's something that has been forced upon us, a predicament from which we ought to try to escape as fast as possible.

1966, Theodor Plievier, Stalingrad, page 43:

Luettwitz hedgehogged his regiment and held his positions until the rest of the division arrived two days later.

2012, Samuel W. Mitcham Jr., Gene Mueller, Hitler's Commanders, →ISBN:

During the night of May 27 the 90th Light Division hedgehogged south of El Adem.

2007, Samuel W. Mitcham Jr., Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps, →ISBN:

(military) To make use of a hedgehog barricade as a defensive maneuver.


wildcat

wildcats (plural)
wild-cat (alternative)
wild cat (alternative)

From Middle English wyld cat, wylde cat (in the plural as wild cattes, wylde catis, wyle cattes), equivalent to wild + cat. Cognate with Middle Low German wiltkatte, German Wildkatze, Swedish vildkatt.
Its adjectival senses were originally American and derived from the "wildcat banks" of Michigan, following its elevation to statehood in 1837. Two laws—one easing the requirements for establishing a new bank and another occasioned by the Panic of 1837 that removed the need for payment in specie—led to the creation and collapse of around 50 banks within two years. The term is apocryphally derived from a wildcat supposedly featured on the currency printed by one of these banks, but more probably derived from the remote locations "where the wildcats roamed" chosen by these banks to avoid oversight and minimize redemption of notes.

John Audubon
bobcat
wildcat
wildcat (disambiguation)
wildcat cartridge

wildcat cartridge
wildcat cartridge#English

(firearms) Clipping of wildcat cartridge.


wildcat

wild-cat (alternative)
wild cat (alternative)

(firearms) Of or concerning customized or hand-made cartridges.


pig

en-noun

pig (countable and uncountable, plural pigs)

Hawaiian Creole: pig

Torres Strait Creole: pig

Tok Pisin: pik

→ Abenaki: piks (from "pigs")

→ Malecite-Passamaquoddy: piks (from "pigs")

Pronunciation example of the word Pig in British English.ogg

From Middle English pigge (“pig, pigling”) (originally a term for a young pig, with adult pigs being swyn), apparently from Old English *picga (attested only in compounds, such as picgbrēad (“mast, pig-fodder”)), from Proto-West Germanic *piggō, *puggō (“piglet”). Compare Middle Dutch pogge, puggen, pigge, pegsken (“pigling”), Middle Low German pugge, pûke (“piglet”). Pokorny suggests this root might be somehow related to *bū-, *bew- (“to blow; swell”), which could account for the alternation between "pig" and "big".
A connection to early modern Dutch bigge (contemporary big (“piglet”)), West Frisian bigge (“pigling”), and similar terms in Middle Low German is sometimes proposed, "but the phonology is difficult". Some sources say the words are "almost certainly not" related, others consider a relation "probable, but not certain".
The slang sense of "police officer" is attested since at least 1785.

cuto (Northern Spain - specifically Aragon, La Rioja and Navarra)

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

Unfortunately, the M60 is about twenty-four pounds and is very unbalanced. You try carrying the pig around the jungle and see how you feel.

(US, military, slang) The general-purpose M60 machine gun, considered to be heavy and bulky.


mole

moles (plural)
mool (alternative)
moule (alternative)
mowle (alternative)
mold (alternative)

From Middle English molle (“mole”), molde, mole, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *mulaz, *mulhaz (“mole, salamander”), from Proto-Indo-European *molg-, *molk- (“slug, salamander”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)melw- (“to grind, crush, beat”).
Cognate with North Frisian mull (“mole”), Saterland Frisian molle (“mole”), Dutch mol (“mole”), Low German Mol, Mul (“mole”), German Molch (“salamander, newt”), Old Russian смолжь (smolžʹ, “snail”), Czech mlž (“clam”).
Derivation as an abbreviation of Middle English molewarpe, a variation of moldewarpe, moldwerp (“mole”) in Middle English is unexplained and probably unlikely due to the simultaneous occurrence of both words. See mouldwarp.

der

(espionage) An internal spy, a person who involves themself with an enemy organisation, especially an intelligence or governmental organisation, to determine and betray its secrets from within.


fox

en-noun

fox (countable and uncountable, plural foxes or (nonstandard, dialectal) foxen)

foxes (plural)
foxen (dialectal nonstandard plural)

→ Cheyenne: vóhkéso

→ Japanese: フォックス (fokkusu)

→ Maori: pōkiha

Isaiah Berlin
The Hedgehog and the Fox
en:fox

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *púḱsos
Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz
Old English fox
Middle English fox
English fox
From Middle English fox, from Old English fox (“fox”), from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz (“fox”), from Proto-Indo-European *púḱsos (“the tailed one”), possibly from *puḱ- (“tail”).
Cognate with Scots fox (“fox”), North Frisian foos, fos (“fox”), Saterland Frisian Foaks (“fox”), West Frisian foks (“fox”), Dutch vos (“fox”), Low German vos (“fox”), German Fuchs (“fox”), Icelandic fóa (“fox”), Tocharian B päkā (“tail, chowrie”), Russian пух (pux, “down, fluff”), Sanskrit पुच्छ (púccha) (whence Torwali پوش (pūš, “fox”), Hindi पूंछ (pūñch, “tail”)).
In the philosophical sense, from the 1953 essay The Hedgehog and the Fox by Isaiah Berlin.

inh

the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

Got a lock! Fox, Fox!

2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: The Ark:

Defense Technical Information Center
w:Defense Technical Information Center

(military, aviation) Air-to-air weapon launched.


CSS

en-noun

CSS (countable and uncountable, plural CSSs or CSSes)

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(military) Initialism of Chinese surface-to-surface (missile), a NATO prefix-code for systems developed by the People's Republic of China.

Chinese surface-to-surface

Confederate States
Confederate States#English

(historical, nautical, military) Initialism of Confederate States Ship (the designation for a commissioned warship operated by the Confederate States Navy).


USA

USA (canonical)
the USA (canonical)
U.S.A. (alternative)
U. S. A. (alternative)

→ German: USA

→ Ido: Usa

VSA

abbreviation of the United States of America

The Defense Distinguished Service Medal was awarded to GEN Martin Dempsey, USA.

(US, military) Initialism of United States Army.


URL

/ˌjuːˌɑːɹˈɛl/

ΟΕΠ

ομοιόμορφος εντοπιστής πόρων (omoiómorfos entopistís póron)

(US, military, nautical) Initialism of unrestricted line officer.


JS

Coordinate term: IJN

(military, nautical) Initialism of Japanese ship. (a ship of Japan from the Maritime Self Defense Force (MSDF/JMSDF)) (a ship prefix)


ram

From Middle English ram, rom, ramme, from Old English ramm (“ram”), from Proto-Germanic *rammaz (“ram”), possibly from *rammaz (“strong”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Rom (“ram”), Dutch ram (“a male sheep”), German Ramm, Ramme (“ram”). Possibly akin also to Danish ram (“sharp; acrid; rank”), Swedish ram (“strong; perfect”), Faroese ramur (“strong; competent”), Icelandic rammur (“strong; sturdy”).

About a couple of miles out lay an ironclad very low in the water, almost, to my brother's perception, like a water-logged ship. This was the ram Thunder Child.

1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, page 178:

(military, nautical, chiefly historical) A warship intended to sink other ships by ramming them.

таран

warship that sinks other ships by ramming them

(military, nautical, chiefly historical) A reinforced section of the bow of a warship, intended to be used for ramming other ships.


sap

From French saper (compare Spanish zapar and Italian zappare) from sape (“sort of scythe”), from Late Latin sappa (“sort of mattock”).

(military) A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besieged place by digging under cover of gabions, etc.


sap

en-verb

sap (third-person singular simple present saps, present participle sapping, simple past and past participle sapped)

saps (present singular third-person)
sapping (participle present)
sapped (participle past)
sapped (past)

(transitive, military) To pierce with saps.


plate

→ Maori: pereti

→ Hindi: प्लेट (pleṭ)

From Middle English plate, from Old French plate, from Medieval Latin plata, from Vulgar Latin *plat(t)us, from Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús, “broad, flat, wide”). Compare Spanish plato.
(foot): Cockney rhyming slang, from "plates of meat" for "feet".

der

The SAPI plate in his vest protected him from the bullet's impact.


list

From Middle English lī̆st, lī̆ste (“band, stripe; hem, selvage; border, edge, rim; list, specification; barriers enclosing area for jousting, etc.”), from Old English līste (“hem, edge, strip”), or Old French liste, listre (“border; band; strip of paper; list”), or Medieval Latin lista, all from Proto-West Germanic *līstā, from Proto-Germanic *līstǭ (“band, strip; hem, selvage; border, edge”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to trace, track”).
Cognates
* Saterland Frisian Lieste (“margin, strip, list”)
*Dutch lijst (“picture frame, list”)
* German Low German Liest (“edging, border”)
* German Leiste (“strip, rail, ledge; (heraldry) bar”)
* Swedish lista (“list”)
* Icelandic lista listi (“list”)
* Italian lista (“list; strip”)
* Portuguese lista (“list”)
* Spanish lista (“list, roll; stripe”)
* Galician lista (“band, strip; list”)
* Finnish lista (“(informal) list; batten”).

cog

The sun’s bright lances rout the mists of morning, and by George! Here’s Longstreet struggling in the lists, hemmed in an ugly gorge. Pope and his Yankees, whipped before, “Bay’nets and grape!” hear Stonewall roar; “Charge, Stuart! Pay off Ashby’s score!” in “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”

1862, John Williamson Palmer, Stonewall Jackson's Way

(in the plural, military, historical) The scene of a military contest; the ground or field of combat; an enclosed space that serves as a battlefield; the site of a pitched battle.


list

en-verb

list (third-person singular simple present lists, present participle listing, simple past and past participle listed)

lists (present singular third-person)
listing (participle present)
listed (participle past)
listed (past)

(transitive, military) To enclose (a field, etc.) for combat.


salt

salt (third-person singular simple present salts, present participle salting, simple past and past participle salted)

salts (present singular third-person)
salting (participle present)
salted (participle past)
salted (past)

PIE word
 *séh₂ls
From Middle English salt, from Old English sealt, from Proto-West Germanic *salt, from Proto-Germanic *saltą, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (“salt”). Doublet of sal, ultimately from Latin sāl (“salt”), which it superseded as the general term for "salt".

