free

en-adj

free (comparative freer or more free, superlative freest or most free)

freer (comparative)
more free (comparative)
freest (superlative)
most free (superlative)

From Middle English free, fre, freo, from Old English frēo (“free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz (“beloved, not in bondage”), from Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“pleased, loved”), from *preyH- (“to please, love”). Related to friend.
cognates, etc
Germanic cognates include West Frisian frij (“free”), Dutch vrij (“free”), Low German free (“free”), German frei (“free”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian fri (“free”).
Other cognates include Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá-, “beloved”).
Germanic and Celtic are the only Indo-European language branches in which the PIE word with the meaning of "dear, beloved" acquired the additional meaning of "free" in the sense of "not in bondage". This was an extension of the idea of "characteristic of those who are dear and beloved", in other words friends and tribe members (in contrast to unfree inhabitants from other tribes and prisoners of war, many of which were among the slaves – compare the Latin use of liberi to mean both "free persons" and "children of a family").

inh

there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

why buy the cow when you can get the milk for free

In this group of mushrooms, the gills are free.

Furthermore, the free anterior margin of the lobule is arched toward the lobe and is often involute[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 7:

en:unconstrained, physically or mechanically

(physical) Unconstrained.
(botany, mycology) Not attached; loose.


abject

en-verb

abject (third-person singular simple present abjects, present participle abjecting, simple past and past participle abjected)

abjects (present singular third-person)
abjecting (participle present)
abjected (participle past)
abjected (past)

From Late Middle English abjecten (“to cast out, expel”) [and other forms], from abiect, abject (adjective) (see etymology 1).
Sense 3 (“of a fungus: to give off (spores or sporidia)”) is modelled after German abschleudern (“to give off forcefully”).

noncog

(mycology) Of a fungus: to (forcibly) give off (spores or sporidia).


abjection

en-noun

abjection (countable and uncountable, plural abjections)

/æbˈd͡ʒɛk.ʃn̩/

From Middle English abjeccioun, from either Middle French abjection or Late Latin abiectiōn-, from Latin abiectus (“cast down”).
* See abject.

(biology, mycology) The act of dispersing or casting off spores.


race

race (countable and uncountable, plural races)

1560s, via Middle French race from Italian razza (early 14th century), of uncertain origin. Partially displaced native Middle English kinde (“kind, type, sort, race, nature”), whence English kind.
theories
* Diez and some other scholars suggest derivation from Proto-Germanic *raitō (whence Old High German reiza (“line”) and Old Norse ríta (“to score, log, outline”)), perhaps via Lombardic *raiza (“line”), which Körting notes is a literal rendering of Latin linea sanguinis (“bloodline of descent”). Anatoly Liberman says "the semantic fit is good" but the chronology falters; he says the Germanic word went out of use before the Italian word arose, and he says the intermediary is not attested.
* Some scholars suggest derivation from Old Spanish raza, rasa, from earlier ras, res (“head of cattle”), from Arabic رَأْس (raʔs, “head”), but Italian razza predates the Spanish word according to Diez and Meyer-Lübke.
* Meyer-Lübke suggested Latin generatio as the root; Körting says "the disappearance of two initial syllables hardly seems credible", but Meyer-Lübke notes the Venetian form narazza and the Old Bellunesian form naraccia, positing that after the first syllable ge- was lost, the remaining (una) narazza came to be reanalysed as una razza.
* Gianfranco Contini suggests the Italian word comes from Old French haraz (“troop of horses”), whence Modern French haras (“breeding farm for horses; stud farm”), from Old Norse hárr (“grey-haired; hoary”). Liberman considers this derivation the most likely.
* Other suggested Latin etyma:
** radius (perhaps via Vulgar Latin *radia) (per Baist).
** radix (“root”) (per Ulrich); Liberman says "the semantic match is excellent", and race (“rhizome of ginger”) (which definitely derives from radix) shows that the phonology is plausible.
** *raptiare (“breed falcons”) (per Körting).
** The nominative of ratio (perhaps via an unattested intermediate form *razzo), as opposed to ragione which derives from the accusative rationem.
* Other implausible suggestions include Slavic raz and Basque arraca, supposedly meaning "stud animal" (Basque arrazza, "race", derives from Spanish).

raça

a group of sentient beings distinguished by common characteristics

عِرْق

a large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of physical characteristics

raça

a group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics

Now Mary MacDonald of the Plant Breeding Institute at Maris Lane, Cambridge, has made an interesting study which has duplicated the conditions under which new races arise. And she has produced at least one new fungal race.

1977 March 24, “Why is cereal fungus so resistant?”, in New Scientist, volume 73, number 1044, page 697:

The type of microorganisms is a very important factor influencing the quality of cider. Yeast of various producers and races result in different taste and flavor.

2018 December, Anna Kolobaeva, Olga Kotik, “Technological Approaches to Cider Quality”, in Advances in Engineering Research, volume 151, Atlantis Press, →DOI:

A group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics; often an informal infraspecific rank in taxonomy, below species:

(mycology, bacteriology) A strain of microorganism, fungi, etc.


context

en-noun

context (countable and uncountable, plural contexts)

(mycology) The trama or flesh of a mushroom.


division

division (countable and uncountable, plural divisions)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English divisioun, from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiō, dīvīsiōnem, noun of process form from perfect passive participle dīvīsus (“divided”), from dīvidō (“divide”). Doublet of divisio.

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend

Magnolias belong to the division Magnoliophyta.

(botany, mycology) A rank below kingdom and above class, particularly used of plants or fungi, also (particularly of animals) called a phylum; a taxon at that rank.

отдел

biology: taxonomic classification of plants


fungus

fungus (countable and uncountable, plural fungi or (nonstandard, rare) funguses or (nonstandard, rare) fungusses)

fungi (plural)
funguses (nonstandard plural rare)
fungusses (nonstandard plural rare)

→ Irish: fungas

Borrowed from Latin fungus (“mushroom”).

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

(mycology) Any member of the kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic organism typically having chitin cell walls but no chlorophyll or plastids. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.


pileus

Borrowed from Latin pīleus, a form of pilleus (“a felt cap”).

Meronym: hymenium

The stem is easily separable from the pileus at its junction, in this respect being similar to Amanita, Amanitopsis, Lepiota and others.

1903, George Francis Atkinson, chapter VII, in Studies of American Fungi. Mushrooms, Edible, Poisonous, etc., 2nd edition, New York: Henry Holt:

One must check the size and shape of the pileus as well as its color. Many weird and unexpected shapes are found in the mushroom kingdom.

1994, Barry H. Rumack, David G. Spoerke, Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 75:


septum

septa (plural)
septums (plural)
saeptum (alternative obsolete)
sæptum (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin sēptum (“enclosure, wall, fence”).

väliseinä

(zoology) transverse partition dividing the shell chambers of a mollusc or rhizopod

(biology) A wall separating two cavities; a partition.

(mycology) A partition that separates the cells of a (septated) fungus.

väliseinä

(mycology) partition separating the cells of a fungus


eccentric

en-adj

eccentric (comparative more eccentric, superlative most eccentric)

more eccentric (comparative)
most eccentric (superlative)
eccentrick (alternative)
excentric (alternative)
excentrick (alternative)

concentric

antonym(s) of “against the contraction of a muscle”

→ Japanese: エキセントリック (ekisentorikku)

From Middle French excentrique, from Medieval Latin eccentricus, from Ancient Greek ἔκκεντρος (ékkentros, “not having the earth as the center of an orbit”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) + κέντρον (kéntron, “point”). Equivalent to ex- + -centric.

der

Oospores may be centric, subcentric, subeccentric or eccentric. Antheridial branches may or may not be present, and are androgynous, monoclinous, diclinous or hypogynous.

2014, Nicky B. Buller, Bacteria and Fungi From Fish and Other Aquatic Animals: A Practical Identification Manual, 2nd edition, Boston, M.A.: CABI, →ISBN, page 687:

(mycology) Having or being an oospore with a single large oil globule on one side that displaces much of the ooplasm and forces the ooplasts to one side.


acuminate

en-adj

acuminate (comparative more acuminate, superlative most acuminate)

more acuminate (comparative)
most acuminate (superlative)
accuminate (alternative)

From Late Latin acuminatus, past participle of acuminare (“to sharpen to a point”).

(botany, mycology) Tapering to a long point in concave manner at its apex.

pitkäsuippuinen

botany, mycology: tapering to a long point in concave manner


velar

Borrowed from Latin vēlāris, from vēlum (“sail; veil, awning”).

(mycology) Referring to a veil or velum.


patella

From Latin patella (“a small pan or dish, a plate; the kneepan, patella”), diminutive of patina (“a broad shallow dish, pan”). Doublet of paella.

uder

(mycology) An orbicular sessile apothecium, with a marginal rim distinct from the thallus.


umbo

en-noun

umbo (plural umbones or umbos or umboes)

umbones (plural)
umbos (plural)
umboes (plural)

Borrowed from Latin umbō (“a shield boss”).

(biology) A boss, or rounded elevation, or a corresponding depression, in a palate, disk, or membrane.

(mycology) A bump or protrusion on the cap of a mushroom or toadstool.


spine

From late Middle English spyne, from Old French espine (French épine) or its source, Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”). Doublet of spina.

der

The male, as Dr. Gunther informs me, has a cluster of stiff, straight spines, like those of a comb, on the sides of the tail.

1871, Charles Darwin, “chapter 12”, in Descent of Man, page 331:

(zootomy, botany, mycology) A pointed, fairly rigid protuberance or needlelike structure on an animal, shell, mushroom or plant.

espina

rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure


troop

Attested in English since 1545, from French troupe (back-formation of troupeau, diminutive of Medieval Latin troppus "flock") and Middle French trouppe (from Old French trope (“band, company, troop”)), both of Germanic origin from Frankish *þorp (“assembly, gathering”), from Proto-Germanic *þurpą (“village, land, estate”), from Proto-Indo-European *treb- (“dwelling, settlement”).
Doublet of troupe, and possibly also of thorp, dorp, and trip. Cognate with German Dorf (“village”).

(mycology) A group of mushrooms that are close but not close enough to be called a cluster.


veil

→ Japanese: ベール (bēru)

→ Korean: 베일 (beil)

From Middle English veil, veyl, from Anglo-Norman and Old Northern French veil (“sail, veil, shroud”) (Francien Old French voil, French voile), Latin vēlum (“cloth, covering”). Displaced Middle English scleire, scleyre, sleyre, slyre (“veil”) (compare German Schleier). Doublet of velum and voile.

(mycology) A thin layer of tissue which is attached to or covers a mushroom.

The genus Amanita has both a volva and a veil; the spores are white, and the stem is easily separable from the cap.

1903, George Francis Atkinson, chapter VI, in Studies of American Fungi. Mushrooms, Edible, Poisonous, etc., 2nd edition, New York: Henry Holt:

(mycology) A membrane connecting the margin of the pileus of a mushroom with the stalk; a velum.


amyloid

en-adj

amyloid (comparative more amyloid, superlative most amyloid)

more amyloid (comparative)
most amyloid (superlative)

Melzer's reagent
Melzer's reagent#English

(mycology) Applied to a mushroom that turns blue-black upon application of Melzer's reagent.


fairy ring

The idea of a ring where fairies danced was a traditional explanation for the fungal phenomenon before it was understood.

