day

Sranan Tongo: dei

Etymology tree
Middle English day
English day
Inherited from Middle English day, from Old English dæġ (“day”), from Proto-West Germanic *dag, from Proto-Germanic *dagaz (“day”); see there for more.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Dai (“day”), West Frisian dei (“day”), Dutch dag (“day”), German Low German Dag (“day”), Alemannic German Däi (“day”), German Tag (“day”), Swedish, Norwegian and Danish dag (“day”), Icelandic dagur (“day”), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags, “day”). Possible cognates beyond Germanic relatives include Albanian djeg (“to burn”), Lithuanian degti (“to burn”), Tocharian A tsäk-, Russian жечь (žečʹ, “to burn”) from *degti, дёготь (djógotʹ, “tar, pitch”), Sanskrit दाह (dāhá, “heat”), दहति (dáhati, “to burn”), Latin foveō (“to warm, keep warm, incubate”).
Latin diēs is a false cognate; it derives from Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (“to shine”).

cog

any day of the week and twice on Sundays

even a stopped clock is right twice a day

every day of the week and twice on Sundays

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof

A day on Mars is slightly over 24 hours.

(astronomy) The rotational period of a planet.


aberration

en-noun

aberration (countable and uncountable, plural aberrations)

/ˌæb.əˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/

A learned borrowing from Latin aberrātiō(n) (“relief, diversion”), first attested in 1594, from aberrō (“wander away, go astray”), from ab (“away”) + errō (“wander”). Compare French aberration. By surface analysis, aberrat(e) + -ion.

абера́ция

astronomy: small periodical change of position of heavenly bodies

(astronomy) A small periodical change of the apparent positions of the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer.

(astronomy, by extension) The tendency of light rays to preferentially strike the leading face of a moving object (the effect underlying the above phenomenon).


spring

en-noun

spring (countable and uncountable, plural springs)

Arlington Springs Man
Beijing Spring
Berber Spring
ColdSpring
Croatian Spring
Damascus Spring
Operation Spring Awakening
Operation Spring Cleanup
Operation Spring of Youth
Prague Spring
Spring Palace
Spring of Nations
Springbal
Springfest
The Spring Offensive
spring

From Middle English spryng (“a wellspring, tide, branch, sunrise, kind of dance or blow, ulcer, snare, flock”); partly from Old English spring (“wellspring, ulcer”), from Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz (“a wellspring, fount”); and partly from Old English spryng (“a jump”), from Proto-West Germanic *sprungi, from Proto-Germanic *sprungiz (“a jump”). Further senses derived from the verb and from clippings of day-spring, springtime, spring tide, etc. Its sense as the season, first attested in a work predating 1325, gradually replaced Middle English lente, lentin, from Old English lencten (“spring, Lent”) as that word became more specifically liturgical. Compare fall.

ааԥын

season between winter and summer in temperate climates

Chinese New Year always occurs in January or February but is called the "Spring Festival" throughout East Asia because it is reckoned as the beginning of their spring.

(countable, uncountable) The season of the year in temperate regions in which plants spring from the ground and into bloom and dormant animals spring to life.

(astronomy) The period from the moment of vernal equinox (around March 21 in the Northern Hemisphere) to the moment of the summer solstice (around June 21); the equivalent periods reckoned in other cultures and calendars.

про́лет

period from vernal equinox to summer solstice


planet

From Middle English planete, from Old French planete, from Latin planeta, planetes, from Ancient Greek πλανήτης (planḗtēs, “wanderer”) (ellipsis of πλάνητες ἀστέρες (plánētes astéres, “wandering stars”).), from Ancient Greek πλανάω (planáō, “wander about, stray”), of unknown origin. Cognate with Latin pālor (“wander about, stray”), Old Norse flana (“to rush about”), and Norwegian flanta (“to wander about”). More at flaunt. So called because they have apparent motion, unlike the "fixed" stars. Originally including also the moon and sun but not the Earth; modern scientific sense of "world that orbits a star" is from 1630s in English. The Greek word is an enlarged form of πλάνης (plánēs, “who wanders around, wanderer”), also "wandering star, planet", in medicine "unstable temperature."

ellipsis of

πλάνητες ἀστέρες

der

1640, John Wilkins, A Discovrse concerning a New Planet. Tending to prove, That 'tis probable our Earth is one of the Planets, title:

(astronomy, historical) Any body that orbits the Sun, including the asteroids (as minor planets) and sometimes the moons of those bodies (as satellite planets)

كَوْكَب

rocky or gaseous spherical bodies orbiting the Sun

Their decision will force a rewrite of science textbooks because the solar system is now a place with eight planets and three newly defined "dwarf planets"—a new category of object that includes Pluto.

2006 December 22, Alok Jha, The Guardian:

2009 December 1st, Keiichi Wada, Yusuke Tsukamoto, Eiichiro Kokubo, “Planet Formation around Supermassive Black Holes in the Active Galactic Nuclei”, in The Astrophysical Journal, volume 886, number 2, article 107:

hydrostatic equilibrium
hydrostatic equilibrium

(astronomy, current) A body which is massive enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium (generally resulting in being an ellipsoid) but not enough to attain nuclear fusion and, in IAU usage, which directly orbits a star (or multiple star) and dominates the region of its orbit; specifically, in the case of the Solar system, the eight major bodies of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.


star

Sranan Tongo: stari
Aukan: sitali

→ Finnish: stara

→ French: star

→ German: Star

→ Italian: star

→ Swahili: staa

From Middle English sterre, from Old English steorra (“star”), from Proto-West Germanic *sterrō, variant of *sternō, from Proto-Germanic *sternô, *sternǭ (“star”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”). Doublet of aster, stella, étoile, and estoile.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots starn, ster, North Frisian steer, West Frisian stjer, Saterland Frisian Stiern, Dutch ster, Luxembourgish Stär, German Stern, Yiddish שטערן (shtern), Vilamovian śtaom, Swedish stjärna, Norwegian stjerne, Icelandic stjarna, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō), Spanish estrella, Portuguese estrela, Italian stella, Romanian stea, Occitan estela, Venetan stéła, Sicilian stidda, Sardinian isteddu, Mirandese streilha, Walloon sitoele, Romansch staila, Megleno-Romanian steau̯ă, Istriot stila, Istro-Romanian ste, Latin stēlla, Greek αστέρι (astéri), Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr), Old Armenian աստղ (astł), Persian ستاره (setâre), Tajik ситора (sitora), Pashto ستوری (storay), Mazanderani اساره (ëssâre), Northern Kurdish stêr, Central Kurdish ئەستێرە (estêre), Zazaki astare, Ossetian стъалы (st’aly), Hindi तारा (tārā), Urdu تارا (tārā), Punjabi ਤਾਰਾ (tārā), Gujarati તારો (tāro), Sanskrit तारा (tārā).

аеҵǝа

a celestial body appearing as a point of light on the clear night sky, whose position is relatively fixed with respect to each other

(astronomy) A spheroid of plasma with sufficient gravity to fuse hydrogen or heavier elements into heavier elements still. Depending on context the Sun may or may not be included.

نَجْم

(astronomy) a luminous celestial body made of plasma


achronic

en-adj

achronic (comparative more achronic, superlative most achronic)

more achronic (comparative)
most achronic (superlative)

(astronomy, not comparable) Happening at sunset (of the rise or fall of a star; opposed to cosmic).


archaeastronomy

Archaeoastronomy is an endeavor to find out something about ancient astronomy and related matters through the use of archeological data and the study of ancient texts.

1979, John Howland Rowe, “Review: Archaeoastronomy in Meso America and Peru”, in Latin American Research Review, volume 14, number 2, page 227:

The current fashion is to call the subject archaeoastronomy, as if it were more the business of astronomers or historians of astronomy than of archaeologists.

1989, John Michell, A Little History of Astro-Archaeology, page 6:

(astronomy, archaeology) The historical, especially archeological, study of astronomy; the study of the astronomical systems and methods of ancient cultures often embracing the astrology and cosmology of the past.


sun

en-noun

sun (countable and uncountable, plural suns)

From Middle English sonne, sunne, from Old English sunne, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnā, from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from heteroclitic inanimate Proto-Indo-European *sh₂wen-, oblique of Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”). See also Saterland Frisian Sunne, West Frisian sinne, German Low German Sünn, Dutch zon, German Sonne, Icelandic sunna; outside of Germanic, Welsh huan, Sanskrit स्वर् (svàr), Avestan 𐬓𐬇𐬧𐬔 (xᵛə̄ṇg)). Related to sol, Sol, Surya, and Helios. More at solar.

sure as the sun is going to come up tomorrow morning

sure as the sun is going to rise tomorrow morning

think the sun shines out of someone's arse

think the sun shines out of someone's ass

think the sun shines out of someone's backside

think the sun shines out of someone's butt

Because Haestrom's sun has overwhelmed the planet's protective magnetosphere, humans foolhardy enough to venture into geth-controlled Haestrom must exercise extreme caution. Minutes of radiation exposure will overload shields and hours of exposure will kill.

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Haestrom Codex entry:

(astronomy) A star, especially when seen as the centre of any single solar system.

𖼐𖽑𖽪𖾐

a star, especially when seen as the centre of any single solar system


occultation

occultation (countable and uncountable, plural occultations)

From Latin occultātiōnem, accusative singular of occultātiō (“concealment; insinuation”), from occultāre, present active infinitive of occultō (“to conceal, hide”); analysable as occult + -ation.

[T]he diſtance of any place within this kingdom from it, will not much vary the manner of their Appearance in any of the Phænomena, except the Eclipſe of the Sun: for, in the Occultations, the Stars will appeare to paſs nearly under the ſame Angles and Spots of the Moon; […]

1670 January 17, John Flamstead [i.e., John Flamsteed], “An Accompt of such of the More Notable Celestial Phænomena of the Year 1670, as will be Conspicuous in the English Horizon; Written by the Learned and Industrious Mr. John Flamstead Novemb. 4 1669. and by Him Addressed and Recommended for Encouragement, to the Right Honorable, the Lord Viscount Brouncker, as President of the Royal Society”, in Philosophical Transactions: Giving Some Accompt of the Present Undertakings, Studies and Labours of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of the World, volume IV, number 55, London: Printed for T. N. for John Martyn at the Bell, a little without Temple-Bar, printer to the Royal Society, →OCLC, pages 1101–1102:

The bright star Aldebaran is to be occulted by the moon on December 20th, at about 5 o'clock pm. Aldebaran is said to be eight hundred and eighty times the mass of the sun, with a diameter of over 8,000,000 miles; a distance so great that a meteor traveling at the rate of thirty miles per second, would require over three days to cross the disk of the star. Yet, notwithstanding the immense volume, the accultation will occur in a moment, so great is the distance of the star from us, and will continue for about one hour and eight minutes.

1904 December, Melville Dozier, “[Transactions for November. III. Meetings of Sections.] 2. Section of Astronomy”, in Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, volume III, number 9, Los Angeles, Calif.: Published for the Association by R. Baumgardt & Co. 231 West First St., Los Angeles, Cal., →OCLC, page 147:

Stellar occultations potentially provide the highest precision data for relating solar system ephemerides to the stellar reference frame. For example, occultations by the Uranian rings can define the position of the occulted star relative to the rings to better than 0.02 mas (equivalent to a few hundred meters at the distance of Uranus). Occultations by atmospheres can be less precise than occultations by symmerical solid bodies, like rings and large asteroids, with a precision on the order of 1.0 mas.