In this place were put to the ground and salted the houses of José Mascarenhas.

(military, transitive) To sow with salt (of land), symbolizing a curse on its re-inhabitation.


blade

blade (third-person singular simple present blades, present participle blading, simple past and past participle bladed)

blades (present singular third-person)
blading (participle present)
bladed (participle past)
bladed (past)

From Middle English blade, blad, from Old English blæd (“leaf”), from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-o-to-m, from *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”).
See also West Frisian bled, Dutch blad, German Blatt, Danish blad, Irish bláth (“flower”), Welsh blodyn (“flower”), Tocharian A pält, Tocharian B pilta (“leaf”), Albanian fletë (“leaf”). Similar usage in German Sägeblatt (“saw blade”, literally “saw leaf”). Doublet of blat. More at blow.

m+

(transitive, professional wrestling, slang) To cut a person (usually oneself) so as to provoke bleeding.


brass

en-noun

brass (usually uncountable, plural brasses)

From Middle English bras, bres, from Old English bræs (“brass, bronze”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps representing a backformation from Proto-Germanic *brasnaz (“brazen”), from or related to *brasō (“fire, pyre”). Compare Old Norse and Icelandic bras (“solder”), Icelandic brasa (“to harden in the fire”), Swedish brasa (“a small controlled fire”), Danish brase (“to fry”); French braser ("to solder"; > English braise) from the same Germanic root. Compare also Middle Dutch braspenninc ("a silver coin", literally, "silver-penny"; > Dutch braspenning), Old Frisian bress (“copper”), Middle Low German bras (“metal, ore”).
In the military sense an ellipsis of the brass hats.

unc

uncertain

gloss

"to solder"; > English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">braise</i>

"a silver coin", literally, "silver-penny"; > Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">braspenning</i>

The brass are not going to like this.

The brass is not going to like this.

I don't want to keep the brass waiting, Chief.

2004 November 9, Bungie, Halo 2, spoken by Avery Johnson (David Scully), Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox, level/area: The Armory:

(military, business or other organizations, uncountable, used as a singular or plural noun, metonymic) High-ranking officers: the brass hats.


heavy

en-adj

heavy (comparative heavier, superlative heaviest)

heavier (comparative)
heaviest (superlative)

Sranan Tongo: hebi

From Middle English hevy, heviȝ, from Old English hefiġ, hefeġ, hæfiġ (“heavy; important, grave, severe, serious; oppressive, grievous; slow, dull”), from Proto-West Germanic *habīg (“heavy, hefty, weighty”), from Proto-Germanic *habīgaz (“heavy, hefty, weighty”), from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to take, grasp, hold”).
Cognate with Scots hevy, havy, heavy (“heavy”), Saterland Frisian heeuwich, häwich (“violent, angry”), West Frisian hevich (“violent”), Dutch hevig (“violent, severe, intense, acute”), German Low German hevig (“violent, fierce, intense, angry”), German hebig (compare heftig (“fierce, severe, intense, violent, heavy”)), Icelandic höfugur (“heavy, weighty, important”), Latin capāx (“large, wide, roomy, spacious, capacious, capable, apt”).


heavy

Cavalry […] is divided into mediums, heavies, and light cavalry. The mediums consist of 13 regiments; the heavies of 2 regiments; and the light of 13.

1891, Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, The Historic Note-book: With an Appendix of Battles, page 153:

(military, historical) A member of the heavy cavalry.


rough

en-verb

rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)

roughs (present singular third-person)
roughing (participle present)
roughed (participle past)
roughed (past)
ruff (alternative pronunciation-spelling)

From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.
Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, "rough", "rugged"”).

cog

[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules.

1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)

(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent.


pull

en-verb

pull (third-person singular simple present pulls, present participle pulling, simple past and past participle pulled)

pulls (present singular third-person)
pulling (participle present)
pulled (participle past)
pulled (past)

push

antonym(s) of “apply force to (something) so it comes towards one”

-ʊl (accents with foot–goose merger or full–fool merger)

Verb from Middle English pullen, from Old English pullian (“to pull, draw, tug, pluck off”), of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to West Frisian pûlje (“to shell, husk”), Middle Dutch pullen (“to drink”), Middle Dutch polen (“to peel, strip”), Low German pulen (“to pick, pluck, pull, tear, strip off husks”), Icelandic púla (“to work hard, beat”).
Noun from Middle English pul, pull, pulle, from the verb pullen (“to pull”).

cog

it's not the whistle that pulls the train

pull someone's chestnuts out of the fire

(martial arts) In practice fighting, to reduce the strength of a blow (etymology 3) so as to avoid injuring one's practice partner.


push

en-noun

push (countable and uncountable, plural pushes)

From Middle English pushen, poshen, posson, borrowed from Middle French pousser (Modern French pousser) from Old French poulser, from Latin pulsare (“to beat, strike”), frequentative of pellere (past participle pulsus). Doublet of pulsate and pulse (verb). Partly displaced native Old English sċūfan, whence Modern English shove.

(military) A marching or drill maneuver/manoeuvre performed by moving a formation (especially a company front) forward or toward the audience, usually to accompany a dramatic climax or crescendo in the music.

(professional wrestling slang) An attempt to give momentum to a wrestler's career in the form of victories and/or more screen time.


smoke

smoke (countable and uncountable, plural smokes)

smokes (plural)
smoak (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English smoke, from Old English smoca (“smoke”), probably a derivative of the verb (see below). Related to Dutch smook (“smoke”), Middle Low German smôk (“smoke”), dialectal German Schmauch (“smoke”).

(military, uncountable) A particulate of solid or liquid particles dispersed into the air on the battlefield to degrade enemy ground or for aerial observation. Smoke has many uses--screening smoke, signaling smoke, smoke curtain, smoke haze, and smoke deception. Thus it is an artificial aerosol.


smoke

en-verb

smoke (third-person singular simple present smokes, present participle smoking, simple past smoked, past participle smoked or (rare, nonstandard) smoken)

smokes (present singular third-person)
smoking (participle present)
smoked (past)
smoked (participle past)
smoken (nonstandard participle past rare)
smoak (alternative obsolete)

Sranan Tongo: smoko

→ Dutch: smoken

→ Welsh: smocio

From Middle English smoken, from Old English smocian (“to smoke, emit smoke; fumigate”), from Proto-West Germanic *smokōn, from Proto-Germanic *smukōną (“to smoke”), ablaut derivative of Proto-Germanic *smaukaną (“to smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg- (“to smoke”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian smookje (“to smoke”), West Frisian smoke (“to smoke”), Dutch smoken (“to smoke”), Low German smöken (“to smoke”), German Low German smoken (“to smoke”). Related also to Old English smēocan (“to smoke, emit smoke; fumigate”), Bavarian schmuckelen (“to smell bad, reek”).

cog

(transitive, US military slang) To punish (a person) for a minor offense by excessive physical exercise.


field

en-verb

field (third-person singular simple present fields, present participle fielding, simple past and past participle fielded)

fields (present singular third-person)
fielding (participle present)
fielded (participle past)
fielded (past)

bat

antonym(s) of “be the team throwing and catching the ball”

From Middle English feeld, feld, from Old English feld, from Proto-West Germanic *felþu, from Proto-Germanic *felþuz (“field”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“field, plain”) or *pleth₂- (“flat”) (with schwebeablaut).
Cognate with Scots feld, feild (“field”), North Frisian fjild (“field”), West Frisian fjild (“field”), Dutch veld (“field”), German Feld (“field”), Swedish fält (“field”). Related also to Old English folde (“earth, land, territory”), Old English folm (“palm of the hand”). More at fold.

cog

Field in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

to field a new land-mine detector

(transitive, military) To deploy in the field.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

(firearms) A rounding or smoothing of the barrel opening.


crown

en-verb

crown (third-person singular simple present crowns, present participle crowning, simple past and past participle crowned)

crowns (present singular third-person)
crowning (participle present)
crowned (participle past)
crowned (past)

(firearms) To widen the opening of the barrel.

avartaa

firearms: to widen the opening of the barrel

(military) To effect a lodgment upon, as upon the crest of the glacis, or the summit of the breach.


