aa

a'a (alternative)
'a'a (alternative)
'a'ā (alternative)
a-a (alternative)
a aa (alternative)
a-aa (alternative)

We...saw ‘pahoihoi’ or solid lava forming, and also ‘aa’ or clinkers.

1859, R. C. Haskell, American journal of science and arts, series XXVIII:

Cooling and solidification frequently takes a different course [...] in lava flows, producing the clinker-like ‘aa’ lava.

1944, Charles A. Cotton, Volcanoes as landscape forms:

Both pahoehoe and aa lava flows are common on the upper slopes of Mauna Loa with a preponderance of aa flows found at the lower elevations.

1981, Hilo Lava Flood Control: Environmental Impact Statement, page 194:

(volcanology) A form of lava flow associated with Hawaiian-type volcanoes, consisting of basaltic rock, usually dark-colored with a jagged and loose, clinkery surface. Compare pahoehoe.

aälawa

a form of lava flow associated with Hawaiian-type volcanoes


agglomerate

agglomerates (plural)
aglomerate (alternative)

From Latin agglomerare (“to wind into a ball”), from ad (“to”) + glomerare (“to wind into a ball”), from glomus (“a ball”), akin to globus (“a ball”).

der

(geology, volcanology) A mass of angular volcanic fragments united by heat; distinguished from conglomerate.


geyser

desc

→ Bengali: গিজার (gijar, “water boiler”)

→ Hindi: गीज़र (gīzar, “water heater”)

From the name of a particular Icelandic geyser which is mentioned as early as the 1760s in The Annual Register, as “Geyser, a wonderful spring in the valley of Haukadal”. From Geysir (“Gusher”), the Icelandic name of the hot spring in Iceland (see Wikipedia), from the verb geysa (“to gush”), from Old Norse geysa (“to gush”). Doublet of gusher.

(planetology, geology, volcanology) A boiling natural spring which throws forth jets of water, mud, etc., at frequent intervals, driven upwards by the expansive power of steam.

fons calidae atque alte exsilientis aquae


pyroclastic flow

en-noun

pyroclastic flow (countable and uncountable, plural pyroclastic flows)

Most of the material was erupted in the most dangerous way as ‘pyroclastic flows’: incredibly hot volcanic fragments all buoyed up with gas that can travel fasted than a speeding car in pulse after pulse.

2011, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, page x:

(volcanology, countable) A dense flow of volcanic ash, dust, rocks and debris that cascades at high speed down the slope of a volcano during an eruption.


caldera

/kælˈdɛə.ɹə/

Borrowed from Spanish caldera (“cauldron”), from Late Latin caldāria (“warm bath”), from Latin caldārium. Doublet of chowder.

bor+

The lakes of both Rotorua and Taupo occupy calderas left from enormous prehistoric eruptions, and magma lies at shallow depths beneath a number of centres.

2000, Tony Waltham, “Geyser watching”, in Geology Today, volume 16, Iss. 3, p. 99::

(volcanology) A large crater formed by collapse of the cone or edifice of a volcano.

حُفْرَة بُرْكَانِيَّة

geology: a large crater formed by a volcanic explosion


pyroclastic

From pyro- + clastic, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”), and κλαστός (klastós, “broken”).

The word "ash" is not a very good one to include all the mechanical accompaniments of a subaerial or subaqueous eruption, since ash seems to be restricted to a fine powder, the residuum of combustion. A word is wanting to express all such accompaniments, no matter what their size or condition may be, when they are accumulated in such mass as to form beds of "rock." We might call them perhaps "pyroclastic materials," ...

1862, Joseph Beete Jukes, “Igneous Rocks”, in The Student's Manual of Geology, 2nd edition, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, page 68:

Within sixty seconds, the entire area was razed by pyroclastic material with a temperature of nearly two thousand degrees Fahrenheit.