1994, C. B. Olkin, J[ames] L[udlow] Elliot, “Occultation Astrometry: Predictions and Post-event Results”, in L. V. Morrison, G. F. Gilmore, editors, Galactic and Solar System Optical Astrometry: Proceedings of the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Institute of Astronomy workshop held in Cambridge, June 21–24, 1993, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, abstract, page 286:

[…] I was thrilled at the prospect of seeing the waning crescent Moon swing over Venus in the predawn sky on Wednesday morning, April 22, 2009. While the occultation was visible from much of North America, it was only in Arizona and parts of other surrounding states, where Wendee and I live, that the ingress would take place in a completely dark sky. It would be a highlight of the International Year of Astronomy, which reached its peak during 2009.

2010, David H. Levy, “When the Moon Occults a Star or a Planet”, in David Levy’s Guide to Eclipses, Occultations, and Transits, Cambridge, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 129:

(astronomy) An astronomical event that occurs when one celestial object is hidden by another celestial object that passes between it and the observer when the nearer object appears larger and completely hides the more distant object.


conjunction

conjunction (countable and uncountable, plural conjunctions)

/kənˈd͡ʒʌŋk.ʃən/

From Old French conjonction, from Latin coniūnctiō (“joining”), from coniungere (“to join”).

The spectacular conjunction of Venus and Mars gave rise to a myriad of mythical interpretations.

2011, Starf*cker […] , Ev Cochrane, →ISBN, page 140:

en:alignment of celestial bodies, in astronomy

(astronomy) The alignment of two bodies in the solar system such that they have the same longitude when seen from Earth.

conjunció

astronomy: alignment of two bodies in the solar system such that they have the same longitude when seen from Earth


inflation

inflation (countable and uncountable, plural inflations)

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French inflation (“swelling”), from Latin īnflātiō (“expansion", "blowing up”), from īnflātus, the perfect passive participle of īnflō (“blow into, expand”), from in (“into”) + flō (“blow”). By surface analysis, inflate + -ion.

der

(cosmology) An extremely rapid expansion of the universe, theorized to have occurred very shortly after the Big Bang.


increase

en-verb

increase (third-person singular simple present increases, present participle increasing, simple past and past participle increased)

increases (present singular third-person)
increasing (participle present)
increased (participle past)
increased (past)

wane

antonym(s) of “to show more of the surface”

From Middle English encresen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman encreistre, from Latin increscere (“to increase”), from in (“in, on”) + crescō (“grow”).
The noun is from Middle English encres, from the verb.

The Moon increases.

(astronomy, intransitive) To become more nearly full; to show more of the surface; to wax.


early

en-adj

early (comparative earlier, superlative earliest)

earlier (comparative)
earliest (superlative)

From Middle English erly, erlich, earlich, from Old English ǣrlīċ (“early”, adjective), equivalent to ere + -ly.

early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise

like turkeys voting for an early Christmas

(astronomy) Of a star or class of stars, hotter than the sun.


UFO

→ Czech: UFO

→ Dutch: ufo

→ Estonian: UFO

→ Finnish: UFO, ufo

→ German: UFO, Ufo

→ Greek: ούφο (oúfo)

→ Italian: UFO, ufo

→ Japanese: UFO (yūfō)

→ Norwegian: ufo

→ Portuguese: UFO, ufo

→ Swedish: ufo, UFO

(astronomy) Initialism of ultrared flattened object.


Achilles

Borrowed from Latin Achillēs, from Ancient Greek Ἀχιλλεύς (Akhilleús).

(astronomy) The Greek camp Trojan asteroid 588 Achilles.


night

en-noun

night (countable and uncountable, plural nights)

→ Pijin: naet

→ Korean: 나이트 (naiteu)

From Middle English nighte, night, nyght, niȝt, naht, from Old English niht, from Proto-West Germanic *naht (“night”), from Proto-Germanic *nahts (“night”), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (“night”).
Cognate with Scots nicht, neicht (“night”), West Frisian nacht (“night”), Dutch nacht (“night”), Low German Nacht (“night”), German Nacht (“night”), Danish nat (“night”), Swedish and Norwegian natt (“night”), Faroese nátt (“night”), Icelandic nótt (“night”), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts, “night”), Greek νύχτα (nýchta, “night”), Russian ночь (nočʹ, “night”), Sanskrit नक्त (naktá), नक्ति (nákti, “night”), and Latin nox (“night”), whence English nox, a doublet.

astronomical twilight
astronomical twilight

(astronomy, countable) The period of darkness beginning at the end of evening astronomical twilight when the sun is 18 degrees below the horizon, and ending at the beginning of morning astronomical twilight.


cow

Clipping of AT2018cow. From the name of the archetypal event, AT2018cow, an LFBOT. From being an astronomical transient (AT) occurring in 2018, with an automatically assigned code to distinguish it from other events in 2018.

luminous fast blue optical transient#English

(astronomy) LFBOT: Synonym of luminous fast blue optical transient


Jupiter

From Latin Iūpiter (“father Jove”), from Proto-Italic *djous patēr (literally “sky father”) (cognate with Ancient Greek Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter, “father Zeus”)), from *djous (“day, sky”) + *patēr (“father”), from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws (literally “the bright one”), from *dyew- (“to be bright, day sky”), and *ph₂tḗr (“father”). Doublet of Dyaus Pita.

der

(astronomy) The fifth and by far the largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant, represented by the symbol ♃ in astronomy. Jupiter is known for its Great Red Spot and many moons including the Galilean moons.


Jupiter

(especially astronomy) Alternative spelling of jupiter.


Taiwan

/ˌtaɪ̯ˈwɑːn/

Anping District
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)
Taiwan

The specific form "Taiwan" in English emerged from the letters of Wade–Giles Tʻai²-wan¹ romanization of Mandarin 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān) and also possibly the romaji of Japanese 臺灣(たいわん) (taiwan), which both of whom are ultimately from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Cognate with Dutch Tayouan / Taioan / Taiwan / etc., and other early variant forms of Hokkien 臺窩灣 /台窝湾 (Tâi-o-oân), etc. The name is sometimes folk-etymologized to supposedly originally mean "terraced bay" (臺灣 /台湾) or "great bay" (大灣 /大湾) or similar parsings from interpreting the meaning from the Chinese characters alone.

zh-l

臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān)

T'ai-wan

from Wade-Giles romanization of Mandarin

For the Massalia family, we only have information on (20) Massalia (pv = 0.21±0.01). Finally, for the Astrid family, we have (1128) Astrid with pv = 0.077±0.010 and (2169) Taiwan with pv = 0.099±0.020. In each of these cases, the values conform to the taxonomic type of the corresponding families.

2005, D. Vokrouhlický et al., “Yarkovsky/YORP chronology of asteroid families”, in Icarus, volume 182, number 1, published 2006, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 126, column 2:

2169 Taiwan, a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt between Jupiter and Mars, will be at its closest to Earth at around 11 p.m. Thursday, the Taipei Astronomical Museum said.

2019 August 29, “Asteroid 'Taiwan' to come closest to Earth late Thursday: museum”, in Focus Taiwan, archived from the original on 2022-09-10, Science & Tech:

(astronomy) 2169 Taiwan, a main belt asteroid.


blue

en-adj

blue (comparative bluer or more blue, superlative bluest or most blue)

bluer (comparative)
more blue (comparative)
bluest (superlative)
most blue (superlative)

conservative

antonym(s) of “pertaining to the US Democratic Party”

red

antonym(s) of “dominated by higher-frequency electromagnetic radiation”

antiblue

antonym(s) of “having blue as its colour charge”

Tok Pisin: blu

→ Fiji Hindi: bulu

→ Shona: bhuluu

→ Somali: buluug

→ Swahili: bluu, buluu

→ Tooro: bururu

From Middle English blewe, from Anglo-Norman blew (“blue”), from Middle French bleu, from Old French blöe, bleve, blef (“blue”), from Frankish *blāu (“blue”) (perhaps through a Late Latin blāvus, blāvius (“blue”) attested from Isidore of Seville), from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (“blue, dark blue”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlēw- (“yellow, blond, grey”). Cognate with dialectal English blow (“blue”), Scots blue, blew (“blue”), North Frisian bla, blö (“blue”), Saterland Frisian blau (“blue”), Dutch blauw (“blue”), German blau (“blue”), Danish, Norwegian and Swedish blå (“blue”), Icelandic blár (“blue”), Latin flāvus (“yellow”), Middle Irish blá (“yellow”). Doublet of blow.
Possibly related also to English blee (“colour”), from Old English blēo (“colour”); but direct derivatives of Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (“blue, dark blue”) in Old English include: Old English blāw and blēo (“blue”), Old English blǣwen (“bluish, light-blue”), blǣhǣwen (“blue-coloured, bluish, violet or purple colour”, literally “blue-hued”). There seems to be a parallel connection in Germanic between words for blue and colour, dually exemplified by Proto-West Germanic *blīu (“colour, blee”) and *blāu (“blue”); and Proto-Germanic *hiwją (“colour, hue”) and *hēwijaz (“blue, purple”).
The sense "obscene, pornographic" is apparently from the colour; various theories exist as to how it arose, including that it is from the colour of the envelopes used to contain missives of the censors and managers to vaudevillian performers on objectionable material from their acts that needed to be excised.

belau

blue-coloured — see also dark blue, light blue

electromagnetic spectrum
electromagnetic spectrum

(astronomy) Of, dominated by, or shifted toward the higher-frequency, or "bluer", end of the electromagnetic spectrum.


red

en-adj

red (comparative redder or more red, superlative reddest or most red)

redder (comparative)
more red (comparative)
reddest (superlative)
most red (superlative)

nonred

antonym(s) of “having red as its colour”

antired

antonym(s) of “having red as its colour charge”

From Middle English red, from Old English rēad, from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós, from the root *h₁rewdʰ-.
Cognates
See also West Frisian read, Low German root, rod, Dutch rood, German rot, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål rød, Norwegian Nynorsk raud; also Welsh rhudd, Latin ruber, rufus, Tocharian A rtär, Tocharian B ratre, Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), Albanian pruth (“redhead”), Russian ру́дый (rúdyj) ("red", "redhaired"). Czech rudý, Lithuanian raúdas, Finnish rauta, Estonian raud, Serbo-Croatian riđ ("reddish", "red"), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita), Sanskrit रुधिर (rudhirá, “red, bloody”).

(astronomy) Of the lower-frequency region of the (typically visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is relevant in the specific observation.

punainen

astronomy: of the lower-frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum


hemisphere

→ Welsh: hemisffer

/ˈhɛmɪsfɪəɹ/

From Latin hemisphaerium, from Ancient Greek ἡμισφαίριον (hēmisphaírion), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “half”) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “sphere”). Equivalent to hemi- + sphere. Displaced native Old English healftrendel (literally “half-sphere”).

ncog

(astronomy, astrology) Half of the celestial sphere, as divided by either the ecliptic or the celestial equator .

terrestrial hemisphere

geography: half of the terrestrial sphere


sol

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-sol.wav

From Latin sōl (“sun”); see further at etymology 3. Doublet of sol from Spanish.