Jew

Jews (plural)
Jewes (archaic plural)
Joo (alternative derogatory usually)

Sranan Tongo: Dyu

From Middle English Jew, Giu, Giw, Ju, from Old French juiu, Giu, gyu, from Latin iūdaeus (“Judean (i.e. Jew)”), from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Ἰουδά (Ioudá), Ἰούδας (Ioúdas, “Judah, Judas, Jude”) + -ιος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (y'hudá, “male given name, Yehuda; Judah, Judea”). Doublet of Yid. Displaced Old English Iūdēisċ.


organ

→ Japanese: オルガン (orugan)

→ Korean: 오르간 (oreugan)

→ Maori: ōkana

→ Vietnamese: oóc-gan

From Middle English organe, from Old French organe, from Latin organum, from Ancient Greek ὄργανον (órganon, “an instrument, implement, tool, also an organ of sense or apprehension, an organ of the body, also a musical instrument, an organ”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-. Doublet of organon, organum, and orgue.

Lieutenant Roberts was also severely wounded by a missile, or weapon called an Organ, which is composed of about thirty-six gun barrels so joined as to fire at once.

1790, H. Compton, A particular account of the European military adventurers of Hindustan, from 1784 to 1803, page 61:

(historical, military) An Asian form of mitrailleuse.


dagger

From Middle English daggere, daggare, dagard, probably adapted from Old French dague (1229), related to Occitan, Italian, Spanish daga, Dutch dagge, German Degen, Middle Low German dagge (“knife's point”), Old Norse daggarðr, Danish daggert, Faroese daggari, Welsh dager, dagr, Breton dac, Albanian thikë (“a knife, dagger”), thek (“to stab, to pierce with a sharp object”).
In English attested from the 1380s.
The ultimate origin of the word is unclear. Grimm suspects Celtic origin.
Others have suggested derivation from an unattested Vulgar Latin *daca "Dacian [knife]", from the Latin adjective dācus. Chastelain (Dictionaire etymologique, 1750) thought that French dague was a derivation from German dagge, dagen, although not attested until a much later date).
The knightly dagger evolves from the 12th century. Guillaume le Breton (died 1226) uses daca in his Philippide. Other Middle Latin forms include daga, dagga, dagha, dagger, daggerius, daggerium, dagarium, dagarius, diga; the forms with -r- are late 14th century adoptions of the English word).
OED points out that there is also an English verb dag (“to stab”) from which this could be a derivation, but the verb is attested only from about 1400.
Relation to Old Armenian դակու (daku, “adze, axe”) has also been suggested. Alternatively, a connection from Proto-Indo-European *dʰāg-u- and cognate with Ancient Greek θήγω (thḗgō, “to sharpen, whet”).

cog

The dagger, under the title cultellum and misericorde, has been the constant companion of the sword, at least from the days of Edward I. and is mentioned in the statute of Winchester.

1786, Francis Grose, A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons, page 34:

(weaponry) A stabbing weapon, similar to a sword but with a short, double-edged blade.


katana

(weaponry) A type of Japanese longsword, having a single edge and slight curvature, historically used by samurai and ninja.


daisho

daishos (plural)
daishou (alternative)
daishoh (alternative)
daisyou (alternative)
daisyoh (alternative)
daisyo (alternative)
daishō (alternative)

From Japanese 大小(だいしょう) (daishō), from 大(だい) (dai, “large”) + 小(しょう) (shō, “small”), in reference to the comparative size of the swords.

(weaponry) A traditional Japanese pair of swords, consisting of the katana and wakizashi.


tanto

tanto (plural)
tantos (plural)
tantō (alternative)
tantou (alternative)

Borrowed from Japanese 短刀(たんとう) (tantō), from Middle Chinese 短刀 (twan^X taw, “dagger”).

der

(weaponry) A traditional Japanese small sword or knife; often used as a secondary weapon to a katana.


generalissimo

en-noun

generalissimo (plural generalissimos or generalissimi)

generalissimos (plural)
generalissimi (plural)

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈliːsɪməʊ/

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈlɪsɪməʊ/

Borrowed from Italian generalissimo, superlative of generale.

Where stands Marshal Chiang Kai-shek in this conflict of opinion concerning the tactics which China should adopt towards the aggressor? Chiang Kai-shek, according to officials who know his mind with whom I have talked, is all for resistance—as soon as he thinks he can win! “It is a fatal mistake for the Japanese to imagine that I will not fight under any circumstances,” he has said. But the Chinese Generalissimo is too well versed in the philosophy of his country not to recollect that it is foolish to fight with the certainty of defeat.

1936, H. Hessell Tiltman, The Far East Comes Nearer, Jarrolds, page 249:

(military) A supreme commander of the armed forces of a country, especially one who is also a political leader.


bo

From Japanese 棒 (bō), from Middle Chinese 棒 (baewng^X, “staff, club”) (compare modern Chinese 棒 (bàng)).

der

(martial arts) A quarterstaff, especially in an oriental context.


display

en-verb

display (third-person singular simple present displays, present participle displaying, simple past and past participle displayed)

displays (present singular third-person)
displaying (participle present)
displayed (participle past)
displayed (past)

From Middle English displayen, from Anglo-Norman despleier and Old French despleier, desploiier, from Medieval Latin displicare (“to unfold, display”), from Latin dis- (“apart”) + plicāre (“to fold”). Doublet of deploy.

der

The Englishmen[…]display their ranks and[…]press hard upon their enemies.

1610, William Camden, translated by Philémon Holland, Britain, or A Chorographicall Description of the Most Flourishing Kingdomes, England, Scotland, and Ireland, […], London: […] [Eliot’s Court Press for] Georgii Bishop & Ioannis Norton, →OCLC:

(military) To extend the front of (a column), bringing it into line, deploy.


stop

From Middle English stoppen, stoppien, from Old English stoppian (“to stop, close”), from Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn, from Proto-Germanic *stuppōną (“to stop, close”), *stuppijaną (“to push, pierce, prick”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, *(s)tewb- (“to push; stick”), from *(s)tew- (“to bump; impact; butt; push; beat; strike; hit”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian stopje (“to stop, block”), West Frisian stopje (“to stop”), Dutch stoppen (“to stop”), Low German stoppen (“to stop”), German stopfen (“to be filling, stuff”), German stoppen (“to stop”), Danish stoppe (“to stop”), Swedish stoppa (“to stop”), Icelandic stoppa (“to stop”), Middle High German stupfen, stüpfen (“to pierce”). More at stuff, stump.
Alternative etymology derives Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn from an assumed Vulgar Latin *stūpāre, *stuppāre (“to stop up with tow”), from stūpa, stīpa, stuppa (“tow, flax, oakum”), from Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē), στύππη (stúppē, “tow, flax, oakum”). This derivation, however, is doubtful, as the earliest instances of the Germanic verb do not carry the meaning of "stuff, stop with tow". Rather, these senses developed later in response to influence from similar sounding words in Latin and Romance.

cog

(fencing) A coup d'arret, or stop thrust.


stroke

The noun is derived from Middle English strok, stroke (“blow from a weapon, cut”), from Old English strāc, from Proto-West Germanic *straik, from Proto-Germanic *straikaz (“stroke”), from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to rub, stroke; to shear; to strike”).
Sense 3.6.2.2 (“the oblique, slash, or virgule (‘/’)”) is a contraction of oblique stroke, a variant of oblique which was originally used in telegraphy.
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
* German Streich (“stroke”)
* Middle Low German strēk (“stroke, trick, prank”)
* Scots strak, strake, straik (“blow, stroke”)

isku

one of a series of beats or movements against a resisting medium, by means of which movement through or upon it is accomplished

ход

single movement or thrust of a part (such as a piston) of a machine that moves back and forth; length of this movement

(professional wrestling) Backstage influence.

pancada

(professional wrestling) backstage influence


nut

→ Japanese: ナット (natto)

From Middle English nute, note, from Old English hnutu, from Proto-West Germanic *hnut, from Proto-Germanic *hnuts (“nut”), from a root *knu- possibly shared with Proto-Celtic *knūs and Latin nux (“nut”). Based on the form of the nouns and the restriction of the root to Germanic, Celtic and Italic, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European (substrate) origin.
See also West Frisian nút, Dutch noot, German Nuss, Danish nød, Swedish nöt, Norwegian nøtt.

dió

walnut in particular and an element in the name of some other nuts

dióféle

literally: ’walnut-like’, the family of this fruit

walnuts, hazelnuts/peanuts, chestnuts, and related fruits

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

Edward H[enry] Knight
w:Edward H. Knight


flash

en-noun

flash (countable and uncountable, plural flashes)

→ Catalan: flaix

→ Polish: flesz

In some senses, from Middle English flasshen, a variant of flasken, flaskien (“to sprinkle, splash”), which was likely of imitative origin; in other senses probably of North Germanic origin akin to Swedish dialectal flasa (“to burn brightly, blaze”), related to flare. Compare also Icelandic flasa (“to rush, go hastily”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

I just got my first commando flash.


pass

en-verb

pass (third-person singular simple present passes, present participle passing, simple past and past participle passed)

passes (present singular third-person)
passing (participle present)
passed (participle past)
passed (past)
passe (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English passen, from Old French passer (“to step, walk, pass”), from Vulgar Latin *passāre (“step, walk, pass”), derived from Latin passus (“a step”), from Proto-Italic *pat-s-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread, stretch out”). Cognate with Old English fæþm (“armful, fathom”). More at fathom.
Displaced native Old English genġan.

مَرَّ

medicine: to eliminate (something) from the body by natural processes; to go through the intestines

اِجْتَازَ

to go through any inspection or test successfully

(sports) To make various kinds of movement.

