percussive

percussive (comparative more percussive, superlative most percussive)

more percussive (comparative)
most percussive (superlative)

Two additional, and much rarer, percussive articulations are represented by symbols in the extIPA chart. Their exclusion from the main IPA chart is an indication that they do not seem to occur as typical forms of adult speech in any part of the world, although they may have some communicative function. The symbol, [ʬ], is used to transcribe a bilabial percussive sound, which might be described in lay terms as lip-smacking.

2013, Nigel Hewlett, Janet Mackenzie Beck, An Introduction to the Science of Phonetics, Routledge, →ISBN:

(phonetics) Produced by striking organs together, for example, smacking the lips or gnashing the teeth.


percussive

Percussives are articulations where two rigid or semirigid articulators are struck against each other to produce a short, sharp sound.

2014, Martin J. Ball, Nicole Muller, Phonetics for Communication Disorders, Psychology Press, →ISBN:


coalescence

en-noun

coalescence (countable and uncountable, plural coalescences)

(phonology) The merging of two segments into one.


prothesis

prothesis (countable and uncountable, plural protheses)

From Late Latin prothesis, prosthesis, alteration (dropping the ‘s’) from Ancient Greek πρόσθεσις (prósthesis, “addition, augmentation”), (English prosthesis) from προστίθημι (prostíthēmi, “I add”), from πρός (prós, “towards”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “I place”), from Proto-Indo-European *próti, *préti + *dʰédʰeh₁- (“to be putting, to be placing”).
However, often confused for a descendant of the Ancient Greek word πρόθεσις (próthesis, “a preposing, preposition”) (without the σ (s)), which is instead the source of a different term – see alternative etymology, below.

der

(phonology) The prepending of phonemes at the beginning of a word without changing its morphological structure, as in Spanish esfera from Greek (via Latin) sphaera (“sphere”) (without prothesis the word would have become *sfera).

إِبْدَاء

the addition of a sound or syllable at the beginning of a word without changing the word's meaning or the rest of its structure


sibilant

From Latin sībilāns, present active participle of sībilō (“I hiss”).

Groove fricatives all have more or less of an [s]-like quality, and are for this reason sometimes called sibilants.

1955, H. A. Gleason, An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, page 194, section 14.7:

(phonetics) A consonant having a hissing or hushing sound such as the s or sh in sack or shack.


ultima

en-noun

ultima (countable and uncountable, plural ultimas)

From the Latin feminine of ultimus (“last”).

(grammar, prosody, countable) The final syllable of a word.


articulation

articulation (countable and uncountable, plural articulations)

From Middle English articulacioun, from Old French articulacion, from Medieval Latin articulatio. Equivalent to articulate + -ion.

manner of articulation

place of articulation

point of articulation

(phonetics) The mechanism by which a sound is formed in the vocal tract.

artikulasi

linguistics: means of uttering a phoneme


haplology

haplology (countable and uncountable, plural haplologies)

(phonology, uncountable) The process of deleting one of two almost identical syllables within a word.

(phonology, countable) An instance of deleting one of two almost identical syllables within a word.


affricate

(phonetics) A single speech sound produced combining a plosive and a fricative.


prosthesis

prosthesis (countable and uncountable, plural prostheses)

Via Latin, from Ancient Greek πρόσθεσις (prósthesis, “addition”), from προστίθημι (prostíthēmi, “I add”), from πρός (prós, “towards”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “I place”), from Proto-Indo-European *próti, *préti + *dʰédʰeh₁ti (“to be putting, to be placing”).


APA

Americanist Phonetic Alphabet
w:Americanist Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) Initialism of Americanist Phonetic Alphabet.


singleton

From single + -ton, probably following the model of simpleton.

singleton sonorants

(phonetics) A single consonant, as opposed to a geminated consonant.


caesura

Latin caesūra (“cutting, hewing”), from caesus, perfect passive participle of caedō (“I cut down, hew”).

(Classical prosody) Using two words to divide a metrical foot.

cezurë

using two words to divide a metrical foot


allophone

vähemmistökieltä äidinkielenään puhuva

person whose mother tongue is one other than that spoken by the majority

In some languages, [ʋ] is an allophone of /v/.

In the former the bilabial phone forms an allophone of the phoneme /v/ in word-final position after /a/ and an allophone of the phoneme /u/ when it is preceded by an obstruent and followed by /a/; […]

2003, Mikhail Sergeevich Andronov, A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 33:

(phonology) Any of two or more alternative pronunciations for a phoneme.


synaeresis

en-noun

synaeresis (countable and uncountable, plural synaereses)

/sɪnˈɛɹəsɪs/

From Ancient Greek συναίρεσις (sunaíresis, “unification”), from συν- (sun-, “together”) + αἵρεσις (haíresis, “taking”), from αἱρέω (hairéō, “I take”).

uder

(linguistics, prosody) The contraction of two vowels into a diphthong or a long vowel.


wildcard

(phonetics, phonology) A letter or symbol that substitutes for a generic or poorly identified sound, for example capital C for any or some consonant, or capital V for any or some vowel.


emphatic

en-adj

emphatic (comparative more emphatic, superlative most emphatic)

more emphatic (comparative)
most emphatic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἐμφατικός (emphatikós, “emphatic”), from ἐμφαίνω (emphaínō, “I show, present”), from ἐν (en, “in”) + φαίνω (phaínō, “I shine, show”); related to ἔμφασις (émphasis) and English emphasis.

der

(phonology) Belonging to a series of obstruent consonants in several Afro-Asiatic languages that are distinguished by a guttural (co-)articulation.

pharyngealized consonants in Arabic, Hebrew, other Northwest Semitic languages, and Berber languages

ejective consonants in Ge'ez, Amharic, other Ethiopic Semitic languages, Chadic and Cushitic languages

(phonology, archaic except in layman’s use) Referring to the above consonants as well as /ħ/ and /ʕ/ (these being seen as emphatic equivalents of /h/ and /ʔ/).


distich

From Latin distichon (“a poem of two verses, a distich consisting of a hexameter and a pentameter”), from Ancient Greek δίστιχον (dístikhon).

bor

Coordinate term: monostich

Through these distichs of increasing intensity and vagueness, the reader is brought to the riddle of the concluding distich: as far as the speaker is concerned, the girl was ‘pure’, but she will not be if Aeschylus wants to receive the same service on a ‘bad condition’.

2012, Christer Henriksén, A Commentary on Martial, Epigrams Book 9, OUP Oxford, →ISBN, page 282:

(prosody) A couplet, a two-line stanza making complete sense.


geminate

/ˈd͡ʒɛmɪnət/

Borrowed from Latin geminātus, perfect passive participle of geminō (“to double”).

For example, Martin (2007) notes that compounds in several languages (including English and Turkish) violate the general phonological principles in the language (e.g., English only allows geminate consonants in compounds).

2008, Sara Finley, Review of “The Representation and Processing of Compound Words”:

(phonology, of a consonant) Pronounced longer and considered as being doubled.


geminate

(phonology) A doubled or repeated letter or speech sound.


diastole

en-noun

diastole (usually uncountable, plural diastoles)

From Ancient Greek διαστολή (diastolḗ, “separation, drawing asunder”), from διά (diá, “apart”) + στέλλειν (stéllein, “send”).

der

1815 March and June, On the Greek and Latin Accents, The Classical Journal, Volume XI, page 81,
I have inserted diastole which is omitted in Putschius, an insertion which both the complement, and the subsequent text make necessary.

[A]ccording to prosody, this syllable has the diastole and the stress, whereas the second of “cujus” or of “animam” has not.

1841, Gottfried Weber, Godfrey Weber′s General Music Teacher, page 115:

Surely Goethe′s basic dichotomy of systole and diastole in the Divan poem[…].

2010, Jürgen Thym, Ann Clark Fehn, Of Poetry and Song: Approaches to the Nineteenth-Century Lied, page 46:

(uncountable, prosody) The lengthening of a vowel or syllable beyond its typical length.


intervocalic

/ˌɪntəvəʊˈkælɪk/

(phonetics) Existing or occurring between vowels.


assonance

en-noun

assonance (countable and uncountable, plural assonances)

From French assonance, from Latin assonāre; by surface analysis, a- + son- + -ance.

"You should try to speak without assonances" said Merlyn. "For instance, 'The beer is never clear round here, dear' is unfortunate, even as an assonance.'"

1938, T.H. White, chapter 12, in The Sword in the Stone, Collins:

(prosody) The repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds (though with different consonants), usually in literature or poetry.


monosemic

(prosody) Consisting of, or equal to, a single semeion.


lenis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lenis.wav

Borrowed from Latin lēnis (“soft, smooth”).

All vowels, whether short or complex, are relatively shorter when followed by a fortis consonant and relatively longer when followed by a lenis one or, for those where this is possible, when no consonant follows (in free or unchecked syllables).

2004, Stephan Gramley, Michael Pätzold, A Survey of Modern English, Routledge, →ISBN, page 80:

(phonetics, of a consonant) Weakly articulated, hence voiced; especially as compared to the others of a group of homorganic consonants.


lenition

lenition (countable and uncountable, plural lenitions)

Analyzable as lenis + -ition, or as if from Latin lēnīt(us) + -ion, or Latin lēnītiō (“softening”) from lēniō (“soften”) + -tiō (action noun suffix) (attested since at least the 1500s, the same timeframe lenition is first attested in English with the sense "assuaging"). Modelled on German Lenierung.

affix

Coordinate term: assimilation

One of these processes, the process of T-Lenition, is extremely common, even though it takes place only when the input consonant is adjacent to a small number of affixes. In this change, a stopped consonant, [p t k b d g], becomes a fricative, [s, z, š, ž]. This process is called lenition, or weakening.

2001, Robert Stockwell, Donka Minkova, English Words: History and Structure, page 104:

Environments are an essential part of any discussion of lenition. Textbooks often describe lenition as occurring in the weak intervocalic or word-final environments. The canonical examples of lenition given earlier in (1) through (3) all occur either between vowels or between sonorants.

2001, Lisa M. Lavoie, Consonant Strength: Phonological Patterns and Phonetic Manifestations, page 7:

2008, Krzysztof Jaskula, Celtic, Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho, Tobias Scheer, Philippe Ségéral (editors), Lenition and Fortition, Studies in Generative Grammar: 99, page 347,
As for Goidelic languages, the situation is clearer because Lenition III in this subfamily consisted in losing the same property as the first two lenitions, namely stopness.

2011, Naomi Gurevich, 66: Lenition, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume III: Phonological Processes, page 1573,
Five general patterns of lenitions – all based to some extent on empirical data – are identified.

(phonetics, phonology) A weakening of articulation causing a consonant to become lenis (soft).


breathed

(phonetics, of a consonant or vowel) voiceless, contrasting with voiced


inventory

From Middle English inventorie, from Medieval Latin inventōrium, alteration of Late Latin inventārium, from Latin inveniō (“to find out”).

Germanic languages have a marked tendency towards large vocalic inventories.

Most final consonants have been lost, resulting in a tonal language with a rich consonantal and vocalic inventory, but with a relatively simple syllabic structure..