I need to create calories. And I need enough to last the 1387 sols until Ares 4 arrives. If I don't get rescued by Ares 4, I'm dead anyway. A sol is 39 minutes longer than a day, so it works out to be 1425 days. That's my target: 1425 days of food.

2011, Andy Weir, chapter 3, in The Martian, New York, N.Y.: Broadway Books, published 2014, →ISBN, page 18:

88,775 seconds = 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds / The duration of a synodic day on Mars, a ‘sol’

2014, Gerard ’t Hooft, Stefan Vandoren, “10⁵ Seconds = 100,000 Seconds = 1.16 days = 27.78 Hours”, in Saskia A. Eisberg-’t Hooft, transl., Time in Powers of Ten: Natural Phenomena and Their Timescales, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., →ISBN, part I, page 25:

(astronomy) A solar day on the planet Mars (equivalent to 24 hours, 39 minutes, 35 seconds).


regular

en-adj

regular (comparative more regular, superlative most regular)

more regular (comparative)
most regular (superlative)

/ˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə/

/ˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/

[ˈɹɛɡ.jɪ̈.lɚ]

From Middle English reguler, from Anglo-Norman reguler, Middle French reguler, regulier, and their source, Latin rēgulāris (“continuing rules for guidance”), from rēgula (“rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *reg- (“move in a straight line”).

مُنْتَظِمٌ

of a polygon: having all sides and corresponding angles equal

register

not etymologically related but has semantic associations

(astronomy) Of a moon or other satellite: following a relatively close and prograde orbit with little inclination or eccentricity.


argument

en-noun

argument (countable and uncountable, plural arguments)

From Middle English argument, from Anglo-Norman and Old French arguement, from Latin argūmentum (“argument (for a position); evidence, proof; point, theme; thesis, topic; plot (in theatre)”), from arguere (“to argue, assert, declare; to make clear, prove, show; to accuse, charge with, reprove; to blame, censure; to denounce as false”) + -mentum (suffix indicating the instrument, medium, or result of something). Arguere is either ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“silver, white; glittering”), or from Hittite [script needed] (arkuwā(i)-, “to make a plea, state one’s case”). The English word is analysable as argue + -ment. Doublet of argumentum.
Displaced native Old English racu and ġeflit.

der

/ˈɑːɡjʊmənt/

/ˈɑɹɡjʊmənt/

argument

fact or statement used to support a proposition; a reason

وَسِيط

variable that is being passed to a function

The altitude is the argument of the refraction.

(also astronomy) A quantity on which the calculation of another quantity depends.


south

en-verb

south (third-person singular simple present souths, present participle southing, simple past and past participle southed)

souths (present singular third-person)
southing (participle present)
southed (participle past)
southed (past)

From Middle English south, from Old English sūþ, from Proto-West Germanic *sunþr, from Proto-Germanic *sunþrą. Compare West Frisian súd, Dutch zuid, German Süd, Danish syd.

The moon souths at nine.

(astronomy) To come to the meridian; to cross the north and south line.


comet

→ Malay: komet

→ Urdu: کومٹ (komeṭ)

→ Welsh: comed

From Middle English comete, partly from Old English comēta and partly from Old French comete, both from Latin comētēs, from Ancient Greek κομήτης (komḗtēs, “longhaired”), short for ἀστὴρ κομήτης ([astēr] komētēs, "longhaired [star])" and referring to the tail of a comet, from κόμη (kómē, “hair”). Compare English faxed star.

der

And They made by the lifting of Their hands, each god according to his sign, the Bright One with the flaring tail to seek from the end of the Worlds to the end of them again, to return again after a hundred years. Man, when thou seest the comet, know that another seeketh besides thee nor ever findeth out.

1905, Lord Dunsany [i.e., Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany], The Gods of Pegāna, London: [Charles] Elkin Mathews, […], →OCLC:

small Solar System body
small Solar System body

(astronomy) A small Solar System body consisting mainly of volatile ice, dust and particles of rock whose very eccentric solar orbit periodically brings it close enough to the Sun that the ice vaporises to form an atmosphere, or coma, which may be blown by the solar wind to produce a visible tail.


equinox

en-noun

equinox (plural equinoxes or (rare) equinoctes)

equinoxes (plural)
equinoctes (plural rare)

PIE word
 *nókʷts
From Middle English equinox, equinoxe, equynox (“one of the two periods in the year when the day and night are of equal length, equinox; either the zodiac sign Aries or Libra, in which the sun crosses the celestial equator”), from Old French equinoce, equinoxe (modern French équinoxe), or from its etymon Medieval Latin ēquinoxium, ēquinoctium, from Latin aequinoctium (“equinox”), from aequus (“equal”) + nox (“night”) (ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (“night”)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). The Latin word, ultimately adopted in Middle English and modern English, displaced Old English efnniht (modern English evennight).
The rare alternative plural form equinoctes treats equinox as if it were a Latin word; the plural of Latin nox (“night”) is noctēs.

(astronomy) One of the two points in space where the apparent path of the Sun intersects with the equatorial plane of the Earth.

kilingan

one of the two points in space where the apparent path of the Sun intersects with the equatorial plane of the Earth

[T]hey [seals] are over all the American Coaſt of the South Seas, from Terra del Fuego, up to the Equinoctial Line: but to the North of the Equinox again, in theſe Sea, I never ſavv any, till as far as 21 North Lat[itude].

1697, William Dampier, chapter IV, in A New Voyage Round the World. […], London: […] James Knapton, […], →OCLC, page 90:

(astronomy) A celestial equator (“great circle on the celestial sphere, coincident with the plane of the Earth's equator (the equatorial plane)”); also, the Earth's equator.

celestial equator
celestial equator#English


Victoria

en-proper noun

Victoria (countable and uncountable, plural Victorias or Victoriae)

From Latin Victōria, from victōria (“victory”). Doublet of Vitória. The given name can also be analyzed as the male name Victor + -ia. The places were named in honour of Queen Victoria of Great Britain.

(astronomy) 12 Victoria An asteroid in Asteroid Belt, Solar System, a main belt asteroid.


SC

en-noun

SC (countable and uncountable, plural SCs)


CL

CL (countable and uncountable, plural CLs)


MC

MC (countable and uncountable, plural MCs or MC's)


ME

(astronomy) Earth mass: a unit of measurement, equal to the mass of planet Earth, which is 6×10²⁴ kg or 3×10⁻⁶ M_☉.


ISP

(astronomy) Initialism of interstellar polarization.


train

→ Irish: traein

→ Maltese: trejn

→ Scottish Gaelic: trèan

→ Welsh: trên

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔e̞ɪ̯n]

From Middle English trayne (“train”), from Old French train (“a delay, a drawing out”), from traïner (“to pull out, to draw”), from Vulgar Latin *traginō, from *tragō, from Latin trahō (“to pull, to draw”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”). The verb was derived from the noun in Middle English.

der

it ain't the whistle that pulls the train

it is not the whistle that pulls the train

it isn't the whistle that pulls the train

it's not the whistle that pulls the train

Finally, all men saw that astronomical knowledge lied not, and they awaited the comet. Its approach was not, at first, seemingly rapid; nor was its appearance of very unusual character. It was of a dull red, and had little perceptible train.

1839, Edgar Allan Poe, The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion:

It sometimes happens that the train is directed towards the sun, or makes a certain angle with the line joining the head and the sun; it was then called by the ancient astronomers the beard of the comet.

1877, Amédée Guillemin, James Glaisher, The World of Comets, page 200:

...the comet expands, its vapours are developed and escape in jets towards the radiant star; then we see them driven back on each side of the head and the caudal train commencing.

2014, Camille Flammarion, Popular Astronomy, →ISBN, page 515:

(astronomy) A transient trail of glowing ions behind a large meteor as it falls through the atmosphere or accompanying a comet as it nears the sun; tail.


galaxy

→ Swahili: galaksi

From Middle English galaxye, galaxie, from Old French galaxie, from Latin galaxias, from Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxías, “Milky Way”), shortening of γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kúklos, “milky circle”), from γάλα (gála, “milk”).

(astronomy) Any of the collections of many millions or billions of stars, galactic dust, black holes, etc. existing as independent and coherent systems, of which there are billions in the known universe.

yllplimje

collection of billions of stars, galactic dust, black holes, etc

དགུ་ཚིགས (dgu tshigs, literally “many links”)


festoon

(astronomy) A cloud on Jupiter that hangs out of its home belt or zone into an adjacent area forming a curved finger-like image or a complete loop back to its home belt or zone.


canal

→ Scottish Gaelic: canàl

Borrowed from Middle French canal, from Old French canal, from Latin canālis (“channel; canal”), from canālis (“canal”), from canna (“reed, cane”), from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na). Doublet of channel.

(astronomy) One of the faint, hazy markings resembling straight lines on early telescopic images of the surface of Mars; see Martian canals


zenith

From Middle English cenyth, from Medieval Latin cenit, from Arabic سَمْت (samt, “direction, path”), from the fuller form سَمْت اَلرَّأْس (samt ar-raʔs, “direction of the head”). The -ni- for -m- is sometimes thought to be due to a misreading of the three strokes, which is plausible, though it could be a mere phonetic approximation.

The 12 day wee had the wind high and large ſo that in two dayes ſaile we made the Sunne our Zenith or verticall point[…]

1638, Sir Thomas Herbert, Some years travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique:

In this 10th m. appeared that prodigious Comett the tayl whereof was like the blade of a double edged sword, and reached almost from the horizon to the zenith.

1671–1693: Rev. Thomas Jolly, private notebook; printed in: 1895, Henry Fishwick (editor), The Note Book of the Rev. Thomas Jolly: A.D. 1671–1693. Extracts from the Church Books of Altham and Wymondhouses, 1649–1725. And an Account of the Jolly Family of Standish, Gorton, and Altham, page 44

In the east a pillar of cloud reared from horizon to zenith, with a kind of arm outstretched like a threatening colossus.

1938, Xavier Herbert, chapter XI, in Capricornia, New York: D. Appleton-Century, published 1943, page 180:

(astronomy) The point in the sky vertically above a given position or observer; the point in the celestial sphere opposite the nadir.

سَمْت

astronomy: point vertically above a position or observer

[…] in the middle of the day, when the sun was in the zenith, the violence of the heat was too great to stir out […]

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC:

As far to the west as Monica could see, her world was a sea of fog, […]. Above it arched a cerulean sky; as the sun climbed to the zenith, […], the fog gradually took on a bluish tinge.

1920, Peter B. Kyne, chapter II, in The Understanding Heart:

(astronomy) The highest point in the sky reached by a celestial body.

զենիթ

astronomy: highest point reached by a celestial body


circle

Pitcairn-Norfolk: sirkil

From Middle English circle, cercle, from Old French cercle and Latin circulus, diminutive of Latin circus (“circle, circus”), from Ancient Greek κίρκος (kírkos, “circle, ring”), related to Old English hring (“ring”). Compare also Old English ċircul (“circle, zodiac”), which came from the same Latin source.

