false friend

zh-l

偽友／伪友 (wěiyǒu)

→ Chinese: 假朋友 (jiǎpéngyou), 假友 (jiǎyǒu), 偽友／伪友 (wěiyǒu) (calque)

Calque of French faux-ami, from the longer phrase faux amis du traducteur (“false friends of a translator”), first used by Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in 1928 in their book Les Faux Amis ou les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais (False Friends, or the Pitfalls of the English Vocabulary).

lang

A word and its false friend may well be etymologically related: in such cases semantic shifts have made them drift apart.

(linguistics, translation studies, lexicography) A word in a language that bears a deceptive resemblance to a word in another language but in fact has a different meaning.


defining vocabulary

en-noun

defining vocabulary (plural defining vocabularies)

(lexicography) A restricted set of words used to define all other terms in a dictionary.


definition

definition (countable and uncountable, plural definitions)

From Middle English diffinicioun, from Middle French definition, from Latin dēfīnītiō, from dēfīniō. Equivalent to define + -ition.

Your definition of "elephant" needs to be more precise than "a big animal with large ears".

DEFINITIONS mean nothing unless the concept in the mind of the men who makes the definition is the same as that in the mind of the man who hears it.

1925, Thomas R. Marshall, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 65:

(semantics, lexicography) A statement of the meaning of a word or word group or a sign or symbol (dictionary definitions).


archaic

en-adj

archaic (comparative more archaic, superlative most archaic)

more archaic (comparative)
most archaic (superlative)

From archaism (“ancient or obsolete phrase or expression”) or from French archaïque, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀρχαϊκός (arkhaïkós, “old-fashioned”), from ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos, “from the beginning, antiquated, ancient, old”), from ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “beginning, origin”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I am first”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).

der

The language of the Faerie Queene was made archaic Language:— in order to be in keeping with the chivalry of bygone ages that formed its subject.

1893, Harrington Hugh Melville Percival, “Introduction”, in The faerie queene: Book 1, page lxi:

Almost every writer of power will occasionally use with strong effect an archaic term that he has unearthed from the treasures of the older English vocabulary. This is especially true of poets, who recognize that the unusualness of the archaic word will sometimes heighten the poetic effect.

1900, Mary Hall Leonard, “The Revival of Old English Words”, in The Writer, volume 13, page 23:

When generations pass and the object or institution referred to by the archaic word is no longer part of present, lived experience, though the word has been retained, its meaning is commonly altered or simply vanishes. African talking drums, as used for example among the Lokele in eastern Zaire, speak in elaborate formulas that preserve certain archaic words which the drummers can vocalize but whose meaning they no longer know.

1982, Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: the technologizing of the word, page 46:

his resistance to censorship blends nicely with his scorn for the common folk, so a limited edition, in beautiful archaic language incomprehensible to the masses, of rude or blasphemous material such as one can find in the Decameron, would simultaneously satisfy both impulses.

2005, Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin, “Editor's Introduction”, in Decameron, page lxvi:

Cabell also uses a kind of stylistic dissonance to reinforce his novel's thematic ironies at the sentence level. An inflated speech in archaic language might end with a modern pinprick: "And so on, and so on!"

2008, Susan F. Beegel, “Introduction”, in John Steinbeck, Cup of gold: a life of Sir Henry Morgan, buccaneer, page xx:

(chiefly lexicography, of words) No longer in ordinary use, though still used occasionally to give a sense of antiquity and are still likely to be understood by well-educated speakers and are found in historical texts.


neologism

en-noun

neologism (countable and uncountable, plural neologisms)

/niːˈɒləd͡ʒɪzəm/

From French néologisme, from Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”) + -ism.

(linguistics, lexicography, countable) A word or phrase which has recently been coined; a new word or phrase, or an existing one which has gained a new meaning.


ë

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨e⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FACE vowel, as in the word "cafe".


lexicon

William Fulke
lexicon
lexicon (disambiguation)

Through Middle French or directly from New Latin lexicon, from Byzantine Greek λεξικόν (lexikón, “a lexicon, a dictionary”), ellipsis from Ancient Greek λεξικὸν βιβλίον (lexikòn biblíon, literally “a book of words”), from λεξικός (lexikós, “of words”), from λέξις (léxis, “a saying, speech, word”), from λέγω (légō, “to speak”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather, collect”).
Attested at least since 1583 (in William Fulke's A Defense of the Sincere and True Translations of the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue) in the sense 'a dictionary of a classical language'.

der

λεξικὸν βιβλίον

Sluiter examines a tension inherent in such scholarly works as lexica, scholia, epitomai, and commentaries: although the very titles of these works claim no more than secondary status, their authors engage nonetheless in a rhetoric of self-legitimation.

2000, Mary Depew, Dirk Obbink, Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, page 10, →ISBN:

(lexicography, linguistics) A dictionary that includes or focuses on lexemes.


coinage

en-noun

coinage (countable and uncountable, plural coinages)

Inherited from Middle English coynage, from Old French coignage, from coignier.

Caution needs to be exercised in regards to claims of coinage as the data contained a number of examples of writers professing the invention of a term that had actually been in existence for many years.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 13:

(uncountable, lexicography) The creation of new words, neologizing.

