somatic nervous system

en-noun

somatic nervous system (plural somatic nervous systems)

peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system

central nervous system
central nervous system

(anatomy, neurology) The part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, and from receptors of external stimuli, thereby mediating sight, hearing and touch.

σωματικό νευρικό σύστημα

part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals from central nervous system to skeletal muscles


rhombomere

(developmental biology, neurology) A temporarily divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region


gemmule

Borrowed from French gemmule, from Latin gemmula (“small bud; small gem”), from gemma (“bud of a plant; gem, jewel; thing made of precious stones”) (further etymology uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, give birth; to produce”), but see further at that entry) + -ula (feminine form of -ulus (diminutive suffix)).

der

Concussion from shell explosion often sufficient to produce miliary hemorrhages in brain substance. Mott has found such lesions in brains of shell shock. Lesser lesions on fine nerve fibrils and gemmules, or nerve cells may reasonably be postulated.

1927, William N[ewbold] Bispham, “Professional Schools in Military and Nonmilitary Institutions”, in Frank W. Weed, editor, The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, volume VII (Training), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, section I (In the United States), pages 508–509:

The mitral cells also extend several secondary dendrites (SD) laterally outward into the external plexiform layer (EPL), where they are in intimate association with the dendritic spines (or gemmules) belonging to the dendrites of the granule cell population, whose cell bodies (g) lie deeper in the granular layer (GRL) of the bulb.

1981, Wilfrid Rall, “Functional Aspects of Neuronal Geometry”, in Alan [Madoc] Roberts, Brian M. H. Bush, editors, Neurones without Impulses: Their Significance for Vertebrate and Invertebrate Nervous Systems (Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series; 6), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 225:

Two GAD-positive gemmules (D₁, D₂) from dendrites of periglomerular neurons form synapses with a mitral/tufted dendritic shaft (D₃). One gemmule (D₁) appears to form a reciprocal synapse, and the other gemmule (D₂) appears to be presynaptic only (original magnification × 54,000).

1998, Eugene Roberts, “Eugene Roberts”, in Larry R[yan] Squire, editor, The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography, volume 2, San Diego, Calif., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, figure 4 caption, page 381:

There is both ultrastructural and electrophysiological evidence indicating that the mitral/tufted dendrite-to-gemmule synapses are excitatory, whereas the adjacent gemmule-to-mitral/tufted dendrite synapses are inhibitory.

2008, Rudolf Nieuwenhuys, Jan Voogd, Christiaan van Huijzen, “Telencephalon: Introduction and Olfactory System”, in The Human Central Nervous System, 4th edition, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →ISBN, section II (Structure of Spinal Cord and Brain Parts), page 346, column 1:

(neurology) Synonym of dendritic spine (“a small membranous protrusion from the dendrite of a neuron that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse”)


amygdalar

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the amygdala


trigeminus

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from Latin trigeminus (“threefold, triple, triform”), clipping of nervus trigeminus (“triple nerve”).

clipping

trigeminal nerve
trigeminal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Alternative form of trigeminal nerve.


tuber cinereum

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The part of the hypothalamus to which the pituitary gland is attached


conversion disorder

en-noun

conversion disorder (countable and uncountable, plural conversion disorders)

(psychiatry, neurology) A condition where the patient displays neurological symptoms such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, but without any neurological explanation, usually traced back to a psychological trigger.


SNS

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of sympathetic nervous system.


neurolemma

neurolemma (plural neurolemmas or neurolemmata)

neurolemmas (plural)
neurolemmata (plural)

(neurology) the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron.

neurolemme

neurology: the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron


motor unit

(neurology) A neuron with its associated muscle fibres.


ephapse

ephapse (countable and uncountable, plural ephapses)

From Ancient Greek ἔφαψις (éphapsis, “touching, caressing”).

uder

(countable, neurology) A point of contact or significant electrical influence between neurons, other than at a synapse.

(uncountable, neurology) Cross-stimulation of adjacent nerve fibers.


sylvian fissure

en-noun

sylvian fissure (plural sylvian fissures)

(neuroanatomy) A fissure in the brain which divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below.


agrin

From AGRN (“the name of the associated gene”) + -in.

affix

neuromuscular junction
neuromuscular junction

(neuroscience) a protein involved in the formation of neuromuscular junctions during embryonic development


Alice in Wonderland syndrome

en-noun

Alice in Wonderland syndrome (uncountable)

After Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865; often known as Alice in Wonderland), in which the protagonist changes size after consuming a potion and a cake.

Three cases of "Alice in Wonderland" syndrome (metamorphopsia) are presented and described as a presenting symptom of infectious mono nucleosis in a preadolescent male and in two late teenage females.

1977 February, Stuart M. Copperman, “" Alice in Wonderland" Syndrome as a Presenting Symptom of Infectious Mononucleosis in Children: A Description of Three Affected Young People”, in Clinical pediatrics, volume 16, number 2, page 143:

Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is characterized by visual hallucinations and bizarre perceptual distortions.

1998 August, Yung-Ting Kuo, Nan-Chang Chiu, Ein-Yiao Shen, Che-Sheng Ho, Ming-CheWu, “Cerebral perfusion in children with Alice in Wonderland syndrome”, in Pediatric neurology, volume 19, number 2, page 105:

After all, Alice in Wonderland syndrome was, until recently, believed to be so rare that most university courses in medicine, psychology and the neurosciences did not even bother to address it.

2019, Jan Dirk Blom, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome:

(medicine, neurology) A disorienting neurological condition involving micropsia, macropsia, or size distortion of other sensory modalities.

Alice in Wonderland syndrome
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Lewis Carroll

syndrome d’Alice au pays des merveilles

neurological condition affecting the perception of size

síndrome de Alice no país das maravilhas


CTE

CTE (countable and uncountable, plural CTEs)

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.


chronic traumatic encephalopathy

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (plural chronic traumatic encephalopathies)

chronic traumatic encephalopathies (plural)

(medicine, pathology, neurology) A progressive degenerative disease found in individuals who have been subjected to multiple concussions and other forms of head injury.


MAP

MAP (countable and uncountable, plural MAPs)

(neurology) Initialism of microtubule-associated protein.


vection

vection (countable and uncountable, plural vections)

From Latin vectio, from vehere, vectum (“to carry”).

(neurology) The illusion of self-motion.


neurotmesis

(neurology, pathology) A severe form of nerve injury in which both the axon and its encapsulating connective tissue lose their continuity.


sulcation

sulcation (countable and uncountable, plural sulcations)

Lissencephaly refers to a diffusely smooth-surfaced cerebral hemisphere without sulcation.

2004, Devin K. Binder, Helen E. Scharfman, Recent Advances in Epilepsy Research, page 146:

Since the appearance and development of sulci in the fetal brain follows a predictable pattern, the degree of sulcation may be used as an indicator of gestational age-related cortical development, both at autopsy and in vivo with fetal MRI.

2011, Denise Pugash et al., “Fetal MRI of Normal Brain Development”, in Fetal MRI, →ISBN, page 155:

Gyration and sulcation occur during neuronal migration and continue until after birth.

2014, Dario Paladini, Paolo Volpe, Ultrasound of Congenital Fetal Anomalies: Differential Diagnosis and Prognostic Indicators, page 66:

(neuroscience) The development of or resulting formations of sulci in a brain cortex.


rheobase

(neuroscience) The minimum electric current amplitude that results in an action potential.


ideasthesia

/ʌɪˈdɪəɛsˈθiːʒə/

From Ancient Greek ἰδέα (idéa, “notion, pattern”) + -aesthesia, modeled after synaesthesia, and introduced by Danko Nikolić in.

der

(neurology, psychology) A neurological or cognitive phenomenon in which activation of a particular concept triggers a sensory-like experience.


coactivity

en-noun

coactivity (countable and uncountable, plural coactivities)

There is little question that a significant amount of antagonistic coactivation exists and is the rule rather than the exception under typical manual materials handling conditions. This coactivity has been noted in response to several workplace factors in several studies.

2012, Kevin P. Granata, Kermit G. Davis, William S. Marras, “Biomechanical Models in Ergonomics”, in Amit Bhattacharya, James D. McGlothlin, editor, Occupational Ergonomics: Theory and Applications, page 154:

In addition to stress-related mental health problems, coactivity may also indicate other stress-related problems like cardiovascular disease. Coactivation alters HR dynamics (Eickholt et al., 2018; Tulppo et al., 2005) and may predispose individuals to atrial fibrillation (Tan et al., 2008), a risk factor for heart attack and stroke (Odutayo et al., 2016). Hypothetically, situations that induce coactivity chronically may precipitate or exacerbate atrial fibrillation, placing individuals at greater risk of heart disease; however, this idea has yet to be explored empirically.

2020, Kate L. Harkness, Elizabeth P. Hayden, The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health, page 498:


dementia pugilistica

From Latin dementia pugilistica (“boxer's madness”).

(medicine, neurology, pathology) A neurodegenerative disease or dementia associated with repeated concussions, as in boxers.

dementia pugilistica

dementia associated with repeated concussions in boxers

травмати́ческая энцефалопа́ти́я боксёров


nervous tissue

nervous tissue (countable and uncountable, plural nervous tissues)

(neurology) The principal constituent of the central and peripheral nervous system comprising neurons and neuroglia cells.


accessory nerve

accessory nerve (plural accessory nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of a pair of motor nerves that are the 11th cranial nerve of higher vertebrates, arise from the medulla oblongata and the upper part of the spinal cord, controlling the pharynx and the muscles of the upper chest, back and shoulders.


mesocephalon

(neuroanatomy, archaic) The pons; pons Varolii.

(neuroanatomy, archaic) The mesencephalon


oxidopamine

(neurotoxicology, pharmacology) A neurotoxin used by scientists for selective killing of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons.


apraxic

(neurology) Relating to or exhibiting apraxia.


aqueductal

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the cerebral aqueduct.


SMA

SMA (countable and uncountable, plural SMAs)

To simplify a bit, once having decided, the PFC passes the decision on to the rest of the frontal cortex, which passes it to the premotor cortex, then to the SMA and, a few steps later, on to your muscles.

