censoring

censoring (countable and uncountable, plural censorings)

(statistics) A partial obscuring of data points.


centroid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-centroid.wav

From centre + -oid. From 1844, used as a replacement for the older terms "centre of gravity" and "centre of mass" in situations described in purely geometrical terms, and subsequently used for further generalisations.

barycentre

centre of gravity of a uniform, rigid object

barycentre

centre of gravity of a set of points of equal mass

The k-means procedure classifies a given data set by using a user defined number of clusters, k, a priori. The centroids can be placed randomly, or algorithmically, but it should be noted that the initial placement will affect the result. The next step is to analyze each point within the data set and group it with the nearest centroid according to some distance metric. When all points have been assigned to a group, a new centroid is calculated for each group as a barycenter of the cluster, resulting from the previous step. Once the k new centroids are calculated, the algorithm reiterates through the data set, and each sample is again assigned to a cluster based on its distance to the new centroids. This process is continued until the position^([sic]) of the centroids no longer change.

2011, Ross Maciejewski, Data Representations, Transformations, and Statistics for Visual Reasoning, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, page 34:

The k-means clustering algorithm (MacQueen, 1967) is a widely used clustering method that applies relocation of points to find a locally optimal partitioning of a dataset. In k-means, the total distance between each data point and a representative point (centroid) of the cluster to which it is assigned is minimized. Each iteration of k-means has two steps. In the cluster assignment step, k-means assigns each point to a cluster such that, of all the current cluster centroids, the point is closest to the centroid of that cluster. In the cluster re-estimation step, k-means re-estimates the new cluster centroids based on the reassignments of points to clusters in the previous step. The cluster re-assignment and centroid re-estimation steps proceed in iterations until a specified convergence criterion is reached, such as when the total distance between clusters and centroids does not change substantially from one iteration to another.

2012, Biswanath Panda, Joshua S. Herbach, Sugato Basu, Roberto J. Bayardo, “2: MapReduce and its Application to Massively Parallel Learning of Decision Tree Ensembles”, in Ron Bekkerman, Mikhail Bilenko, John Langford, editors, Scaling Up Machine Learning, Cambridge University Press, page 26:

(statistics, cluster analysis, of a cluster of points) the arithmetic mean (alternatively, median) position of a cluster of points in a coordinate system based on some application-dependent measure of distance.


factored

To study the predictive efficiency of the M-Scales, the design was based on correlational analysis while the factored dimensions of the M-Scales were studied through factor analysis.

1963, Mark K. Kipfmueller, The Predictibility (sic) and Factored Dimensions of the M-Scales for Eleventh Grade Parochial School Students, page 57:

Few of the studies cited in this chapter report the intercorrelations of the factored inventory.

1985, Richard Borden, David B. Gray, Russell H. Weigel, Ecological Beliefs and Behaviors: Assessment and Change, page 44:

These authors have investigated current practices in the use of factor analysis and have found them lacking in six areas: ratio of variable to factors, average reliability of the factored variables, sample size, type of analysis, factor retention, and factor rotation.

2017, Dragoş Iliescu, Adapting Tests in Linguistic and Cultural Situations, page 263:

(statistics) Having been subjected to, or resulting from a factor analysis.


binning

en-noun

binning (countable and uncountable, plural binnings)

(statistics) A data pre-processing technique in which original data values fall into a small interval ("bin") and are replaced by a value representative of that interval, often the central value. ᵂᵖ


homoscedastic

From homo- + Ancient Greek σκεδαστός (skedastós, “able to be scattered”).

uder

(statistics) Having the same finite variance for all elements.

homoskedastinen

having the same finite variance for all elements


ergodic

en-adj

ergodic (comparative more ergodic, superlative most ergodic)

more ergodic (comparative)
most ergodic (superlative)

International Scientific Vocabulary ergo- + -ode (+ -ic). The etymological origin is disputed: ἔργον (érgon) + ὁδός (hodós, “way”) versus ἔργον (érgon) + εἶδος (eîdos, “image”).

(statistics, engineering) Of or relating to a process in which every sequence or sample of sufficient size is equally representative of the whole.


discrete choice analysis

en-noun

discrete choice analysis (countable and uncountable, plural discrete choice analyses)

(statistics) The analysis of a model whose dependent variable is a binary (two-valued) variable.


population mean

population mean (plural population means)

(statistics) The mean (usually arithmetic, but possibly geometric) of all members of a population or all possible values from which a sample can be taken, as opposed to a sample mean.


demeaned

en-adj

demeaned (comparative more demeaned, superlative most demeaned)

more demeaned (comparative)
most demeaned (superlative)

The 0-crossings in a demeaned signal can indicate the dominant frequency component in a signal.

2006, Wim van Drongelen, Signal Processing for Neuroscientists, page 68:

A demeaned version of this time series x is depicted in ( B ) .

2011, Mario Heiderich, Eduardo Alberto Vela Nava, Gareth Heyes, Web Application Obfuscation, page 93:

To pursue the analogy between a driftless random walk and a Wiener process a bit further, consider a “demeaned standard random walk" which is constructed from a standard driftless random walk by subtracting the sample mean.

2011, Fumio Hayashi, Econometrics, page 568:

(statistics) Having had the mean subtracted from all values.


variate

From Latin variatus, past participle of variare. See vary.


interquartile

(statistics) Specifically between the first and third quartiles.


interquartile

(statistics) The range or content of an interquartile.


descriptive statistics

(statistics) A branch of statistics dealing with summarization and description of collections of data—data sets, including the concepts of arithmetic mean, median, mode, and quantile.


nominal variable

en-noun

nominal variable (plural nominal variables)

(statistics, metrics) A variable with values which have no numerical value, such as gender or occupation.


ratio variable

(statistics) A variable with the features of interval variable and, additionally, whose any two values have meaningful ratio, making the operations of multiplication and division meaningful.


interval variable

interval variable (plural interval variables)

(statistics) An ordinal variable with the additional property that the magnitudes of the differences between two values are meaningful.


ordinal variable

ordinal variable (plural ordinal variables)

(statistics) A variable with values whose order is significant, but on which no meaningful arithmetic-like operations can be performed.


binomial distribution

binomial distribution (plural binomial distributions)

The first two have long histories in statistical theory, the binomial distribution having been discovered by James Bernoulli about 1700 and the Poisson distribution, which is a limiting form of the binomial distribution, by S. D. Poisson in 1837.

1979, M. G. Bulmer, Principles of Statistics, Dover, page 81:

The number of hits by a player in a given number of at-bats can be represented by a binomial distribution where the probability of a hit is the player's "true" batting average.

2003, Jim Albert, Teaching Statistics Using Baseball, Mathematical Association of America, page 263:

In any application of the binomial distribution, we must clearly specify which outcome is the success and which is the failure. The binomial distribution model allows us to compute the probability of observing a specified number of successes when the process is repeated a specific number of times (e.g., in a set of patients) and the outcome for a given patient is either a success or a failure.

2008, Lisa Marie Sullivan, Essentials of Biostatistics, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, page 67:

probability distribution
probability distribution

(probability theory, statistics) The discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent trials, each of which yields success with probability p.


Markovian

From Markov + -ian, named for the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov.

It is not immediately obvious that a random variable with distribution f(x) can be produced by the Gibbs sequence of (2.3) or that the sequence even converges. That this is so relies on the Markovian nature of the iterations, which we now develop in detail for the simple case of a 2 × 2 table with multinomial sampling.

1992, Casella and George, Explaining the Gibbs Sampler, in: The American Statistician 46(3) 167–174

AR(p) models are simple univariate devices to capture the often-observed Markovian nature of financial and macroeconomic data […]

2018, Guidolin and Pedio, Essentials of Time Series for Financial Applications, Academic Press:

(statistics, of a process) Exhibiting the Markov property, in which the conditional probability distribution of future states of the process, given the present state and all past states, depends only upon the present state and not on any past states.


healthy participant effect

(medicine, statistics) A skewing of data in randomized medical studies that occurs when healthy participants are less likely to drop out of the study than sicker patients.


MRP

MRP (countable and uncountable, plural MRPs)

MRP stands for Multilevel Regression Post-stratification.

2024 June 28th, “A Different Bias” (channel name of Phil Moorhouse), What is an MRP Election Poll?, via YouTube, 2:11–2:14:

(statistics) Initialism of multilevel regression and poststratification (“a technique for estimating public opinion within a specific subgroup”).


Pareto distribution

Pareto distribution (plural Pareto distributions)

(statistics) A probability distribution such that for a random variable X with that distribution holds that the probability that X is greater than some number x is given by

A probability distribution such that for a random variable X with that distribution holds that the probability that X is greater than some number x is given by
 Pr (X>x)=(x/(x_m))⁻ᵏ
for all x ≥ xₘ, where xₘ is the (necessarily positive) minimum possible value of X, and k is a positive parameter.


histogram

histograms (plural)
histogramme (alternative)

/ˈhɪstəˌɡɹæm/

Probably from Ancient Greek ἱστός (histós, “mast”) + -γραμμα (-gramma), although it is sometimes claimed to have been derived from historical + diagram; coined in 1891 by English mathematician Karl Pearson.

Such distinctions, however, require detailed information, such as histograms of the distribution of energy use among residential customers, both by month and by year.

1983, Alan Meier, Janice Wright, Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Supplying Energy Through Greater Efficiency: The Potential for Conservation, University of California Press, page 39:

The use of the piecewise linear frequency polygon (FP) in place of the underlying histogram would seem mainly a graphical advantage.

2005, D. W. Scott, S. R. Sain, “Multidimensional density estimation”, in C. R. Rao, E. J. Wegman, J. L. Solka, editors, Data Mining and Data Visualization, Elsevier, page 237:

A histogram is constructed by placing the variable of interest on the horizontal axis and the frequency, relative frequency or percent frequency on the vertical axis.[…]Histograms for data found in applications are never perfectly symmetric, but the histogram for many applications may be roughly symmetric.