As for Nash his chief aim seems to have been to vilify ; he by no means troubled himself about consistency. In Christ’s Tears over Jerusalem we find more strange expressious than he could have got out of all Harvey’s works, of which the following may serve as samples : callichrimate, Works, IV, 51 ; investurings, 72; sacrificatory, 76; delinquishment, 78; succoursuers, 116 ; intercessionate, 156 ; deplorement, 30. There are also a great number of derivatives in -ize, which are worth particular mention, e. g., unmortalize, 70 ; carionized, 75 ; oblivionize, 79 ; anatomize, 109 ; and many others. Of these some were in good use at the time, but others are obviously new coinages. There was some comment upon these particular derivatives on the appearance of the first edition of Christ’s Tears over Jerusalem, and in the second edition Nash commented upon the matter.

1903, Edward E. Hale, Jr., “Ideas on Rhetoric in the Sixteenth Century”, in Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, volume XVIII, number 3, Modern Language Association of America, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 441–442:

Most importantly perhaps, it is evident that the impression of archaicity which any reader will experience on reading The Lord of the Rings is partly due to three simple lexical causes: the “overuse” of words borrowed from nineteenth-century fiction (e.g. yonder, journey [v], topmost), the avoidance of words associated with the modern world and the comparatively dense use of new coinages, unusual grammatical patterns, rare or obsolescent words.

2021, Thomas Kullmann and Dirk Siepmann, Tolkien as a Literary Artist: Exploring Rhetoric, Language and Style in The Lord of the Rings, Palgrave-Macmillan 2021

(countable, lexicography) Something which has been made or invented, especially a coined word; a neologism.


radical

en-adj

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

more radical (comparative)
most radical (superlative)

derivative

antonym(s) of “linguistics, in reference to words”

Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

der

(lexicography, not comparable) Of or pertaining to the root of a word.

詞根的

linguistics: pertaining to the root of a word


encyclopedic

en-adj

encyclopedic (comparative more encyclopedic, superlative most encyclopedic)

more encyclopedic (comparative)
most encyclopedic (superlative)

[p 151] Although separate encyclopedic sections have nothing to do with the dictionary proper, there are no compelling logical reasons for condemning them.
[p 212] Terms derived from names fall into three categories. Some, like Chomskyan, refer to a person and the work done by that person, or to a place or a person from that place (Virginian, Londoner), and should be defined only in relation to the person or place. They are essentially encyclopedic entries and, if the dictionary contains an entry for the person or place in question, could well be run on without a separate definition.
[p 359] The difficulty of distinguishing between lexical units and items in a nomenclature is especially nettlesome in specialized dictionaries, which are by their nature more encyclopedic than general dictionaries.

2001, Sidney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, 2nd ed, Scribner

Thus there are 3751 lexical items covered in total. Taking into account polysemy, there are 4315 separate senses. Of these, 1021 terms are proper nouns. Thus 23.7% of the lexis covered consists of encyclopaedic material.

2018, James Lambert, “Setting the Record Straight: An In-depth Examination of Hobson-Jobson”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 31, number 4, →DOI, page 490:

(lexicography) Relating to or containing descriptive information rather than only linguistic or lexical information; about facts and concepts, and not only a word or term; including proper names, biographical and geographical information and illustrations.


nonce word

From for the nonce and word. Coined by James Murray, the influential first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.

(lexicography) A word invented for the occasion.

James Murray (lexicographer)
Oxford English Dictionary
nonce word


ʜ

(lexicography) Used in the digraphs ⟨ᴄʜ ᴋʜ sʜ ᴛʜ ᴛ͟ʜ ᴢʜ⟩ for the sounds /t͡ʃ, x, ʃ, θ, ð, ʒ/.

(lexicography) Indicates the Scottish or unassimilated German /x/ – e.g. \lôʜ\ for loch or \bâʜ\ for Bach.


ʏ

(lexicography) Indicates IPA [y, ʏ] in unassimilated French or German loans.


ɶ

(lexicography) Indicates IPA [ø, œ] in unassimilated French or German loans.


ʀ

(lexicography) Indicates non-English R sounds (e.g. IPA [r, ʁ]) in unassimilated loans.


ɴ

(lexicography) Indicates nasal vowels in unassimilated French loans, e.g. \văɴ blâɴ\ for vin blanc.

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ɴɢ⟩ for the /ŋ/ sound.


ʉ

+ r

(lexicography) An element of the digraph ʉr, a dictionary transcription for the NURSE vowel


ə

(superscript ⟨ᵊ⟩) optional schwa, e.g. \băt′ᵊl\ for battle.

(superscript ⟨ᵊ⟩) French final schwa, as in \bᴀstôn′yᵊ\ for Bastogne.

(lexicography) schwa, e.g. \sō′fə\ for sofa.


ŭ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the STRUT vowel


ä

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the PALM vowel


nonce

Inherited from Middle English nonse, nones, a rebracketing of Middle English to þen anes, for þen anes (to/for the once (i.e., the one occasion or instance)), from the dative singular neuter of þe. The cryptography sense is commonly said to be a contraction of number used once, although this is probably incorrect.

gl

I had thought that the term was a nonce, but it seems as if it's been picked up by other authors.


lemma

non-lemma

linguistics, lexicography: canonical form of a word

From Ancient Greek λῆμμα (lêmma, “premise, assumption”), from the same root as λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).

تَمْهِيدِيَّة

mathematics: proposition used mainly in the proof of some other proposition

Holonym: lexeme (holonymous sense)

For the second sense, where "word" means "item that should have its own dictionary entry," lexicographers sometimes use the term "lemma," but that has other meanings too, so among linguists the term lexeme is now standard, and I'll use it. For the different forms or shapes that belong to a lexeme we can use the term word-form.