2023, Robert M. Sapolsky, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

supplementary motor area
supplementary motor area#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of supplementary motor area.


mesaxon

(neurobiology) A pair of parallel plasma membranes of a Schwann cell, marking the point of edge-to-edge contact by the Schwann cell encircling the axon.


metathalamus

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus.


olfactory nerve

olfactory nerve (plural olfactory nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of the first of twelve paired cranial nerves which arise in the olfactory neurosensory cells of the nasal mucous membrane and carries information of the sense of smell from the nasal cavity to the brain.


VTA

ventral tegmental area
ventral tegmental area#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of ventral tegmental area.


DRN

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of dorsal raphe nucleus.


Landau-Kleffner syndrome

Named after William Landau and Frank Kleffner, who characterized it in 1957.

(medicine, neurology) A rare childhood neurological syndrome, characterized by the sudden or gradual development of aphasia and an abnormal electroencephalogram.


antireward

(neuroscience) Relating to processes in the brain that cause aversive states, leading a drug abuser to take more drugs to escape these states rather than to gain pleasure.


neurophilic

en-adj

neurophilic (comparative more neurophilic, superlative most neurophilic)

more neurophilic (comparative)
most neurophilic (superlative)

(neuroscience, of a substance) Having an affinity for nervous tissue.


mirror neuron

(neuroscience) A neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.


chromesthesia

en-noun

chromesthesia (usually uncountable, plural chromesthesias)

(neurology, psychology) sound-to-color synaesthesia


hyperthymesia

From hyper- (prefix meaning ‘over, beyond; excessive’) + Greek θύμηση (thýmisi, “memory”) + -ia (suffix forming names of diseases).

affix

Others may have some degree of hyperthymesia — they may spend an abnormally large amount of time thinking about their personal past, and have an extraordinary capacity to recall specific events in detail.

2008, Mikita Brottman, The Solitary Vice: Against Reading (A PopMatters Book), Berkeley, Calif.: Counterpoint, →ISBN, page 160:

Lesley hadn't been interested in the story, because she didn't think that HSAM (or hyperthymesia, as it was called then) was that rare, having known me for so many years.

2012 November, Marilu Henner, Lorin Henner, Total Memory Makeover: Uncover Your Past, Take Charge of Your Future, trade paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Gallery Books, →ISBN, page 8:

We discussed memory in the previous chapter of this book, and hyperthymesia is the ultimate example of an ability that everyone shares being carried to superhuman lengths—only, it's very human still.

2013, Deepak Chopra, Rudolph E. Tanzi, Super Brain: Unleash the Explosive Power of Your Mind, London: Rider, →ISBN, page 46:

Hyperthymesia is also known as superior autobiographical memory. People either have it or they do not, and there are no more than 20 documented cases of people known to have hyperthymesia. [...] Most people diagnosed with hyperthymesia can remember minute details of events from any given day in their past lives, sometimes beginning with puberty but often going back to early childhood.

2013, Annette Kujawski Taylor, “Hyperthymesia”, in Annette Kujawski Taylor, editor, Encyclopedia of Human Memory, volumes 1 (A–D), Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood, →ISBN, pages 547–548:

(neuroscience) A rare condition in which a person possesses a superior autobiographical memory and is able to recall the vast majority of personal events and experiences in life.


zebrin

From zebra + -in, because of the stripes.

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any of the molecules expressed by subsets of Purkinje cells that reveal the underlying zone-and-stripe architecture of the cerebellum.


Meckel's ganglion

en-noun

Meckel's ganglion (plural Meckel's ganglia)

Named after German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel (1781–1833).

named-after

pterygopalatine ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of pterygopalatine ganglion.


histoneurology

(histology, neurology) Synonym of neurohistology


neurohistology

(histology, neurology) Histology of the nervous system.


smell-brain

This system is a fairly old part of the brain and one that humans share with many other vertebrates; in reptiles, it is known as the rhinencephalon, or “smell-brain,” because it reacts primarily to signals of odor.

1992, Sandra Ackerman, Discovering the Brain:

(neuroanatomy) The part of the brain involved with smelling.


Moebius syndrome

Named after the neurologist who first described the disability, Paul Julius Möbius.

(neurology) A rare congenital disorder characterized by facial paralysis and an inability to move one's eyes from side to side.


Adie syndrome

Named after the British neurologist William John Adie.

(pathology, neurology) A neurological disorder characterized by a tonically dilated pupil that reacts slowly to light but shows a more definite response to accommodation (i.e., light-near dissociation).


rhythmogenesis

/ˌɹɪð.moʊˈd͡ʒɛ.nə.sɪs/

[...] I describe four main principles of rhythmogenesis: [...]

2010 December 21, Ronald M. Harris-Warrick, “General Principles of Rhythmogenesis in Central Pattern Networks”, in Progress in brain research.:

In contrast, inhibitory neuromodulatory influences exerted by the pons on respiratory rhythmogenesis are stronger in the mutant, thereby explaining the breathing anomalies observed in vivo.

2018 October 4, Christophe J. Dubois, Laura Cardoit, Veronika Schwarz, Marika Markkanen, Matti S. Airaksinen, Pavel Uvarov, John Simmers, Muriel Thoby-Brisson, “Role of the K⁺-Cl⁻ Cotransporter KCC2a Isoform in Mammalian Respiration at Birth”, in eNeuro:

Rhythmogenesis is the process that develops the capacity for rhythmic activity in a non-rhythmic system.

2019 August 10, Maoz Shamir, “Theories of rhythmogenesis”, in Current opinion in neurobiology.:

(neurology) The genesis (and maintenance) of a rhythm, especially that of respiration


dysnomia

en-noun

dysnomia (countable and uncountable, plural dysnomias)

Dysnomia refers to a large group of children who talk and understand well but have difficulty with word retrieval.[…]Dysnomia is a well-established antecedent to stuttering or stammering.

1989, J. P. Mohr, Manual of Clinical Problems in Neurology, Little, Brown, page 315:

(neurology, psychology, developmental psychology) Impaired or deficient ability to recall words or names.


default mode network

default mode network (plural default mode networks)

(neuroscience) A network of brain regions that are active when the individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest.


DCD

developmental coordination disorder
w:developmental coordination disorder

(neurology) Initialism of developmental coordination disorder.


caudate nucleus

(neuroanatomy) a nucleus within each hemisphere of the brain, sitting astride the thalamus and located near the center of the brain.


pseudobulbar affect

(medicine, neurology) A neurological disorder characterized by episodes of uncontrollable laughing or crying, or other emotional displays.


granule cell

(neuroanatomy) Any of several unrelated types of small neurons in various parts of the brain which have very small cell bodies.

顆粒細胞

any of several unrelated types of small neurons


anarthria

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀναρθρία (anarthría).

(neurology, neuropsychology) A speech impairment in which the ability to articulate is lost completely.


'tweenbrain

Deep within the brain is a biologically ancient section called the diencephalon or tweenbrain.

The brainstem constituents include the medulla oblongata, pons varolii, midbrain, and tweenbrain.

2007, Robb S. Rehberg, Sports Emergency Care: A Team Approach:

(neuroanatomy) The region of the human brain, specifically the human forebrain, that includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus, the prethalamus or subthalamus, and the pretectum.


thermoanesthesia

Abrupt onset of hypalgesia and thermoanesthesia over the entire half of the face accompanied by hypalgesia and thermoanesthesia over the contralateral half of the trunk and extremities indicates involvement of the lateral medulla.

2012, José Biller, Practical Neurology, page 270:

(neurology) Loss of the ability to distinguish heat or cold by touch.


caulescence

Meanwhile, their caulescence distribution falls above both axons and dendrites, similar to maximum branch order.

2015 July 10, Todd A Gillette, Giorgio A Ascoli, “Topological characterization of neuronal arbor morphology via sequence representation: I - motif analysis”, in BMC Bioinformatics, volume 16, →DOI:

(botany, neurology) The degree to which something, such as a plant or neuron, has a well-formed main stem.


glucosensing

Finally, in vivo studies are necessary to demonstrate that the tanycyte-neuron interaction is required for hypothalamic glucosensing.

2015 June 17, Roberto Elizondo-Vega et al., “The role of tanycytes in hypothalamic glucosensing”, in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, volume 19, →DOI:

(neurology) Detection of a glucose signal by a specialized neuron.


Bereitschaftspotential

Borrowed from German Bereitschaftspotential (literally “readiness potential”).

bor

(neurology) A measure of activity in the motor cortex and supplementary motor area of the brain, leading up to voluntary muscle movement.


vitaminergic

Its vitaminergic actions and uses are identical to those of the hydrochloride.

1995, Alfonso R. Gennaro, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy:

We hypothesize that AA is a vitaminergic transmitter that activates the release of both FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.
A schematic diagram of the hypothesized mechanism of action of AA as a vitaminergic neurotransmitter.

2001 September, S. Karanth, W. H. Yu, A. Walczewska, C. A. Mastronardi, S. M. McCann, Ascorbic acid stimulates gonadotropin release by autocrine action by means of NO, in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (98(20): 11783–11788)

Ascorbic acid (AA) is a potent antioxidant that is known to affect mood, and it is the first known vitaminergic neurotransmitter (Karanth et al., 2000; Balz, 2003).

2013, N. S. Minka, J. O. Ayo, “Physiological and behavioral responses of goats to 12-hour road transportation, lairage and grazing periods, and the modulatory role of ascorbic acid”, in Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications:

(rare, biochemistry, neuroscience) Produced or activated by a vitamin


synfire

Short for synchronous firing; first used by Moshe Abeles in 1982.

(neuroscience) Being or relating to a feedforward network of neurons with multiple layers or pools, where neural impulses propagate synchronously back and forth from layer to layer.


end-foot

(neuroanatomy) the enlarged end of a nerve fiber that terminates adjacent to the dendrite of another nerve cell; a terminal button.


LGN

lateral geniculate nucleus
lateral geniculate nucleus#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of lateral geniculate nucleus.


agnosy

en-noun

agnosy (countable and uncountable, plural agnosies)

This "mimic agnosy" will be removed only through very prolonged maturation and learning.

1975, Martha Davis, Recognition of facial expression, page 17:

Music perception disorders from neurological origin (the 3 levels of musical perception désintégration considered as auditory agnosy).

1985, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, page 467:

Neuropsychological examination performed two weeks after the stroke revealed normal speech and auditory verbal comprehension and no number dyslexia, acalculia, colour and digital agnosy.