This curious phenomenon has been differently accounted for. The following is Mr. Nicholson's description and explanation: "the appearance in the grass, says he, commonly called Fairy Rings, is well known. It consists either of a ring of grass of more luxuriant vegetation than the rest, or a kind of circular path in which the vegetation is more defective than elsewhere. It appears to be pretty well ascertained that the latter state precedes the former. […]

1821, Edward Polehampton, chapter VIII, in The Gallery of Nature and Art: Or, A Tour Through Creation and Science, volume 5, page 316:

The best known Fungus occupant of fairy rings is the Fairy Ring Agaric or Champignon, Marasmius oreades, termed in the older botanical textbooks Agaricus oreades.

1884, The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Home Farmer, Volume 7, 3rd Series, July—December, 1883, page 213:

So writing it down and reading it later, I realized somehow my subconscious was giving me a warning of things to come. In the dream I woke up at the height of the full moon in my garden. I didn't realize that in my drunken stupor I had fallen asleep amidst a fairy ring. A fairy ring is a bunch of mushrooms growing in a circle. I often see them growing on lawns. Legend has it that if one gets caught in this circle on a full moon, the fairies will take him or her captive and do as they please.

2012, Juliana Regina Delion, Heart Attack!: Shadows on the Eve of Tomorrow, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 18:

(mycology, botany) A ring of fungi marking the periphery of the perennial underground growth of the mycelium.

ве́дьмин круг m (védʹmin krug, literally “witch's ring”)


pedicel

From Late Latin pedīcellus, diminutive of pedīculus (“foot-stalk or pedicle of a fruit or leaf”), diminutive of pēs (“foot”).

(mycology) A stalk of a fungus fruiting body.


adnate

adnate (comparative more adnate, superlative most adnate)

more adnate (comparative)
most adnate (superlative)

From Latin adnatus, past participle of variant form of agnascor (“born or growing at or upon”).

Adnate mushroom gills are broadly attached to the stalk slightly above the bottom of the gill, with most of the gill fused to the stem.

An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament.

The ovary is more adnate to the calyx than in any other species of the genus.

1889, John Gilbert Baker, Handbook of the Bromeliaceae, page 116:

Morphologically and chemically X. isidiigera is also similar to X. australasica, but the isidia are typically thinner and more coralloid branched and the thallus more adnate in the latter species.

1995, Thomas H. Nash, Corinna Gries, J. A. Elix, A Revision of the Lichen Genus Xanthoparmelia in South America, page 61:

Morphologically, Hypotrachyna kriegeri closely resembles more adnate morphotypes of H. imbricatula.

2009, Flora Neotropica, number 104, page 88:

(botany, mycology) Linked or fused to a structure of a type different from itself; for example, attachment of a stamen to a petal is adnate, while attachment of a stamen to another stamen is connate.


scrotum

labioscrotal swelling - embryological precursor

(mycology) The pouch or volva of certain fungi.


lanceolate

lanceolate (comparative more lanceolate, superlative most lanceolate)

more lanceolate (comparative)
most lanceolate (superlative)
lanceolated (alternative)

(botany, mycology) Having the general shape of a lance; much longer than wide, with the widest part lower than the middle and a pointed apex.

копиевиден

botany, mycology: longer than wide, pointed apex


gill

From Middle English gille, gylle (“gill”), of North Germanic origin, akin to Danish gælle, Swedish gäl, Norwegian gjelle, and further to Old Norse gjǫlnar (“lips”), which also may have had the meaning of "gills" (based on Old Danish fiskegæln (“gills”)). The Old Norse word has been suggested as deriving from Proto-Germanic *gelunō (“jaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-, which would make it root-cognate to Ancient Greek χελύνη (khelúnē, “lip, jaw”), χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip”).
Displaced native Old English ċīe.

cog

(mycology) One of the radial folds on the underside of the cap of a mushroom, the surface of which bears the spore-producing organs.


virgate

(mycology) Finely striped, often with dark fibers.


penicillin

en-noun

penicillin (countable and uncountable, plural penicillins)

From translingual Penicillium + -in. Coined by Alexander Fleming after Penicillium notatum (now Penicillium chrysogenum), a fungus from which penicillin is obtained.

(mycology) A blue mold of the genus Penicillium that produces penicillin.


cartilaginous

en-adj

cartilaginous (comparative more cartilaginous, superlative most cartilaginous)

more cartilaginous (comparative)
most cartilaginous (superlative)
cartilagenous (alternative)
cartilagineous (alternative)
cartiliginous (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin cartilāginōsus (“full of cartilage, very gristly”), from cartilāgō (“cartilage, gristle”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”); compare French cartilagineux. Equivalent to cartilage + -ous, with modifications made to its morphology.

af

(mycology) Having a tough or fibrous texture, usually in reference to a mushroom stipe.

rustoinen

mycology: having tough or fibrous texture


abstrict

en-verb

abstrict (third-person singular simple present abstricts, present participle abstricting, simple past and past participle abstricted)

abstricts (present singular third-person)
abstricting (participle present)
abstricted (participle past)
abstricted (past)

From Latin ab (“by”) + stringō (“to draw tight”)

(transitive, biology, mycology) To cut off, as in abstriction; abjoint


gleba

Borrowed from Latin glēba (“lump, mass”). Doublet of glebe.

bor+

(mycology) The fleshy, spore-bearing inner mass of certain fungi.


attached

en-adj

attached (comparative more attached, superlative most attached)

more attached (comparative)
most attached (superlative)

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe ranges from attached to almost decurrent.

(botany, mycology) Broadly joined to a stem or stipe, but not decurrent.

kiintynyt

broadly joined to a stem or stipe, but not decurrent


marcescent

From Latin marcescens, present participle of marcescere.

(mycology) Able to revive when moistened.


lamella

From Latin lāmella (“small, thin plate of metal”), from lāmina (“thin plate”) + -lus (diminutive suffix).

suf

A thin, plate-like structure.
(mycology) The gill of a mushroom.

A thin, plate-like structure.
The gill of a mushroom.


bonnet

→ Scottish Gaelic: bonaid

From Middle English bonet, from Middle French bonet (Modern French bonnet), from Old French bonet (“material from which hats are made”), from Frankish *bunni (“that which is bound”), from Proto-Germanic *bundiją (“bundle”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”).
Compare also Late Latin abbonis, obbonis (“ribbon of a headdress”), also of Germanic origin, from Frankish *obbunni, from *ob- (“above, over”) + *bunni.
Cognate with Old High German gibunt (“band, ribbon”), Middle Dutch bont (“bundle, truss”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (gabundi, “bond”). More at over, bundle.

der

Anything resembling a bonnet (hat) in shape or use.

(mycology) A mushroom of the genus Mycena.


annulus

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ānnulus, a misspelling of Latin ānulus (“ring, especially one worn on a finger”), from ānus (“ring”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂no- (“ring”)) + -ulus (diminutive suffix).
The plural form annuli is a learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ānnulī.

lbor

(mycology) The membranous remnants of a partial veil which leaves a ring on the stem of a mushroom.


verruca

(mycology) A rounded projection or wart.


chanterelle

/ˈtʃæntəɹɛl/

Borrowed from French chanterelle, from New Latin cantharellus, diminutive of Latin cantharus (“drinking vessel”), from Ancient Greek κάνθαρος (kántharos). Probably of Pre-Greek origin, cognate with Akkadian 𒃶𒁺𒊒𒌑 (/kanduru/, “kind of vessel”), from Sumerian 𒄑𒃶𒉡𒌉 (/gannu-tur/, “small vessel; potstand”, literally “little vessel, container, holder”).

cog

Even the homely wood blewits, that you cook like tripe, with milk and onions, and the egg-yolk yellow chanterelle with its fan-vaulting and faint smell of apricots, all spring up overnight like bubbles of earth, unsustained by nature, existing in a void.

1979, Angela Carter, ‘The Erl-King’, The Bloody Chamber, Vintage, published 2006, page 98:

Cantharellus cibarius
Cantharellus cibarius#Translingual

(mycology) A widely distributed edible mushroom, Cantharellus cibarius, being yellow and trumpet-shaped; or any similar mushroom of the genera Cantharellus, Polyozellus or Gomphus, not all of which are edible.


aecidium

aecidia (plural)
aecidiums (plural)
æcidium (alternative)
oecidium (alternative)

From New Latin aecidium, the diminutive form of Ancient Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā, “injury”).
However Merriam-Webster takes the origin from Ancient Greek οἰκίδιον (oikídion) and refers to the botanist John Hill, in his A General Natural History, or New and Accurate Descriptions of the Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, of the Different Parts of the World, vol. II, A History of Plants (London: Printed for Thomas Osborne, 1751), p. 64: "We have called this genus, distinguished by its peculiar cells, Æcidium, from the Greek οικιδιον, cellula." Compare also many other fungal spore-related terms in -idium, most coined after this one.

(mycology) A member of the form genus Aecidium.


angel of death

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-angel of death.wav

مَلَك الْمَوْت

personification of death in fiction and in art

死神 (しにがみ, shinigami, literally “death kami, death spirit”)

destroying angel
destroying angel#English

(mycology) Synonym of destroying angel (“a type of mushroom”).


sclerotic

en-adj

sclerotic (comparative more sclerotic, superlative most sclerotic)

more sclerotic (comparative)
most sclerotic (superlative)

(mycology) Of or relating to sclerotium.


cortina

Borrowed from Late Latin cōrtīna (“curtain”). Doublet of curtain.

bor+

/Telamonia morphologically circumscribes a homogenous group of Cortinarii. Hygrophanous pilei, the lack of viscid or gelatinous veils and well-developed cortinas characterize most species.

2004, Ursula Peintner, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Rytas Vilgalys, “Toward a better understanding of the infrageneric relationships in Cortinarius (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)”, in Mycologia, volume 96, number 5, →DOI, page 1054:

(mycology) A cobweb-like annulus on certain types of mushroom.


esculent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-esculent.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin ēsculentus (“fit for eating, eatable, edible; good to eat, delicious; nourishing; full of food”) + English -ent (suffix forming adjectives with the sense of causing, doing, or promoting a certain action). Ēsculentus is derived from ēsca (“food; dish prepared for the table; bait”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’ forming adjectives).

lbor

In a raw state, a piece the size of a pea of either of the three fungi above-mentioned, if placed on the tongue, would cause intolerable agony. Possibly if well cooked some of the poisonous principles might vanish, but we question whether such species should be mentioned amongst esculents in a popular book, simply because a wild "Russian" could eat some of the plants mentioned, possibly to the accompaniment of a draught of rancid train-oil. Some of the so-called esculents are tough subjects, as Polysporus squamosus and P. fomentarius; we venture to say that if anyone should succeed in getting a slice of the first into his inside it would be a matter of surprise to his friends if he ever got a slice of anything else in.

1887 January, W. G. S., “Text-book of British Fungi. By W. De Lisle Hay [i.e., William Delisle Hay], F.R.G.S. Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co. [book review]”, in James Britten, editor, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume XXV, London: West, Newman & Co., […], →OCLC, page 121:

[Morchella] esculentoides [is] similar to Morchella esculenta, a European esculent, whose name, appropriately, means "edible".