دَائِرَة

geometry: set of all points in a plane within a radius

(astronomy) An instrument of observation, whose graduated limb consists of an entire circle. When fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y's, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle.


ring

→ French: ring
→ Romanian: ring

→ Hungarian: ring

→ Italian: ring

→ Japanese: リング

→ Polish: ring

→ Serbo-Croatian: ring

→ Spanish: ring

→ Turkish: ring

From Middle English ryng, from Old English hring (“ring, circle”), from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Doublet of rank and rink, as well as indirectly range.
Cognates
* West Frisian ring
* Low German Ring
* Dutch ring
* German Ring
* Swedish ring
* Finnish rengas

(physical) A group of objects arranged in a circle.

(astronomy) A formation of various pieces of material orbiting around a planet or young star.

пръстен

astronomy: a formation of various pieces of material orbiting around a planet


anomaly

From Latin anomalia, from Ancient Greek ἀνωμαλία (anōmalía, “irregularity, anomaly”), from ἀνώμαλος (anṓmalos, “irregular, uneven”), negating the meaning of ὁμαλός (homalós, “even”), from ὁμός (homós, “same”).

uder

(astronomy) Any of various angular distances.

anomalia

astronomy: any of various angular distances


iron

en-noun

iron (countable and uncountable, plural irons)

From Middle English iren, from Old English īsern, īsærn, īren, īsen, from Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną (“iron”), from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom (“iron”), a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).

Irons and stony irons can be much larger than stony meteorites and are much more visually striking, but make up only a few percent of all meteorites.

(countable, astronomy, geology) A meteorite consisting primarily of metallic iron (mixed with a small amount of nickel), as opposed to one composed mainly of stony material.


altitude

altitude (countable and uncountable, plural altitudes)

From Middle English, borrowed from Latin altitūdō (“height”), from altus (“high”).

(astronomy) The angular distance of a heavenly body above our Earth's horizon.

hoogte

distance measured angularly of a heavenly body


ice

Bislama: aes

→ Brunei Malay: ais

→ Japanese: アイス (aisu)

→ Korean: 아이스 (aiseu)

→ Malay: ais

→ Marshallese: aej, aij

→ Sinhalese: අයිස් (ayis)

→ Tokelauan: aiha

From Middle English is, from Old English īs (“ice”), from Proto-West Germanic *īs, from Proto-Germanic *īsą (“ice”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH- (“ice, frost”).
Cognates
See also Saterland Frisian Íes, West Frisian iis, Dutch ijs, German Low German Ies, German Eis, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish is; also Lithuanian ýnis (“glazed frost”), Russian и́ней (ínej, “hoarfrost”), Ossetian их (ix), ех (ex, “ice”), Persian یخ (yax), Northern Kurdish qeş. Superseded non-native Middle English glace (“ice”), borrowed from Old French glace (“ice”).

der

(physics, astronomy) Any frozen volatile chemical, such as ammonia or carbon dioxide.

Above the core is the lower-density liquid mantle composed of ice materials under high pressure and temperature. This massive liquid layer would not be separated into layers of traditional ice compounds, but mixtures of radically different compounds originally consisting of water, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia […] Since the mass of the planet is dominated by the liquid mantle that itself consists of heated ices under pressure, both Uranus and Neptune are classified as giant ice planets.

2010 March 15, Lance K. Erickson, Space Flight: History, Technology, and Operations, Government Institutes, →ISBN, page 145:

Uranus and Neptune are […] usually classified separately as ice giants because they contain a much higher proportion of ice-forming substances such as water, ammonia, and methane. […] In the case of Uranus, the ice mantle must make up between 9.3 and 13.4 Earth masses worth of the total mass of the planet, which is 14.5 Earth masses. Similar proportions apply to Neptune. The commonly used term "ice mantle" is someone misleading, since the substance is actually a hot, slushy mixture that would be more aptly described as a water–ammonia ocean.

2010 December 2, Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, Principles of Planetary Climate, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 20:

Neptune has one major moon: Triton, which is comparable in size to the Jovian moon Europa and at an average density of 2.061 g/cm³ widely understood to be covered by several hundred km of frozen or liquid ice.

2022, Geophysical Exploration of the Solar System, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 45:

(astronomy) Any volatile chemical, such as water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide, not necessarily in solid form, when discussing the composition of e.g. a planet as an ice giant vs a gas giant.


apex

Borrowed from Latin apex (“point, tip, summit”).

The highest or the greatest part of something, especially forming a point.

(astronomy) The point on the celestial sphere toward which the Sun appears to move relative to nearby stars.

apeks

the point on the celestial sphere toward which the Sun appears to move relative to nearby stars


EMP

(astronomy) Abbreviation of extremely metal-poor


low

en-adv

low (comparative lower, superlative lowest)

lower (comparative)
lowest (superlative)

From Middle English lowe, lohe, lāh, from Old Norse lágr (“low”), from Proto-Germanic *lēgaz (“lying, flat, situated near the ground, low”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).
Cognate with Scots laich (“low”), Low German leeg (“low, feeble, bad”), Danish lav (“low”), Icelandic lágur (“low”), West Frisian leech (“low”), North Frisian leeg, liig (“low”), Dutch laag (“low”), obsolete German läg (“low”). More at lie.

der

The moon runs low, i.e. comparatively near the horizon when on or near the meridian.

(astronomy) In a path near the equator, so that the declination is small, or near the horizon, so that the altitude is small; said of the heavenly bodies with reference to the diurnal revolution.


metal

en-noun

metal (countable and uncountable, plural metals)

nonmetal

antonym(s) of “any of a number of chemical elements in the periodic table that form a metallic bond with other metal atoms”

From Middle English metal, a borrowing from Old French metal, from Latin metallum (“metal, mine, quarry, mineral”), itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon, “mine, quarry, metal”).

аметалл

atomic element or material made of such atoms

Most of the matter in stars is hydrogen and helium, and the metals (including carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and so on) were cooked up inside stars.

2003, Michael A. Seeds, Astronomy: The Solar System and Beyond, Thomson Brooks/Cole, →ISBN:

2008, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Geochemical Society, Oxygen in the solar system, Mineralogical Society of Amer →ISBN
Thus, for the remaining elements, including oxygen, the solid phase appears to be important. In fact, at a metallicity of Z=0.02, and with a gas-to-dust ratio of 100, about half of the metals — including oxygen — are contained in the solid phase.

Metals include oxygen and carbon which means that water and organic molecules would have been abundant in the early universe, perhaps paving the way for the emergence of life within a couple of billion years of the Big Bang.

2015, Alan Longstaff, Astrobiology: An Introduction, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 350:

(heading) Chemical elements or alloys, and the mines where their ores come from.

(astronomy) An element which was not directly created after the Big Bang but instead formed through nuclear reactions; any element other than hydrogen and helium.


tail

Sranan Tongo: tere

From Middle English tail, tayl, teil, from Old English tæġl (“tail”), from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, from Proto-Germanic *taglą (“hair, fiber; hair of a tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *doḱ- (“hair of the tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to tear, fray, shred”). Cognate with Scots tail (“tail”), Saterland Frisian Tail (“tail, end”), West Frisian teil (“tail”), Dutch teil (“tail, haulm, blade”), Low German Tagel (“twisted scourge, whip of thongs and ropes; end of a rope”), German Zagel (“tail”), dialectal Danish tavl (“hair of the tail”), Swedish tagel (“hair of the tail, horsehair”), Norwegian tagl (“tail”), Icelandic tagl (“tail, horsetail, ponytail”), Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl, “hair”). In some senses, apparently by a generalization of the usual opposition between head and tail.

hali

of cattle, in addition to reptiles, amphibians, and basically all animals that do not fall into the other categories; also used for inanimate objects and figuratively

have the world by the tail on a downhill pull

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

the cow knows not the worth of its tail till it loses it

trust someone as far as one could fling a bull by the tail

(astronomy) The visible stream of dust and gases blown from a comet by the solar wind.


dust

en-noun

dust (countable and uncountable, plural dusts)

→ Russian: дуст (dust)

From Middle English dust, doust, from Old English dūst (“dust, dried earth reduced to powder; other dry material reduced to powder”), from the fusion of Proto-Germanic *dustą (“dust”) and *dunstą (“mist, dust, evaporation”), both from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”).
Cognate with Scots dust, dist (“dust”), Dutch duist (“pollen, dust”) and dons (“down, fuzz”), German Dust (“dust”) and Dunst (“haze”), Swedish dust (“dust”), Icelandic dust (“dust”), Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”). Also related to Swedish dun (“down, fluff”), Icelandic dúnn (“down, fluff”). See down.

der

Astronomers have previously considered that dust produced by the star was obscuring it, causing the steep decline in brightness.

2020 June 29, Paun Rincon, “Betelgeuse: Nearby ‘supernova’ star’s dimming explained”, in BBC News:

(uncountable, astronomy) Submicron particles in outer space, largely silicates and carbon compounds, that contribute greatly to extinction at visible wavelengths.


orbit

en-noun

orbit (countable and uncountable, plural orbits)

Inherited from Middle English orbite, orbita, from Latin orbita (“course, track, impression, mark”).

គន្លង

kɔɔkŭənlɔɔng

The curved path of one object around a point or another body.

(astronomy) An elliptical movement of an object about a celestial object or Lagrange point, especially a periodic elliptical revolution.

The Moon's orbit around the Earth takes nearly one month to complete.

One complete circuit round an orbited body.


orbit

en-verb

orbit (third-person singular simple present orbits, present participle orbiting, simple past and past participle orbited)

orbits (present singular third-person)
orbiting (participle present)
orbited (participle past)
orbited (past)

The Earth orbits the Sun.

The satellite orbits the Lagrange point.

(astronomy) To circle or revolve around another object or position.

A rocket was used to orbit the satellite.

To place an object (e.g. a satellite) into an orbit around a planet.


Asia

en-proper noun

Asia (countable and uncountable, plural Asias)

From Middle English Asia, Asie, from Old French Asie and Latin Asia, from Ancient Greek Ᾰ̓σῐ́ᾱ (Ăsĭ́ā), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 (a-si-wi-ja /aswijaː/), in turn probably from Hittite 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa /Aššuwa/, “northwest Anatolia”) of uncertain origin. Potentially from an Aegean language family substrate or Akkadian. Possibly a doublet of Assuwa.

der

67 Asia
Asia
Asia (mythology)
United Nations Statistics Division

(astronomy) 67 Asia, a main belt asteroid.


b

galactic coordinate system
galactic coordinate system

(astronomy) latitude in the galactic coordinate system


mare

Borrowed from Latin mare (“sea”). Doublet of mar and mere.

(planetology) A large, dark plain, which may have the appearance of a sea, such as those on the Moon

Kraken Mare (a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Titan which is slightly larger than the Caspian Sea)

(planetology) On Saturn's moon Titan, any of several lakes which are large expanses of what is thought to be liquid hydrocarbons.


black hole

desc

→ Bengali: ব্ল্যাকহোল (blêkhol), ব্ল্যাক হোল (blêk hol)

→ Japanese: ブラックホール (burakku hōru)

→ Korean: 블랙홀 (beullaekhol)

en:Black Hole of Calcutta
en:Hong-Yee Chiu
en:John Archibald Wheeler
en:black hole (disambiguation)

In reference to celestial bodies, physicist Hong-Yee Chiu attributed the term to his colleague Robert H. Dicke, who stated around 1960–1961 that the objects were "like the Black Hole of Calcutta". The first known usage in print was by journalist Ann Ewing in 1964. Widespread popularization of the term is generally credited to a 1967 lecture by physicist John Wheeler.