1993, The Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences: Supplementum:

Somato-agnosies vary widely, and somato-paraphrenia is one of the examples of this inability to recognize a part of the body as one's own.

2010, JL Petit, “A Husserlian, Neurophenomenologic Approach to Embodiment”, in Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science:

The problems related to the visual-spatial difficulties are due to the loss of spatial references, either due to problems of the visual field loss or perceptive problems (agnosy), attention problems or difficulties of the executive function, which cause an inefficient search of information.

2010, L Gangoiti, IM Villafruela, “Initiation of the most appropriate post-stroke rehabilitation”, in Diabetologḯa, volume 26:

These advantages also play a role in treatment for special indication such as in patients with neurological problems (e.g. Parkinson's disease), in whom a total replacement leads to a worsening of the underlying disease whereas compartmental reconstruction avoids the effect of somato-agnosy (loss of sensation of a body part).

2013, Norberto Confalonieri, Sergio Romagnoli, Small Implants in Knee Reconstruction, →ISBN, page 3:

(countable, neurology) A deficit in the ability to perceive.

Finally, optic aphasics are usually described as being unimpaired in everyday life, whereas agnosies are often noticeably handicapped by their inability to recognize objects, people, and locales.

2000 October, M Sitton, MC Mozer, MJ Farah, “Superadditive effects of multiple lesions in a connectionist architecture: Implications for the neuropsychology of optic aphasia.”, in Psychological Review, volume 107, number 4:

(countable, neurology) A patient suffering from an agnosy.


backpropagational

(computing, neurology) Relating to backpropagation.


allolalia

(neurology) Any speech disorder resulting from cerebral damage.


periaqueduct

Abdominal surgery increased c-Fos in the prelimbic, cingulate and insular cortexes, and autonomic nuclei, such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, hypothalamic supraoptic (SON), paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-W), lateral periaqueduct gray (PAG), lateral parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).

2015 October 1, “Patterns of Brain Activation and Meal Reduction Induced by Abdominal Surgery in Mice and Modulation by Rikkunshito”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(neuroanatomy) The area surrounding the cerebral aqueduct


place cell

(neuroscience, anatomy) A type of pyramidal neuron within the hippocampus that becomes active when an animal enters a particular place in its environment (known as the place field).


HSAM

highly superior autobiographical memory#English

(neurology) Initialism of highly superior autobiographical memory; hyperthymesia


tau protein

Parkinson's diseases
Parkinson's disease

(neurology) A protein abundant especially in the neurons of the human central nervous system that stabilizes microtubules, and when misfolded is associated with forms of dementia such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.


hodophobic

en-adj

hodophobic (comparative more hodophobic, superlative most hodophobic)

more hodophobic (comparative)
most hodophobic (superlative)

From hodo- (prefix meaning ‘path, road; travel’) + -phobic (suffix forming adjectives indicating an aversion or dislike, or a fear of a specific thing). Hodo- is derived from Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodós, “path, road, way; journey”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”); while -phobic is from -phobia (from Late Latin -phobia, from Koine Greek -φοβία (-phobía), ultimately from Ancient Greek φόβος (phóbos, “alarm, fear, terror”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰegʷ- (“to flee, run”)) + -ic (suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ from nouns).
Sense 1 (“of the dendrites of neurons: tending not to form branches”) was possibly coined by Enrique Ramón-Moliner and Walle Nauta in a 1966 article: see the quotation.

der

The majority of the territories usually included in the brain stem reticular formation exhibit the characteristic of "hodophilic" dendrites, in contrast to, for example, the inferior olive and pontine nuclei in which the dendrites are rarely found to extend into fiber bundles and could thus be described as "hodophobic."

1966 March, E[nrique] Ramón-Moliner, W[alle] J[etze] H[arinx] Nauta, “The Isodendritic Core of the Brain Stem”, in The Journal of Comparative Neurology, volume 126, number 3, New York, N.Y.: Wiley-Liss, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMID, page 315, column 2; reprinted in Neuroanatomy: Selected Papers of Walle J. H. Nauta (Contemporary Neuroscientists: Selected Papers of Leaders in Brain Research), Boston, Mass., Basel: Birkhäuser, 1993, →DOI, →ISBN, part III (General Organization of the Central Nervous System), page 242, column 2:

The dendrites of the pontine neurons are not as "hodophobic" as those of the inferior olivary nucleus.

1968, E[nrique] Ramón-Moliner, “The Morphology of Dendrites”, in Geoffrey H[oward] Bourne, editor, The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue, volume I (Structure I), New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →OCLC, pages 234–235:

Ramón-Moliner and Nauta (1966) designated the closed nuclei, in which dendrites do not extend into adjacent fibre bundles, as ‘hodophobic’.

1997, R[udolf] Nieuwenhuys, H[endrik] J[an] ten Donkelaar, C[harles] Nicholson, “Structure and Organisation of Centres”, in The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, page 49, column 2:

This dendritic pattern corresponds to the hodophobic tendencies of allodendritic neurons found in the analogue nucleus of cat,^([sic]) but in the guinea pig these neurons are weakly branched.

2000 February 7, Anna Robak, “The Neuronal Structure of the Mamillary Nuclei in Guinea Pig: Nissl, Klüver-Barrera and Golgi Studies”, in Folia Morphologica, volume 59, number 2, Gdańsk, Poland: Via Medica, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMID, archived from the original on 2021-05-30, page 109, column 1:

Ramon-Moliner and Nauta (Ramon-Moliner and Nauta, 1966) proposed division of brainstem nuclei into two major groups: (1) "closed" nuclei with relatively homogeneous perikaryal morphology and specialized, hodophobic dendrites that remain confined to nuclear boundaries; and (2) "open" nuclei with non-specialized (isodendritic) and overlapping dendritic branches, considerable cytological heterogeneity, and hodophilic tendency for spread into nearby fiber bundles.

2012, Changiz Geula, M[arek-]Marsel Mesulam, “Brainstem Cholinergic Systems”, in Jürgen K[onrad] Mai, George Paxinos, editors, The Human Nervous System, 3rd edition, London, Waltham, Mass.: Academic Press, →DOI, →ISBN, part III (Brainstem and Cerebellum), page 456, column 2:

(neurology) Of the dendrites of neurons: tending not to form branches.


brain fingerprinting

(neuroscience) A forensic technique that uses electroencephalography to determine whether specific information is stored in a subject's brain.


hyperglutamatergic

Therefore, we speculate that a model of a neuronal excitatory/inhibitory imbalance might explain the plethora of neuropsychiatric symptoms that can be observed in the course of NMDR encephalitis: Initial hyperglutamatergic states can be interpreted as an indicator of cortical over-excitation, whereas hypoglutamatergic states in the further course (after months) of the disease might be a sequel of over-inhibition of cortical brain areas, possibly triggered by the preceding over-excitation.

2015 August 1, Dominique Endres et al., “Hypoglutamatergic state is associated with reduced cerebral glucose metabolism in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a case report”, in BMC Psychiatry, volume 15, →DOI:

(biochemistry, neurology) Excessively glutamatergic


corona radiata

en-noun

corona radiata (plural coronae radiatae)

(neuroanatomy) A group of radiating white matter tracts originating from the internal capsule.

放射冠

radiating white matter tracts from the internal capsule


Leigh disease

Named after British neuropsychiatrist Archibald Denis Leigh (1915–1998), who first described the condition in 1951.

(neurology, pathology) A rare inherited neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system.


CTZ

chemoreceptor trigger zone
chemoreceptor trigger zone#English

(physiology, neuroscience) Initialism of chemoreceptor trigger zone.


spindle neuron

(neurology) One of a class of neurons with a spindle-shaped soma, a single apical axon, and a single dendrite.


glossopharyngeal nerve

glossopharyngeal nerve (plural glossopharyngeal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of the ninth pair of cranial nerves which are mixed nerves that exit the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla oblongata, carry afferent sensory and efferent motor information, and supply the pharynx, posterior tongue, and parotid gland.


arcuate fasciculus

arcuate fasciculus (plural arcuate fasciculi)

A partially Anglicised borrowing of the New Latin fasciculus arcuātus.

(neuroanatomy) A bundle of axons that forms part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus.


bobble-head doll syndrome

(medicine, neurology) A rare neurological movement disorder, related to cystic lesions and swelling of the third ventricle in the brain, in which patients, usually children around age 3, begin to bob the head and shoulders involuntarily back and forth or from side to side.


Heschl's gyrus

Named after Austrian anatomist Richard L. Heschl (1824–1881).

The study by Penagos et al. (2004) concluded that only lateral Heschl's gyrus was sensitive to changes in pitch salience, supporting the notion that a pitch center exists in this region of auditory cortex.

2010, David R. Moore, Paul Albert Fuchs, Adrian Rees, The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: The Auditory Brain, →ISBN:

In a study conducted with Spanish-Catalan bilinguals […] it was observed that the volume of the left Heschl's gyrus was greater than in monolingual speakers, both for grey and white matter.

2019, Albert Costa, translated by John W. Schwieter, The Bilingual Brain, Penguin, published 2021, page 93:

(neuroanatomy) A convolution of the cortex found in the lateral sulcus on the temporal lobe, and which is the first cortical structure to process incoming auditory information.


AHS

alien hand syndrome
alien hand syndrome#English

(neurology, psychiatry) Initialism of alien hand syndrome.


alien hand syndrome

alien hand syndrome (countable and uncountable, plural alien hand syndromes)

(neurology, psychiatry) A condition in which a person experiences their limbs acting seemingly on their own, without control over the actions.


old timer's disease

From old timer + -’s + disease, from the fact that the disease disproportionately affects older people, and because of the phonetic similarity between Alzheimer’s and old timer’s.

Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease#English

(neurology, pathology, slang, sometimes derogatory or humorous) Eggcorn of Alzheimer's disease (“a disorder involving loss of mental functions resulting from brain tissue changes”).


cochlear nerve

Coordinate term: vestibular nerve

(neuroanatomy) A nerve that arises in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea and carries auditory sensory information from the organ of Corti directly to the brain.


sexual headache

sexual headache (countable and uncountable, plural sexual headaches)

(medicine, neurology) A rare type of headache that occurs during sexual activity, including masturbation or orgasm.


neuroconsciousness

(neuroscience) The neurologically defined degrees of consciousness.