2022, Lindsey Fitzharris, The Facemaker, page 61:

(volcanology) Mostly composed of rock fragments of volcanic origin or comminuted during an eruption.


pyroclastic surge

en-noun

pyroclastic surge (plural pyroclastic surges)

(volcanology) A fluidized mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments which is ejected during some volcanic eruptions.


supervolcano

supervolcano (plural supervolcanoes or supervolcanos)

supervolcanoes (plural)
supervolcanos (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supervolcano.wav

Mosaic of Olympus Mons on Mars. The supervolcano is nearly 600 kilometers wide at the base and 25 kilometers high and is capped by a crater 65 kilometers in diameter. It is about five times larger than the most massive volcanic cone on earth, Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

1983, Louis Berman, John C. Evans, Exploring the Cosmos, →ISBN, page 178:

The stone went dark, and instantly the supervolcano burst with an unthinkable blast. A miles-deep plug of dark and hot earth flew upward, followed by a tremendous expanding cloud. Swirling, dense substance spread and thickened [...]

1984, Richard Monaco, Runes, →ISBN, page 64:

Sytau is rabidly volcanic; a dozen "supervolcanoes" 50-120 kilometers wide are erupting across the planet. Sytau's carbon content and constant volcanism make natural diamonds plentiful, if extremely costly and dangerous to recover.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Sytau:

(volcanology) A powerful volcano, often having an explosive or cataclysmic eruption.


skylight

(volcanology) A hole in the upper part of a lava tube, yielding a view of the lava within.


maar

Borrowed from German Maar; English usage from 1825, from Vulgar Latin *mara (“standing water”), from Latin mare (“sea”).

(geology, volcanology) A broad volcanic crater, usually filled with water to form a lake.


pyroclastic rock

pyroclastic rock (plural pyroclastic rocks)

(volcanology) Any rock formed by the accumulation of fragmented volcanic material (pyroclasts) ejected during explosive eruptions.


active volcano

active volcano (plural active volcanoes or active volcanos)

active volcanoes (plural)
active volcanos (plural)

Such a series if it can be still obtained, would be of the greatest interest, for we have there an active volcano in the centre of an Island, upheavements going on on the Coast within the memory of man, and coal found; all within the space of a few miles!

1841, “Report on the Soils brought from Chedooba”, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume 10, page 447:

Mr. Johnston gives the total number of active volcanos as 270, which is probably the best approximation.

1851, The British Quarterly Review, volume 13, page 372:

It may come as a surprise that the most active volcano of the Caribbean is a submarine one which bears the unusual name Kick-'em-Jenny.

2005, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, The Volcano Adventure Guide, page 11:

The temperatures in active volcanoes are much too high to support life (e.g., about 1000 ◦C or more in molten lava), but fumaroles and hot springs associated with volcanic activity provide much lower, more suitable temperatures.

2008, Joan Marti, Volcanoes and the Environment, page 175:

(volcanology, geology) A volcano that has erupted in the last 10,000 years, although not necessarily venting lava or gases now.


fiamma

Learned borrowing from Italian fiamma (“flame”).

lbor

[…] black glass from "fiamma" of ignimbrites from Zavaritzkiy caldera in Simushir Is.

[…] the largest fiamma in the centre of the photograph has responded in a brittle fashion to […]

1993, Jocelyn McPhie, Mark Doyle, Rodney Leslie Allen, Volcanic Textures: A Guide to the Interpretation of Textures, page 135:

[…] lenticular "fiamme" of dense black glass. In (d), devitrification has produced radiating spherulites that have grown outward from centers around phenocrysts and across the original shards of glass.

