deaffrication

deaffrication (countable and uncountable, plural deaffrications)

/diːæfɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

(phonetics) The reverse process of affrication; the process of turning an affricate into a plosive or a fricative.


debuccalization

en-noun

debuccalization (usually uncountable, plural debuccalizations)

From de- (“from, off”) + buccal (“pertaining to the mouth”) + -ization. Literally meaning “removal from the mouth”.

confix

place of articulation
place of articulation

(phonology) A sound change in which a consonant loses its original place of articulation and becomes [h] or [ʔ].


fortition

en-noun

fortition (countable and uncountable, plural fortitions)

1988, Sylvia Moosmüller, Sociophonology, Peter Auer, Aldo di Luzio (editors), Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology, page 76,
The two process types following from these assumptions, lenition processes, aiming at articulatory ease at the expense of perception, and fortition processes, resulting in articulatory difficulty in favor of better perception, were further modified by Dressler & Drachman (1977), as lenitions need not necessarily impede perception; similarly fortitions need not necessarily result in articulatory difficulty.

In order to distinguish between the two kinds of voiceless final stops the terms 'final devoicing' and 'fortition after sonorants' are used here. Although fortition after sonorants is quite well attested for present-day contact English and in general Irish English, the significance of fent, spent, trent in terms of interference is slight as fortition after /n/ is common in mainland varieties of Middle English as well. Especially in late Middle English many instances of a preterite in /d/ after /n/ changing to /t/ with simultaneous loss of the preterite ending are recorded.

2007, Raymond Hickey, Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms, page 62:

Donegan (1985: 37–38) offers the following description of fortitions and lenitions. Fortitions are listener-oriented processes, which increase phonetic properties of phonemes. They strengthen the properties of an individual segment by emphasizing certain phonetic features, sometimes at the expense of other features within the segment.

2009, Anna Balas, “Why can Poles perceive Sprite but not Coca-Cola? A Natural Phonological account”, in Paul Boersma, Silke Hamann, editors, Phonology in Perception, Phonology & Phonetics: 15, page 37:

2011, Matthew Gordon, 39: Stress: Phonotactic and Phonetic Evidence, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume II: Suprasegmental and Prosodic Phonology, page 924,
Typically, stressed syllables trigger qualitative fortition and/or lengthening, whereas unstressed syllables are associated with lenition and/or shortening.

(phonetics, phonology) A sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis.

erősödés

phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis


close-mid

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately two-thirds of the way between an open and a close vowel

semitancat

pronounced between a close and a mid vowel


open-mid

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately one-third of the way between an open and a close vowel


roundedness

roundedness (usually uncountable, plural roundednesses)

ajakkerekítés

phonetics: the quality of a sound, especially a vowel, of being rounded or unrounded

(phonetics) The quality of a sound, especially a vowel, of being rounded or unrounded.


erhua

(Chinese phonetics) A phonological process that adds rhotic sounds to syllables in some lects of Chinese.


erization

/ˌɜːɹəˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

/ˌɜːɹaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

Calque of Chinese 兒化 /儿化 (érhuà). By surface analysis, er + -ization.


R-coloured vowel

R-coloured vowel (plural R-coloured vowels)

[ɚ] is an R-coloured vowel; its non-rhotacised form is [ə].

Words such as start, better, and turn, for example, are likely to be pronounced with a lengthened vowel instead of the r-coloured vowel. While this type of substitution may simply sound like a quaint accent, it may also cause[…]

2019 December 9, Graeme Ching, Teaching English: A Practical Guide for Language Teachers, Canadian Scholars, →ISBN, page 231:

(phonology) A vowel modified so that the frequency of its third formant is lowered.


plosion

plosion (countable and uncountable, plural plosions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-plosion.wav

In Russian, nasal plosion is confined to cases where both the plosive and the nasal consonant have the same primary articulation. In English, however, nasal plosion occurs also in such groups as kn, tm (as in Hackney ['haekni], utmost [ˈʌtmoʊst]).

1923, Michael V. Trofimov, Daniel Jones, The pronunciation of Russian:

Plosive consonants are sometimes not fully articulated ; under certain conditions they may be reduced to stops only, without plosions. This generally happens in English when a plosive is immediately followed by another plosive.

1956, Daniel Jones, The pronunciation of English, page 121:

To avoid too much air escape at the moment of plosion, the tongue-tip is placed lightly on the alveolar ridge, the less muscular pressure the better.

1998, Michael McCallion, The voice book: for everyone who wants to make the most of their voice:

(phonetics) Pronunciation of a consonant that is characterised by completely blocking the flow of air through the mouth.


prothetic

From Ancient Greek προθετικός (prothetikós).

(phonology, of an instance of a phoneme) attached to the beginning of a word


spirantize

en-verb

spirantize (third-person singular simple present spirantizes, present participle spirantizing, simple past and past participle spirantized)

spirantizes (present singular third-person)
spirantizing (participle present)
spirantized (participle past)
spirantized (past)

(phonetics) To change (a consonant) to a spirant sound.


palato-

palatoplegia, palatodental

(anatomy, phonetics) Of or pertaining to the palate.


autosegmental

(phonology) Of or pertaining to autosegments.

autosegmental phonology
autosegmental phonology

(phonology) Of or pertaining to autosegmental phonology, a framework of phonological analysis that views phonological representations as consisting of parallel tiers of segments, rather than just one linear sequence of segments.


tone sandhi

The most frequent occurrence of tone sandhi in Mandarin Chinese occurs in the third tone.

(phonology) The change of tone that occurs in some tonal languages when certain tones are pronounced successively.


upskip

Someone reading the following aloud, The normal course will have one to three hour-examinations per term and a three-hour examination at the end of each term. will feel a need to put a pause after the first three and resume on hour with an abrupt upskip and also possibly a glottal stop plus head and hand gestures , to avoid the suggestion of three-hour as a constituent at that point.

1989, Dwight Le Merton Bolinger, Intonation and Its Uses: Melody in Grammar and Discourse, page 84:

Three tests are administered, in which aspects of pitch trajectories analysed as allphonic in the phonemic system turn out to have more importance than the supposedly phonemic distinctions; the second of these tests finds that upglides and upskips in a sequence that Trager & Smith (1951) would presumably transcribe /32||/ are categorically distinguished.

1976, Dafydd Gibbon, Perspectives of Intonation Analysis, page 222:

Pitch-squeeze tone modifier (sign :) is manifested by a pitch range narrowing over the whole tone cadence; hence no pitch upskip or downskip or evenskip is noticeable.

1997, Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar, Language in a Semiotic Perspective:

(phonetics) A raise in pitch with no perceptible glide connecting the tone to the previous sound


cheshirization

term-label

(American spelling, Oxford British English)

/ˌt͡ʃɛʃəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/

From Cheshire (cat) (“fictional cat which disappeared leaving only its smile, from Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by the English author Lewis Carroll (1832–1898)”) + -ization (suffix forming nouns denoting the act, process, or result of doing or making something), coined by the American linguist James Matisoff (born 1937) in a 1991 book chapter entitled “Areal and Universal Dimensions of Grammatization in Lahu”.

coinage

For example, Mandarin uses the suffix ɚ < ér 兒 'son' while Cantonese employs tone sandhi, changing the citation tone to high rising tone, the cheshirization of an earlier segmental morpheme meaning 'son'.

2006, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Robert M. W. Dixon, Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance, →ISBN, page 344:

transphonologization

(phonology, rare) Synonym of transphonologization (“a type of sound change whereby a phonemic contrast that used to involve a certain feature evolves in such a way that the contrast is preserved, yet becomes associated with a different feature”)

Bernd Heine
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Lewis Carroll
Typological Studies in Language


versual

versual division

(archaic, especially prosody) Of or pertaining to a verse.


dentalism

(phonetics) The formation of a sound using the teeth.


linguadental

(phonetics) An utterance pronounced by the aid or use of the tongue and teeth.


linguadental

(phonetics) Formed or uttered by the use of both the tongue and teeth.


consonant gradation

en-noun

consonant gradation (countable and uncountable, plural consonant gradations)

(phonology) A type of apophony or mutation of consonants found in Finnic and Sami languages.

輔音層次變化 /辅音层次变化

type of apophony found in Finnic and Sami languages


monoseme

The foot pattern for the baby caprine song is: diseme/monoseme/diseme/diseme.

2001, John William Johnson, “Computer Technology and the Study of Music and Prosody: The Case of Somali Oral Performance”, in Russell H. Kaschula, editor, African Oral Literature: Functions in Contemporary Contexts, →ISBN, page 7:

In a given poem, a monoseme contains a short vowel of one mora, and a diseme contains two moras.

2008, John William Johnson, “Music and Poetry in Somalia”, in edited by Douglas Puchowski, The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, volume 1, →ISBN, page 58:

But its primary meaning must be rhythmic, since it is not used to group notes longer than a monoseme […]

2011, Charles H. Cosgrove, An Ancient Christian Hymn with Musical Notation. Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1786: Text and Commentary, →ISBN, page 116:


devocalize

en-verb

devocalize (third-person singular simple present devocalizes, present participle devocalizing, simple past and past participle devocalized)

devocalizes (present singular third-person)
devocalizing (participle present)
devocalized (participle past)
devocalized (past)

If we take a high vowel […] and devocalise it, we obtain a hiss […]

1877, Henry Sweet, A Handbook of Phonetics:

(transitive, phonetics) To make toneless; to deprive of vowel quality.


gravo-acute accent

en-noun

gravo-acute accent (plural not attested)

/ˌɡɹɑːvəʊəˈkjuːt ˈæksənt/

Mr. Walker does triumphantly claim the discovery of the inverted circumflex accent, or the downward and upward continued movement. Yet, if it is correctly inferred from the dates of publication, and from Mr. Walker’s rather derisive allusion to Mr. Steele’s essay, that the latter author preceded him, he might have found, in Mr. Steele’s gravo-acute accent, proof of the real existence of his newly found function of the voice.

1827, James Rush, The Philosophy of the Human Voice, pages ix–x:

( ˘ ) Gravo-acute accent, or gravo-acute circumflex.

1841, Andrew Comstock, “Explanation of the characters used in the exercises in reading and declamation”, in A System of Elocution, page 200:

(phonology and typography, obsolete, rare) A dipping tone, or the diacritic that denotes it, similar in form to the breve (˘) and the háček (ˇ).


inverted circumflex

inverted circumflex (plural inverted circumflexes)

From its earliest attested use as an idiomatic phrase in 1810, inverted circumflex was first used to denote a dipping tone — an inversion of the peaking tone denoted by ⟨῀⟩, the Ancient Greek περισπωμένη (perispōménē), commonly translated as “circumflex” — thence the name was applied to diacritics which marked such a dipping tone and, by extension, other tones to which it was suited; finally, due to such a diacritic’s resemblance to the háček, the name came to be applied to it as well.