(neuroscience) The neuromechanics of consciousness; The brain mechanisms and the systemic interactions that give rise to consciousness.


rhomboid fossa

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A rhombus-shaped depression that is the anterior part of the fourth ventricle of the brain


hypoglossal nerve

hypoglossal nerve (plural hypoglossal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of the 12th and final pair of cranial nerves which are motor nerves arising from the medulla oblongata and supplying muscles of the tongue in higher vertebrates.


vestibulocochlear nerve

vestibulocochlear nerve (plural vestibulocochlear nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Each of the eighth pair of cranial nerves, transmitting sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the organs of hearing and balance in the inner ear to the brain.

前庭耳蝸神經 /前庭耳蜗神经

qiántíng ěrwō shénjīng, (Taiwan) qiántíng ěrguā shénjīng


PSNS

parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of parasympathetic nervous system.


motor neurone disease

"I have Motor Neurone Disease. Before long, I shan't be here. That's pretty straightforward. [...] My future is time-limited. The disease affects my abilities. It will get worse. There is no cure.

2021 November 3, Adrian Shooter talks to Paul Clifton, “A lifetime of railway achievements”, in RAIL, number 943, page 37:

motor neuron disease
motor neuron disease#English

(neurology, pathology) Alternative form of motor neuron disease


lateral sclerosis

(neurology, pathology) name of a number of chronic, progressive nervous diseases.


PRR

parietal reach region
w:parietal reach region

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of parietal reach region.


EPSP

excitatory postsynaptic potential
w:excitatory postsynaptic potential

(neuroscience) Initialism of excitatory postsynaptic potential.


brain storm

From brain + storm. In the sense of "seizure, convulsion, brain activity", from the idea that it is like a storm in the brain. In the sense of "problem-solving idea or session", from the unrelated idea of using the "brain to storm a problem" (see brainstorm).

He was so puffing and fuming that he had to pull up for breath, and take his hat off to ease the smoking hot pressure of a brainstorm.

1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 76:

The most honored one has had a brain storm — minor, but there was a second one past midnight.

2008, Shiloh Walker, Through the Veil, →ISBN:

Such communication is normally regulated by an appropriate amount of electricity but when the amount is very high (rate of 500 times per second), this results in a brain storm known as epilepsy.

2012, Bonaventure Balla, Symbolism, Synesthesia, and Semiotics, Multidisciplinary Approach, →ISBN:

To expand his mind would exhaust what little strength he still had and ignite the brain storm that had finally passed.

2015, Tony Bertauski, Ashes of Foreverland: A Science Fiction Thriller:

(medicine, neurology) A seizure, convulsion, or similar incident of abnormal brain activity.


disentrain

en-verb

disentrain (third-person singular simple present disentrains, present participle disentraining, simple past and past participle disentrained)

disentrains (present singular third-person)
disentraining (participle present)
disentrained (participle past)
disentrained (past)

We have seen that consciousness can be viewed as an integration of neural functions, which are entrained and disentrained from moment to moment.

1990, Charles D. Laughlin, John McManus, Eugene G. D'Aquili, Brain, Symbol & Experience:

There are several neurofeedback-related approaches that make use of auditory and/or visual stimulation (AVS) to entrain or disentrain brain electrical activity.

2007, James R. Evans, Handbook of Neurofeedback: Dynamics and Clinical Applications, →ISBN:

Hence, interestingly, a speaker (VR) might disentrain in no-frequency but entrain in the frequency of a particular discourse function; we also have a speaker with the opposite pattern (DF).

2013, Simone Bassis, Anna Esposito, Francesco Carlo Morabito, Recent Advances of Neural Network Models and Applications, →ISBN:

(neurobiology) To extinguish a conditioned association.


pathetic nerve

(archaic, neuroanatomy) The trochlear nerve.


geniculate ganglion

en-noun

geniculate ganglion (plural geniculate ganglions)

(neuroanatomy) A small reddish ganglion consisting of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells located at the sharp backward angle of the facial nerve.


alphoid

alphoid rhythm

(neurology) Having the brainwave pattern associated with alertness.


neurohistological

(histology, neurology) Relating to neurohistology


hypoglossus

Borrowed from New Latin hypoglōssus, clipping of nervus hypoglōssus (“hypoglossal nerve”).

clipping

hypoglossal nerve
hypoglossal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Alternative form of hypoglossal nerve.


frontolimbic

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the front of the limbic system


metacoel

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The caudal part of the fourth ventricle of the brain.


innervator

(neurology) serotonin and proton pump stimulators


Internet addiction disorder

en-noun

Internet addiction disorder (uncountable)

First used in 1995 by Dr. Ivan K. Goldberg as a joke to parody the complexity and rigidity of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but was shortly thereafter legitimized in some spaces as an actual disorder.

(neurology, pathology) A disorder characterized by excessive Internet use that interferes with daily life.


antidromicity

(neurology) The condition of being antidromic


rosehip neuron

Finally, to more concretely link morphologically and transcriptionally defined RCs, we performed digital PCR for additional marker genes on cellular content extracted from individual rosehip neurons.

2018, Boldog, Eszter, Trygve E. Bakken, Rebecca D. Hodge, Mark Novotny, Brian D. Aevermann, Judith Baka, Sándor Bordé et al., “Transcriptomic and morphophysiological evidence for a specialized human cortical GABAergic cell type.”, in Nature Neuroscience, volume 21, number 9:

For instance, Boldog et al. identified a new specialized human cortical GABAergic cell type called a rosehip neuron. These rosehip neurons seem to be functionally related to regulation of distal dendritic computation in pyramidal neurons

2019, Kameneva, Polina, and Igor Adameyko, “Recent advances in our understanding of central and peripheral nervous system progenitors”, in Current Opinion in Cell Biology, volume 61:

We demonstrate its presence in single nucleus RNA-seq of ∼16000 human cortical neurons (including rosehip neurons).

2020 February 22, Bhattacharya, Aniket et al., “Origin of a novel CYP20A1 transcript isoform through multiple Alu exaptations creates a potential miRNA sponge”, in BioRxiv:

(neurology, biology) A type of information-controlling brain cell, which is found in humans.


tau tangle

(neuroscience) A pathological aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain that disrupts neural communication.


neuroception

(neurology) The unconscious detection of threat or safety


neuro-oncology

(neuroscience, oncology) The scientific study of brain neoplasms


metamodal

(neurology) Relating to abstract neurological processing that does not reference a sensory modality


onbeam

Because of a:— counterbalancing relationship between onbeam excitation and inhibition at the Purkinje cell (Eccles et al., 1967) some manner of continually refurbished excitation from these extramuscular receptors must be postulated (Murphy, MacKay & Johnson, 1973)

1975, Harold Thomas Anthony Whiting, Readings in human performance, page 131:

A Diagram of neuronal circuitry and positions of extracellular microelectrodes (EME) for recording from stellate ceils ($7), intracellular microelectrodes (IME) for recording from Purkinje cells (PC), two local stimulating electrodes (LSE 1 and LSE 2) for stimulating parallel fibers (PF), offbeam and onbeam respectively.

1976 January, Naiphinich Kotchabhakdi, “Functional circuitry of the goldfish cerebellum”, in Journal of comparative physiology, volume 112, number 1:

The granule cell parallel fibers activate several arrays of onbeam Purkinje cells (Fig. 1), which strongly inhibit their target neurons in the interpositus nucleus.

2007, Alan Longstaff, BIOS Instant Notes in Neuroscience, →ISBN:

(neurophysiology) In line with excited parallel neurofibers.


demap

en-verb

demap (third-person singular simple present demaps, present participle demapping, simple past and past participle demapped)

demaps (present singular third-person)
demapping (participle present)
demapped (participle past)
demapped (past)

(transitive, neuroscience, uncommon) To remove connections between memories in the mind.


PAG

periaqueductal gray
periaqueductal gray#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of periaqueductal gray.


Huntingtonism

From Huntington + -ism; named after George Huntington, American physician.

Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease

(pathology, neurology) Huntington's disease


geniculate nucleus

en-noun

geniculate nucleus (plural geniculate nuclei or geniculate nucleuses)

geniculate nuclei (plural)
geniculate nucleuses (plural)

lateral geniculate nucleus
lateral geniculate nucleus

medial geniculate nucleus
medial geniculate nucleus

(neuroanatomy) Either of two pairs of structures situated on the lower surface of the thalamus that relay sensory impulses to the cortex: the lateral geniculate nucleus, which relays visual impulses, and the medial geniculate nucleus, which relays auditory impulses.


hypoemotionality

(neuroscience) A reduced emotional response


hypo-emotionality

(neuroscience) Alternative form of hypoemotionality


hypoemotional

en-adj

hypoemotional (comparative more hypoemotional, superlative most hypoemotional)

more hypoemotional (comparative)
most hypoemotional (superlative)

(neuroscience) Exhibiting a reduced emotional response.


neurosterol

(biochemistry, neuroscience) A neuroactive sterol


hyperkinetic disorder

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) A developmental disorder in which a person has a persistent and pervasive pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

reactio puerorum sive adolescentium hyperkinetica

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


supplementary motor area

en-noun

supplementary motor area (plural supplementary motor areas)

primary motor cortex
primary motor cortex

(neuroanatomy) A part of the primate cerebral cortex that contributes to the control of movement, located on the midline surface of the brain hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex leg representation.


orbital apex syndrome

orbital apex syndrome (usually uncountable, plural orbital apex syndromes)

(ophthalmology, neurology) A collection of cranial nerve deficits associated with a mass lesion near the apex of the orbit, often leading to ophthalmoplegia.


sensory neuron

(neuroanatomy) A neuron that transmits nerve impulses from a sense organ towards the central nervous system.


chemoreceptor trigger zone

chemoreceptor trigger zone (uncountable)

(physiology, neuroscience) An area of the medulla oblongata, located in the area postrema, that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs or hormones, and communicates with other structures in the vomiting center to initiate vomiting.


mesencephalic aqueduct

mesencephalic aqueduct (plural mesencephalic aqueducts)

cerebral aqueduct
cerebral aqueduct#English


insulostriatal

(neuroanatomy) insular and striatal: relating to the brain's insula and striatum, especially their connectivity, both normal and abnormal.


spinal ganglion

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve.


spinal nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the 31 paired nerves that originate from the spinal cord.


dorsal root

(neuroanatomy) The one of the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes dorsally to the spinal cord and consists of sensory fibers


dorsal root ganglion

dorsal root ganglion (plural dorsal root ganglia)


autonomic ganglion

autonomic ganglion (plural autonomic ganglia)

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) A cluster of nerve cell bodies (a ganglion) in the autonomic nervous system.


agraphesthesia

agraphesthesia (usually uncountable, plural agraphesthesias)

(neurology) The inability or difficulty recognizing a written number or letter traced on the skin (e.g. of the hand), usually as a consequence of parietal damage.


metalearning

(neuroscience) A certain theory about how neurotransmitters facilitate distributed learning mechanisms.


longitudinal fissure

longitudinal fissure (plural longitudinal fissures)

(neuroanatomy) A fissure in the cerebral cortex of primates; it separates the two hemispheres


gyrus rectus

longitudinal fissure
longitudinal fissure

(neuroanatomy) a gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain, adjacent to the longitudinal fissure


nodopathy

Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), the axonal motor variant of GBS, is the prototypic nodopathy; antibodies against GM1 ganglioside—an axolemmal nodal antigen—lead to disruption of sodium channels.