2017, David R. Anderson, Dennis J. Sweeney, Thomas A. Williams, Jeffrey D. Camm, James J. Cochran, Essentials of Statistics for Business and Economics, Cengage Learning, page 44:

(statistics) A graphical display of numerical data in the form of upright bars, with the area of each bar representing frequency.


regression to the mean

regression to the mean (plural regressions to the mean)

regressions to the mean (plural)
regression toward the mean (alternative)

(statistics) The phenomenon by which extreme examples from any set of data are likely to be followed by examples which are less extreme; a tendency towards the average of any sample. For example, the offspring of two very tall individuals tend to be tall, but closer to the average (mean) than either of their parents.


missingness

In large scale surveys the assumption of missingness at random is untenable.

1992, Arijit Chaudhuri, Horst Stenger, Survey Sampling: Theory and Methods, page 282:

These methods are very sensitive to assumptions made about the missingness mechanism or about the distributions of the variables with missing data.

2002, Paul D. Allison, Missing Data, Sage Publications, →ISBN, page 86:

Some imputation models require the data to have a certain distribution of their missing values, their missingness pattern.

2006, Mamdouh Refaat, Data Preparation for Data Mining Using SAS, page 180:

(statistics) The manner in which data are missing from a sample of a population.


phone survey

(statistics) An opinion poll or survey conducted through the use of calling people on their telephones to gather information relating to the public.


moving average

(statistics) A weighted average that is determined for a given data point based on its value and the past values.


law of averages

... as they will not have sufficient distribution of risk to permit the law of averages to play its part and a severe total loss may ...

1919, William David Winter, Marine Insurance: Its Principles and Practice, McGraw-Hill, page 96:

Second Law - The Law of Averages. Whenever something (such as throwing a die) can have more than one result, if all the possible results have an equal chance ...

1971, Russell Langley, Practical Statistics Simply Explained, Courier Dover Publications, →ISBN, page 22:

It is upon the ideas of 'repeated experimentation' and the law of averages that many of our notions of chance are founded.

1986, Geoffrey Grimmett, Dominic Welsh, Probability: An Introduction, OUP, →ISBN, page 124:

law of large numbers
law of large numbers

(statistics) The statistical tendency toward a fixed proportion in the results when an experiment is repeated a large number of times; the law of large numbers.


law of large numbers

(statistics) The statistical tendency toward a fixed ratio in the results when an experiment is repeated a large number of times; law of averages.


explanator

From Latin explānātor, from explānō (“to flatten out, make plain, explain”).

(statistics) A variable that predicts or explains the variation in another variable; an explanatory variable.


margin of error

margin of error (plural margins of error)

(statistics) An expression of the lack of precision in the results obtained from a sample.


RDS

(statistics) Initialism of respondent-driven sampling.


reweight

en-verb

reweight (third-person singular simple present reweights, present participle reweighting, simple past and past participle reweighted)

reweights (present singular third-person)
reweighting (participle present)
reweighted (participle past)
reweighted (past)

(mathematics, statistics) To adjust the weighting given to a value.


correlation coefficient

en-noun

correlation coefficient (plural correlation coefficients)

(statistics) Any of the several measures indicating the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two random variables.


random variable

random variable (plural random variables)

(statistics, loosely) A quantity whose value is random and to which a probability distribution is assigned, such as the possible outcome of a roll of a dice.

Henceforth the symbol X(w) will be used for the random variable X#58;S#92;rightarrow#92;mathbb#123;R#125;.

1996, Ron C. Mittelhammer, Mathematical Statistics for Economics and Business, volume 78, Springer, page 45:

The particular example considered here is the Hilbert space of random variables.

2009, Christian Perwass, Geometric Algebra with Applications in Engineering, Springer, page 351:

A two-dimensional random variable is a mapping of the points in the sample space to ordered pairs {x, y}. Usually, when dealing with a pair of random variables, the sample space naturally partitions itself so that it can be viewed as a combination of two simpler sample spaces.

2012, Scott Miller, Donald Childers, Probability and Random Processes, 2nd edition, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 177:

(statistics, formally) A measurable function from a sample space to the measurable space of possible values of the variable.


skewness

skewness (countable and uncountable, plural skewnesses)

moment about the mean
moment about the mean

(statistics) A measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable; is the third standardized moment, defined as scriptstyle γ₁=(μ₃)/(σ³),! where μ₃ is the third moment about the mean and σ is the standard deviation.


normal distribution

normal distribution (plural normal distributions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-normal distribution.wav

φ_(μ,σ²)(x)=1/(σ√),e²)/(2σ²))=1/σφ((x-μ)/σ), x∈ℝ.

It begins with the normal distribution, which is the limiting form of the sample sum over an arbitrary population.

2008, James L. Johnson, Probability and Statistics for Computer Science, Wiley, page 437:

The normal distribution is the backbone of traditional statistics. We learn very early in our statistics training that the distribution of sample means, regardless of the shape of the parent distribution, approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases.

2012, Larry Pace, Beginning R: An Introduction to Statistical Programming, Apress, page 103:

The development of the general theories of the normal distributions began with the work of de Moivre (1733, 1738) in his studies of approximations to certain binomial distributions for large positive integer n > 0.

2014, Mohammad Ahsanullah, B.M. Golam Kibria, Mohammad Shakil, Normal and Student's t Distributions and Their Applications, Springer (Atlantis Press), page 7:

probability density function
probability density function

(statistics) Any of a family of continuous probability distributions such that the probability density function is the Gaussian function


Gaussian distribution

Gaussian distribution (plural Gaussian distributions)

normal distribution
normal distribution#English

(statistics) Synonym of normal distribution.


Cauchy distribution

Cauchy distribution (plural Cauchy distributions)

f(x;x_0,γ)=1/(πγ[1+((x-x_0)/γ)²])=1/π[γ/(x-x_0)²+γ²]

(statistics) A symmetric continuous probability distribution with fat tails, with probability density function that is


standard normal distribution

standard normal distribution (plural standard normal distributions)

(statistics) The normal distribution with a mean of zero and a variance of one.


statistical significance

statistical significance (countable and uncountable, plural statistical significances)

(statistics) A measure of how unlikely it is that a result has occurred by chance.


significance level

significance level (plural significance levels)

(statistics) A measure of how likely it is to draw a false conclusion in a statistical test, when the results are really just random variations.

(statistics) The probability, usually expressed as a percentage, of making a decision to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true; the probability of making a type I error.


central limit theorem

central limit theorem (plural central limit theorems)

central limit theorems (plural)
Central Limit Theorem (alternative)

Laplace continued his research throughout France’s political upheavals. In 1810 he announced the central limit theorem, one of the great scientific and statistical discoveries of all time. It asserts that, with some exceptions, any average of a large number of similar terms will have a normal, bell-shaped distribution. Suddenly, the easy-to-use bell curve was a real mathematical construct. Laplace’s probability of causes had limited him to binomial problems, but his final proof of the central limit theorem let him deal with almost any kind of data. In providing the mathematical justification for taking the mean of many data points, the central limit theorem had a profound effect on the future of Bayes’ rule. At the age of 62, Laplace, its chief creator and proponent, made a remarkable about-face. He switched allegiances to an alternate, frequency-based approach he had also developed. From 1811 until his death 16 years later Laplace relied primarily on this approach, which twentieth-century theoreticians would use to almost obliterate Bayes’ rule.

2011, Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy, Yale University Press, →ISBN, pages 30-31:

(statistics and mathematics, singular only) The theorem that states that if the sum of independent identically distributed random variables has a finite variance, then it will be approximately normally distributed.


Bernoulli distribution

Bernoulli distribution (plural Bernoulli distributions)

After Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli (1654—1705), one of many noted mathematicians of the Bernoulli family, who made important contributions to the field of probability.

1977 [Wiley], Jean Dickinson Gibbons, Ingram Olkin, Milton Sobel, Selecting and Ordering Populations, 1999, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Unabridged corrected republication, page 103,
Since both of these distributions involve the same parameter p, the problem under consideration here may be called either selection of the best Bernoulli distribution or selection of the best binomial distribution.

1985, R. R. Kinnison, Applied Extreme Value Statistics, Battelle Press, page 26,
A critical factor in the use of Bernoulli distributions is that the parameters of the distribution are known constants.

2000, A. Berny, Selection and Reinforcement Learning for Combinatorial Optimization, Marc Schoenauer, Kalyanmoy Deb, Günther Rudolph, Xin Yao, Evelynne Lutton, Juan Julian Merelo, Hans-Paul Schwefel (editors), Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN VI, 6th International Conference Proceedings, Springer, page 601,
In this paper however, we will only consider the family of Bernoulli distributions.

(statistics) A discrete probability distribution that represents the result of a single trial, taking value 1 with "success" probability p and value 0 with "failure" probability q=1-p.

Bernoulli distribution
Bernoulli family
Jacob Bernoulli


sample mean

mathbf ̄x=1/N∑ₖ₌₁ᴺ mathbf xₖ.

(statistics) Given a random sample mathbf x₁,…, mathbf x_N from an n-dimensional random variable mathbf X, a mean defined as


random sample

(statistics) A sample randomly taken from an investigated population.


standardized variable

standardized variable (plural standardized variables)

(mathematics, statistics) The value of a variable minus its mean, divided by its standard deviation.


alternative hypothesis

alternative hypothesis (plural alternative hypotheses)

(statistics) A rival hypothesis to the null hypothesis. Their likelihoods are compared by a statistical hypothesis test.


statistical process control

statistical process control (uncountable)

(statistics) A method of monitoring a process through the use of control charts.


Gaussian

en-adj

Gaussian (comparative more Gaussian, superlative most Gaussian)

more Gaussian (comparative)
most Gaussian (superlative)
Gaußian (alternative)

The criterion for positivity was determined for each antigen of each species applying a mixture model to the PP data which assumed two inherent Gaussian distributions: a narrow distribution or seronegatives, and a broader distribution of seropositives.

2015 September 11, “Hotspots of Malaria Transmission in the Peruvian Amazon: Rapid Assessment through a Parasitological and Serological Survey”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


Gaussian

Gaussians (plural)
Gaußian (alternative)


PSU

(statistics) Initialism of primary sampling unit, a sampling unit in the first stage of a polyetapic sampling.


mean

From Middle English meene, borrowed from Old French meien (French moyen), Late Latin mediānus (“that is in the middle, middle”), from Latin medius (“middle”). Cognate with mid. For the musical sense, compare the cognate Italian mezzano. Doublet of median and mizzen.

cog

(statistics) The average of a set of values, calculated by summing them together and dividing by the number of terms; the arithmetic mean.


age distribution

en-noun

age distribution (plural age distributions)

(statistics) The number of people in stated age ranges.