2014, Guillaume Jacques, “V: Cone”, in Jackson Sun, editor, Phonological Profiles of Little-Studied Tibetic Varieties, Taipei: Academia Sinica, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 270:

(linguistics, especially phonology) The total set of a (specified) linguistic feature (within a language etc.)


excursion

Borrowed from Latin excursio (“a running out, an inroad, invasion, a setting out, beginning of a speech”), from excurrere (“to run out”), from ex (“out”) + currere (“to run”).

bor

(phonetics) A deviation in pitch, for example in the syllables of enthusiastic speech.


metathesis

en-noun

metathesis (countable and uncountable, plural metatheses)

→ Malay: metatesis

Borrowed from Late Latin metathesis, from Ancient Greek μετάθεσις (metáthesis), from μετά (metá, “among”) + θέσις (thésis, “placement”).

af

(phonetics, prosody) The transposition of letters, syllables or sounds within a word, such as in ask as /æks/.

vendkëmbim

the transposition of letters, syllables or sounds within a word

перестано́вка

зву́ков и́ли слого́в в слова́х


SSB

Standard Southern British
w:Standard Southern British

(phonetics) Initialism of Standard Southern British.


iamb

From French iambe in the mid-1800s, from Latin iambus, from Ancient Greek ἴαμβος (íambos). Displaced iambus which shares the same classical origin.

(prosody) A metrical foot in verse consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.


ictus

en-noun

ictus (plural ictus or ictuses or ictusses)

ictus (plural)
ictuses (plural)
ictusses (plural)

From Latin ictus (“a blow”), from īco (“I hit, strike, or smite”; “I stab or sting”).

(prosody) The stress of voice laid upon an accented syllable of a word. Compare arsis.


anapest

Dr. Seuss
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

From Latin anapaestus, from Ancient Greek ἀνάπαιστος (anápaistos, “struck back, reversed [relative to dactyl]”), from ἀνά (aná, “back”) + παίω (paíō, “I strike”).

der

struck back, reversed 􂀿relative to dactyl􂁀

(prosody) In qualitative meter, a metrical foot consisting of three syllables, the first two unstressed and the last one stressed.

(prosody) In quantitative meter, a metrical foot consisting of three syllables, two short, then one long.

(prosody) A fragment, phrase or line of poetry or verse using this meter.


phonemic split

(phonology) The phenomenon in which a single phoneme diverges into two different phonemes.


cot-caught merger

en-noun

cot-caught merger (plural cot-caught mergers)

/ˈkɑt kɔt ˌmɝd͡ʒɚ/

/ˈkɑt kɑt ˌmɝd͡ʒɚ/

/ˈkɒt kɔːt ˌmɜːd͡ʒə/

[ˈkɔt koːt ˌməːd͡ʒə]

/ˈkɔt kɔt ˌmɛɾdʒəɾ/

/ˈkɔt koːt ˌmɵːd͡ʒɘ/

One was /au/-monophthongisation, described earlier in Chapter 2, while the second was the so-called low-back merger (LBM), also referred to as the cot–caught merger because words in these two classes are pronounced the same and speakers cannot hear any small differences in their pronunciation, even when they are present.

2011, Scott F Kiesling, Linguistic Variation and Change, page 81:

(phonology) A phonemic merger in some varieties of English (especially American and Canadian English) in which the vowels in words such as hot and doll (/ɒ/) and in words such as law and talk (/ɔː/) are pronounced identically, making the words cot and caught homophones.


low back merger

low back merger (plural low back mergers)

The low back merger is one possible outcome of a series of triggering events outlined in Chapter 5, but it is itself the triggering event for a variety of further consequences for the English vowel system.

1994, William Labov, Principles of Linguistic Change, volume 3:


phonemic merger

phonemic merger (plural phonemic mergers)

The first sign of a phonemic merger is that two signs, which hitherto have been kept carefully apart, become used wrongly, e.g. das is written for MHG dar, and aller for MHG alles (Schulze 1967: 38f.).

2012, Gerhard Augst, New Trends in Graphemics and Orthography, page 171:

(phonology) The phenomenon in which two different phonemes merge and become replaced by a single phoneme.


voicing

(phonetics) The articulatory process in which the vocal cords vibrate.

(phonetics, phonology) A classification of speech sounds that tend to be associated with vocal cord vibration.

清濁 /清浊

phonetics: classification of speech sounds

(phonology) A phonological process that turns a voiceless sound into a voiced one.


near-minimal pair

near-minimal pair (plural near-minimal pairs)

(phonology) A pair of words differing by a few (but more than one) phonetic segments or suprasegments, used to suggest a proposed phoneme, toneme, or chroneme may be valid.


minimal pair

"Beach and bitch" and "bun and ban" are examples of minimal pairs.

(phonology) A pair of words differing by only one phonetic segment or suprasegment, used to prove the validity of a proposed phoneme, toneme, or chroneme.


antiphony

antiphony (countable and uncountable, plural antiphonies)

Still another phase of language which interests Professor Orr is that of vowel antiphony in the functional development of language; e.g. the “front-back” vowel sequence (tittle-tattle, et patati et patata, etc.).

1953, The French Review, volume 27, page 300:

Roman Jakobson gives evidence to show how language uses ‘antiphony’ or vowel opposition in pairs of words with opposite meanings: ‘gleam’ and ‘gloom’, ‘here’ and ‘there’, or in French ‘petit’ and ‘grand’.

2000, Edward Nye, Literary and Linguistic Theories in Eighteenth-Century France: From Nuances to Impertinence, →ISBN, page 175:

The various types of reduplication […] include full reduplication (tum-tum), […] vowel antiphony (flip-flop, criss-cross) […]

2019, Paul Rastall, Bottom-Up Linguistics: Perspectives and Explorations with a Postscript on Language and Reality, →ISBN, page 36:

(phonetics) Synonym of apophony (“contrastive vowel modification”).


bimoraic

(phonology, of a syllable) Having two morae, i.e. being composed of either two short vowels, or one long vowel, or a diphthong.


monomoraic

(phonology, of a syllable) Containing one mora.


stopped

en-adj

stopped (comparative more stopped, superlative most stopped)

more stopped (comparative)
most stopped (superlative)

From stop + -ed. In some senses, the adjective follows from the verb; in others, it may derive directly from the noun stop.

even a stopped clock is right twice a day

þ was first voiced and then stopped , becoming d

1874, Henry Sweet, A History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period:

(phonetics) Made by complete closure of the organs in the mouth; said of certain consonants such as b, d, p, and t.


apheresis

en-noun

apheresis (countable and uncountable, plural aphereses)

/əˈfɪəɹɪsɪs/

/ˌæfəˈɹisɪs/

From Latin aphaeresis, from Ancient Greek ἀφαίρεσις (aphaíresis, “a taking away”), from ἀφαιρέω (aphairéō) (from ἀφ- (aph-), variant of ἀπό (apó, “off, away from”) before an aspirated vowel) + αἱρέω (hairéō, “to take; to snatch”)) + -σις (-sis, suffix forming nouns of action); the grammatical sense developed in Latin.

der

en:loss of sound or letter at start of word

(phonetics, linguistics, prosody) Elision, suppression, or complete loss of a letter or sound (syllable) from the beginning of a word, such as the development of special from especial.

raktroc'h

loss of letters or sounds from the beginning of a word


stressed

en-adj

stressed (comparative more stressed, superlative most stressed)

more stressed (comparative)
most stressed (superlative)


mora

From Latin mora (“duration of time, delay”).

Instead of syllables, Japanese is supported by mora. (Tokyo is To-o-kyo-o, a four-mora word.) The word Nihongo consists of four morae, ni-ho-n-go, pronounced with four rhythmical units of sound.

2011, Senko K. Maynard, Learning Japanese for Real, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 32:

(phonology) A unit of syllable weight used in phonology, by which stress, foot structure, or timing of utterance is determined in some languages (e.g. Japanese).


voiced

(phonetics) Sounded with vibration of the vocal cords. For example, the phone [z] is voiced, while [s] is unvoiced.

tingullor

sounded with vibration of the vocal cords


raising

en-noun

raising (countable and uncountable, plural raisings)

Inherited from Middle English reysynge; equivalent to raise + -ing.

(linguistics, phonetics) A sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes higher or raised, meaning that the tongue becomes more elevated or positioned closer to the roof of the mouth than before.


apical

(phonetics, phonology, of a sound) Produced with the tip of the tongue.

apical

phonetics: produced with the tip of the tongue


apical

(phonetics) A sound produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue.


sonorant

(phonetics) A speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; the generic term of vowel, approximant, nasal consonant, etc.


obstruent

Learned borrowing from Latin obstruēns, obstruentis.

lbor

Lehmann (1998:77) and Steever (1998: 14, 16) considered āytam an allophone of Tamil /y/ before obstruents, but there is no real evidence for this assumption.

2003, Bhadiraju Krishnamurti, The Dravidian Languages, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN:

(phonetics) A consonant sound formed by obstructing the airway, causing turbulence; a plosive, fricative, or affricate.


catalectic

From Latin catalecticus, from Ancient Greek καταληκτικός (katalēktikós, “leaving off, incomplete”) from κατά (katá, “down, wholly”) + ληκτικός (lēktikós, “causing to stop”).

uder

καταληκτικός

(prosody) (said of a line with incomplete meter) lacking a syllable at the end or ending with an incomplete foot.


anacrusis

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek ἀνάκρουσις (anákrousis, “pushing up”), from ἀνακρούω (anakroúō, “I push up”), from ἀνά (aná, “up”) + κρούω (kroúō, “I strike”).

(prosody) An unstressed syllable at the start of a verse.

anacrusi

(prosody) an unstressed syllable at the start of a verse


occlusion

en-noun

occlusion (countable and uncountable, plural occlusions)

Borrowed from Late Latin occlūsiō, occlūsiōnis (“occluding, obstruction”), from the Classical Latin occlūdō (“I shut up or close up; I restrain”), from ob + claudō (“I shut or close”).

der

(phonetics) A closure within the vocal tract that produces an oral stop or nasal stop.


assimilation

en-noun

assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural assimilations)

/əˌsɪməˈleɪʃən/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin assimilatio. By surface analysis, assimilate + -ion.

Hence, rather than being the result of mishearing and assimilation, the application of Hobson-Jobson to the Muharram was intentionally disparaging.

2014, James Lambert, “A Much Tortured Expression: A New Look At `Hobson-Jobson'”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 27, number 1, page 59:

(phonology) A sound change process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word (or at a word boundary), so that a change of phoneme occurs.


excrescence

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-excrescence.wav

From Middle English, early 15th century, in sense “(action of) growing out (of something else)”. Borrowed from Latin excrescentia (“abnormal growths”), from excrescentem, from excrēscere, from ex- (“out”) (English ex-) + crēscere (“to grow”) (English crescent). Sense of “abnormal growth” from 1570s, from earlier excrescency (1540s in this sense).

(phonetics) The epenthesis of a consonant, e.g., warmth as [ˈwɔrmpθ] (adding a [p] between [m] and [θ]), or -t (Etymology 2).


harmonic

en-adj

harmonic (comparative more harmonic, superlative most harmonic)

more harmonic (comparative)
most harmonic (superlative)

From Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós), from ἁρμονία (harmonía, “harmony”).

