plug

→ Gulf Arabic: بلاك (blāk)

→ Burmese: ပလတ် (pa.lat)

→ Japanese: プラグ (puragu)

From Dutch plug, from Middle Dutch plugge (“peg, plug”), from Old Dutch *pluggi, from Proto-West Germanic *plugi. Further origin unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *plugjaz, but the word seems originally restricted to northern continental West Germanic. Perhaps ultimately from the same source as Dutch plag (“cut-out sod”), itself considered to be from a substrate.
Compare German Low German Plüg, Norwegian plug (“peg, wedge”, probably borrowed from Middle Low German), German Pflock (“peg”, restricted to Central German and phonetically divergent). Possibly akin to Lithuanian plúkti (“to strike, hew”).

unk

unknown

cog

(horticulture) A small seedling grown in a tray from expanded polystyrene or polythene filled usually with a peat or compost substrate.


blind

en-adj

blind (comparative blinder, superlative blindest)

blinder (comparative)
blindest (superlative)
blinde (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English blynd, from Old English blind, from Proto-West Germanic *blind, from Proto-Germanic *blindaz.

a nod is as good as a wink to a blind horse

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

there are none so blind as those who will not see

blind buds

blind flowers

(horticulture) Abortive; failing to produce flowers or fruit.

пусто́й

horticulture: failing to produce flowers or fruit


curl

From metathesis of Middle English crulle (“curled, curly”), from Middle Dutch crul, crulle (“curl”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kruzlǭ (“bent or crooked object, curl”), of unknown origin; possibly from Pre-Germanic *grus-, contracted from Proto-Indo-European *gurus- (“twist, curl”), same source as Persian گرس (gors, “braid of hair”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Krulle (“curl, lock”), West Frisian krul (“curl”), Dutch krul (“curl”), German Low German Krull (“curl”), dialectal German Krolle (“curl”), Danish krølle (“curl”), Norwegian krull (“curl”). Related also to Saterland Frisian Kruus (“curl”), German kraus (“frizzy, crumpled, curly”), Danish krus (“curl”), Swedish krusa (“to crimp, curl”). Compare also Gothic 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan, “to grind, crush, gnash”).

unk

unknown

cog

These potatoes, however, planted the next year, have a fair yield, untouched by the curl.

1840, "Farmers' Department", The Family Magazine, volume 1, page 227:

(agriculture, phytopathology, uncountable) Any of various diseases of plants causing the leaves or shoots to curl up; often specifically the potato curl.


cull

From Middle English cullen, cuilen, coilen, from Old French cuillir (“collect, gather, select”), from Latin colligō (“gather together”). Doublet of coil.

der

(agriculture) An individual animal selected to be killed, or item of produce to be discarded.


balk

From Middle English balke, from Old English balca, either from or influenced by Old Norse bálkr (“partition, ridge of land”), from Proto-Germanic *balkô. Cognate with Dutch balk (“balk”), German Balken (“balk”), Italian balcone (“balcony”).

How fruitfull are the ſeeming Barren places of Scripture. Bad Plow-men, which make Balkes of ſuch Ground.

1647, Tho[mas] Fuller, “Scripture Observations”, in Good Thoughts in Worse Times. […], London: […] W. W. for John Williams […], →OCLC, section XVI (Text improved), page 89:

(agriculture) An uncultivated ridge formed in the open field system, caused by the action of ploughing.


pug

en-noun

pug (countable and uncountable, plural pugs)

From Late Middle English pugge (“husk of grain”); further etymology unknown, possibly related to pug (verb) (see etymology 5). However, the latter is only attested much later.

(Southwest England, archaic) The residue left after pressing apples for cider; pomace.

Radiſh ſeed vvould vvillingly be ſovvne in a looſe or light ground, and natherleſſe moiſt enough: it cannot abide danke mucke, but contenteth it ſelfe vvith rotten chaffe or pugs, and ſuch like plaine mullock.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XIX.] Garden Plants, Their Natures, Kinds, and Severall Histories.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 2nd tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 17:

The pugg, i.e. the refuſe corne left at winnowinge.

[a. 1640 (date written), John Smyth, “[Phrases and Proverbs of Speach Proper to This Hundred]”, in John MacLean, editor, The Berkeley Manuscripts: A Description of the Hundred of Berkeley in the County of Gloucester and of Its Inhabitants, volume III, Gloucester, Gloucestershire: […] John Bellows for the subscribers, published 1885, →OCLC, page 25:

(obsolete) Often in the plural: the husks and other refuse removed from grain by winnowing; chaff.


slurry

slurry (countable and uncountable, plural slurries)

Unclear; probably related to Middle English sloor (“thin or fluid mud”); compare slur. From mid-15th c.

cog

In the Netherlands, the most problematic agricultural waste is liquid pig manure or pig slurry.

2004, W. H. Rulkens, “11: Overview of resource recovery techmologies for biowaste”, in Piet Lens, B. Hamelers, Harry Hoitink, Werner Bidlingmaier, editors, Resource Recovery and Reuse in Organic Solid Waste Management, page 249:

(agriculture) A mixture of animal waste, other organic material and sometimes water, stored in a slurry pit and used as fertilizer; also used in combination, as pig slurry, etc.

močůvka

agriculture: mixture of animal waste, other organic material and sometimes water used as fertilizer


tedder

From Middle English teddere; equivalent to ted + -er.

(agriculture) A machine for stirring and spreading hay, to speed up its drying.


tuber

en-noun

tuber (plural tubers or (uncommon, possibly obsolete) tubera)

tubers (plural)
tubera (obsolete plural possibly uncommon)

From Latin tūber (“bump, hump, swelling”).


winnow

en-verb

winnow (third-person singular simple present winnows, present participle winnowing, simple past and past participle winnowed)

winnows (present singular third-person)
winnowing (participle present)
winnowed (participle past)
winnowed (past)

From Middle English winewen, windewen, windwen, from Old English windwian (“to winnow, fan, ventilate”), from Proto-West Germanic *windwōn, from Proto-Germanic *windwōną, *winþijaną (“to throw about, winnow”), from Proto-Indo-European *wē- (“to winnow, thresh”). Cognate with Middle High German winden (“to winnow”), Icelandic vinsa (“to pick out, weed”), Latin vannus (“a winnowing basket”). See fan, van.

der

[W]ind began to winnow the river delta's dried sediments.

1998 January 3, Sid Perkins, “Thin Skin”, in Science News, volume 165, number 1, page 11:

en:sift (grain etc) to remove chaff etc, literally

(transitive, agriculture, literal) To subject (granular material, especially food grain) to a current of air separating heavier and lighter components, as grain from chaff.

përbyk

to separate the heavier and lighter with a current of air


wrest

A misspelling of rest, probably influenced by wrest (etymology 1, verb and noun).

[W]hen giving ley or stubble land a single furrow for a corn crop, the sock should never be so broad as the slice, but an inch or two within it; except, like the bent-sock it comes a good way back on the wrest: because this breadth of feather materially augments the draught; and, by cutting the slice clean out, before being embraced by the wrest, frequently causes it to be shot aside, in place of being turned over.