年齡分佈 /年龄分布

the number of people in stated age ranges


binary distribution

binary distribution (plural binary distributions)

Bernoulli distribution
Bernoulli distribution

(statistics, probability theory) Bernoulli distribution.


orthogonality

In this chapter we develop one of the key concepts in the geometry of the vector space Rⁿ, namely, the concept of orthogonality of vectors.

1984, John Wesley Brown, Donald R. Sherbert, Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications, Prindle Weber & Schmidt, →ISBN:

Suppose we have an imaginary pair of axes with a set of comparable language entities on one and a set of attributes or capabilities on the other. When we talk of “orthogonality”, we usually mean that the space defined by these axes is as “full” as we can logically make it. Part of the Ruby way is to strive for this orthogonality.

2015, Hal Fulton, André Arko, The Ruby Way […] , Addison-Wesley Professional, →ISBN, page xl:

software engineering
software engineering

(mathematics, statistics, software engineering) The property of being orthogonal.


probit

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-probit.wav

Blend of probability + unit. Coined by Chester Ittner Bliss in 1934: “These arbitrary probability units have been termed ‘probits’…”

standard distribution
standard distribution

(statistics) A unit, derived from a standard distribution, used in measuring the responses to doses


semivariance

(statistics) A measure of the dispersion of those values that fall below the mean or target value of a data set


semivariogram

(statistics) A function of the spatial dependence of semivariance; a graph of this function.


variogram

(statistics) A function of the spatial dependence of variance; a graph of this function

variograma

a function of the spatial dependence of variance; a graph of this function


uncorrelated

en-adj

uncorrelated (comparative more uncorrelated, superlative most uncorrelated)

more uncorrelated (comparative)
most uncorrelated (superlative)

(statistics) Having a covariance of zero


timeweighted

(statistics) Describing a statistic (especially an average) in which some time periods are given more weight than others.


oversample

(statistics) An additional sample of a subpopulation, above and beyond the portion of a main sample that already belongs to that subpopulation.


oversample

en-verb

oversample (third-person singular simple present oversamples, present participle oversampling, simple past and past participle oversampled)

oversamples (present singular third-person)
oversampling (participle present)
oversampled (participle past)
oversampled (past)

(statistics) To sample additional members of a subpopulation, above and beyond the members included in the main sample.


sampling error

en-noun

sampling error (countable and uncountable, plural sampling errors)

(statistics) The error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population.


categorical variable

categorical variable (plural categorical variables)

категорийна променлива

type of variable — see also nominal variable


discrete variable

discrete variable (plural discrete variables)

(statistics) A variable that takes values from a finite or countable set, such as the number of legs of an animal.


continuous variable

continuous variable (plural continuous variables)

distribution function
cumulative distribution function

(statistics) A variable that has a continuous distribution function, such as temperature.


mathematical statistics

(statistics) The study of statistics from a purely mathematical standpoint, using probability theory, measure theory, linear algebra and analysis.

數理統計學 /数理统计学

study of statistics from math standpoint


inferential statistics

statistical inference
statistical inference

(statistics) A branch of statistics studying statistical inference—drawing conclusions about a population from a random sample drawn from it, or, more generally, about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.


statistical inference

statistical inference (countable and uncountable, plural statistical inferences)

(statistics) The drawing of conclusions about a population from a random sample drawn from it, or, more generally, about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.

inferència estadística

drawing conclusions from a random sample


confounding variable

confounding variable (plural confounding variables)

independent variable
independent variable

(statistics) An extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (positively or negatively) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable.


extraneous variable

extraneous variable (plural extraneous variables)

(statistics) A random variable that is not an independent variable and may bear any effect on the behaviour of the subject being studied.


point mass

point masses (plural)
pointmass (alternative)

(statistics) A probability distribution with unity probability mass at one specific outcome, and zero probability mass everywhere else.


cluster analysis

cluster analysis (countable and uncountable, plural cluster analyses)

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence, statistics) The classification of objects into different groups, or more precisely, the partitioning of a data set into subsets (clusters), so that the data in each subset (ideally) share some common trait - often proximity according to some defined distance measure.


scatter plot

(statistics) A type of display using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data.


SRS

SRS (countable and uncountable, plural SRSes)

(statistics) Initialism of simple random sample, a sample chosen from a population so that any sample of the same size could have equally likely been chosen.


quintile

(statistics) Any of the quantiles which divide an ordered sample population into five equally numerous subsets.


mesokurtic

(statistics) Of a distribution: having kurtosis equal to that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having zero excess kurtosis.


leptokurtic

en-adj

leptokurtic (comparative more leptokurtic, superlative most leptokurtic)

more leptokurtic (comparative)
most leptokurtic (superlative)

(statistics) Of a distribution: having kurtosis greater than that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having positive excess kurtosis.


platykurtic

platykurtic (comparative more platykurtic, superlative most platykurtic)

more platykurtic (comparative)
most platykurtic (superlative)

(statistics) Of a distribution: having kurtosis less than that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having negative excess kurtosis.


platykurtosis

(statistics) The property of having kurtosis less than that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having negative excess kurtosis.


leptokurtosis

(statistics) The property of having kurtosis greater than that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having positive excess kurtosis.


mesokurtosis

(statistics) The property of having kurtosis equal to that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having zero excess kurtosis.


vigintile

From Latin viginti (“twenty”) + -ilis (adjective-forming suffix).

(statistics) Any of the values in a series that divides the distribution of individuals in that series into twenty groups of equal frequency.


overdispersion

(statistics) The presence of greater dispersion in a data set than would be expected according to the statistical model in use.


autocorrelation

en-noun

autocorrelation (countable and uncountable, plural autocorrelations)

Dividing the covariances by the variance gives the autocorrelations.

1990, K. Holden, D. Peel, John L. Thompson, Economic Forecasting, →ISBN, page 67:

(statistics, signal processing) The cross-correlation of a signal with itself: the correlation between values of a signal in successive time periods.

автокорелация

statistics, signal processing: the cross-correlation of a signal with itself


ignorable

en-adj

ignorable (comparative more ignorable, superlative most ignorable)

more ignorable (comparative)
most ignorable (superlative)

Although there is an abundance of statistical literature describing (complicated) methods that can be used to investigate whether or not one is dealing with ignorable or informative missing data in a longitudinal study (see, for instance, Diggle, 1989; Ridout, 1991; Diggle et al., 1994), it is basically quote easy to investigat this matter.

2003, Jos W. R. Twisk, Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis for Epidemiology, →ISBN:

Another pertinent distinction in Rubin's missing data classification system is whether the missing data mechanism is ignorable.

2007, Patrick E. McKnight, Katherine M. McKnight, Souraya Sidani, Missing Data: A Gentle Introduction, →ISBN, page 50:

If θ and φ are not functionally related to each other (or that the knowledge of one does not provide any information about the other) then the parameters are called “distinct,” and the missing data mechanism is ignorable.

2015, Trivellore Raghunathan, Missing Data Analysis in Practice, →ISBN, page 6:

(statistics, of missing data) Unrelated to the parameters being estimated


correlator

correlation function
correlation function

(statistics, quantum mechanics) A correlation function


covariate

On the basis of these analogies, any inference of a population structure driven by selective sweeps would require good longitudinal data from natural bacterial populations, as well as observations of episodic crashes in diversity causally associated with genetic changes and not associated with changes in ecological covariates.

2009 February 6, Christophe Fraser et al., “The Bacterial Species Challenge: Making Sense of Genetic and Ecological Diversity”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 741–746:

(statistics) A variable that is possibly predictive of the outcome under study.


detrend

en-verb

detrend (third-person singular simple present detrends, present participle detrending, simple past and past participle detrended)

detrends (present singular third-person)
detrending (participle present)
detrended (participle past)
detrended (past)

(transitive, statistics, economics) To manipulate (data) to remove overall long-term trends in order to emphasise other patterns.


detrended

(statistics, said of data) having long-term trends removed in order to emphasise short-term changes.


nonoutlier

nonoutliers (plural)
non-outlier (alternative)

(statistics) A value which is not an outlier; a value within the general pattern of data


autoregressive

en-adj

autoregressive (comparative more autoregressive, superlative most autoregressive)

more autoregressive (comparative)
most autoregressive (superlative)

An autoregressive model was used.

(statistics) Employing autoregression, using a weighted sample of past data to predict future results


bimodality

Frequency distributions of some of the variables indicate the existence of bimodalities.

1966, Zenon S. Zannetos, The Theory of Oil Tankship Rates, page 227:


PCC

Pearson correlation coefficient
w:Pearson correlation coefficient

(statistics) Initialism of Pearson correlation coefficient.


proba

(statistics) Abbreviation of probability.


overmatching

en-noun

overmatching (usually uncountable, plural overmatchings)

(statistics) Matching for an apparent mediator that actually is a result of the exposure.


pseudoreplication

pseudoreplication (countable and uncountable, plural pseudoreplications)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoreplication.wav

There are two kinds of pseudoreplication: / temporal pseudoreplication, involving repeated measurements from the same individual, and / spatial pseudoreplicaiton, involving several measurements taken from the same vicinity.

2005, Michael J. Crawley, Statistics: an introduction using R, page 13:

(statistics, especially in, biology, ecology) The exaggeration of the statistical significance of a set of measurements resulting from treating the data as independent observations when they are in fact interdependent.


resampling

(statistics) Any technique or instance of generating a new sample from an existing dataset.


bootstrapper

To a nonparametric bootstrapper, simulation might consist in resampling to obtain the 95% confidence interval of the correlation coefficient […]

2009, James R. Thompson, Simulation: A Modeler's Approach, page xi:

(statistics) One who uses bootstrap methods.


anticorrelation

anticorrelation (countable and uncountable, plural anticorrelations)

(statistics) Negative or inverse correlation, a relationship in which one value increases as the other decreases.