(phonology) Exhibiting or applying constraints on what vowels (e.g. front/back vowels only) may be found near each other and sometimes in the entire word.

magánhangzó-harmónia terén illeszkedő

phonology: exhibiting or applying vowel constraints in a word


approximant

From Latin approximāns. In the phonetics sense first used by Peter Ladefoged, the mathematical concept is attributed to Paul Halmos.

(phonetics) A consonant sound made by slightly narrowing the vocal tract, while still allowing a smooth flow of air. Liquids and glides are approximants.

ձայնորդ

consonant made by slightly narrowing the vocal tract


coronal

coronal (comparative more coronal, superlative most coronal)

more coronal (comparative)
most coronal (superlative)

From Middle English coronal, from Anglo-Norman coronal, from Latin corōnālis (“related to a crown”), from corōna (“crown”).

(phonetics) Relating to a sound made with the tip or blade of the tongue.


coronal

This structurally accounts for a number of phenomena that treat coronals asymetrically with respect to other places of articulation.

2011, Mirco Ghini, Asymmetries in the Phonology of Miogliola, page 34:

(phonetics) A consonant produced with the tip or blade of the tongue.

coronaal

consonant produced with tip or blade of tongue


atonic

Coordinate term: subtonic

(phonetics, dated) A sound with lack of tone or vocality.


rhotacism

en-noun

rhotacism (countable and uncountable, plural rhotacisms)

From New Latin rhōtacismus, from Ancient Greek *ῥωτακισμός (*rhōtakismós), from ῥωτακίζω (rhōtakízō, “to incorrectly use rho”), from ῥῶ (rhô, “rho (the Greek equivalent of r)”) in analogy with ἰωτακίζω (iōtakízō, “to incorrectly use iota”); itself from ἰῶτα (iôta) in analogy with ἀττικίζω (attikízō, “talk like an Athenian”). By surface analysis, rho + -tacism.

der

(countable, phonology) A linguistic phenomenon in which a consonant changes into an R; rhotacization.


lambdacism

en-noun

lambdacism (countable and uncountable, plural lambdacisms)

Borrowed from Latin lambdacismus. By surface analysis lambda + -cism (phenomenon related to a specific phoneme).

q

(phonology) A pronunciation shift whereby /l/ or other closely related phonemes are substituted for other sounds (typically /r/), as Sally for Sarah or Molly for Mary.


retract

en-verb

retract (third-person singular simple present retracts, present participle retracting, simple past and past participle retracted)

retracts (present singular third-person)
retracting (participle present)
retracted (participle past)
retracted (past)

From Late Middle English retracten, retract (“to absorb, draw in”), from Latin retractus (“withdrawn”), the perfect passive participle of Latin retrahō (“to draw or pull back, withdraw; to bring back; to compel to turn back; to recall; to get back, recover; to hold back, restrain, withhold; to remove, take away; to bring to light again; (Late Latin) to delay”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + trahō (“to drag, pull; to extract, withdraw”) (apparently ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to drag, pull (?)”), a variant of *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, pull; to run”)). Doublet of retreat.

der

(phonetics) To pronounce (a sound, especially a vowel) farther to the back of the vocal tract.

後移 /后移

to pronounce (a sound, especially a vowel) farther to the back of the vocal tract


checked

(phonology) Of syllables, having a coda.


preaspiration

/ˌpɹiːˌæspəˈɹeɪʃən/

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(phonetics) A period of voiceless breathing that precedes some consonants in some languages—a sort of mirror-image of aspiration.


syncope

en-noun

syncope (countable and uncountable, plural syncopes)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin syncopē, from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ), from συγκόπτω (sunkóptō, “cut up”) + -η (-ē, nominalization suffix), from σύν (sún, “beside, with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “strike, cut off”).

lbor

Coordinate term: apocope

[…]; on the contrary, all syllables subject in the same way to elision, apocope, syncope, and slurring must have the same degree of stress (i.e. they must be alike unaccented) whether preceded by short or by long root-syllables.

1910, Jakob Schipper, A History of English Versification:

(linguistics, phonology, prosody) The elision or loss of a sound from the interior of a word, especially of a vowel sound with loss of a syllable.


p-word

(phonology) prosodic word, phonological word.


retracted

My guess is that he substitutes a schwa sound for the retracted r in final position.

1987, Rex Burns, Suicide Season, Viking, →ISBN, page 109:

(phonetics, of a sound) Pronounced further back in the vocal tract.

hátrébb képzett

(phonetics) pronounced further back in the vocal tract


hard c

(phonetics) The "c" sound pronounced /k/, as in "cat" and "cabin", as distinct from the soft c, pronounced /s/, in "cent", "center" and "circuit".


soft c

In English, the "c" sound in "cent", "central" and "circuit" as distinct from the hard c in "cat" and "cabin".

In Italian, the "c" sound in "certo" as distinct from the "c" sound in "caffè".

(phonology) In many languages, a letter "c" which is not pronounced as a velar stop (/k/, like English "k") but as a sibilant (/s/, like English "s") or an affricative (/tʃ/, like English "ch").


soft g

(phonology) The "g" sound pronounced /dʒ/ as in "gem", "giraffe" and "generation" (or sometimes or /ʒ/ as in "genre"), as distinct from the hard g of "get" and "give".


hard g

Hard g at last found his cap and again became Hard G, after which the fight was renewed.

1882, H.M. Dickson, The Elocutionist..., p. 41

(phonetics) The plosive /g/ sound in "get", "log" and "give" as distinct from the soft g in "gem", "giraffe", "lodge" and "generation".


bacchius

So called because used in hymns to Bacchus.

(prosody) A metrical foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones; according to some, two long and a short.


bacchic

en-adj

bacchic (comparative more bacchic, superlative most bacchic)

more bacchic (comparative)
most bacchic (superlative)


guttural

guttural (comparative more guttural, superlative most guttural)

more guttural (comparative)
most guttural (superlative)

From Middle French guttural, from New Latin gutturālis, from Latin guttur (“throat”) + -ālis.

place of articulation
place of articulation

(phonetics) having a place of articulation towards the back of the mouth; in modern use, uvular, pharyngeal, or glottal; in earlier or non-technical use, also including velar.

гърлен

phonetics: articulated at the back of the mouth


syncopate

en-verb

syncopate (third-person singular simple present syncopates, present participle syncopating, simple past and past participle syncopated)

syncopates (present singular third-person)
syncopating (participle present)
syncopated (participle past)
syncopated (past)

From Medieval Latin syncopātus, past participle of syncopō, from Late Latin syncopa, from Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “cut”).

(transitive, linguistics, phonology) to omit a vocalic or consonantal sound or a syllable from a word; to use syncope


retroflex

en-adj

retroflex (comparative more retroflex, superlative most retroflex)

more retroflex (comparative)
most retroflex (superlative)

From Latin rētrōflexus, the perfect participle of rētrōflectō (“bend, turn”), from flectō (“bend, turn”).

apiko-postalveolar

of pronunciation in which the tongue tip approaches/touches the back of the alveolar ridge

lamino-postalveolar

of pronunciation in which the tongue blade approaches/touches the back of the alveolar ridge

(phonetics) Of pronunciation in which the tip of the tongue is raised and bent backwards, so that the underside of the tongue approaches or touches the palate.

subapiko-palatal

of pronunciation in which the tongue underside approaches/touches the palate

subapical palatal

of pronunciation with the tongue underside

(phonetics) Of pronunciation in which the tip of the tongue approaches or touches the back of the alveolar ridge.

(phonetics) Of pronunciation in which the blade of the tongue approaches or touches the back of the alveolar ridge.

(phonetics, general sense) Of any of the aforementioned pronunciations.


retroflex

spółgłoska apikalna zadziąsłowa

consonant pronounced with the tongue tip approaching/touching the back of the alveolar ridge

spółgłoska laminalna zadziąsłowa

consonant pronounced with the tongue blade approaching/touching the back of the alveolar ridge

(phonetics) A consonant pronounced with the underside of the tongue approaching or touching the palate.

spółgłoska subapikalno-prepalatalna

consonant pronounced with the tongue underside approaching/touching the palate

(phonetics) A consonant pronounced with the tip of the tongue approaching or touching the back of the alveolar ridge.

(phonetics) A consonant pronounced with the blade of the tongue approaching or touching the back of the alveolar ridge.

(phonetics, general sense) Any of the aforementioned consonants.


pada

There were quatrains and broken verses and entire poems. There were padas that she had started and scratched out.

1997, Kiran Nagarkar, Cuckold, HarperCollins, published 2013, page 79:

(Sanskrit prosody) The basic metric unit of Vedic poetry, consisting of one line of verse in Sanskrit, typically as part of a four-line stanza.


lene

Anglicisation of Latin lēnis. Doublet of lenis.

(phonetics) The smooth breathing (spiritus lenis).

When in a crasis, a lene consonant […] is combined with an aspirated vowel, the lene is always changed (except in the Ionic dialect) into the corresponding aspirate […]

(phonetics) A voiceless, or unaspirated, stopped consonant, such as Greek pi, kappa, or tau.


pin-pen merger

Before we get to those, however, let us consider how we might discover a vowel merger taking place (and most work in this area has been on vowel merger or on conditioned vowel mergers, such as the pin–pen merger in the US south or the pool–pull merger in Utah, discussed below).

2011, Scott F. Kiesling, Linguistic Variation and Change, page 141:

(phonology) A phonemic merger where the vowels in "pin" and "pen" are pronounced the same before /n/ and /m/, making "pin" and "pen" homonyms.


diaphone

From dia- + phone (i.e., dia(lect) + phone).

(phonology) A particular dialectal variant of a phoneme; all the dialectal variants of a phoneme, considered as a whole.


æ-tensing

(phonology) a process that occurs almost ubiquitously in North American English in which the phoneme /æ/ is raised and lengthened or diphthongized in certain or all environments.


bad-lad split

(phonology) a phonemic split of the phoneme /æ/ into a short /æ/ and a long /æː/, as heard in some varieties of British and Australian English, in which "bad" is pronounced /bæːd/ and "lad" is pronounced /læd/


implodent

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implosive

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(phonetics) An implosive sound; an implodent.


fronting

en-noun

fronting (countable and uncountable, plural frontings)

(phonetics, phonology) A process whereby a vowel or a consonant is pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than some reference point.

(phonology) A phonological relationship where a front vowel is found in place of a relative back vowel in an inflected form of a word.


wild card

(phonetics, phonology) Alternative form of wildcard (“symbol for a generic sound”)


amphibrach

From Latin amphibrachys, from Ancient Greek ἀμφίβραχυς (amphíbrakhus, “short at both ends”), from ἀμφί (amphí) + βραχύς (brakhús, “short”).

uder

(prosody) A metrical foot in ancient Greek or Latin consisting of two short syllables surrounding one long one (e.g. amāta).

Then Banoffsky launched into Glinka's great amphibrachs [...]: Subside, agitation of passion!

1969, Vladimir Nabokov, Ada or Ardor, Penguin 2011, page 322:

(prosody) A metrical foot in modern prosody, consisting of three syllables, the middle one of which is stressed (e.g. Jamaica).


metrical foot

(prosody) The basic unit of the underlying rhythm of verse.


footed

en-adj

footed (comparative more footed, superlative most footed)

more footed (comparative)
most footed (superlative)

From Middle English foted, i-foted, equivalent to foot + -ed.