2020, Michal Vytopil, Ted M. Burns, Michelle Mauermann, Jayashri Srinivasan, “Acquired Polyneuropathies”, in Jayashri Srinivasan, Claudia J. Chaves, Brian J. Scott, Juan E. Small, editors, Netter's Neurology, 3rd edition, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 665:

(pathology, neurology) Any peripheral neuropathy caused by changes restricted to the nodes of Ranvier and paranodal regions.


pyrenophore

The neuron is characterized by a central zone, called pyrenophore, which contains the nucleus and the organelles and a peripheral one, consisting of the cytoplasmic extensions, the dendrites and the axon.

2017, Martina Chianese, “Synthesis and study of catalytic antioxidant activity of mono and dinuclear copper(II) complexes”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

In seven animals, the degeneration/atrophy of pyrenophores in the vicinity of the epaxial muscles was detected.

2020, Sara Ciulli, “Multifactorial Causes of Chronic Mortality in Juvenile Sturgeon (Huso huso)”, in Animals, volume 10, number 10, page 1866:

(neurology, in translation from Italian) The central zone of a neuron containing the nucleus and organelles.


aerosensation

(neurology) The sensory perception of breathable air


somatodentritic

(neuroanatomy) Alternative form of somatodendritic


selective memory

(neurology, psychology) The ability to retrieve certain facts and events but not others.


third ventricle

third ventricle (plural third ventricles)

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) One of the four connected ventricles of the mammalian brain


fourth ventricle

fourth ventricle (plural fourth ventricles)

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) One of the four ventricles of the human brain


superior olivary complex

superior olivary complex (plural superior olivary complexes)

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) A collection of brainstem nuclei involved in hearing.


ansa cervicalis

ansa cervicalis (plural ansae cervicales)

Borrowed from New Latin ānsa cervīcālis (“neck handle”).

bor

(neuroanatomy) A nerve loop from the upper cervical nerves that accompanies the hypoglossal nerve and innervates the infrahyoid muscles.


auriculotemporal nerve

en-noun

auriculotemporal nerve (plural auriculotemporal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) The branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the skin of the external ear and temporal region and autonomic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland.


chorda tympani

chorda tympani (plural chordae tympanorum)

Borrowed from New Latin chorda tympanī (“cord of the tympanum”).

bor

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the facial nerve that traverses the middle ear cavity and the infratemporal fossa and supplies autonomic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular glands and sensory fibers to the anterior part of the tongue.


ciliary ganglion

en-noun

ciliary ganglion (plural ciliary ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) A small autonomic ganglion on the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve receiving preganglionic fibers from the oculomotor nerve and sending postganglionic fibers to the ciliary muscle and to the iris sphincter.


cervical plexus

cervical plexus (plural cervical plexuses)

(neuroanatomy) A plexus formed by the anterior divisions of the four upper cervical nerves.


alveolar nerve

Meronyms: superior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the nerves supplying the dental alveoli.


superior alveolar nerve

superior alveolar nerve (plural superior alveolar nerves)

Meronyms: anterior superior alveolar nerve, middle superior alveolar nerve

Coordinate term: inferior alveolar nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the branches of the maxillary nerve or of the infraorbital nerve that supply the teeth and gums of the upper jaw.


inferior alveolar nerve

inferior alveolar nerve (plural inferior alveolar nerves)

Coordinate term: superior alveolar nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the mandibular nerve that passes through the mandibular canal to the mental foramen giving off various branches along the way to the teeth of the lower jaw and finally to the skin of the chin and the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.


petrosal nerve

Meronyms: deep petrosal nerve, greater petrosal nerve, lesser petrosal nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of several small nerves passing through foramina in the petrous portion of the temporal bone.


deep petrosal nerve

deep petrosal nerve (plural deep petrosal nerves)

greater petrosal nerve
greater petrosal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A sympathetic nerve that originates in the carotid plexus, passes through the cartilage of the Eustachian tube, joins with the greater petrosal nerve at the entrance of the pterygoid canal to form the Vidian nerve, and as part of this nerve passes through the pterygopalatine ganglion without forming synapses to be distributed to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and palate.


greater petrosal nerve

greater petrosal nerve (plural greater petrosal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) A mixed nerve that contains mostly sensory and some parasympathetic fibers, arises in the geniculate ganglion, joins with the deep petrosal nerve at the entrance of the pterygoid canal to form the Vidian nerve, and as part of this nerve sends sensory fibers to the soft palate with some to the Eustachian tube and sends parasympathetic fibers forming the motor root of the pterygopalatine ganglion.


lesser petrosal nerve

lesser petrosal nerve (plural lesser petrosal nerves)

glossopharyngeal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

(neuroanatomy) The continuation of the tympanic nerve beyond the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve that passes into the cranial cavity through the petrous part of the temporal bone and out again to terminate in the otic ganglion which it supplies with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.


deep temporal nerve

deep temporal nerve (plural deep temporal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of two motor branches of the mandibular nerve on each side of the body that are distributed to the temporalis.


laryngeal nerve

laryngeal nerve (plural laryngeal nerves)

Meronyms: superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve

(neuroanatomy) Either of two branches of the vagus nerve supplying the larynx.


superior laryngeal nerve

superior laryngeal nerve (plural superior laryngeal nerves)

Meronyms: external laryngeal nerve, internal laryngeal nerve

Coordinate term: recurrent laryngeal nerve

(neuroanatomy) One of two branches of the vagus nerve that arises from the ganglion of the vagus situated below the jugular foramen in front of the transverse processes of the first two cervical vertebrae and that passes down the neck to supply the cricothyroid muscle.


recurrent laryngeal nerve

recurrent laryngeal nerve (plural recurrent laryngeal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) One of two branches of the vagus nerve that arises below the larynx, loops under the subclavian artery on the right side and under the arch of the aorta on the left, and returns upward to the larynx to supply all the muscles of the thyroid except the cricothyroid muscle.


inferior laryngeal nerve

inferior laryngeal nerve (plural inferior laryngeal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Any of the terminal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

recurrent laryngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of recurrent laryngeal nerve.


nasal nerve

nasociliary nerve
nasociliary nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of nasociliary nerve.


frontal nerve

Meronyms: supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplying the forehead, scalp, and adjoining parts.


ophthalmic nerve

ophthalmic nerve (plural ophthalmic nerves)

Meronyms: frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, nasociliary nerve

(neuroanatomy) One of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supply sensory fibers to the lacrimal gland, eyelids, ciliary muscle, nose, forehead, and adjoining parts.


lacrimal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A small branch of the ophthalmic nerve that enters the lacrimal gland with the lacrimal artery and supplies the lacrimal gland and the adjacent conjunctiva and the skin of the upper eyelid.


nasociliary nerve

nasociliary nerve (plural nasociliary nerves)

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the ophthalmic nerve distributed in part to the ciliary ganglion and in part to the mucous membrane and skin of the nose.


occipital nerve

occipital nerve (plural occipital nerves)

Meronyms: greater occipital nerve, lesser occipital nerve

(neuroanatomy) Either of two nerves that arise mostly from the second cervical nerve.


greater occipital nerve

greater occipital nerve (plural greater occipital nerves)

Coordinate term: lesser occipital nerve

(neuroanatomy) The medial branch of the second cervical nerve that innervates the scalp at the top of the head.


lesser occipital nerve

lesser occipital nerve (plural lesser occipital nerves)

Coordinate term: greater occipital nerve

(neuroanatomy) A nerve arising from the second cervical nerve or from the loop between the second and third cervical nerves and innervating the scalp especially in the lateral area of the head behind the ear.


cervical nerve

(neuroanatomy) One of the spinal nerves of the cervical region of which there are eight on each side in most mammals including humans.


palatine nerve

Meronyms: greater palatine nerve, lesser palatine nerve

pterygopalatine ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion

(neuroanatomy) Any of several nerves arising from the pterygopalatine ganglion and supplying the roof of the mouth, parts of the nose, and adjoining parts.


pterygopalatine ganglion

pterygopalatine ganglion (plural pterygopalatine ganglia)

pterygopalatine fossa
pterygopalatine fossa

(neuroanatomy) An autonomic ganglion of the maxillary nerve that is situated in the pterygopalatine fossa and that receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve and sends postganglionic fibers to the nasal mucosa, palate, pharynx, and orbit.


cervical ganglion

cervical ganglion (plural cervical ganglia)

Meronyms: superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, inferior cervical ganglion

(neuroanatomy) Any of three sympathetic ganglia on each side of the neck.


superior cervical ganglion

superior cervical ganglion (plural superior cervical ganglia)

internal carotid artery
internal carotid artery

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion at the top of the sympathetic chain that lies between the internal carotid artery and the second and third cervical vertebrae and that sends postganglionic fibers to the heart, larynx, and pharynx, and to the head.


middle cervical ganglion

middle cervical ganglion (plural middle cervical ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion at the level of the cricoid cartilage that is the smallest of the cervical ganglia, that varies in its presence or absence, size, form, and position, and that sends fibers to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves.


inferior cervical ganglion

inferior cervical ganglion (plural inferior cervical ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion that is located between the base of the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra and the fifth rib and is usually partly or completely fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form the stellate ganglion.