MLE

MLE (countable and uncountable, plural MLEs)

maximum likelihood estimation
w:maximum likelihood estimation

(statistics) Initialism of maximum likelihood estimation.


covary

en-verb

covary (third-person singular simple present covaries, present participle covarying, simple past and past participle covaried)

covaries (present singular third-person)
covarying (participle present)
covaried (participle past)
covaried (past)

More specifically, to say that there is an informative criterion of diachronic identity is to say that facts of diachronic identity covary with facts about continuants’ instantaneous qualitative profiles […].

2007 July 18, Thomas Satting, “Identity in 4D”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 140, number 2, →DOI:

The participants certainly differ in how their practice is distributed (1, 2, or 3 days), but they also differ in how much total practice they get (3, 6, or 9 hours). This is a perfect example of a confound—it is impossible to tell if the results are due to one factor (distribution of practice) or the other (total practice hours); the two factors covary perfectly.

2009, C. James Goodwin, Research In Psychology: Methods and Design, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 175:

(statistics) To vary together with another variable, particularly in a way that may be predictive


sigmoidal

en-adj

sigmoidal (comparative more sigmoidal, superlative most sigmoidal)

more sigmoidal (comparative)
most sigmoidal (superlative)

The requirement […] typically results in a sigmoidal dependence on [ATP] 38 —the hallmark of binding cooperativity.

2009 January 7, Jeffrey R. Moffitt et al., “Intersubunit coordination in a homomeric ring ATPase”, in Nature, volume 457, number 7228, →DOI:

(statistics) Characterized by a sigmoid curve or function


fat tail

fat tails (plural)
fat-tail (alternative)
fattail (alternative)

(statistics, probability) A tail of a probability distribution with significantly higher kurtosis than a normal distribution (which has kurtosis = 0).

leptokurtosis

tail of distribution with positive kurtosis

(statistics, probability) A tail of a probability distribution with infinite variance.


interquartile range

en-noun

interquartile range (plural interquartile ranges)

(statistics) The difference between the first and third quartiles; a robust measure of sample dispersion.


box plot

box plots (plural)
boxplot (alternative)

(statistics) A graphical summary of a numerical data sample through five statistics: median, lower quartile, upper quartile, and some indication of more extreme upper and lower values.


cross-validation

cross-validation (usually uncountable, plural cross-validations)

(statistics) Any technique or instance of assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent dataset.


distribution-free

(statistics) Free of specific assumptions about the shape of the probability distribution generating the sample.


EVT

EVT (countable and uncountable, plural EVTs)

extreme value theory
w:extreme value theory

(statistics) Initialism of extreme value theory.


leptokurtotic

en-adj

leptokurtotic (comparative more leptokurtotic, superlative most leptokurtotic)

more leptokurtotic (comparative)
most leptokurtotic (superlative)


fat-tailed

fat-tailed (comparative more fat-tailed, superlative most fat-tailed)

more fat-tailed (comparative)
most fat-tailed (superlative)

(statistics) Having a fat tail; leptokurtic.


heavy-tailed

heavy-tailed (comparative more heavy-tailed, superlative most heavy-tailed)

more heavy-tailed (comparative)
most heavy-tailed (superlative)

(statistics) Having a heavy tail; leptokurtic.


RCT

RCTs (plural)
R.C.T. (alternative)
R. C. T. (alternative)

(statistics) Initialism of randomized controlled trial.


random sequence

en-noun

random sequence (plural random sequences)

(statistics, probability theory) A sequence of identically distributed random variables.


iid

(statistics, probability theory) Initialism of independent and identically distributed.

НЕР

initialism of independent and identically distributed.


stemplot

(statistics) A means of displaying data used especially in exploratory data analysis.


stem and leaf

stems and leaves (plural)
stem-and-leaf (alternative)


stem-and-leaf

(statistics) Alternative spelling of stem and leaf


overfit

en-verb

overfit (third-person singular simple present overfits, present participle overfitting, simple past and past participle overfitted)

overfits (present singular third-person)
overfitting (participle present)
overfitted (participle past)
overfitted (past)

In all modeling techniques, and neural networks in particular, care must be taken not to overtrain or overfit the model. If possible, models should be interpreted in terms of their mechanistic meaning.

2004, Mark T.D. Cronin, Predicting Chemical Toxicity and Fate, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 169:

If your strategy is to always fit and use the global model, you will probably overfit the model (i.e., include unnecessary variables).

2007, Kenneth P. Burnham, David R. Anderson, Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 250:

(statistics) To use a statistical model that has too many parameters relative to the size of the sample, leading to a good fit with the sample data but a poor fit with new data.

過度擬合 /过度拟合

statistics: to use a statistical model that has too many parameters


Bayesian

en-adj

Bayesian (comparative more Bayesian, superlative most Bayesian)

more Bayesian (comparative)
most Bayesian (superlative)
bayesian (alternative)

(probability, statistics) Of or pertaining to Bayes' theorem and its applications.


Bayesian

Bayesians (plural)
bayesian (alternative)

(statistics) A proponent of Bayesianism.


F distribution

chi-square distribution
chi-square distribution

analysis of variance
analysis of variance

significance testing
significance testing

correlation coefficient
correlation coefficient

(statistics, probability) A probability distribution of the ratio of two variables, each with a chi-square distribution; used in analysis of variance, especially in the significance testing of a correlation coefficient (R squared).


ANOVA

2015, John Ashton, "ANOVA and the analysis of drug combination experiments", Nature Methods 12 (12): 1108, doi:10.1038/nmeth.3663.
Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be very misleading in drug combination studies.

analysis of variance
analysis of variance#English

(statistics) Acronym of analysis of variance.


analysis of variance

en-noun

analysis of variance (countable and uncountable, plural analyses of variance)

(statistics) A collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance is partitioned into components due to different explanatory variables.

varianssianalyysi

partition of observed variance into components


metaregression

metaregressions (plural)
meta-regression (alternative)

(statistics) A form of subgroup analysis that is used to investigate heterogeneity across multiple trials


microdata

In fact, labor groups are more likely to win elections for union representation in small workplaces. In a study released this week by the Century Foundation, we analyzed microdata on every union election in the country from April 2007 to December 2018, more than 22,000 in total.

2019 February 9, Mark Zuckerman, “Unions Need to Think Small to Get Big”, in The Atlantic, retrieved 2022-10-19:

(statistics) Data concerning individuals in a trial, survey etc.


forest plot

(statistics) A graphical display used in meta-analysis designed to illustrate the relative strength of treatment effects in multiple quantitative scientific studies addressing the same question.


type I error

(statistics) Rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.


type II error

(statistics) Accepting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.

errors de tipus II

accepting the null hypothesis when false


beta error

beta errors (plural)
β error (alternative)


β error

β errors (plural)
beta error (alternative)


alpha error

alpha errors (plural)
α error (alternative)


error of the second kind

error of the second kind (plural errors of the second kind)


error of the first kind

error of the first kind (plural errors of the first kind)


estimand

Apparently of mid-20th century coinage from Latin aestimandum, gerundive of aestimo (“I value", "I estimate”).

Statistics needs a term like estimand to replace the lengthy phrase independent variable.

1939, Charles F. Roos with Victor von Szeliski, “The Concept of Demand and Price Elasticity—The Dynamics of Automobile Demand”, in Journal of the American Statistical Association, volume 34, number 208, →DOI, page 656:

We speak of the estimator's target as an estimand (as something to be estimated) rather than just as a parameter.

1968, Frederick Mosteller with John W. Tukey, “Data Analysis--Including Statistics”, in Handbook of Social Psychology, 2nd edition, volume 2: Research Methods, page 106:

When doing causal inference in the competing events setting, it is critical to first ascertain the relevant question and the causal estimand that best answers it, with the choice often being between estimands that do and do not eliminate competing events.

2020 September, Jacqueline E. Rudolph, Catherine R. Lesko, Ashley I. Naimi, “Causal inference in the face of competing events”, in Current Epidemiology Reports, volume 7, number 3:

(statistics) that which is being estimated.


funnel plot

(statistics) A scatterplot of effect size against a measure of study size or variability, used primarily as a visual aid to detecting and displaying bias or systematic heterogeneity.


standard error

(statistics) A measure of how likely a mean of means is to be wrong. It is the standard deviation of the sample sizes in each to the sample means.


statistical power

statistical power (usually uncountable, plural statistical powers)

(statistics) The probability that a statistical test will reject a false null hypothesis, that is, that it will not make a type II error, producing a false negative.


effect size

He spent a year breaking down the 45 studies Stapel produced at Tilburg and cataloguing their individual aberrations, noting where the effect size – a standard measure of the difference between the two groups in an experiment – seemed suspiciously large, […]

2017 February 1, Stephen Buranyi, “The high-tech war on science fraud”, in The Guardian:

(statistics) A measure of the strength or magnitude of the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable in an experiment or a quasi-experiment.

taille d’effet

a measure of the strength or magnitude of the effect


cross tabulation

cross tabulation (plural cross tabulations)

(statistics) A presentation of data about categorical variable in a tabular form to aid in identifying a relationship between the variables.


contingency table

contingency table (plural contingency tables)

kontingenciatáblázat

table presenting joint distribution of categorical variables

(statistics) A table presenting the joint distribution of two categorical variables.

(statistics) An arrangement of data containing the joint distribution of two or more categorical variables, usually in a database, a series of tables, or a special visualization.


cross tab

cross tabs (plural)
crosstab (alternative)
cross-tab (alternative)


crosstab

(statistics) Alternative spelling of cross tab; A cross tabulation


cross-tab

(statistics) Alternative spelling of cross tab


factorial table

factorial table (plural factorial tables)

(statistics) A tabular presentation of data used to show the influence of two independent categorical variables on a dependent variable.

(statistics) An arrangement of data showing the effect of more than two categorical variables on a dependent variables.


measure of location

measure of location (plural measures of location)

(statistics, probability) A single number used to characterize a batch, sample, or distribution or the position of an element of it.


winsorization

winsorization (usually uncountable, plural winsorizations)

winsorizations (plural)
Winsorization (alternative)
winsorisation (alternative)
Winsorisation (alternative)

Named for the engineer-turned-biostatistician Charles Winsor (1895–1951), + -ization.