1822, John Finlayson, “On the Art of Ploughing”, in Treatise on Agricultural Subjects, Glasgow: Printed by William Lang, 62, Bell-Street, sold by Tho[ma]s Lochhead, 2, Park Place, Stockwell; [et al.], →OCLC, page 198:

They [turn-wrest ploughs] are now so constructed that the ploughman can readily shift his coulter by means of a lever, which reaches the bottom of the handles, and also his wrests or mould-boards from side to side, without leaving his station between the handles of his plough, they being so arranged that by withdrawing a small pin and pressing the projecting wrest towards the body of the plough, the mould-boards on either side become alternately the land side when not in work.

Cuthbert W. Johnson (1842) “PLOUGH”, in The Farmer’s Encyclopædia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, pages 981–982

The wedge is simply two inclined planes put base to base, and the same reasoning is true of it—that is, the thinner the wedge or more gradual the slope, the more easily it is driven. Applying this to the plough, we find that the coulter, share, wrest, cheek-plates, and sole-shoe, all form more or less continuous parts of a large wedge or moving inclined plane.

1908, Henry Stephens, James MacDonald, Stephens’ Book of the Farm: Dealing Exhaustively with Every Branch of Agriculture … In Three Volumes, 5th edition, volumes I (Land and Its Equipment), division 2, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 374:

(agriculture, dated, dialectal) A metal (formerly wooden) piece of some ploughs attached under the mouldboard (the curved blade that turns over the furrow) for clearing out the furrow; the mouldboard itself.


yoke

From Middle English yok, yoke, ȝok from Old English ġeoc (“yoke”), from Proto-Germanic *juką (“yoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (“yoke”), from *yewg- (“to join; to tie together, yoke”). Doublet of yuga, jugum, yoga and possibly yogh.
Senses 3.1 (“area of arable land”) and 3.2 (“amount of work done with draught animals”) probably referred to the area of land that could generally be ploughed by yoked draught animals within a given time.

poikkipuu

linking or supporting object that resembles a yoke

駕駛桿 /驾驶杆

device with crosspieces used to control an aircraft

iugum

unit of land area notionally equivalent to the area a team of yoked draft animals can work in a day

Strong yoke for a hog, with a twicher and rings, / with tar in a tarpot, for dangerous things: […]

1878, Thomas Tusser, “A Digression to Husbandlie Furniture”, in Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie. […], London: Published for the English Dialect Society by Trübner & Co., […], →OCLC; republished as W[illiam] Payne, Sidney J[ohn Hervon] Herrtage, editors, Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie. […], London: Published for the English Dialect Society by Trübner & Co., […], 1878, →OCLC, stanza 17, page 38:

Each hog had a wooden triangular yoke about its neck, by which it was hindered from penetrating through the holes in the encloſures; and for this reaſon, the encloſures are made very ſlender, and eaſy to put up, and do not require much wood.

1770, Peter Kalm [i.e., Pehr Kalm], translated by John Reinhold Forster, Travels into North America; […], volume I, Warrington, Cheshire: […] William Eyres, →OCLC, pages 164–165:

Senses relating to a frame around the neck.

(agriculture) A frame placed on the neck of an animal such as a cow, pig, or goose to prevent passage through a fence or other barrier.

länget

frame placed on the neck of an animal to prevent passage through a fence or other barrier


yoke

en-verb

yoke (third-person singular simple present yokes, present participle yoking, simple past and past participle yoked)

yokes (present singular third-person)
yoking (participle present)
yoked (participle past)
yoked (past)

From Middle English yoken, yoke, ȝoken (“to put a harness or yoke on a draught animal or pair of such animals, to yoke; to attach (an animal to a cart, plough, etc.) with a yoke; to lock (arms) in wrestling; to bind (oneself or someone) to something”) [and other forms], from Old English ġeocian, iucian, from Old English ġeoc (“yoke”) (see etymology 1) + -ian (suffix forming verbs from adjectives and nouns).

nb...

jocke, jockin, jockyn, oak, yioke, yocke, yok, ȝeoke, ȝeokyn, ȝoche, ȝoge, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝokke, ʒok, ʒoke, ʒoken, ʒokke, (Early Middle English) ȝokie

(agriculture) To place a frame on the neck of (an animal such as a cow, pig, or goose) to prevent passage through a fence or other barrier.

panna länget

to place a frame on the neck of (an animal) to prevent passage through a fence or other barrier


disc

en-verb

disc (third-person singular simple present discs, present participle discing, simple past and past participle disced)

discs (present singular third-person)
discing (participle present)
disced (participle past)
disced (past)
disk (alternative US mainly)

From French disque, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disk, quoit, platter”). Doublet of dais, desk, discus, dish, disk, and diskos.

doublet

It is held that discing is as much value to lucerne as cultivation is to corn.

1901 October 11, “Discing Lucerne”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record, volume 4, number 16, page 488:

(agriculture) To harrow with a disc harrow.


reel

From Middle English reel, reele, from Old English rēol, hrēol, from Proto-West Germanic *hrehul, from Proto-Germanic *hrehulaz, *hrahilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“to weave, beat”). Cognate with Icelandic ræl, hræll.

der

(agriculture) A device consisting of radial arms with horizontal stats, connected with a harvesting machine, for holding the stalks of grain in position to be cut by the knives.


ripe

ripes (plural)
rype (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English ripe, rype, from Old English rīpe (“ripe, mature”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīpī, from Proto-Germanic *rīpijaz, *rīpiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyb- (“to snatch”). Cognate with West Frisian ryp (“ripe”), Dutch rijp (“ripe”), German reif (“ripe”). Related to reap.

When he realized that the ripes would not make it back to Selma, Zemurray offered a free bunch of bananas to any telegraph operator who notified local grocers that he was coming through with a shipment of bananas.

1993, Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators, →ISBN, page 76:

(agriculture) A fruit or vegetable which has ripened.


tang

en-verb

tang (third-person singular simple present tangs, present participle tanging, simple past and past participle tanged)

tangs (present singular third-person)
tanging (participle present)
tanged (participle past)
tanged (past)

onomatopoeic

Imitative

(dated, beekeeping) To strike two metal objects together loudly in order to persuade a swarm of honeybees to land so it may be captured by the beekeeper.


thresh

en-verb

thresh (third-person singular simple present threshes, present participle threshing, simple past and past participle threshed)

threshes (present singular third-person)
threshing (participle present)
threshed (participle past)
threshed (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-der.?
Proto-Germanic *þreskaną
Old English þrescan
Middle English threschen
English thresh
From Middle English thresshen, threshen, threschen, from Old English þrescan, from Proto-Germanic *þreskaną.
Compare West Frisian terskje, Dutch dorsen, Low German dörschen, German dreschen, Danish tærske, Swedish tröska, Yiddish דרעשן (dreshn). Doublet of thrash.

etymon

(transitive, agriculture) To separate the grain from the straw or husks (chaff) by mechanical beating, with a flail or machinery, or by driving animals over them.

dors

to separate the grain from the straw or husks


volunteer

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

Borrowed from Middle French voluntaire, from Latin voluntārius (“willing, voluntary”); or from voluntary + -eer.

der

(botany, agriculture) A plant that grows spontaneously, without being cultivated on purpose; see volunteer plant in Wikipedia.


bush

From Middle English bush, from Old English busċ, *bysċ (“copse, grove, scrub”, in placenames), from Proto-West Germanic *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz (“bush, thicket”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow”). Doublet of bosque.
Cognate with West Frisian bosk (“forest”), Dutch bos (“forest”), German Busch (“bush”), Danish and Norwegian busk (“bush, shrub”), Swedish buske (“bush, shrub”), Persian بیشه (bêša/biše, “woods”). Latin and Romance forms (Latin boscus, Occitan bòsc, French bois, bûche and buisson, Italian bosco and boscaglia, Spanish bosque, Portuguese bosque) derive from the Germanic.