2003, Tony K. Stewart, Introduction to Rabindranath Tagore, The Lover of God, Port Townsend, WA: Copper Canyon Press, p. 12,
As for the strict forms in which the original poems were written, it seemed an empty exercise to force English into those particular strictures, which in Bengali literary tradition are richly associative but which in English are not. The familiar fourteen-syllable payār couplet with its aa bb cc rhymes and the more intricate three-footed tripadi of variable length and rhyme were the first casualties of the process.

each six-footed line of the verse

(prosody, usually in combination) Consisting of, or having been put into, metrical feet (of a specified character or number).


prevocalic

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The word "an" is the prevocalic form of the word "a".

(phonetics) Immediately preceding a vowel or vowel sound


vocalization

en-noun

vocalization (countable and uncountable, plural vocalizations)

vowelization

supplying vowels/diacritics to Arabic and Hebrew words/texts

(orthography, phonology) The addition of these diacritics and the respective phonemes to a word; the spoken form the word thereby receives.

(phonology) The change in pronunciation of historically or variably consonant (typically sonorant) sounds as vowels. For example, the syllabic /l/ in words like people or the coda one in words like cold or coal are variably realized as a high back vowel or glide—[ʊ], [u], [ɤ] or [o]—in many dialects of English in the US, UK, and the Southern Hemisphere. For example, in African American Vernacular English, one common pronunciation of the words "people", "cold", and "coal" is [pʰipʊ], [kʰoɤd], or [kʰoɤ] respectively.

magánhangzósítás

phonology: the change in pronunciation of historically or variably consonant (typically sonorant) sounds as vowels


asper

From Middle English aspre, from Old French aspre (modern French âpre), from Latin asper (“rough”).

(phonetics, obsolete) Rough breathing; a mark (#) indicating that part of a word is aspirated, or pronounced with h before it.


nasalize

en-verb

nasalize (third-person singular simple present nasalizes, present participle nasalizing, simple past and past participle nasalized)

nasalizes (present singular third-person)
nasalizing (participle present)
nasalized (participle past)
nasalized (past)

(phonetics) To lower the soft palate so that air flows through the nose during the articulation of a speech sound.

nasaliser

allow air to flow through the nose during the articulation of a speech sound


nasalization

en-noun

nasalization (countable and uncountable, plural nasalizations)

(phonetics, uncountable) the articulation of a vowel or continuant consonant in such a way that air flows through the nose at the same time as it flows through the mouth

غُنَّة

articulation such that air flows through the nose and mouth


iambus

Borrowed from Latin iambus (“a certain poetic meter”), from Ancient Greek ἴαμβος (íambos).


segment

From Latin segmentum (“a piece cut off, a strip, segment of the earth, a strip of tinsel”), from secāre (“to cut”).

der

(phonology) A discrete unit of speech: a consonant or a vowel.


occlusive

(phonetics) A speech sound produced by obstructing airflow in the oral vocal tract, but not necessarily into the nasal cavity.


assonant

en-adj

assonant (comparative more assonant, superlative most assonant)

more assonant (comparative)
most assonant (superlative)

From Latin assonāns, present participle of assonō.

(prosody) Characterized by assonance; having successive similar vowel sounds.


lengthening

/ˈlɛŋ(k)θənɪŋ/

/ˈlɛŋ(k)θənɪŋ/

(phonology) a type of sound change when a sound (especially a vowel) lengthens


strophe

Borrowed from Latin stropha, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek στροφή (strophḗ, “a turn, bend, twist”). Compare strap and strop.

der

(prosody) A turn in verse, as from one metrical foot to another, or from one side of a chorus to the other.

(prosody) The section of an ode that the chorus chants as it moves from right to left across the stage.

(prosody) A pair of stanzas of alternating form on which the structure of a given poem is based.


glossa

From the Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssă, “tongue”). Doublet of gloss.

This pattern does not hold in the glossas we have examined: [th] occurs where we expect [], as in the “word” kita in our sample text, and [] occurs freely in other American glossas as an independent sound unit,[…]

1968, William J. Samarin, The Linguiticality of Glossolalia, page 64:

I have analysed a total of 24 prophetic glossas in this way, and 10 passages of the more easily intelligible prayer specimens of glossolalia. These glossas emanate from a total of 15 persons.

Although Samarin has examples of glossas from people who are not adherents to Christianity he does feel that occurences^([sic]) of glossolalia apart from Christian influences are rare.

Thus significant differences exist between the glossas of different individuals: indeed, one person may have more than one distinctive glossa. And there are differences between the glossas of people of different linguistic backgrounds which correspond with the differences between their mother tongues, allowing for the influence of other languages which they may know to some extent.

2008, B. Ward Powers, “Excursus 4: Tongues-Speaking Today: A Comment”, in First Corinthians: An Exegetical and Explanatory Commentary; A Consideration of Some Views Ancient and Modern in the Light of a Verse-by-Verse Look at What the Text Actually Says; A Somewhat Traditional Interpretation Plus Contemporary Application, Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, →ISBN, page 409:

(phonology) Unintelligible ecstatic speech.


phonetic symbol

en-noun

phonetic symbol (plural phonetic symbols)

(phonetics) A written symbol used systematically for denoting a phoneme or any other phonetic quality in utterance.


ectasis

ectasis (countable and uncountable, plural ectases)

(phonology) The lengthening of a syllable from short to long.

èctasi

the lengthening of a syllable from short to long


formant

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Borrowed from German Formant, from Latin fōrmāns (“shaping; forming; fashioning”), present participle of fōrmō (“to shape; to form; to fashion”). Doublet of formans.

der

The resonances of the vocal tract are called formants. Trying to hear the separate formants in a vowel is difficult. We are so used to a vowel being a single meaningful entity that it is difficult to consider it as a sound with separable bits. But it is possible to say vowels so that some of their component parts are more obvious.

2012, Peter Ladefoged, Sandra Ferrari Disner, Vowels and Consonants, Kindle edition, New York: Wiley, →ISBN:

(physics, phonetics) A band of frequencies, in a sound spectrum, that have a greater intensity; they determine the quality of a sound; especially the characteristic sounds of the consonants.


harden

en-verb

harden (third-person singular simple present hardens, present participle hardening, simple past and past participle hardened)

hardens (present singular third-person)
hardening (participle present)
hardened (participle past)
hardened (past)

From Middle English hardenen, equivalent to hard + -en. Cognate with Danish hærdne (“to harden; cure”), Swedish hårdna (“to harden”), Norwegian herdne (“to harden”), Icelandic harðna (“to harden”).

(transitive, intransitive, phonology) To become or make (a consonant) more fortis; to (cause to) undergo fortition.


diphone

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sonority

en-noun

sonority (countable and uncountable, plural sonorities)

/səˈnɔːɹɪti/

/səˈnɔːɹəti/

From sonor(ous) + -ity, from French sonorité, from Latin sonōritās.

It can be seen that vowels have the highest sonority of all phonemes in English, with low vowels being even more sonorous than high vowels.

2009, Ulrike Gut, Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology, Bern: Peter Lang, →ISBN, page 81:

(linguistics, phonetics) Relative loudness (of a speech sound); degree of being sonorous.


wine-whine merger

wine-whine merger (plural wine-whine mergers)

/wəinˈʍəin ˌmɛɾdʒəɾ/

As was the case with the wine–whine merger, date from the early twentieth century show that southeastern Pennsylvania was subject to patterns of variation in pronunciation.

2016, Mark L. Louden, Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language, page 228:

Chambers (2002) graphs the trajectory of the wine-whine''' merger in four reigions preserving ʍ.

2019, Keiko Bridwell, “Previous Research on the Wine-Whine''' Merger”, in The Distribution of ʍ, page 7:

In Scottish English, the so-called wine-whine''' merger did not take place, in which historical Old and Middle English /hw/ was replaced by /w/[.]

2021, Zeyu Li, “The Distribution of /w/ and /ʍ/”, in Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory:

(phonology) A merger in which [ʍ] (the voiceless sound heard at the beginning of the word whine in a Scottish accent or several accents in the United States) becomes [w] (the sound heard at the beginning of the word wine); in accents where this merger occurs, whine and wine are homophones.


palatalised

en-adj

palatalised (comparative more palatalised, superlative most palatalised)

more palatalised (comparative)
most palatalised (superlative)

(phonetics, phonology, chiefly British) Having undergone palatalisation.


fronted

fronted (comparative more fronted, superlative most fronted)

more fronted (comparative)
most fronted (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced in the front manner.


shibilant

(phonology) A sibilant (fricative or affricate) pronounced further back in the mouth than [s] and [z]: [ʃ], [ʒ], [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], etc.


pausa

From Latin pausa (“break”), from Ancient Greek παῦσις (paûsis). Doublet of pause.

The rule is that in the pausa a word must never end on a short vowel, but it may do so in the context.

1954, Johannes Hendrik Kramers, Analecta orientalia: posthumous writings and selected minor works:

Besides, the pausa endposition may have served to highlight the informational value of the substituendum.

1998, Pádraig MacCoisdealbha, The Syntax of the Sentence in Old Irish, →ISBN:

In pausa you say 'ih, in the jussive la- ta'ih, analogous to 'ih, la- ta'ih. And since t' is complete as two letters, the tongue utters both of them in the pausa.

2004, Gerhard Endress, Rüdiger Arnzen, Jörn Thielmann, Words, Texts, and Concepts Cruising the Mediterranean Sea, →ISBN:

For instance, the perfect in -miš (> -mi before pausa) always has the high unrounded vowel, the abstract noun suffix appears in a single variant +luġ, the infinitive is -maġ and the instrumental +ine.

2005, Éva Ágnes Csató, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, page 245:

(linguistics, phonology) The hiatus between prosodic units, e.g. at the end of a sentence.


suprasegmental

(phonetics) An effect on speech, such as length, stress, tone, and phonation type, that extends over more than one segment of sounds.


unaspirated

unaspirated (comparative more unaspirated, superlative most unaspirated)

more unaspirated (comparative)
most unaspirated (superlative)

Phonetically, in Malay, initial /t/ and /p/ are never aspirated; only /p, b, t, d, k, g/ occur as final stops and are usually unreleased and unaspirated[.]

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:


strophic

strophic (comparative more strophic, superlative most strophic)

more strophic (comparative)
most strophic (superlative)

through-composed

antonym(s) of “having each stanza set to the same music”


tribrach

PIE word
 *tréyes
From the Latin tribrachys, from the Ancient Greek τρῐ́βρᾰχῠς (trĭ́brăkhŭs), from τρῐ- (trĭ-, “tri-”) + βρᾰχῠ́ς (brăkhŭ́s, “short”). Compare the French tribraque.

prefix

For your foote tribracchus of all three short, ye haue very few trissillables.

1589, George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie, book ii, chapter xiii (Arb.), page 133

We may vse a Spondee or Iambick and sometime a Tribrack or Dactile.

1602, Thomas Campion, chapter IV, in Observations in the Art of English Poesie, page 11:

Tribrachus or Tribrachys, (Gr[eek]) a Foot in Greek and Latin Verſe, conſiſting of three ſhort Syllables; as Pŏpŭlŭs.