The inflection, which begins upward and ends downward on the same syllable, called the circumflexed slide, is exemplified by the proper utterance of the word they in the succeeding instance:
Not he, but they are in fault.
And the inflection, which is just the reverse of this, namely, which begins downward and ends upward, called the inverted circumflex, may be instanced by the same word in Italic, as follows:
They tell us to be moderate; — but they, they are to wallow in profusion.

1810, Benjamin Humphrey Smart, A Practical Grammar of English Pronunciation, page 335:

Mr. Walker does triumphantly claim the discovery of the inverted circumflex accent, or the downward and upward continued movement.
[…]
Greek and Roman writers tell us, indefinitely, of the acute, grave, and circumflex movements; and these, with the newly described inverted circumflex, have, at a recent date, first been formally regarded, in the art of speaking the English language.

1827, James Rush, The Philosophy of the Human Voice, pages ix and x

(phonology, now disused) A dipping tone.


phonotypist

(historical, phonetics) An expert in phonotypy.


syllaba anceps

syllaba anceps (plural syllabae ancipites)

sĭʹləbə ănʹsĕps

Latin: syllaba (“syllable”) + anceps (“double-headed, uncertain”)

Syllabae ancipites at the ends of lines are […]

1908, Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt [eds.], The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Egypt Exploration Fund), volume 5, issues 840–844, page 17

The name of L constitutes one syllable, but its position at the end of the (dactylic-hexameter) line makes it a syllaba anceps, either long or short, and any one of three interpretations seems possible: el (with the preceding word, geminat, having a long final syllable, the A retaining its original length, as we find in even later poets), or le (with Strzelecki, the E being long or short), or ll (with Marx), i.e., sonant/syllabic l (as others put it).

ante''' 1971, Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (1973, University of California Press; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), part VI: “Conclusions”, § 1: ‘The Ancient Evidence’, page 51

(prosody) A syllable of unfixed or undecided weight.


contour tone

(phonetics) A tone whose pitch changes during the syllable.


epitrite

Compare French épitrite, Latin epitritus, Ancient Greek ἐπίτριτος (epítritos).

(poetry, Ancient Greek and Latin prosody) A metrical foot consisting of three long syllables and one short syllable.


consonantism

consonantism (countable and uncountable, plural consonantisms)

(linguistics, phonology) The consonant system of a language or dialect.

(linguistics, phonology) The consonants, sequence of consonants, or the quality peculiar to the consonants of a given word or group of words.


semivocal

semivocal sound

(phonetics) Of or relating to a semivowel.


ult

Main stress falls on the antepenult, with secondary stress falling on the ult.

2013, Elizabeth C[ook] Zsiga, The Sounds of Language, Wiley, →ISBN, page 368:

(phonology) The final (ultimate) syllable of a word.


Canadian raising

Canadian raising (countable and uncountable, plural Canadian raisings)

(phonology, dialectology) The phenomenon in some dialects of English, especially Canadian English, in which /aɪ/ is realized as [ʌɪ] and/or /aʊ/ is realized as [ʌʊ] or [ɛʊ] before underlying unvoiced consonants.

(phonology, dialectology) A similar but more restricted phenomenon, found in most dialects of American English, that applies only to /aɪ/, which is realized as [ʌɪ] in certain contexts, especially before underlying unvoiced consonants but with significant speaker-to-speaker variation.


vocule

Borrowed from Latin vocula, diminutive of vox, vocis (“voice”).

The emphatic vocule denotes great energy of sentiment

1827, James Rush, The Philosophy of the Human Voice:

This vocule is often changed from an aspiration to a vocality, in attempts give strong emphasis on the termination of a word.

1846, J. Weaver ·, A System of Practical Elocution and Rhetorical Gesture, page 213:

A vocule is that compact burst of sound that is released after a word has reached is terminus . The vocule is a punctuating and lengthening tactic .

2003, Jennifer Mandelbaum, Phillip J. Glenn, Curtis D. LeBaron, Studies in Language and Social Interaction, page 396:

(phonetics, archaic) An emphatic aspiration or burst of air.


aphthong

From Ancient Greek ἄφθογγος (áphthongos). Compare diphthong.

The letters "gh" in "knight" are an aphthong.

(phonology, archaic) A letter or combination of letters employed in spelling a word but not pronounced; a silent letter or polygraph


proparoxytonic

(prosody) Of or relating to words whose stress falls on the antepenultimate (third to last) syllable


mouillation

(phonetics) The act of uttering the sound of a mouillé letter.


phonotypy

phonotypy (usually uncountable, plural phonotypies)

(historical, phonetics) The English Phonotypic Alphabet, a phonetic alphabet developed in the 1850s.


compensatorily lengthen

en-verb

compensatorily lengthen (third-person singular simple present compensatorily lengthens, present participle compensatorily lengthening, simple past and past participle compensatorily lengthened)

compensatorily lengthens (present singular third-person)
compensatorily lengthening (participle present)
compensatorily lengthened (participle past)
compensatorily lengthened (past)

Back-formation from compensatory lengthening.

back-form

compensatory lengthening
compensatory lengthening

(phonology, transitive) To lengthen (a vowel) upon dropping the consonant that had followed it; to cause to undergo compensatory lengthening.


compensatory lengthening

en-noun

compensatory lengthening (countable and uncountable, plural compensatory lengthenings)

/kəmˈpɛnsəˌtɔɹi ˈlɛŋ(k)θənɪŋ/

(phonology, uncountable) The lengthening of a vowel sound which occurs when a following consonant is lost, regarded as an extreme form of fusion; (countable) an instance of this.


ecthlipsis

ecthlipsis (countable and uncountable, plural ecthlipses)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἔκθλιψις (ékthlipsis, “a squeezing out”), from ἐκθλίβω (ekthlíbō, “to squeeze out”), from θλίβω (thlíbō, “to squeeze; to compress”).

bor

(phonology) The dropping out or suppression from a word of a consonant, with or without a vowel.

(phonology, classics) In Latin, the elision of a final /m/, with the preceding vowel, before a word beginning with a vowel.


faucal

Ayin is the most difficult of the faucals.

(phonetics) A sound produced in the fauces.


triphone

(phonetics) A triplet of adjacent phones.


gheada

This variety is a non-standard phonological register characterized by gheada [heáða], that is, the fricativization and devoicing of the voiced velar stop: /ɡ/ -> [ɣ] (other variants are [x], [h]; for a review of the phenomenon see for example Alvarez Cáccamo 1989b:261-65).

1990, Berkeley Linguistics Society, Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley Linguistics Society, v.16, page 6

In contrast to the phenomena of open and close vowels, the presence or absence of the gheada is still one of the most prominent phonetic features of present-day Galician.

2007, Jaine Beswick, Regional Nationalism in Spain: Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Galicia, Multilingual Matters, page 141:

In addition to these feelings of inappropriateness, there are two features of the local dialects that still seem to be stigmatized among my informants: the gheada and the Galician pitch pattern.

2008, Mercedes Niño-Murcia, Jason Rothman, Bilingualism and Identity: Spanish at the Crossroads With Other Languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 75:

(phonetics) the lenition of the voiced velar stop in the Galician language.


Abgesang

/ˈɑp.ɡəˌzɑŋ/

Borrowed from German Abgesang; ab- (“down, from”) + Gesang (“song”).

(prosody, poetry, usually capitalized) Repetition of the same word or phrases for emphasis; epistrophe, especially the concluding section.


hyperthesis

/haɪˈpɜːθɪsɪs/

/hɪˈpɜːθɪsɪs/

/həˈpɜːθɪsɪs/

(linguistics, phonology) A form of metathesis in which non-contiguous sounds are switched.


yodless

In other contexts, yodless forms made the Roubaix-Tourcoing distinctive from their French and Lille equivalents [kaʀti], [piʀ] and [di] quartier ‘quarter’, ‘neighbourhood’, Pierre ‘Peter’, Dieu ‘God’, cf. [kaʀtje], [pjɛʀ], [djø].

2002, Tim Pooley, “The Depicardization of the Vernaculars of the Lille Conurbation”, in Mari C. Jones et al., editors, Language Change, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 37:

The younger the speaker is, the more yodless is the pronunciation, while the more educated the speaker is, the more yod is used (or retained) in this particular phonological environment.

2004, Jan Tent, France Mugler, “Fiji English: Phonology”, in Edgar W. Schneider et al., editors, A Handbook of Varieties of English, volume 1, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 776:

Hence yod not only does not strengthen word-initially; it also often disappears, yielding yod-ful and yodless variants in the daughter languages, sometimes even in the same language (cf. Cz už - juž).

2008, László Kristó, “Slavonic”, in Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho et al., editors, Lenition and Fortition, Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 312:

(phonetics) Lacking a palatal approximant.


yod coalescence

Some English dialects with /dj/ and /tj/ within a morpheme have gradient amounts of affrication, from [dj] in careful speech to extreme “yod coalescence” approximating [dʒ][…].

1995, James M. Scobbie, “What Do We Do When Phonology is Powerful Enough to Imitate Phonetics? Comments on Zsiga”, in Bruce Connell, Amalia Arvaniti, editors, Phonology and Phonetic Evidence, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 306:

In words such as nature this process is long complete; but there are many other words where this ‘yod coalescence’ is still variable.

2006, J. C. Wells, “British English Pronunciation Preferences: A Changing Scene”, in Kingsley Bolton, Braj B. Kachru, editors, World Englishes, Routledge, →ISBN, page 236:

In the sequence would you, the female speaker uses yod coalescence: The alveolar plosive /d/ and the palatal approximant, /j/, merge to form the affricate [dʒ].

2011, Paul Skandera, Peter Burleigh, A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology, 2nd edition, Narr, →ISBN, page 149:

(phonology) A process in English phonology whereby the clusters [dj], [tj], [sj], and [zj] become [dʒ], [tʃ], [ʃ], and [ʒ], respectively, through mutual assimilation.


paragogic

en-adj

paragogic (comparative more paragogic, superlative most paragogic)

more paragogic (comparative)
most paragogic (superlative)

In the Semitic languages, paragogic letters are added to the ordinary forms of words to express additional emphasis or a change in the meaning.

(phonology) Of, pertaining to, or constituting, a paragoge; added to the end of, or serving to lengthen, a word.


preglottalize

en-verb

preglottalize (third-person singular simple present preglottalizes, present participle preglottalizing, simple past and past participle preglottalized)

preglottalizes (present singular third-person)
preglottalizing (participle present)
preglottalized (participle past)
preglottalized (past)

(transitive, phonology) To precede (a sound) by glottalization.


uvularize

uvularize (third-person singular simple present uvularizes, present participle uvularizing, simple past and past participle uvularized)

uvularizes (present singular third-person)
uvularizing (participle present)
uvularized (participle past)
uvularized (past)


ecstasis

The insertion of the i by poetic ecstasis furnishes the syllable necessary to complete the number of feet, […]

1811, Peter Wilson, Introduction to Greek Prosody, page 160:


sound law

Then, to oversimplify, if there are similarities in sound and meaning between two words that do not obey the sound laws that have been established, we conclude that they have resulted from borrowing.