Astronomers have captured the first image of a black hole, heralding a revolution in our understanding of the universe’s most enigmatic objects.

2019 April 10, Hannah Devlin, The Guardian:

(astronomy) A gravitationally domineering celestial body with an event horizon from which even light cannot escape; the most dense material in the universe, condensed into a singularity, usually formed by a collapsing massive star.


neutron star

(astronomy) A degenerate star that has been so collapsed by gravity that its electrons and protons have been merged into neutrons by the intense pressure. The solid mass of neutrons is sometimes called neutronium.


asteroid

asteroid
en:Asteroid (disambiguation)
en:William Herschel

From aster + -oid, lit. "star-like". Coined by William Herschel.

(astronomy) A naturally occurring solid object, which is smaller than a planet and a dwarf planet, larger than a meteoroid and not a comet, that orbits a star and often has an irregular shape.

asteroid

astronomy: a naturally occurring solid object, which is smaller than a planet and is not a comet, that orbits a star

The orbital planes of asteroids, minor bodies that circle the Sun mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, are often more tilted ...

2007, Hannu Karttunen et al., editors, Fundamental Astronomy, 5th edition, page 131:

(astronomy) In the Solar system, such a body that orbits within the orbit of Jupiter


nadir

From Medieval Latin nadir, from Arabic نَظِير السَّمْت (naẓīr as-samt), composed of نَظِير (naẓīr, “counterpart, corresponding to”) and السَّمْت (as-samt, “the zenith”).

der

نَظِير السَّمْت

The nadir of the sun is the axis of the shadow projected by the Earth.

(astronomy) The axis of a projected conical shadow; the direction of the force of gravity at a location; down.


maser

From MASER, acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation..

acronym of

w:microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-maser.wav

(astronomy) Any celestial object that generates microwaves using the same method


AGB

en-noun

AGB (countable and uncountable, plural AGBs)

asymptotic giant branch
asymptotic giant branch#English

Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram#English

(astronomy) Initialism of asymptotic giant branch.; A classification of stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

asymptotic giant branch

(astronomy) Ellipsis of AGB star.: A star in this classification.


group

→ Gulf Arabic: قروب (grūp)

→ Japanese: グループ (gurūpu)

→ Korean: 그룹 (geurup)

→ Tongan: kulupu

From French groupe (“cluster, group”), from Italian gruppo, groppo (“a knot, heap, group, bag (of money)”), from Vulgar Latin *cruppo, Renaissance Latin grupus, from Frankish *krupp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“lump, round mass, body, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to crumple, bend, crawl”). In the sense of group theory coined (in French, as groupe) by Évariste Galois.
Cognate with German Kropf (“crop, craw, bunch”); Old English cropp, croppa (“cluster, bunch, sprout, flower, berry, ear of corn, crop”) (whence English crop); Dutch krop (“craw”), Icelandic kroppr (“hump, bunch”). Doublet of crop and croup.

der

(astronomy) A small number (up to about fifty) of galaxies that are near each other.


APL

(computer language): From the book A Programming Language (1962).

(astronomy, NASA, physics) Initialism of Applied Physics Laboratory (a Johns Hopkins University laboratory)


sea

Inherited from Middle English see, from Old English sǣ, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwi (“body of water”), from Proto-Germanic *saiwiz, itself either:
* Derived from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey-wo- (“to be fierce, afflict”). Related to Latin saevus (“wild, fierce”), Tocharian B saiwe (“itch”), and Latvian sievs, sīvs (“sharp, biting”). More at sore.
* Derived from Proto-Germanic *sīhwaną (“to percolate, filter”), from Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ-.
Cognate with Danish sø, Dutch zee, German See, Norwegian Bokmål sjø, Swedish sjö, and West Frisian see.

der+

The Apollo 11 mission landed in the Sea of Tranquility.

(planetology) A large, dark plain of rock; a mare.

(planetology) A very large lake of liquid hydrocarbon.


SETI

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence, or SETI, constitutes major research projects at radio telescopes the world over, and it is championed by the non-profit institute that shares its name.

2019 March, John Wenz, “SETI's Secret Origin Story”, in Discover, volume 40, number 2, page 68:

w:search for extraterrestrial intelligence

(astronomy) Acronym of search for extraterrestrial intelligence.


void

From Middle English voide, voyde, from Old French vuit, voide, vuide (modern vide), in turn from Vulgar Latin *vocitum, ultimately from Latin vacuus.

üreg

fluid mechanics: a pocket of vapour inside a fluid flow, created by cavitation

(astronomy) An extended region of space containing no galaxies.

tyhjiö

astronomy: an extended region of space containing no galaxies


syzygy

en-noun

syzygy (countable and uncountable, plural syzygies)

From Late Latin sȳzygia (“conjunction”), from Ancient Greek συζυγία (suzugía, “union, yoke, pair”). This word was recognized as English in 1847 (in its astronomical meaning).

der

The duration of an eclipse depends on the relative positions of the sun, moon, and earth in their syzygy.

2004, Phyllis M. Lugger, William Liller, Asteroids to Quasars: A Symposium Honoring William Liller, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 67:

(astronomy, astrology) An alignment of three celestial bodies (for example, the Sun, Earth, and Moon) such that one body is directly between the other two, such as occurs at an eclipse.


eclipse

en-noun

eclipse (countable and uncountable, plural eclipses)

From Old French eclipse, from Latin eclīpsis, from Ancient Greek ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis, “eclipse”), from ἐκλείπω (ekleípō, “I abandon, go missing, vanish”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) and λείπω (leípō, “I leave behind”). Doublet of eclipsis.

der

(astronomy) An alignment of astronomical objects whereby one object comes between the observer (or notional observer) and another object, thus obscuring the latter.


alpha

From the Ancient Greek ἄλφα (álpha), the first letter of the Greek alphabet, from the Phoenician 𐤀 (ʾ, “aleph”). Doublet of alif and aleph.

When interstellar travel becomes feasible, I plan to visit Alpha Centauri.

(astronomy) Designates some bright star, usually the brightest star, of a constellation.


star system

(astronomy) A group of stars (and possibly smaller bodies such as planets or asteroids) that orbit one another.


delta

From Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta), borrowed from a Phoenician word for "door", ultimately from Proto-Semitic *dalt-. Doublet of dalet.
* (river): from the triangular shape of the majuscule Greek letter delta Δ
* (USSF): from the delta wing, symbol of the USSF, a triangular wing, shaped like the majuscule Greek letter delta Δ

(astronomy) a star that is usually the fourth brightest of a constellation.


lunar

From Middle English lunar (“shaped like the crescent moon”), from Latin lūnāris (“of or pertaining to the moon, lunar”) (possibly through Middle French lunaire (modern French lunaire (“lunar”)), from lūna (“the Moon; crescent shape”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright; to shine”)) + -is (suffix forming adjectives).

der

Several initial experimental firings of the various stages of Saturn V into earth orbit will precede the planned lunar flight. The astronauts will practice rendezvous techniques in the earth's orbit. [...] Before they reach the moon the astronauts will have another difficult maneuver to perform—turning their command module around so that its nose is attached to the top of the lunar excursion module. Two of the crew members will transfer from the command module to the lunar excursion module.

1963, L. L. Waite, “How We will Get to the Moon: Excerpt from a Speech by L. L. Waite, Senior Vice President, North American Aviation, Inc., before the Electronic Analysts of Boston”, in Skyline, volume 21, number 2, Pittsburgh, Pa.: North American Aviation, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 20:

(astronomy) Of or pertaining to travel through space between the Earth and the Moon, or exploration and scientific investigation of the Moon.

kuu-

of or pertaining to travel though space between the Earth and the Moon, or exploration and scientific investigation of the Moon


sphere

From Middle English spere, from Old French sphere, from Late Latin sphēra, earlier Latin sphaera (“ball, globe, celestial sphere”), from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “ball, globe”), of unknown origin. Not related to superficially similar Persian سپهر (sepehr, “sky”) .

uder

Though cold and darkness longer hang somewhere, / Yet Phoebus equally lights all the Sphere.

Resistless rolls the illimitable sphere, / And one great circle forms the unmeasured year.

1791, Erasmus Darwin, The Economy of Vegetation, J. Johnson, page 190:

(astronomy, now rare) The celestial sphere: the edge of the heavens, imagined as a hollow globe within which celestial bodies appear to be embedded.

ſooner ſhall the Sun fall from his Spheare,
Than Tamburlaine be ſlaine or ouercome.

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:

It is more simplicitie to teach our children[…][t]he knowledge of the starres, and the motion of the eighth spheare, before their owne.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, translated by John Florio, The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC, page 153:

They understood not the motion of the eighth sphear from West to East, and so conceived the longitude of the Stars invariable.

1646, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, I.6:

music of the spheres
music of the spheres

(historical, astronomy, mythology) Any of the concentric hollow transparent globes formerly believed to rotate around the Earth, and which carried the heavenly bodies; there were originally believed to be eight, and later nine and ten; friction between them was thought to cause a harmonious sound (the music of the spheres).

sferoj

historical, astronomy, mythology: any of the concentric globes formerly believed to rotate around the Earth


CC

en-noun

CC (countable and uncountable, plural CCs)

cosmological constant
cosmological constant#English

(cosmology) Initialism of cosmological constant.


almanac

From Middle English almenak, from Old French almanach, from Medieval Latin almanachus, from Andalusian Arabic الْمَنَاخ (al-manāḵ, “almanac, calendar”), from Arabic الْمُنَاخ (al-munāḵ, “climate”).

der

(astronomy, navigation) A book or table listing nautical, astronomical, astrological or other events for the year; sometimes, but not essentially, containing historical and statistical information.

almanak

book or table listing astronomical, nautical or other events for the year


Sm

(astronomy) irregular galaxy with spiral characteristics


Nike

From Ancient Greek Νίκη (Níkē), from νίκη (níkē, “victory”).

(astronomy) 307 Nike, a main belt asteroid.


Vulcan

From Latin Vulcānus, probably from Etruscan although very unclear, but unknown meaning and further origin (see more in Latin entry). Doublet of bolcane and volcano.

(astronomy, historical) A hypothetical planet proposed in the 19th century to exist in an orbit between Mercury and the Sun. Coined by Jacques Bobinet


fireball

/ˈfaɪəɹˌbɔl/

Chelyabinsk meteor
Nevada Test Site
Operation Upshot–Knothole

The noun is derived from fire (noun) + ball (noun). The adjective and verb are derived from the noun.

tulipallo

bag or ball filled with combustible material; (heraldry) charge depicting a disc-shaped bombshell

[page 1] There ſeem to be three concentric ſtrata of our incumbent atmoſphere; in vvhich, or betvveen them, are produced four kinds of meteors; lightning, ſhooting ſtars, fire-balls, and northern lights. […] [page 2] Dr. [Charles] Blagden has related the hiſtory of another large meteor, or fire-ball, vvhich vvas ſeen the 18th of Auguſt, 1783, vvith many ingenious obſervations and conjectures.