2024, Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Truth About English Grammar, Polity Press, →ISBN, page 17:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:lemma.

(linguistics, lexicography) The canonical form of an inflected word; i.e., the form usually found as the headword in a dictionary, such as the nominative singular of a noun, the bare infinitive of a verb, etc.


citation

en-noun

citation (countable and uncountable, plural citations)

[ˌsaɪˈtʰeɪʃn̩]

From Middle English citacioun, from Old French citation, from Latin citātiō. By surface analysis, cite + -ation.

Historically, target words were garnered through focused reading programs and citations were handwritten on slips of paper which were collated alphabetically and stored in drawers for ready access (much like old-fashioned library catalogues).

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 3:

dictionary on historical principles
dictionary on historical principles

(lexicography) A quotation with attached bibliographical details demonstrating the use of a particular lexical item in a dictionary, especially a dictionary on historical principles.

شَاهِد

(lexicography) a quotation with attached bibliographical details


variant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-variant.wav

Recorded since c.1380, from Old French variant, from Latin variāns, the present active participle of variō (“to change”).

The "Terms" number is the total number of words and lexical phrases, including sub-headwords and other nested lexical items, but exclusive of variants.

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 297:

Each member of this group of two or more forms is called a variant. [...] In this case ‘-in’ and ‘-ing’ are variants of the sociolinguistic variable -ing.

2014, Kimberly Geeslin, Avizia Yim Long, Sociolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition, page 27:

(linguistics, lexicography) One of a set of words or other linguistic forms that conveys the same meaning or serves the same function.


(lexicography) Sometimes used for secondary stress in glossaries that use ◌́ for primary stress when full pronunciations are not given.


tramline

Those words that [James] Murray classified as denizens and aliens, as well as those casuals approaching these two prior categories, were marked by two parallel lines beside the headword (||), a symbol known by the in-house term tramline. Murray himself admitted to the inherent subjectivity of his method of classification, which unsurprisingly led to a number of inconsistencies in the use of tramlines, and may even have contributed to the patchiness of the OED's regional coverage that Weiner acknowledged many years later.

2014 May 23, Danica Salazar, “Towards improved coverage of Southeast Asian Englishes in the Oxford English Dictionary”, in Lexicography, Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(lexicography, Oxford English Dictionary jargon) A pair of vertical bars (||) placed to the left of the headword in certain editions of the OED to indicate that the term is "alien or not fully naturalized" (such as a recent borrowing).


Brit

1901, either a shortening of Britisher or Briton, or a back-formation from British.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of British English.


antedate

en-verb

antedate (third-person singular simple present antedates, present participle antedating, simple past and past participle antedated)

antedates (present singular third-person)
antedating (participle present)
antedated (participle past)
antedated (past)

Furthermore, while OED entries are generally regarded as a good indication of when terms were first used in English, for 5 of the 7 terms the present research has been able to antedate OED’s earliest attestations, usually by a decade or more.

2017 January, James Lambert, “A multitude of “lishes”: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, volume 38, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN:

(lexicography) To find earlier citational evidence for a term.


fig.

(fig.) a fat bank account

(chiefly lexicography) Abbreviation of figurative.


ā

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FACE vowel.


û

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the GOOSE vowel, as in the word "rude".

+ r

(lexicography) An element of the digraph ûr, a dictionary transcription for the NURSE vowel


ē

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FLEECE vowel


orismology

From Ancient Greek ὁρισμός (horismós, “definition”) + -logy.

af

(rare, lexicography) The explanation of technical terms.

In the Terminology, or what, to avoid the barbarism of a word compounded of Latin and Greek, they would beg to call the Orismology of the science, they have endeavoured to introduce throughout a greater degree of precision and concinnity—dividing it into general and partial Orismology; […]

1815, William Kirby, William Spence, “Preface”, in An Introduction to Entomology: Or Elements of the Natural History of Insects: with Plates, 3rd edition, volume 1, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, published 1818, page xii:

(rare, lexicography) Technical terms collectively; terminology.


ă

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the TRAP vowel


nested

(lexicography) (Of a lexical item) contained within a dictionary entry as a subordinate term of the main headword.


î

(lexicography) An orthographic ⟨i⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FLEECE vowel, as in the word "machine".

(lexicography) An element of the digraph îr, a dictionary transcription for the NEAR vowel


â

(lexicography) An element of the digraph âr, a dictionary transcription for the SQUARE vowel


ĕ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the DRESS vowel


ō

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOAT vowel


ü

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOOSE vowel


ô

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the THOUGHT vowel; also an orthographic ⟨o⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as having that value, as in the word "nor".


faux ami

Unadapted borrowing from French faux-ami, from faux (“false”) + ami (“friend”).

ubor

(linguistics, translation studies, lexicography) A false friend; one of a pair of words in different languages or dialects that look similar and may be related but that differ significantly in meaning.


ġ

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨g⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /d͡ʒ/, as in the word "giant".


lemmatisation

en-noun

lemmatisation (countable and uncountable, plural lemmatisations)

(computing, lexicography) The process of finding the lemma that corresponds to an inflected form of a word.


antedating

The new edition of the dictionary contains several antedatings.

Had I access to large databases of scanned-in newspapers from the Philippines, or Africa, or India, etc., we would expect to see a good percentage of antedatings of the current earliest instances.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 14:

(lexicography) An earlier citation of a lexical item.


inf.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of informal.