1877, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, page 118:

In conclusion, we present the sound laws of Old Icelandic in the chronological order which represents the results of this dissertation.

1940, Ainsley Maxwell Carlton, A Relative Chronology of Old Icelandic Sound Laws, Leland Stanford Junior University, page 114:

For reasons that will become clear shortly, this limitation of sound laws to a specific time is an important trait.

2000, Andrew L. Sihler, Language History, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 50:

(phonology) A rule that describes historical sound change (the change in pronunciation of a given sound or cluster of sounds) in the development of a language.

հնչյունական օրենք

rule that describes historical sound change in a language


deaccent

deaccent (third-person singular simple present deaccents, present participle deaccenting, simple past and past participle deaccented)

deaccents (present singular third-person)
deaccenting (participle present)
deaccented (participle past)
deaccented (past)

Suprasegmentally, there is a tendency to de-accent information which is repeated, a prominent stressing of demonstratives these and this, and modals and auxiliaries such as should and will, plus a rise-fall intonation that gives a ‘lilting’ quality.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:

(transitive, phonetics) To remove the accent or stress from (a syllable).


choreus

From Latin choreus, from Ancient Greek χορεῖος (khoreîos), related to χορός (khorós, “choir, chorus”).


diatopic

(chiefly phonetics) Occurring over or changing with space; geographic.

The variant forms of textual tradition, relevant on the level of the diachronic and diatopic study of the text, were irrelevant on the level of the single manuscript.

1989, William Veder, Texts of Closed Tradition – The Key to the Manuscript Heritage of Old Rus’:

(chiefly phonetics) Of, pertaining to or concerned with changes that occur over space.


postvelar

(phonetics) Having an articulation intermediate between velar and uvular.


prevelar

(phonetics) Having an articulation intermediate between palatal and velar.


metaphony

(phonology) A sound change in which a vowel's pronunciation is affected by another.


betacism

en-noun

betacism (usually uncountable, plural betacisms)

From beta + -cism (phenomenon related to a specific phoneme).

q

Betacism is a fairly common phenomenon: it has taken place in Greek, Hebrew, Spanish, and some Portuguese dialects, among others.

(phonology) A sound change in which [b] (the voiced bilabial plosive) shifts to [v] (the voiced labiodental fricative).


psilosis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ψίλωσις (psílōsis).

(phonology) The sound change by which Greek lost the consonant sound /h/ during antiquity, h-dropping.


nareal

(phonetics) Characterized by airflow which is exclusively through the nostrils.


archiphoneme

(phonology) A unit representing two or more underlying phonemes, where the distinction between them has been neutralized under certain conditions.


fricatization

(phonetics) The process of making or becoming fricative or a fricative.


fricatized

en-adj

fricatized (comparative more fricatized, superlative most fricatized)

more fricatized (comparative)
most fricatized (superlative)

(phonetics) Having undergone fricatization.


phthongal

From Ancient Greek φθόγγος (phthóngos, “sound, voice”).

uder

(phonetics) Formed into, or characterized by, voice; vocalized.


UR

underlying representation
w:underlying representation

(phonology) Initialism of underlying representation.


intertonic

(phonetics) A sound occurring between stressed syllables; as the /har/ in philharmonic

(phonetics) A sound occurring between a stressed syllable and the beginning or end of a word; as the o in Deborah.


deaspirate

en-verb

deaspirate (third-person singular simple present deaspirates, present participle deaspirating, simple past and past participle deaspirated)

deaspirates (present singular third-person)
deaspirating (participle present)
deaspirated (participle past)
deaspirated (past)

(transitive, phonetics) To change the pronunciation of a consonant so that it is no longer aspirated.


r-dropping

(phonology) The omission of the sound of a letter "r" after a vowel.


labiodentalization

(phonetics) A change to a sound that makes it labiodental.


iambelegus

(prosody) A verse consisting of an iambic dimeter and half an elegiac pentameter.


quantitative metathesis

en-noun

quantitative metathesis (countable and uncountable, plural quantitative metatheses)

(prosody) A form of metathesis or transposition involving quantity or vowel length, by which two neighboring vowels – one long, one short – switch their lengths, so that the long one becomes short, and the short one becomes long.


Southern drawl

Southern United States
Southern United States

(phonetics) The diphthongization or triphthongization of the vowels /æ/, /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ into [æj(ə)], [ɛj(ə)] and [ɪj(ə)], occurring in English spoken in the Southern United States.


addental

an addental lisp


voicedness

(phonetics, phonology) The state or property of being uttered in a voiced manner.

zöngésség

the state or property of being uttered in a voiced manner


dentialveolar

(phonetics) Articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth.


dentialveolar

(phonetics) A speech sound that is articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth.


voice onset time

voice onset time (plural voice onset times)

(phonetics) The amount of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing.


dentality

(phonology) The quality of being dental.


allophony

(phonology) Variation in the phonetic realizations of a phoneme; the state of a phoneme having multiple allophones.

allofonia

variation in the phonetic realizations of a phoneme


faucalized

en-adj

faucalized (comparative more faucalized, superlative most faucalized)

more faucalized (comparative)
most faucalized (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced with vertical expansion of the pharyngeal cavity due to the lowering of the larynx with respect to the pharynx.


counterbleed

en-verb

counterbleed (third-person singular simple present counterbleeds, present participle counterbleeding, simple past and past participle counterbled)

counterbleeds (present singular third-person)
counterbleeding (participle present)
counterbled (participle past)
counterbled (past)

(phonology, of a phonological rule) To fail to bleed.


counterfeed

counterfeed (third-person singular simple present counterfeeds, present participle counterfeeding, simple past and past participle counterfed)

counterfeeds (present singular third-person)
counterfeeding (participle present)
counterfed (participle past)
counterfed (past)

(phonology, of a phonological rule) To fail to feed.


diaphoneme

The transcription /oː‖əʊ‖oʊ/ or {oː} represents the diaphoneme descended from the ancestral Old English phoneme /oː/, which is preserved in Irish English as [oː] but has become [əʊ] in Received Pronunciation and as [oʊ] in General American.

The series with the long a as a point of departure…today has the diaphoneme /o‖u/, and to be exhaustive the diaphoneme should be rendered /o‖u‖au‖oi/, for in western Yiddish there are also the articulations /šlaufn/ and /šloifn/ (sleep). From the point of departure of long e (Early Vowel E₂) Yiddish arrived at the diaphoneme /ei‖ai/, for example in veynik (little) (cf. MHG wênic). In groys (big; Early Vowel O₂) (cf. MHG groȥ), Yiddish has the diaphoneme /ei‖oi/; with the variant of Samogitia–Latvia (7.35), the symbolization will become still more complicated: /ei‖øu‖oi‖ou/.

1980, S. Noble & J.A. Fishman (trr.), M. Weinrich (auth.), P. Glasser (ed.), History of the Yiddish Language II (2008), ch. vii, pp. 467f.

(phonology) An abstract phonological unit that represents collectively the dialectal variants of a phoneme.

diafoneem

abstract phonological unit denoting all the dialectal variations of a phoneme


velar pinch

(phonetics) The "pinch" that occurs between the second and third formants of vowels immediately before and after velar stops.


anaptyctic

(phonology) Of or pertaining to anaptyxis; of a vowel having been inserted into a word.


ambisyllabic

(phonology, of a consonant) Acting simultaneously as the coda of one syllable and the onset of the following syllable.

ambissilábico

acting simultaneously as the coda of one syllable and the onset of the following syllable


allotone

(phonetics) Any of the pitch allophones of a pitch phoneme.


apicoalveolar

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.

apicoalveolar

articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge


tajwid

Arabic تَجْوِيد (tajwīd), literally "elocution".

(Islam, phonology) The rules governing pronunciation during recitation of the Qur'an.


ruki

From the sounds (r, u̯, K, i̯) which triggered the change. The law is stated as a mnemonic rule because the word руки (ruki) means “hands” in Russian.

(phonology) A sound change that took place in the satem branches of the Indo-European language family, and according to which an original *s changed to *š after the consonants *r, *k, *g, *gʰ and the semi-vowels *w (*u̯) and *y (*i̯).


fanqie

/fɑːnˈt͡ʃjɛ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 反切 (fǎnqiè).

(Chinese phonetics) In traditional Chinese lexicography, a method of indicating the pronunciation of a character by using two other characters, each giving part of the pronunciation.

反切

method of indicating pronunciation of a character


prehead

(phonetics) The group of unstressed syllables preceding the head (if present) or nucleus (if there is no head).


Anglo-Frisian brightening

(phonology) A sound change in the early Anglo-Frisian languages in which the vowel /ɑ/ was fronted to /æ/.


glottalling

(phonetics) The use of the glottal plosive in place of a sound, typically /t/.


pentamoraic

(phonology, uncommon) Having five morae.


bimoraicity

(phonology) The property of having two morae.


monomoraicity

Let us assume that the reduplicative template is specified as "syllable", with the understanding that a template expands maximally in association (in this case, into a heavy syllable) unless it carries a specific restriction (e.g. to monomoraicity).

1986, Ralf-Armin Mester, Studies in tier structure, page 203:

(phonology) The property of having one mora.


quadrimoraic

A syllabic trochee template is simply unable to account for the requirement that p-forms are maximally quadrimoraic.

1997, Mary Ellen Scullen, French prosodic morphology: a unified account, page 204:

The 'letter' thus corresponds with a mora, and the nouns in question could be termed quadrimoraic.

1998, Robert R. Ratcliffe, The Broken Plural Problem in Arabic and Comparative Semitic: Allomorphy and analogy in non-concatenative morphology:

According to Kubozono (2006: 1147—1150), this is the case for 96% of accented trimoraic gairaigo and 70% of accented quadrimoraic gairaigo.

2011, Mark Irwin, Loanwords in Japanese, page 128:


downglide

Assuming that upglides signal tentativeness, interpersonal meaning and doubt, stereotypical belief would expect women to favour upglides rather than downglides.

2011, Britta Mondorf, Gender Differences in English Syntax, page 56:


soundlore

From sound + lore. Perhaps calqued from German Lautlehre (“phonology”, literally “sound-lore”).

The present opportunity has been used to enlarge and improve several departments of the Grammar, especially those of Soundlore and Derivation, and to bring out somewhat more prominently than before the leading facts of Comparative Philology, […]

1875, Notes on Books, Longmans, Green and co:

Since this volume contains a careful analysis and complete survey of what has been hitherto written on soundlore, the author would deserve the gratitude of all learners if his work were to be looked upon […]

1893, Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art:

I must reiterate excuse if I have seemed heedless or impertinent in my refusal seriously to consider works on prosody which are based upon "sound-lore."

1910, George Saintsbury, A history of English prosody from the twelfth century to the present day:

It may be, as he says, that these groups are not so generally studied as Greek, Teutonic and Latin, but they often (especially Lithuanian) supply forms which are of the greatest value for deciding difficult points of Aryan sound-lore.