[1706, Edward Phillips, compiler, J[ohn] K[ersey the younger], “Tribrachus or Tribrachys”, in The New World of Words: Or, Universal English Dictionary. […], 6th edition, London: […] J. Phillips, […]; N. Rhodes, […]; and J. Taylor, […], →OCLC, column 1:

Of all the resolved feet, the Tribrach in Trochaic verse with its ictus on the first syllable ⏑́⏑⏑ is most readily recognised by the ear as equivalent to the Trochee.

1827, the Rev’d Canon James Tate, An Introduction to the Principal Greek Tragic and Comic Metres in Scansion, Structure, and Ictus (second edition, 1829), chapter xi: “The Ictus of the long Trochaic of Tragedy”, §5 (page 23)

If the range of pure tribrachic measure, or of tribrachs intermingled with trochees, appears much wider in our song-books than in volumes of poetry written to be read.

1866, John Stuart Blackie, Homer and the Iliad, volume I, page 401:

The plain tribrach is frequent in every one’s reading.

1885, Thomas Dwight Goodell, “Quantity in English Verse”, in Transactions of the American Philological Association, XVI, page 88:

(prosody) A metrical foot consisting of three short syllables.

tribraque

prosody: metrical foot comprising three short syllables


echo vowel

(phonology) A paragogic vowel that is a repetition of the final vowel of a word


unreleased

(linguistics, phonology) Of a stop consonant, remaining occluded when spoken.


dactylic

en-adj

dactylic (comparative more dactylic, superlative most dactylic)

more dactylic (comparative)
most dactylic (superlative)


palatalization

en-noun

palatalization (countable and uncountable, plural palatalizations)

/ˌpælətəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

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From palatal + -ization or palatalize + -ation. Earliest instance 1863 (palatalisation does already occur in 1862 in W. H. I. Bleek's A comparative grammar of South African languages. Part I. Phonology).

The word "nature" is commonly pronounced with a palatalization of the letter t to sound like ch.

(phonology, uncountable) The state or quality of being palatalized, of pronouncing a sound with the tongue against the palate of the mouth that normally is not.

(phonology, countable) An instance of pronunciation in which a sound is palatalized.


palatalize

en-verb

palatalize (third-person singular simple present palatalizes, present participle palatalizing, simple past and past participle palatalized)

palatalizes (present singular third-person)
palatalizing (participle present)
palatalized (participle past)
palatalized (past)

Most English speakers palatalize the letter t in the word "nature".

(phonetics, transitive) To pronounce a sound with the tongue against the palate of the mouth when that sound normally would not be so pronounced.

քմայնացնել

to pronounce a sound with the tongue against the palate

(phonetics, intransitive, unaccusative, of a sound) To be pronounced with the tongue against the palate.


aspirated

en-adj

aspirated (comparative more aspirated, superlative most aspirated)

more aspirated (comparative)
most aspirated (superlative)

Coordinate term: preaspirated

In English, word-initial single voiceless consonants are aspirated, so that pit is pronounced [pʰɪt] but spit is pronounced [spɪt].

In Cambodian, aspiration is phonemic, so /p/ and /pʰ/ are different phonemes.

(phonetics) Pronounced with an audible breath, a brief expulsion of air at the end of the sound.


tenseness

en-noun

tenseness (countable and uncountable, plural tensenesses)

(phonetics) A particular vowel or consonant quality that is phonemically contrastive in many languages, including English.


postvocalic

(phonetics) (Of a phoneme) occurring after a vowel.


epenthetic

/ˌɛpənˈθɛtɪk/

From Ancient Greek ἐπενθετικός (epenthetikós, “inserted”).

der

“I’ve added a little vowel between the t and the r,” Baron says. “It elongates the word, it adds an extra syllable to the word, it emphasizes the word. There’s a name for this: epenthetic vowel.”

2015 December 7, Julie Beck, “The Linguistics of 'YouTube Voice'”, in The Atlantic:

(phonology, phonetics) Of or pertaining to epenthesis.

(phonology, of a phoneme or syllable) Inserted into a word.


articulable

en-adj

articulable (comparative more articulable, superlative most articulable)

more articulable (comparative)
most articulable (superlative)

It is beyond a doubt that many sounds are articulable, which do not occur in English.

1796, P. W. Fogg, Elementa Anglicana, volume 2, page 159:

(phonetics, of words, linguistic expressions, etc.) Capable of being pronounced or expressed distinctly in speech.


dispalatalization

(phonology) The process of becoming not palatal.


consonance

en-noun

consonance (countable and uncountable, plural consonances)

From Middle English consonance, from Middle French consonance, from Latin cōnsonantia. Doublet of consonancy. By surface analysis, con- + son- + -ance.

surf

en:repetition of consonant sounds although not vowels

(prosody) A form of rhyme having the same consonants but different vowels.


extrasyllabicity

(phonology) the quality of being extrasyllabic, of occurring outside a syllable


extrasyllabic

(phonology, of a consonant) occurring outside a syllable


pulmonic

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Borrowed from Medieval Latin pulmōnicus, from pulmō (“lung”).

(phonetics, phonology) Of a speech sound: produced by pushing air from or into the lungs.


nonround

(phonetics, of a vowel) Having qualities the opposite of a round vowel.


subvocal

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(phonetics, dated) Of or pertaining to imperfectly articulated speech that is inaudible or barely audible; subtonic.


subtonic

(phonetics, dated) Of or pertaining to imperfectly articulated sounds or utterances that are inaudible or barely audible, as characterized by Dr. James Rush (Guide to Pronunciation, 1833).


subtonic

(phonetics, dated) An imperfectly articulated sound or utterance, as characterized by Dr. James Rush (Guide to Pronunciation, 1833).


rounded vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is pronounced with the lips drawn together and forming a circular opening.


back vowel

(phonetics) Any vowel sound produced in the back of the mouth, such as /uː/ in rule or /əʊ/ in pole.

ետին շարքի ձայնավոր

any vowel sound produced in the back of the mouth

mély hangrendű, hátul képzett, veláris, or rarely hátsó nyelvállású magánhangzó


inspirate

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epiglottal

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(phonetics) Produced using the epiglottis.


mouillé

en-adj

mouillé (comparative more mouillé, superlative most mouillé)

more mouillé (comparative)
most mouillé (superlative)

Borrowed from French mouillé (“wet, moist”).

(phonetics) Describing a palatal or palatalized consonant, particularly one historically derived from /l/ or /n/.


cynghanedd

en-noun

cynghanedd (usually uncountable, plural cynganeddion)

Borrowed from Welsh cynghanedd (“harmony”).

Only certain epithets and metaphors were authorized; themes were similarly restricted, metres fixed, and Cynghanedd, the repetitive use of consonantal sequences with variation of vowels, became a burdensome obsession.

1948 (revised 1952), Robert Graves, The White Goddess, Faber & Faber 1999, p. 14

1998, editors (names unknown), "cynghanedd" in Britannica Online Encyclopedia
There are four fundamental types of cynghanedd, but within these there are a number of refinements and variations. When skillfully used, cynghanedd is capable of conveying an almost unlimited variety of subtle effects.

(prosody) The complex system of internal assonance, alliteration and rhyme in Welsh strict-meter poetry.


delabialize

en-verb

delabialize (third-person singular simple present delabializes, present participle delabializing, simple past and past participle delabialized)

delabializes (present singular third-person)
delabializing (participle present)
delabialized (participle past)
delabialized (past)

the resulting labial vowels were soon delabialized into e and ē.

1884, Henry Sweet, First Middle English Primer, page 5:

(transitive, phonetics, phonology) To make into a non-labial sound.

/gw/ may delabialize to /g/.

1981, Charles Stephen Bird, The Dialects of Mandekan, page 170:

(intransitive, phonetics, phonology) To become a non-labial sound.


postalveolar

(phonetics) Articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge.

postalveolêr

articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge


postalveolar

(phonetics) Any sound articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, such as English sh in the word shoe.

postalveolaar

any sound articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge


geminated

en-adj

geminated (comparative more geminated, superlative most geminated)

more geminated (comparative)
most geminated (superlative)

(phonology) Of a consonant, pronounced longer and considered as being doubled; geminate.


front vowel

(phonetics) Any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth. Examples: "a" in “man” and "e" in “gel”

առաջնային շարքի ձայնավոր

any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth

magas hangrendű, elöl képzett, palatális, or rarely elülső magánhangzó


apophony

en-noun

apophony (countable and uncountable, plural apophonies)

From French apophonie, from French apo- + Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”), after Ancient Greek ἀπο- (apo-, “away, from, off”) + φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”).

affix

Cinglar has the merit of referring to a back and forth movement, which one might suppose is suggested by the apophony of zinguizangue […]

1986, David A. Pharies, Structure and Analogy in the Playful Lexicon of Spanish, →ISBN, page 171:

Apophony is also seen in talentum from τάλαντον [talanton] “talent, a unit of weight or currency.”

2007 [2001], R. G. G. Coleman, “Greek and Latin”, in A.-F. Christidis, editor, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, →ISBN, page 793:

Apophony in both inflection and derivation has been shrinking through the history of English, but continues to be available in synesthesia (e.g. bing, bang, bong, §10.3.2) and, less productively, in reduplicative and conjunctive formations (e.g. mishmash, §14.4).

2014, D. Gary Miller, English Lexicogenesis, →ISBN, page 9:

(phonetics) Modification of an internal vowel sound in a word or linguistic root, especially so as to establish a lexical distinction.


vowel harmony

en-noun

vowel harmony (usually uncountable, plural vowel harmonies)

Vowel harmony is an important aspect of Mongolian.

(phonology) A phonological process in some languages that sets constraints on which vowels may be found near each other or within a word, such as back vowels or front vowels; sometimes resulting in variant affixes, clitics or similar variations.


prodelision

/ˌpɹəʊdɪˈlɪʒn̩/

/ˌpɹoʊdəˈlɪʒn̩/

From the Latin prepositional prefix prōd, variant of prō (“in front of”) used before vowels, + the English word elision.

(phonology) A form of elision in which the latter word loses its first vowels.


thetic

en-adj

thetic (comparative more thetic, superlative most thetic)

more thetic (comparative)
most thetic (superlative)


continuant

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(phonetics) A linguistic sound other than a stop.

εξακολουθητικό

linguistics: a linguistic sound other than a stop


tectal

(phonetics) A consonant articulated in the roof of the mouth


interdental

interdental (comparative more interdental, superlative most interdental)

more interdental (comparative)
most interdental (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth.