1791, [Erasmus Darwin], The Botanic Garden; a Poem, in Two Parts. […], London: J[oseph] Johnson, […], →OCLC, part I (The Economy of Vegetation), pages 1–2:

In December 1997, a fireball passed eastward before dawn over the southwestern corner of Greenland, and then blew up into at least four fragments. Just five days later, according to reports from Colombia, three fireballs struck Bogotá, one of them causing the death of four children by setting their home ablaze.

2003, Trevor Palmer, “Catastrophes on Earth”, in Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism through the Ages, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section C (From 1980 to the Present Day: Catastrophism Strikes Back), page 201:

Ninety-four years after the Tunguska fireball. […] A US Air Force spots an object as it enters the atmosphere, but loses track of it as it falls below 30 kilometres. Moments later a second satellite records a fireball exploding in the clouded sky.

2005, Surendra Verma, “A Fireball in the Dinosaurs’ Sky”, in The Mystery of the Tunguska Fireball, Thriplow, Cambridgeshire: Icon Books, published 2006, →ISBN, page 234:

(astronomy) A meteor bright enough to cast shadows; a bolide.


kiss

From Middle English kis, kys, kus, forms of cos influenced by kissen, from Old English coss, from Proto-West Germanic *koss, from Proto-Germanic *kussaz.

(astronomy) The alignment of two bodies in the solar system such that they have the same longitude when seen from Earth; conjunction.


minimum

Learned borrowing from Latin minimum, neuter form of minimus (“least, smallest”).

The Maunder minimum of the Sun reportedly corresponded to a period of great cold on Earth.

(astronomy) A period of minimum brightness or energy intensity (of a star).


mercurial

en-adj

mercurial (comparative more mercurial, superlative most mercurial)

more mercurial (comparative)
most mercurial (superlative)

/məːˈkjʊə.ɹɪ.əl/

Noun sense 1 (“(obsolete) plant known as mercury”) is from Middle English mercurial, from Anglo-Norman mercurial and Old French mercurial, or directly from their etymon, from Mercurius (“the Roman god Mercury”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship from nouns).
Later adjective and noun uses may have been directly derived from Latin mercuriālis, whence Middle English mercurial (“under the astrological influence of the planet Mercury”).

ref

From the collection of the Wellcome Library in London, England, UK.

cog

(not comparable, astronomy) Pertaining to the planet Mercury.


Saturnian

en-adj

Saturnian (comparative more Saturnian, superlative most Saturnian)

more Saturnian (comparative)
most Saturnian (superlative)

(astronomy) Related to the planet Saturn.


MEP

Mars Exploration Program
w:Mars Exploration Program

(astronomy, NASA, US) Initialism of Mars Exploration Program.


belt

→ Afrikaans: belt

→ Assamese: বেল্ট (belto)

→ Bengali: বেল্ট (belṭo)

→ Dutch: belt

→ Hindi: बेल्ट (belṭ)

→ Irish: beilt

→ Japanese: ベルト (beruto)

→ Odia: ବେଲ୍ଟ୍ (belṭ)

→ Urdu: بیلٹ (belṭ)

→ Welsh: belt

From Middle English belt, from Old English belt (“belt, girdle”), from Proto-West Germanic *baltī̆, from Proto-Germanic *baltijaz (“girdle, belt”), from Latin balteus (“belt, sword-belt”), of Etruscan origin. Cognate with Scots belt (“belt”), Dutch belt, German Balz (“belt”), Danish bælte (“belt”), Swedish bälte (“belt, cincture, girdle, zone”) and Icelandic belti (“belt”).

cog

(astronomy) A collection of small bodies (such as asteroids) which orbit a star.

(astronomy) One of certain girdles or zones on the surface of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, supposed to be of the nature of clouds.


Virginia

en-proper noun

Virginia (countable and uncountable, plural Virginias)

→ Creek: wvcenv

50 Virginia
Elizabeth I
Virginia
Virginia (disambiguation)

From Latin Virginia, feminine form of Virginius or Verginius, a Roman family name, possibly identical with Vergilius. The state/colony was named for Elizabeth I as the Virgin Queen, equivalent to virgin + -ia.

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands

(astronomy) 50 Virginia, a main belt asteroid.


tau

Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony
Trần Thanh Vân

From Middle English tau, taue, from Latin tau, from Ancient Greek ταῦ (taû) and Hebrew תָּו (tav).
Sense 6 (“mathematical constant equal to 2π”) was used by Joseph M. Lindenberg in 1991, and popularized by the American educator and entrepreneur Michael Hartl in a 2010 paper which explains that τ resembles π; and that τ is the Greek equivalent of t, the first letter of turn, and 2π corresponds to one turn of a circle with a radius of one unit.
Sense 8.1 (“short for tau lepton or tau particle”) was coined by the American physicist Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) after the first letter of Ancient Greek τρίτον (tríton, “third”), since the tau lepton or tauon was the third charged lepton discovered.

sequence box

Ancient Greek Alphabet

<big>Τ τ </big>
Ancient Greek: ταῦ

croix en tau

Saint Anthony’s cross — see also Saint Anthony's cross

(astronomy) Chiefly written τ: used to designate the nineteenth star (usually according to brightness) in a constellation.


element

From Middle English element, from Old French element, from Latin elementum (“a first principle, element, rudiment”) (see further etymology there).
The verb is from Middle English elementen, from the noun.

element

simplest or essential part or principle of anything

(astronomy) An orbital element; one of the parameters needed to uniquely specify a particular orbit.


limb

the solar limb

At 4h 57m 9s by my chronometer, (see Schedule B,) I observed with my telescope a small black speck on the preceding limb of the sun's disk, at the precise point to which I had been for some minutes directing my attention.

1870, United States Naval Observatory, Reports on Observations of the Total Eclipse of the Sun, August, 7, 1869, page 174:

Chandrasekhar (1946a, b) predicted that the limb of a star will be polarized, because photons scattered at the limb and toward the observer experience a scattering angle of Θ ≈ 90°.

2015, Ludmilla Kolokolova, James Hough, Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, Polarimetry of Stars and Planetary Systems, page 449:

(astronomy) The apparent visual edge of a celestial body.


glitch

en-noun

glitch (countable and uncountable, plural glitches)

Probably from Yiddish גליטש (glitsh), from German glitschig (“slippy”), from glitschen (“to slide, glide, slip”) + -ig (“-y”). Related to gleiten (“glide”). Cognate with French glisser (“to slip, slide, skid”).
Popularized in the 1960s, by the US space program. Attested in 1962 by American astronaut John Glenn, in reference to spikes in electrical current.

(astronomy, countable) A sudden increase in the rotational frequency of a pulsar.


occult

en-verb

occult (third-person singular simple present occults, present participle occulting, simple past and past participle occulted)

occults (present singular third-person)
occulting (participle present)
occulted (participle past)
occulted (past)

Borrowed from Latin occultus (“hidden, secret”).

The Earth occults the Moon during a lunar eclipse.

(transitive, astronomy) To cover or hide from view.


arc

→ Irish: arc

→ Maltese: ark

→ Welsh: arc

Inherited from Middle English ark, from Old French arc, from Latin arcus (“a bow, arc, arch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷos (“bow, arrow”). Doublet of arch, arco, and arrow.

der

(astronomy) That part of a circle which a heavenly body appears to pass through as it moves above and below the horizon.


penumbra

en-noun

penumbra (plural penumbras or penumbrae or (obsolete) penumbræ)

penumbras (plural)
penumbrae (plural)
penumbræ (obsolete plural)

From New Latin pēnumbra, from Latin paene (“almost”) + umbra (“shadow”).

(astronomy) A region around the edge of a sunspot, darker than the sun's surface but lighter than the middle of the sunspot.


sunspot

(astronomy) A region on the sun's surface with a lower temperature than its surroundings and intense magnetic activity.


extragalactic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-extragalactic.wav

Extragalactic astronomy is the study of things outside the Milky Way.

(astronomy) Originating outside of the Milky Way galaxy.

Coordinate term: intergalactic

(astronomy) Originating outside of any galaxy.


system

system (countable and uncountable, plural systems)

→ Japanese: システム (shisutemu)

Partly borrowed from Middle French sisteme, systeme, partly directly from its etymon Late Latin systēma (“harmony; musical scale; set of celestial objects; set of troops; system”), from Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠνίστημῐ (sŭnístēmĭ, “to combine, organize”) + -μᾰ (-mă, resultative suffix). σῠνίστημῐ is from σῠν- (sŭn-, “with, together”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).
Cognate with Dutch systeem, modern French système, German System, Italian sistema, Portuguese sistema, Spanish sistema. Doublet of systema.

sisteem

There are eight planets in the solar system.

Yukawa is a small rock planet with a thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide. After a labor dispute with companies shipping metallic asteroids to the nearby Arcturus system, Yukawa's iron core and blanket of hematite were briefly mined to aid in the construction of Arcturus Station.

2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Yukawa, Euler system:

A group or set of related things that operate together as a complex whole.

(astronomy) A system in which two or more objects are bound to each other by gravity.


nebula

en-noun

nebula (plural nebulae or nebulas or (obsolete) nebulæ)

nebulae (plural)
nebulas (plural)
nebulæ (obsolete plural)

Borrowed from Latin nebula (“little cloud, mist”). Akin to Ancient Greek νεφέλη (nephélē, “cloud”), German Nebel (“mist, nebula”), Old Norse nifl, Polish niebo (“sky, heaven”), Russian не́бо (nébo, “sky”).

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(astronomy) A cloud in outer space consisting of gas or dust (e.g. a cloud formed after a star explodes).


crust

crust (countable and uncountable, plural crusts)

From Middle English cruste, from Anglo-Norman and Old French cruste, from Latin crusta (“hard outer covering”), from Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”), related to Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”), Old English hruse (“earth”), Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”), Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, “thicken, make hard”).

cog

(astronomy, by extension) The outermost layer of any terrestrial planet.


Venus

From Middle English Venus, from Latin Venus.

Venus rises on the 1st day 1/4 to 5 a.m., and 4h. 25m. a.m. on the last day. … She is now beginning to move northward. …

The Illustrated London Almanack 1867, London, page 45

The robot craft, the fifth from the Soviet Union to land on Venus, is a module detached from Venera 13. It plunged through the dense, baking-hot carbon dioxide atmosphere and touched down in the foothills of a mountainous region known as Phoebe, just south of the Venusian equator and also below the active volcanic region of Beta. An identical lander, from Venera 14, is expected to reach Venus Friday and probably put down on the plains east of the Phoebe landing site.

1982 March 2, John Noble Wilford, “FIFTH SOVIET CRAFT LANDS ON VENUS AND IS FIRST TO SAMPLE PLANET'S SOIL”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, Science:

(astronomy) The second planet in the Solar system, named for the goddess; represented in astronomy and astrology by ♀.


envelope

PIE word
 *h₁én
From French enveloppe. The engineering sense is derived from flight envelope. The verb is from the noun.