1969, Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger, Asian Review:

(dated, phonology) The study of sounds; phonology.


demorification

(phonology) The process of becoming or making something nonmoraic; the process of losing or causing to lose a mora.


demorify

demorify (third-person singular simple present demorifies, present participle demorifying, simple past and past participle demorified)

demorifies (present singular third-person)
demorifying (participle present)
demorified (participle past)
demorified (past)

If the moraic trochee is maintained, it is necessary to say that refooting applies once footing has demorified the lengthening coda consonants.

2011, Mirco Ghini, Asymmetries in the Phonology of Miogliola, page 134:

(phonology) To make nonmoraic; to remove a mora from something.


extraprosodicity

(phonology) The property of being extraprosodic.


extraprosodic

(phonology) Not affected, or affected only to a limited degree, by prosody.


skerping

(phonetics) In the Faroese language, the phenomenon where back vowels are fronted before [kv], and certain diphthongs are monophthongized before [tʃː].


yod dropping

(phonology) The elision of the sound [j] in English phonology following other consonantal sounds within the same syllable in certain contexts.


orinasal

(phonetics) A speech sound produced using both the mouth and the nose.


complementary distribution

en-noun

complementary distribution (plural complementary distributions)

(phonetics) The distribution of phones in their respective phonetic environments such that one never appears in the same phonetic context as the other.


linking r

(phonetics) An "r" that is pronounced only because it is closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound, as in water ice, in non-rhotic varieties of English.


asynartetic

en-adj

asynartetic (comparative more asynartetic, superlative most asynartetic)

more asynartetic (comparative)
most asynartetic (superlative)

/əˌsɪnɑːˈtɛtɪk/

(prosody) Having or containing two different types of metre


aftersound

1881, Louis Lucien Bonaparte, “The simple sounds of all the living Slavonic languages compared with those of the principal Neo-Latin and Germano-Scandinavian Tongues,” Transactions of the Philological Society, 1880-1881, p. 377,
In English I cannot hear the sound of Italian o chiuso, but only that of (o 5) followed by an aftersound, as in home, or without this aftersound, as in more.

They [gu and qu] were not groups formed of a guttural stop and the semi-vowel v, but guttural stops with a labial aftersound; the latter receiving a very much weaker articulation than the semi-vowel v.

1910, Max Niedermann, Outlines of Latin Phonetics, London: Routledge, page 46:

(phonetics, obsolete) A weaker sound that immediately follows a more salient one, such as the second, less prominent vowel sound in a falling diphthong.


stress mark

(phonetics) A written mark to show which part of a word should be stressed.


fricated

fricated (comparative more fricated, superlative most fricated)

more fricated (comparative)
most fricated (superlative)


outrounded

an outrounded vowel


inrounded

an inrounded vowel


outrounding

(phonology) A phonetic feature found in Swedish, a form of rounding where the lips are protruded and kept relatively far apart.


inrounding

(phonology) A phonetic feature found in Swedish, a form of rounding where the lips are protruded and kept relatively close together.


rephonologization

(phonology) Synonym of transphonologization


tone terracing

A graph of the change in pitch over time of a particular tone resembles a terrace.

(phonetics) A form of downdrift in which the high or mid tones, but not the low tone, shift downward in pitch after certain other tones. The result is that a tone may be realized at a certain pitch over a short stretch of speech, shifts downward and then continues at its new level, then shifts downward again, until the end of the prosodic contour is reached, at which point the pitch resets.


floating tone

(phonology) A morpheme or element of a morpheme that contains no consonants or vowels, but only tone. It cannot be pronounced by itself, but affects the tones of neighbouring morphemes.

(phonology) A phonemic tone which is not associated to a syllable and is only pronounced in its effect on neighboring tones, such as by causing downstep.


cacuminalization

(phonology) A sound change whereby a sound becomes cacuminal, or pronounced with a retroflexed tongue.


postalveolarization

(phonology) A sound change whereby a sound becomes postalveolar.


depharyngealization

(phonetics) A sound change that removes the pharyngeal component of a sound.


tonomorpheme

(phonology) A morpheme based on tonemes.


linguo-palatal

(phonetics) (of sound) made by the tongue and the palate


linguo-nasal

"Physical constraints of the human body are easy to see: there are no linguo-nasal trills, for example."

1984, William E. Rutherford, Language Universals and Second Language Acquisition: Containing the […] :

(phonetics) (of sound) articulated by the tongue while the sound passes through the nose


linguo-dental

"Let the linguo-dental breath consonant be heard at the letter or letters in italic."

1851, Benjamin Humphrey Smart, The Practice of Elocution: a Series of Exercises for Acquiring the Several […] :

(phonetics) (of sound) made when the tip of the tongue extends outside the upper and lower anterior teeth


th sound

This sound is represented by th in English spelling.

dental fricative
dental fricative#English

(informal, phonetics) Synonym of dental fricative


dental fricative

en-noun

dental fricative (plural dental fricatives)

(phonetics) The phoneme produced when the tongue touches the upper teeth and air is blown. It can be voiced (ð) or unvoiced (θ).


Great Vowel Shift

Coined by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen.

coinage

Because English spelling was becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Great Vowel Shift is responsible for many of the peculiarities of English spelling.

(phonology) A major change in the pronunciation of the English language, affecting the sounds of long vowels, that took place in England between 1350 and 1700.


long i

(phonetics) the English vowel sound /aɪ/ in the words "fine" and "like", conventionally written ⟨ī⟩.


hurry-furry merger

(phonology) A phonemic merger where the vowels in "hut" and "fur" are pronounced the same before /ɹ/, making the words "hurry" and "furry" rhyme.


Mary-marry-merry merger

(phonology) A phonemic merger where the vowels in "mare", "pat" and "pet" are pronounced the same before /r/, making "Mary", "marry" and "merry" homophones.


horse-hoarse merger

/ˈhɔːs hɔːs ˌmɜːdʒə/

/ˈhɔɹs hoɹs ˌmɛɹdʒəɹ/

Among the changes, which took place in Dublin English in the 1990s (Hickey 1999), are the following four which are also found in general forms of American English: (a) use of retroflex /r/, in fork [fo:ɻk]; (b) use of an intervocalic alveolar tap, for example in water [wɑɾɚ]; (c) the horse/hoarse‐merger and (d) the which/witch‐merger.

2017 August 9, Raymond Hickey, “Irish English in the Anglophone world”, in World Englishes, volume 36, number 2:

(phonology) A phonemic merger of /ɔɹ/ and /oɹ/, so that pairs of words such as horse and hoarse, war and wore, for and four, etc become homophones.


lot-cloth split

(phonology) A phonemic split, in some varieties of English without the cot-caught merger, in which the vowel in words like "cloth" and "off" is pronounced with the same vowel as in "thought", as opposed to the vowel used in "lot".


laxing

(phonetics) The process whereby a tense vowel becomes lax.


labio-palatal

(phonetics) articulated on the lips and the palate


Withgott effect

Observed by M. M. Withgott in a 1982 dissertation.

(phonology) A phenomenon relating to the pronunciation of stops in American English, whereby words appear to be chunked into pronunciation units, based on their morphology, which may block flapping.


procope

Learned borrowing from Late Latin procopē, via Ancient Greek προκοπή (prokopḗ) from verb προκόπτω (prokóptō, “to cut away in front; forward, advance”), προ- (pro-, “before; in front”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “to cut”).

af

(phonetics, linguistics, prosody) Synonym of apheresis.

Prokope

loss or removal of a sound at the beginning of a word


depalatalize

en-verb

depalatalize (third-person singular simple present depalatalizes, present participle depalatalizing, simple past and past participle depalatalized)

depalatalizes (present singular third-person)
depalatalizing (participle present)
depalatalized (participle past)
depalatalized (past)

(phonetics, transitive) To modify (a sound) so that it is no longer palatal or phonetically palatalized.

(phonetics, intransitive, unaccusative, of a sound) To be modified so that it is no longer palatal or palatalized.


stress-timed

Coordinate term: syllable-timed

(linguistics, phonetics) Of a language, such that syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is perceived to be a fairly constant amount of time between consecutive stressed syllables.


syllable-timed

Coordinate term: stress-timed

(linguistics, phonetics) Of a language, such that every spoken syllable takes up more or less the same amount of time.


sh sound

This sound is typically spelled sh in English words.

(informal, phonetics) A voiceless postalveolar fricative.


Yorkshire assimilation

(phonetics) A kind of assimilation associated with the English spoken in Yorkshire, England, where a final voiced obstruent preceding an initial voiceless obstruent is devoiced.


Dreimorengesetz

(phonology) The three-mora rule, specifying where to place the accent in Germanic words.


preaspirated

Coordinate term: aspirated

(phonetics, of a consonant) Affected by preaspiration.


nonaffricate

(phonetics) Any sound that is not an affricate.


lingualization

en-noun

lingualization (countable and uncountable, plural lingualizations)

(phonetics) The process of a sound becoming lingual.


lax vowel

Some vowels in English are made with roughly the same tongue position as the tense vowels, but with less constricted articulation; they are called lax vowels.

2001, Michael Dobrovolsky, “Phonetics: The Sounds of Language”, in William O'Grady, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, editors, Contemporary Linguistics, →ISBN, page 35:

(phonetics) A vowel produced with relatively little constriction of the vocal tract.


tense vowel

All of the vowels illustrated [...] are tense vowels; they are produced with a placement of the tongue that results in greater vocal tract constriction than that of nontense vowels...

(phonetics) A vowel produced with relative constriction of the vocal tract.


vocal tract

Meronyms: oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx

The vocal tract. The further office which the nose performs, namely, that of contributing to the proper modulation of the voice, depends in great measure on the various cavities and sinuses contiguous to the nasal fossæ.

1858, George Murray Humphry, “The Skull”, in A Treatise on the Human Skeleton (including the joints), →OCLC, page 220:

...the tube of the throat between the larynx and the oral cavity, which is called the pharynx; the oral cavity; and the nasal cavity. These passages are collectively known as the vocal tract.

2001, Michael Dobrovolsky, “Phonetics: The Sounds of Language”, in William O'Grady, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, editors, Contemporary Linguistics, →ISBN, page 18:

(phonetics) Portion of the human body where speech sounds are articulated.

ääntöväylä

portion of the human body where speech sounds are articulated


Meeussen's rule

Named after its first observer, Achille Emile Meeussen (1912–1978).

(phonetics) The rule describing a special case of tone reduction in Bantu languages, where in some contexts the second of two adjacent high tones is lowered.


vyanjanabhakti

vyanjanabhakti (usually uncountable, plural vyanjanabhaktis)

Coined as the counterpart to svarabhakti, from Sanskrit व्यञ्जनभक्ति (vyañjanabhakti), compound of व्यञ्जन (vyañjana, “consonant”) + भक्ति (bhakti).

bor

व्यञ्जनभक्ति

compound

(linguistics, phonology) The epenthesis of a consonant, as in the p in consumption; excrescence.