(lexicography) Used in glossaries, such as for Latinate technical terms or Classical names, to mark stressed syllables when full pronunciations are not given, as the pronunciation is largely predictable once stress-placement is known.


dvandva

Borrowed from Sanskrit द्वंद्व (dvaṃdvá).

Tatpuruṣa and dvandva compounds regularly have a single gender, that of the final constituent, although a subgroup of dvandvas has the gender of the first constituent.

2003, Dhanesh Jain, George Cardona, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, page 153:

(linguistics, lexicography) A copulative or coordinative type of compound in which members, if not compounded, would be in the same case and connected by the conjunction and. Common in languages such as Sanskrit, Chinese and Japanese, but less so in English.


content word

(linguistics, lexicography) A word that is not a function word, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs.


(lexicography) Used to mark a vowel letter as having its 'long' sound: ⟨ā⟩ /eɪ/, ⟨ē⟩ /iː/, ⟨ī⟩ /aɪ/, ⟨ō⟩ /oʊ/, ⟨ū⟩ /juː/.


postdating

The new edition of the dictionary contains several postdatings.

Indeed, for 10 of these terms, the latest known record was their inclusion in Hobson-Jobson, and without any published postdatings this may have suggested that those terms were obsolescent at the end of the nineteenth century.

2018, James Lambert, “Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes, volume 37, page 256:

(lexicography) A later citation of a lexical item.


CCE

(lexicography) Initialism of Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary.


object language

object language (plural object languages)

Objektsprache

language speaking about objects rather than about language

(lexicography) the language of the headwords in a dictionary (in a French-to-English translation dictionary, French is the object language)


DARE

w:Dictionary of American Regional English

(lexicography) Acronym of Dictionary of American Regional English.


ɢ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ɴɢ⟩ for the /ŋ/ sound.


(lexicography) The breve, used to mark a vowel letter as having its 'short' sound: ⟨ă⟩ /æ/, ⟨ĕ⟩ /ɛ/, ⟨ĭ⟩ /ɪ/, ⟨ŏ⟩ /ɒ/, ⟨ŭ⟩ /ʌ/.


pronunciation respelling

pronunciation respelling (countable and uncountable, plural pronunciation respellings)

Coordinate term: pronunciation spelling

(lexicography) The respelling of a word to show pronunciation, especially as used in dictionaries not employing a phonetic alphabet for phonetic transcription.


ᴀ

(lexicography) Indicates IPA [a] in unassimilated loans (e.g. French ami, Spanish casa).


ᴢ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴢʜ⟩ for the /ʒ/ sound.

ᴀ ʙ ᴄ ᴅ ᴇ ꜰ ɢ ʜ ɪ ᴊ ᴋ ʟ ᴍ ɴ ᴏ ᴘ ꞯ ʀ ꜱ ᴛ ᴜ ᴠ ᴡ ʏ ᴢ


ꜱ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ꜱʜ⟩ for the /ʃ/ sound.


ö

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the THOUGHT vowel


ȧ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the BATH vowel


metalexicography

Metalexicography can be divided into five fields of interest; the first is lexicographic theory […]

1986, Robert Ilson, Lexicography: An Emerging International Profession, page 101:

This is a bibliography of works that deal with the theory, methods, and procedures of lexicography (in short, with what is called in French and German metalexicography)

1988, Ladislav Zgusta et al., Lexicography Today: An Annotated Bibliography of the Theory of Lexicography, page 7:

(linguistics, lexicography) The study of lexicography


ạ

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the THOUGHT vowel, as in the word "call".


ṡ

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨s⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /z/, as in the word "his".


ị

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨i⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /j/, as in the word "peculiar".


ė

(lexicography) Indicates the HAPPY vowel (final vowel of happy).

(lexicography, dated) An element of the digraph ⟨ėr⟩, indicating the NURSE vowel.


subsense

When an italicized label or guide phrase follows a boldface numeral, the label or phrase applies only to that specific numbered sense and its subsenses.

2003, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, page 21a:

(lexicography) A sense of a word that reflects a part or aspect of a more general (broader) sense.


ŏ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the LOT vowel


mod.F.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of Modern French.


Pr.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of Provençal (the language).


ONF.

1989: Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition), January, etymology
In early form a. ONF. Jenever, Genever, = mod.F. Janvier: — L. Jānuārium, nom. Jānuārius (mensis), i.e. the month of Janus, as presiding over the entrance into the year. Whence also It. Gennajo, Gennaro, Pr. Genovier, Januer, Sp. †Jenero, Enero, Pg. Janeiro. The later forms show gradual conformation to the L.; which was sometimes used unchanged in OE.


s.t.

Coordinate term: s.o.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of something.


sbd.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of somebody.


s.o.

Coordinate term: s.t.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of someone.


Brit.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of British English.


ISV

ISV (countable and uncountable, plural ISVs)

international scientific vocabulary
w:international scientific vocabulary

(linguistics, lexicography) Initialism of international scientific vocabulary.


ī

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the PRICE vowel


ū

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the USE vowel; also an orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as having that value, as in the word "tune".

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOOSE vowel


RAS syndrome

Coined by science magazine New Scientist in 2001.

coinage

(lexicography, humorous) Redundant acronym syndrome syndrome, a tautology in which one or more words that make up an acronym or initialism are used redundantly in conjunction with said abbreviation.


anisomorphism

en-noun

anisomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural anisomorphisms)

These well-known examples of the ‘imperfect matching’ or anisomorphism of languages do not really support the conclusion that translation is impossible.