1993, Alexander R. McBirney, Igneous Petrology, page 359:

[…] total phenocryst content in fiamme of pyroclastic rocks and in matrix of coherent rhyolitic rocks; data see Tables 1 and 2; (d) aspect ratio v. maximum particle size (mps) of fiamme (note: this diagram shows field measurements not presented in tables […]

2008, Kenneth Thomson, Nick Petford, Structure and Emplacement of High-level Magmatic Systems, page 214:

(volcanology) A "flame structure" found in welded ignimbrite and tuff: a small, dark lens of glassy material (possibly pumice which was compressed or collapsed during welding).


mud volcano

en-noun

mud volcano (plural mud volcanoes or mud volcanos)

mud volcanoes (plural)
mud volcanos (plural)

(volcanology, geology) A conical structure formed by the eruption of rock fragments and wet mud along with hot gases.


volcanism

volcanism (countable and uncountable, plural volcanisms)

volcanisms (plural)
vulcanism (alternative)

From French volcanisme, from volcan (“volcano”); and/or directly from volcan(o) + -ism.

This rejuvenation-stage or post-erosional volcanism produces lava even more alkalic than late-stage volcanism.

2004, Peter Morrison Vitousek, Nutrient Cycling and Limitation: Hawai'i as a Model System, →ISBN, page 12:

(volcanology) Any of the natural phenomena and processes associated with the action of volcanos, geysers and fumaroles

火山作用

natural phenomena associated with volcanoes


VAST

(ESA, volcanology) Acronym of volcanic ash strategic initiative team.


cryovolcanism

Sites of cryovolcanisms on the surface, where this ammonia and water mixture reaches the surface, are possible locations for life that lives in liquid water but can tolerate ammonia.

2009, Robert Brown, Jean Pierre Lebreton, Jack Waite, Titan from Cassini-Huygens, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 228:

Possible explanations include floods of liquid water, ice-based volcanic activity (termed cryovolcanism), or even some form of tectonic system.
[…] Voyager also found evidence of cryovolcanism on Neptune's moon Triton.

2015 March 12, John Timmer, “Jupiter’s moon Ganymede has a salty subsurface ocean, too”, in Ars Technica:

(volcanology) The activity, and associated phenomena, of a cryovolcano – a volcano that ejects volatile materials rather than magma.


cryovolcano

cryovolcano (plural cryovolcanoes or cryovolcanos)

cryovolcanoes (plural)
cryovolcanos (plural)

(planetology, geology, volcanology) A volcano on an icy moon that ejects volatile materials rather than magma.


pyrocumulus

(volcanology, meteorology) A dense cloud associated with fire or volcanic activity.


shield volcano

shield volcano (plural shield volcanoes or shield volcanos)

shield volcanoes (plural)
shield volcanos (plural)

Coordinate term: stratovolcano

Large shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian type (Macdonald, 1972) are more complex, longer lived, polygenetic centres whose life spans may be measurable in terms of hundreds of thousands of years to a millions years.

1989, R. W. Johnson, editor, Intraplate Volcanism, Cambridge University Press, page 61:

2015, Edward Keller, Duane DeVecchio, Natural Hazards, Pearson Education, 4th Edition, page 136,
Shield volcanoes are constructed from basaltic lavas and in profile appear as broad arcs with gentle slopes (Figure 5.10).

2019, Peter Macinnis, Australian Backyard Earth Scientist, National Library Australia (NLA Publishing), page 41,
Shield volcanoes can be tens of kilometres from side to side, though the shield volcano called Rangitoto, just off Auckland, is a lot smaller. Each island of Hawaii was once an active shield volcano.

(volcanology) A large volcano, with shallow-sloping sides and a flattened dome, formed of successive eruptions of free-flowing lava from fissure vents.

盾狀火山 /盾状火山

type of volcano with shallow-sloping sides and a flattened dome


bradyseism

(volcanology) A gradual uplift or descent of part of the Earth's surface caused by the filling or emptying of an underground magma chamber and/or hydrothermal activity, particularly in volcanic calderas

bradisismo

A gradual uplift or descent of the Earth's surface


Ring of Fire

Coordinate term: Pacific Rim

The Andes are part of the geological Ring of Fire that circles the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire is a ring of active volcanoes that borders the great continental plates of the Pacific Ocean.