VoT

voice onset time
voice onset time#English

voice-onset time
voice-onset time#English

(phonetics) Initialism of voice onset time or initialism of voice-onset time (The amount of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing)


checked tone

(Chinese phonetics) Synonym of entering tone

(phonology, phonetics) In Burmese, a tone characterized by the syllable ending in the glottal stop /ʔ/.


barytonesis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βαρυτόνησις (barutónēsis).

(phonology) The shift of accent from the last syllable of a stem or word to a preceding syllable.


aphthongal

en-adj

aphthongal (comparative more aphthongal, superlative most aphthongal)

more aphthongal (comparative)
most aphthongal (superlative)

(phonology) Being or relating to an aphthong.


phonetic erosion

(phonetics, phonology) The loss of phonemes from a spoken word (or of words in a phrase) over time, sometimes as a result of grammaticalization.


silent h

(linguistics, phonetics, literally) non-aspiration of a glottal consonant


monophone

(phonetics) A single phone treated as a unit.


consonant cluster

en-noun

consonant cluster (plural consonant clusters)

In the word “spare”, /sp/ denotes a consonant cluster.

The word "scrub" begins with the S-C-R consonant cluster.

(phonetics) Two or more consonants in succession.


vowel reduction

vowel reduction (countable and uncountable, plural vowel reductions)

(phonetics) Any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word, and which are perceived as "weakening".


akanye

Borrowed from Russian а́канье (ákanʹje).

(phonology) A case of vowel reduction in Slavic languages; the merger of pretonic non-high vowel phonemes (/o/, /e/ and /a/).

а́канне

(phonology) a case of vowel reduction in Slavic languages


aryepiglottal

A third technique deals with the problem of the shortened aryepiglottal fold.

2010, Karl Hörmann, Surgery for Sleep Disordered Breathing, page 195:

(phonetics) Produced by contracting the aryepiglottic folds of the larynx against the epiglottis.


plosivization

(phonetics) The process of making or becoming plosive.


epiglottopharyngeal

(phonetics) Being or involving a type of pharyngeal articulation in which the aryepiglottic folds and epiglottis are brought together and retracted against the pharyngeal wall.


polyphthong

The teacher who uses Pinyin without knowing about such things as the place of the tone symbol in the case of polyphthong finals is merely incompetent but the teacher who supports the student in developing false notions about the language norm by adopting a systematically casual attitude to its technical aspects, can cause much greater harm.

1973, Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, page 65:

A syllable is short when ending in a short monophthong or in a short polyphthong; a syllable is long when ending in a consonant or in a long monophthong or a long polyphthong.

1997, Ilse Lehiste, Jaan Ross, Estonian Prosody: Papers from a Symposium:

With small preliminary he told Russ and me something like the following - I have normalised his speech in the interests of general sanity, though his polyphthongs ('hayyut' for 'hat', 'bawun' for 'born', etc.) were of the rarest quality.

2012, Kingsley Amis, Memoirs, →ISBN, page 292:

(phonetics) A phoneme that begins with the sound of one vowel or semivowel and transitions through one or more other (semi)vowel sounds.


oxytonesis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὀξυτόνησις (oxutónēsis).

(phonology) The shift of accent to the final syllable.


okanye

Borrowed from Russian о́канье (ókanʹje).

(phonology) Absence of the form of vowel reduction called akanye.

о́канне

(phonology) absence of the form of vowel reduction called akanye


mazuration

From Masuria + -ation. Calque of Polish mazurzenie.

The Slavonic impact on West Karaim aditionally resulted in the elimination of the front labial vowels (except in NWKar. ö-, ü-), the š, ž, č, ǯ, > s, z, c, ʒ sibilant fronting in Southwest Karaiem (independly, however, of Polish mazuration), :Template:..

2024 March 4, Edward Vajda, The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 66:


mazurzenie

Unadapted borrowing from Polish mazurzenie.

ubor

(phonology) The replacement or merger of the Polish language's series of retroflex fricatives and affricates /ʂ, ʐ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/ (written ⟨sz⟩, ⟨ż⟩, ⟨cz⟩, ⟨dż⟩) into the alveolar series /s, z, t͡s, d͡z/ (written ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩), present in Masovian and other dialects.


surdization

sordizzazione

phonological process that turns a voiced sound into a voiceless one


schwi

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-schwi.wav

Alteration of vowel in the word schwa to more closely approximate the sound described.

Similarly the syllable "day" in "Sunday" is to be printed smaller than the rest of the type and in the higher position to show, first that the vowel is unstressed and second that the sounds needs to be "schwi,"

1966, Albert J. Mazurkiewicz, The Initial Teaching Alphabet and the World of English: Proceedings:

Accent Hint No. 1 -- if the first syllable contains a one-syllable prefix, the vowel in that syllable is unaccented and thus is probably a schwa /ə/ or schwi /i/.

1972, Marsha Fabian, Mary Rhodes Hoover, Patterns for reading, page 141:

Should the schwa [ago] and schwi [very] be represented with a unique phonogram?

2002 January, Steve Bett, “The number of phonemes in English”, in Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society:

(phonetics) An indeterminate near-close central unrounded vowel sound as the "e" in "roses" or the "y" in "very", depending on accent; sometimes represented as [[[i]]], [[[ɪ]]], or [[[ᵻ]]] in IPA.


RTR

retracted tongue root
retracted tongue root#English

(phonetics) Initialism of retracted tongue root.


ATR

advanced tongue root
advanced tongue root#English

(phonetics) Initialism of advanced tongue root.


apicodental

(phonetics) Made with the apex of the tongue touching the upper front of the teeth, as in apicodental stop.


updrift

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-updrift.wav

(phonetics) A rising (over time) of the pitch of the tones of a tonal language.


Grassmann's law

Named after German linguist Hermann Grassmann (1809–1877).

named-after

(phonology) A dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit, according to which an aspirated consonant loses its aspiration if it is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable.


SSBE

A new study from the University of Essex, which analysed the speech patterns of 200 participants. About 26% spoke EE, half spoke SSBE and the rest spoke MLE.

2023 October 31, “Language barrier: why even Harry has stopped speaking the king’s English”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(phonetics) Initialism of Standard Southern British English.


external sandhi

(phonology, grammar) Sandhi that occurs between two words.


internal sandhi

(phonology, grammar) Sandhi that occurs at morpheme boundaries inside of a word.


Stang's law

Named after the Norwegian linguist Christian Stang.

(phonology) A Proto-Indo-European phonological rule that governs the word-final sequences of a vowel, followed firstly by a semivowel or a laryngeal and then by a nasal. Such sequences are simplified so that laryngeals and semivowels are dropped, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel.


postalveolo-prepalatal

(phonetics) Both postalveolar and prepalatal.


sound symbolism

sound symbolism in the Wiktionary glossary

(of a unit of sound or meaning in a language) composed of one or more speech sounds that are associated with the meanings they convey, either intrinsically or by a recurring phono-semantic association

(more specifically) speech sound that is neither arbitrary with respect to meaning nor an onomatopoeia that imitates a real sound

the property of such a sound or sequence of sounds


mediopalatal

(phonetics) Involving the middle of the palate.


prepalatal

(phonetics) Articulated anterior to the palate.


laryngealize

en-verb

laryngealize (third-person singular simple present laryngealizes, present participle laryngealizing, simple past and past participle laryngealized)

laryngealizes (present singular third-person)
laryngealizing (participle present)
laryngealized (participle past)
laryngealized (past)

(phonetics) To articulate as a laryngeal sound, to produce (a sound) through or with action of the larynx.

But creaky or laryngealized quality throughout whole stretches of very low-pitched speech characterize boredom, reluctance [etc.] Children typically laryngealize their voice for coaxing adults.

1993, Fernando Poyatos, Paralanguage, page 209:

(phonetics) To modify (a pronunciation or a sound) by constricting the larynx.


laryngealized

en-adj

laryngealized (comparative more laryngealized, superlative most laryngealized)

more laryngealized (comparative)
most laryngealized (superlative)

In these words, as in similar forms in related Chadic languages, laryngealized voicing is often audible in the adjacent vowels

1971, Peter Ladefoged, Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics, page 15:

It is well known that back vowels such as [ɑ] tend to be more laryngealized than front vowels such as [i] (local phenomenon).

2007, Anton Batliner, Richard Huber, “Speaker characteristics and emotion classification”, in Christian Müller, editor, Speaker Classification I, page 143:

(linguistics, phonetics) Pronounced with or through constriction or other action of the larynx; creaky.


progressive assimilation

en-noun

progressive assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural progressive assimilations)

(phonetics, phonology) An assimilation whereby a sound becomes more like the preceding sound.


regressive assimilation

regressive assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural regressive assimilations)

(phonetics, phonology) An assimilation whereby a sound becomes more like the following sound.


heterorganic

/ˌhɛtəɹɔːɹˈɡænɪk/

labial m and alveolar n are heterorganic consonants.

(phonetics) Of consonants: having a different place of articulation.


preinitial

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-preinitial.wav

(phonetics) The part of a syllable that precedes the initial.


meet-meat merger

(phonology) The phonemic merger of the Early Modern English vowel /eː/ as in Middle English "meat" into the vowel /iː/ as in Middle English "meet".


h-dropping

In England, the most up-to-date research suggests that some 13th-century dialects were h-dropping, but by the time elocution experts came along in the 18th century, they were pointing out what a crime it is.

2013 November 4, Michael Rosen, “Why H is the most contentious letter in the alphabet”, in The Guardian:

(phonology) The omission of an /h/ sound normally present in a word, making the word "home" sound like "'ome", for example.


th-fronting

(phonology) The pronunciation of the sound /θ/ as /f/ and the sound /ð/ as /v/, making "north" sound like "norf" and "breathe" sound like "breave".


th-stopping

(phonology) The pronunciation of "th" like "t" or "d", making "think" sound like "tink" and "then" sound like "den".


t-glottalization

(phonology) The pronunciation of the phoneme /t/ as a glottal stop in certain positions.


l-vocalization

(phonology) A process by which an /l/ sound is replaced by a vowel or semivowel.


line-loin merger

The most frequently paraded example of apparent merger in English in the Labovian literature is the line—loin merger in Essex, England (see Labov, Yaeger, and Steiner 1972; Nunberg and Labov 1972; Nunberg 1980); the label stands for the coalescence of /oy/ and /ay/.

1991, Birch Moonwomon, Sound Change in San Francisco English, volume 1, page 57:

(phonology) The phonemic merger between the diphthongs /aɪ/ and /ɔɪ/ that occurs for speakers of Southern English English, Irish English, Newfoundland English, and Caribbean English making "line" and "loin" homophones.


tetrasemic

From tetra- + Ancient Greek σημεῖον (sēmeîon, “sign”) + -ic.

(prosody) Equivalent to four short syllables, consisting of four moras as a dactyl, anapest, or spondee.


labioalveolar

(phonetics) Involving the lip and the alveolar ridge.


post-alveolar

(phonetics) Alternative spelling of postalveolar


Szemerényi's law

Named after Hungarian linguist Oswald Szemerényi.