(intransitive, fencing) To make a lunge or swipe.

To change place.
To make various kinds of movement.
To make a lunge or swipe.


pass

→ Tibetan: སྤ་སེ (spa se)

From Middle English pas, pase, pace, from passen (“to pass”).

(fencing) A thrust or push; an attempt to stab or strike an adversary.


muffler

→ Japanese: マフラー

→ Spanish: mofle

→ Welsh: myffler

(World War I military slang, rare) A gasmask.


hammer

From Middle English hamer, from Old English hamor, from Proto-West Germanic *hamar, from Proto-Germanic *hamaraz (“tool with a stone head”) (compare West Frisian hammer, Low German Hamer, Dutch hamer, German Hammer, Danish hammer, Swedish hammare). This is traditionally ascribed to Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱmoros, from *h₂éḱmō (“stone”), but see *hamaraz for further discussion.
(declare a defaulter on the stock exchange): Originally signalled by knocking with a wooden mallet.

sense

Nonstop hammer cock, violent mannered shots land a lot

2016, Doseone, “Enter the Gungeon”, in Enter the Gungeon OST:

In the course of a single month this year, the following news reports emanated from Florida: A gun enthusiast in Tampa built a 55-foot backyard pool shaped like a revolver, with a hot tub in the hammer.

2023 March 27, Helen Lewis, “How Did America’s Weirdest, Most Freedom-Obsessed State Fall for an Authoritarian Governor?”, in The Atlantic:

(firearms) A moving part of a firearm that strikes the firing pin to discharge a gun.


array

en-noun

array (countable and uncountable, plural arrays)

From Middle English arrayen, from Anglo-Norman arraier (compare Old French arraier, areer (“to put in order”)), from Medieval Latin arrēdō (“to put in order, arrange, array”), from *rēdum (“preparation, order”), from Frankish *raid or *raidā (“preparation, order”) or Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (garaiþs, “ready, prepared”), from Proto-Germanic *raidaz, *raidiz (“ready”). Compare Old English rād (“condition, stipulation”), Old High German antreitī (“order, rank”). Doublet of ready.


profile

en-noun

profile (countable and uncountable, plural profiles)

From French profil, from Italian profilo (“a border”), later also proffilo (“a side-face, profile”), from Latin pro (“before”) + filo (“a line, stroke, thread”), from filum (“a thread”); see file. Doublet of purfle.

(military slang) An exemption from certain types of duties due to injury or disability.


dojo

dojos (plural)
dojo (plural)
dōjō (alternative)

→ Russian: додзё (dodzjó)

Borrowed from Japanese 道場 (dōjō, literally “place of the ways”). Doublet of dojang.

bor

[ˈdəʊ̯d͡ʒəʊ̯]

/ˈdoʊˌd͡ʒoʊ/

[ˈdoʊ̯ˌd͡ʒoʊ̯]

I was to be there [Helsinki, Finland] for over two weeks; and because a hotel room affords a rather awkward place of practice, I went looking for a dojo. Finally after hearing rumors of dojos from various citizens I turned to the equivalent of Helsinki's Yellow Pages. There I found listed, under Meido-Kan, the name of one Kare K. Käyhkö.

1965 October, Dean Nelson, “Finland Welcomes Karateman”, in Norman Fogel, editor, Black Belt: Magazine of the Martial Arts, volume III, number 10, Los Angeles, Calif.: Black Belt, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 47:

When his teacher moved from the area, Mr. Demura was relocated to another dojo which taught both karate and kendo.

1971, Fumio Demura, “About the Author”, in Nunchaku: Karate Weapon of Self-defense, Los Angeles, Calif.: Black Belt Books, Ohara Publications, published 2005, →ISBN, page 6:

Most dojo, unless they maintain a group coverage for their students, will require you to sign a waiver before you begin attending class.

1974, Tonny Tulleners, “Want to Learn Karate?”, in Beginning Karate, Santa Clarita, Calif.: Ohara Publications, →ISBN, page 12:

The first thing the students had to do when they entered the dojo was to rei (bow) to the floor. This showed respect for the dojo, treating it with humbleness.

2012 November 26, Reese Rigby, “Proper Dojo Etiquette”, in They Call Me Sensei, Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, →ISBN, page 6:

(martial arts) A training facility, usually led by one or more sensei; a hall or room used for such training.

đạo trường

chiefly for those of Japanese martial arts

In this class of truck it’s all about torque, and the Hilux has that in spades. [...] Its traction control stamps the ground with the immovable authority of a sumo wrestler entering the dojo.

2017 September 3, Martin Love, “Toyota Hilux pick-up review: ‘A work horse, not a fashion pony’”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-10-05:

Women [...] considered "impure", are not allowed on the dojo, circular location of the fight considered a sacred place. The inflexibility of the sumo world on this point had caused a scandal last year when women doctors and nurses had come to the dojo to help an elected official feeling uncomfortable during a speech at a tournament. The sumo association had to present "sincere apologies" for asking them to come down as soon as possible.

2019 January 16, “Sumo: Kisenosato, only current yokozuna born in Japan, retires”, in Pakistan Today, Lahore: Arif Nizami, →ISSN, →OCLC:

Most stables are off-limits but Hakkaku's allows paying guests accompanied by a guide to watch a morning training session. Because sumo competitions are held just six times a year, it's a great way for visitors to experience this uniquely Japanese phenomenon. [...] Guests silently shuffle into the small dojo to sit or kneel just feet from where the enormous fighters are practising.

2019 July 27, Declan McVeigh, “Hakkaku stable: How to watch Tokyo’s sumo stars train live”, in The National, Abu Dhabi: International Media Investments, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-07-29:

Novak Djokovic had fought against other sumo players in a dojo before he started Japan Open, but the tennis champion was clearly out of his league. [...] "I had a slight weight deficit but I was very close to moving the guy an inch. They say they eat at least 10.000 calories a day to be strong and big. Don't know if I can match that to be honest", Nole commented on his poor performance in the dojo.

2019 October 2, Claudiu Pop, “Djokovic Tried Sumo Wrestling before Japan Open, but Failed to Impress”, in Tennis World, archived from the original on 2019-10-08:

(sumo) Synonym of dohyo (“the ring in which a sumo wrestling match is held”)


party

→ Bulgarian: парти (parti)

Chinese:

desc

Cantonese: → 派對 /派对 (paai³ deoi³), → party, ⇒ P

→ Mandarin: 趴體 /趴体 (pātǐ), 派對 /派对 (pàiduì)

→ Dhivehi: ޕާޓީ (pāṭī)

→ Japanese: パーティー (pātī)

→ Korean: 파티 (pati)

→ Maori: pāti

→ Malay: parti

→ Russian: парти (parti)

From Middle English party, partye, partie, from Anglo-Norman partie, from Old French partie (“side, part; portion, share; separation, division”, literally “that which is divided”), noun use of feminine of past participle of Old French partir (“to divide, separate”), from Latin partire (“to share, part, distribute, divide”), from pars (“a part, piece, a share”); see also part. First attested in c. 1300. Doublet of partita. The sense of communist party of a communist state derives Russian партия (partija), short for Коммунистическая партия (Kommunističeskaja partija).

حِزْب

group of people forming one side in a given dispute, contest etc.

гру́па

group of people travelling or attending an event together

business in the front, party in the back

boarding party

The settlers were attacked early next morning by a scouting party.

(military) A detachment of troops selected for a particular service or duty.


asset

→ Malay: aset

Back-formation from assets, from Anglo-Norman asetz, from Old French assez (“enough”). Compare Middle English asseth.


squash

en-noun

squash (countable and uncountable, plural squashes)

→ Catalan: esquaix

→ Czech: squash

→ Dutch: kwast

Afrikaans: kwas

→ Finnish: squash

→ French: squash

→ Japanese: スカッシュ (sukasshu)

→ Korean: 스쿼시 (seukwosi)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: squash

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: squash

→ Polish: squash

→ Portuguese: squash

→ Russian: сквош (skvoš)

→ Swedish: squash

From Middle English squachen, squatchen, from Old French esquacher, escachier, from Vulgar Latin *excoāctiāre, from Latin ex + coāctāre. Probably influenced by Middle English quashen, quassen, from Old French esquasser, escasser (“to crush, shatter, destroy, break”), from Vulgar Latin *exquassare, from Latin ex- + quassare (“to shatter”) (see quash).

It was one of the most shocking WWE title matches ever witnessed, and effectively a 20-minute squash match as Brock Lesnar "conquered" his opponent.

Orr, James (2014 August 18) “WWE SummerSlam 2014: How Twitter reacted to John Cena vs Brock Lesnar”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), The Independent, retrieved 2015-07-30

(slang, professional wrestling) An extremely one-sided, usually short, match.


password

passwords (plural)
pass-word (alternative)

From pass + word; the sentry-passing sense predates the cryptographic sense and was its inspiration.

Only if a would-be visitor knew the password du jour could he pass; the guards allowed no exceptions.