2011, David Bellos, Is That a Fish in Your Ear?, Penguin, published 2012, page 82:

translation dictionary
translation dictionary

(linguistics, lexicography) The absence of an exact correspondence between words etc. in two different languages; the differences between two given languages that create mismatches in a translation dictionary.


interj.

(lexicography, grammar) Alternative form of interj


cap.

demo n. (usu. cap.) a Democrat.

2004, The Oxford Dictionary of American Political Slang, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 90:

(lexicography) Abbreviation of capitalized.


transf.

transferred sense
transferred sense#English

(lexicography) Abbreviation of transferred sense.


ʹ

(lexicography) Alternative form of ′ (stress mark).


o.s.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Initialism of oneself.


glossology

glossology (countable and uncountable, plural glossologies)

/ɡlɔˈsɑləd͡ʒi/

From Ancient Greek γλῶσσα (glôssa, “tongue; language”) + -ology.

der

If the indexed items (E3) are core terms for descriptive glossology (C4), they are underlined, and their definitions will be found in Annex V, in a record indicated by the notation preceding the index term.

1981, Fred W[arren] Riggs, Interconcept Report: A New Paradigm for Solving the Terminology Problems of the Social Sciences, Volumes 44-53 (Reports and Papers in the Social Sciences; 47), Paris: UNESCO, →OCLC, page 45:

And in the sanctified, post-exorcist intercourse which leads to conception, Margrethe appears 'obediently', speaking in initiated, divine tongues, interpreted by 'the friends': glossology.

1992, Karola Dillenburger, Violent Bereavement: Widows in Northern Ireland, Aldershot, Hampshire: Avebury, →ISBN, page 198:

A similar and more influential use of the term can be found in William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (1847), where phenomenology occurs in the context of the "palaetiological sciences" (i.e., sciences which deal with more ancient conditions of things), as that branch of these studies which is to be followed by aetiology and theory. Among such phenomenologies Whewell mentions particularly phenomenological uranology, phenomenological geography of plants and animals, and even a phenomenological glossology.

1994, Herbert Spiegelberg, Karl Schuhmann, “Introduction”, in The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction, 3rd rev. and enlarged edition, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISBN, page 8:

(chiefly lexicography) The definition and explanation of terms in constructing a glossary.


ĭ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the KIT vowel


tatpuruṣa

Borrowed from Sanskrit तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣa), itself an example of tatpuruṣa.

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A dependent determinative compound, i.e. a compound XY meaning a type of Y which is related to X in a way corresponding to one of the grammatical cases of X.


lexifier

A great deal of linguistic evidence reveals that creole creators transformed the lexifier in a fashion unexplainable as just hybridization, but well known from studies of pidginization and second-language acquisition.

2018, John H. McWhorter, The Creole Debate, Cambridge University Press, page 9:

(linguistics, lexicography) The language of a pidgin or creole that serves as the basis for most of its vocabulary.


diastratic

a diastratic usage label

According to Hausmann (1977, Ch. 8), lexically relevant units can receive — typically by means of labels or usage notes — any or all of the following types of diasystematic marking: diachronic (e.g. archaic, neologism); diatopic (e.g. American English for elevator 'lift', British English for loo); diaintegrative for foreign borrowings used in English (e.g. German for Weltanschauung); diastratic (e.g. informal for loo, formal for perambulator); diaconnotative (e.g. from Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (W9), often used disparagingly for dyke); diatechnical (e.g. law for tort, anatomy for clavicle; diafrequential (e.g. rare); dianormative (e.g. substandard for ain't).

1991, “Lexicography”, in Kirsten Malmkjær, editor, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 295, column 2:

The eschewing of Grantha letters despite their widespread use in modern Tamil, and the unnecessary diastratic and dianormative labelling of many common items as 'non-standard', echo traditional views that the language needs to be 'protected' against the innovations of ordinary everyday speech.

2000, Gregory James, Colporuḷ: A History of Tamil Dictionaries, Chennai: Cre-A, →ISBN, page 266:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language varies across social, cultural or educational factors.


non-lemma

en-noun

non-lemma (plural non-lemmas or non-lemmata)

non-lemmas (plural)
non-lemmata (plural)

According to Schmauder (1991) they had a narrow range of frequency of occurrence (our nonlemma count yields an average of 68; Francis & Kucera, 1982).

1991, Lewis P. Shapiro et al., “Verb effects during sentence processing”, in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, volume XVII, № 5, pages 986-987:

Prep. … Prenominal adjectives … Non lemmas … Basque multiword … English multiwords … English unknown … Others
11% … 21% … 7% … 5% … 17% … 16% … 21%

2000, Arantxa Diaz de Ilarraza et al., Building a Lexicon for an English–Basque Machine Translation System from heterogeneous wide coverage dictionaries, § 5.1, page 4, Table 2

If the database is to be printed out in the form of a dictionary, non-lemmas can be generated from the items contained in these fields.

2002, Christian Lehmann, “Structure of a comprehensive presentation of a language”, in Tasaku Tsunoda, editor, Basic Materials in Minority Languages, § 4.3, page 17?:

Initialize lemmatizer by providing dictionary file. If unknown, leave as non lemmata not found.

2010, “cayorodriguez” (username), “Lemmatization module in NLTK” in nltk-dev, Usenet

In step 3, non-words or non-lemmas, that are often generated by the guesser modules, are filtered out from the result.