أَسَلِيّ

phonetics: pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth


interdental

(phonetics) A speech sound pronounced with the tongue between the top and bottom teeth.


point of articulation

en-noun

point of articulation (plural points of articulation)

place of articulation
place of articulation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of place of articulation


manner of articulation

manner of articulation (plural manners of articulation)

Coordinate term: place of articulation

(phonetics, of a consonant) The configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound.


place of articulation

place of articulation (plural places of articulation)

(phonetics, of a consonant) The point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of the roof of the mouth).


nativization

(linguistics, phonology) The process whereby a loan word’s pronunciation is adapted to the sound system of the borrowing language.


gemination

gemination (countable and uncountable, plural geminations)

/ˌd͡ʒɛm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

/ˌd͡ʒɛm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/

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Borrowed from Latin geminātiō, geminātiōnis (“a doubling”).

bor

(phonetics) The phenomenon of a consonant being pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than is normal; an instance of such lengthened pronunciation.


phonation

en-noun

phonation (countable and uncountable, plural phonations)

From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice, sound”), equivalent to phonate + -ion.

uder

Phonation. The voice is produced when the closed, taut vocal folds in the position of phonation are opened and made to vibrate by an air stream expelled from the lungs, causing sound waves to be produced. The volume of sound depends on the force of the air stream, and the pitch is determined by the frequency of vibration. The latter depends on the length (sex and age differences), tension and thickness of the vocal cords, as in the strings of a musical instrument.

1993, Werner Kahle, Helmut Leonhardt, Werner Platzer, Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2: Internal Organs, 4th rev. edition, Stuttgart, New York, N.Y.: Thieme Medical Publishers, →ISBN, page 124:

Voice teachers who emphasize relaxation are loath to use such words as 'pinch' or 'squeeze' in relation to singing. Catford and Laver, whose field is primarily the phonetics of speech rather than singing, both considered 'full glottal phonation' to be the 'normal' setting for speech as well as for the falsetto voice […]. They advised against 'anterior phonation,' maintaining that it results in a somewhat 'tight,' 'hard,' 'sharp,' 'metallic,' or 'tense' speaking voice, and is probably associated with a high laryngeal position.

2003, James Stark, Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy, Toronto, Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, page 26:

Sound generation in the larynx is termed phonation, and phonation types (sometimes called voice qualities) are recognisably different kinds of vocal fold vibration. All languages use a phonation type called normal or modal voice as the basis for all speech.

2005, Michael Ashby, John Maidment, Introducing Phonetic Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 97:

When the vocal folds are adducted (closed) somewhat gently, then a certain amount of air pressure from the lungs below (subglottal pressure) can set the folds into a self-sustaining oscillation. This condition is called phonation or voicing; and it involves a delicate balance of tissue coupling forces and aerodynamic forces whose overall description is still a current research topic […]

2011, Sean A. Fulop, Speech Spectrum Analysis, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →ISBN, pages 5–6:

(phonetics) The process of producing vocal sound by the vibration of the vocal folds that is in turn modified by the resonance of the vocal tract.


sandhi

en-noun

sandhi (countable and uncountable, plural sandhis)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit संधि (saṃdhí, “junction, union”). Partial piecewise doublet of synthesis and synth.

piecewise doublet

Mixed sandhi has two divisions, viz. when a word ending in a vowel is followed by a word beginning with a consonant, and when a word ending in a consonant is followed by a word beginning with a vowel. Cases of mixed sandhi are very few, and in the second division are limited to the changes of anusvâra before a vowel.

1879, R. C. Childers, “On Sandhi in Pali”, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series, Volume 11, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, page 101:

The rules on sandhi in Pâli may be divided into rules on vowel-sandhi, and rules on mixed sandhi where a vowel and a consonant are concerned. Consonantal sandhi does not occur in Pâli.

1884, Edward Müller, A Simplified Grammar of the Pali Language, Trübner & Co., page 59:

2017, Hanbo Yan, The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu, Springer:

(phonology) Any of a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries, such as the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words.


monophthongization

en-noun

monophthongization (countable and uncountable, plural monophthongizations)

(phonetics) The process of becoming monophthong, for a diphthong or triphthong.


auslaut

auslaut (plural auslauts or (rare) auslaute)

auslauts (plural)
auslaute (plural rare)

PIE word
 *úd
Borrowed from German Auslaut, from aus- (prefix meaning ‘out’) + Laut (“sound”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”)).
The plural form auslaute is borrowed from German Auslaute.

Holonyms: rime, syllable

in auslaut ― at the end of a syllable or word

By the final consonant (Auslaut) of words, we generally, and unless the contrary be explicitly stated, mean the last consonant of roots or primary derivatives, and not that of the termination, which the word may have assumed in consequence of derivation or of inflection.

[1830, C. F. Becker [i.e., Karl Ferdinand Becker], “Of Articulate Sounds”, in A Grammar of the German Language, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, part I (Etymology); section I (Formation of Words), page 24:

The Old High German subjunctives like salbôe, salbôês, salbôêmes, are unorganic, since the ê of salbôês, &c. (which is shortened in the auslaut) is a contraction of ai[…], of which the a must belong to the class character.

1845, F[ranz] Bopp, “The Verb”, in [Edward Backhouse] Eastwick, transl., A Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German, and Sclavonic Languages. […], part II, London: Madden and Malcolm, […], →OCLC, paragraph 712, page 950:

[J]ust as in German, we can determine by the vowel-changes in the stem the vowel of the ending, a circumstance of so much the more importance, as will soon appear, because, even in its oldest form, it is much more weakened in the auslauts than, for instance, the Gothic.

1860 January, Hermann Ebel, translated by William K[irby] Sullivan, “Art. III.—Celtic Studies. […] Translated from the German; with an Introduction on the Nature, Formation, and Classification of Stems, with Examples from the Greek, Latin, and Gothic.”, in The Atlantis: Or Register of Literature and Science of the Catholic University of Ireland, volume III, number V, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts; Dublin: John F. Fowler, […], →OCLC, part II (Celtic Studies), section 1 (On Declension in Irish), page 87:

In the inlaut before consonants and in the auslaut the long spirant is shortened to h: auh, bauhnenti, bisnuih, ih, queh, gaquihta etc. and in tehmot 17, 16 of Latin origin.

1890, “Grammatical Treatise”, in George Allison Hench, editor, The Monsee Fragments. […], Strasbourg, France: Karl J. Trübner, →OCLC, page 118:

As a rule, it is less objectionable to throw into relief the anlaut than the auslaut of a foot. A break after the penultimate syllable of the foot has a tendency to render less objectionable a break after the auslaut.

1907 March 23, Leon Josiah Richardson, “The Eleven-syllable Alcaic”, in Horace’s Alcaic Strophe (University of California Publications, Classical Philology; volume 1, number 6), Berkeley, Calif.: University Press, →OCLC, paragraph 6, footnote 4, page 179:

Examples also occur of the elision of the second element of the diphthong iʜ in word auslaut before ’ʜ; […]

1928, John P[eabody] Harrington, “Introduction”, in Vocabulary of the Kiowa Language (Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin; 84), Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, § 2 (Vowels and Dipthongs), page 2:

(phonology) Synonym of coda (“the optional final sound of a syllable or word, occurring after its nucleus and usually composed of one or more consonants”).


pitch accent

Coordinate term: stress accent

(phonology) Any of a variety of restricted tone systems that use variations in pitch to give prominence to a syllable or mora within a word. The placement of this tone or the way it is realized can give different meanings to otherwise similar words.

音声高さアクセント

onjō takasa akusento, onsei takasa akusento


synartetic

en-adj

synartetic (comparative more synartetic, superlative most synartetic)

more synartetic (comparative)
most synartetic (superlative)

(prosody) Having a continuous metre not separated by diaeresis.


nasalized

(phonetics) Articulated with air flowing through the nose and mouth simultaneously, for example the nasalized vowels of French [ɑ̃], [ɛ̃], [œ̃], [ɔ̃].


anacreontic

anacreontic (comparative more anacreontic, superlative most anacreontic)

more anacreontic (comparative)
most anacreontic (superlative)

From Late Latin Anacreonticus, from Ancient Greek Ἀνακρέων (Anakréōn), Anacreon a Greek poet.

(prosody) Pertaining to the style of the Greek poet Anacreon, who wrote of wine and love; (specifically) designating a metre based on an anaclastic ionic dimeter.


xenophone

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(phonetics) A sound in speech that is not native to the language being spoken; a sound from a foreign language.

vieras äänne

A sound in speech that is not native to a language


lenite

en-verb

lenite (third-person singular simple present lenites, present participle leniting, simple past and past participle lenited)

lenites (present singular third-person)
leniting (participle present)
lenited (participle past)
lenited (past)

This environment lenites "m" to "mh".

(phonetics, phonology, transitive) To cause (a consonant) to undergo lenition.

"M" lenites to "mh".

(phonetics, phonology, intransitive) To undergo lenition.


svarabhakti

en-noun

svarabhakti (usually uncountable, plural svarabhaktis)

Borrowed from Sanskrit स्वरभक्ति (svára-bhakti, “vowel separation”), a compound of स्वर (svára, “vowel”) + भक्ति (bhaktí, “separation”).

bor+

Svarabhakti is a common feature of northern Indian languages such as Hindi and Bengali.

(linguistics, phonology) The epenthesis of a vowel, as in the football chant Engerland for England; anaptyxis.


vocant

Coined by British physician John Antony Michael Martin in 1981 (see quotation).

coined

Coordinate term: closant

At an earlier stage still, during the first few months of life, the vowel-like and consonant-like sounds are usually so far removed from normal speech that even this convention is misleading. We will label these sounds vocants and closants and their transcription will be enclosed within double square brackets e.g. bə.

[1981, J[ohn] A[ntony] M[ichael] Martin, “Vocal Behaviour and the Origins of Speech” (chapter 4), in Voice, Speech, and Language in the Child: Development and Disorder (Disorders of Human Communication; 4), Wien [Vienna]: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 56–57:

It is extremely difficult to identify the different vocants, partly because they are probably being produced in ways which differ from an adult speaker.

2012, J. A. M. Martin, Voice, Speech, and Language in the Child, Springer, page 70:

Gradually, infants' repertoire of vocalizations incorporates speech-related features such as vowel-like sounds (vocants) and consonant-like sounds (closants); vocants and closants are then combined into syllable-like units called marginal syllables.

2020, Eugenia Costa-Giomi, Lucia Benetti, “14: Home Musical Environment and Singing Development in Infancy”, in Frank A. Russo, Beatriz Ilari, Annabel J. Cohen, editors, The Routledge Companion to Interdisciplinary Studies in Singing, Volume I, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), unnumbered page:

In the first year of life, the most frequent vocalizations are low front, low back, and central vowel-like vocants. Though not true vowels, these vocants resemble /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɑ/, /ə/, and /ʌ/.

2022, Margaret Fish, Amy Skinder-Meredith, Here's How to Treat Childhood Apraxia of Speech, 3rd edition, page 207:

(linguistics, phonology) A vowel-like sound such as uttered by a preverbal infant.


underlying form

en-noun

underlying form (plural underlying forms)

(phonology) A property of a morpheme: the abstract form that the morpheme is postulated to have before any phonological rules have applied to it.


entering tone

(Chinese phonetics) A short, sharp tone found with syllables that end in plosives (usually /-p -t -k -ʔ/).


sdrucciola

Borrowed from Italian sdrucciola (feminine form of sdrucciolo (“slippery; stressed on the antepenult”)).

Note that ending that couplet’s lines with the words ‘reparate’ and ‘separate’ would create a rhyme sdrucciola, if that helps.

(rare, prosody, of a rhyme) Formed of words stressed on their antepenults and rhyming on all three final syllables.


articulatory

One child who had burned his tongue started immediately to lall and continued in this articulatory disorder long after the tongue had healed.