2015, Vera Stucky Evenson, Denver Botanic Gardens, Mushrooms of the Rocky Mountain Region: Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, →ISBN:

(mycology, specifically) An edible mushroom.


fruiting body

(mycology) The structure on a fungus which houses the spore-producing organs.


appressorium

From New Latin. By surface analysis, appress + -orium.

(mycology) A bulbous formation produced by parasitic fungi that is well attached to the cuticle of the host and from where a peg-shaped hypha is formed that penetrates the cuticle.

apressori

a bulbous formation produced by parasitic fungi


aecium

aecia (plural)
aeciums (plural)
æcium (alternative)

From New Latin aecium, from Ancient Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā, “injury, insult”). However Merriam-Webster relates that aecium is a back-formation from aecidium and is not related to the Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā). The word aecium was "introduced as a substitute for aecidium by the Purdue University plant pathologist J. C. Arthur (1850–1942) in an effort to reform terminology for rust fungi; see Terminology of the Spore-Structures in the Uredinales, Botanical Gazette, vol. 39 (Mar., 1905), pp. 219-22."

der

1932 August, Ralph Ulysses Cotter, Factors Affecting the Development of the Aecial Stage of Puccinia Graminis, US Dept of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 314, page 29,
The writer therefore made observations to determine the conditions under which the aecia open and discharge spores most readily.

The receptive hyphae with binucleate cells eventually form the basal cells of the aecium.[…]Many cup-like structures, called aecia, appear on the lower surface of leaf.

2010, N. K. Soni, Vandana Soni, Fundamentals of Botany, volume 1, page 127:

It is a heteroecious rust and its aecia are produced on species of Oxalis, namely O. stricta, according to Arthur (1929).

2010, M. S. Patil, Anjali Patil, “16: The Rust Fungi: Systematics, Diseases and Their Management”, in Arun Arya, Analía Edith Perelló, editors, Management of Fungal Plant Pathogens, page 209:

(mycology) A cuplike fruiting structure of some parasitic rust fungi that contains chains of aeciospores.


basidium

A Latinized form of Ancient Greek βάσις (básis, “base”) + -idium.

The walls of these scleroid basidia often reach 1 μm or more in thickness and the walls stain deeply with congo red.

1981, Timothy J. Baroni, A Revision of the Genus Rhodocybe Maire (Agaricales), page 24:

(mycology) A small structure, shaped like a club, found in the Basidiomycota division of fungi, that bears four spores at the tips of small projections. [from 19th c.]


anamorphic

/ˌænəˈmɔːfɪk/

/ˌænəˈmɔɹfɪk/

(mycology) Of or relating to the anamorph, an asexual stage in the development of certain fungi.

anamòrfic

relating to the gradual lifecycles of certain organisms


velum

Borrowed from Latin vēlum (“a cloth, covering, awning, curtain, veil”). Doublet of veil.

bor

A thin membrane resembling a veil or curtain.

(mycology) A veil-like membrane of immature mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is torn by growth, to reveal the gills.


sinuate

en-adj

sinuate (comparative more sinuate, superlative most sinuate)

more sinuate (comparative)
most sinuate (superlative)

From Latin sinuatus, past participle of sinuare (“to wind, bend”), from sinus (“a bend”). See also sine, from Latin sinus.

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is sinuate.

(mycology, of gills) Roughly the same height for most of its length, becoming much shallower and then curving back towards the stem before reaching the attachment point.

festoneado

roughly the same height for most of its length


macrocyclic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-macrocyclic.wav

Almost all the rusts occurring on the ferns are both heteroecious and macrocyclic; so also are most of those occurring on the conifers.

1965, C. G. Ainsworth, Frederick K[roeber] Sparrow, Alfred S. Sussman, editors, The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise, volume IVB (A Taxonomic Review with Keys: Basidomycetes and Lower Fungi), New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 259:

(mycology) Pertaining to a rust fungus whose life cycle includes all five spore stages: pycniospore (spermatium), aeciospore, urediniospore, teliospore, and basidiospore.


deliquescent

deliquescent (comparative more deliquescent, superlative most deliquescent)

more deliquescent (comparative)
most deliquescent (superlative)

Latin deliquescens, present participle of deliquesco; de + liquesco (“I melt”): compare French déliquescent.

The spores, so soon as they are ripe, either drop out of the sporiferous membrane (hymenium), or, as more frequently happens, are projected from it with an elastic jerk, or else, as is the case of Agarics of a deliquescent kind, return to the earth mixed up with the black liquid into which these ultimately resolve themselves.

1847, Charles David Badham, A Treatise on the Esculent Funguses of England, London: Reeve Brothers, page 51:

(mycology, of the fruiting body of a fungus) Becoming liquid as a phase of its life cycle.


ascus

From New Latin ascus, from Ancient Greek ἀσκός (askós, “a sac”). Doublet of askos.

The one important character which distinguishes the Ascomycetes from all other fungi is the ascus (plural, asci). This is a sac-like structure in which ascospores are formed following karyogamy and meiosis.

1967, Constantine. J. Alexopoulos, Harold C. Bold, Algae and Fungi, page 101:

(mycology) A sac-shaped cell present in ascomycete fungi; it is a reproductive cell in which meiosis and an additional cell division produce eight spores.

itiökotelo

a sac-shaped cell present in ascomycete fungi


byssus

en-noun

byssus (usually uncountable, plural byssi or byssuses)

From New Latin byssus (“sea silk”), from Latin byssus (“fine cotton or cotton stuff, silk”), from Ancient Greek βύσσος (bússos, “a very fine yellowish flax and the linen woven from it”), from Hebrew בּוּץ (búts), Aramaic בּוּצָא (būṣā).

der

Aramaic בּוּצָא (būṣā)

(mycology) The stipe or stem of some fungi which are particularly thin and thread-like.


nitrous

From Middle French nitreux, and its source, Latin nitrōsus (“nitrose”). Doublet of nitroso. By surface analysis, nitro- + -ous.

(mycology, biology) Having a sharp odor like ammonia or nitric acid.


pinhead

pinheads (plural)
pin-head (alternative)
pin head (alternative)

(mycology) The immature juvenile fruiting body of a mushroom prior to its gills opening.


tibiiform

(mycology) Of a cystidium: almost ventricose and having a long narrow neck with an apex that is swollen into a knob, like a tibia bone.


anamorphosis

en-noun

anamorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural anamorphoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀναμόρφωσις (anamórphōsis).

der

(mycology, lichenology) An abnormal form of some lichens or fungi that gives the appearance of a different species.


pectinate

Borrowed from Latin pectinātus (“combed”), from pectinō (“I comb”), from pecten (“comb”). First attested in the mid-18th century.


ergosterol

en-noun

ergosterol (countable and uncountable, plural ergosterols)

Terbinafine has a unique mechanism of action among the antifugal agents (Petranyi et al, 1984; Balfour and Faulds, 1992), inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key sterol component in the plasma membrane of the fungal cell.

2003, Peter G. Pappas, “Terbinafine”, in William E. Dismukes, Peter G. Pappas, Jack D. Sobel, editors, Clinical Mycology, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 104:

(biochemistry, steroids, mycology) The steroid precursor of vitamin D₂. It is found in cell membranes of fungi, and is their functional equivalent of cholesterol. It is also found in the membranes of some protists.


trama

Borrowed from Latin trāma. Doublet of tram.

(mycology) The inner, fleshy portion of a mushroom's basidiocarp, distinct from the outer pileipellis or cuticle and from the spore-bearing hymenium.


sporangium

/spəˈɹænd͡ʒɪəm/

From Late Latin sporangium, from Ancient Greek σπορά (sporá, “seed”) + ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “vessel”).

Scientific explanations include that exposure to light, lack of moisture or absence of food can cause sporangia to form from the plasmodium. At least one of these three conditions has been present every time I've seen sporangia form.

1993, Sally Stenhouse Kneidel, Creepy Crawlies and the Scientific Method: Over 100 Hands-on Science Experiments for Children, page 81:

Asexual reproduction by the production of a bud in place of a sporangium is not uncommon.

2000, Peter R. Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity, page 161:

The sporangia, however, are much larger: 3–4 mm long 0.7–1.1 mm in diameter versus only 1–1.5 mm long 0.5–0.8 mm in Corynepteris, and are characteristically banana shaped with a pair of elongate annuli.

2009, Edith L. Taylor, Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 416:

(botany, mycology) A case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organism.

спора́нгий

a case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced


pellicle

From Latin pellicula, from pellis (“skin”). Doublet of pellicule.

(mycology) The outermost layer of a mushroom, often used only for a surface that is viscid and easily peels off.


conidium

From Ancient Greek κόνις (kónis, “dust”) + -idium.

(mycology) A fungal spore produced asexually in a conidiophore.


hypha

From New Latin hypha, from Ancient Greek ὑφή (huphḗ, “web”).

She lays out how fungal hyphae—countless miles of filaments folded up in every spoon of soil—coax open tree roots and tap into them.

2018, Richard Powers, The Overstory, Vintage (2019), page 272:

(mycology) Any of the long, threadlike filaments that form the mycelium of a fungus.

hifa

filament that forms the mycelium of a fungus


abstriction

abstriction (countable and uncountable, plural abstrictions)

From Latin ab- (“from, away, outside”) + strictio (“act of pressing together”), from strictus (“tightened”). Equivalent to abstrict + -ion.

(biology, mycology) A method of spore formation in fungi in which successive portions of the sporophore are cut off through the growth of septa; abjunction.


abjunction

abjunction (countable and uncountable, plural abjunctions)

/æbˈd͡ʒʌŋk.ʃən/

From ab- (“away”) + junction (“to join”).

(mycology, biology) The creation of spores by cutting off portions of the sporophore by the growth of septa; abstriction.


mycorrhiza

mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizas or mycorrhizae)

mycorrhizas (plural)
mycorrhizae (plural)

From myco- + Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “root”).

prefix

Alternatively, inoculations of a disturbed site with native or exotic fungi facilitate formation of mycorrhizae in a shorter period, given certain circumstances.

2004, Season R. Snyder, Michael F. Allen, Restoration of Micorrhizae in Arid Environments, Dilip K. Arora (editor), Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Applications, Marce Dekker, Inc., page 481

This has been associated with advances in different research disciplines such as genetics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and physiology, advances which have generated better insight into topics of mycorrhizal biology, including the mechanisms of host-mycorrhiza interactions pre- and post-penetration, the influence of the symbiosis on the host and its surroundings, and the evolution and diversity of mycorrhization.

2010, Hinanit Koltai, Yoram Kapulnik, editors, Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function, 2nd edition, Springer, page v:

In total, mycorrhizae are responsible for helping source the nutrients for about 80 per cent of all modern plant species.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 210:

(ecology, botany, mycology) A plant root formed in symbiosis with a fungus; the symbiosis between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant.

грыбакорань

symbiotic relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant


adnexed

From Latin adnexus (“annexed, attached”).

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is adnexed.

(botany, mycology) Narrowly attached to a stem or stipe.


foxfire

fox fire (alternative)
fox-fire (alternative)

Possibly from fox + fire, though the semantic connection is unclear. Alternatively, the first element may be ultimately from Old French fols (“false”), or the term may derive by folk etymology from phosphor.