inh

a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for. It twisted and turned, and, the first thing I knew, made a sudden bend around a bunch of bayberry scrub and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC, page 18:

(horticulture) A woody plant distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, being usually less than six metres tall; a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category.


pinch

en-verb

pinch (third-person singular simple present pinches, present participle pinching, simple past and past participle pinched)

pinches (present singular third-person)
pinching (participle present)
pinched (participle past)
pinched (past)

From Middle English pinchen, from Old Northern French *pinchier (compare Old French pincier, pincer (“to pinch”)), a word of uncertain origin, possibly from Vulgar Latin *pinciāre (“to puncture, pinch”), from a merger of *punctiāre (“to puncture, sting”), from Latin punctiō (“a puncture, prick”) and *piccāre (“to strike, sting”), from Frankish *pikkōn, from Proto-Germanic *pikkōną (“to pick, peck, prick”). More at point, pick and pitch.

der

(horticulture) To cut shoots or buds of a plant in order to shape the plant, or to improve its yield.


adjuvant

From Latin adiuvāns, present participle of adiuvāre (“to help”), from ad (“to”) + iuvāre (“to help”). Doublet of adjutant.

(agriculture) An additive (often a separate product) that enhances the efficacy of pesticide products, but has little or no pesticidal activity itself. [from mid 20th c.]

liitännäisaine

pesticides: additive that enhances the efficacy of pesticides


dobber

Plate 17. The wheels of a potato planter which are adjustable on the axle to control row spacing, while the ‘dobbers’ may have their position adjusted around the slots in the wheels (Farmland Museum, Haddenham)

1976, Percy W. Blandford, Old Farm Tools and Machinery: An Illustrated History, David & Charles, →ISBN:

[…] including their soil block planter, tractor mounted and suitable for use in 1.8 and 1.9m systems. The standard machine is fitted with 35 by 7cm rear depth wheels and a 55cm diameter drum, complete with bands of dobbers spaced at 30cm.

1977, GC & HTJ: Gardeners' Chronicle and Horticultural Trade Journal, volume 182, page 29:

(rare, agriculture) A part of a planter.


ripper

(agriculture) A tool or plant used to reduce soil compaction.


ley

(agriculture) Arable land used temporarily for hay or grazing.

ugar

arable land used temporarily for hay or grazing


ley

(agriculture) Rotated to pasture instead of cropping.


harvest

en-noun

harvest (countable and uncountable, plural harvests)

harvests (plural)
harvist (alternative)
hervest (alternative)
harst (alternative)
hairst (alternative)

From Middle English harvest, hervest, from Old English hærfest (“autumn, harvest-time; August”), from Proto-West Germanic *harbist, from Proto-Germanic *harbistaz (“harvest-time, autumn, fall”), from *harbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp-.
Cognates
Cognate with Sylt North Frisian Hārefst, West Frisian hjerst, Dutch herfst, German Herbst, dated German Low German Harvst, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål høst, Norwegian Nynorsk haust; further with Latin carpere (“to seize”), Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”), κείρω (keírō, “to cut off”).

inh

The constant rain made the harvest a nightmare this year.

(agriculture) The process of gathering the ripened crop; harvesting.


cobbler

cobblers (plural)
cobler (alternative obsolete)

→ Irish: caibléir

Inherited from Middle English cobeler, cobelere (“mender of shoes, cobbler”) [and other forms]; further origin unknown. The word appears to be derived from an early form of cobble (“to mend roughly, patch; (specifically) to mend shoes, especially roughly”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns), but is attested much earlier than the verb which suggests that the verb may be a back-formation from cobbler.
Sense 2 (“sheep left to the end to be sheared”) is a pun on cobbler’s last (“tool for shaping or preserving the shape of shoes”); while sense 3 (“clumsy workman”) is derived from cobble + -er: see above.

suffix

the cobbler always wears the worst shoes

the cobbler's children are the worst shod

(Australia, New Zealand, agriculture, slang) A sheep left to the end to be sheared (for example, because its wool is filthy, or because it is difficult to catch).


organic

en-adj

organic (comparative more organic, superlative most organic)

more organic (comparative)
most organic (superlative)
organick (alternative)

From Middle English organic, organik, from Old French organique, from Latin organicus.

(agriculture) Of food or food products, grown in an environment free from artificial agrichemicals, and possibly certified by a regulatory body.

عُضْوِيّ

of food and food products: grown without agrichemicals


informal

informal (comparative more informal, superlative most informal)

more informal (comparative)
most informal (superlative)

not in accord with the usual regulations

(horticulture) Not organized; not structured or planned.


sickle

From Middle English sikel (also assibilated in sichel), from Old English sicol, siċel, from Proto-West Germanic *sikilu, itself borrowed from Latin sēcula (“sickle”) or sīcīlis (“sickle”). Cognate with Dutch sikkel, German Sichel. Remotely related with English scythe and saw.

(agriculture) An implement having a semicircular blade and short handle, used for cutting long grass and cereal crops.


sickle

en-verb

sickle (third-person singular simple present sickles, present participle sickling, simple past and past participle sickled)

sickles (present singular third-person)
sickling (participle present)
sickled (participle past)
sickled (past)

(agriculture, transitive) To cut with a sickle.


blackleg

en-noun

blackleg (countable and uncountable, plural blacklegs)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blackleg.wav

(uncountable, agriculture, veterinary medicine) A fatal cattle disease caused by the soil-borne bacterium Clostridium chauvoei; symptomatic anthrax.


yield

yield (countable and uncountable, plural yields)

Verb from Middle English yielden, yelden, ȝelden (“to yield, pay”), from Old English ġieldan (“to pay”), from Proto-West Germanic *geldan, from Proto-Germanic *geldaną (“to pay”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots yield (“to yield”), North Frisian jilden (“to pay”), Saterland Frisian jäilde (“to be valid; matter; count; be worth”), West Frisian jilde (“to pay”), Low German gellen, gelden (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), Dutch gelden (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), German gelten (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), Icelandic gjalda (“to pay, yield, give”), Danish gælde (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), Norwegian Bokmål gjelde.
Noun from Middle English ȝeld, from Old English ġield, from Proto-West Germanic *geld, from Proto-Germanic *geldą (“reward, gift, money”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian jild, Dutch geld, Low German and German Geld, Danish gæld, Swedish gäld, Icelandic gjald. See also geld.

inh

Zucchini plants always seem to produce a high yield of fruit.

(agriculture) Measurement of the amount of a crop harvested, or animal products such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land.


strip

en-verb

strip (third-person singular simple present strips, present participle stripping, simple past and past participle stripped)

strips (present singular third-person)
stripping (participle present)
stripped (participle past)
stripped (past)

From Middle English strepen, strippen, from Old English strīepan (“plunder”), from Proto-Germanic *strēpōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”). Probably related to German Strafe (“deprivation, fine, punishment”).

cog

(transitive, agriculture) To pare off the surface of (land) in strips.


sucker

From Middle English souker, sokere, sukkere, soukere, equivalent to suck (verb) + -er. Compare Saterland Frisian Suuger, West Frisian sûker (“sucker”), Dutch zuiger (“sucker”), German Sauger (“dummy; vacuum”).