1963, Charles Van Riper, Speech Correction: Principles and Methods, page 200:

(phonology) Of or pertaining to articulation; phonetic.

artikulatorinen

of or pertaining to articulation; phonological


semi-voiced

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(phonetics) Of consonants, formed by making a voiced consonant, but with the vocal folds closed.


hirrient

(phonology) Having a strongly trilled sound, like that of a cat purring.


Americanist

(phonetics) A proponent of the Americanist phonetic notation.


Americanist

en-adj

Americanist (comparative more Americanist, superlative most Americanist)

more Americanist (comparative)
most Americanist (superlative)

(phonetics) Of or relating to a phonetic notation developed for transcription of Native American and European languages. See Americanist phonetic notation.


egressive

(phonetics, of a speech sound) Uttered by pushing air out through the mouth or nose.


egressive

(phonetics) A speech sound in which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose.


ingressive

ingressive (comparative more ingressive, superlative most ingressive)

more ingressive (comparative)
most ingressive (superlative)

Another feature of Icelandic pronunciation that many learners remark on is that sometimes words, and even larger parts of sentences, are pronounced while inhaling (a phenomenon known as pulmonic ingressive pronunciation).

2022, Daisy L. Neijman, Icelandic: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, →ISBN, page 21:

(phonetics, of a speech sound) Uttered by drawing air inward through the mouth or nose.


ingressive

(phonetics) A speech sound in which the air stream is created by drawing air in through the mouth or nose.


palatovelar

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(phonetics) A velar sound articulated further in the mouth at the area of the soft palate; a palatized velar.

քմային ետնալեզվային

velar sound articulated further in the mouth at the area of soft palate


pleophony

(phonology) The phenomenon by which the Late Proto-Slavic "liquid diphthongs", formed from a vowel followed by a liquid *r or *l, become disyllabic -oro-, -ere- and -olo- reflexes in East Slavic languages.

поўнагало́ссе

disyllabic reflex in East Slavic languages


polnoglasie

Learned borrowing from Russian полногла́сие (polnoglásije).

lbor

полногла́сие

(phonology) The phenomenon of disyllabic -oro-, -ere- and -olo- reflexes in East Slavic languages of Late Proto-Slavic closed syllable clusters involving a vowel *a, *o, *e followed by a liquid *r or *l.


labiovelar

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(phonetics) co-articulated at the velum and the lips


labiovelar

շրթնաետնալեզվային

a velar sound articulated with lip-rounding


rhotacize

en-verb

rhotacize (third-person singular simple present rhotacizes, present participle rhotacizing, simple past and past participle rhotacized)

rhotacizes (present singular third-person)
rhotacizing (participle present)
rhotacized (participle past)
rhotacized (past)

(phonology) To change a consonant to an 'R' sound under certain circumstances.


groove fricative

en-noun

groove fricative (plural groove fricatives)

Groove fricatives all have more or less of an [s]-like quality, and are for this reason sometimes called sibilants.

1955, H. A. Gleason, An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, page 194, section 14.7:

(phonetics) A hissing or hushing sound such as the s or sh in sack or shack.


h-prothesis

(phonology) The prothesis of the sound /h/ to words beginning with a vowel, especially as found in Celtic languages such as Irish and Welsh, and in dialects of English, especially those that pronounce h weakly.


down tack

primary articulation
primary articulation

manner of articulation
manner of articulation

(phonetics) The IPA diacritic of primary articulation: ⟨˕⟩, used to denote a lowered phone; for vowels, the diacritic denotes a slightly more open utterance; for consonants, it moves the manner of articulation one step forward in this chain: nasal → plosive → fricative → approximant → trill → tap, flap → lateral fricative → lateral approximant → lateral flap.


ambisyllabicity

(poetry, phonetics) The property of a consonant being analysed as acting simultaneously as the coda of one syllable and the onset of the following syllable, as in "upper" or "button".


sonorization

sonorization (countable and uncountable, plural sonorizations)

(phonetics, of a consonant) increase in sonority; act of sonorizing


degemination

degemination (countable and uncountable, plural degeminations)

(phonetics, uncountable) The inverse process of gemination, when a spoken long consonant is pronounced for an audibly shorter period.


sound change

sound change (countable and uncountable, plural sound changes)

(phonology) Any process of language change that affects pronunciation (phonetic change) or sound system structures (phonological change).


spirantization

spirantization (countable and uncountable, plural spirantizations)

(uncountable, phonology) (of a consonant) becoming a spirant (fricative) sound


affrication

affrication (countable and uncountable, plural affrications)

/æfɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

(phonetics, uncountable, of a consonant) Becoming an affricate sound.


stød

(phonology) a phenomenon of most Danish accents, in which stressed long vowels or consonants are laryngealised in certain contexts; sometimes a simple glottal stop that follows said vowel/consonant


acephalic

The acephalic pentameters yield to tetrameters with a starting dactyl or anapest […]

1988, John Hollander, chapter 7, in Melodious Guile: Fictive Pattern in Poetic Language, Yale University Press, page 146:

(prosody) Deficient in the beginning, as a line of poetry that is missing its expected opening syllable.


subapical

en-adj

subapical (comparative more subapical, superlative most subapical)

more subapical (comparative)
most subapical (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced with the underside of the tongue.


tetrastich

From Latin tetrastichon, from neuter of Ancient Greek τετράστιχον (tetrástikhon, “having four rows”), from τετρα- (tetra-, “four”) + στίχος (stíkhos, “row”).


glottalization

en-noun

glottalization (countable and uncountable, plural glottalizations)

Examples of glottalization include creaky voice, and the interrupted tones of Vietnamese.

(phonology) The act or process of constricting or closing the glottis during the production of a speech sound that normally does not involve such constriction.

(phonology) Transformation of a consonant into a glottal stop or fricative.


glottalize

en-verb

glottalize (third-person singular simple present glottalizes, present participle glottalizing, simple past and past participle glottalized)

glottalizes (present singular third-person)
glottalizing (participle present)
glottalized (participle past)
glottalized (past)

(phonology) To apply glottalization while articulating another sound.


pharyngealize

pharyngealize (third-person singular simple present pharyngealizes, present participle pharyngealizing, simple past and past participle pharyngealized)

pharyngealizes (present singular third-person)
pharyngealizing (participle present)
pharyngealized (participle past)
pharyngealized (past)

/fæˈɹɪnd͡ʒiːəˌlaɪz/

(phonology) to constrict the pharynx while articulating another sound.


pharyngealization

en-noun

pharyngealization (countable and uncountable, plural pharyngealizations)

(phonology) The act or process of pharyngealizing.


velarize

en-verb

velarize (third-person singular simple present velarizes, present participle velarizing, simple past and past participle velarized)

velarizes (present singular third-person)
velarizing (participle present)
velarized (participle past)
velarized (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-velarize.wav

(phonology) To raise the back of the tongue toward the velum while articulating another consonant, such as the l of English pool.

velaritzar

to raise the back of the tongue toward the velum while articulating another consonant

In several dialects of Central German, the cluster -nd- has been velarized to -ng-.

(phonology) To replace a (usually more front) consonant with a velar.


velarization

en-noun

velarization (countable and uncountable, plural velarizations)

From velar + -ization or velarize + -ation.

(phonology) The act or process of velarizing.


diphthongize

en-verb

diphthongize (third-person singular simple present diphthongizes, present participle diphthongizing, simple past and past participle diphthongized)

diphthongizes (present singular third-person)
diphthongizing (participle present)
diphthongized (participle past)
diphthongized (past)

/ˈdɪfθɑŋaɪz/

/ˈdɪfθɒŋaɪz/

Coordinate term: monophthongize

Some of these [monophthongs] will be diphthongised under the influence of following sounds.

2022, Daisy L. Neijman, Icelandic: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, →ISBN, page 5:

(transitive, phonetics) To change to a diphthong, as by inserting or removing a vowel.

(intransitive, phonetics) To become a diphthong.


rhotacization

(phonology) The act, process, or result of rhotacizing.


nasal vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth.


synizesis

en-noun

synizesis (countable and uncountable, plural synizeses)

From Ancient Greek συνίζησις (sunízēsis, “a sitting together”), from σύν (sún, “with”) (English syn-) + ἱζάνω (hizánō, “to sit”).

der

(prosody) The pronunciation of two separate vowels as a single one.


chest voice

(phonology, music) A kind of voice of a medium or low pitch and a sonorous quality ascribed to resonance in the chest, or thorax; voice of the thick register. It is produced by vibration of the vocal cords through their entire width and thickness, and with convex surfaces presented to each other.


head voice

en-noun

head voice (countable and uncountable, plural head voices)

(phonology, music) a kind of voice of high pitch and of a thin quality ascribed to resonance in the head; voice of the thin register. In producing it, the vibration of the cords is limited to their thin edges in the upper part, which are then presented to each other.


articulator

(phonetics) Any organ in the vocal tract used to articulate, produce speech.

puhe-elin

phonetics: any organ in the vocal tract used to produce speech


isorhythmic

(prosody) In ancient prosody, equal in the number of times for thesis and arsis, as a dactyl and anapest.


phonotactic

So, we all have intuitions about possible and impossible stress patterns in sentences. Moreover, we all have strong phonotactic intuitions – i.e. intuitions about what are possible and impossible sound sequences among native words in English. For instance, we'd probably all agree that blick is a possible, but non-occurring English word, whereas *bnick by contrast is not a possible native English word[.]

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, →ISBN, pages 4–5:

The term missy appears to be a Chinese Pidgin English term from English miss + the Cantonese phonotactic suffix -ee/-y[.]

2015, James Lambert, “Lexicography as a teaching tool: A Hong Kong case study”, in Lan Li, Jamie McKeown, Liming Liu, editors, Dictionaries and corpora: Innovations in reference science. Proceedings of ASIALEX 2015 Hong Kong, Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, page 146:

(linguistics, phonology) Pertaining to phonotactics.


phonotactics

From phono- (“sound”) + tactics (“organization, arranging”).

af

(linguistics, phonology) A branch of phonology that deals with the restrictions a language applies to combinations of phonemes.


dezh

(phonetics) The IPA digraph "dʒ", or the obsolete ligature "ʤ".


tesh

(phonetics) The IPA digraph "tʃ", or the obsolete ligature "ʧ".


aphaeretic

From Ancient Greek ἀφαιρετικός (aphairetikós).

uder

(rare, medicine, phonetics, linguistics, prosody) Of the nature of apheresis.


aspirated h

/ˈæspəɹeɪ̯tɪd eɪ̯tʃ/

Calque of French h aspiré. The aspirated h was pronounced /h/ until Early Modern French (and still is in some northern dialects), whereas the mute h had long been silent. The designation has been maintained although both kinds of h are now technically silent in standard French, but the aspirated h remains pronounced dialectally and in Norman French.

The French word héros ("hero") begins with an aspirated h. Consequently we say le héros /lə e.ʁo/ and les héros /le e.ʁo/, but never /l‿e.ʁo/ and /le‿ze.ʁo/ as we do with the mute h.