The foxfire,—as the country people call it,—glowed hideously from the cold and matted bosom of the marsh; and, far from us, in the depths of darkness, the screech-owl sat upon his perch, brooding over the slimy pool, and whooping out a dismal curfew, that fell upon the ear like the cries of a tortured ghost.

1832, Mark Littleton [pseudonym; John Pendleton Kennedy], “The Goblin Swamp”, in Swallow Barn, or A Sojourn in the Old Dominion. In Two Volumes, volume I, Philadelphia, Pa.: Carey & Lea, […], →OCLC, page 311:

Perhaps you've seen a foxfire in the woods. Well, in the dark, it looks like a live, burning coal; but when you go to it, and take it up, it's only a piece of rotten wood.

1874 June, Philip Quilibet, “Drift-wood. A Famous Evangelist.”, in The Galaxy. […], volume XVII, number 6, New York, N.Y.: Sheldon & Co., →OCLC, page 842, column 2:

[Nathaniel] Hawthorne in one of his books records a remarkable personal encounter with this weird fox-fire, and one which cost him dearly. He was on a journey by canal-boat, which had stopped en route for a brief period at midnight. During the interval he had stepped ashore, and was decoyed into a neighboring wood by the bright glow, which proved to be a fallen tree ablaze with phosphorescence. In his surprise and interest he lost all account of time, and thus missed his boat, [...] Almost any damp woods, especially after a rain, is likely to disclose its fox-fire, but it occasionally appears under circumstances where we little expect it.

1894 January 9, William Hamilton Gibson, “Foxfire”, in Harper’s Young People, volume XV, number 741, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 189, column 1:

People calls this "spunk," but it's foxfire. You see this hole in it? You see where I sawed it in two with the chain saw? See, this grows in hollow trees in a maple or a oak. No, it ain't mushroom; it's just really foxfire.

1911, Patsy Moore Ginns, quoting Stanley Hicks, “Ghosts, Haints, and Witches”, in Snowbird Gravy and Dishpan Pie: Mountain People Recall, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, published 1982, →ISBN, page 185:

The rain stopped falling. They passed, leaving a trail of foxfire shuffled up out of the wet leaves like stars plowed in a ship's wake.

1965, Cormac McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →OCLC; republished London: Picador, 2010, →ISBN, page 201:

Curiously enough, there were fluorescent displays underground that could be enjoyed without benefit of an ultraviolet lamp. One of these was fox fire, the spectral glow given off by fungi on decaying timber. In the damp darkness of the mine, pine planks 3 inches thick could become feather light and crumbly in a year.

1983, Manuel Robbins, “Collecting Fluorescent Minerals”, in The Collector’s Book of Fluorescent Minerals, New York, N.Y., London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, →DOI, →ISBN, page 50:

(mycology, chiefly US) Bioluminescence created by some types of fungus, particularly those growing on rotting wood.

فوكسفيري

bioluminescence created by some types of fungus


subdecurrent

en-adj

subdecurrent (comparative more subdecurrent, superlative most subdecurrent)

more subdecurrent (comparative)
most subdecurrent (superlative)

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is subdecurrent.

(botany, mycology) Attached to and running downward along a stem or stipe, but curving inward just before the attachment point.


emarginate

emarginate (comparative more emarginate, superlative most emarginate)

more emarginate (comparative)
most emarginate (superlative)

From Latin emarginare; e- (“out”) + marginare (“to furnish with a margin”), from margo (“margin”).

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is emarginate.

(botany, mycology) Having roughly the same height or width for most of its length, becoming much shallower or narrower before reaching the attachment point.


columella

en-noun

columella (plural columellas or columellae)

/ˌkɒləˈmɛlə/

(mycology) The central sterile portion of the sporangium in various fungi.


stolon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-stolon.wav

(mycology) A hypha that acts as a runner, connecting sporangiophores.


marginate

en-adj

marginate (comparative more marginate, superlative most marginate)

more marginate (comparative)
most marginate (superlative)

From Latin marginatus, past participle of marginare (“to margin”).

(mycology, biology) With a well marked edge or margin.


decurrent

decurrent (comparative more decurrent, superlative most decurrent)

more decurrent (comparative)
most decurrent (superlative)

From Latin decurrens — de (“down”) + curro (“to run”).

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is decurrent.

(mycology) Of lamellae (the gills of a mushroom): broadly attached and extending down the stipe of the mushroom.


obovate

obovate (comparative more obovate, superlative most obovate)

more obovate (comparative)
most obovate (superlative)

From ob- (“inverse”) + ovate (“egg-shaped”).

(botany, mycology) Shaped like an egg, with the broad extremity located away from the base.


sporocarp

(mycology) The structure on a fungus and some algae which houses the spore-producing organs.

mushroom

fungus structure): basidiocarp, basidiome (in basidiomycete); ascocarp (in ascomycete


-mycete

From Ancient Greek μύκης (múkēs, “mushroom, fungus, mushroom-shaped objects”).

der

(biology, mycology) Used to form words used for categorising fungi based on their evolutionary origin, life history, growth form, or ecological preferences.

mycete

back-formed noun counterpart to the prefix


myco-

From Ancient Greek μύκης (múkēs, “mushroom or other fungus”) + -o-.

af

mycology, mycosis


sequestrate

(mycology) Having enclosed underground or partially buried fruiting bodies, like a truffle.


ventricose

en-adj

ventricose (comparative more ventricose, superlative most ventricose)

more ventricose (comparative)
most ventricose (superlative)

(mycology) Broadest in the middle and tapering toward the ends


squamulose

squamulose (comparative more squamulose, superlative most squamulose)

more squamulose (comparative)
most squamulose (superlative)

From New Latin squāmulōsus (“squamulose”), from Latin squamula (“small scales”) (diminutive of squāma (“scale of a fish or reptile; item shaped like a scale, flake”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’). The English word is analysable as squamula + -ose.

The stem of the mushroom is squamulose.

Fruticose lichens drape and tuft; crustose and squamulose lichens creep and seep; foliose lichens layer and flake.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 84:

(botany, mycology, zoology) Having small scales.


esquamulose

From e- (prefix forming adjectives with the sense of lacking something) + squamulose; squamulose is derived from New Latin squāmulōsus (“squamulose”), from Latin squamula (“small scales”) (diminutive of squāma (“scale of a fish or reptile; item shaped like a scale, flake”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’). The English word is analysable as e- + squamula + -ose.

prefix

D[umortiera] hirsuta Nees. Diœcious; thallus 5–15 cm. long, 1.3–2 cm. wide, thin, deep-green, becoming blackish, plane and entire on the margins, exareolate and naked, or sometimes with a delicate, coarsely reticulated, closely appressed, cobweb-like pubescence above, hirsute and esquamulose beneath; [...]

1884, Lucien M[arcus] Underwood, “Article I.—Descriptive Catalogue of the North American Hepaticæ, North of Mexico”, in Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Normal, Illinois, volume II, Peoria, Ill.: J. W. Franks & Sons, printers and binders, →OCLC, order II (Marchantiaceæ Corda.), section VII (Dumortiera Nees.), paragraph 1, page 38:

Saurauja nudiflora, [...]. A tree 20 to 30 feet high; youngest branchlets dark-coloured, squamulose towards the apex; the older esquamulose, pale, faintly striate.

1890 February 5, George King, “VIII.—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.”, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume LIX, part II (Natural Science), number 2, Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist Mission Press, →OCLC, order XV (Ternstrœmiaceæ), section 6 (Saurauja, Willd.), page 198:

Hookeri [...] In the only British specimen seen these are about 1 in. high, robust, entirely esquamulose, with the apothecia somewhat large, conglomerate, and having a few minute squamules intermixed.

1894, James M[orrison] Crombie, A Monograph of Lichens Found in Britain: Being a Descriptive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum, London: Printed by order of the Trustees [of the British Museum] […], →OCLC, page 164:

Cladonia multiformis. [...] Podetia irregularly sub-cylindrical at the base, commonly entire but sometimes fissured and gaping, slender or stout, simple or pseudo-branched by obliteration of an early scyphus, esquamulose or more or less leafy throughout, [...]

1909 January, G. K. Merrill, “Lichen Notes No. 7. Cladonia multiformis (nom. nov.) Bry. 6: 1908.”, in Annie Morrill Smith, editor, The Bryologist: An Illustrated Bimonthly Devoted to North American Mosses, Hepatics and Lichens, volume XII, number 1, New York, N.Y.: Published by the editor, […], →OCLC, page 4:

Both subspecies may superficially resemble C. furcata var. furcata, but can be distinguished by the imperforate axils and esquamulose podetia.

1974, D. C. Lindsay, “Systematic Account”, in The Macrolichens of South Georgia (British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports; no. 89), London: British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-19, section 14 (Descriptions of Genera and Species), page 22:

(botany, mycology) Not covered in scales or scale-like objects; having a smooth skin or outer covering.

schuppenlos

not covered in scales or scale-like objects


subconical

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-subconical.wav

(geometry, mycology) Shaped somewhat like a cone.


annulate

en-adj

annulate (comparative more annulate, superlative most annulate)

more annulate (comparative)
most annulate (superlative)

Borrowed from New Latin annulatus, from Latin ānulātus.

(mycology) Describes a mushroom with an annulus on the stipe.


sterigma

en-noun

sterigma (plural sterigmata or sterigmas)

(mycology) A slim projecting part of the basidium of some species of fungi that carries the basidiospore.


spore print

(mycology) The distinctive and identifying pattern and color produced after the cap of a mushroom is pressed against a white page.


umbilicate

en-adj

umbilicate (comparative more umbilicate, superlative most umbilicate)

more umbilicate (comparative)
most umbilicate (superlative)
umbilicated (alternative)

Latin umbilicatus. By surface analysis, umbilic- + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

surf

(mycology, of a mushroom etc.) Having a small umbo in a central depression, or a depression in the center of the cap.

umbilicado

having a small umbo in a central depression


umbonate

en-adj

umbonate (comparative more umbonate, superlative most umbonate)

more umbonate (comparative)
most umbonate (superlative)

From New Latin umbōnātus, from Latin umbō.

(mycology, of a mushroom etc) Having an umbo


uncincate

uncincate (comparative more uncincate, superlative most uncincate)

more uncincate (comparative)
most uncincate (superlative)

(mycology) Describing a type of notched gill attachment where the gill edge is abruptly concave near the point where it contacts the stipe and the gill is attached by a narrow decurrent extension.


vaginatoid

(mycology) Of a mushroom: having free or finely adnexed gills and a volva, and without an annulus.


perisporium

en-noun

perisporium (plural perisporiums or perisporia)

perisporiums (plural)
perisporia (plural)

(mycology) the outer part of a spore wall which often disappears in older spores.


peronate

en-adj

peronate (comparative more peronate, superlative most peronate)

more peronate (comparative)
most peronate (superlative)

From Latin peronātus (“wearing low boots”)


fungicolous

fungicolous (comparative more fungicolous, superlative most fungicolous)

more fungicolous (comparative)
most fungicolous (superlative)


fusoid-ventricose

fusoid-ventricose (comparative more fusoid-ventricose, superlative most fusoid-ventricose)

more fusoid-ventricose (comparative)
most fusoid-ventricose (superlative)

[…] sp. irregularly elliptic-oblong (angulato-ellipsoideis), 9-15 × 5-7 μ; c. fusoid-ventricose, 60-70 × 19-22 μ.