2012, Maciej Piasecki et al., “Recognition of Polish Derivational Relations Based on Supervised Learning Scheme”, in LREC 2012, § 2.2, page 918/2:

(lexicography, rare) Any form of a lexeme that is not its lemma.

ragozott/ragosalak (szó)

any form of a lexeme that is not its lemma


lemmatically

(linguistics, lexicography) On a lemma-by-lemma basis, considering only lemmata.

lematicamente

on a lemma-by-lemma basis, considering only lemmata


karmadharaya

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मधारय (karmadhāraya).

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A form of tatpuruṣa in which the relation of the first member to the last is appositional, attributive, or adverbial, e.g. uluka-yatu (owl + demon) for a demon in the shape of an owl. Most typically this involves an adjective which modifies a following substantive.


dvigu

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A form of tatpuruṣa in which the modifying member is a number.


orismologist

(rare, lexicography) One who can explain technical terms; a person who engages in orismology.


tatsama

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit तत्सम (tatsama).
Tatsama was originally employed to refer to those inherited Prakrit words that were identical in form with Sanskrit; later it came to refer to learned loans introduced into the post-Prakritic speech as well. Traditionally, the term was used for both inherited words that were unmodified in form, and learned words. However from a strict linguistic point of view, the term refers only to learned borrowings from Sanskrit.

lbor

However, beyond lexis, the Macmillan range includes other adaptations, such as IPA encoding which reflects Indian English pronunciation, and etymologies that distinguish between "tatsama" and "tadbhava" terms, based on McGregor (1992).

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 298:

(lexicography) A Sanskrit learned loanword used in a South Asian language.

তৎসম

a word borrowed from Sanskrit in a South Asian language


euphemism treadmill

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-euphemism treadmill.wav

Coined by Steven Pinker in 1994, but preceded by Sharon Henderson Taylor's 1974 "euphemism cycle."

Coordinate term: pejoration

The euphemism treadmill shows that concepts, not words, are in charge: give a concept a new name, and the name becomes colored by the concept; the concept does not become freshened by the name. (We will know we have achieved equality and mutual respect when names for minorities stay put.)

1994 April 5, Steven Pinker, “The Game of the Name”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, page A21:

Linguists are familiar with the phenomenon, which may be called the euphemism treadmill. People invent new words for emotionally charged referents, but soon the euphemism becomes tainted by association, and a new word must be found, which soon acquires its own connotations, and so on.

Euphemism, if successful, exemplifies case m: the new term has a new tone, but preserves sense and reference. The sort of backfire characteristic of the 'euphemism treadmill' is a shift to case i: the tone reverts to that of the old term.

2011, Gary Hardcastle, George Reisch, Bullshit and Philosophy: Guaranteed to Get Perfect Results Every Time:

Next in line was the Euphemism Treadmill, / gaining its power from the perpetually offended; / and once we take enough steps, it starts to run by itself, / its gears turned and greased by political correctness.

2014, Trevor Patrick, Sooner Or Later, They'll Turn on You!:

Whereas there is a certain degree of clarity as to why the euphemism treadmill comes to exist (since people keep inventing new, often more vague names for uncomfortable things), it is not so clear why there is a constant and steady influx of new iconic coinages in the language.

2017, Angelika Zirker, Matthias Bauer, Olga Fischer, Dimensions of Iconicity, page 33:

(lexicography) The process by which euphemisms fall into disuse and are replaced by new ones, as the old ones become socially unacceptable over time.


neol.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of neologism.


tadbhava

Borrowed from Sanskrit तद्भव (tadbhava).

(lexicography) A word inherited from Old Indo-Aryan through a Prakrit used in a modern Indo-Aryan language.


semi-tatsama

It will be interesting to note how persistent is the Prakritic or MIA. system of phonetics in NIA., in giving a tadbhava look to recently introduced tatsama words, in pronunciation, and turning them into semi-tatsamas going very close to tadbhavas, actually existing or possible,—although the spelling would scorn to note it:[…]

1926, Suniti Kumar Chatterji, The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, page 200:

Initial v can also go back to Pkt. v, arisen either from Skr. vr in vaṇ (vraṇa-) and the semi-tatsama vaḍvat (vrata-)...

1970, J. Bloch, Formation of the Marathi Language, page 160:

In New Indo-Aryan currency the tadbhava and semitatsama forms of yakṣa and yakṣiṉī have come to mean demon and demoness, goblin or malevolent spirits of some kind.

1972, Jacob Ensink, Peter Gaeffke, editors, India Maior: Congratulatory Volume Presented to J. Gonda, page 194:

The tripartite scheme of tadhbava, semi-tatsama, and tatsama accounts for the majority of the words encountered in the texts included in this book; but loans from Persian and from Arabic (through Persian) are also commonplace, especially in texts which are not self-consciously based on Sanskrit models.

2001, Rupert Snell, The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāṣā Reader, page 4:

semi-learned borrowing
semi-learned borrowing

(lexicography, Indo-Aryan linguistics) A semi-learned borrowing from Sanskrit.

অর্ধতৎসম

a word borrowed from Sanskrit earlier in an Indo-Aryan language's history and having since underwent change


word family

Furthermore, the current study goes beyond previous wordlist development by contributing accompanying pedagogical lists containing word associations (i.e. collocations) and word families.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 106:

(linguistics, lexicography, language teaching) A set of etymologically related words consisting of a single word with its inflections and derivations, such as walk, walked, walks, walking, walkings, walker, walkers, walkies, walkable, walkathon.


historical dictionary

en-noun

historical dictionary (plural historical dictionaries)

(lexicography) A dictionary on historical principles.


dictionary on historical principles

dictionary on historical principles (plural dictionaries on historical principles)

dictionaries on historical principles (plural)

As such, dictionaries on historical principles not only treat pronunciation, grammatical category, etymology (word derivation and history), orthographical form, and semantic content (in the form of definitions), but do so from a historical perspective, displaying the changes (and stabilities) of these various features of the lexis over time, from the earliest days of the language to present.