(French phonology) In the French language, usage of the letter h at the start of a word which does not allow liaison with a preceding consonant or elision of a preceding schwa.

h aspirada

in the French language usage of the letter h at the start of a word which does not allow liaison with a preceding consonant

(linguistics, phonetics, literally) aspiration of a glottal consonant


mute h

The French word homme ("man") begins with a mute h. Consequently we can say l'homme /l‿ɔm/ and les hommes /le‿zɔm/, but never /lə ɔm/ and /le ɔm/, like we do with the aspirated h.

Whether the h be a mute h or an aspirate h, it may be regarded in either case as absolutely silent.

1913, James Geddes, French Pronunciation, page 83:

In French initial h’s are called either mute h’s (the greatest number) or aspirate h’s (fewer in number, but frequent nonetheless).

1994, Thomas M. Donnan, French Lyric Diction, page 83:

The only difference between the two is that a mute h allows contractions and liaisons in front of it, and an aspirated h does not.

2006, Laura K. Lawless, The Everything French Grammar Book, page 29:

(phonology) In the French language usage of the letter h at the start of a word which allows liaison with a preceding consonant.

h muet

(linguistics, phonetics, literally) Non-aspiration of a glottal consonant.


nonsyllabic

(phonetics) A sound that is not syllabic.


nonpalatal

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a palatal.


nonfricative

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a fricative.


labialization

en-noun

labialization (countable and uncountable, plural labializations)

From labialize + -ation or labial + -ization.

These labialized stops are of course nothing but positionally determined allophones of the [t] and the [k] phoneme, and their labialization is non-distinctive

The second question concerns the reasons for the labialization of this suffix in [1.3] - in the case of artukluk one immediately thinks of an assimilation (*u - ı > u - u)

2013, Bülent Gül, Ferruh Ağca, Faruk Gökçe, editors, Bengü Bitig. Dursun Yıldırım Armağanı, page 551:

(phonology) A secondary articulatory feature of usually consonants that involves the contraction or rounding of the lips (labia) during pronunciation.


intrusive r

(phonetics) An "r" sound that is like a linking r but occurs despite the absence of "r" in the spelling, as in Asia and the Far East in some pronunciations.


nonback

Therefore these facts are doubly anomalous, since they have not only gemination after a nonback vowel but also after a vowel that is stressed.

1982, John J McCarthy, Formal problems in semitic phonology and morphology:

(phonetics) Not back; not produced at the back of the mouth.


frontness

The most important aspects of vowel quality are tongue height, frontness/backness and lip rounding.

Andrew Spencer (1996), Phonology: theory and description, p. 25

(phonetics) Quality of being a front vowel.


backness

posterioritat

a quality of vowels: the position of the tongue relative to the back of the mouth

1996, Andrew Spencer, Phonology: theory and description, page 25:

(phonetics) Quality of being a back vowel.

(phonetics) A quality of vowels, indicating the horizontal position of the tongue relative to the back of the mouth (front, near-front, central, near-back, or back).


assibilate

en-verb

assibilate (third-person singular simple present assibilates, present participle assibilating, simple past and past participle assibilated)

assibilates (present singular third-person)
assibilating (participle present)
assibilated (participle past)
assibilated (past)

From Latin assībilātus (“murmured, whispered at, hissed”), past participle of assībilō (“hiss at”, verb), from ad (“at”) + sībilō (“hiss”, verb), from sībilus (“a hissing, whistling”), of imitative origin.

onomatopoeic

imitative

(linguistics, phonetics) To change into or pronounce with the accompaniment of a sibilant sound or sounds.

(linguistics, phonetics) To change by assibilation.


nonaspirate

(phonetics) A sound that is not an aspirate.


moraic

moraic theory

(poetry, phonology) Of, pertaining to, or consisting of a mora or morae (a unit of syllable weight in poetry and linguistics).

moraico

of, pertaining to, or consisting of morae


frication

en-noun

frication (countable and uncountable, plural frications)


yod

A statement of consonantal changes for Sicilian is dependent on the development of two sets of clusters, consonant plus yod and consonant plus /l/.

1976, Michael L. Mazzola, Proto-Romance and Sicilian, Peter de Ridder Press, →ISBN, page 104:

Wherever in the West (including northern Italia) the fricative allophone [x̺] of coda /k/ before onsets /t/ and /s/ still remains…it now becomes semivocalized as yod, or more probably voiceless yod….

1984, Frederick B. Agard, A Course in Romance Linguistics, volume 2, Georgetown University Press, →ISBN, page 75:

Word-initial yod, however, does not strengthen in either of the dialects considered, which respond to Polish jabłko, jagoda, jelén, jutro (all [j-]) "apple, berry, deer, tomorrow" with unaltered initial yod.

2008, Philippe Ségéral, Tobias Scheer, “Positional Factors in Lenition and Fortition”, in Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho et al., editors, Lenition and Fortition, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 152:


paroxytonic

Ultimately from Ancient Greek παροξύτονος (paroxútonos, “with an acute accent on the next to last syllable”)

uder

(prosody) Of or relating to words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable


oxytonic

Formed as oxy- + tonic after oxytone. Compare the earlier oxytonical.

(prosody) Having a stress on the last syllable.


assibilation

en-noun

assibilation (usually uncountable, plural assibilations)

/əˌsɪbɪˈleɪʃən/

(phonology) A sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant, commonly the final phase of palatalization.


hendecasyllable

Borrowed from Latin hendecasyllabus, from Ancient Greek ἑνδεκασύλλαβος (hendekasúllabos); equivalent to hendeca- + syllable.

der

ἑνδεκασύλλαβος

(chiefly prosody) A line, verse, or word that comprises eleven syllables.


alveolo-palatal

(phonetics) Of or relating to those consonants that are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants.


alveolo-palatal

(phonetics) Any consonant that is intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants.

Alveolopalatal

any consonant that is intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants


coarticulate

en-verb

coarticulate (third-person singular simple present coarticulates, present participle coarticulating, simple past and past participle coarticulated)

coarticulates (present singular third-person)
coarticulating (participle present)
coarticulated (participle past)
coarticulated (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-coarticulate.wav

(phonology) To assimilate the place of articulation of one speech sound to that of an adjacent speech sound.

(phonetics) To articulate a speech sound at two different places of articulation simultaneously, as in the labiovelar approximant [[[w]]].


nonlabial

(phonetics) Any sound that is not a labial.


devoice

devoice (third-person singular simple present devoices, present participle devoicing, simple past and past participle devoiced)

devoices (present singular third-person)
devoicing (participle present)
devoiced (participle past)
devoiced (past)

Lastly, as shown in the consonant table above, h- causes any following consonant to be devoiced[.]

2022, Daisy L. Neijman, Icelandic: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, →ISBN, page 15:

(transitive, phonetics) To pronounce a sound with little or no vibration of the vocal cords, especially a sound that is normally pronounced with such vibration (i.e. a voiced sound).

dévoiser

to pronounce a sound with little vibration of the vocal cords


devoicing

en-noun

devoicing (countable and uncountable, plural devoicings)

final obstruent devoicing

(phonetics) The process by which a sound is devoiced.


archiphonemic

en-adj

archiphonemic (comparative more archiphonemic, superlative most archiphonemic)

more archiphonemic (comparative)
most archiphonemic (superlative)

(phonology) Of or pertaining to an archiphoneme.


laminal

laminal (comparative more laminal, superlative most laminal)

more laminal (comparative)
most laminal (superlative)

From Latin lāmina (“thin sheet of material”).

(phonetics, of a sound) Produced with the blade of the tongue


antispast

(prosody) A metrical foot composed of an iambus and a trochee

antispasti

a metrical foot composed of an iambus and a trochee


deglottalize

en-verb

deglottalize (third-person singular simple present deglottalizes, present participle deglottalizing, simple past and past participle deglottalized)

deglottalizes (present singular third-person)
deglottalizing (participle present)
deglottalized (participle past)
deglottalized (past)

(transitive, phonology) To change the pronunciation of, so that it is no longer glottal.


septenarius

(prosody) A verse having seven metrical feet.


dark l

Coordinate term: clear l

Occasionally one meets with people in the South of England who do not differentiate between clear l's and dark l's to the extent mentioned in the preceding paragraphs.

1956, Daniel Jones, The Pronunciation of English, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 91:

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonology) A consonantal sound, the velarized alveolar lateral approximant, represented by ⟨ɫ⟩ in the International Phonetic Alphabet.


alveolarization

en-noun

alveolarization (usually uncountable, plural alveolarizations)

From alveolar + -ization or alveolarize + -ation.

(phonology) The conversion (over time) to alveolar sounds of sounds with another place of articulation (palatal, labial, etc.)

alveolarização

change of place of articulation into alveolar


downdrift

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-downdrift.wav

(phonetics) A lowering (over time) of the pitch of the tones of a tonal language.


prenasalize

en-verb

prenasalize (third-person singular simple present prenasalizes, present participle prenasalizing, simple past and past participle prenasalized)

prenasalizes (present singular third-person)
prenasalizing (participle present)
prenasalized (participle past)
prenasalized (past)

(phonology, transitive) To convert to, or render as, a prenasal.


velar nasal

(phonetics) A nasal consonant voiced as the sound of "ng" in English "sing", represented with ŋ in the IPA phonetic alphabet.


tasis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τάσις (tásis, “stretching, tension, intensity”).

bor

(prosody) Extending the sound of an utterance for the pleasure of saying or hearing it.


resyllabification

en-noun

resyllabification (usually uncountable, plural resyllabifications)

/ˌɹiːsɪˌlæbɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

(phonology) The process or result of resyllabifying.


denasalize

en-verb

denasalize (third-person singular simple present denasalizes, present participle denasalizing, simple past and past participle denasalized)

denasalizes (present singular third-person)
denasalizing (participle present)
denasalized (participle past)
denasalized (past)

Thus, whining is nasalized, a bad cold denasalizes speech.

1974, Indian Linguistics, volumes 35-36, page 223:

(transitive, phonetics) To remove the nasal airflow of what is usually a nasal stop or nasal vowel.


Standard Habbie

en-noun

Standard Habbie (usually uncountable, plural Standard Habbies)

After the poet Habbie Simpson (1550-1620).

(prosody) A Scottish verse form with six-line stanzas rhyming AAABAB, with tetrameter A lines and dimeter B lines.


cellar door

From Middle English celer door, celer dore. By surface analysis, cellar + door.

(linguistics, phonology) In phonaesthetics, a quintessential example of an inherently pleasant-sounding phrase irrespective of its meaning.


labiality

labiality (usually uncountable, plural labialities)

(phonetics) The quality of being a labial sound (a sound produced with the labia).


diaphonic

(phonology) Of or pertaining to diaphones.


dicolon

(prosody) A verse or period consisting of two cola or members.


phonologize

en-verb

phonologize (third-person singular simple present phonologizes, present participle phonologizing, simple past and past participle phonologized)

phonologizes (present singular third-person)
phonologizing (participle present)
phonologized (participle past)
phonologized (past)

/fəˈnɒləˌd͡ʒaɪz/

(phonetics) To shift to a phonemic status by developing a phonetic feature.


phonologization

en-noun

phonologization (countable and uncountable, plural phonologizations)

/fəˌnɒləd͡ʒaɪˈzeɪʃən/

(phonetics) The development of a phonetic feature into a phonemic one.