1904, George Massee, “A Monograph of the genus Inocybe, Karsten”, in Annals of Botany, volume 18, page 467:

The fusoid-ventricose type (fig. A13) apparently arises from the basidiole-type by elongation of the apical region of the cell to produce a ± narrow neck tapered to a more or less obtuse apex.

1983, Alexander Hanchett Smith, The Veiled Species of Hebeloma in the Western United States, page 7:

SPORES 7–9 × 4–5 μm, ellipsoid, smooth, with an apical germ pore, thin-walled, purplish brown in deposit; cheilocystidia clavate or fusoid-ventricose; annulus, and fruits in fall and winter at lower elevations.

2015, Dennis E. Desjardin, California Mushrooms: The Comprehensive Identification Guide:

(mycology) Having a structure which is distinctly enlarged in the middle and tapered toward both ends


galerinoid

galerinoid (comparative more galerinoid, superlative most galerinoid)

more galerinoid (comparative)
most galerinoid (superlative)

(mycology) Having a brittle stem, attached gills and an annulus, but no volva.


germ pore

(mycology) A small pore in the outer wall of a fungal spore.


gill trama

A macaronic blend of gill + Latin trāma (“woof”)

(mycology) The internal flesh of a mushroom gill.


gloeocystidium

gloeocystidia (plural)
gleocystidium (alternative)

(mycology) A cystidium which easily stains with a chemical reagent or has oily, resinous, granular contents.


hilar appendix

en-noun

hilar appendix (plural hilar appendices)

(mycology) The part of a spore which attaches to the sterigmata at the end of a basidium.


humicolous

en-adj

humicolous (comparative more humicolous, superlative most humicolous)

more humicolous (comparative)
most humicolous (superlative)


hygrophanous

hygrophanous (comparative more hygrophanous, superlative most hygrophanous)

more hygrophanous (comparative)
most hygrophanous (superlative)

From hygro- (“moistness”) + -phanous (“appearing”).

af

(mycology) Changing color as it dries out.


hygrophoroid

en-adj

hygrophoroid (comparative more hygrophoroid, superlative most hygrophoroid)

more hygrophoroid (comparative)
most hygrophoroid (superlative)

(mycology, of a mushroom) Having thick waxy gills.


hilar appendage

en-noun

hilar appendage (plural hilar appendages)


hymenial cystidium

hymenial cystidium (plural hymenial cystidia)

(mycology) A cystidium which is found on the spore bearing surface of a fungus.


hymeniderm

(mycology) A surface layer of lengthened cells arranged side by side on the spore-bearing surface of a fungus.


hymeniform

en-adj

hymeniform (comparative more hymeniform, superlative most hymeniform)

more hymeniform (comparative)
most hymeniform (superlative)

(mycology) Formed like the spore-bearing surface of a fungus.


hymenium

(mycology) The sporebearing surface of a fungus.


hymenophore

From Ancient Greek ὑμήν (humḗn, “membrane”) + -o- + -phore.

af

The Agaricales have basidiocarps which are fleshy to subfleshy or rarely, almost leathery (but if the latter then the hymenophore is not poroid).

1965, C. G. Ainsworth, Frederick K[roeber] Sparrow, Alfred S. Sussman, editors, The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise, volume IVB (A Taxonomic Review with Keys: Basidomycetes and Lower Fungi), New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 422:

(mycology) The part of a fungus fruiting body which produces spore-bearing cells.


hymenophoral trama

en-noun

hymenophoral trama (usually uncountable, plural hymenophoral tramas)

(mycology) The inside flesh of the hymenophore.


inamyloid

en-adj

inamyloid (comparative more inamyloid, superlative most inamyloid)

more inamyloid (comparative)
most inamyloid (superlative)

(mycology) Not turning red or blue when stained with Melzer's reagent.


intervenose

intervenose (comparative more intervenose, superlative most intervenose)

more intervenose (comparative)
most intervenose (superlative)

(mycology) Used to describe a mushroom which has veins in the spaces between the gills.


cystidium

(mycology) A relatively large cell found on the hymenium of a basidiomycete


ixocutis

(mycology) The outer surface of a mushroom where the hyphae are a gelatinous horizontal layer and lying flat.


laccate

laccate (comparative more laccate, superlative most laccate)

more laccate (comparative)
most laccate (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Having a waxy covering that gives the appearance of lacquer


sterigmatum

(mycology) Alternative form of sterigma.


lamellar face

(mycology) The side of a mushroom gill; not the edge.


lamellar trama

(mycology) The tissue inside a mushroom gill.


lamellula

(mycology) A short mushroom gill which does not extend all the way from the edge of the cap to the stem.


lateral stratum

(mycology) The area of divergent hyphae which is on either side of the central zone (mediostratum).


lecythiform

lecythiform (comparative more lecythiform, superlative most lecythiform)

more lecythiform (comparative)
most lecythiform (superlative)

From Ancient Greek λήκυθος (lḗkuthos, “oil flask or bottle”) + -iform (“having the shape of”).

uder

(biology, mycology) shaped like a bowling pin, a flask, or a bottle.


lepiotoid

en-adj

lepiotoid (comparative more lepiotoid, superlative most lepiotoid)

more lepiotoid (comparative)
most lepiotoid (superlative)

(mycology) Describes any mushroom that has free gills and an annulus but lacks a volva.


leptocystidium

(mycology) A cystidia on the subhymenium which has smooth, thin walls and no visible contents.


lubricous

lubricous (comparative more lubricous, superlative most lubricous)

more lubricous (comparative)
most lubricous (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin lūbricus (“slippery”). Doublet of lubricious.

lbor

But my Leech—a leech
Fit to suck blood, with lubricous round rings,
Capaciously expatiative, which make
His little body like a red balloon,
As full of blood as that of hydrogene,
Sucked from men’s hearts

1820, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:


mediostratum

(mycology) The central strand of a divergent gill trama.


merulioid

en-adj

merulioid (comparative more merulioid, superlative most merulioid)

more merulioid (comparative)
most merulioid (superlative)

(mycology) wrinkled with low, uneven ridges.


metuloid

(mycology) A cystidium which is not pointed at the end and has thick walls.


basidiomycete

The result is that over all these initiatives in classification have hovered the spectres of basidiomycete, and especially ascomycete, taxonomy.

1996, Brian Sutton, A Century of Mycology, page 135:

The majority of macroscopic fleshy fungi are basidiomycetes. Basidiomycetes produce spores on a basidium, the basic feature that separates them from other groups of fungi. Some of the basidiomycetes forcibly discharge their spores from the basidia, which remain after spore discharge. Other basidiomycete groups release their spores by collapse of the basidia, which are not present in the mature fruiting body.

2008, Donald M. Huffman, Lois H. Tiffany, George Knaphaus, Rosanne A. Healy, Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States, page 9:

Among basidiomycetes there are classic examples of farming interactions in which Old World termites cultivate a monophyletic group of fungi and New World leaf-cutting ants cultivate two distinct cultivar groups (Currie et al. 2003; Munkacsi et al. 2004; Little and Currie 2008).

2010, Meredith Blackwell, “Fungal evolution and taxonomy”, in Helen E. Roy, Fernando E. Vega, Dave Chandler, editors, The Ecology of Fungal Entomopathogens, page 7:

(mycology) Any fungus of the phylum Basidiomycota, that produces sexual spores on a basidium.


muricate

From Latin mūricātus, from mūrex (“a pointed rock or stone”).


muscicolous

(biology, mycology) Growing with mosses.


mycelioid

(biology, mycology) With a resemblance to mycelium.


mycenoid

(mycology) Describes any mushroom with attached gills and a cone shaped cap and without a volva or annulus.


naucorioid

(mycology) Describes any mushroom with a fleshy stem, attached gills, and not having an annulus or volva.


obtusely umbonate

obtusely umbonate (comparative more obtusely umbonate, superlative most obtusely umbonate)

more obtusely umbonate (comparative)
most obtusely umbonate (superlative)

(mycology) Having a broad and non-pointy umbo.


ocular micrometer

en-noun

ocular micrometer (plural ocular micrometers)

(mycology, biology) A measuring instrument that is inserted into the eyepiece of a microscope, used to measure microscopic features.


oleocystidium

(mycology) A cystidium which is leaking an oily substance.


omphalinoid

(mycology) Describing any mushroom with decurrent gill attachment, a cartilaginous stem, a broad or depressed cap surface and lacking an annulus and volva.


palisadoderm

(mycology) A type of outer skin of a fungus where all the ends of the hyphae all reach the same height and form a palisade of long inflated cells.


parallel gill trama

parallel gill trama (plural parallel gill tramas)

(mycology) A gill trama that is not divided and whose cells are parallel in a cross section.


partial veil

(mycology) A veil which covers the mushroom gills from the edge of the cap to the stem.


pavement cell

(mycology) Brachycystidia in the gills of some species of Coprinus.


volvate

From volva + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


verruculose

en-adj

verruculose (comparative more verruculose, superlative most verruculose)

more verruculose (comparative)
most verruculose (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Having small growths.


universal veil

(mycology) A thin layer of tissue which completely surrounds a developing mushroom.


tricholomatoid

tricholomatoid (comparative more tricholomatoid, superlative most tricholomatoid)

more tricholomatoid (comparative)
most tricholomatoid (superlative)

(mycology) Describes any mushroom with notched gill attachment, a thick fleshy stem and lacking an annulus or volva.


acyanophilous

acyanophilous (comparative more acyanophilous, superlative most acyanophilous)

more acyanophilous (comparative)
most acyanophilous (superlative)

(mycology) Having cell walls that do not readily absorb cotton blue stain.


cyanophilous

cyanophilous (comparative more cyanophilous, superlative most cyanophilous)

more cyanophilous (comparative)
most cyanophilous (superlative)

(mycology) Having cell walls that readily absorb cotton blue stain.


aequihymeniiferous

aequihymeniiferous (comparative more aequihymeniiferous, superlative most aequihymeniiferous)

more aequihymeniiferous (comparative)
most aequihymeniiferous (superlative)

From aequi- + hymenium + -iferous. Coined by mycologist Arthur Henry Reginald Buller in 1909.

(mycology) Having basidia maturing all over the surface of each lamella at once, not leaving patches of less matured spores.


allantoid

allantoid (comparative more allantoid, superlative most allantoid)

more allantoid (comparative)
most allantoid (superlative)

From French allantoïde, and its source, Renaissance Latin allantoides, from Koine Greek ἀλλαντοειδής (allantoeidḗs, “sausage-shaped”), from Ancient Greek ἀλλᾶς (allâs, “sausage”). By surface analysis, allant- + -oid.

der

ἀλλαντοειδής

(now chiefly mycology) Sausage-shaped; especially with reference to fungal spores that are long with rounded ends.


amanitoid

en-adj

amanitoid (comparative more amanitoid, superlative most amanitoid)

more amanitoid (comparative)
most amanitoid (superlative)

(mycology) Describing a mushroom with free or finely adnexed gills, a volva, and an annulus.


amygdaliform

amygdaliform (comparative more amygdaliform, superlative most amygdaliform)

more amygdaliform (comparative)
most amygdaliform (superlative)


anastomose

anastomose (comparative more anastomose, superlative most anastomose)

more anastomose (comparative)
most anastomose (superlative)
anastamose (alternative)

(botany, mycology) Joined or run together; interconnected.


anastomosing

It is also generally marked above by flexuose anastomosing black, indented lines, whence it appears as if insculpt with rivulose sutures.