(horticulture) An undesired stem growing out of the roots or lower trunk of a shrub or tree, especially from the rootstock of a grafted plant or tree.

բիճ

a stem growing up from the roots of a plant


sucker

en-verb

sucker (third-person singular simple present suckers, present participle suckering, simple past and past participle suckered)

suckers (present singular third-person)
suckering (participle present)
suckered (participle past)
suckered (past)

to sucker maize

It is as important to sucker tobacco carefully and as often as the situation demands it as it is to search for and remove the green-horn worm.

1881, F. R. Diffenderffer, “Tobacco Culture”, in Agriculture of Pennsylvania, volume 5, page 91:

(horticulture, transitive) To strip the suckers or shoots from; to deprive of suckers.

I have let my vines sucker more than I ought this year, perhaps, but I want to start them out in better shape by encouraging a large growth of wood.

1880, Samuel Thorton Kemeys Prime, The Model Farms and Their Methods, page 423:

We prefer to plant in rows instead of hills because the plants sucker so badly here, and because, with our scanty rainfall, it is better to have the plants isolated than bunched.

1892, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, “Tests of vegetables in the experiment station garden”, in Bulletin, number 57, page 45:

(horticulture, intransitive) To produce suckers; to throw up additional stems or shoots.


woof

woof (third-person singular simple present woofs, present participle woofing, simple past and past participle woofed)

woofs (present singular third-person)
woofing (participle present)
woofed (participle past)
woofed (past)

From WWOOF, an acronym of World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms which is a network of national organizations that facilitate homestays on organic farms.

Our two children are immediately involved in a frantic game of touch rugby orchestrated by Vinny, an Irish backpacker, who is WOOFing his way around New Zealand.

2008 September 1, “Your family holidays”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

One might run off for a few months to work on an organic farm—a habit so common there's actually an acronym for it: to woof (Work on an Organic Farm).

[2009, David Graeber, “Some Notes on ‘Activist Culture’”, in Direct Action: An Ethnography, Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, →ISBN, page 251:

Membership is cheap, and they send you a book with listings of farms from Hawaii to New Zealand. Try woof'ing it for a few months;

2010, Elizabeth Hallock, The Women's Guide to the Coming Economic Disaster, page 53:

To the list one could add "medical tourism" (travel to places for more readily available surgeries, treatments, and pharmaceuticals); volunteer tourism, or "voluntourism" (where people donate time and labor to in areas hit by hardship); and "woofing" (derived from World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms, a loose network that helps people travel to foreign countries to work on organic farms and perhaps learn another language).

2020, Daniel P. Reynolds, Postcards from Auschwitz:

In fact, as with other types of stay, "woofing in Damanhur can also be a way of getting closer to the Community: after woofing some have continued with the New Life experience and become citizens"

2022, Stefania Palmisano, Nicola Pannofino, Damanhur: An Esoteric Community Open to the World, page 189:

(intransitive, agriculture) Alternative form of wwoof.


bizarre

Borrowed from French bizarre (“odd, peculiar, bizarre”, formerly “headlong, angry”). Either from Basque bizar (“a beard”) (the notion being that bearded Spanish soldiers made a strange impression on the French), or from Italian bizzarro.

bor

(horticulture) A carnation having stripes of two distinct colours on the white petals.


cutting

en-noun

cutting (countable and uncountable, plural cuttings)

To propagate by cuttings, is to cut off the branch or ſtem of a Plant, and to ſet it in the Earth without Roots. Strip it of leaves and branches, Plant deeper than theſe with Roots, and in a rich and moiſt ſoil, keeping it watered and ſhaded, Untill Rooted; cut off their Tops ſave Greens, as if your cutting be 12 Inches long, let 9 be under, and 3 above ground.

1683, John Reid, “Of the Several Wayes of Propagation”, in The Scots Gard’ner: […], Edinburgh: […] David Lindsay, […], →OCLC, 2nd part (Treating of the Culture of Plants), paragraph 5, page 59:

All the Sorts of Vines are propagated either from Layers or Cuttings, the former of which is greatly practis'd in England, but the latter is what I would recommend, as being much preferable to the other. [...] I had rather plant a good Cutting than a rooted Plant, provided it be well choſen, and there is leſs Danger of its not growing.

1733, Philip Miller, “VITIS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:

The method of propagating the Box is perfectly easy: it may be raised from cuttings, or from seed, or by layering. [...] For planting the cuttings, [Thomas] Hanbury says the month of August is the best time, if any rain falls.

1803, [William] Marshall, “Buxus”, in On Planting and Rural Ornament. A Practical Treatise, … In Two Volumes, 3rd edition, volume II, London: […] G[eorge] and W. Nicol, […]; G[eorge] and J[ohn] Robinson, […]; and T[homas] Cadell and W[illiam] Davies, […], →OCLC, page 47:

Allison carried it all home, and then spent a long time that evening out on the back porch, wrapping up Ida's collection of rooted cuttings, each snuff tin and plastic cup in its own carefully fashioned sleeve of wet newspaper.

2002, Donna Tartt, “Chapter 6”, in The Little Friend, page 396:

(countable) A section removed from a larger whole.

(countable, horticulture) A leaf, stem, branch, or root removed from a plant and cultivated to grow a new plant.


thug

From Hindi ठग (ṭhag, “swindler, fraud, cheat”).
Thuggee was a network of gangs in India from the 17th century to the 19th century who robbed and murdered travellers, often by strangling and beating their victims to death. During British Imperial rule of India, many Indian words passed into common English, and by 1810 thug referred to a member of these Indian gangs. The sense was adopted more generally as "ruffian, cutthroat, and cruel robber" by 1839. Related to English thatch, deck.

rampokker

someone who treats others violently or roughly

(horticulture) An overvigorous plant that spreads and dominates the flowerbed.


scuffle

en-verb

scuffle (third-person singular simple present scuffles, present participle scuffling, simple past and past participle scuffled)

scuffles (present singular third-person)
scuffling (participle present)
scuffled (participle past)
scuffled (past)

The noun is a borrowing from the Dutch noun, Dutch schoffel; the English verb arose via subsequent verbification within English but is also parallel with the Dutch verb, schoffelen.

Near-synonyms: (sometimes synonymous) scarify, cultivate, grub; weed

en:work the soil surface for weeding, etc

(agriculture) To work the soil surface for weeding, etc.


MV

(agriculture) Initialism of modern variety.


succession

en-noun

succession (countable and uncountable, plural successions)

Inherited from Middle English [Term?], from Old French succession, from Latin successiō (noun).