(astronomy) The nebulous covering of the head or nucleus of a comet; a coma.


libido

en-noun

libido (countable and uncountable, plural libidos)

→ Mandarin: 力比多 (lìbǐduō)

→ Irish: libídeo

→ Japanese: リビドー (ribidō)

→ Korean: 리비도 (ribido)

Learned borrowing from Latin libīdō (“lust, desire”). Used originally in psychoanalytic contexts.

lbor

(astronomy, archaic or misused, an occasional carry-over from astrology to astronomy) Synonym of albedo in terms of a planet's, such as that of Mars, average surface spectral reflectivity.

archaic or misused; an occasional carry-over from astrology to astronomy; archaic or misused; an occasional carry-over from astrology to astronomy


INS

(astronomy) Initialism of isolated neutron star.


direct

en-adj

direct (comparative more direct, superlative most direct)

more direct (comparative)
most direct (superlative)

/daɪ̯əˈɹɛkt/

Borrowed from Latin dīrectus, perfect passive participle of dīrigō (“straighten, direct”), from dis- (“asunder, in pieces, apart, in two”) + regō (“make straight, rule”). Compare dress. Doublet of derecho.
For the meaning development compare with Russian напра́вить (naprávitʹ, “to direct, to turn, to aim, to level, to point”), отпра́вить (otprávitʹ, “to send, to dispatch, to forward”) connected with пра́вить (právitʹ, “to govern, to rule, to drive, to steer”).

m+

(astronomy) In the direction of the general planetary motion, or from west to east; in the order of the signs; not retrograde; said of the motion of a celestial body.


dragon

→ Fijian: drekoni

→ Japanese: ドラゴン (doragon)

desc

→ Korean: 드래곤 (deuraegon), 드래건 (deuraegeon)

→ Marathi: ड्रॅगन (ḍrĕgan)

→ Marshallese: tūrāikōn

→ Niuean: tarākoni

→ Swahili: dragoni

→ Tamil: டிராகன் (ṭirākaṉ)

→ Yoruba: dírágónì

From Middle English dragoun, borrowed from Old French dragon, from Latin dracō(n), from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn, “a serpent of huge size, a python, a dragon”), probably from δέρκομαι (dérkomai, “I see clearly”). Displaced native Old English draca—a doublet of dragon, as are Draco, dracone, and dragoon.

taniwha

Maori mythological creature similar to a dragon

My father compounded with my mother vnder the Dragons taile, and my nativity was vnder Vrsa Maior.

c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

(astronomy, with definite article, often capitalized) The constellation Draco.


centaur

From Latin centaurus, from Ancient Greek κένταυρος (kéntauros), from Κένταυρος (Kéntauros, “a member of a savage race from Thessaly”).

(astronomy, also capitalized) An icy planetoid that orbits the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune.


Capricornus

/ˌkæpɹɪˈkɔːnəs/

/ˌkæpɹɪˈkɔːɹnəs/

From Middle English, borrowed from Latin Capricornus, from capra (“goat”) and cornū (“horn”).

(astronomy) a constellation of the zodiac supposedly shaped like a goat


opposition

/ˌɒp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/

/ˌɑ.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

From Middle English opposicioun, from Old French oposicion (whence French opposition), from Late Latin oppositiō, translating Ancient Greek ἀντίθεσις (antíthesis), from the past participle stem of classical Latin oppōnō (“I set against”).

(astronomy) The apparent relative position of two celestial bodies when one is at an angle of 180 degrees from the other as seen from the Earth.


Saturn

From Old English Sætern, from Latin Sāturnus, probably from Etruscan 𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄 (satre), plausibly influenced by Latin satus, past participle of serere (“to sow”).

(astronomy) The sixth planet of the solar system, known for its large rings, and until recent times the furthest known; represented in astronomy and astrology by ♄.


pea

From having the appearance of a pea (see English etymology 1), the edible seed of Pisum sativum, the pea plant.

green pea galaxy
green pea galaxy#English

(astronomy) Ellipsis of green pea galaxy.


ATM

en-noun

ATM (countable and uncountable, plural ATMs)

(astronomy) Initialism of amateur telescope maker.


geography

geography (countable and uncountable, plural geographies)

⇒ Malay: geografi

/dʒiˈɒɡɹəfi/

/d͡ʒiˈɑɡɹəfi/

From Middle French géographie, from Latin geōgraphia, from Ancient Greek γεωγραφία (geōgraphía, “a description of the earth”), from γῆ (gê, “earth”) + γράφω (gráphō, “write”).
Use in reference to lavatories derives from the mid-20th century euphemism "show one the geography of the house" in reference to pointing out the toilets.

uder

(astronomy) Similar books, studies, or regions concerning other planets.


selenology

en-noun

selenology (usually uncountable, plural selenologies)

/sɛliːˈnɒləd͡ʒɪ/

From selen- (“moon”) + -o- + -logy (“study”).

selenologjí

the study of the moon and several satellites

(astronomy) The scientific study of the Moon.

(chiefly) The scientific study of the Moon’s movements in the heavens and the kinetic influences it has upon and it receives from other astronomical bodies.

(occasionally) The scientific study of the formation and composition of the Moon’s crust.


Kuiper belt

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Kuiper belt.wav

Named after the astronomer Gerard Kuiper (1905-1973); and belt.

trans-Neptunian object
trans-Neptunian object

(astronomy) A region of space between 30 and 50 astronomical units from the Sun, roughly confined within a thick band around the ecliptic of the Solar System. This area is populated by many thousands of trans-Neptunian objects.


Kuiper belt

(astronomy) A type of asteroid belt, expected to exist in the outer regions of planetary systems, that forms an annular belt or disc around the system's center, lies beyond the region of major-planet formation, and at its outer extent may reach the inner region of an Oort cloud.


gnome

From French gnome (“gnome”), from New Latin gnomus, used by Paracelsus as a synonym for pygmaeus (“pygmy”).

(astronomy, meteorology) An upper atmospheric optical phenomenon associated with thunderstorms, a compact blue starter.


variable

Borrowed into Middle English in the 14th century from Old French variable, from Latin variare (“to change”), from varius (“different, various”). Equates to English vary + -able.


Aquarius

/əˈkwɛə.ɹɪ.əs/

Borrowed from Latin aquārius (“water carrier”), from aqua (“water”) + -arius. See also aquarium.

(astronomy) A constellation of the zodiac, supposedly shaped like a water carrier.


Scorpio

/ˈskɔːɹpɪoʊ/

From Latin scorpiō (“scorpion”). Doublet of scorpion.


aperture

/ˈæp.ɚˌt͡ʃʊɹ/

/ˈæp.ɚ.t͡ʃɚ/

/ˈæp.ɚˌtjʊɹ/

-æpə(ɹ)tʃʊə(ɹ)

From late Middle English, from Latin apertūra (“an opening”), from aperiō (“to uncover, make or lay bare”) + -tūra (“-ure”, action noun suffix). Doublet of overture.

stralingsvlak

hole restricting the diameter of the lightpath through one plane

апертура

refers to the opening itself, not to the device

This telescope has a 100 cm aperture.

(optics) A hole which restricts the diameter of the lightpath through one plane in an optical system.

(astronomy, photography) The diameter of such a hole which restricts the width of the lightpath through the whole system. For a telescope, this is the diameter of the objective lens.


IC

(astronomy) Initialism of Index Catalogue (part of the NGC survey of J.L.E. Dreyer’s update to the Herschel General Catalogue).


binary

en-noun

binary (countable and uncountable, plural binaries)

From Late Latin bīnārius (“consisting of two”), from Latin bīnī (“two-by-two, pair”). By surface analysis, bin- + -ary.

der

As discussed in Section 5.1, the study of the properties of planets in binaries and the search for differences between the characteristics of these objects and those of planets orbiting single stars, is crucial to the understanding of the role of binarity in planet formation and evolution.

2010, Nader Haghighipour, editor, Planets in Binary Star Systems, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 109:


apparition

/ˌæp.əɹˈɪʃn̩/

/ˌæp.ɚˈɪʃ.n̩/

/ˌæp.ɚˈɪ.ʃən/

From Middle French apparition, from Latin apparitio, from appareo.

(astronomy) The first appearance of a star or other luminary after having been invisible or obscured; opposed to occultation.

видимост

astronomy: the first appearance of a luminary after having been invisible or obscured

(astronomy) A period of consecutive days or nights when a particular celestial body may be observed, beginning with the heliacal rising of the body and ending with its heliacal setting.


coma

Borrowed from Latin coma (“hair of the head”), from Ancient Greek κόμη (kómē, “hair”).

(astronomy) A cloud of dust surrounding the nucleus of a comet.


constellation

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Middle English constellacioun, constillacioun (“(astrology) position of the moon or a planet in relation to the ascendant sign of the zodiac; horoscope; (astronomy) formation of fixed stars, constellation; (astronomy) elevation or position of the sun”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French constellation (modern French constellation), or directly from its etymon Late Latin cōnstēllātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnstēllātiō (“collection of stars supposed to exert an influence upon human affairs, constellation”), from Latin con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of several objects) + stēlla (“star; meteor; planet”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”)) + -ātiō (suffix forming nouns).

nb...

constelacioun, constellacion, constellacyon, constellacyoun, constillacion, constillacione, constillacioune, constillatioun, constollacion, constolacioun

sterrebeeld

arbitrary formation of stars perceived as a figure or pattern, or a division of the sky including it

rykelmä

configuration or grouping of related things

Behold, the day of the Lord commeth, cruell both with wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land deſolate; and he ſhall deſtroy the ſinners thereof out of it. For the ſtarres of heauen, and the conſtellations thereof ſhall not giue their light: the ſunne ſhalbe darkened in his going forth, and the moone ſhall not cauſe her light to ſhine.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 13:9–10, column 2:

Up, up, faire Bride, and call, / Thy ſtarres, from out their ſeverall boxes, take / Thy Rubies, Pearles, and Diamonds forth, and make / Thy ſelfe a conſtellation, of them All.

a. 1631 (date written), J[ohn] Donne, “An Epithalamion, or Mariage Song on the Lady Elizabeth, and Count Palatine being Married on St. Valentines Day”, in Poems, […] with Elegies on the Authors Death, London: […] M[iles] F[lesher] for Iohn Marriot, […], published 1633, →OCLC, stanza III, page 119:

Next the cold Bears, (the Cauſe t' himſelf beſt knovvn) / Shines forth a kneeling Conſtellation. / Behind vvhoſe Back Arctophylax appears, / The ſame Boötes call'd, becauſe yoak'd Steers / He ſeeming drives; vvho through the rapid Skies / (Bearing Arcturus in his Boſome) hies.

1675, Marcus Manilius, translated by Edward Sherburne, The Sphere of Marcus Manilius Made an English Poem: […], London: […] Nathanael Brooke, […], →OCLC, page 25:

Harpa Georgii, or the Harp of George, is a new constellation introduced on the maps by one of the German astronomers, in honour of the late king of England, George III.

1824, “Illustrations of the Tenth Plate. Taurus.—Orion.—Gemini.—Canis Minor.—Harpa Georgii.”, in Astronomical Recreations; or Sketches of the Relative Position and Mythological History of the Constellations, Philadelphia, Pa.: Anthony Finley, […], →OCLC, page 73:

Who can doubt that poetry will revive and lead in a new age, as the star in the constellation Harp, which now flames in our zenith, astronomers announce, shall one day be the pole-star for a thousand years?