stellate ganglion

stellate ganglion (plural stellate ganglia)

inferior cervical ganglion
inferior cervical ganglion

(neuroanatomy) A composite ganglion formed by fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic chain of a vertebrate animal.


thoracic ganglion

thoracic ganglion (plural thoracic ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) Any of the ganglia of the sympathetic chain in the thoracic region that occur in 12 or fewer pairs.


lumbar ganglion

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) Any of the small ganglia of the lumbar part of the sympathetic nervous system.


infraorbital nerve

infraorbital nerve (plural infraorbital nerves)

Coordinate term: zygomatic nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the maxillary nerve that divides into branches distributed to the skin of the upper part of the cheek, the upper lip, and the lower eyelid.


maxillary nerve

maxillary nerve (plural maxillary nerves)

(neuroanatomy) The one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the skin areas of the middle part of the face, the upper jaw and its teeth, and the mucous membranes of the palate, nasal cavities, and nasopharynx.


zygomatic nerve

zygomatic nerve (plural zygomatic nerves)

Meronyms: zygomaticofacial nerve, zygomaticotemporal nerve

Coordinate term: infraorbital nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the maxillary nerve that divides into a facial branch supplying the skin of the prominent part of the cheek and a temporal branch supplying the skin of the anterior temporal region.


internal carotid plexus

internal carotid plexus (plural internal carotid plexuses)

(neuroanatomy) A network of nerves of the sympathetic nervous system surrounding the internal carotid artery.


lingual nerve

(neuroanatomy, zootomy) A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior two thirds of the tongue and the floor of the mouth and responds to stimuli of pressure, touch, and temperature.


mandibular nerve

mandibular nerve (plural mandibular nerves)

(neuroanatomy) The one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and the lower teeth and supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication.


lateral pterygoid nerve

lateral pterygoid nerve (plural lateral pterygoid nerves)

lateral pterygoid muscle
lateral pterygoid muscle

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the mandibular nerve that is distributed to the lateral pterygoid muscle.


medial pterygoid nerve

medial pterygoid nerve (plural medial pterygoid nerves)

medial pterygoid muscle
medial pterygoid muscle

tensor veli palatini
tensor veli palatini

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the mandibular nerve that is distributed to the medial pterygoid muscle, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini.


pterygoid nerve

pterygoid nerve (plural pterygoid nerves)

Meronyms: lateral pterygoid nerve, medial pterygoid nerve

(neuroanatomy) Either of two branches of the mandibular nerve.


long ciliary nerve

long ciliary nerve (plural long ciliary nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Any of two or three nerves that are given off by the nasociliary nerve as it crosses the optic nerve, pass through the posterior part of the sclera, and run forward between the sclera and the choroid to be distributed to the iris and cornea.


short ciliary nerve

short ciliary nerve (plural short ciliary nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Any of 6 to 10 delicate nerve filaments of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and general sensory function that arise in the ciliary ganglion and innervate the smooth muscles and tunics of the eye.


mental nerve

inferior alveolar nerve
inferior alveolar nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the inferior alveolar nerve that emerges from the bone of the mandible near the mental protuberance and divides into branches which are distributed to the skin of the chin and to the skin and mucous membranes of the lower lip.


nasopalatine nerve

nasopalatine nerve (plural nasopalatine nerves)

sphenopalatine foramen
sphenopalatine foramen

(neuroanatomy) A parasympathetic and sensory nerve that arises in the pterygopalatine ganglion, passes through the sphenopalatine foramen, across the roof of the nasal cavity to the nasal septum, and obliquely downward to and through the incisive canal, and innervates especially the glands and mucosa of the nasal septum and the anterior part of the hard palate.


Vidian nerve

nerve of the pterygoid canal
nerve of the pterygoid canal#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of nerve of the pterygoid canal.


nerve of the pterygoid canal

nerve of the pterygoid canal (plural nerves of the pterygoid canals)

(neuroanatomy) A nerve formed by the union of the greater petrosal and the deep petrosal nerves that passes forward through the pterygoid canal in the sphenoid bone and joins the pterygopalatine ganglion.


nervus intermedius

nervus intermedius (plural nervi intermedii)

Borrowed from New Latin nervus intermedius (“intermediate nerve”).

bor

(neuroanatomy) The branch of the facial nerve that contains sensory and parasympathetic fibers and that supplies the anterior tongue and parts of the palate and fauces.


glossopalatine nerve

en-noun

glossopalatine nerve (plural glossopalatine nerves)

nervus intermedius
nervus intermedius#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of nervus intermedius.


nerve of Wrisberg

nerve of Wrisberg (plural nerves of Wrisberg)

(neuroanatomy) A small nerve of the upper arm arising from the brachial plexus and distributed especially to the skin of the medial side.


intermediate nerve

intermediate nerve (plural intermediate nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Direct translation form of nervus intermedius.


pharyngeal plexus

pharyngeal plexus (plural pharyngeal plexuses)

(neuroanatomy) A plexus formed by branches of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and sympathetic nerves supplying the muscles and mucous membrane of the pharynx and adjoining parts.


ciliary nerve

Meronyms: long ciliary nerve, short ciliary nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the nerves supplying the iris, ciliary body, cornea, and adjacent parts.

睫狀神經 /睫状神经

nerve supplying iris, ciliary body, and cornea


spiral ganglion

(neuroanatomy) A mass of bipolar cell bodies occurring in the modiolus of the organ of Corti and giving off axons which comprise the cochlear nerve.

螺旋神經節 /螺旋神经节

mass of bipolar cell bodies in the Corti organ


submandibular ganglion

submandibular ganglion (plural submandibular ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) An autonomic ganglion that is situated on the hyoglossus muscle above the deep part of the submandibular gland, receives preganglionic fibers from the facial nerve by way of the chorda tympani, and sends postganglionic fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands.

下頜下神經節 /下颌下神经节

xiàhéxià shénjīngjié, (Taiwan) xiàgéxià shénjīngjié

頜下神經節 /颌下神经节

héxià shénjīngjié, (Taiwan) géxià shénjīngjié


supraclavicular nerve

supraclavicular nerve (plural supraclavicular nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Any of three nerves that are descending branches of the cervical plexus arising from the third and fourth cervical nerves and that supply the skin over the upper chest and shoulder.


supraorbital nerve

supraorbital nerve (plural supraorbital nerves)

Coordinate term: supratrochlear nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the frontal nerve supplying the forehead, scalp, cranial periosteum, and adjacent parts.

眶上神經 /眶上神经

kuàngshàng shénjīng, (Taiwan) kuāngshàng shénjīng


supratrochlear nerve

supratrochlear nerve (plural supratrochlear nerves)

Coordinate term: supraorbital nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the frontal nerve supplying the skin of the forehead and the upper eyelid.


fifth nerve

trigeminal nerve
trigeminal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of trigeminal nerve.


trigeminal ganglion

trigeminal ganglion (plural trigeminal ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) A large flattened sensory root ganglion of the trigeminal nerve that lies within the skull and behind the orbit.


sensory root

(neuroanatomy) A nerve root containing only sensory fibers.


gasserian ganglion

gasserian ganglion (plural gasserian ganglia)

trigeminal ganglion
trigeminal ganglion#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of trigeminal ganglion.


semilunar ganglion

semilunar ganglion (plural semilunar ganglia)


tympanic nerve

glossopharyngeal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve arising from the petrosal ganglion and entering the middle ear where it takes part in forming the tympanic plexus.


Jacobson nerve

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of tympanic nerve.


petrosal ganglion

petrosal ganglion (plural petrosal ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of inferior ganglion.


inferior ganglion

inferior ganglion (plural inferior ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) The lower and larger of the two sensory ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

(neuroanatomy) The lower of the two ganglia of the vagus nerve that forms a swelling just beyond the exit of the nerve from the jugular foramen.


tympanic plexus

tympanic plexus (plural tympanic plexuses or tympanic plexus)

tympanic plexuses (plural)
tympanic plexus (plural)

lesser petrosal nerve
lesser petrosal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A nerve plexus of the middle ear that is formed by the tympanic nerve and two or three filaments from the carotid plexus, sends fibers to the mucous membranes of the middle ear, the eustachian tube, and the mastoid cells, and gives off the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion.


carotid plexus

carotid plexus (plural carotid plexuses or carotid plexus)

carotid plexuses (plural)
carotid plexus (plural)

internal carotid plexus
internal carotid plexus#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of internal carotid plexus.


otic ganglion

auriculotemporal nerve
auriculotemporal nerve

(neuroanatomy, zootomy) A small parasympathetic ganglion that is associated with the mandibular nerve, situated near the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone, receives preganglionic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve by way of the lesser petrosal nerve, and sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland by way of the auriculotemporal nerve.


pneumogastric nerve

pneumogastric nerve (plural pneumogastric nerves)


tenth cranial nerve

tenth cranial nerve (plural tenth cranial nerves)


vestibular ganglion

vestibular ganglion (plural vestibular ganglia)

internal auditory canal
internal auditory canal

(neuroanatomy) A sensory ganglion in the trunk of the vestibular nerve in the internal auditory canal that contains cell bodies supplying nerve fibers comprising the vestibular nerve.


vestibular nerve

vestibular nerve (plural vestibular nerves)

Coordinate term: cochlear nerve

vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that consists of bipolar neurons with cell bodies collected in the vestibular ganglion, with peripheral processes passing to the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule, and with central processes passing to the vestibular nuclei of the medulla oblongata.


cell body

(cytology) The main body of a cell, containing its nucleus and organelles (as opposed to various projections or elements of external structure such as cell wall, flagella, dendrites, etc.).

(neurology) The nucleus-containing central part of a neuron exclusive of its axons and dendrites that is the major structural element of the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord, the ganglia, and the retina.


vestibular nucleus

vestibular nucleus (plural vestibular nuclei)

Meronyms: inferior vestibular nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus, superior vestibular nucleus

(neuroanatomy) Any of four nuclei in the medulla oblongata on each side of the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain in which fibers of the vestibular nerve terminate.


auditory nerve

vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of vestibulocochlear nerve.


eighth cranial nerve

eighth cranial nerve (plural eighth cranial nerves)


zygomaticofacial nerve

zygomaticofacial nerve (plural zygomaticofacial nerves)

Coordinate term: zygomaticotemporal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the zygomatic nerve that supplies the skin of the prominent part of the cheek.


zygomaticotemporal nerve

zygomaticotemporal nerve (plural zygomaticotemporal nerves)

Coordinate term: zygomaticofacial nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the zygomatic nerve that supplies the skin of the anterior temporal region.


cable theory

(neurology, mathematics) The use of mathematical models to calculate the electric current and accompanying voltage along passive neurites, particularly the dendrites that receive synaptic inputs at different sites and times.


central canal

(neuroanatomy) A minute canal running through the gray matter of the whole length of the spinal cord and continuous anteriorly with the ventricles of the brain.