An act, process, or instance of succeeding:


forcing

forcing (countable and uncountable, plural forcings)

(horticulture) The art of raising plants at an earlier season than is normal, especially by using a hotbed

hyötö

horticulture: the art of raising plants at an earlier season than is normal


SAR

SAR (countable and uncountable, plural SARs)

sodium adsorption ratio
sodium adsorption ratio#English

(agriculture) Initialism of sodium adsorption ratio.


flog

en-verb

flog (third-person singular simple present flogs, present participle flogging, simple past and past participle flogged)

flogs (present singular third-person)
flogging (participle present)
flogged (participle past)
flogged (past)

From Middle English *floggen (suggested by flogge (“hammer, sledge”), from Old English *floggian, a stem variant of Proto-Germanic *flukkōną (“to beat”), itself a secondary zero-grade iterative with unetymological -u-, derived from *flōkaną.
The original zero-grade iterative *flakkōną had been misinterpreted as an o-grade. See flack (“to beat”), also as a dialectal noun "a blow, slap". Cognate with Scots flog (“a blow, stripe, flogging”, noun), Scots flog (“thin strip of wood”), Norwegian flak (“a piece torn off, strip”).
Alternatively, a back-formation from flogger, from Low German flogger (“a flail”).

cog

The environment is paying dearly as producers flog their land. Sustainable agriculture needs a new generation of energised science and technology-trained farmers

2007 February 6, “Suppliers the losers in Coles-Woolworths war”, in The Age:

(transitive, Australia, agriculture) To overexploit (land), as by overgrazing, overstocking, etc.


knap

The verb is derived from Late Middle English knappen (“to strike (something)”); further etymology uncertain, probably related to Middle Dutch knappen, cnappen (“to break (something) with a sharp sound, snap; to crack or crackle”) (modern Dutch knappen), probably ultimately onomatopoeic.
The noun is derived from Late Middle English knap, knappe (“sharp blow, strike”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from the verb (see above), or related to an ancestor of Danish knep and Swedish knäpp (“a flick, rap, snap”), probably ultimately onomatopoeic.

inh

(chiefly archaic or obsolete except UK, dialectal)

(agriculture) Synonym of chattering damsel (“a component of a traditional mill which creates a vibratory motion to impel portions of grain toward the millstone; a clapper”).

chattering damsel
chattering damsel#English


trough

PIE word
 *dóru
From Middle English trogh, from Old English troh, trog (“a trough, tub, basin, vessel for containing liquids or other materials”), from Proto-West Germanic *trog, from Proto-Germanic *trugą, *trugaz, from Proto-Indo-European *drukós, enlargement of *dóru (“tree”).
See also West Frisian trôch, Dutch trog, German Trog, Danish trug, Swedish tråg; also Middle Irish drochta (“wooden basin”), Old Armenian տարգալ (targal, “ladle, spoon”). More at tree.

cog

(agriculture, Australia, New Zealand) A channel for conveying water or other farm liquids (such as milk) from place to place by gravity; any ‘U’ or ‘V’ cross-sectioned irrigation channel.


one-way

en-verb

one-way (third-person singular simple present one-ways, present participle one-waying, simple past and past participle one-wayed)

one-ways (present singular third-person)
one-waying (participle present)
one-wayed (participle past)
one-wayed (past)

From one + way. First attested in 1906 in reference to one-way tickets; 1914 in reference to one-way streets; 1940 in reference to one-way mirrors.

Over a period of 10 years, the average yield under stubble-mulch tillage has been 10 percent greater than under one-waying with continuous wheat, and 14 percent greater than under one-waying with wheat on fallow.

1935, Report of the Chief of the Soil Conservation Service, page 58:

(agriculture) To use a disc harrow to turn the soil and kill weeds, in preparation for planting seeds.


arable

en-adj

arable (comparative more arable, superlative most arable)

more arable (comparative)
most arable (superlative)

From Middle English arable, from Middle French arable, from Old French arable, from Latin arābilis, formed from arō (“plow”) + -bilis (“able to be”). Cognate with earable (“arable”).

And again, since no animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land […]

1943 November – 1944 February (date written; published 1945 August 17), George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter VI, in Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, published May 1962, →OCLC, page 50:

(agriculture, of land) Able to be plowed or tilled, capable of growing crops (traditionally contrasted with pasturable lands such as heaths).

(agriculture, NGO jargon, of land) Under cultivation (within any quinquennial period) for the production of crops sown and harvested within the same agricultural year (contrasted with permanently-cropped lands such as orchards).


deadhead

en-verb

deadhead (third-person singular simple present deadheads, present participle deadheading, simple past and past participle deadheaded)

deadheads (present singular third-person)
deadheading (participle present)
deadheaded (participle past)
deadheaded (past)

From dead + head. Some senses are derived from theater jargon (originally spelled dead head) for audience members admitted without paying, which probably arose in analogy to dead weight or deadwood in reference to their lack of contribution to revenue or in reference to their unenthusiastic (dead) response to performances. Perhaps even from Latin caput mortuum, alchemy term for distillation residue. As Paul Quinion writes: Similarly, the term was applied to a dull or lazy person, one who contributes nothing to an enterprise, only in the early years of the twentieth century, well after the theatrical and transport senses had become well established.

If you deadhead your roses regularly, they will bloom all season.

(horticulture) (transitive) To remove spent or dead blossoms from a plant.


infield

(agriculture) An area to cultivate: a field


bolster

bolsters (plural)
boulster (alternative)
bowster (alternative Scotland)
bouster (alternative Scotland)
boster (alternative Scotland)

From Middle English bolster, bolstre, from Old English bolster (“pillow”), from Proto-West Germanic *bolstr, from Proto-Germanic *bulstraz (“pillow, cushion”). Cognate with Scots bowster (“bolster”), West Frisian bulster (“mattress”), Dutch bolster (“husk, shell”), German Polster (“bolster, pillow, pad”), Swedish bolster (“soft mattress, bolster”), Icelandic bólstur (“pillow”).

cog

(vehicles, agriculture) A small spacer located on top of the axle of horse-drawn wagons that gives the front wheels enough clearance to turn.


rafter

en-verb

rafter (third-person singular simple present rafters, present participle raftering, simple past and past participle raftered)

rafters (present singular third-person)
raftering (participle present)
raftered (participle past)
raftered (past)

From Old English ræfter, of Germanic origin, related to the origin of raft.

/ˈɹɑːftə(ɹ)/

(UK, agriculture) To plough so as to turn the grass side of each furrow upon an unploughed ridge; to ridge.


wick

Inherited from Northern Middle English whyk (southern quyk), from Old English cwic (“alive”); similar to an archaic meaning of quick (“endowed with life; having a high degree of vigor, energy, or activity”), and quicken (“come to life”), to which it is related.

doublet

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-wick.wav

(British, dialect, chiefly Yorkshire, horticulture) (Usually plural) The parts of weed roots that remain viable in the ground after inadequate digging prior to cultivation.


wilderness

en-noun

wilderness (countable and uncountable, plural wildernesses)

wildernesses (plural)
wildernesse (alternative)

From Middle English wildernes, wildernesse (“uninhabited, uncultivated, or wild territory; desolate land; desert; (figuratively) depopulated or devastated place; state of devastation or ruin; human experience and life”) [and other forms], and then either:
* from Middle English wilderne (“deserted or uninhabited place, wilderness; land not yet settled”) [and other forms] (from Old English wilddeōren (“savage, wild”); see below) + -nes, -nesse (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting qualities or states); or
* from Old English *wildēornes, *wilddēornes, probably from wilddēor (“wild animal”) [and other forms] or more likely from wilddēoren (“savage, wild”) (from wilddēor + -en (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘consisting of; material made of’)) + -nes (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting qualities or states).
Wilddēor is derived from wilde (“savage, wild”) (ultimately either from Proto-Indo-European *wel-, *welw- (“hair, wool; ear of corn, grass; forest”), or *gʷʰel- (“wild”)) + dēor (“beast, wild animal”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes- (“to breathe; breath; soul, spirit; creature”)).
The English word is cognate with Danish vildnis (“wilderness”), German Wildernis, Wildnis (“wilderness”), Middle Dutch wildernisse (“wilderness”) (modern Dutch wildernis (“wilderness”)), Middle Low German wildernisse (“wilderness”) (German Low German Wildernis (“wilderness”)), Saterland Frisian Wüüldernis (“wilderness”), West Frisian wyldernis (“wilderness”).
Sense 3.3 (“situation of disfavour or lack of recognition”) is a reference to Numbers 14:32–33 in the Bible (King James Version; spelling modernized): “But as for you, your carcasses, they shall fall in this wilderness. And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years, and bear your whoredoms, until your carcasses be wasted in the wilderness.”

nb...

wildernese, wildernise, wildernosse, wildirnes, wilirnesse, wildirenes, wildurnes, wildurnesse, wildrenes, wildrenesse, wyldernesse, wyldernys

nb...