2003, Charles W. Maynard, The Andes, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, →ISBN:

(geology, volcanology) An area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity, around the Pacific Ocean.


volcanist

(volcanology) Someone interested in volcanism and volcanology the study of volcanoes.


stratovolcano

stratovolcano (plural stratovolcanoes or stratovolcanos)

stratovolcanoes (plural)
stratovolcanos (plural)

Coordinate term: shield volcano

(volcanology) A tall conical volcano, composed of layers (or strata) of hardened lava, tephra and ash.


lava dome

Lava domes are rarely seen in shield volcanos.

Mount St. Helens has been building a new lava dome since the May, 1980 eruption.

(volcanology) A convex volcanic structure made of generally viscous, felsic lava, which grows slowly over time by extrusion from a volcanic edifice, either endogenously, by inflating from within, or exogenously, as erupted flow lobes of lava.


cinder cone

The expiring energies of these volcanic agencies have piled up huge cinder cones that stand along the fissures, red, brown, and black, naked of vegetation, and conspicuous landmarks, set as they are in contrast to the bright, variegated rocks of sedimentary origin.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 35:

There are ruins of cinder cones—evidence of fairly recent local action—and, in the basins and on the ranges, widespread falls of light ash from volcanoes beyond the province.

1981, John McPhee, Basin and Range; reprinted in Annals of the Former World, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998, page 52:

(volcanology) A conical deposit of rock fragments around a volcano.


supervolcanic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supervolcanic.wav

Earthquakes and increased geothermal phenomena don't necessarily point to a pending supervolcanic eruption.

2008, Marie D Jones, 2013: The End of Days Or a New Beginning:

(volcanology) Of or pertaining to a supervolcano.


stratovolcanic

[…] obviously taken from one of the headwaters of Rio Manso, immediately northeast of Ventisquero Grande, appears as plainly as any one could wish the layered, stratovolcanic structure of the southeast part of Tronador.

1941, Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, page 208:

Japan is an island nation in East Asia comprising a large stratovolcanic archipelago extending along the Pacific coast of Asia.

2008, Rutger de Graaf, Urban Water in Japan, page 1:

An andesite-dacite stratovolcanic chain, sub-parallel to the Carpathian arc, was formed 17-12 Ma ago (Harangi et al. 2007).

2015, Dénes Loczy, Landscapes and Landforms of Hungary, page 10:

(volcanology) Of or pertaining to a stratovolcano.


lava lake

(volcanology) A reservoir of molten lava contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression.


volcanic bomb

Fragment of a spherical volcanic bomb, with the interior parts coarsely cellular, coated by a concentric layer of compact lava, and this again by a crust of finely cellular rock

1844, Charles Darwin, Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle:

(volcanology) A tephra, larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter, formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption.


cryomagma

cryomagma (countable and uncountable, plural cryomagmas)

(planetology, geology, volcanology) Collectively, substances such as water, ammonia or methane that are found within some planets and are expelled by cryovolcanoes.


mudpot

From mud + pot. From being a mud-filled hole, resembling a pot. First use appears c. 1872. See cite below.

but the continual caving in of the sides has produced a sort of mud-pot, exactly the same as the process of preparing a kettle of mush.

1872, Geological Survey of the Territories (U.S.), United States, Department of the Interior, Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana, and Portions of Adjacent Territories, page 92:

(hydrology, volcanology) A type of acidic hot spring, or fumarole, with a limited amount of water.


interplinian

inter-Plinian (alternative)
inter-plinian (alternative)


hypervolcanic

One of the strangest places in the whole solar system is Jupiter's hypervolcanic Moon lo, which seems to be a little different every time we look at it.

1997, Venus Revealed: A New Look Below The Clouds Of Our Mysteriious Twin Planet, Basic Books, →ISBN, page 124:

Anybody wondering what Earth was like 4 billion years ago should cast an eye toward Jupiter's hypervolcanic moon Io, a new study suggests.