1894, James M. Crombie, A Monograph of Lichens Found in Britain (page 329)

(mycology) Fused together in a vein-like network; used to describe mushroom gills that are interconnected with veins.


anellarioid

(mycology) Having a brittle stem, attached gills and an annulus, but no volva.


angular-nodulose

angular-nodulose (comparative more angular-nodulose, superlative most angular-nodulose)

more angular-nodulose (comparative)
most angular-nodulose (superlative)

(mycology) Used to describe spores which are angular and have prominent bumps or growths protruding at the angles.


angular-tubercate

angular-tubercate (comparative more angular-tubercate, superlative most angular-tubercate)

more angular-tubercate (comparative)
most angular-tubercate (superlative)

(mycology) Used to describe spores which are angular and have small bumps or growths protruding at the angles.


annular zone

(mycology) A ring of fibers on the stem of a mushroom that is not well enough defined to be called an annulus.


apical annulus

(mycology) An annulus near the top of a mushroom’s stem

ânulo apical

an annulus near the top of a mushroom’s stem


attached annulus

(mycology) An annulus which is fixed to the stem of a mushroom and is not movable.


double annulus

(mycology) An annulus with two layers of tissue.


single annulus

(mycology) An annulus with just one layer of tissue.


apical germ pore

en-noun

apical germ pore (plural apical germ pores)

(mycology) A small pore in the outer wall of a fungal spore which is located at the spore apex, opposite the hilar appendage and used for germination.


apiculus

(mycology) The part of a spore which attaches to the sterigmata at the end of a basidium.


appendiculate

en-adj

appendiculate (comparative more appendiculate, superlative most appendiculate)

more appendiculate (comparative)
most appendiculate (superlative)

(mycology) Of a mushroom: having partial veil remnants hanging along the cap margin.


appressed

appressed (comparative more appressed, superlative most appressed)

more appressed (comparative)
most appressed (superlative)

During the night the upper or smoother surfaces of the leaves are appressed together, this would seem to shew that the office of this surface of the leaf was to expose the fluids of the plant to the light as well as to the air.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 25:

(biology, mycology) Closely flattened down.


appressed-fibrillose

appressed-fibrillose (comparative more appressed-fibrillose, superlative most appressed-fibrillose)

more appressed-fibrillose (comparative)
most appressed-fibrillose (superlative)

(biology, mycology) Having fibrils that lie flat.


appressed-fibrillose-striate

(mycology, rare) Having appressed fibrils in the form of radiating lines (used to describe the surface of the stem or cap of a mushroom).


appressed-silky

(biology, mycology) Describing appressed fibrils which are silky in texture.


appressed-squamulose

appressed-squamulose (comparative more appressed-squamulose, superlative most appressed-squamulose)

more appressed-squamulose (comparative)
most appressed-squamulose (superlative)

(mycology) Having squamules that lie flat.


areolate

areolate (comparative more areolate, superlative most areolate)

more areolate (comparative)
most areolate (superlative)

(biology, mycology) Having a pattern of block-like areas similar to cracked dried mud


armillarioid

armillarioid (comparative more armillarioid, superlative most armillarioid)

more armillarioid (comparative)
most armillarioid (superlative)

(mycology) Describes a mushroom with attached gills, a fleshy stem, and an annulus.


asexual spore

(mycology) A spore that is produced asexually.


asperulate

asperulate (comparative more asperulate, superlative most asperulate)

more asperulate (comparative)
most asperulate (superlative)

From Latin asperum (“harsh place”) + -ulus, diminutive + -ate.

(mycology) Having a surface which is roughened by many small points or warts.


asterostromelloid

asterostromelloid (comparative more asterostromelloid, superlative most asterostromelloid)

more asterostromelloid (comparative)
most asterostromelloid (superlative)

/ˌæstəɹəʊˈstɹəʊməlɔɪd/

(mycology) Describes tissue which is made of branched hyphae where many branches start at right angles along the main axis, giving the ends a star like appearance.


atomate

atomate (comparative more atomate, superlative most atomate)

more atomate (comparative)
most atomate (superlative)

(biology, mycology) Having a surface covered in tiny shiny particles; powdered.


basal tomentum

(mycology) The mycelium at the base of a mushroom's stem.


basal tubercle

(mycology) A fleshy mass of tissue located at the junction of the a mushroom and its substrate.


basidiocarp

For agariclike basidiocarps not discharging spores from the sterigmata, see the secotioid Gasteromycetes.

The sexual stage of the fungus, the basidiocarp, arises as a pseudorhiza from a fungus comb and continues as a stipe, terminating in a cap with a prominent umbo or perforatorium.

2012, Bozzano G Luisa, Insect-Fungus Interactions, page 74:

(mycology) A mushroom which contains basidia.


basidiole

(mycology) An immature or aborted basidium; similar in shape but smaller in size.


bicolorous

bicolorous (comparative more bicolorous, superlative most bicolorous)

more bicolorous (comparative)
most bicolorous (superlative)
bicolourous (alternative)

(biology, mycology) Having two different colors.


bilateral gill trama

en-noun

bilateral gill trama (plural bilateral gill tramas)

(mycology) A type of gill trama that has a central strand of hyphae, from which other strands of hyphae diverge at slanted angles.


divergent gill trama

divergent gill trama (plural divergent gill tramas)


webcap

(mycology) A mushroom of the agaric genus Cortinarius, many of which are highly poisonous.

goatcheese webcap (Cortinarius camphoratus


birch bracket

Piptoporus betulinus
Piptoporus betulinus#Translingual

(mycology) A polypore mushroom that grows almost exclusively on birch trees, Piptoporus betulinus.


brachybasidiole

(mycology) A cell that resembles a basidiole but is larger and more inflated.


sorus

From New Latin sōrus, from Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”).

(mycology, lichenology) Any reproductive structure, in some lichens and fungi, that produces spores.

itiöpesäkeryhmä

mycology, lichenology: Any reproductive structure that produces spores


appressorial

(mycology) Of or pertaining to appressoria


arbuscle

arbuscles (plural)
arbuscule (alternative)

Latin arbuscula, diminutive of arbor or arbos (“tree; tuft of feathers”).

The hyphae of the arbuscle, which are finely ramified and form a floccose mass, soon lose their individuality and make a structureless granular and gummy conglomeration […]

1956, Phytomorphology, Delhi: International Society of Plant Morphologists, →OCLC, page 71:

(mycology) A branched hypha in some fungi.

Detailed view of a typical fine endophyte arbuscle in the inner cortex. Note the well preserved structural integrity of the endophyte and the characteristic bifurcate hyphae […]. Infection was with the fine endophyte Glomus tenuis […].

1979, New Zealand Journal of Botany, Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, →OCLC, page 57:

The arbuscle formation increases the metabolic activity of the host cell which is mainly due to the bidirectional transfer of metabolites and nutrients to and from the fungus. Arbuscles live for only 4–15 days. They degenerate and are digested by the host cell […].

1991, Ewald Sieverding, edited by Kathryn Mulhern, Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhiza Management in Tropical Agrosystems [Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit; 224], English edition, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, →ISBN, page 30:

Enhanced fluorochrome accessibility, increased nuclease sensitivity and chromatin dispersion reflects an increase in chromatin decondensation which is a sign of greater transcriptional activity of the plant genome in arbuscle containing cells […]. The branching progression of the fungus into the host cell provokes de novo synthesis of the periarbuscular membrane. The periarbuscular membrane derived from the peripheral plasma membrane completely surrounds the arbuscle.

2005, Gopi K. Podila, Ajit Varma, editors, Basic Research and Applications of Mycorrhizae, New Delhi: I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., →ISBN, page 60:

(mycology) The site at which a symbiotic fungus attaches to the roots of a plant and exchanges nutrients, etc., with it.


oogonium

oogonia (plural)
oogoniums (plural)
oögonium (alternative)

(botany, mycology) A sac (the female gametangium) containing oospheres in algae or fungi.


theca

From New Latin, from Latin thēca, from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē, “a case, box, receptacle”), from τίθημι (títhēmi, “put, set, place”). Doublet of tay.

der

en:external case or sheath in biology, broadly

(biology) Any of several external cases or sheaths.

(biology, microbiology, mycology) A sporangium: a spore case.


cheilocystidium

(mycology) A relatively large cell found on the gill edge of a basidiomycete.


pleurocystidium

(mycology) A relatively large cell found on the gill face of a basidiomycete


hysteroid

They curl into angular and hysteroid shapes, and may develop any time of year.

1971, George Henry Hepting, Diseases of Forest and Shade Trees, page 390:


thecium

From New Latin thēcium, from Ancient Greek θήκιον (thḗkion), diminutive of θήκη (thḗkē, “sheath”).

The hymenium, or thecium, is generated endogenously within the hyphal layer.

1952, Frederick Lyle Wynd, The Fungi, translation of original by Ernst Albert Gäumann, page 218:

(mycology, dated) The internal hyphal layers of an apothecium


acrophysalidic

(biology, mycology) Describes tissue that consists of connective hyphae and abundant, large, terminal, inflated cells.


dimictic

From Ancient Greek δίς (dís, “twice”) + μίξις (míxis, “mixing, mingling”). By surface analysis, di- + -mictic.

(mycology) Exhibiting dimixis, in which mating is governed by two idiomorphs.


nematophagous

/nɛməˈtɒfəɡəs/


ascomycete

From the taxonomic name Ascomycetes (“older synonym of Ascomycota”) reanalyzed as a plural common noun; by surface analysis, asco- + -mycete.

Chromistas are oomycetes whereas fungi includes chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and mitosporic fungi.

2001, Michael J Carlile, The Fungi, 2nd edition, publisher summary, page 11:

(mycology) Any fungus of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by the production of a sac, or ascus, which contains non-motile spores.


antheridium

Ascodesmis is a third type which might be derived either directly or through the erysiphaceous type from an endomycetous ancestor; the antheridium and oogonium are but little differentiated, but the latter is furnished with a trichogyne and becomes septate after fertilization; the ascogenous hyphae are few and the sheath simple.

2010, Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, Fungi: Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales, page 54:

(botany, mycology) An organ producing male gametes called antherozoids, found in some algae, ferns, and bryophytes.


peridium

A New Latin form of Ancient Greek πηρίδιον (pērídion, “little pouch”).