(Northern England or Northwest Midlands) wildernes, wildrenes, (Southwest Midlands) wulderne, (Early Middle English) wildren

cog

And now with nerves new-brac'd and ſpirits chear'd / We tread the wilderneſs, whoſe well-roll'd walks / With curvature of ſlow and eaſy ſweep, / Deception innocent—give ample ſpace / To narrow bounds.

1785, William Cowper, “Book I. The Sofa.”, in The Task, a Poem, […], London: […] J[oseph] Johnson; […], →OCLC, page 19:

(countable, horticulture) An ornamental part of a garden or park cultivated with trees and often a maze to evoke a natural wilderness.


winding

en-noun

winding (countable and uncountable, plural windings)

The noun is derived from Middle English winding, windinge, wyndynge (“act of exposing something to the wind, airing, ventilating; act of winnowing (?)”), from winden, wynden (“to expose (something) to the air or wind, ventilate; to cause (someone) to be out of breath; to winnow (wheat); of an animal: to catch the scent of (someone or something)”) + -ing, -inge (suffix forming gerund nouns, and the present participle forms of verbs).
The adjective is derived from the verb.
The English word is analysable as wind (“to blow air through (a wind instrument or horn) to make a sound; to cause (someone) to become breathless; to winnow (food grain), etc.”) + -ing (suffix forming present participial adjectives and verbs, and nouns denoting an action or the embodiment of an action).

suffix

(agriculture, chiefly attributive) The act of winnowing (“subjecting food grain to a current of air to separate the grain from the chaff”).


stool

en-noun

stool (countable and uncountable, plural stools)

From Middle English stool, stole, stol, from Old English stōl (“chair, seat, throne”), from Proto-West Germanic *stōl, from Proto-Germanic *stōlaz (“chair”) (compare West Frisian stoel, Dutch stoel, German Stuhl, Swedish/Norwegian/Danish stol, Finnish tuoli, Estonian tool), from Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂los (compare Lithuanian stálas, Russian стол (stol, “table”), Russian стул (stul, “chair”), Serbo-Croatian stol (“table”), Slovene stol (“chair”), Albanian kështallë (“crutch”), Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “block of stone used as a prop or buttress to a wall”)), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). More at stand.
The medical use derives from sense 2 (seat used for defecation).

cog

The ground in almost every part of it is covered with stools or stems of Oak, at not more than three feet stool from stool, and these not having been thinned since last cutting, are completely overburdened, and are evidently killing each other and dying for want of nourishment […]

1827, Robert Monteath, Miscellaneous Reports on Woods and Plantations, Shewing a Method to Plant, Rear, and Recover all Woods, Plantations and Timber Trees on every Soil and Situation in Britain and Ireland …, Dundee: Printed and sold by James Chalmers [et al.], →OCLC, page 51:

With stool bedding, the plants are pruned back to the ground in the dormant season, and the shoots that form in the spring have juvenile characteristics and are called "juvenile reversion shoots." Stool bedding or stool bed layering is a common practice for the production of rootstocks of apple. […] The closer the apical meristem is to the roots of the plant, the more juvenile it is likely to be. This feature is exploited by techniques such as hedging or stool bedding that employ severe pruning to decrease the distance between the new growth and the root system, thus acting to rejuvenate the plant and benefit from the ease of rooting that is characteristic of the juvenile phase.

2011, Caula A. Beyl, Robert N. Trigiano, editors, Plant Propagation Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, pages 88 and 154:

A coppice may be large, in which case trees, usually ash (Fraxinus) or maple (Acer) are cut, leaving a massive stool from which up to 10 trunks arise; or small, in which case trees, usually hazel (Corylus), hawthorn (Crataegus), or willow (Salix), are cut to leave small, underground stools producing many short stems. […] One consequence of coppicing is that the stool enlarges because each subsequent growth of shoots occurs on its outside. The diameter of a stool is thus directly related to its age. […] stool 1. A tree stump that is capable of producing new shoots. 2. The permanent base of a *coppiced tree.

2012, Michael Allaby, editor, A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 125 and 486:

(horticulture) A plant that has been cut down until its main stem is close to the ground, resembling a stool, to promote new growth.


stool

en-verb

stool (third-person singular simple present stools, present participle stooling, simple past and past participle stooled)

stools (present singular third-person)
stooling (participle present)
stooled (participle past)
stooled (past)

Cutting back to the same position annually is usually referred to as pollarding; cutting nearly to the ground is usually called stooling. Both are good methods of controlling height and maintaining vigor on plants that would normally grow to a large size. […] Those [plants] that generate many small stems crowded together are difficult to pollard so they are normally stooled. Some people refer to stooling as coppice.

2011, Edward F. Gilman, An Illustrated Guide to Pruning, 3rd edition, Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, page 411:

The healthier of your two hollies is multi-stemmed, indicating that it was once stooled (cut down to a point just above the ground). It has since grown back vigorously to become a thick, wide tree which enabled it even more to overshadow the one that you say was quite severely pruned last year.

2015 October 23, Helen Yemm, “How to rescue a dying holly tree [print version: Halt weed invasion, a holly tree's last stand, 24 October 2015, page 7]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review), London, archived from the original on 2015-10-29:

(horticulture) To cut down (a plant) until its main stem is close to the ground, resembling a stool, to promote new growth.


stool

I worked very hard in the copse of young ash, with my billhook and a shearing-knife; cutting out the saplings where they stooled too close together, making spars to keep for thatching, wall-crooks to drive into the cob, stiles for close sheep hurdles, and handles for rakes, and hoes, and two-bills, of the larger and straighter stuff.

1869, Richard D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, chapter 38:

The plants stooled out well, and yielded a heavy cutting of rather tough cane. In its young state it should make good silage.

1904, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock, Annual Report, →OCLC, page 80:

In a field experiment planted in spring 1969, the red raspberry 'Glen Clova' was grown both in hedgerows and in stooled rows. Although spur blight (Didymella applanata) and cane botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) were more frequent on canes removed as thinnings from the hedgerows than on those removed from stooled plots, the differences were trivial.

1981, Horticultural Research, volume 21, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, →OCLC, page 149:

(agriculture) To ramify; to tiller, as grain; to shoot out suckers.


lodging

(agriculture) The condition of a plant, especially a cereal, that has been flattened in the field or damaged so that it cannot stand upright, as by weather conditions or because the stem is not strong enough to support the plant.

ajagut

condition of a plant that has been flattened


kidding

Attended kiddings allow owners to remove the kids from their dams prior to suckling and ingestion of colostrum.