(military, security) A word relayed to a person to gain admittance to a place or to gain access to information.


mark

marks (plural)
marke (alternative obsolete)
merk (alternative obsolete)
marc (alternative obsolete)

→ Bengali: মার্কা (marka)

→ Cantonese: 嘜 /唛 (mak¹, maak¹)

desc

→ Shanghainese: 麥克麥克 /麦克麦克 (⁸maq-kheq₇-maq₈-kheq₇)

→ Japanese: マーク (māku)

→ Korean: 마크 (makeu)

From Middle English mark, merk, merke, from Old English mearc (“mark, sign, line of division; standard; boundary, limit, term, border; defined area, district, province”), from Proto-West Germanic *marku, from Proto-Germanic *markō (“boundary; boundary marker”), from Proto-Indo-European *mórǵs (“edge, boundary, border”).
Compare march.
Cognates
* Dutch mark, merk (“mark, brand”)
* German Mark (“mark; borderland”), Marke (“mark, brand”)
* Swedish mark (“mark, land, territory”)
* Icelandic mark (“mark, sign”)
* Latin margo (“edge, margin”)
* Persian مرز (marz, “limit, boundary”)
* Sanskrit मर्या (maryā, “limit, mark, boundary”), मार्ग (mārga, “mark, section”).

cog

(professional wrestling slang) Condescending label of a wrestling fan who refuses to believe that pro wrestling is predetermined and/or choreographed.


penguin

→ Assamese: পেঙ্গুইন (peṅguin)

→ Burmese: ပင်ဂွင် (panggwang)

desctree

→ Dutch: pinguïn, pinguin (superseded, dated)
Afrikaans: pikkewyn
→ French: pingouin
→ Danish: pingvin
→ Italian: pinguino
→ Persian: پنگوئن (pangu'an)
→ Portuguese: pinguim
→ Romanian: pinguin
→ Spanish: pingüino
→ Swedish: pingvin
→ Turkish: penguen

→ Hawaiian: penekuina

→ Japanese: ペンギン (pengin)

→ Khmer: ភេនឃ្វីន (pheinkhviin)

→ Korean: 펭귄 (penggwin)

→ Thai: เพนกวิน (pen-gwîn)

→ Welsh: pengwin

Etymology tree
Proto-Celtic *kʷennom
Proto-Brythonic *penn
Welsh pen?
Proto-Indo-European *weyd-der.?
Proto-Celtic *windos
Proto-Brythonic *gwɨnn
Welsh gwyn?
Proto-Indo-European *peyH-der.
Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ-influ.?
Latin pinguisder.?
English penguin
Unknown; first attested in the 16th century in reference to the auk of the Northern hemisphere; the word was later applied to the superficially similar birds of the Southern hemisphere (as was woggin). Possibly from Welsh pen (“head”) and gwyn (“white”), or from Latin pinguis (“fat”). See citations and the Wikipedia article.
(nun): Because of the often black-and-white habit, resembling the bird's colors.

etymon

Although it is a permanent R.A.F. station (pre-war, that is), we meander about, even in the Mess, in battle dress and flying boots, sweaters, etc., much to the disgust of some of the more dignified 'penguins' […]

1942, Hermann Hagedorn, Sunward I've Climbed, page 143:

Notwithstanding his elevated status as the wing’s Senior Intelligence Officer, Monty, too, was a “penguin,” equal in that respect to an armament assistant, airframe mechanic, pigeon loftsman or any of the seventy-odd ground trades listed by the Royal Canadian Air Force at the war’s end.

1994, Monty Berger, Invasions without tears: the story of Canada's top-scoring Spitfire wing in Europe during the Second World War, →ISBN, →LCCN, page xi:

She may have been a “penguin”—an Air Force service member who didn't fly—but it sure beat being at home, as Brady had pointed out.

2015 June 1, Kate Christie, In the Company of Women, Bella Books, →ISBN, →OCLC:

This was to be my home for three months where ground officer cadets, referred to colloquially as ‘penguins’ were trained.

2019 November 5, Derek Esp, An Adventure in Education: The Autobiography of an Accidental Career in Education, Troubador Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 46:

(UK, military, slang) A member of the air force who does not fly aircraft.


mask

Borrowed from Middle French masque (“a covering to hide or protect the face”), from Italian maschera (“mask, disguise”), from (a byform of, see it for more) Medieval Latin masca, mascha, a borrowing of Proto-West Germanic *maskā from which English mesh is regularly inherited.
Replaced Old English grīma (“mask”), whence grime, and displaced non-native Middle English viser (“visor, mask”) borrowed from Old French viser, visier.
Compare also Hebrew מַסֵּכָה (masseiḥa).

蒙版

two-color bitmap used to create transparency in an image

(fortification) In a permanent fortification, a redoubt which protects the caponiere.

kaponieeria suojaava redutti

fortification: redoubt which protects the caponiere


mask

en-verb

mask (third-person singular simple present masks, present participle masking, simple past and past participle masked)

masks (present singular third-person)
masking (participle present)
masked (participle past)
masked (past)
masque (alternative)

(transitive, military) To conceal; also, to intervene in the line of.

to mask a body of troops or a fortess by a superior force, while some hostile evolution is being carried out

(transitive, military) To cover or keep in check.


cycle

→ Japanese: サイクル (saikuru)

From Middle English cicle (“fixed length period of years”), from Late Latin cyclus, from Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”), from Proto-Hellenic *kúklos, *kʷókʷlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”).
Doublet of chakra, chakram, charkha, chukker, cyclus, and wheel (see there for more).

pyörä

bicycle, tricycle, motorcycle etc. — see also bicycle

Officers have made the mistake of applying many Taser cycles, expecting the suspect to relent.

2014, R.T. Wyant, Thomas Burns, Risk Management of Less Lethal Options, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 211:


igloo

From Inuktitut ᐃᒡᓗ (iclo, “house, building (of any kind)”), from Proto-Inuit *ǝɣlu, from Proto-Eskimo *ǝŋlu.

hogan

used by the Navajo in the southwestern United States

wetu

used by the Wampanoag in the northeastern United States

wickiup

used in the southwestern and western United States

General James Walsh signalled Strategic Air Command that the B-47 tore apart the igloo and knocked about 3 mark sixes.

2011, Robert Hutchinson, Weapons of Mass Destruction:

(military) A reinforced bunker for the storage of nuclear weapons.


alert

From French alerte (“alert”), from the phrase à l'erte (“on the watch”), from Italian all'erta (“to the height”), from erta (“lookout, tower”).

an airborne alert; ground alert

(military) A state of readiness for potential combat.


size

en-verb

size (third-person singular simple present sizes, present participle sizing, simple past and past participle sized)

sizes (present singular third-person)
sizing (participle present)
sized (participle past)
sized (past)

Attested since the 14th century, originally meant a “law or regulation that determines the amount to be paid”, from Middle English syse, sise (“regulation, control, limit”), from Old French cise, sise, aphetism of assise (“assize”), from the verb asseoir (“to sit down”), from Latin assidēre, composed of ad- (“to, towards, at”) + sedeō (“sit; settle down”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed-. Displaced native Old English miċelnes (literally “bigness”).

ncog

(transitive) To classify or arrange by size.

(military) To take the height of men, in order to place them in the ranks according to their stature.


group

groups (plural)
groop (alternative nonstandard)
groupe (alternative obsolete)

→ Gulf Arabic: قروب (grūp)

→ Japanese: グループ (gurūpu)

→ Korean: 그룹 (geurup)

→ Tongan: kulupu

From French groupe (“cluster, group”), from Italian gruppo, groppo (“a knot, heap, group, bag (of money)”), from Vulgar Latin *cruppo, Renaissance Latin grupus, from Frankish *krupp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“lump, round mass, body, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to crumple, bend, crawl”).
In the “group theory” sense, calqued from French groupe, a term coined by the young French mathematician Évariste Galois in 1830.
Cognate with German Kropf (“crop, craw, bunch”); Old English cropp, croppa (“cluster, bunch, sprout, flower, berry, ear of corn, crop”) (whence English crop); Dutch krop (“craw”), Icelandic kroppr (“hump, bunch”). Doublet of crop and croup.


game

en-noun

game (countable and uncountable, plural games)

→ Brazilian Portuguese: game

→ Dutch: gamen, game

→ Finnish: geimit

→ Irish: géim

→ Japanese: ゲーム

→ Korean: 게임 (geim), 겜 (gem)

→ Norman: gamme

→ Norwegian: gamen, game

→ Spanish: game

→ Welsh: gêm

From Middle English game, gamen, gammen, from Old English gamen (“sport, joy, mirth, pastime, game, amusement, pleasure”), from Proto-West Germanic *gaman, from Proto-Germanic *gamaną (“amusement, pleasure, game", literally "participation, communion, people together”), from *ga- (collective prefix) + *mann- (“man”); or alternatively from *ga- + a root from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think, have in mind”).
Cognate with Old Frisian game, gome (“joy, amusement, entertainment”), Middle High German gamen (“joy, amusement, fun, pleasure”), Swedish gamman (“mirth, rejoicing, merriment”), Icelandic gaman (“fun”). Related to gammon, gamble.

cog

(countable, military) An exercise simulating warfare, whether computerized or involving human participants.


stealth

en-verb

stealth (third-person singular simple present stealths, present participle stealthing, simple past and past participle stealthed)

stealths (present singular third-person)
stealthing (participle present)
stealthed (participle past)
stealthed (past)

From Middle English stelthe, from Old English stǣlþ, from Proto-Germanic *stēliþō, equivalent to steal + -th (abstract nominal suffix). Compare Old English stalu (“theft, stealth”), Old High German stāla (“theft”), German Diebstahl (“theft”).