(statistics) A transformation of statistics of a batch or sample by transforming extreme values.


winsorize

en-verb

winsorize (third-person singular simple present winsorizes, present participle winsorizing, simple past and past participle winsorized)

winsorizes (present singular third-person)
winsorizing (participle present)
winsorized (participle past)
winsorized (past)
Winsorize (alternative)
winsorise (alternative)
Winsorise (alternative)

Named for the engineer-turned-biostatistician Charles P. Winsor (1895–1951), with -ize.

(statistics) To transform statistics of a batch or sample by transforming extreme values.


midhinge

(statistics) A measure of location of a batch or sample equal to the average of the first and third quartiles. Equivalently, it is the 25% trimmed mid-range.


L-estimator

(statistics) Any estimator that is a linear combination of order statistics of the measurements.


breakdown point

en-noun

breakdown point (plural breakdown points)

(statistics, of an estimator) The number or proportion of arbitrarily large or small extreme values that must be introduced into a batch or sample to cause the estimator to yield an arbitrarily large result.


TSS

TSS (countable and uncountable, plural TSSs)

total sum of squares
total sum of squares#English

(statistics) Initialism of total sum of squares.


multicollinearity

multicollinearity (countable and uncountable, plural multicollinearities)

(statistics) A phenomenon in which two or more predictor variables in a multiple regression model are highly correlated, so that the coefficient estimates may change erratically in response to small changes in the model or data.


data smoothing

(mathematics, statistics) The mathematical process of fitting a smooth curve to dispersed data points.


subaverage

(statistics) A subordinate or local average.


subaverage

en-verb

subaverage (third-person singular simple present subaverages, present participle subaveraging, simple past and past participle subaveraged)

subaverages (present singular third-person)
subaveraging (participle present)
subaveraged (participle past)
subaveraged (past)

(statistics) To calculate or otherwise obtain such subordinate averages.


unassociated

(statistics) Having no statistical association.

Not associated, as:
Having no statistical association.


nondeath

(chiefly statistics) An outcome other than death; a survival.


line plot

(statistics) A plotting of data above an axis to show frequency of data in each category.


overfitting

en-noun

overfitting (countable and uncountable, plural overfittings)

(statistics, machine learning) The production of a statistical model that, due to an excess of parameters relative to the sample size, fits the sample data extremely well but fails to fit new data.


overparameterize

en-verb

overparameterize (third-person singular simple present overparameterizes, present participle overparameterizing, simple past and past participle overparameterized)

overparameterizes (present singular third-person)
overparameterizing (participle present)
overparameterized (participle past)
overparameterized (past)
overparameterise (alternative)

(transitive, intransitive, statistics) To use an excessive number of parameters.

(transitive, intransitive, statistics) To increase the degree of the line of best fit to the point that the fit of the line decreases.


pseudoreplicate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoreplicate.wav

(statistics) Any of a group of interdependent data that are mistakenly treated as independent.


ANCOVA

analysis of covariance
analysis of covariance#English

(statistics) Acronym of analysis of covariance.


68-95-99.7 rule

(statistics mnemonic) The rule stating that a normal distribution will have 68% of its observations within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% within two, and 99.7% within three.


loglikelihood

en-noun

loglikelihood (countable and uncountable, plural loglikelihoods)

loglikelihoods (plural)
log-likelihood (alternative)

(statistics) The likelihood of a model fitting a data set according to a logarithmic formula.


nowcasting

(statistics) The use of mathematical models of a current situation that include adjustments to imperfect data.


nowcast

en-verb

nowcast (third-person singular simple present nowcasts, present participle nowcasting, simple past and past participle nowcasted)

nowcasts (present singular third-person)
nowcasting (participle present)
nowcasted (participle past)
nowcasted (past)

The indices are nowcasted at a very low level, meaning thousands of nowcasts. Attention has been focuesed on the nowcasts that fail validation checks.

2010, Economic & Labour Market Review - Volume 4, Issues 1-6, page 33:

First, the value-added contribution from each origin country is adjusted according to their (nowcasted) change in GDP.

2019, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Transnational Corporations, page 124:

Our ability to nowcast will depend on the length of the delay and the quality of data available.

2020, Adam Kucharski, The Rules of Contagion, page 147:

(statistics, modelling) To estimate what is currently happening based on knowledge of how data is biased.


nowcast

(statistics, modelling) An estimate made by nowcasting.


prior probability

en-noun

prior probability (countable and uncountable, plural prior probabilities)

(statistics) The probability of an event obtained without the knowledge of occurrence of other events that bear on it.


posterior probability

posterior probability (countable and uncountable, plural posterior probabilities)

(statistics) The probability of an event given the knowledge of occurrence of other events that bear on it: P( A | B ) as contrasted to P( A ), where A is the sought event and B is the sign or symptom event.


nonnormal

a nonnormal distribution


box and whiskers plot

box and whiskers plot (plural box and whiskers plots)

box and whiskers plots (plural)
box and whisker plot (alternative)

(statistics) A graphical summary of a numerical data sample through five statistics — median, upper quartile, lower quartile, and upper extreme and lower extreme values — by depiction as a box with its edges at the quartile marks and an internal line at the median and with lines protruding from the box as far as the extremal values.


confidence interval

confidence interval (plural confidence intervals)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-confidence interval.wav

(statistics) A range defined such that there is a fixed probability that the value of the measured parameter will fall within the range.

interval de confiança

a particular kind of interval estimate of a population parameter


two-stage least squares
w:two-stage least squares

(statistics) Initialism of two-stage least squares.


PCA

principal components analysis
w:principal components analysis

(statistics) Abbreviation of principal components analysis.


studentized

(statistics) Obtained using a Student's t-test.


studentizing

(statistics) The use of a Student's t-test


underfit

en-verb

underfit (third-person singular simple present underfits, present participle underfitting, simple past and past participle underfitted)

underfits (present singular third-person)
underfitting (participle present)
underfitted (participle past)
underfitted (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-underfit.wav

(statistics) To use a statistical model that has too few parameters relative to the size of the sample.


covariable

(statistics) Possibly predictive of the outcome under study.


regressional

(statistics) Of or pertaining to regression.


trendless

(statistics) Not exhibiting any particular trend.


trendlessness

(statistics) The absence of any particular trend.


binarize

binarize (third-person singular simple present binarizes, present participle binarizing, simple past and past participle binarized)

binarizes (present singular third-person)
binarizing (participle present)
binarized (participle past)
binarized (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-binarize.wav


autocovariance

en-noun

autocovariance (countable and uncountable, plural autocovariances)

(statistics) The covariance of a signal with another part of the same signal


peakedness

peakedness (countable and uncountable, plural peakednesses)


crosscorrelation

crosscorrelation (countable and uncountable, plural crosscorrelations)

crosscorrelations (plural)
cross-correlation (alternative)

(statistics) correlation between the corresponding members of different series


scedasticity

scedasticity (countable and uncountable, plural scedasticities)

(statistics) The distribution of error terms. Error terms are distributed either randomly and with constant variance (homoscedasticity) or with some kind of pattern (heteroscedasticity).


eventology

(statistics) The branch of statistics that deals with random, vague events


noninterview

12 per cent of noninterviews were people who said they were too busy for the survey.

(statistics) A person who is not interviewed.


varimax

(statistics) Describing a rotation that maximizes the sum of the variances of the squared loadings, often used in surveys to see how groupings of questions measure the same concept.


Poisson process

Poisson process (plural Poisson processes)

From the related concept of Poisson distribution (specifying a bounded subset of the domain of a Poisson process defines a random variable that has a Poisson distribution). See also stochastic process.

These properties are readily apparent when one considers that the Poisson process is derived from the binomial processes, which, as seen in Section 6.1, can be viewed in terms of coin tosses.

1995, Randolph Nelson, Probability, Stochastic Processes, and Queueing Theory: The Mathematics of Computer Performance Modeling, Springer, page 252:

2012, Peter Guttorp, Thordis L. Thorarinsdottir, Chapter 4: Bayesian Inference for Non-Markovian Point Processes, Emilio Porcu, José–María Montero, Martin Schlather (editors), Advances and Challenges in Space-time Modelling of Natural Events, Springer, Lecture Notes in Statistics 207, page 88,
The doubly stochastic Poisson process, introduced by Cox in [9] and so named by Bartlett in [6] is obtained by letting the rate λ(t) of the Poisson process vary according to a stochastic process, say Λ(t). […] There are instances of doubly stochastic Poisson processes that are identical to cluster processes (for example, the shot noise process driven by a stationary Poisson process is identical to a Neyman-Scott Poisson cluster process, see p.171-172 in [12]).

University buses arrive at the Students Center to take students to their classes according to a Poisson process with an average rate of 5 buses per hour.

2014, Oliver Ibe, Fundamentals of Applied Probability and Random Processes, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 415:

(mathematics, statistics, probability theory) A stochastic process in which events occur continually and independently of one another.

Poisson point field

stochastic process of continuous, independent events


fractile

The q-quantile is the same as the (1/q)-fractile.

The median is the .5-fractile.

(statistics) The value of a distribution for which some fraction of the sample lies below.


regressand

(statistics) The dependent variable in a regression.


deseasonalize

en-verb

deseasonalize (third-person singular simple present deseasonalizes, present participle deseasonalizing, simple past and past participle deseasonalized)

deseasonalizes (present singular third-person)
deseasonalizing (participle present)
deseasonalized (participle past)
deseasonalized (past)

(transitive, statistics) To offset (data) to reverse the process of seasonalization.


rebin

rebin (third-person singular simple present rebins, present participle rebinning, simple past and past participle rebinned)

rebins (present singular third-person)
rebinning (participle present)
rebinned (participle past)
rebinned (past)

(statistics, transitive) To divide (data) into a different set of bins, or interval groupings.


lod

Some computer programs furnish p-values rather than maximum lod scores.

1999, Jurg Ott, Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage, →ISBN, page 66:

Markers were analysed in decreasing order of informativeness; a marker was only added to the map when it could be localized to a unique interval with a lod score of >= 3.0.

2001, Anatoly Ruvinsky, J. Sampson, The Genetics of the Dog, →ISBN, page 336:

Note that only recombinantion fractions between 0 and 0.5 are meaningful, and that all lod scores are zero at (theta)=0.5 (because they are then measuring the ratio of two identical probabilities, and log₁₀(1)=0).