(phonology) A sound change and a synchronic phonological rule that operated during an early stage of the Proto-Indo-European language. The rule deleted coda fricatives *s or laryngeals *h₁, *h₂ or *h₃ (cover symbol *H), with compensatory lengthening occurring in a word-final position.


labiovelarize

en-verb

labiovelarize (third-person singular simple present labiovelarizes, present participle labiovelarizing, simple past and past participle labiovelarized)

labiovelarizes (present singular third-person)
labiovelarizing (participle present)
labiovelarized (participle past)
labiovelarized (past)

[...] recently attempted to explain the origin of the Ukrainian form buty, etc., in another way, i.e., through the labiovelarizing influence of the l closing the syllable (resulting from the non- palatalized l).

1979, Ivan Zilynsʹkyĭ, A Phonetic Description of the Ukrainian Language, page 175:

It is usually defined as a process whereby front vowels consonantalize (palatalize) to the semivowel /j/ when followed by certain other vowels [...] or whereby back vowels consonantalize (labiovelarize) to the semivowel /w/ [...]

2006, Casper Jan Hendrik Krüger, R.S. Pretorius, Introduction to the morphology of Setswana, →ISBN:

(phonetics) To become, or cause to become, labiovelar.


consonantalize

consonantalize (third-person singular simple present consonantalizes, present participle consonantalizing, simple past and past participle consonantalized)

consonantalizes (present singular third-person)
consonantalizing (participle present)
consonantalized (participle past)
consonantalized (past)

(phonetics) To become, or cause to become, (more) consonantal.


mesodic

(prosody) Relating to a system of different form intervening between a strophe and its antistrophe.


semeion

From Ancient Greek σημεῖον (sēmeîon, “a mark”).

bor

(prosody) A unit of time, a division of a foot; a mora.


illabiality

From il- + labiality or illabial + -ity.

/ɪ/ shares narrowness and illabiality with /i/, but, on the other hand, backness and illabiality with /a/: two traits, that is, in each case.

1991, Marcel Erdal, Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon, Volumes 1-2, page 18:

It is significant to note that the illabiality is also reflected in early Christian borrowings such as Fi. pappi ‘priest’ < Sl. păpŭ (trad. popъ); cf. as well as in the unstressed position Fi. Raamattu ‘Bible’ < Sl. grāmătā (trad. gramota).

2007, Juhani Nuorluoto, “The Interchangeability of the Graphemes <o> and <ъ> in Old Russian Birchbark Documents: A Graphical Effect or a Reflection of Sound Change in Progress?”, in Slavica Helsingiensia, volume 32, pages 184–185:

An exception in the context of the generally accepted original illabiality of +lık is L. Johanson and his 1979 study "Die westoghusische Labialharmonie" (here cited after his volume of reprints: Johanson 1991: 26-70).

2013, Bülent Gül, Ferruh Ağca, Faruk Gökçe, editors, Bengü Bitig. Dursun Yıldırım Armağanı, page 553:

(phonetics) The state or condition of being illabial or unrounded.


voicening

Alteration of voicing, probably by analogy to lengthening.

In spite of its preservation of intervocalic surd stops and of s, Wkh. follows the other Pamir languages in the voicening of the groups ft and xt.

1929, Georg Morgenstierne, Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, volume 2, page 465:

Moreover, the claim of a voicening reflex of Altaic /-1 2-/ in Japanese would have to be defended against contrary evidence (e.g., hakani) and against Japanese word-internal voicening as a means of lexical diversification.

1981, Monumenta Nipponica: Studies on Japanese Culture, Past and Present:

Northern dialects tend toward intervocalic voicening of s (e.g., bala-zı [childPOSS.3.SG] 'his/her child' instead of bala-sı [child-POSS.3.SG]), a feature typical of the South Siberian Turkic languages.

2010, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, page 612:

Sonorants do not normally precede voiceless obstruents within a morpheme due to the historical process of voicening (see 4.2.5).

2011, Irina Nikolaeva, A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir, page 35:

(rare, nonstandard, phonetics, linguistics) Voicing (“process by which a phoneme becomes voiced”).


buccalization

Although buccalization of nasal vowels is the phenomenon most often observed, nasalization of oral vowels is not uncommon.

1975, Eric H. Lenneberg, Elizabeth Lenneberg, Foundations of language development: a multidisciplinary approach:

(phonetics) The process of a speech sound becoming buccal.


transphonologization

en-noun

transphonologization (countable and uncountable, plural transphonologizations)

/ˌtɹænsfəˌnɒləd͡ʒaɪˈzeɪʃən/

(phonology) A type of sound change whereby a phonemic contrast that used to involve a certain feature evolves in such a way that the contrast is preserved, yet becomes associated with a different feature.


dentilabialization

(phonetics) The process of dentilabializing.


dentilabialize

en-verb

dentilabialize (third-person singular simple present dentilabializes, present participle dentilabializing, simple past and past participle dentilabialized)

dentilabializes (present singular third-person)
dentilabializing (participle present)
dentilabialized (participle past)
dentilabialized (past)

(phonetics) Of Middle Chinese initial consonants /p/, /pʰ/, /b/, and /m/: to develop into /f/, /fʰ/, /v/, and /ʋ/ (or further into /f/, /w/, etc).


trisemic

From triseme (“a group of three morae or units of time”) + -ic.

af

triseme<t:a group of three morae or units of time>


consonanthood

However, since timing tiers lack the information of consonanthood and vowelhood in other syllable theories, consonanthood and vowelhood must be defined in different ways depending on phonological theories.

1997, Hyeon-Kwan Cho, A Phonological Analysis of Consonantal Assimilations and Consonant-vowel Interactions, page 159:

The physiological identity of syllabic consonants on the other hand, their consonanthood, is left unrecorded.

2012, Tobias Scheer, What is CVCV and why should it be?, page 300:

(linguistics, phonology) The property of being a consonant.


synaphea

From Ancient Greek συνάπτω (sunáptō, “to join together”).

der

(prosody) The metrical continuity between one colon and another.

(prosody) Mutual connection of all the verses in a system, so that they are scanned as one verse, as in anapaestics.

(prosody) Elision or synalepha, at the end of a line, of the final vowel of a dactylic hexameter before the initial vowel of the next.


tensification

(phonology) The process by which a consonant becomes tense, as in Korean.


triseme

(prosody) Consisting of three semeia; trisemic.


triseme

(prosody) A group of three semeia, or moras.


Meillet's law

Named after the French Indo-Europeanist Antoine Meillet, who discovered it.

(phonology) A Common Slavic accent law, according to which Slavic words have a circumflex on the root vowel (i.e. the first syllable) if that word had a mobile accent paradigm in Proto-Slavic and Proto-Balto-Slavic, regardless of whether the root had the Balto-Slavic acute register.


hidden quantity

en-noun

hidden quantity (countable and uncountable, plural hidden quantities)

The part which deals with Sounds, Inflection, and Word-Formation was written by the junior author, who is also mainly responsible for matters of orthography, hidden quantity, etc., throughout the book;

1966, William Gardner Hale, Carl Darling Buck, A Latin Grammar, page iii:

The reality of the "hidden quantity" in these participial forms is completely borne out by three independent testimonies: inscriptions with the long vowel marked by the apex ; the development of the relevant forms in the Romance languages; and the explicit discussion by Aulus Gellius Noct. att. 9.6.

1970, G. P. Goold, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology - Volume 74, →ISBN, page 55:

This kind of detective work has produced a number of rules governing hidden quantity which are given in simplified and abbreviated form below:

1982, Norma Goldman, Jacob E. Nyenhuis, Latin Via Ovid: A First Course, →ISBN, page 76:

(Latin, phonetics) The pronunciation (long or short) of a vowel that appears before two consonants.


octapody

From octa- + -pody, from Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”) and πούς, ποδός (poús, podós, “foot”).

(prosody) A metre or verse of eight feet.


ghawa syndrome

Named after the resyllabification of dialectal Arabic قَهْوَة (gahwa, “coffee”) as قْهَوَة (ghawa), which is the prototypical example of the phenomenon.

(phonology) A phenomenon in some Arabic dialects in which the second consonant in a word forms a cluster with the first consonant.


supradental

(phonetics, of a sound) Made by pressing the tongue above the top of the teeth


imala

imala (usually uncountable, plural imalas)

From Arabic إمالة (ʔimāla, literally “inclination”). The earliest form of the process, described by the Arab grammarians, was conditioned on the existence of an /i/ before or after the /a/ (somewhat similarly to Germanic umlaut). Hence the /a/ was said to “incline” towards the /i/. In most modern dialects, however, imala is a default development, only hindered by certain adjacent consonants (especially emphatics).

bor

(phonetics) a sound change in Arabic by which the vowels /a/, /aː/ are fronted in certain phonetic environments (possibly creating new phonemes, notably in Maltese and to a lesser degree in some dialects)


tone-bearing unit

en-noun

tone-bearing unit (plural tone-bearing units)

(phonology) In autosegmental phonology, a segment, usually a syllable nucleus, which can be associated with a tone.


pre-fortis

This pre-fortis shortening is most obvious in stressed monosyllables (i.e. single-syllable words) and is termed pre-fortis clipping. […] Listen to these sets of English words. Notice how pre-fortis clipping shortens the vowels.

2013, Beverley Collins, Inger M. Mees, Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students:

(phonetics) Immediately preceding a fortis consonant.


faucalize

en-verb

faucalize (third-person singular simple present faucalizes, present participle faucalizing, simple past and past participle faucalized)

faucalizes (present singular third-person)
faucalizing (participle present)
faucalized (participle past)
faucalized (past)

oropharyngeal isthmus
oropharyngeal isthmus

(phonetics) To simultaneously contract the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles, which have the effects of: vertically expanding and laterally constricting the pharyngeal cavity, of constricting the oropharyngeal isthmus, and of raising the pharynx relative to the larynx.


faucalization

en-adj

faucalization (comparative more faucalization, superlative most faucalization)

more faucalization (comparative)
most faucalization (superlative)

(phonetics) Simultaneous ontraction the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles, which has the effects of: vertically expanding and laterally constricting the pharyngeal cavity, of constricting the oropharyngeal isthmus, and of raising the pharynx relative to the larynx. Faucalization with vocalization produces Faucalized voice.


phonotax

en-noun

phonotax (countable and uncountable, plural phonotaxes)

A blend of phonotactics + syntax or phonology + syntax.

It is crucial for the phoneme structure of Finnish — traditionally /d/ has not been included in the Finnish phonotax, but it fulfils the criteria of a phoneme (Karlsson, 1983: 66-7).

1990, Jarmo Lainio, “Sweden Finnish — development or deterioration?”, in Durk Gorter, editor, Fourth International Conference on Minority Languages: Western and Eastern European papers, Multilingual Matters, →ISBN, page 31:

On the level of word-shape, the phonotax of a language is a first determinant of its style, but the pattern of distribution within that frame is perhaps of equal importance.