2006, Robert S. Youngquist, Walter R. Threlfall, Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology:

(agriculture) The act of a goat giving birth.


bedding

en-noun

bedding (countable and uncountable, plural beddings)

From Middle English bedding, beddyng, from Old English bedding (“bedding”), equivalent to bed + -ing.

(horticulture) The temporary planting of fast-growing plants into flower beds to create colourful, temporary, seasonal displays, during spring, summer or winter.


milpa

milpa (countable and uncountable, plural milpas)

Borrowed from Spanish milpa, from Classical Nahuatl.

Milpa is based on seed crops, particularly the uniquely productive combination of maize, beans and squash, and in the past its techniques were normally those of swidden cultivation.

2007, Peter John Ucko, G. W. Dimbleby, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Transaction Publishers, →ISBN, page 13:

(agriculture, uncountable) A cyclical crop-growing system used throughout Mesoamerica.

These three plants are often grown together in a single field called a milpa, the beans creeping up the corn stalks while the squash plants catch along the lower leaves of the corn plants.

1993, Richard E. Blanton, Stephen A. Kowalewski, Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 40:

That means that no one can get rich or make someone else rich by farming a milpa. Since it works against capital accumulation, it is antithetical to entrepreneurship. In short, planting a milpa optimizes resources in a very particular way.

2010, Sheldon Annis, God and Production in a Guatemalan Town, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, page 37:

(agriculture, countable) A small field, especially in Mexico or Central America, that is cleared from the jungle, cropped for a few seasons, and then abandoned for a fresh clearing.


warp

en-verb

warp (third-person singular simple present warps, present participle warping, simple past and past participle warped)

warps (present singular third-person)
warping (participle present)
warped (participle past)
warped (past)

→ Japanese: ワープ (wāpu)

From Middle English werpen, weorpen, worpen, from Old English weorpan (“to throw”), from Proto-West Germanic *werpan, from Proto-Germanic *werpaną (“to throw, turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to bend, turn”).
Cognate with Scots warp (“to throw, warp”), North Frisian werpen (“to throw”), Dutch werpen (“to throw, cast”), German werfen (“to throw, cast”), Icelandic verpa (“to throw”).

der

Large fields are surrounded by embankments, dykes are cut, and sluice hates placed; when warping is in progress the gates all along the dykes to the tidal river, miles away, are opened.

1901 February 23, Yorkshire Weekly Post, quoted in English Dialect Dictionary:

(ambitransitive, agriculture) To fertilize (low-lying land) by letting the tide, a river, or other water in upon it to deposit silt and alluvial matter.


heft

term-label

(Northern England, Scotland, agriculture)

The noun is borrowed from Scots heft, haft (“pasture which sheep are familiar with; attachment of sheep to a pasture; number of sheep grazing on such a pasture; (obsolete) place of residence; situation”), probably from Old Norse hefð (“occupation; possession; prescriptive right”), from hafa (“to have; to keep, retain”), from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have; to hold”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-, *keh₂p- (“to hold; to seize”).
The verb is borrowed from Scots heft (“to cause (cattle or sheep) to become familiar with a pasture; of animals: to become familiar with a pasture; (figurative) of a person: to become settled in an occupation or place”), probably from Old Norse hefða (“to acquire prescriptive rights”), from hefð (noun): see above.
Both the noun and verb may have been influenced by Scots heft (“(noun) handle of an implement, haft; (verb) to fit (an implement) with a handle”).

noncog

[S]he came to fetch her [bairn] out of ill haft and waur guiding.

1818 July 25, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter VI, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 147:

A piece of pastureland which farm animals (chiefly cattle or sheep) have become accustomed to.

tuttu laidun

piece of pastureland which farm animals have become accustomed to

A flock or group of farm animals (chiefly cattle or sheep) which have become accustomed to a particular piece of pastureland.

laitumen totutelleet eläimet

flock or group of farm animals which have become accustomed to a particular piece of pastureland


heft

en-verb

heft (third-person singular simple present hefts, present participle hefting, simple past and past participle hefted)

hefts (present singular third-person)
hefting (participle present)
hefted (participle past)
hefted (past)
haft (alternative)

For I had been "hefting" (as the business is called in our Galloway land) a double score of lambs which had just been brought from a neighbouring lowland farm to summer upon our scanty upland pastures. Now it is the nature of sheep to return if they can to their mother-hill, or, at least, to stray farther and farther off, seeking some well-known landmark. So, till such new-comers grow satisfied and "heft" (or attach) themselves to the soil, they must be watched carefully both night and day.

1898, S[amuel] R[utherford] Crockett, “The Year Terrible”, in The Standard Bearer, London: Methuen and Co. […], →OCLC, page 6:

(agriculture) To accustom (a flock or group of farm animals, chiefly cattle or sheep) to a piece of pastureland.

totutella

to accustom (a flock or group of farm animals) to a piece of pastureland

[I]t may be as well that Alan and you do not meet till he is hefted as it were to his new calling.

1824 June, [Walter Scott], “Letter IX. Alexander Fairford, W.S. to Mr Darsie Latimer.”, in Redgauntlet, […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, page 193:

To establish or settle (someone) in an occupation or place of residence.

[…] I hae heard him say, that the root of the matter was mair deeply hafted in that wild muirland parish than in the Canogate of Edinburgh.

1818 July 25, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter II, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume IV, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 28:

[…] I had heard him say, that the root of the matter was more deeply hefted in that wild moorland parish than in the Canongate of Edinburgh.

To establish or plant (something) firmly in a place; to fix, to root, to settle.

(intransitive, reflexive) Of a thing: to establish or settle itself in a place.


heft

term-label

(transitive, chiefly Scotland, usually passive voice)

hefts (present singular third-person)
hefting (participle present)
hefted (participle past)
hefted (past)

Borrowed from Scots heft, from Old Norse hepta (“to bind; to hinder, impede; to hold back, restrain”), from Proto-Germanic *haftijaną (“to bind; to secure”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“to hold, seize”).

der

You also see the impropriety of hefting or holding the milk in cows until the udder is distended much beyond its ordinary size, for the sake of shewing its utmost capacity for holding milk, a device which all cow-dealers, and indeed every one who has a cow for sale in a market, scrupulously uses. […] [E]very farmer is surely aware, or ought to be aware, that the person who purchases a hefted cow on account of the magnitude of its udder exhibited in the market, gains nothing by the device; because, when the cow comes into his possession, she will never be hefted, and, of course, never shew the greatest magnitude of udder, and never, of course, confer the benefit for which she was bought in preference to others with udders in a more natural state. If, then, purchasers derive no benefit from hefting, because they do not allow hefting, why do they encourage so cruel and afterwards injurious practice in dealers?

1844, Henry Stephens, “Of Cows Calving, and of Calves”, in The Book of the Farm, […], volume II, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, paragraph 2106, page 460:

The heavy udders of hefted cows trailed on the ground, dripping milk on the greensward. Stray cattle ate the rich grass.