2004, T. Strachan, Andrew P. Read, Human Molecular Genetics 3, →ISBN, page 406:

(statistics) Initialism of logarithm of odds. A measure of likelihood calculated by taking the log of the ratio of the probability of a hypothesis being true given the observed data over the probability that the hypothesis is false.


VSL

en-noun

VSL (countable and uncountable, plural VSLs)

Forbes got more granular, contrasting the value of a statistical life (VSL) with the value of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to arrive at a more precise figure.

2021, Meghan O'Gieblyn, chapter 13, in God, Human, Animal, Machine […] , →ISBN:

Value of Statistical Life
w:value of life

(statistics, economics) Initialism of Value of Statistical Life, a measure of the monetary value of reducing the statistical likelihood of death in a population by a given amount.


empirical rule

(statistics, singular only) Synonym of the 68-95-99.7 rule


Gini coefficient

Gini coefficient (plural Gini coefficients)

/ˈdʒiːni ˌkəʊˈɪ.fɪʃn̩t/

Named after Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini (1884–1965).

named-after

China is still only eighty-ninth in the world in per capita GNP, and its Gini coefficient of economic inequality is higher than those of the two other countries to which it is often compared—the United States and India.

2014, Regina M. Abrami, William C. Kirby, F. Warren McFarlan, Introduction, in Can China Lead?: Reaching the Limits of Power and Growth, Harvard Business Publishing, →ISBN, page x:

One big problem with the Gini coefficient, however, is getting an intuitive feel for what it actually means. It's easy enough to picture a country with a Gini coefficient of zero—there, everyone gets exactly the same income.

2020, Tim Harford, “Rule four”, in How to Make the World Add Up, Bridge Street Press, →ISBN:

In fact, France’s Gini coefficient, the measure of inequality in a society, is lower today than it was during les trente glorieuses (1945 to 1975), when postwar France regained confidence by helping to pioneer first Concorde, then the TGV, and then in the early 1980s the proto-internet (the Minitel).

2023 May 1, Alexander Hurst, “Has France really gone to hell? Its catastrophist discourse is at odds with the facts”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(statistics, economics) A measure of the inequality of a statistical distribution, ranging from 0 (total equality) to 1 (maximal inequality), used in various disciplines but especially in economics to compare incomes or wealth.

基尼係數 /基尼系数

a measure of the inequality of a statistical distribution


octile

(statistics) Any of the quantiles that divide an ordered sample population into eight equally numerous subsets.

(statistics, by extension) A subset thus obtained.


spaghetti model

en-noun

spaghetti model (plural spaghetti models)

(statistics) An illustration of different statistical outcomes that may be plotted from the same set of data.


BLUP

(statistics) Acronym of best linear unbiased prediction.


superdistribution

superdistribution (countable and uncountable, plural superdistributions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superdistribution.wav

(countable, statistics) Any of various generalizations of a distribution, especially a common distribution that results from applying a single mapping to any distribution from a body of source distributions, which forms the basis of encryption used in the superdistribution of digital products.


Tobit

Coined by A. S. Goldberg in 1964 as these type of models were first proposed by James Tobin and are similar to probit models.

(statistics) a model where the dependent variable is censored.


unconfidence

Obviously If P ( Hᵢ / E ) > P ( Hᵢ) then we can say that by evidence E the confidence of H by the expert is increased and at the same time the unconfidence of Hᵢ is decreased.

1988, International Conference on Computer-Aided Production Engineering, page 556:

(statistics) The complement of confidence; the probability that something is not the case.


scedastic

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σκεδαστικός (skedastikós), from σκεδάννυμι (skedánnumi, “to scatter, disperse”).

lbor

(statistics) related to the variance of (statistical) errors


fiducially

en-adv

fiducially (comparative more fiducially, superlative most fiducially)

more fiducially (comparative)
most fiducially (superlative)

Closely related to the tests that have previously been described is the notion of fiducially related values of σ and s.

1938, On the Statistical Theory of Errors, page 142:

In arguing fiducially about the value of a parameter, a procedure applicable to some of the simple cases begins by the calculation from the sample of an estimate of the parameter in question.

1967, Samuel Stanley Wilks, Collected Papers; Contributions to Mathematical Statistics, page 252:

That is to say, we might consider the exponent (τ₀ - μ)/Θ to be distributed fiducially as a weighted sum of two Chi-squares.

1971, Technometrics - Volume 13, page 874:

(statistics) Pertaining to or based on the correspondence between a parameter in a sample and the same parameter in the population from which the sample was drawn.


EMA

en-noun

EMA (countable and uncountable, plural EMAs)

exponential moving average
exponential moving average#English

(statistics) Initialism of exponential moving average.


confidence level

confidence level (plural confidence levels)

(statistics) The probability that a measured quantity will fall within a given confidence interval.


partial autocorrelation

partial autocorrelation (plural partial autocorrelations)

(statistics) Remaining correlation of two random variables in a stochastic process after intervening random variables have been accounted for.


error function

normally distributed
normal distribution

(mathematics, statistics, probability theory) A sigmoid function giving the probability that a measurement, under the influence of normally distributed errors with standard deviation, is within a certain distance from the mean value.


intermean

intermean distance


atomless

More formally, we assume that the density f(#92;varepsilon) is atomless.

1992, Robert Gibbons, A Primer in Game Theory, Prentice-Hall, page 80:

(statistics, of a probability distribution) Not assigning strictly positive probability to any single outcome.


Bayesian network

Bayesian network (plural Bayesian networks)

Named after Thomas Bayes (1701–1761), English mathematician.

(statistics) A directed acyclic graph whose vertices represent random variables and whose directed edges represent conditional dependencies. Each random variable can fall into any of at least two mutually disjoint states, and has a probability function which takes as inputs the states of its parent nodes and returns as output the probability of being in a certain state for a given combination of the states of its parent nodes. A node without parent nodes just has an unconditioned probability of being in some given state.


disordinal

(statistics) Describing a situation in which the rank order of two contributory factors changes at some value


familywise

(statistics) In terms of a family of related inferences.


intraobserver

Near-synonyms: intrarater, intratester, intracoder

intraobserver reliability

(statistics) Describing variation in the scores, responses etc obtained by the same observer on different occasions


nonnormally

(statistics) Not showing a normal distribution


ratio scale

(measurement, statistics) A scale of measurement of data having a fixed zero value, which permits the quantitative comparison of differences of values.


overdisperse

en-verb

overdisperse (third-person singular simple present overdisperses, present participle overdispersing, simple past and past participle overdispersed)

overdisperses (present singular third-person)
overdispersing (participle present)
overdispersed (participle past)
overdispersed (past)


p-value

The larger the p-value the smaller the chance of a difference. A p-value of 1.00 means 0 % chance of a difference, while a p-value of 0.95 means a chance of difference close to 0. A p-value of > 0.95 literally means that we have > 95 per cent chance of finding a result less close to expectation, which means a chance of < (1-0.95) , i.e., < 0.05 of finding a result this close or closer. Using the traditional 5 per cent decision level, this would mean, that we have a strong argument that such […]

2008, Ton J. Cleophas, A.H. Zwinderman, Toine F. Cleophas, Eugene P. Cleophas, Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 145:

(statistics) In statistical significance testing, the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.


septile

(statistics) Any of the quantiles that divide an ordered sample population into seven equally numerous subsets.


arithmetic density

en-noun

arithmetic density (plural arithmetic densities)

(geography, statistics) The population density measured as the number of people per unit area of land.


dummy variable

(statistics) A binary variable that takes a value of 0 or 1 to indicate which category an individual falls into.


sympercent

(statistics) A symmetric percentage difference (used to simplify the presentation of logarithmically transformed data)


subdistribution

subdistribution (countable and uncountable, plural subdistributions)

(statistics, countable) A subset of a distribution.


bagplot

From bag + plot, introduced in 1999 by Peter Rousseeuw, Ida Ruts and John Tukey.

(statistics) A method for visualizing two- or three-dimensional statistical data, analogous to the one-dimensional box plot.

John Tukey
Peter Rousseeuw
R (programming language)
bagplot


nonsampling

(statistics, of errors or deviations) Not a function of the chosen sample.


pseudolongitudinal

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(statistics, of a study or data) Not actually longitudinal, but treated that way.


cointegrate

en-verb

cointegrate (third-person singular simple present cointegrates, present participle cointegrating, simple past and past participle cointegrated)

cointegrates (present singular third-person)
cointegrating (participle present)
cointegrated (participle past)
cointegrated (past)

(statistics, intransitive) To exhibit cointegration.


indicator variable

en-noun

indicator variable (plural indicator variables)

(statistics) A binary variable whose value of 0 or 1 indicates which category an individual falls into.


MoM

(statistics) Initialism of month-over-month/month-on-month; compared to the same time period in the previous month.


YoY

(statistics) Initialism of year-over-year or year-on-year.


Neyman-Pearson lemma

Named after Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson.

(statistics) A lemma stating that when performing a hypothesis test between two point hypotheses H₀: θ = θ₀ and H₁: θ = θ₁, then the likelihood-ratio test which rejects H₀ in favour of H₁ when Λ(x)=(L(θ₀∣x))/(L(θ₁∣x))≤η where P(Λ(X)≤η∣H_0)=α is the most powerful test of size α for a threshold η.


pseudomedian

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(statistics) A measure of centrality for data sets and populations, which agrees with the median where the data are symmetric.


inlier

(statistics) A value that fits a pattern, rather than being an outlier.


polychoric

2007, Bruno D. Zumbo, 3: Validity: Foundation Issues and Statistical Methodology, C. R. Rao, S. Sinharay (editors), Handbook of Statistics, Volume 26: Psychometrics, page 66,
Because the CES-D items are ordinal in nature (i.e., in our case a four-point response scale, and hence not continuous), a polychoric covariance matrix was used as input for the analyses.

Socioeconomic status (SES) was represented by a factor score derived using the polychoric method, which is a variation on the principle component analysis procedure designed for use with dichotomous and categorical variables (Kolenikov S, 2004).

2008, Emily Anton Bobrow, Factors that influence disclosure and program participation among pregnant HIV-positive women, page 57:

The polychoric correlation coefficient is an estimator of the correlation coefficient in the underlying bivariate normal distribution.