2009, Anders Stenström Beregond, “Phonotactic Preferences in the Root Repertories of "Qenya Lexicon" and "The Etymologies"”, in Arda Philology 2: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omentielva Tatya, Antwerp, 8-11 August 2007, Arda Society, →ISBN, page 99:

Finally, names more or less adapted to Greenlandic phonotax will show a few deviations from the declination paradigms: e.g. Suulut ought to become Suulutip in ergative like t-stems use, but will become Suulup.

2012, Karen Langgård, “Considerations about the impact of Danish on the morphology of Kalaallisut”, in Hitomi Otsuka, Cornelia Stroh, Aina Urdze, editors, More Morphologies: Contributions to the Festival of Languages, Bremen, 17 Sep to 7 Oct, 2009, Brockmeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 10:

(phonology, uncommon) The total sum of a language's phonological or phonotactic rules.


markedness constraint

markedness constraint (plural markedness constraints)

the lack of codas is a markedness constraint that English violates, but Samoan keeps intact all the time.

(phonology) In Optimality Theory, universal features that languages prefer to keep unviolated.


sulcalization

sulcalization (usually uncountable, plural sulcalizations)

(phonetics) The pronunciation of a sound, typically a sibilant consonant, with a deep groove running along the back of the tongue that focuses the airstream on the teeth, producing a more intense sound.


chain shift

Many non-Antipodeans cannot readily distinguish Australian and New Zealand English, because the phonologies basically overlap with the exception of an upwards chain shift in the front vowels.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:

(linguistics, phonology) A phonological modification of a vowel system in which a change in a particular vowel causes other adjacent vowels to also change in order to avoid vowel mergers.


oral vowel

(phonetics) A vowel that is produced without nasalization.


boukólos rule

The rule is named after an example of such a dissimilation: the Ancient Greek βουκόλος (boukólos, “cowherd”), which is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-kólos, from *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *kʷól-os (“herder”).

bor

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

reconstructed language
reconstructed language

(linguistics, phonology, Indo-European studies) A rule of the Proto-Indo-European reconstructed language that states that a labiovelar stop (*kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ) dissimilates to an ordinary velar stop (*k, *g, *gʰ) next to the vowel *u or its corresponding glide *w.


pitchmeter

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pitchmeter.wav

This consisted, in essence, of a tape recorder for playing model utterances, a pitchmeter to extract, in real time, the fundamental frequency (pitch) of the model utterances and that of the student and a computer for comparing the output of the student with that of the model.

1976 August, E. F. James, “The Acquisition of Prosodic Features of Speech Using a Speech Visualizer”, in International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, volume 14, number 3, →DOI, page 227:

(phonetics) A device used for measuring the pitch of sounds or human voice.


ꜧ

(phonetics) A hypothetical or jocular phoneme in English, realized as [h] at the beginning of a syllable and as [ŋ] at the end of a syllable, so that e.g. hang would be transcribed /ˈꜧæꜧ/.


ephelcystic nu

From Ancient Greek νῦ ἐφελκυστικόν (nû ephelkustikón, literally “attractive nu; dragged-in nu; affixed nu”), from the letter νῦ (nû) + ἐφελκῠστῐκός (ephelkŭstĭkós, “attracted to; drawn towards”) from ἐφέλκυσις (ephélkusis, “attraction, pull; affixation”). Shortened from earlier ἐφελκυστικόν τοῦ νῦ (ephelkustikón toû nû, literally “pulling in nu; attracting nu”), transferring the epithet to the letter nu itself.

νῦ ἐφελκυστικόν

(grammar, linguistics, phonology) Euphonic nu /ν/ (n). Consonant /ν/ affixed to vowel endings of some Ancient Greek grammatical forms to produce euphony: in prevocalic position, to avoid sounding two vowels in a row (hiatus), and prevent elision or fusion of vowels contracting into one sound (crasis). In preconsonantal coda position, /ν/ may be added to create a long syllable in poetic meter. Nu is also usually written before a pause at the end of a clause in prose or the end of a verse in poetry.


primary stress

en-noun

primary stress (plural primary stresses)

Coordinate term: secondary stress

(phonetics) The stronger of two degrees of stress in the pronunciation of a word.


secondary stress

secondary stress (plural secondary stresses)

Coordinate term: primary stress

(phonetics) The weaker of two degrees of stress in the pronunciation of a word.


metaphonize

en-verb

metaphonize (third-person singular simple present metaphonizes, present participle metaphonizing, simple past and past participle metaphonized)

metaphonizes (present singular third-person)
metaphonizing (participle present)
metaphonized (participle past)
metaphonized (past)

(phonology, intransitive) To undergo metaphony.


yodization

en-noun

yodization (countable and uncountable, plural yodizations)

(phonetics) The developed pronunciation of a yod, typically as the result of an adjacent sound change.


penthemimer

(prosody) A metrical unit equal to half of a pentameter


octonarian

(prosody) Composed of eight metrical feet


apicopostalveolar

(phonetics) Articulated with the tip of the tongue touching the back of the alveolar ridge.


apicoprepalatal

en-adj

apicoprepalatal (comparative more apicoprepalatal, superlative most apicoprepalatal)

more apicoprepalatal (comparative)
most apicoprepalatal (superlative)

Voiced apicoprepalatal or dorsoprepalatal assibilated fricative, similar to English […]

1968, Melvyn C. Resnick, The Coordination and Tabulation of Phonological Data in American Spanish Dialectology:

[…] rather indicates a (retroflex) apicoprepalatal nasal. But Firth himself calls the place of articulation "the hard palate", which strictly […]

[…] but the difference between the apicoprepalatal and the domed lateral diaphone (9.231) is not.

1994, Herbert Pilch, Manual of English Phonetics:

[…] as for the Japanese ingressive apicoprepalatal fricative approximant or […]

2002, Fernando Poyatos, Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines: Volume 2: Paralanguage, kinesics, silence, personal and environmental interaction, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 162:

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against a spot just to the front of the palate.


apicopalatal

apicopalatal (comparative more apicopalatal, superlative most apicopalatal)

more apicopalatal (comparative)
most apicopalatal (superlative)

Labialized apicopalatal trill : The production of this sound is identical to that of […] except that the lips are rounded during the articulation ...

1984, G. Devi Prasada Sastry, Mishmi Phonetic Reader:

[…] the apicopalatal ("retroflex") consonants require a difficult maneuvering of the apex in their ...

1997, Zia Rauf, Phonology of Delhi Urdu:

(4) The /r/ in the word-medial /ri/ in the Tokyo dialect corresponds to the apicopalatal fricative.

2013, Takesi Sibata, Sociolinguistics in Japanese Contexts, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 52:

(phonetics, of a sound) Articulated with the tip of the tongue against the palate.


velal

(Kaaf) or velal (k), pronounced very far back in the throat […]

1866, Walter Gregor, The Dialect of Banffshire, page 18:


syllable weight

en-noun

syllable weight (plural syllable weights)

(phonology) Property of syllables related to quantity.


unaspirated h

(linguistics, phonetics) non-aspiration, pronunciation of a glottal consonant


advanced tongue root

advanced tongue root (plural advanced tongue roots)

Coordinate term: retracted tongue root

(linguistics, phonetics) An articulation that involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the larynx during the pronunciation of a vowel.

arrel de la llengua avançat

an articulation that involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the larynx during the pronunciation of a vowel


buccalize

en-verb

buccalize (third-person singular simple present buccalizes, present participle buccalizing, simple past and past participle buccalized)

buccalizes (present singular third-person)
buccalizing (participle present)
buccalized (participle past)
buccalized (past)


hypermonosyllable

From hyper- + monosyllable; coined by the poet Robert Bridges.

(prosody) A word of multiple syllables, such as "power", when presented (e.g. in poetry) as having only one syllable.


stress accent

Coordinate term: pitch accent

(phonology) A method or application of realizing phonological prominence of a segment phonetically by loudness or duration.


dentalize

dentalize (third-person singular simple present dentalizes, present participle dentalizing, simple past and past participle dentalized)

dentalizes (present singular third-person)
dentalizing (participle present)
dentalized (participle past)
dentalized (past)

(transitive, phonetics) To make (a speech sound) dental.


interdentalize

interdentalize (third-person singular simple present interdentalizes, present participle interdentalizing, simple past and past participle interdentalized)

interdentalizes (present singular third-person)
interdentalizing (participle present)
interdentalized (participle past)
interdentalized (past)

(transitive, phonetics) To make (a speech sound) interdental.


cardinal vowel

The term was coined by the British phoneticians Daniel Jones in the early 20th century.

(phonetics) a vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, either front or back, high or low.

Daniel Jones (phonetician)
cardinal vowel

samogłoska kardynalna

any vowel sound produced in the front of the mouth


hard r

Rhineland Germans have a soft, back "r," while those in eastern and southern Germany use an alveodental "r," due (one supposes) to the respective influence of the French on the one hand and Slavs or Italians on the other. The "hard r" is said to carry better in an auditorium or on the radio, so performers from the Rhineland must learn to deliver those "theatrical r's."

1999 March 7, David Mannix, “The Theater Season; Stage Speech”, in The New York Times, page sec. 2 p. 4:

His broad "a's" and hard "r's" forever marked him as a son of the Midwest.

2001 October 8, Marilyn Berger, “Herblock, Cartoonist Who Humbled Mighty, Is Dead at 91”, in The New York Times:

There is both a soft r and a hard r, the latter usually spelled ŕ (ŕege – king).

2002, Kenneth Katzner, Kirk Miller, “Basque”, in The Languages of the World, 3rd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 58:

In Blood on the Tracks, Dylan has his r's mostly on half-articulation. Medial and terminal r's are appropriately turned off in the bluesy “Meet Me in the Morning,” but the songs of this album have more hard r's than we've heard in a long time, including some words where we might expect to find the “r” missing: “weather,” “horses,” “heart,” “boxcar door,” “apart,” “anymore."

2010 April 8, David Pichaske, Song of the North Country: A Midwest Framework to the Songs of Bob Dylan, A&C Black, →ISBN, page 99:

‘Make sure you hit the hard R’s.’ He was obsessed with R’s. I’m like, OK, arrrre you sure?

2022 January 28, Dave Itzkoff, “Watch the Throne: How Joel Coen Came to Make ‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’”, in The New York Times, page AR16:

(phonetics, phonology, informal) A rhotic sound which is emphatic or strongly enunciated; in English accents especially a postvocalic consonantal r, as distinguished from its absence in a nonrhotic accent or from an R-coloured vowel.


PVM

(phonetics) Initialism of place, voice, manner (of a vowel).


VPM

(phonetics) Initialism of voice, place, manner (of a vowel).


applosive

Our recent fiber-optic studies on applosives (unreleased plosives) in the word-final position in Fukienese, a dialect of southern China, revealed interesting findings on larygeneal adjustment (Iwata et al., 1979).