(especially military, computing) To conceal or infiltrate through the use of stealth.


stealth

(military, aviation, vehicles, technology) Having properties that diminish radar signatures.


fast

From Middle English fast, fest, from Old English fæst (“firm, secure”), from Proto-West Germanic *fast, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.
The development of “rapid” from an original sense of “secure” apparently happened first in the adverb and then transferred to the adjective; compare hard in expressions like “to run hard”. The original sense of “secure, firm” is now slightly archaic, but retained in the related fasten (“make secure”). Also compare close meaning change from Latin rapiō (“to snatch”) to Latin rapidus (“rapid, quick”), from Irish sciob (“to snatch”) to Irish sciobtha (“quick”).

(archery) Ellipsis of stand fast, a warning not to pass between the arrow and the target.


file

From French file, from filer (“to spin out, arrange one behind another”), from Latin fīlāre, from filum (“thread”).

(military) A small detachment of soldiers.


Andrew

en-prop

Andrew (countable and uncountable, plural Andrews)

[ˈeᵊnˌd̠ɹ̠˔ʷʊ̈u]

[ˈænˌd̠ɹ̠ʷ˔ʊ̈u]

From Ancient Greek Ἀνδρέας (Andréas), cognate with ἀνδρεῖος (andreîos, “manly”), both from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”). Doublet of André, Andreas, Andrei, and Andrey.

doublet

A common British catch phrase is, "You shouldn't have joined Andrew if you couldn't take a joke."

1984, Robert Hendrickson, Salty Words, page 19:

“Me muvver always said I should a joined the Andrew.” (Royal Navy.)

2011, Johannes H. L. Bosman, The Plough & the Sword, page 257:


occupation

en-noun

occupation (countable and uncountable, plural occupations)

/ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən/

/ˌɒkjəˈpeɪʃən/

/ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/

/ˌɑkjəˈpeɪʃən/

From Middle English occupacioun, borrowed from Middle French occupacion, occupation, from Latin occupātiō, occupātiōnis, from occupō (“occupy, seize”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize, grab”). By surface analysis, occupy + -ation.

der

The early years of Norman occupation saw a frenzy of castle building.

1999, Linda Flavell, Roger Flavell, “1066[:] The Normans Begin to Erect Castles”, in dictionary of english down through the ages[:] words & phrases born out of historical events great & small, 2005 edition, London: Kyle Cathie Limited, →ISBN, page 17:

The lawyer and twice-divorced mother of three had presented herself as the modern face of her party, trying to strip it of unsavoury overtones after her father's convictions for saying the Nazi occupation of France was not "particularly inhumane".

2012 April 23, Angelique Chrisafis, “François Hollande on top but far right scores record result in French election”, in The Guardian:

(geopolitics, military) The control of a nation or region by a hostile military or paramilitary force.

okupacion

control of a country or region by a hostile army


window

en-noun

window (countable and uncountable, plural windows)

From Middle English wyndowe, wyndown, from Old Norse vindauga (“window”, literally “wind-eye; wind-hole”), equivalent to wind + eye. Cognate with Scots windae and windock, Faroese vindeyga, Norwegian Bokmål vindu, Norwegian Nynorsk vindauge, Danish vindue, archaic Swedish vindöga, Elfdalian windog and older German Windauge. Displaced native Old English ēagþȳrel (literally “eye hole”) (the rare direct descendant is eyethurl (“window, pupil, etc.”)). The “windows” among early Germanic peoples were just unglazed holes (eyes) in the wall or roof that permitted wind to pass through .

ncog

not have a pot to piss in or a window to throw it out of

(military, historical, uncountable) Synonym of chaff (“strips of material intended to confuse radar”)


rifle

→ Catalan: rifle

→ French: rifle

→ Japanese: ライフル (raifuru)

→ Korean: 라이플 (raipeul)

→ Portuguese: rifle

→ Spanish: rifle

Originally short for “rifled gun”, referring to the spiral grooves inside the barrel. From Middle English riflen (“to rob, plunder, search through”), from Old French rifler (“to lightly scratch, scrape off, plunder”), from Old High German riffilōn (compare German riffeln (“to score, make grooves in, ripple”), archaic Dutch rijfelen (“to scrape”), Old English rifelan, riflian (“to wrinkle”)), frequentative of Proto-Germanic *rīfaną (compare Old Norse rífa (“to tear, break”)). More at rive.

cog

Still, a dozen men with rifles, and cartridges to match, stayed behind when they filed through a white aldea lying silent amid the cane, and the Sin Verguenza swung into slightly quicker stride.

1907 January, Harold Bindloss, chapter 7, in The Dust of Conflict, 1st Canadian edition, Toronto, Ont.: McLeod & Allen, →OCLC:

In the June days of 1848 Baudelaire reports seeing revolutionaries (he might have been one of them) going through the streets of Paris with rifles, shooting all the clocks.

1995, Richard Klein, “Introduction”, in Cigarettes are sublime, Paperback edition, Durham: Duke University Press, published 1993, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 8:

(weaponry) A firearm fired from the shoulder; improved range and accuracy is provided by a long, rifled barrel.

(military, usually in the plural, dated) A rifleman.

(weaponry) An artillery piece with a rifled barrel.

កាំភ្លើងវែង

kampləəŋ vɛɛŋ


rifled

(firearms) Having a spiral on the interior of a gun bore to make a fired bullet spin in flight to improve range and accuracy.

rihlattu

having a spiral groove on the inside of a gun barrel


rifling

(military) The act or process of making the grooves in a rifled cannon or gun barrel.

(military) The system of grooves in a rifled gun barrel or cannon. Shunt rifling, rifling for cannon, in which one side of the groove is made deeper than the other, to facilitate loading with shot having projections which enter by the deeper part of the grooves.


TOC

(military, law enforcement) Initialism of tactical operations center.


MP

en-noun

MP (countable and uncountable, plural MPs)

MPs (plural)
M. P. (alternative)
M.P. (alternative)

(military) Initialism of military police or military policeman.

(military) Initialism of machine pistol.


ABM

ABM (countable and uncountable, plural ABMs)

anti-ballistic missile
anti-ballistic missile#English

(military, astronautics) Initialism of anti-ballistic missile.


GB

(chemistry, military) Initialism of German agent B (US designation for the nerve gas sarin).


ASP

ammunition supply point
w:ammunition dump

(military) Initialism of ammunition supply point.


EOD

(military, law enforcement) Initialism of explosive ordnance disposal.


put out

en-verb

put out (third-person singular simple present puts out, present participle putting out, simple past and past participle put out)

puts out (present singular third-person)
putting out (participle present)
put out (participle past)
put out (past)

(transitive) To cause something to be out, particularly

(boxing and medicine) Synonym of knock out: to render unconscious.


kata

From Japanese 型 (literally “pattern, model”).
In English use since the 1950s.

judo kata

About fifty kata, or "formal exercises," are practiced at the present time, some having been passed down from generation to generation, others having been developed fairly recently.

1979, Masatoshi Nakayama, Best Karate: Heian, Tekki, page 12:

Katas are a series of motions, such as punches, strikes, and kicks, arranged in a specific pattern. The pattern allows the motions to flow into one another. A student must learn a new kata to advance to each new belt level.

2006, Kelley MacAulay, Bobbie Kalman, Karate in Action, page 22:

When the competitor's name is called, she stands on the designated line, bows to the panel of judges, and announces the name of the kata she will perform.[…]She then performs the kata. When she is finished, her opponent performs her kata. At the end of the second kata, both return to the mat area to await the decision of the judging panel.

2009, Thomas W. Hanlon, The Sports Rules Book, Human Kinetics, page 161:

2010, Kenji Tokitsu, The Katas: The Meaning Behind the Movements:

(martial arts) Any of a sequence of positions and movements used in many martial arts.


splash

Probably an alteration of plash (compare spatter, spill for the initial s-).

(wrestling) A body press; a move where the wrestler jumps forward from a raised platform such as the top turnbuckle, landing stomach first across an opponent lying on the ground below.

Hits were observed, but again the poor functioning of VT ammunition hindered in effecting a splash.

2010, Robin L. Rielly, Kamikaze Attacks of World War II, page 267:

(military, slang) The shooting down of an aircraft over water.


splash

splash (third-person singular simple present splashes, present participle splashing, simple past and past participle splashed)

splashes (present singular third-person)
splashing (participle present)
splashed (participle past)
splashed (past)

Planes were sighted at about 5000 yards, fire was opened at 4500 yards; the first plane was splashed about 1800 yards from the ship, the second was splashed about 3000 yards from the ship and rudder shifted to hard right.

2010, Robin L. Rielly, Kamikaze Attacks of World War II, page 234:

(military, slang) To shoot down (an aircraft) over water.


ABC

weapon of mass destruction
weapon of mass destruction

(weaponry) Initialism of atomic, biological and chemical: the three main categories of weapon of mass destruction.


loophole

loophole (third-person singular simple present loopholes, present participle loopholing, simple past and past participle loopholed)

loopholes (present singular third-person)
loopholing (participle present)
loopholed (participle past)
loopholed (past)
loop hole (alternative)

From Middle English loupe (“opening in a wall”) + hole, from a Germanic source. Compare Medieval Latin loupa, lobia and Middle Dutch lupen (“to watch”).

af

The lower windows were barricaded, and the whole building loopholed for musketry fire.

1896, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Exploits Of Brigadier Gerard:

The doors were barricaded, the shutters closed upon the windows and loopholed, and provisions were brought in from the outhouses.