中央管

canal through the gray matter of the spinal cord


brain imaging

Brain imaging provides methods for studying the human brain.

2016, Richard Passingham, James B. Rowe, A Short Guide to Brain Imaging: The Neuroscience of Human Cognition, Oxford University Press, page 1:

(neuroscience) The use of various techniques to image the structure and function of the nervous system.


brain scanner

Fortunately all this was superseded in the 1970s, by the invention of the first brain scanner.

2006, Ammar Al-Chalabi, Martin R. Turner, R. Shane Delamont, The Brain: A Beginner's Guide, Oneworld Publications, published 2011, page 208:

(neuroscience) A device used to perform brain imaging.


angular gyrus

(neuroanatomy) A region of the brain, lying mainly in the anterolateral region of the parietal lobe, involved in transferring visual information to Wernicke's area and in various linguistic, cognitive, and other functions.


midposition

midposition pupils

pupils are midposition

See also: PERRLA

(medicine, neurology, of pupils) Opened to a medium degree, in between constriction and dilation.


task-positive

(neuroscience) Of a brain region: active while the person is carrying out a goal-oriented task.


task-negative

(neuroscience) Of a brain region: not active while the person is carrying out a goal-oriented task.


oblique dendrite

oblique dendrite (plural oblique dendrites)

(anatomy, neurology) A dendrite that branches from an apical dendrite that emerges from the apex of a pyramidal cell.


apical dendrite

apical dendrite (plural apical dendrites)

(anatomy, neurology) A dendrite that emerges from the apex of a pyramidal cell.


Guillain-Barré

Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome#English

(neurology, pathology) Ellipsis of Guillain-Barré syndrome.


pain disorder

(psychology, neurology) A type of chronic pain experienced in one or more areas, and is thought to be caused by psychological stress.


dystextia

dystextia (countable and uncountable, plural dystextias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dystextia.wav

2013, A Ravi, VR Rao, JP Klein, “Dystextia: Acute Stroke in the Modern Age”, in JAMA Neurol, volume 70, number 3, →DOI, page 404:

Stroke recognition remains a barrier to care in cerebrovascular disease. Despite an increasing reliance on digital communication, the clinical utility of deficits relating to technology remains unexplored. Dystextia and dystypia, terms used to refer to impairments in texting and typing, respectively, may serve as modern indicators of stroke and provide information regarding stroke duration, symptomatology, and etiological diagnosis.

2019, Amit K. Sharma, Sebastian Fridman, Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht, Luciano A. Sposato, “Dystextia and dystypia as modern stroke symptoms: A case series and literature review”, in Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, volume 180, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 25–27:

(neurology, pathology) Disordered or garbled text messaging associated with medical events like a stroke.


dystypia

dystypia (countable and uncountable, plural dystypias)

(neurology, pathology) Disordered or garbled typing associated with medical events like a stroke.


cognitohazard

Blend of cognition + hazard. Probable origin is from the SCP Foundation website.

The symbol on that piece of paper is a cognitohazard which puts everyone who reads it in a week-long coma.

SUMBITCH. I started listening to http://nyan.cat/ again and now I can't turn it off. #memetic #cognitohazard #scp

2011 April 28, @triggurgoat, Twitter, archived from the original on 2023-01-03:

CAUTION! High-grade Cognitohazard in effect!

2011 July 29, @LexLevinholt, Twitter, archived from the original on 2023-01-03:

The one about Qpple hardware being a cognitohazard?
(I made that up, BTW. :D )

2013 February 27, neurotrashboy, “Place name of the week”, in alt.running.out.of.newsgroup.names (Usenet), retrieved 2022-12-09:

SCP-2359’s primary anomalous property is a cognitohazard that propagates to anyone who makes visual, auditory or informational contact with it. The infection impresses a false identity and memories of SCP-2359 onto the mind of the affected subject.

2016 January 29, StringentCurry, “SCP-2359”, in SCP Foundation, archived from the original on 2022-12-11:

Numerous people have reported, or, more accurately, been discovered, as having been subjected to the proscribed work The King in Yellow. […] For one thing, we’re not even sure there’s anything useful in the King play. It’s a complete cognitohazard.

2017, Zachary Adam, Sanity Line (Arcane Revolution Series), CreateSpace, →ISBN:

The last week was devoted to an equally theoretical threat—weaponized cognitohazards. Brown notes. Things that you could be hurt, or possibly killed, by just seeing or hearing them… and what would happen if they got on the Internet. How would people protect themselves?

2018, Paul Briggs, Altered Seasons: Monsoonrise, Secant Publishing, →ISBN:

“Says here you’re on the front lines, not search and rescue. Do you have the cognitohazard equipment?”

2020, Azalea Ellis, Gods of Ash and Amber (Seeds of Chaos), Seladore Publishing, →ISBN:

TL;DR: “Infohazard” means any kind of information that could be harmful in some fashion. Let’s use “cognitohazard” to describe information that could specifically harm the person who knows it.

[2020 February 2, eukaryote, “A point of clarification on infohazard terminology”, in LessWrong, archived from the original on 2022-12-11:

Curses! Foiled again by the cognitohazard of Harry Styles’ painted nails!!!!!!

2022 August 26, Ryan Broderick, Garbage Day, retrieved 2023-10-16:

Awawawa is a cognitohazard that spreads specifically among submissive trans people

2022 December 6, @circleoflust, Twitter, archived from the original on 2023-01-03:

(neurology, chiefly science fiction) An image, pattern, sound, or any other kind of sensory signal that directly causes harmful or undesired physiological or physical effects to one who senses or perceives it.


cognitohazardous

en-adj

cognitohazardous (comparative more cognitohazardous, superlative most cognitohazardous)

more cognitohazardous (comparative)
most cognitohazardous (superlative)

Rapidly-flashing lights are cognitohazardous to people with certain forms of epilepsy, resulting in seizures.

Had the unknown girl who'd written those things somehow added to the end of the book without realizing what it was? Or had it acquired cognitohazardous properties after she was already dead?

2014, Matt Dymerski, The Portal in the Forest, Proximate Publishing, →ISBN:

(neurology, chiefly science fiction) Being, containing, or pertaining to a cognitohazard.


neuroperception

(neuroscience) Response of the nervous system in perception.


vPFC

ventricular prefrontal cortex
ventricular prefrontal cortex#English

(neurology) Abbreviation of ventricular prefrontal cortex.


polyaesthesia

(neurology) A number of identical feelings nevertheless higher than the number of causes.


mPFC

medial prefrontal cortex
medial prefrontal cortex#English

(neurology) Initialism of medial prefrontal cortex.


SSPE

(virology, neurology) Initialism of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.


hodophilic

hodophilic (comparative more hodophilic, superlative most hodophilic)

more hodophilic (comparative)
most hodophilic (superlative)

On the basis of our own observations we are inclined to believe that the following regions lack typical short-axon neurons: […] in general, all the regions where dendrites show marked hodophilic tendencies.

1968, Geoffrey H[oward] Bourne, editor, The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue, Volume I: Structure I, New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, page 262:

(neurology) Of the dendrites of neurons: tending to form branches.


postsubiculum

In addition to hippocampal inputs, the medial mammillary nuclei receive projections from the rostral subiculum, and the lateral mammillary nuclei receive projections from the pre-, para-, and postsubicula.

2018, Jill B. Rich, “Mammillary Bodies”, in Jeffrey S. Kreutzer, John DeLuca, Bruce Caplan, editors, Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2nd edition, Springer International Publishing AG, →ISBN, page 2076:

(neurology) The dorsal part of the presubiculum.


raphe pallidus

FIGURE 4. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion induced by microinjection of the stable TRH analog, RX 77368, into the raphe pallidus in urethane-anesthetized rats.

1991, Yvette Taché, David L. Wingate, Brain-Gut Interactions, CRC Press, page 175:

The raphe pallidus is located medial and ventral to the inferior olivary nuclear complex.

2013, Ken W. S. Ashwell, “5: Peripheral nervous system, spinal cord, brainstem and cerebellum”, in Ken Ashwell, editor, Neurobiology of Monotremes, CSIRO Publishing, page 91:

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) One of a cluster of nuclei (the raphe nuclei) found in the brain stem.


connectopathy

Any initial abnormality in connectivity might also lead to abnormal activity patterns, which could cause further development of abnormal connectivity. Connectopathy would accompany schizophrenia, but it would be difficult to say which is cause and which is effect.

2012, Sebastian Seung, Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are, page 295:

Recent data have suggested that the atypical visual perception observed in ASD is caused by altered connectivity within parallel visual pathways and attention networks, thereby contributing to the impaired social communication observed in ASD. Therefore, we conclude that the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of ASD constitutes a “connectopathy.”

2017, Takao Yamasaki, Toshihiko Maekawa, Takako Fujita, & Shozo Tobimatsu, "Connectopathy in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Evidence from Visual Evoked Potentials and Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging", Frontiers in Neuroscience, Volume 11 (link)

If the latter, then schizophrenia was, in neurobiological parlance, a connectopathy— a disease rooted in how cells communicate with one another—and thus not readily discernable in slices or sections of postmortem brain tissue.

2023, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Malady of the Mind: Schizophrenia and the Path to Prevention, page 128:

(neurology) An atypical presentation or functioning of neural connections within the human brain.


minicolumnopathy

Brain size is therefore not a confound to the reported minicolumnopathy of autistic patients.

2007, Juan Martos Pérez, New Developments in Autism: The Future is Today, page 282:

The initial results suggesting a minicolumnopathy in autism have been reproduced in two independent samples.