(mycology) The outer layer that covers the spore-bearing organ in many fungi.


plasmodiocarp

(mycology) A fruiting body of certain myxomycetes


hemiascomycete

(mycology) Any yeast or similar fungus of the former class Hemiascomycetes (now Saccharomycetes)


oosphere

oospheres (plural)
oösphere (alternative)

PIE word
 *h₂ōwyóm
From oo- (prefix denoting something relating to eggs or ova) + sphere, modelled after French oosphère.

affix

(botany, mycology) A large nonmotile egg cell, especially of an alga or fungus, formed in an oogonium and ready for fertilization.

oosfera

large nonmotile egg cell formed in an oogonium


polyphore

(botany, mycology) A receptacle which bears many ovaries.


ascocarp

(mycology) The sporocarp of an ascomycete, typically bowl-shaped.


floccose

en-adj

floccose (comparative more floccose, superlative most floccose)

more floccose (comparative)
most floccose (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Covered or growing in wooly tufts


subadnate

subadnate (comparative more subadnate, superlative most subadnate)

more subadnate (comparative)
most subadnate (superlative)

(mycology) Loosely linked or fused to something unlike itself; slightly adnate.


sublageniform

sublageniform (comparative more sublageniform, superlative most sublageniform)

more sublageniform (comparative)
most sublageniform (superlative)


subcampanulate

subcampanulate (comparative more subcampanulate, superlative most subcampanulate)

more subcampanulate (comparative)
most subcampanulate (superlative)

(mycology) Slightly bell-shaped or campanulate.


subrhomboid

subrhomboid (comparative more subrhomboid, superlative most subrhomboid)

more subrhomboid (comparative)
most subrhomboid (superlative)


subviscid

subviscid (comparative more subviscid, superlative most subviscid)

more subviscid (comparative)
most subviscid (superlative)


subumbonate

subumbonate (comparative more subumbonate, superlative most subumbonate)

more subumbonate (comparative)
most subumbonate (superlative)


subsinuate

subsinuate (comparative more subsinuate, superlative most subsinuate)

more subsinuate (comparative)
most subsinuate (superlative)


subovoid

subovoid (comparative more subovoid, superlative most subovoid)

more subovoid (comparative)
most subovoid (superlative)


subpruinose

subpruinose (comparative more subpruinose, superlative most subpruinose)

more subpruinose (comparative)
most subpruinose (superlative)


squamule

The cap of the mushroom has squamules.


gametangium

Gymnoascus and its allies; the gametangia are not much differentiated; both, like the mycelial cells, are multinucleate (it is difficult to gauge the significance of this character in Fungi) and the oogonium, or an outgrowth from it becomes septate after fertilization and gives rise to ascogenous hyphae.

(botany, mycology) A gamete-producing organ or cell found in many multicellular protists, algae and fungi, and in the gametophytes of plants.


inaequihymeniiferous

inaequihymeniiferous (comparative more inaequihymeniiferous, superlative most inaequihymeniiferous)

more inaequihymeniiferous (comparative)
most inaequihymeniiferous (superlative)

From in- + aequi- + hymenium + -iferous. Coined by mycologist Arthur Henry Reginald Buller in 1909.

Characters: Hymenophore lamellate; the lamellae of the Coprinus-type (with parallel or subparallel sides) or wedge shaped, of the aequihymeniiferous or the inaequihymeniiferous type; in the genera with aequihymeniiferous and wedge-shaped lamellae — epicutis of the pileus always characteristically cellular, the epicutis often consisting of somewhat compressed (not always quite globose) but distinctly subisodiametric bodies which are often somewhat colored, or arranged in or arranged in chains but not mealy in most species, rather rarely covered up by a velar layer which consists of elongate elements; otherwise, i. e. if the lamellae are of the inaequihymeniiferous type or with parallel or subparallel sides, they usually tend to deliquesce, and in extreme cases which are rather common, the whole pileus eventually […]

1949: Rolf Singer, The Agaricales (Mushrooms) in Modern Taxonomy, page 452 ^〃 (Universidad Nacional de Tucuman; Instituto Miguel Lillo)

(mycology) Of or relating to the arrangement of the hymenium of some mushroom species in the genera Coprinus, Coprinopsis, Coprinellus, Panaeolus, Psilocybe and Lacrymaria. The intermittent maturation and shedding of spores in radial bands beginning from the periphery of each gill, deliquescing from the bottom and advancing upwards.


sclerotium

From New Latin sclerotium, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”).

(mycology) A compact mass of hardened mycelium stored with reserve food material that, in some higher fungi such as ergot, becomes detached and remains dormant until a favourable opportunity for growth occurs.


areole

Borrowed from French aréole, from Latin areola: a small area. Doublet of areola.

(mycology) A tessellation in the thallus of certain lichens.


perithecium

The Erysiphacae may possibly have given rise to the Laboulbeniales, the only other group in which a single daughter cell of the oogonium is responsible for the asci, and perhaps to the lower Pyrenomycetes also; these, like the Erysiphaceae, have regularly arranged asci, and in Chaetomium fimete the perithecium is without an ostiole.

(mycology) An ascocarp shaped like a skittle or ball, distinguished by a small pore, the ostiole, through which the spores are released one by one when ripe.


ostiole

(mycology) A small hole or opening through which certain fungi release their mature spores.


armilla

Borrowed from Latin armilla. Doublet of armill.

(mycology) The frill of the stipe of agarics left attached on the expansion of the pileus, initially forming a covering of the hymenium.


pannose

pannose (comparative more pannose, superlative most pannose)

more pannose (comparative)
most pannose (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Similar in texture or appearance to felt or woollen cloth.


lichenized

(mycology, of a fungus) Adapted to live as a symbiont in a lichen.


abjoint

en-verb

abjoint (third-person singular simple present abjoints, present participle abjointing, simple past and past participle abjointed)

abjoints (present singular third-person)
abjointing (participle present)
abjointed (participle past)
abjointed (past)

/ˈæbˌd͡ʒɔɪnt/

/æbˈd͡ʒɔɪnt/

(transitive, botany, mycology) To form by cutting off as a protrusion from a parent cell.

(intransitive, botany, mycology) To separate from the hypha of a fungus by the formation of a septum.


zygomycosis

en-noun

zygomycosis (countable and uncountable, plural zygomycoses)

From Zygomycota (“obsolete phylum of fungi”) + -osis.

suffix

(pathology, mycology) An infection caused by bread mold fungi.


oocyst

(mycology, archaic) A reproductive cell in certain fungi.


carpophore

(mycology) The stem of the fruiting body in higher fungi.


ascomycetous

(mycology) Of or relating to the ascomycetes.


blastoconidium

(mycology) A holoblastic conidium that is produced singly or in chains, and detached at maturity leaving a bud scar

blastoconídio

a holoblastic conidium that detaches at maturity


protologue

protologues (plural)
protologus (alternative)

/ˈpɹəʊtəʊlɒɡ/

/ˈpɹəʊtəlɒɡ/

From Ancient Greek πρωτολόγος (prōtológos, “speaking first”).

bor

This is important, since the brief protologus of A. flava published in the Edinburgh Catalogus included only the first four lines from Solander’s original manuscript (our translation of Solander’s protologue: “calyx ovate, half the length of the upper petal claws, blade cordate-subrotund, stamens curved”) and therefore was incomplete and is inadequate for typification.

1987 July, Frederick Gustav Meyer, James W. Hardin, “Status of the name Aesculus flava Solander (Hippocastanaceae)” (pages 335–341), in S. A. Spongberg, E. B. Schmidt, P. S. Ashton, K. S. Bawa, P. F. Stevens, C. E. Wood, Jr., editors, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, volume 68, number 3, Lawrence: Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, →ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 338–339:

(botany, mycology) All the original material associated with a newly published name, comprising its description or diagnosis and any of a number of other elements such as illustrations, synonymy, etc.

protoloog

taxonomy: all the original material associated with a newly published name


blastospore

(mycology) A type of fungal spore produced asexually by budding.

blastospora

fungal spore produced asexually from budding


homoeomerous

en-adj

homoeomerous (comparative more homoeomerous, superlative most homoeomerous)

more homoeomerous (comparative)
most homoeomerous (superlative)
homeomerous (alternative)
homœomerous (alternative)

From homoe- (from Ancient Greek ὅμοιος (hómoios, “of like kind”, “similar”)) + -o- + -merous (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “portion”)).

der

(mycology) Composed entirely of thread-like hyphae.


hymenial

The differentiation of several species mainly relies on differences in the shape of the hymenial algae.

2008, Holger Thüs, Matthias Schultz, Fungi, volume 1, page 126:

(mycology) Of or pertaining to the hymenium of a fungus.


biotrophy

(botany, mycology) A parasitic relationship in which the parasite feeds on a living host organism without killing it


phaseoliform

en-adj

phaseoliform (comparative more phaseoliform, superlative most phaseoliform)

more phaseoliform (comparative)
most phaseoliform (superlative)

From Latin phaseolus (“bean (diminutive)”) + -iform. See Latin phaselus (“bean”).

(chiefly mycology, of a spore) Shaped like a bean; like a bent ellipsoid.


pileipellis

en-noun

pileipellis (countable and uncountable, plural pileipelles)

(mycology) The uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fruit body.


gymnocarpous

(mycology) Having the hymenium exposed while the spores are forming.


heterœcism

Without entering upon the question generally, of whether most superstitions have not a strain, however meagre, of truth underlying them, this sentiment has not been without considerable influence in rendering us chary of accepting the heterœcism of Puccinia graminis.

1881, Charles B. Plowright, Grevillea, volume X, page 34:

(mycology) Development of different stages of the same growth on different host‐plants; production of the æcidiospores or conidia of a fungus on one host, and of its uredospores and teleutospores on another.


apothecium

Coined in 1803, probably based on Ancient Greek ἀποθήκη (apothḗkē, “storehouse”). By surface analysis, derived from thecium, see there also for related terms.

der

(lichenology, mycology) A type of fructification of some ascomycete fungi, forming cyst structures of various shapes. Often the fungal components of lichens have this sort of fertile structure.

apoteci

the ascigerous fructification of lichens


plasmogamy

From plasma + -o- + -gamy (“union for propagation”).

af

(mycology) Stage of sexual reproduction joining the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia without the fusion of nuclei.


club fungus

(mycology) Any member of certain species of Basidiomycota characterized by branched, club-shaped sporophores (basidia).


zygosporangium

(mycology) A sporangium which produces a single zygospore.


hamathecium

From Ancient Greek ἅμα (háma, “together”) + thecium.

(mycology) A hypha developing between asci of the hymenium.


trichogyne

French, from Ancient Greek θρίξ (thríx, “hair”) + γυνή (gunḗ, “female”)

(botany, mycology) The slender, hair-like cell which receives the fertilizing particles, or antherozoids, in female red seaweeds, lichens and fungi.


sporangiophore

(mycology) A special type of hypha that bears sporangia on the tip.


paraphysis

(mycology) A type of sterile cell amongst the spore-bearing asci.


epixylous

Some moulds prefer to live on bread, but others are epixylous.

(mycology) Relating to, growing on, or living on the surface of wood.


ballistospore

(mycology) A spore that is ejected or shot off.


exciple

(lichenology, mycology) The outer part of an apothecium of those ascomycete fungi which have that sort of fructification. Most lichens come into that category.


dematiaceous

(mycology) Of or relating to a group of fungi that produce melanin in their cell walls, giving them a characteristic brown colour when grown on agar.


hymenomycete

(mycology) Any fungus with a fruiting body whose hymenophore develops either unenclosed or enclosed only with a velum.


hyphomycete

(mycology) Any of a group of fungi imperfecti that lack fruiting bodies.


mucormycosis

en-noun

mucormycosis (countable and uncountable, plural mucormycoses)

From mucor (“mouldy”) + mycosis (“fungal infection”). From translingual Mucorales, from Latin mucor (“mustiness”).

compound

Herein, we characterized the infecting microbe, host, micro- and mycobiomes leading up to infection onset in a leukemia patient that developed invasive mucormycosis.