2010, William H. Greene, David A. Hensher, Modeling Ordered Choices: A Primer, page 294:

The authors propose using polychoric correlations in order to estimate the correlation matrix before using PCA.^([Principal Component Analysis]) Polychoric PCA assumes that the observed ordinal variable has an underlying continuous variable and uses maximum likelihood to calculate how that continuous value would have to be split up in order to produce the observed data.

2010, Adriana Rocío Cardozo Silva, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Colombia, page 49:

(statistics) Of or pertaining to the relationship between two latent variables, each assumed to have a normal distribution and associated with an ordinal variable.


latent variable

latent variable (plural latent variables)

The variables are latent (“hidden”) because they are not directly observed, but instead inferred from other variables.

Each of these is a latent variable, which is measured by one or more observable variables.

1995, J. Tague-Sutcliffe, L. Vaughan, C. Sylvain, “Using LISREL to Measure the Impact of Information on Development: London Site Pilot Study”, in Paul McConnell, editor, Making a Difference: Measuring the Impact of Information on Development, Proceedings of a Workshop, page 141:

2002, Cavid J. Bartholomew, 1: Old and New Approaches to Latent Variable Modelling, George A. Marcoulides, Irini Moustaki (editors), Latent Variable and Latent Structure Models, 2012, page 1,
The earliest use of latent variable ideas in time series appears to have been due to Wiggins (1973) but, as so often happens, it was not followed up. […] The basis for this remark can be explained by reference to a simple example which, at first sight, appears to have little to do with latent variables.

As stated earlier, in addition to having df greater than 0, the second condition for model identification is that the latent variables have to be scaled.

2008, Donna Harrington, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, page 26:

(statistics) A variable that is not directly measured but is inferred by means of a mathematical model from one or more directly observed variables.


factor analysis

factor analysis (countable and uncountable, plural factor analyses)

Factor analysis is a generic term that we use to describe a number of methods designed to analyze interrelationships within a set of variables or objects.

1993, Richard A. Reyment, K. G. Jöreskog, Applied Factor Analysis in the Natural Sciences, page 71:

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and principal components analysis (PCA) both are methods that are used to help investigators represent a large number of relationships among interval-level variables in a simpler (more parsimonious) way.

2005, Nancy L. Leech, Karen Caplovitz Barrett, George Arthur Morgan, SPSS for Intermediate Statistics: Use and Interpretation, page 88:

Hence, the idea of nonlinear factor analysis should not be treated as an extension of the basic factor analysis concept, but should be considered as an inherent effort to make factor analysis more complete and useful.

2007, Melanie M. Wall, Yasuo Amemiya, “Chapter 16: A Review of Nonlinear Factor Analysis and Nonlinear Structural Equation Modeling”, in Robert Cudeck, Robert C. MacCallum, editors, Factor Analysis at 100: Historical Developments and Future Directions, unnumbered page:

(uncountable, statistics) A statistical method used to describe variability among observed correlated variables in terms of one or more unobserved variables (called factors).

Separate exploratory factor analyses using an oblique rotation were conducted on the item sets measuring task values, task difficulty perceptions, and ability perceptions.

1999, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Allan Wigfield, “In the Mind of the Actor: The Structure of Adolescents' Achievement Task Values and Expectancy-Related Beliefs”, in Richard M. Lerner, Jasna Jovanovic, editors, Cognitive and Moral Development and Academic Achievement in Adolescence, page 219:

The factor analyses clearly showed significant vectors where variables of campesino identity are related.

2008, Nina K. Müller-Schwarze, When the Rivers Run Backwards, page 368:

Consequently, exploratory factor analyses were utilized to identify a factor structure represented by the survey items.

2010, Nicole Nicotera, Inna Altschul, Andrew Schneider-Munoz, Ben Webman, “Conceptual and Analytic Development of a Civic Engagement Scale for Preadolescents”, in Jeff Keshen, Barbara A. Holland, Barbara E. Moely, editors, Research for What?: Making Engaged Scholarship Matter, page 81:

(countable, statistics) A statistical study performed using the method.


bicorrelation

bicorrelations (plural)
bi-correlation (alternative)

(statistics) The correlation between two sets of variables


Wilks's theorem

(statistics) A theorem relating to the distribution of the likelihood ratio.


extrabinomial

(statistics) Relating to unexpected variability arising from overdispersion.


Bernoulli process

Bernoulli process (plural Bernoulli processes)

(statistics) A series of independent trials, analogous to repeatedly flipping a coin to determine whether it is fair.


Hellinger distance

Hellinger distance (countable and uncountable, plural Hellinger distances)

It is defined in terms of the Hellinger integral, introduced by Ernst Hellinger in 1909.

probability distribution
probability distribution

(probability, statistics) A measure used to quantify the similarity between two probability distributions.


shorth

To estimate the mode of a (distance) distribution, we used the midpoint of the shorth (the shortest interval that covers half the values).

2009 January 25, Wu Wei Zhenyu Xu et al., “Bidirectional promoters generate pervasive transcription in yeast”, in Nature, volume 457, number 7232, →DOI, pages 1033–1037:

(statistics) The shortest interval containing a specified fraction (typically a half) of a distribution


infit

The infit of all questions ranged between 0.7 and 1.3.

2015 July 6, “PARADISE 24: A Measure to Assess the Impact of Brain Disorders on People’s Lives”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(statistics) An inlier-sensitive or information-weighted fit


tetrachoric

Each rho (ρ) represents the conditional tetrachoric correlation for each pair of outcomes, measuring the extent to which the two outcomes would covary if unobserved characteristics of an individual were indeed observed.

2015 July 9, “Social Participation and Disaster Risk Reduction Behaviors in Tsunami Prone Areas”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(statistics, of a correlation) Between two dichotomous variables


maxent

Study results showed that maxent model can be highly robust (99.8%) in predicting the species relative abundance of macrophytes with observed community-weighted mean (CWM) traits as the constraints, while relative low (about 30%) with CWM traits fitted from water depth gradient as the constraints.

2015 July 14, “Predicting Changes in Macrophyte Community Structure from Functional Traits in a Freshwater Lake: A Test of Maximum Entropy Model”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


Gompertz distribution

Gompertz distribution (plural Gompertz distributions)

(probability, statistics) A continuous probability distribution, often used to describe adult lifespans.


vincentization

From Vincent + -ization, after biologist S. B. Vincent (1912), who used a similar technique to construct learning curves.

(statistics) The technique of averaging three or more subjects' estimated or elicited quantile functions in order to define group quantiles from which F can be constructed.


multinormal

This was done for each population separately by randomizing the simulated values from a multinormal distribution with the following parameters: the 14 observed means characteristic of the given population, and as variance the average of the 7 geometric means of the 14 variances per population.

2015 July 21, “Once upon Multivariate Analyses: When They Tell Several Stories about Biological Evolution”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(statistics, of a distribution) multivariate and normal


MANCOVA

(statistics) Acronym of multivariate analysis of covariance: an extension of ANOVA methods to cover cases where there is more than one dependent variable and where the control of covariates is required.


softmax

Coined by John S. Bridle in 1989, on the grounds of the function being "a differentiable generalisation of the 'winner-take-all' operation of picking the maximum value".

(mathematics, statistics) A generalization of the logistic function that "squashes" a K-dimensional vector mathbf z of arbitrary real values to a K-dimensional vector σ( mathbf z) of real values in the range (0, 1).


base year

(statistics, economics) a year chosen for comparison with other years, in statistical analysis and various indices, such as a price index. It usually has an arbitrary value of 100 to make percentage comparisons easier. A new base year can be chosen as the years progress.


changepoint

This allows both documented and undocumented changepoints to be analyzed in tandem.

2015, Yingbo Li, Robert Lund, Hewa A. Priyadarshani, “Bayesian Minimal Description Lengths for Multiple Changepoint Detection”, in arXiv:

(statistics) The point at which the probability distribution of a stochastic process or time series changes.


sparsistency

Its implementation can be done with available packages under a variety of models and, in the linear regression model, we show it is sparsistent under conditions similar to those ensuring sparsistency for an oracular version of the reference stratum strategy.

2015, Edouard Ollier, Vivian Viallon, “Regression modeling on stratified data: automatic and covariate-specific selection of the reference stratum with simple L_1-norm penalties”, in arXiv:

(statistics) Let mathbf b be a vector and define the support operatorname supp( mathbf b)=i: mathbf bᵢ≠0 where mathbf bᵢ is the ith element of mathbf b. Let ̂mathbf b be an estimator for mathbf b. Then sparsistency is the property that the support of the estimator converges to the true support as the number of samples grows to infinity.


polyserial

We analyzed the psychometric properties of ABCR-14 according to entropy, polyserial correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, average variance extracted, Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT).

2015 August 7, “Development of the Assessment of Belief Conflict in Relationship-14 (ABCR-14)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(statistics) Relating to the correlation between multiple continuous variables


mean absolute deviation

mean absolute deviation (plural mean absolute deviations)

(statistics) In a set of data, the average of the absolute values of the deviations from a chosen central point.


crossbreak

(statistics) A statistical analysis of a data set by two or more variables at once.


pseudolikelihood

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(statistics) An approximation to the joint probability distribution of a collection of random variables.


PERMANOVA

(statistics) Acronym of permutational multivariate analysis of variance.


gamma distribution

gamma distribution (plural gamma distributions)

The gamma distribution is positively skewed and along with the Weibull, lognormal, and inverse Gaussian (IG) distributions is also available as a model in reliability and life-span studies.

1988, A. Clifford Cohen, Betty Jones Whitten, Parameter Estimation in Reliability and Life Span Models, Marcel Dekker, page 93:

1999 [1977, Wiley], Jean Dickinson Gibbons, Ingram Olkin, Milton Sobel, Selecting and Ordering Populations: A New Statistical Methodology, SIAM, Republished unabridged and corrected, page 328,
The ranking and selection problems in this chapter apply to populations that follow the gamma distribution. The gamma distribution model is used widely in many fields of applications, particularly in engineering and the social and physical sciences.