2014, Manuel F. Casanova, “The Neuropathology of Autism”, in Fred R. Volkmar, Kevin A. Pelphrey, Rhea Paul, Sally J. Rogers, editors, Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Volume 1: Diagnosis, Development, and Brain Mechanisms, page 518:

The analysis of the current state of research in this area is guided by theoretical concepts developed in our laboratory, namely the neurodevelopmental “minicolumnopathy” hypothesis of autism that predicts an abnormal E/I ratio, GABA deficits, and gamma oscillation abnormality in autism (Casanova et al., 2002, 2003, 2015, 2015).

2020, Estate M. Sokhadze et al., “Psychological Markers of Arousal and Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder”, in Jane Johnson, Stephen M. Edelson, editors, Understanding and Treating Anxiety in Autism: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach, page 39:

(neurology) An atypical presentation of minicolumns within the human brain.


pseudoconsciousness

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoconsciousness.wav

(neuroscience, neurology, psychology, computer science) A state or condition that is not consciousness but seemingly or nearly approaches it or simulates it.


lenticular nucleus

en-noun

lenticular nucleus (plural lenticular nuclei or lenticular nucleuses)

lenticular nuclei (plural)
lenticular nucleuses (plural)

(neuroanatomy) Either one of two parts —one on each hemisphere— of the basal ganglia, which is roughly lens-shaped and having two parts which would correspond to two sides of a biconvex lens: the putamen and the globus pallidus (which face outboard and inboard, as it were, respectively).


lentiform nucleus

lentiform nucleus (plural lentiform nuclei or lentiform nucleuses)

lentiform nuclei (plural)
lentiform nucleuses (plural)


ventral striatum

ventral striatum (plural ventral striatums or ventral striata)

ventral striatums (plural)
ventral striata (plural)

(neuroanatomy) The forward part of the corpus striatum, made up of four separate parts, two per hemisphere: the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle.


dorsal striatum

dorsal striatum (plural dorsal striatums)

(neuroanatomy) The backward part of the corpus striatum. It consists (in each hemisphere) of the lenticular nucleus and the caudate nucleus; these are adjacent to each other (at one end of the latter, with the rest of the latter also curving around the former).


interthalamic adhesion

interthalamic adhesion (plural interthalamic adhesions)

(neuroanatomy) A sort of bridge connecting the pair of thalami. It is quite short since the thalami are quite close to each other (and to the median plane between them).


sEPSC

spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current#English

(neurology) Abbreviation of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current.


infohazardous

en-adj

infohazardous (comparative more infohazardous, superlative most infohazardous)

more infohazardous (comparative)
most infohazardous (superlative)

(neurology, chiefly science fiction) Being, containing, or pertaining to an infohazard.


antimemetic

antimemetic (comparative more antimemetic, superlative most antimemetic)

more antimemetic (comparative)
most antimemetic (superlative)

From antimeme + -etic or anti- + memetic.

(neurology, sociology, chiefly science fiction) Of, being, containing, or pertaining to antimemes.


zombie system

If, however, you happen to be an organism with plenty of input sensors and output effectors, say, a mammal, devoting a zombie system to each and every possible input-output combination became too expensive .

2004, Christof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach, page 318:

Second , it seems that information can flow from the phenomenal level to the non-conscious zombie systems, but not the other way round (Bridgeman, 2000). In some cases of visually guided actions, when a delayed response to the stimulus is required, the nonconscious system cannot store the relevant representations, but must rely on those delivered by the conscious system. This also shows clearly that the nonconscious system is a servant of the consciously selected goals . Interestingly , the information available through the phenomenal level is not as accurate for the purposes of motor programming as the normal direct online input of this zombie system is, for the representations filtered through the phenomenal level include distortions and illusions that the nonconscious system is not otherwise inclined to generate.

2006, Antti Revonsuo, Inner Presence: Consciousness as a Biological Phenomenon, page 378:

The hard problem holds that if a certain activity is found in the mechanics which seems to influence consciousness, it is logically possible for exactly the same activity to occur without there being consciousness at all. This would be called a Zombie system .

2008, D. Dubois, Computing Anticipatory Systems, page 4:

The study of zombie systems may give us reason to reconfigure our intuitive conception of the relationship between consciousness and agency ( see e.g. Clark 2001 ) , but by no means does it show that 'in order to discover what someone is conscious of we need them to give us some form of report about their subjective experience' (Frith et al. 1999:107).

2012, Tim Bayne, The Unity of Consciousness:

(neurobiology) A neurological system that functions without conscious direction.


NAcc

nucleus accumbens
nucleus accumbens#English

(neuroanatomy) Acronym of nucleus accumbens.


reward system

(neuroanatomy) A group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience, associative learning, and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).


HIPP

(neuroanatomy) Abbreviation of hippocampus.


mesolimbic pathway

en-noun

mesolimbic pathway (plural mesolimbic pathways)

ventral tegmental area
ventral tegmental area

(neuroanatomy) A collection of dopaminergic neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the ventral striatum.


conduction time

conduction time (countable and uncountable, plural conduction times)

(biology, neurology) The total amount of time required for a signal to travel from its starting point to its target.

(biology, neurology) The numerical difference between the latencies at the first recording electrode for each position.


Down syndrome regression disorder

Down syndrome regression disorder (uncountable)

(neurology) A strong cognitive regression affecting people with Down syndrome.


posterior cingulate cortex

posterior cingulate cortex (plural posterior cingulate cortices)

(neuroanatomy) The hind part of the cingulate cortex: it controls mind-wandering and rumination.


antimirror neuron

antimirror neuron (plural antimirror neurons)

This "antimirror neuron" activity, as some researchers call it, appears to deactivate the brain's propensity to imitate another person."

2012, Andrew Newberg, Mark Robert Waldman, Words Can Change Your Brain:

Another interesting finding was that there exists what can be called "antimirror" neurons (Keysers & Gazzola, 2010). Eleven neurons increased their firing when the patient performed a certain action but decreased their firing when the patient observed someone else performing this same action. These "antimirror" neurons may help us distinguish our own actions from those of others, and allow us to prevent unwanted imitation when we observe someone else engaging in some action.

2014, Holly C. Matto, Jessica Strolin-Goltzman, PhD, Michelle S. Ballan, Neuroscience for Social Work: Current Research and Practice, pages 41-42:

They also pointed out that fMRI recordings would be blind to the difference between mirror and anti-mirror neurons, because the fMRI is sensitive to changes in metabolism and both excitation and inhibition consume energy..

2014, Ross Buck, Emotion: A Biosocial Synthesis, page 121:

(neuroscience) A neuron that fires when someone performs an action and reduces its firing when that person observes another performing the action, or vice versa.


type 3 diabetes

Coordinate term: type 1 diabetes

Coordinate term: type 2 diabetes

(medicine, neurology) A proposed pathological linkage between Alzheimer's disease and certain features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.


orbitofrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex (countable and uncountable, plural orbitofrontal cortices or orbitofrontal cortexes)

orbitofrontal cortices (plural)
orbitofrontal cortexes (plural)

(neuroanatomy) A prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive process of decision making.


critical brain hypothesis

(neuroscience) The hypothesis that certain biological neuronal networks work near phase transitions.


semi-eidetic

Subject Q: Little, if any, inner speech. He is, according to his own statement, predominantly visual. Says he gets things by memorizing how they look in the book. Said he had difficulty getting the reading given to him because he could not read it over once or twice more." After that I would remember just how it looks." Is apparently semi-eidetic.

1927, Clarence Whitford Young, A Study of the Function of Inner Speech in Reading and Thought, page 77:

A friend with a semi-eidetic memory remembers seeing an article in Neural Computation about the role of noise in neural function but doesn't remember the title or authors. The journal doesn't seem to be listed in Current Contents and I can't find anything about it on CARL.

1994 May 11, John Edstrom, “looking for a reference”, in comp.ai.neural-nets (Usenet):

He continued to be tolerated because Karu and Laudsepp managed to get some use out of him, but Ullo felt instinctively that as soon as they managed to find some semi-eidetic fool like himself with a prodigious memory, he would be out on his ear.

2003, Jaan Kross, Treading Air, page 122:

Image of white flame traced against rose-red field (the "overblown scarlet flowers" of this "chamber"'s wallpaper [P221-22; Gottfried 2002, 70]) then fades into its semi-eidetic reversed-color after-image: the flame continues burning-it is still ardens, "ardent," but now rose-colored.

2004, John Gordon, Joyce and Reality, The Empirical Strikes Back, page 28:

A.S. Byatt, one of the subjects of our volume, primarily a writer of fiction, and a former full-time academic and literature specialist, admits to a semi-eidetic mind and incorporates in her novels discussion of scientific research on the mind and eidetic phenomena and the relations between visual and conceptual memory and analytical thought;

2005, Anthony John Harper, Ingrid Höpel, Susan Sirc (editors), Emblematic Tendencies in the Art and Literature of the Twentieth Century, page xxv:

However, after his analysis of "The Reality of Daily Life" in "On Multiple Realities," when Schutz (1962b, 230) discusses the features of a "cognitive style" that a set of experiences shares insofar as they pertain to a finite province of meaning, his account appears to be semi-eidetic.

2017, Michael Barber, Religion and Humor as Emancipating Provinces of Meaning, page 7:

"Semi-eidetic memory? How is that possible? Either you have an eidetic memory or you don't. You smell bread and it provokes a memory of bread baking. Are you calling that 'semi-eidetic memory'?"

2018, Daron Malmborg, The Plan for Darkness, page 203:

(neuroscience, rare) Partly or partially eidetic.


Kanner's syndrome

Named after American psychiatrist Leo Kanner (1894–1981).

named-after

Meronyms: autism, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability

(dated, uncountable, neurology) A developmental disorder of the autism spectrum with relatively marked symptoms.


letter blindness

(medicine, neurology) A reading disorder in which someone cannot recognize individual letters.


communication disorder

en-noun

communication disorder (countable and uncountable, plural communication disorders)

(neurology, psychiatry) Any disorder that affects an individual's ability to comprehend, detect, or apply language and speech to engage in dialogue effectively with others.


neurodevelopmental disorder

neurodevelopmental disorder (countable and uncountable, plural neurodevelopmental disorders)

(neurology, psychiatry) A group of mental conditions affecting the development of the nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.


voluntary movement

voluntary movement (plural voluntary movements)

(medicine, neurology) A willed physical action that is the result of a cognitive process.


involuntary movement

involuntary movement (plural involuntary movements)

(medicine, neurology) An abnormal, unintended or uncontrollable movement of the body.