1983, Peter F. MacNeilage, editor, The Production of Speech, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:

(phonology) An unreleased plosive, denoted ◌̚ in the IPA.


deaffricate

deaffricate (third-person singular simple present deaffricates, present participle deaffricating, simple past and past participle deaffricated)

deaffricates (present singular third-person)
deaffricating (participle present)
deaffricated (participle past)
deaffricated (past)

(phonetics, intransitive) To undergo deaffrication.


mid-central

(phonetics, of a vowel) pronounced with the tongue in a position approximately halfway between an open and a close vowel and approximately halfway between a front and a back vowel.


palatality

(phonetics) The quality of being a palatal sound (a sound articulated at the hard palate).


velarity

(phonetics) The quality of being a velar sound (a sound articulated at the velum or soft palate).


tonic accent

(phonetics) The syllable in a word which receives the most stress in an intonation unit.


prosodic unit

(phonetics) A segment of speech that occurs within a single prosodic contour.


anaphonesis

/ˌænəˈfɑnəsɪs/

Borrowed from Italian anafonesi (“anaphonesis”), from ana- (“up”) + Ancient Greek φώνησις (phṓnēsis, “sound”).

af

Forms without anaphonesis (i.e. forms like conseglio, someglio, ponto, onghia) surround Florence on all sides. The loss of i in descending diphthongs (preite becoming prete) takes place about half-way through the century.

1966, Bruno Miglorini, edited by T. Gwynfor Griffith, The Italian Language, Faber & Faber, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 70:

As far as anaphonesis of i is concerned, the Florentine form is introduced in 'vermeglo' > 'vermiglio' (C), but there is no change to the tonic e of 'strense', or to the pretonic e of 'vencendo' (both in N).

1986, Brian Richardson, “An Editor of Vernacular Texts in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Lucio Paolo Rosello”, in Anna Laura Lepschy, John F. Took, Dennis E. Rhodes, editors, Book Production and Letters in the Western European Renaissance: Essays in Honour of Conor Fahy, London: Modern Humanities Research Association, page 256:

The absence of anaphonesis in some parole bandiera […] was clearly used in order to identify the origin of the speakers: it is said that in the sixteenth century, during the Guerra di Siena (‘war of Siena’), the inhabitants of Siena were identified and consequently slain by Florentine troops on the basis of the fact that they called a particular fish tenca ‘tench’ rather than tinca.³

2018 November 15, Silvia Calamai, “The phonetics of Italian anaphonesis: Between production and perception”, in Juana Gil, Mark Gibson, editors, Romance Phonetics and Phonology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 52:

(phonology) The raising of /e/, /o/ to /i/, /u/ before certain consonantal environments, mainly [ŋ] and /ʎ/, occurring originally in some Tuscan dialects, and thus in Standard Italian.


unrounded vowel

en-noun

unrounded vowel (plural unrounded vowels)

(phonetics) A vowel that is pronounced with the lips relaxed.


suffricate

(phonetics, phonology) A consonant that begins as a fricative and ends as a plosive.


stem mutation

stem mutation (countable and uncountable, plural stem mutations)

(phonetics) A change in a linguistic stem implying a grammatical or lexical modification.


quadrilabial

en-adj

quadrilabial (comparative more quadrilabial, superlative most quadrilabial)

more quadrilabial (comparative)
most quadrilabial (superlative)

From quadri- + labial, modelled on bilabial.

(phonetics, humorous) Articulated with two pairs of lips (i.e. involving mouth-to-mouth contact between two people).


lateral fricative

en-noun

lateral fricative (plural lateral fricatives)

(phonetics) A fricative pronounced by directing the airstream around the sides of the tongue.


labiouvular

(phonetics) Co-articulated at the uvula and the lips.


untrill

en-verb

untrill (third-person singular simple present untrills, present participle untrilling, simple past and past participle untrilled)

untrills (present singular third-person)
untrilling (participle present)
untrilled (participle past)
untrilled (past)

Even in such a language as German some one must have begun to make his [r] into a back sound, and to untrill it, and it was only gradually that the change spread through whole communities.

1994, Dugald Stewart, Comparativist Controversies, volumes 1-2, page 28:

(transitive, phonetics) To remove the trill from.


prototonic

Coordinate term: deuterotonic

(phonetics) Accented on the first syllable.


deuterotonic

Coordinate term: prototonic

(phonetics) Accented on the second syllable.


feminine caesura

en-noun

feminine caesura (plural feminine caesuras or feminine caesurae)

feminine caesuras (plural)
feminine caesurae (plural)

Coordinate term: masculine caesura

(prosody) A caesura following an unstressed syllable.


masculine caesura

masculine caesura (plural masculine caesuras or masculine caesurae)

masculine caesuras (plural)
masculine caesurae (plural)

Coordinate term: feminine caesura

Where the main caesura is not followed by bucolic caesura, lines with feminine caesura differ from lines with masculine caesura in two respects: […]

1978, Denys Page, Rufinus: The Epigrams of Rufinus, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 29:

(prosody) A caesura following a stressed syllable.


full vowel

(phonology) A vowel that typically occurs in stressed syllables in a given language (not ruling out that may also occur in unstressed syllables).


reduced vowel

The schwa is a typical reduced vowel, though it can also be a full vowel in some languages.

(phonology) a vowel that occurs only, or at least disproportionately often, in unstressed syllables in a given language; usually one that is intermediate in both height and frontness/backness


plateasm

From Ancient Greek πλατειασμός (plateiasmós, “flat, broad pronunciation, describing the Dorians”), from πλατεῖα (plateîa), πλατύς (platús, “flat, broad”).

der

(obsolete, rare, phonology) An overly broad or full style of pronunciation.


velodorsal

(phonetics, speech pathology) Formed when the soft palate lowers to touch the back of the tongue, due to developmental problems in the anatomy of the mouth, as opposed to velar (or more precisely dorso-velar), where the back of the tongue rises to touch the soft palate.


lexical set

(phonology) A group of words that share a particular phonological feature.


pentaphthong

From penta- + -phthong, by analogy with diphthong, triphthong.

Fifty-six diphthongal combinations may be made from the eight vowel elements, four of which, though, we find to be necessarily triphthongs, two tetraphthongs, and one a pentaphthong.

1866, Caleb Bates Josselyn, Elements of Pronunciation […], page 53:

Try saying the Dutch word Leeuwen some time. At least a pentaphthong...

1992 February 4, Graham Toal, “Vowel Raising Before Nasals”, in bit.listserv.words-l (Usenet):

Someone once claimed that Pres. Coolidge ( a Vermonter) pronounced the vowel in "cow" as a pentaphthong.

1993 December 23, Bob Simmonds, “Seamed phthongs”, in bit.listserv.words-l (Usenet):

Phonetically, [j] is meaningless, it's the same as an [i]. So what we have here is a pentaphthong: ui@iu.

2008 June 17, Ruud Harmsen, “British English "Joshua is"”, in sci.lang (Usenet):

(phonetics, rare) A sequence of five vowels pronounced as, or almost as, a single syllable.


interdentality

(phonetics) The quality of being interdental.


R-colour

(phonology) The distinctive property of R-coloured vowels.


left-to-right assimilation

en-noun

left-to-right assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural left-to-right assimilations)

progressive assimilation
progressive assimilation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of progressive assimilation


right-to-left assimilation

right-to-left assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural right-to-left assimilations)

regressive assimilation
regressive assimilation#English

(phonetics) Synonym of regressive assimilation


frontish

en-adj

frontish (comparative more frontish, superlative most frontish)

more frontish (comparative)
most frontish (superlative)

This rule makes sense because palatal sounds are frontish themselves, and assimilation rules are the most common type of morphophonemic rule (see chapter 3).

2006, Thomas E[dward] Payne, Exploring Language Structure: A Student's Guide, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 141:

(phonology) Of a sound: produced near the front of the mouth.


trochaize

en-verb

trochaize (third-person singular simple present trochaizes, present participle trochaizing, simple past and past participle trochaized)

trochaizes (present singular third-person)
trochaizing (participle present)
trochaized (participle past)
trochaized (past)

(transitive, prosody, rare) To write in, or convert to, trochees.


erizational

en-adj

erizational (comparative more erizational, superlative most erizational)

more erizational (comparative)
most erizational (superlative)

(Chinese phonetics) Relating to erization (the process of undergoing erhua).


consonant rhyme

en-noun

consonant rhyme (countable and uncountable, plural consonant rhymes)


complementary allophone

complementary allophone (plural complementary allophones)

... complementary allophone from the underlying phoneme. In each pair, the unaspirated form has a more general distribution. The aspirated allophone occurs in a very specific set of circumstances: in initial position of a word or stressed[…]

2017, Robert Kennedy, Phonology: A Coursebook, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 102:

... complementary allophone of /i/, its occurrence being largely restricted to positions before /r, h, hw/. Similarly, the emergence of short 〈aú〉 /ɔ/ was primarily associated with PGmc. /u/ preceding the same three consonants. In Early[…]

2012, Irén Heged?s, Alexandra Fodor, English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the Sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23-27 August 2010, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 47:

(phonology) A variant pronunciations of a phoneme that occur in specific phonetic contexts and do not change the meaning of a word


single time

(prosody, obsolete) A syllable, considered as a metrical unit or unit of time.

(prosody, obsolete) A metrical unit equivalent to the duration of a short syllable.


diatopically

en-adv

diatopically (comparative more diatopically, superlative most diatopically)

more diatopically (comparative)
most diatopically (superlative)

First, a large-scale corpus of material is needed, both diachronically and diatopically arrayed and allowing in its organization and compilation for the identification of correlations with phenomena traditionally treated as extralinguistic, e.g. genre, script, etc.

1999, Simon Horobin, Jeremy Smith, “A Database of Middle English Spelling”, in Literary and Linguistic Computing, volume 14, number 3, page 360:

. Concerning the spirantization of /b/, /d/ and /g/, it should be noted that it shows a much more restricted diffusion throughout the region diatopically.

2013, Simonetta Montemagni, Martijn Wieling, Bob de Jonge, John Nerbonne, “Synchronic patterns of Tuscan phonetic variation and diachronic change: Evidence from a dialectometric study”, in Literary and Linguistic Computing, volume 28, number 1, page 159:

If we know that nature is deeply culturalized and culture deeply naturalized (as Morin has maintained since the 1950s and the ontological turn in anthropology has been discussing since the 1990s), building our semiotic theory of the face on the basis of the common sense dichotomy between nature and culture would prevent us from truly comprehending the axiologies and ideologies of the face spread diachronically and diatopically.

2022 September, Massimo Roberto Beato, “From Mask to Flesh and Back: A Semiotic Analysis of the Actor's Face Between Theatre and Cinema.”, in Topoi: An International Review of Philosophy, volume 41, number 4, page 756:

(chiefly phonetics) Occurring over or changing with space; geographically.


lezh

(rare, phonetics) The phonetic symbol ɮ.


syllable timing

(linguistics, phonetics) A type of isochrony in a language in which the duration of each syllable is roughly equivalent.


stress timing

(linguistics, phonetics) A type of isochrony in a language such that syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is a fairly constant amount of time between consecutive stressed syllables.