1837 August 31, Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar. An Oration Delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, at Cambridge, August 31, 1837.”, in J[ames] E[lliot] Cabot, editor, Nature, Addresses, and Lectures (Emerson’s Complete Works; I), Riverside edition, London: The Waverley Book Company, published 1883, →OCLC, page 84:

Located 11,000 light-years away in the northern constellation Cassiopeia, Cas A is the remnant of a once massive star that died in a violent explosion 325 years ago.

2005 June 9, Francis Reddy, “Spitzer Finds Supernova’s Echo”, in Astronomy, Waukesha, Wis.: Kalmbach Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-06, image caption:

There was a time when the soft glow of barn lights dotted Wisconsin’s rural landscape like stars in a constellation, connecting families who labored into the night milking cows, feeding calves and finishing chores.

2019 February 21, Rick Barrett, “Dairy farmers are in crisis—and it could change Wisconsin forever”, in USA Today, McLean, Va.: Gannett Co., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-10:

(astronomy) An arbitrary formation of stars perceived as a figure (especially one from mythology) or pattern, or a division of the sky including it, especially one officially recognized by astronomers; an asterism.

(modern astronomy) Any of the 88 regions of the sky officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union, including all stars and celestial bodies in the region.

sterrebeeld

any of the 88 regions of the sky officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union


astronomical unit

en-noun

astronomical unit (plural astronomical units)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-astronomical unit.wav

Now this big quarter of a Jupiter mass planet is in an orbit about Zeta 2 Reticuli which lasts 18.9 days and has a Semi-Major Axis of 0.14 Astronomical Unit (AU). For comparison Mercury has a Semi-Major Axis of 0.387 AU equal to 36 million miles and Earth has a Semi-Major Axis of 1.00 AU equal to 92.9 million miles. Now if we assume that this newly discovered planet, which we will name Reticulum 1 in accordance with Bob Lazar’s convention, is the closest one to Zeta 2 Reticuli (it’s hard to imagine a closer one), then following Bode’s Law (the law which states each planet is about twice the distance from it’s sun as its inner neighbor) Reticulum 2 should be at 0.28 AU, Reticulum 3 should be at 0.56 AU and, INTERESTINGLY, Reticulum 4 would be at 1.12 AU in between the Earth’s 1.00 AU and Mars’s 1.52 AU, well within the “life-zone” of a G class star!

2000 April 10, Joe LeSearne, “Zeta 2 Reticuli : Home System Of The Greys?”, in http://www.gravitywarpdrive.com/, retrieved 2012-08-05:

Gagarin Station is the largest deep space station built by humanity, a "Bernal Sphere" designed with a 500-meter-diameter habitable area. It was constructed beyond Pluto, nearly 80 Astronomical Units (12 billion kilometers) from Sol. Moving crew and materials to this location bankrupted most of the backers.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Stations: Gagarin Station Codex entry:

(astronomy) 149,597,870,700 metres, the approximate mean distance from the Earth to the Sun (the semi-major axis of Earth's orbit), (symbol AU), used to measure distances in the solar system.


AU

AU (countable and uncountable, plural AUs)

Tuntau is an enormous, low-density terrestrial planet, with a thick atmosphere of methane and helium. Despite being nearly 20 AU from Phoenix, the star's great heat and the insulating thickness of the atmosphere make the surface surprisingly temperate.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Tuntau:

astronomical unit
astronomical unit#English

(astronomy, metrology) Initialism of astronomical unit.


Uranus

Borrowed from Latin Ūranus, from Ancient Greek Οὐρανός (Ouranós), from οὐρανός (ouranós, “sky, heaven”).

The giving the name of Uranus, however, to the planet of M. Herſchel, in which M. Bode ſtill perſiſts, is an act of ingratitude to the author of that noble diſcovery, and an affront to that auguſt and munificent patron of aſtronomy, the King of Great Britain ; whoſe name ought to be preferred to every other, if that of the author had not a ſtill more forcible claim on our acknowledgements. Beſides, the name of Uranus is an impropriety, even according to the mythological ſyſtem. Sanchoniathon and Diodorus, it is true, ſay, that Saturn was the ſon of Uranus; but this is now allowed to be purely allegorical.

1789 June, “LETTER from M. DE LA LANDE, on the NAME of the PLANET HERSCHEL, to the EDITORS of the JOURNAL des SCAVANS.”, in The European Magazine, page 437, column 1:

(astronomy) The seventh planet in our solar system, discovered in 1781 by William Herschel.


Neptune

From Middle English Neptune, Neptunus, a borrowing from Latin Neptūnus, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰ-tu-s (“damp, cloudy”) (source of Ancient Greek νέφος (néphos), Sanskrit नभस् (nábhas), etc.), with the sense of "wet, moist."
Puhvel, however, connects it with Proto-Italic *nepōts from Proto-Indo-European *népōts by analogy to Portūnus, cognate with Vedic Apām Napāt and Avestan Apąm Napāt, Child (cf: neve, nephew) of the Water as part of an Indo-European 'Fire in the Water' myth.

der

Neptune
Neptune (disambiguation)#Places
Neptune (god)

(astronomy) The eighth planet in our solar system, represented in astronomy and astrology by ♆.


Pluto

From Latin Plūtō, from Ancient Greek Πλούτων (Ploútōn, “god of the underworld”). Venetia Burney is often credited as having suggested the name for the celestial body.

bor

(astronomy) The largest dwarf planet and formerly the ninth planet, represented by the symbol ♇ or ⯓, both now used mostly in astrology.

གཤིན་རྒྱལ

also Yama, the Hindu god of death, similar to the Roman namesake of Pluto

Ceres

most likely dwarf planets of the Solar System


palimpsest

From Latin palimpsēstus, from Ancient Greek παλίμψηστος (palímpsēstos, “scraped again”).

uder

(astronomy) Circular features believed to be lunar craters that have been obliterated by later volcanic activity.

skafgígur

astronomy: Circular features believed to be lunar craters obliterated by volcanic activity


light year

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

2012 January 24, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-11-14, page 23:

(astronomy) A unit of length (abbreviation ly; equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres (10¹⁶ metres)) equal to the distance light travels in one Julian year; used to measure extremely large distances.


parsec

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-parsec.wav

Han Solo: Fast ship? You've never heard of the Millennium Falcon?
Obi-Wan "Ben" Kenobi: Should I have?
Han Solo: It's the ship that made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs. I've outrun Imperial starships. Not the local bulk cruisers mind you, I'm talking about the big Corellian ships now. She's fast enough for you old man.

1977, Star Wars, spoken by Han Solo and Obi-Wan "Ben" Kenobi (Harrison Ford and Alec Guinness), →OCLC:

(astronomy, metrology) Short for parallax second.


impact crater

(geology, astronomy) A crater formed from a hypervelocity impact, typically of a meteorite, as opposed to one formed by other means such as vulcanism.


zodiac

/ˈzəʊ.dɪˌæk/

From Middle English zodiak (late 14th century), from Old French zodiaque, from Latin zōdiacus, from Ancient Greek ζῳδιακός [κύκλος] (zōidiakós [kúklos], “[circle] of little animals”), from ζῴδιον (zṓidion), the diminutive of ζῷον (zôion, “animal”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷíh₃weti (“to live”).

der

ζῳδιακός 􂀿κύκλος􂁀

(astronomy) The ecliptic: the belt-like region of the celestial sphere corresponding to the apparent path of the sun over the course of a year.


complement

en-noun

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

(astronomy, geometry) An angle which, together with a given angle, makes a right angle.


Red Rectangle

Coined by astronomers Martin Cohen and Mike Merrill in 1973

1987, Beverly T. Lynds, “Optical observations of nebulae”, in A. Dalgarno and David Layzer (eds.), Spectroscopy of astrophysical plasmas, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 12,
The Red Rectangle is only one example of an infrared object that is detectable in the infrared because of grain emission.

1995, J.R. Miles, P.J. Sarre, and S.M. Scarrott, “Red Rectangle Emission Bands”, in Alexander G.G.M. Tielens and Theodore Peck Snow (eds.), The Diffuse Interstellar Bands, Springer, →ISBN, page 143,
The Red Rectangle is a bipolar nebula with a remarkable spectrum in which emission is excited by the light of the central star HD44179.

Figure 1 shows obtained images of the Red Rectangle. All of the sources consist of a bright core and an extended nebula.

2000 July, T. Miyata et al., “Spatially Resolved Spectra of the Red Rectangle in the N-band”, in Ryszard Szczerba, Sławomir K. Górny, editors, Post-AGB as a Phase of Stellar Evolution: Proceedings of the Toruń Workshop held July 5-7, 2000, Kluwer Academic Publishers, published 2001, →ISBN, page 352:

(astronomy) The nebula and binary star HD 44179.


epoch

From Medieval Latin epocha, from Ancient Greek ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “a check, cessation, stop, pause, epoch of a star, i.e., the point at which it seems to halt after reaching the highest, and generally the place of a star; hence, a historical epoch”), from ἐπέχω (epékhō, “I hold in, check”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, hold”). Doublet of epoche.

Coordinate term: (cartography, engineering) datum

UNIX epoch; J2000 epoch

Appendix A gives formulae for the calculation of the orbital elements of the planets at any time referred to the mean ecliptic and equinox of the epoch of noon on 1st January 2000; this is called the J2000 epoch.

2000, Carl D. Murray, Stanley F. Dermott, Solar System Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN:

There are two major epoch times associated with most timestamps: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 and 1601-01-01 00:00:00. The first, starting in 1970, is traditionally referred to as POSIX time as it is a common timestamp in UNIX and UNIX-like systems.

2016, Preston Miller, Chapin Bryce, Learning Python for Forensics, Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 281:

The .NET epoch is midnight at the start of January 1st, AD 1, although that's AD 1 in a proleptic Gregorian calendar, which refers to even more complexity we haven't talked about yet.

2022, Tomasz Lelek, Jon Skeet, Software Mistakes and Tradeoffs: How to Make Good Programming Decisions, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 155:

(chronology, astronomy, computing) A specific instant in time, chosen as the point of reference or zero value of a system that involves identifying instants of time.


sidereal

From Latin sīdereus + -al (cf. Latin sīderālis), from sīdus (“star, constellation”), of unknown ultimate origin, likely a substrate language such as Pre-Greek.

Then, from a sufficient number of observations of synodic periods to give their mean, we obtain the sidereal period, or period with reference to the stars.

1903, Percival Lowell, “Chapter I”, in The Solar System:

(astronomy) Relating to a measurement of time relative to the position of the stars.

астрономически

relating to a measurement of time relative to the position of the stars

(astronomy) Relating to a measurement of time relative to the point of the vernal equinox.


Capella

(astronomy) A bright double star in the constellation Auriga; Alpha (α) Aurigae.

العَيُّوق

the brightest star in the constellation Auriga


uranology

en-noun

uranology (usually uncountable, plural uranologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-uranology.wav

(astronomy, geology) The scientific observation and study of the planet Uranus.


palus

(planetology) A small plain (compared to mare) on the surface of a planet or satellite.