The negative exponential distribution is a special case of the gamma distribution in which k#61;1. Another important special case of a gamma distribution with parameters k and #92;theta#61;2 is the χ² distribution G(k,2) with n#61;2k degrees of freedom.[…]Gamma distributions have an additivity property: the sum of two random variables following gamma distributions G(k#95;1,#92;theta) and G(k#95;2,#92;theta) is a random variable following a gamma distribution G(k#95;1#43;k#95;2,#92;theta) with parameters k#95;1#43;k#95;2 and #92;theta[…].

2005, M. T. Todinov, Reliability and Risk Models: Setting Reliability Requirements, Wiley, page 36:

exponential distribution
exponential distribution

(probability theory, statistics) Any of a family of two-parameter continuous probability distributions, of which the common exponential distribution and chi-square distribution are special cases.


overdispersive

en-adj

overdispersive (comparative more overdispersive, superlative most overdispersive)

more overdispersive (comparative)
most overdispersive (superlative)

(statistics) Exhibiting or relating to overdispersion.


underdispersive

underdispersive (comparative more underdispersive, superlative most underdispersive)

more underdispersive (comparative)
most underdispersive (superlative)

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(statistics) Exhibiting or relating to underdispersion.


hexadecile

From hexa- + decile or hexadeca- + -ile.

The assessor can then be asked to successively divide an interval into equally likely segments yielding the octiles (X_(.125), X_(.875)), hexadeciles (X_(.0625), X_(.9375)), etc., etc.

1974, Robert George Gough, Improving the Quality of and Aggregating Opinions Expressed as Subjective Probability Distributions [unpublished Ph.D. dissertation], Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC, page 16:

With each of the above methods, the quartile values are always either one of the data points, or exactly half way between two data points. Those methods involve only simple arithmetic and are easily extendable to octiles (eighths), hexadeciles (sixteenths), etc. They are not, however, extendable to quintiles (fifths) or percentiles (hundredths), etc. Furthermore, they tend to have a high bias. (That is, the quartile values calculated on subsets of the data set tend to vary more, and are not good predictors of the quartile values of the entire data set.)

2002 July 20, “Defining Quartiles”, in Ask Dr. Math, The Math Forum, Goodwin College of Professional Studies, Drexel University, archived from the original on 2015-09-06:

(statistics) Any of the quantiles which divide an ordered sample population into sixteen equally numerous subsets; a subset thus obtained.


hexadecile

Parameters are then non-linearly re-scaled to the range of 0 to 15 to create a 4 bit acoustic vector component. Empirical non-linear scales were pre-determined for each parameter such that, over the long term, their values distributed evenly across a set of hexadecile bins representing the full range of the parameter. In the current system a separate non-linear scaling was established for each individual speaker, and, given the extent of the ANDOSL data used, this amounted to deriving equiprobable bins from approximately 10 minutes of spoken phonemically-rich sentence data.

2001, J. B[ruce] Millar with D[avid] R[ichard] L[lewellyn] Davies, “A Reassessment of Temporal Information in Speech Processing [Workshop on Innovative Speech Processing, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, 2–3 April 2001]”, in Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, volume 23, number 3, St. Albans, Hertfordshire: Institute of Acoustics, →ISSN, archived from the original on 2011-03-02, pages 247–258:

Several algorithms were tested for the equi-population transform. The simplest consisted of dividing the total population by 16 and then, in a single linear scan, the parameter histogram was divided into hexadecile units. This approach performed poorly where parameter distributions were peaky, which is often the case.

2002 March, David Richard Llewellyn Davies, Representing Time in Automated Speech Recognition [unpublished Ph.D. dissertation], Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian National University, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-11-10, page 66:

(statistics) Of or relating to a hexadecile.


semipartial

For each layer thickness, a semipartial correlation (sr) was calculated for explanatory variables including age, gender, axial length, corneal curvature, and signal strength index.

2016 January 28, “Influence of Clinical Factors and Magnification Correction on Normal Thickness Profiles of Macular Retinal Layers Using Optical Coherence Tomography”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(statistics) Being or relating to a form of partial correlation that holds the third variable constant for either X or Y but (unlike a partial correlation) not both.


RSL

(medicine, statistics) Initialism of regional screening level.


chunklet

(statistics, computer science) A group of data points belonging to the same constraint cluster.


constraint cluster

en-noun

constraint cluster (plural constraint clusters)

(statistics, computer science) a cluster of data points in a set conforming to the must-link and cannot-link constraints specified for each pair of data points


must-link

(statistics, computer science) Of data points: having the property that they must be clustered into the same chunklet.


cannot-link

(statistics, computer science) the property of data points that must not be clustered into the same chunklet


Galton's problem

(statistics) The difficulty in drawing inferences from cross-cultural data, due to the statistical phenomenon of autocorrelation.


raw data

Coined in the 1910s, from raw (“unprocessed”) + data.

Do their speakers semantically align supposedly raw data with supposedly raw text (that is, ASCII) and supposedly raw footage (unedited film or video) the way that English speakers do?

2013, Lisa Gitelman, editor, Raw Data Is an Oxymoron, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 11:

(data management, statistics) Data that has not been analyzed or processed.


birthday effect

(statistics) A statistical phenomenon where an individual's likelihood of death appears to increase on or close to their birthday, variously attributed to alcohol consumption, psychological stress, increased suicide risk, and other factors.


OLS

ordinary least squares
ordinary least squares#English

(statistics) Abbreviation of ordinary least squares.


LOD

LOD (countable and uncountable, plural LODs)

In practice, the LOD score is computed over a wide range of values for 6.

1998, Thomas D. Gelehrter, Francis S. Collins, David Ginsburg, Principles of Medical Genetics, →ISBN, page 200:

For historical reasons, the LOD score functions LOD(Θ) = log ʌ(Θ) is preferred in genetic epidemiologial applications over LR(Θ) = 2ln ʌ(Θ).

2010, Andreas Ziegler, Inke R. König, A Statistical Approach to Genetic Epidemiology, →ISBN, page 158:

One would expect that LOD (logarithm of odds) scores based on small sample sizes would be unstable and contribute to lack of replication.

2005, Linda A. Ferrera, Body Mass Index: New Research, →ISBN, page 150:

(statistics) Alternative letter-case form of lod (“logarithm of odds”)


p-hacking

Blend of p-value + hacking, from "p" for probability. Coined by researchers Uri Simonsohn, Leif D. Nelson, and Joseph P. Simmons in 2014.

coinage

Cherry-picking promising findings, also known by such terms as data dredging, significance chasing, significance questing, selective inference, and “p-hacking,” leads to a spurious excess of statistically significant results in the published literature and should be vigorously avoided.

[2016, Ronald L. Wasserstein, Nicole A. Lazar, “The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose”, in The American Statistician, volume 70, number 2, →DOI:

statistically significant
statistically significant#English

(sciences, statistics) The practice of reanalysis of data until a desired result is obtained which is statistically significant


Gibbs sampling

Named after the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, in reference to an analogy between the sampling algorithm and statistical physics.

(statistics) A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for obtaining a sequence of observations which are approximated from a specified multivariate probability distribution, when direct sampling is difficult.


WLS

(statistics) Abbreviation of weighted least squares.


semimean

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Moreover, semimeans unify many of the more common measures.

1983, The Engineering Economist - Volume 29, page 12:

The third captures the mean squared wealth and the lower semimean squared wealth.

2010, Gerd Infanger, Stochastic Programming:

(statistics) The result obtained by taking either the largest or smallest half of the values and calculating the mean.


MoE

(statistics) Initialism of margin of error.


Bayesianism

(statistics) An approach to probability which quantifies expectations based on given data, following Bayes' theorem.


rejection region

en-noun

rejection region (plural rejection regions)

Now it turns out that practically speaking a given rejection function induces only two rejection regions.

2006, William A. Dembski, No Free Lunch, →ISBN:

Thus, any event in the rejection region leads to rejection of the null hypothesis.

2010, Chris Spatz, Basic Statistics: Tales of Distributions, →ISBN, page 180:

How does this affect our rejection region? In this case, we calculate the area of the rejection region on only one side of the sampling distribution.

2013, David Weisburd, Chester Britt, Statistics in Criminal Justice, →ISBN, page 185:

(statistics) A range of test values for which the null hypothesis is rejected.


window function

window function (plural window functions)

(signal processing, statistics) A function that limits a signal to a restricted portion of time or frequencies.


pseudocount

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(mathematics, statistics) A number added to a number of observations so as to change a generated probability to one obtained by prior knowledge.


weightable

en-adj

weightable (comparative more weightable, superlative most weightable)

more weightable (comparative)
most weightable (superlative)

Obviously, each metric is weightable and the weight function of a weightable quasi-pseudometric is determined up to an additive constant.

2013, C.E. Aull, Handbook of the History of General Topology, page 926:


logseries

(statistics, biology) A class of continuous probability distributions developed in 1943 by the English statistician and biologist Ronald Fisher to fit some particular species distribution data sets.


log-logistic

(statistics) Whose logarithm has a logistic distribution


seasonalize

en-verb

seasonalize (third-person singular simple present seasonalizes, present participle seasonalizing, simple past and past participle seasonalized)

seasonalizes (present singular third-person)
seasonalizing (participle present)
seasonalized (participle past)
seasonalized (past)

(transitive, statistics) To offset (data) to compensate for seasonal variations.


anentropy

en-noun

anentropy (countable and uncountable, plural anentropies)

The advantages of the RHA method are that it is flexible and can deal with all variants of phoscorites, including diopside and phlogopite-bearing varieties, as well as the continuous series through to carbonatite (Table 2.4) and other related rocks. It gives a measure of complexity of composition and of minor components in the entropy and anentropy values.

2004, F. Wall, A. N. Zaitsev, Phoscorites and Carbonatites from Mantle to Mine, →ISBN, page 66:

Here, R is rank formula of composition – a sequence of components by reduction of their value (contents); Н is Shannon information entropy – complexity measure; А – anentropy – measure of purity; Т – tolerance – measure of ultrapurity.

2012 March, Томас Георгиевич Петров, S.V. Moshkin, “RHA (Т)-System for Coding of Discrete Distributions and Their Alteration Processes”, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Multi-Conference on Complexity, Informatics and Cybernetics IMCIC-2012:

(statistics, countable and uncountable) A measure of the simplicity or purity of a distribution.