2017, James Lambert, “Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes, page 2:

(lexicography) A type of scholarly dictionary that displays the history of lexical items through citations.


loan meaning

From loan + meaning. Calque of German Lehnbedeutung.

(lexicography, linguistics) A meaning that has been borrowed from a word in another language, through a process of semantic loan.


misetymologize

en-verb

misetymologize (third-person singular simple present misetymologizes, present participle misetymologizing, simple past and past participle misetymologized)

misetymologizes (present singular third-person)
misetymologizing (participle present)
misetymologized (participle past)
misetymologized (past)

Even professors of education in their textbooks on education usually misetymologize the word as being derived from the Latin educere, to draw out.

1978, The Individual and the Future of Organizations - Volumes 7-13, page 7:

(lexicography) To derive erroneously; to provide an incorrect etymology.


ᵺ

(lexicography) Used in some American dictionaries for the sound /ð/, contrasting with ⟨th⟩ for /θ/.


(lexicography) Used to mark digraphs such as the consonants ⟨c͜h, n͡g, s͜h, t͜h, z͜h⟩ for IPA /t͡ʃ, ŋ, ʃ, θ, ʒ/, ⟨ᴋ͜ʜ⟩ for Scottish /x/, or the rhotic vowels ⟨a͡r, e͡r⟩ for IPA /ɑɹ, ɜɹ/.


o͞o

w:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOOSE vowel, used i.a. in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language


o͝o

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FOOT vowel, used i.a. in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language


vr.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of variant reading.


superdictionary

From super- (“above, over”) + dictionary.

The law is a kind of superdictionary that knows in advance what any possible combination of words and expressions means.

1998, Harriet Murav, Russia's Legal Fictions, Ann Arbor, M.I.: University of Michigan Press, →ISBN, page 104:

Mr. [Michael] Proffitt was reluctant to place the O.E.D. at the forefront of such a project. The dictionary, he said, lacks resources to transform itself this way. Instead, he advocates a federation of reference works. "The superdictionary may be, in fact, superdictionaries," he said. "What you want is some kind of search that then sends you to the right place."

2014 January 22, Tom Rachman, “O.E.D.'s New Chief Editor Speaks of Its Future”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-06:

[…] will anyone ever have enough time and motivation to consult them all, for the entire alphabet, and thus arrive at a truly complete superdictionary?

2019, David Crystal, “The Nature of the Lexicon”, in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 129:

The current direction in Estonian lexicography is a unification of lexical resources (dictionaries and term bases) into a central superdictionary, the online public dictionary CombiDic.

2022 December 21, Geda Paulsen, Maria Tuulik, Ahti Lohk, Ene Vainik, “From verbal to adjectival: evaluating the lexicalization of participles in an Estonian corpus”, in Slovenščina 2.0, volume 10, number 1, Ljubljana: Ljubljana University Press, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 68:

(lexicography) An exceptionally comprehensive dictionary, which includes all other dictionaries.


Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary

the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary (canonical)

Coined by English linguist Rosamund Moon in a 1989 paper (see first quote).

coinage

The dictionary most cited in such cases is the UAD: the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary, usually referred to as 'the dictionary,' but very occasionally as 'my dictionary.'

1989, Rosamund Moon, “Objective or Objectionable: Ideological Aspects of Dictionaries”, in English Language Research Journal, volume 3, Birmingham, West Midlands: University of Birmingham, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 63; quoted in Words Words Words, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 2010, →ISBN, pages 5–6:

The individual lexicographer has ceded power to the team, the computerised corpus has come to stand side by side with, if not actually to replace, the readers of earlier research, but what has been termed the 'Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary' is still the court of last resort.

1996, Jonathon Green, Chasing the Sun: Dictionary-Makers and the Dictionaries They Made, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN, page 11:

This war ended with the death of both men and their replacement by Johnson as authors of the "Unidentified Authorising Dictionary".

1996 March 24, David Honigmann, “Abecedarians in the war of the words”, in The Independent, London: Independent Digital News & Media Ltd, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-07:

Have you hear^([sic]) of the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary?

2004 June 22, Raymond S. Wise, “tarot”, in alt.english.usage (Usenet):

The reference here, certainly, is to a generic compilation, not to any specific collection. This is the 'Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary' identified by Rosamund Moon, and the purpose for which it might be consulted is decidedly utilitarian.

2018, Elizabeth Knowles, 'And I Quote...', Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 52:

(lexicography, humorous) A fictional supremely authoritative dictionary, supposed to be referenced by laypeople in discussions of "the dictionary".


o̱

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨o⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the STRUT vowel, as in the word "son".


(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a͟i and c͟h.


(lexicography) Marks a vowel as a schwa.

(lexicography) A partially or optionally reduced vowel, e.g. fa᷵‧tal′i‧ty, de᷵‧pend′, pro᷵‧pose′, for′mu᷵‧late.


(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a᷍a, a᷍i, a᷍u, e᷍e, e᷍i, e᷍u, o᷍i.


(lexicography) Used to mark the digraph ⟨oo⟩ as having its 'long' sound: ⟨o͞o⟩ /uː/.