2013 September 25, Mike Wall, “Was Ancient Earth Like Jupiter's Super-Volcanic Moon Io?”, in space.com:

We don't know if said planets even have an atmosphere (or one of reasonable density), if they get regularly bombarded by large asteroids, if they have liquid water, if they're truly temperate (runaway greenhouse effect ala Venus), if they're hypervolcanic, etc.

2020 October 6, “Scientists discover 24 'superhabitable' planets with conditions that are better for life than Earth”, in reddit.com:

(volcanology) Relating to a hypervolcano.


cryolava

cryolava (countable and uncountable, plural cryolavas)

(planetology, geology, volcanology) Ice-volcanic melt which has erupted from a cryovolcano.


Tavurvur

(volcanology) An active stratovolcano near Rabaul, on the island of New Britain, in Papua New Guinea.


fissure vent

(volcanology, geology) A volcanic vent from which lava flows, with minimal explosive activity; characteristic of shield volcanoes.


volcanic lightning

(volcanology, meteorology) Electrical discharge that occurs during a volcanic eruption, caused by a build-up of static electricity in colliding ejecta (such as ash and debris).


flank eruption

(volcanology) A volcanic eruption which occurs on the flanks of a volcano, rather than its summit.


Plinian eruption

Plinian eruption (plural Plinian eruptions)

Named for the description given by Pliny the Younger of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D., which has been taken as archetypical of this type of eruption.

(volcanology) A type of volcanic eruption marked by the ejection of large columns of volcanic debris and gases into the stratosphere; particularly large amounts of pumice, caused by a very powerful, gas-driven eruption.

Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
Pliny the Younger


Verneshot

Verneshots (plural)
verneshot (alternative)

From Verne + shot. Coined by geophysicist Jason Phipps Morgan. Named after French author Jules Verne, who wrote about a projectile escaping Earth's gravity (in the novel From the Earth to the Moon), which Morgan connected to his idea of an eruption launching material into a suborbital trajectory.

coin

They suggest that the Chicxulub crater — generally believed to be evidence of a meteorite impact that killed the dinosaurs — was actually caused by debris from a “Verneshot” explosion in India, and […]

2005, Andy Turnbull, We Need to Talk about the future of Canada, →ISBN, page 43:

(volcanology) A hypothetical volcanic eruption event, caused by a buildup of gas, which launches material from the crust and mantle into a suborbital trajectory, leading to further damage as it crashes back to the surface.


breadcrust bomb

en-noun

breadcrust bomb (plural breadcrust bombs)

(geology, volcanology) A volcanic bomb whose surface is cracked or checkered, thus often resembling the surface of a loaf of bread.


volcanic field

(volcanology) A localized area of the earth's crust with clusters of volcanic vents that have their own magma supply.


jameo

[…] volcanic landscape and lived underground in the many tunnels and jameos that flowing lava had created. However, when the conquerors arrived they were surprised to find a mixture of caves and clumsily constructed stone houses […]

2004, Lucy Corne, Canary Islands, page 25:

[page 66:] […] lava fields there are also frequent structures such as lava channels, mounds and mega-tubes, volcanic tubes and microtubes, jameos, lava terraces, lava cascades, rafted mound, erratic block, lateral and frontal levées—initial […]
[page 137:] […] lava tubes—like the several jameos of the Corona system (Tonello 2017) and those in the Timanfaya National Park (Fig. 8)—present striking analogies with collapse chains on the volcanic edifices of Arsia and Olympus Mons on Mars (Fig. 10) […]

2019, Elena Mateo, Jesús Martínez-Frías, Juana Vegas, Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands Geopark: From Earth to Space:

(volcanology) A large hole (or sink) formed when the roofs of multiple levels of a lava-tube cave collapse, found most notably in the Canary Islands.


complex volcano

complex volcano (plural complex volcanoes)

(volcanology) A landform of related volcanoes including their lava flows and pyroclasts.


subglacial volcano

subglacial volcano (plural subglacial volcanoes)

(volcanology) A volcanic mass formed by eruptions under the surface of a glacier or ice sheet then melted into a lake by lava.