2015 November 11, “Implementation of a Pan-Genomic Approach to Investigate Holobiont-Infecting Microbe Interaction: A Case Report of a Leukemic Patient with Invasive Mucormycosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(pathology, mycology) Any fungal infection caused by fungi in the order Mucorales.


arthroconidium

(mycology) A kind of asexual fungal spore, typically produced by segmentation of pre-existing fungal hyphae.


suballantoid

en-adj

suballantoid (comparative more suballantoid, superlative most suballantoid)

more suballantoid (comparative)
most suballantoid (superlative)

a suballantoid spore

(mycology) short and sausage-shaped, with rounded ends


aecial

1984, D. E. Harder, 11: Developmental Ultrastructure of Hyphae and Spores, William Bushnell, Alan P. Roelfs (editors), The Cereal Rusts: Origins, Volume I: Specificity, Structure, and Physiology, page 355,
In the inner wall facing the aecial cavity, the primary wall materials surrounding the processes disintegrate, partially exposing them.

Aecial hosts are primarily conifers. Damage to some aecial hosts may also be considered important, as in pine twist rust caused by M.^([Melampsora]) pinitorqua Rostrup.

1996, George Newcombe, “Chapter 10: The specificity of fungal pathogens of Populus”, in Reinhard Friedrich Stettler, editor, Biology of Populus and Its Implications for Management and Conservation, page 226:

The uredo- and teleuto-stages occur on wheat, barley and some grasses and the pycnidial and aecial stages on species of Berberis and Mahonia, the alternate hosts.

1998, G. Rangaswami, A. Mahadevan, Diseases of Crop Plants in India, 4th edition, page 192:

(mycology) Of, pertaining to, or resembling an aecium.


trichophyte

From tricho- (“hair”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(mycology) Any organism of the fungus genus Trichophyton.


sphaerocyst

sphaerocysts (plural)
spherocyst (alternative)

1996, Mark Brundrett, Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, page 121,
Russulaceae is distinguished from other families of mushroom-like fungi with gills by the presence of cells (swollen hyphae called sphaerocysts) and filaments which constitute the fruit bodies and can be observed under the microscope in the gill trama and other parts. All other families lack sphaerocysts.

1998, Jacob Heilmann-Clausen, Annemieke Verbeken, Jan Vesterholt, The genus Lactarius, Danish Mycological Society, page 17,
The trama of Russula and Lactarius is termed heteromerous because of the presence of sphaerocysts (globose cells). These sphaerocysts occur in clusters, called rosettes.

2010, R. K. Sharma, D, K. Agarwal, 12: Morphotaxonomic Studies of Poisonous Mushrooms, K. G. Mukerji, C. Manoharachary (editors), Taxonomy and Ecology of Indian Fungi, page 192,
A trama bearing many of these sphaerocysts is called a “heteromerous” (meaning “made of multiple parts”) trama. The opposite expression for an ordinary trama without sphaerocysts is “homoiomerous trama.”

(mycology) A rounded cell, found in clusters within the trama of some mushrooms.


dextrinoid

(mycology) Applied to a mushroom that turns reddish-brown upon application of Melzer's reagent.


clavarioid

clavarioid (comparative more clavarioid, superlative most clavarioid)

more clavarioid (comparative)
most clavarioid (superlative)

(mycology) Resembling the Clavaria, a genus of fungi.


hen of the woods

en-noun

hen of the woods (plural hens of the woods)

hens of the woods (plural)
hen-of-the-woods (alternative)

(mycology) An edible polypore mushroom, Grifola frondosa


euhymenium

(mycology) Hymenium in which the basidia are among the first elements formed.


basculate

en-adj

basculate (comparative more basculate, superlative most basculate)

more basculate (comparative)
most basculate (superlative)

The peridial strand of a basculate aecium is so sensitive to moisture that simply breathing on the open peridium is sufficient to close it immediately.

1956, E.E. Leppik, “Some viewpoints on the phylogeny of rust fungi. II. Gymnosporangium”, in Mycologia, volume 48, number 5:


LBM

He reached in and pulled out about a dozen mushrooms, shriveled and dried beyond recognition, that could have been Conocybes, Inocybes, Coprini, Psathyrellae, or any of a dozen other kinds of LBMs, mostly inedible, some mildly to seriously toxic, and one, a Galerina, deadly poisonous.

1986, Sarah Ann Friedman, Celebrating the Wild Mushroom: A Passionate Quest, page 139:

All LBMs should be avoided as edibles.

1999, George Barron, Mushrooms of Northeast North America: Midwest to New England, page 209:

LBMs lack truly distinctive features that set them apart from the crowd, just like most Psilocybe mushrooms.

2010, Greg A. Marley, Chanterelle Dreams, Amanita Nightmares: The Love, Lore, and Mystique of Mushrooms, page 177:

(mycology) Initialism of little brown mushroom: any of a large number of small, dull-coloured agaric species that are difficult to tell apart.


ascogonium

(mycology) The spiral female organ of an ascomycetous fungus from which asci are produced

askogon

the female organ of an ascomycetous fungus


macroconidium

(mycology) A relatively large conidium, but especially the larger of a pair of conidia in the same organism


microconidium

(mycology) A relatively small conidium, but especially the smaller of a pair of conidia in the same organism


clamp connection

en-noun

clamp connection (plural clamp connections)

(mycology) A structure formed in the hyphae of some basidiomycetes that ensures genetic variation among hyphal cells.


progametangium

(mycology) The structure, in some fungi, that develops into the gametangium.


zygophore

(mycology) A specialized hyphal branch giving rise to isogametes that unite to produce a zygospore


phragmobasidium

(mycology) A septate unicellular basidium.


toothed jelly fungus

toothed jelly fungus (plural toothed jelly funguses or toothed jelly fungi)

toothed jelly funguses (plural)
toothed jelly fungi (plural)

I have also seen fallen birch logs hosting toothed jelly fungus and witch's butter, both of which are useful edible fungi.

2015, Cliff Seruntine, The Wildwood Way: Spiritual Growth in the Heart of Nature, Llewellyn Worldwide, →ISBN, page 48:

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum
Pseudohydnum gelatinosum#Translingual

(mycology) A mushroom, Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, the only member of the genus Pseudohydnum in the order Auriculariales.


toothed jelly mushroom

toothed jelly mushroom (plural toothed jelly mushrooms)

Fungi continue their patient, determined work, slowly consuming the cellulose over the years, like the helpful toothed jelly mushroom, a nutrientrich fungus that tastes something like tofu.

2015, Cliff Seruntine, The Wildwood Way: Spiritual Growth in the Heart of Nature, Llewellyn Worldwide, →ISBN, page 146:

toothed jelly fungus
toothed jelly fungus#English

(mycology) Synonym of toothed jelly fungus.


jelly tooth

Genus Pseudohydnum The fruiting bodies of Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (jelly tooth) are unusual in that they appear to have features of two very different groups of fungi. The fruiting body itself is jellylike, but its lower surface is covered with short, toothlike white spines on which the hymenium is located.


ascomatal

Hand sections of the ascomatal wall were studied in 3% KOH. All measurements were made in Melzer’s reagent.

2015 December 24, “Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Calosphaeriales and Togniniales Using Five Genes and Predicted RNA Secondary Structures of ITS, and Flabellascus tenuirostris gen. et sp. nov.”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


tramal

In addition, tissues used in RNA-seq experiments contained additional tissues: tramal tissue and veil cells (S1 Fig ).

2015 October 29, “Strand-Specific RNA-Seq Analyses of Fruiting Body Development in Coprinopsis cinerea”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


ascogenous

The calosphaeriaceous ascoma centrum is unique in the Sordariomycetes; it comprises persistent, sparsely branched, short or elongated ascogenous hyphae with minute cells formed from croziers in sympodial succession, asci in predominantly spicate arrangement and persistent paraphyses.

(mycology) That grows from the ascogonium of a fungus

ascógeno

that grows from the ascogonium of a fungus


zoopagaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Zoopagaceae.


xylariaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Xylariaceae of fungi.


antennulariellaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Antennulariellaceae.


ascobolaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Ascobolaceae.


amanitaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Amanitaceae.


vibrisseaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the Vibrisseaceae.


verrucariaceous

From translingual Verrucariaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Verrucariaceae.


ustilaginaceous

From translingual Ustilaginaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Ustilaginaceae.


venturiaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Venturiaceae.


umbilicariaceous

From translingual Umbilicariaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Umbilicariaceae.


tulostomataceous

From translingual Tulostomataceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Tulostomataceae.


tulasnellaceous

From translingual Tulasnellaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Tulasnellaceae.


teratosphaeriaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the Teratosphaeriaceae.


filobasidiaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the Filobasidiaceae.


phragmidiaceous

From translingual Phragmidiaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Phragmidiaceae.


blastocladiaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Blastocladiaceae of fungi.


piptocephalidaceous

From translingual Piptocephalidaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Piptocephalidaceae.


peronosporaceous

From translingual Peronosporaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Peronosporaceae.


valsaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Valsaceae.


trichosphaeriaceous

From translingual Trichosphaeriaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Trichosphaeriaceae.


tricholomataceous

From translingual Tricholomataceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Tricholomataceae.


kickxellaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Kickxellaceae.


botryosphaeriaceous

From translingual Botryosphaeriaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Botryosphaeriaceae.


trichocomaceous

From translingual Trichocomaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Trichocomaceae.


magnaporthaceous

From translingual Magnaporthaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Magnaporthaceae.


pseudeurotiaceous

From translingual Pseudeurotiaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Pseudeurotiaceae.


sclerotiniaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Sclerotiniaceae.


amphisphaeriaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Amphisphaeriaceae.


tilletiaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Tilletiaceae.


arthoniaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Arthoniaceae.


metschnikowiaceous

2007, Jessamyn S. Manson, Marc-André Lachance, James D. Thomson, 'Candida gelsemii sp. nov., a yeast of the Metschnikowiaceae clade isolated from nectar of the poisonous Carolina jessamine
In the process, strains of Metschnikowia reukaufii were recovered from azalea nectar whereas the jessamine nectars yielded strains of Candida rancoensis as well as a new asexual species with metschnikowiaceous affinities, which we now describe as Candida gelsemii.

(mycology, rare, relational) Of or relating to the family Metschnikowiaceae of yeasts.


herpotrichiellaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Herpotrichiellaceae.


pezizaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Pezizaceae of cup fungi.


lipomycetaceous

From translingual Lipomycetaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Lipomycetaceae.


dermateaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Dermateaceae of cup fungi.


schizothyriaceous

From translingual Schizothyriaceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Schizothyriaceae.


tubeufiaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Tubeufiaceae.


tremellaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the Tremellaceae.


basidiobolaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the Basidiobolaceae.


bionectriaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Bionectriaceae of wood-eating fungi.


orbiliaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Orbiliaceae.


odontotremataceous

From translingual Odontotremataceae + -ous.

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Odontotremataceae.


ophiocordycipitaceous

From translingual Ophiocordycipitaceae + -ous.

af

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Ophiocordycipitaceae.


olpidiaceous

(mycology, relational) Of or relating to the Olpidiaceae.


ophiostomataceous

(mycology) Belonging to the family Ophiostomataceae.


onygenaceous

(mycology) Belonging to the Onygenaceae.