The Germans were loopholing it for defence.

1915, W. H. L. Watson, Adventures of a Despatch Rider:

(military, transitive) To prepare a building for defense by preparing slits or holes through which to fire on attackers


no holds barred

a no holds barred match

(wrestling) Without restrictions on holds or what opponents may do.

ilman kiellettyjä otteita

in wrestling: without restrictions on holds or what opponents may do


cop

From Middle English cop, coppe, from Old English cop, copp, from Proto-West Germanic *kopp, from Proto-Germanic *kuppaz (“vault, basin, round object”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew-. Cognate with Dutch kop, German Kopf.

check cop

probably etymologically unrelated to above terms


FM

en-noun

FM (countable and uncountable, plural FMs)

FMs (plural)
F.M. (alternative)
F. M. (alternative)

(countable, military) Initialism of field marshal.


division

division (countable and uncountable, plural divisions)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English divisioun, from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiō, dīvīsiōnem, noun of process form from perfect passive participle dīvīsus (“divided”), from dīvidō (“divide”). Doublet of divisio.

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend

(military) A formation, usually made up of two or three brigades.


STS

STS (countable and uncountable, plural STSs)

special treatment steel
w:special treatment steel

(metallurgy, military, nautical, historical) Initialism of special treatment steel (a type of homogenous armor plate).


legend

legend (countable and uncountable, plural legends)

From Middle English legende, from Old French legende, from Medieval Latin legenda (“a legend, story, especially the lives of the saints”), from Latin legenda (“things which ought to be read”), from lego (“I read”).

legende

any person of extraordinary accomplishment

The legend displacement on the basis then in use was 48,000 tons, the corresponding standard displacement as defined by the Washington Treaty being 47,540 tons.

1929, Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, Inc, page 304:

The legend and sketch designs were submitted to the Board on 27th March 1916 and, after examining a model and the drawings, the Sea Lords generally favoured proposal 'B'; the extra weight involved being acceptable.

1976, Alan Raven, John Roberts, British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleships and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946, page 63:

(naval) The design and specification of a vessel.


download

en-verb

download (third-person singular simple present downloads, present participle downloading, simple past and past participle downloaded)

downloads (present singular third-person)
downloading (participle present)
downloaded (participle past)
downloaded (past)
DL (alternative)
dl (alternative)
d/l (alternative)
D/L (alternative)

→ Danish: downloade

→ Dutch: downloaden

→ German: downloaden; herunterladen (calque)

desc

→ Lao: ດາວໂຫຼດ (dāo lōt)

→ Lao: ດາວໂຫຼດ (dāo lōt)

→ Malay: muat turun (calque)

→ Maltese: ddawnlowdja

→ Thai: ดาวน์โหลด (daao-lòot)

From down- + load. Verbal form first appears c. 1962 in the Wichita Falls (Texas) Times. Nominal form first appears c. 1977 in Scientific American.

(transitive, firearms) To load a gun (especially a muzzle-loader) with less propellant than its designed load.


delta

From Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta), borrowed from a Phoenician word for "door", ultimately from Proto-Semitic *dalt-. Doublet of dalet.
* (river): from the triangular shape of the majuscule Greek letter delta Δ
* (USSF): from the delta wing, symbol of the USSF, a triangular wing, shaped like the majuscule Greek letter delta Δ

(US, military, U.S. Space Force) A military unit, nominally headed by a colonel, equivalent to a USAF operations wing, or an army regiment.


huh

Attested from circa 1600. Compare Dutch hè (“huh”).

Speech disfluency#"Huh" – the universal syllable

Shawn quickly turns around and punches the pale hand, yelling "Huh! Huh! Hi yah'! Huh! Get off me! Yeah!"

1993, Ashaki Boelter, The Nok, Bend, O.R.: Shakalot High Entertainment, published 2006, →ISBN, page 69:

He gets out of the chair, whips off his jacket, and starts closing in on the camera, punching rapidly as he moves. A left hook, a right jab. "Hey, I'm a boxer and a marine! So don't mess with me, man! Semper fi! Marine Corps! They better not mess with me! My critics better not mess with me, man, 'cause I'm gonna beat you up. Huh, huh, huh, huh, huh. Hmm, hmmm, hmm, hmmmm, heeeyah, huh, huh. Hmmm, yeah!"

1995 October 5, Neal Pollack, quoting David Nelson, “King of the Creature Feature”, in Chicago Reader, Chicago, I.L.: Chicago Reader, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-15:

Student A has both arms outstretched in a karate motion and shouts out "HUH". Student B receives the sound by putting both arms straight in the air and yelling "HUH". Students on either side of B give B a karate chop by miming a sideways karate chop — without any touching.

2014, Larry Swartz, Dramathemes: Classroom Literacy that Will Excite, Surprise, and Stimulate Learning, Markham, Ont.: Pembroke Publishers Limited, →ISBN, pages 130-131:

HUH-HUH, HI-YAH!

2023, Dwayne Reed, Simon B. Rhymin' Gets in the Game, New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, →ISBN, unnumbered page:

(martial arts) A kiai, shouted as a limb is swung in attack.


line

→ Scottish Gaelic: loidhne

From Middle English line, lyne, from Old English līne (“line, cable, rope, hawser, series, row, rule, direction”), from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”).
Influenced in Middle English by Middle French ligne (“line”), from Latin linea. More at linen.
The oldest sense of the word is “rope, cord, thread”; from this the senses “path”, “continuous mark” were derived.

lyn

path through two or more points, threadlike mark

lyn

single horizontal row of text on a screen, printed paper, etc.

linja

measure of length, the main division of an inch or its local equivalent

(especially military) A trench or rampart, or the non-physical demarcation of the extent of the territory occupied by specified forces.

A more-or-less straight sequence of people, objects, etc., either arranged as a queue or column and often waiting to be processed or dealt with, or arranged abreast of one another in a row (and contrasted with a column), as in a military formation.

(military, nautical) Ellipsis of line of battle.

(military) The regular infantry of an army, as distinguished from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry, artillery, etc.

Thus, for example, in the line of Quarte, the direct thrust is parried by dropping the point under the adversary's blade and circling upwards, throwing off the attack in the opposite line (that of Tierce), and upon the direct thrust in the line of Tierce, by a similar action throwing off the attack in the opposite line (that of Quarte).

1861, George Chapman, Foil Practice, with a Review of the Art of Fencing, page 12:

(fencing) The position in which the fencers hold their swords.

mstari

fencing: position in which the fencers hold their swords


tentacle

From New Latin tentāculum, from tentō. Doublet of tentaculum.

A joint RAF/Army staffed Air Support Control (ASC) headquarters was established at each army corps and each armoured division, linked to the forward brigades by a 'tentacle' equipped with two-way wireless telegraphy.

2013, Dr Ian Gooderson, Air Power at the Battlefront, page 26:

(UK, military, historical) An officer employed to drive out to troops and transmit back requests for support via a special radio link.


NBC

NBCs (plural)
N.B.C. (alternative)
N. B. C. (alternative)

biological weapon
biological weapon#English

(weaponry) Abbreviation of nuclear weapon, biological weapon and chemical weapon.


NBC

N.B.C. (alternative)
N. B. C. (alternative)

(weaponry) Abbreviation of nuclear, biological, chemical.


class

en-noun

class (countable and uncountable, plural classes)

→ Assamese: ক্লাছ (klas)

desc

→ Bengali: ক্লাস (klaś), কেলাস (kelaś) — nonstandard

q

or from French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">classe</i>

→ Gulf Arabic: كلاس (klās) (or from French classe)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क्लास (klās)

Urdu: کلاس

→ Japanese: クラス (kurasu)

→ Korean: 클래스 (keullaeseu)

→ Nepali: क्लास (klās)

→ Scottish Gaelic: clas

→ Thai: คลาส (kláas)

→ Yoruba: kíláàsì

From Middle French classe, from Latin classis (“a class or division of the people, assembly of people, the whole body of citizens called to arms, the army, the fleet, later a class or division in general”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout”). Doublet of clas and classis.

class action

class-action, class action lawsuit, class suit

(military) A group of people subject to be conscripted in the same military draft, or more narrowly those persons actually conscripted in a particular draft.

набор

military: persons subject to the same draft


flight

en-noun

flight (countable and uncountable, plural flights)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *plew-
Proto-Indo-European *plewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *fleuganą
Proto-West Germanic *fleugan
Proto-West Germanic *-þi
Proto-West Germanic *fluhti
Old English flyht
Middle English flight
English flight
From Middle English flight, from Old English flyht (“flight”), from Proto-West Germanic *fluhti (“flight”), derived from *fleuganą (“to fly”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly”), enlargement of *plew- (“flow”). Analyzable as fly + -t (variant of -th).
Cognate with West Frisian flecht (“flight”), Dutch vlucht (“flight”), German Flucht (“flight”) (etymology 2).

etymon

(US, naval) A numbered subclass of a given class of warship, denoting incremental modernizations to the original design.


seconde

(fencing) The second defensive position, with the sword hand held at waist height, with the hand held in a prone position and the tip of the sword below the level of the guard.


mike

From translingual Mike, representing the letter m, from English Mike.

We'll be there in one zero mikes [i.e. ten minutes].


appel

Borrowed from French appel. Doublet of appeal.

(fencing) An act of striking the ground with the leading foot to frighten, distract, or mislead one's opponent.