(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a͞a, a͞e, a͞o, e͞w, c͞i, s͞i, t͞h, t͞i.


(lexicography) Used to mark the digraph ⟨oo⟩ as having its 'short' sound: ⟨o͝o⟩ /ʊ/.


k͟h

(lexicography) Indicates the Scottish or unassimilated German /x/ – e.g. \lôk͟h\ for loch or \bâk͟h\ for Bach.


c̣

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨c⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /s/, as in the word "celestial".


ǣ

close front unrounded vowel
w:close front unrounded vowel

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨æ⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as representing the close front unrounded vowel /i/.


ȳ

(lexicography) An orthographic ⟨y⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "lyre".


ᴋ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴋʜ⟩ or ⟨ᴋ͜ʜ⟩ for Scottish and unassimilated German /x/ – e.g. \lôᴋ͜ʜ\ for loch or \bâᴋ͜ʜ\ for Bach.


ᴄ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴄʜ⟩ for the /t͡ʃ/ sound.


ᴛ

(lexicography) Used in the digraphs ⟨ᴛʜ⟩ and ⟨ᴛ͟ʜ⟩ for the sounds /θ/ and /ð/.


u̇

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FOOT vowel

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the NURSE vowel, as in the word "turn".


y̆

(lexicography) An orthographic ⟨y⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the KIT vowel, as in the word "typical".


c͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ci⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʃ/, as in the word "delicious".


t͞h

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨th⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /t/, as in the name "Thomas" (capitalized T͞homas).


s͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨si⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʒ/, as in the word "division".


t͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ti⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʃ/, as in the word "attraction".


c͟h

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨c⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /k/, as in the word "character".


a᷍u

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨au⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the THOUGHT vowel, as in the word "maul".


e͞w

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ew⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the USE vowel, as in the word "lewd".


e᷍e

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ee⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FLEECE vowel, as in the word "heed".


a͞o

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨o⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the GOAT vowel, as in the word "alone".


a᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ai⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "aisle".


e᷍u

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨eu⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the USE vowel, as in the word "neuter".


a͞a

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the TRAP vowel, as in the word "am".


e᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨i⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "fine".


a᷍a

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the SQUARE vowel, as in the word "fare".


a͟i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ai⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FACE vowel, as in the word "hail".


o᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨oi⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the CHOICE vowel, as in the word "oil".


aspectual pair

(grammar, lexicography) Pair of verbs that have the same meaning but differ in aspect.


Nic.Dam.

Nic.Dam. = Nicolaus Damascenus

1940, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie, A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: at the Clarendon Press, frontmatter, §: V. General List of Abbreviations:

Nicolaus Damascenus
w:Nicolaus of Damascus

(bibliography and lexicography) Abbreviation of Nicolaus Damascenus.


ᴄʜ

(lexicography) Used for the /t͡ʃ/ sound.


diafrequential

a diafrequential usage label

According to Hausmann (1977, Ch. 8), lexically relevant units can receive — typically by means of labels or usage notes — any or all of the following types of diasystematic marking: diachronic (e.g. archaic, neologism); diatopic (e.g. American English for elevator 'lift', British English for loo); diaintegrative for foreign borrowings used in English (e.g. German for Weltanschauung); diastratic (e.g. informal for loo, formal for perambulator); diaconnotative (e.g. from Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (W9), often used disparagingly for dyke); diatechnical (e.g. law for tort, anatomy for clavicle; diafrequential (e.g. rare); dianormative (e.g. substandard for ain't).

1991, “Lexicography”, in Kirsten Malmkjær, editor, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 295, column 2:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a term's frequency may vary across different contexts and situations.


diaconnotative

a diaconnotative usage label

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a particular term may have different connotations in different situations.


diasystematic

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language is used across different fields and contexts.


diatechnical

a diatechnical usage label

In order to apply linguistic and semiotic analysis to conquering the territory of the new media, it is suggested that the sociolinguistic model be integrated with a fifth axis of variation, the diatechnical axis.

2015, Domenico Fiormonte, Teresa Numerico, Francesca Tomasi, translated by Desmond Schmidt and Christopher Ferguson, The Digital Humanist: A Critical Inquiry, New York, N.Y.: Punctum Books, page 112:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to how language is used across particular technical fields.


dianormative

a dianormative usage label

The eschewing of Grantha letters despite their widespread use in modern Tamil, and the unnecessary diastratic and dianormative labelling of many common items as 'non-standard', echo traditional views that the language needs to be 'protected' against the innovations of ordinary everyday speech.

2000, Gregory James, Colporuḷ: A History of Tamil Dictionaries, Chennai: Cre-A, →ISBN, page 266:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a term's perceived correctness may vary across different contexts and situations.


diaintegrative

a diaintegrative usage label

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which multiple languages are integrated with one another.


Pherecr.

πολύτῡρος, ον, with much cheese, Pherecr. Περσ. 1. 7.

1883, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, edited by Henry Drisler, A Greek–English Lexicon, seventh edition, New York: Harper & Brothers, page 1251/1, s.v. πολύτῡρος:

(bibliography and lexicography) Abbreviation of Pherecrates.

Phérécr.

abbreviation of (the equivalent of) Pherecrates


(lexicography) equivalent to ⟨~⟩, but indicates that in the derivation the headword changes from lowercase to uppercase.


Cetacea, ⸟n (that is, cetacean)

(lexicography) equivalent to ⟨~⟩, but indicates that in the derivation the headword changes from uppercase to lowercase.


diamesic

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language varies across forms of communication.