AAA

en-noun

AAA (countable and uncountable, plural AAAs)

(military) Initialism of anti-aircraft artillery.


SM

SM (countable and uncountable, plural SMs)

(US, military) Abbreviation of standard missile.

(military) Initialism of standoff missile.


rd

(knitting, firearms) Abbreviation of round.


CC

CC (countable and uncountable, plural CCs)

(military) Abbreviation of cruiser, a type of warship.

At the helm of Company Eleven was Chief Quartermaster Pritchard. Officially he was known as the Company Commander (CC) and had been assigned to Camp Moffett for the purpose of being our CC. […] Successful CC's often had their detractors in the form ofjealous and less successful CC's.

2013, David Banagis, Twenty-Three Days at Sea: A Sailor's Story, Bloomington, IN: Abbott Press, →ISBN, page 9:

(military) Initialism of company commander.

(US, military, historical) The US Navy hull classification symbol for a battlecruiser; the only such ships authorized by Congress were of the Lexington-class, which were cancelled under the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty with two being converted to aircraft carriers.


bus

buses (plural)
busses (plural)
'bus (alternative archaic)

→ Arabic: بَاص (bāṣ)

⇒ Burmese: ဘတ်စ်ကား (bhatcka:)

→ Cantonese: 巴士

→ Mandarin: 巴士 (bāshì)

→ German: Bus m

→ Hindi: बस (bas)

→ Irish: bus

desctree

→ Japanese: バス (basu)
→ Hakka: 巴士 (pa-sṳ́)
→ Hokkien: 巴士 (bá-suh)
→ Kavalan: basu
→ Sakizaya: basu

→ Korean: 버스 (beoseu)

→ Kurtöp: བས (bas)

→ Malay: bas

→ Pashto: بس

⇒ Sanskrit: बसयान (basayāna)

→ Scottish Gaelic: bus

→ Thai: บัส (bát)

→ Tibetan: འབའ་སེ ('ba' se)

→ Urdu: بس

→ Welsh: bws

Clipping of omnibus. Superseded earlier 'bus, where the apostrophe indicated a clipping. The shift in spelling likely reflects the fact that modern speakers no longer perceive this term as a clipping. The electrical sense is derived from figurative application of the automotive sense.

(military slang, 1910s–1940s) An aeroplane.


accelerograph

(military) An apparatus for studying the combustion of powder in guns, etc.


PC

(US, navy) Initialism of Coastal Patrol.


LES

en-noun

LES (countable and uncountable, plural LESs)

Leave and Earnings Statement
w:Leave and Earnings Statement

(military, US) Initialism of Leave and Earnings Statement.


bolt

→ Irish: bolta

→ Japanese: ボルト (boruto)

→ Maltese: bolt

desctree

→ Russian: болт (bolt)
→ Azerbaijani: bolt
→ Ingrian: boltta

→ Scottish Gaelic: bolta

From Middle English bolt, from Old English bolt, from Proto-West Germanic *bolt, from Proto-Germanic *bultaz, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”). Compare Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”). Akin to Dutch and West Frisian bout, German Bolz or Bolzen, Danish bolt, Swedish bult, Icelandic bolti.

der

mechanical engineering
mechanical engineering

(military, mechanical engineering) A sliding mechanism to chamber and unchamber a cartridge in a firearm.


sole

→ Hebrew: סוֹל (sol)

From Middle English sole, soole, from Old English sole, solu. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman sole, Old French sole, from Vulgar Latin *sola (“bottom of the shoe”, also “flatfish”), from Latin solea (“sandal, bottom of the shoe”), from Proto-Indo-European *swol- (“sole”). Cognate with Dutch zool (“sole, tread”), German Sohle (“sole, insole, bottom, floor”), Danish sål (“sole”), Icelandic sóli (“sole, outsole”), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 (sulja, “sandal”). Related to Latin solum (“bottom, ground, soil”). More at soil.
Compare typologically Russian по́чва (póčva) akin to подо́шва (podóšva).

cog

The bottom or lower part of anything, or that on which anything rests in standing.


well

From Middle English welle, from Old English wielle (“well”), from Proto-West Germanic *wallijā, from Proto-Germanic *wallijǭ (“well, swirl, wave”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”).
Cognate with West Frisian wel (“well”), Dutch wel (“well”), German Low German Well (“well”), German Welle (“wave”), Danish væld (“well; spring”), Swedish väl (“well”), Icelandic vella (“boiling; bubbling; eruption”).

cog

wool (interjection or unstressed, some accents)

the jug goes to the well until it breaks

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

(military) A hole or excavation in the earth, in mining, from which run branches or galleries.

potero

military: hole or excavation in the earth

shaft

excavation in the earth, from which run branches or galleries


hook

sometimes in Northern England and Ireland, otherwise obsolete

From Middle English hoke, from Old English hōc, from Proto-West Germanic *hōk, from Proto-Germanic *hōkaz, variant of *hakô (“hook”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kog-, *keg-, *keng- (“peg, hook, claw”).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian heak, Dutch haak (“hook”)) (compare West Frisian/Dutch hoek (“hook, angle, corner”), Low German Hook, Huuk); also related to hake.

The heavyweight delivered a few powerful hooks that staggered his opponent.

American Ward was too quick and too slick for his British rival, landing at will with razor sharp jabs and hooks and even bullying Froch at times.

2011 December 18, Ben Dirs, “Carl Froch outclassed by dazzling Andre Ward”, in BBC Sport:

(boxing) a type of punch delivered with the arm rigid and partially bent and the fist travelling nearly horizontally mesially along an arc

(Canada, Australia, military) Any of the chevrons denoting rank.


strafe

en-verb

strafe (third-person singular simple present strafes, present participle strafing, simple past and past participle strafed)

strafes (present singular third-person)
strafing (participle present)
strafed (participle past)
strafed (past)

From German strafe (“punish”) (a conjugated form of strafen), from phrases like Gott strafe England (“God punish England”) which the British saw during the First World War.

These should be especially useful against low-flying planes that "strafe" infantry and transport columns with machine-gun fire and light bombs.

1929, Frank Thone, “‘Thinking Machine’ Aims Guns”, in The Science News-Letter, volume 16, number 437, pages 107-09:

(transitive, military, aviation) To attack (ground targets) with automatic gunfire from a low-flying aircraft.

Laffey, fresh off from strafing Hiei, ran straight into a quarter of the Japanese navy's remaining destroyers, and, along with Kirishima, between gunfire and another successful Type 93 torpedo strike that tore off the ship's stern, the hapless destroyer was left drifting, ablaze, and would eventually sink.

2021 March 10, Drachinifel, 20:16 from the start, in Guadalcanal Campaign - The Big Night Battle: Night 1 (IJN 3(?) : 2 USN), archived from the original on 2022-10-17:

(transitive, military, by extension) To rake (a target) with rapid or automatic gunfire.

You will get an officer sometimes fu'l of shout and swank, an' 'e 'll put 'em through it, an' strafe 'em, an' walk off parade feelin' that 'e 'as put the fear o' God into 'em.

1933, Thomas Clement Lonergan, “Private 19022”, in The Military Engineer, volume 23, number 132, page 582:

(transitive, military, figurative) To reprimand severely.


sweat

en-noun

sweat (usually uncountable, plural sweats)

Sranan Tongo: sweti

Torres Strait Creole: swet

From Middle English swete, swet, swate, swote, from Old English swāt, from Proto-Germanic *swait-, *swaitą, from Proto-Indo-European *swoyd- (“to sweat”), o-grade of *sweyd- (“to sweat”). Cognate with West Frisian swit, Dutch zweet, German Schweiß, Danish sved, Swedish svett, Yiddish שוויצן (shvitsn) (English shvitz), Latin sudor, French sueur, Italian sudore, Spanish sudor, Persian خوی (xway, “sweat”), Sanskrit स्वेद (svéda), Lithuanian sviedri, Tocharian B syā-, Albanian djersë, and Welsh chwys.

inh

(British, military slang, especially WWI) A soldier (especially one who is old or experienced).


steam

en-noun

steam (usually uncountable, plural steams)

From Middle English steem, stem, from Old English stēam (“steam, hot exhalation, hot breath; that which emits vapour; blood”), from Proto-Germanic *staumaz (“steam, vapour, breath”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke”). Cognate with Scots stem, steam (“steam”), West Frisian steam (“steam, vapour”), Dutch stoom (“steam, vapour”), Low German stom (“steam”), Swedish dialectal stimma (“steam, fog”), Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”).

der

(fencing) Fencing without the use of any electric equipment.


recycle

en-verb

recycle (third-person singular simple present recycles, present participle recycling, simple past and past participle recycled)

recycles (present singular third-person)
recycling (participle present)
recycled (participle past)
recycled (past)

→ Dutch: recyclen

→ German: recyceln, recyclen

[ˌɹiːˈsaɪkɫ̩]

/ˌɹɪˈsaɪkəl/

[ˌɹɪ̝ˈsaɪkɫ̩]

[ɹɪˈsəi̯k(ə)ɫ]

Recruits cannot fail this portion of their training and become a Marine. Anyone who fails may be “recycled” through training up to three more times to try again, but will be sent home if success in this program is not achieved.

2006, Barbara Schading, Richard Schading, A Civilian's Guide to the U.S. Military, page 102:

(US, military, transitive) To put (a person) through a course of training again.