1922, Patrick MacGill, “The Inaugural Dinner”, in Lanty Hanlon: A Comedy of Irish Life, Dingle, Co. Kerry, Ireland: Brandon Book Publishers, published 1983, →ISBN, section III, page 259:

(agriculture) To cause (milk) to be held in a cow's udder until the latter becomes hard and swollen, either by not milking the cow or by stopping up the teats, to make the cow look healthy; also, to cause (a cow) to have an udder in this condition.

jättää lypsämättä

to cause (milk) to be held in a cow’s udder until the latter becomes hard and swollen

(by extension) To cause (urine) to be held in a person's bladder.

pidätellä

to cause (urine) to be held in a person’s bladder


heft

Borrowed from German Heft (“issue of a serial publication, number; magazine; notebook; notepad”), a back-formation from heften (“to fasten”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *haftijaną (“to bind; to secure”): see further at etymology 4.

bor

A number of sheets of paper fastened together, as to form a book or a notebook.

nidos

Such an organ is now to be published by the house of J[oseph] Ricker, in Giessen, Ephemeris für Semitische Epigraphik, edited by Dr. Mark Lidzbarki.^([sic]) […] The size of the "hefts" will depend on the material requiring attention, and the annual volume is to cost about 15 marks.

1900 January 25, “Notes”, in The Nation, volume 70, number 1804, New York, N.Y.: Nation Associates, →ISSN, →OCLC, page LXX, column 1:

A part of a serial publication; a fascicle, an issue, a number.


soiled

en-adj

soiled (comparative more soiled, superlative most soiled)

more soiled (comparative)
most soiled (superlative)

(soil science, horticulture) Having a specific or particular type of soil.

(horticulture) That has been fed or nourished with green fodder.


phosphate

From French phosphate. By surface analysis, phosphoric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

surf

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

(agriculture) Any fertiliser containing phosphate compounds.


family tree

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-family tree.wav

(horticulture) A grafting technique involving the joining of different varieties of plants onto a single tree or plant.


peeler

From Middle English peler, piller, pyllare, pilour, pelure, pelour, equivalent to peel + -er.

(horticulture) A plant which impoverishes the soil by demanding high value nutrients and so requires the use of fertilizers.


copse

en-verb

copse (third-person singular simple present copses, present participle copsing, simple past and past participle copsed)

copses (present singular third-person)
copsing (participle present)
copsed (participle past)
copsed (past)

1578, from coppice, by contraction, originally meaning “small wood grown for purposes of periodic cutting”.

(transitive, horticulture) To trim or cut.

(transitive, horticulture) To plant and preserve.


exposure

en-noun

exposure (countable and uncountable, plural exposures)

/ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒɚ/

(horticulture) The amount of sun, wind etc. experienced by a particular site.

ligging

gardening: the amount of sun, wind etc. experienced by a particular site


giddy

en-adj

giddy (comparative giddier, superlative giddiest)

giddier (comparative)
giddiest (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English gidi, gedy, gydy (“demonically controlled or possessed; crazy, insane; foolish, idiotic, ridiculous, unwise; unsure; (rare) dizzy, shaky; (rare) of an animal: crazed, out of control; a fool”) [and other forms], from Old English gidiġ, gydiġ (“possessed by a demon or spirit, insane, mad”), from Proto-West Germanic *gudīg (“ghostly, spirited”, literally “possessed by a god or spirit”), from *god (“god”) + *-ig, *-g (suffix forming adjectives with the senses of being, doing, or having). The English word is analysable as god + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’, forming adjectives).
The noun and the verb are derived from the adjective.

nb...

gedi, gidie, gidy, gudi, gudiʒe, guidi, guydi, gydi, gydie

лекомислен

unable to concentrate or think seriously; easily excited — see also impulsive

лекомислен

lightheartedly silly — see also frivolous

(British, dialectal, agriculture, veterinary medicine) Of an animal, chiefly a sheep: affected by gid (“a disease caused by parasitic infestation of the brain by tapeworm larvae”), which may result in the animal turning around aimlessly.

pyörimistautia poteva

of an animal, chiefly a sheep: affected by gid


giddy

(British, agriculture, veterinary medicine) Synonym of gid (“a disease caused by parasitic infestation of the brain by tapeworm larvae”).


quoin

(horticulture) A number of apple varieties with a distinctive ribbed appearance, like corners of a coin.


clamp

From Middle Dutch clamp, klampe (“a clamp, hook”), from Proto-Germanic *klampō (“clamp, clasp, cramp”), related to Proto-West Germanic *klammjan.
Cognate with Middle Low German klampe (“hook, clasp”), German Klampfe, Klampe (“clamp, cleat”), Norwegian klamp (“clamp”), Alemannic German Chlempi.

cog

(agriculture) A compact pile of agricultural produce (such as root vegetables or silage) used for temporary storage (often covered with straw, earth, or both).


reseda

From French réséda, from Latin resēda, said by Pliny the Elder (23–79 C.E.) to be from resēdāre (“to soothe”), from re- (“again”) + sēdāre (“to assuage, calm”)), an allusion to the healing properties of the plant.

About the middle of this month, if the ſeaſon proves favourable, you may plant out your hardy annuals, ſuch as Marvel of Peru, Sweet Sultan, China After or Starwort, Sweet Reſeda called Mignonette d'Egypt, French and African Marigolds, Female Balſamine, Capſicum, Brown Jolly, and ſeveral other ſorts, which, if artfully diſpoſed, will afford an agreeable pleaſure, after the beauty of ſpring is paſt; […]

1757, Philip Miller, “May”, in The Gardeners Kalendar; Directing what Works are Necessary to be Done Every Month in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleasure-Gardens, as also in the Conservatory and Nursery. With Accounts I. Of the Particular Seasons for the Propagation of All Sorts of Esculent Plants and Fruits, with the Seasons wherein Each Sort is Proper for the Table. II. Of All Sorts of Trees, Plants, and Flowers, with the Time of Their Flowering in Each Month, 11th edition, London: Printed by Charles Rivington, for John Rivington, at the Bible and Crown, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; and James Rivington and James Fletcher, at the Oxford-Theatre, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC, page 146:

Reseda or mignonette is grown in the Grasse region [of France]. The tendency for green notes in recent years has given fresh interest to the reseda note. Absolute oil of reseda has an odour recalling that of violet leaves, but with a rather fine 'powdery' background and a suggestion of rose and a little basil.

[2003], H. Panda, “Raw Materials: Products of Natural Origin”, in The Complete Technology Book on Herbal Perfumes & Cosmetics, New Delhi: Ajay Kr. Gupta, National Institute of Industrial Research, →ISBN, page 92:

Reseda odorata
Reseda odorata#Translingual

(botany, horticulture, specifically) Mignonette (Reseda odorata).


scourge

en-verb

scourge (third-person singular simple present scourges, present participle scourging, simple past and past participle scourged)

scourges (present singular third-person)
scourging (participle present)
scourged (participle past)
scourged (past)
scourge (infinitive)
scourge (first-person present singular)
scourged (first-person past singular)
scourge (present second-person singular)
scourgest (archaic present second-person singular)
scourged (past second-person singular)
scourgedst (archaic past second-person singular)
scourges (present singular third-person)
scourgeth (archaic present singular third-person)
scourged (past singular third-person)
scourge (plural present)
scourged (past plural)
scourge (present subjunctive)
scourged (past subjunctive)
scourge (imperative present)
scourging (participle present)
scourged (participle past)

From Middle English scourgen (“to whip, scourge; to afflict; to punish”), and then either:
* from scourge (noun) + -en (suffix forming infinitives of verbs); or
* from Anglo-Norman escorger, and Old French escorgier (“to whip, to scourge”), which are either:
** from Anglo-Norman scorge, escorge (noun), etc., or Old French scurge, escourge (noun), etc. + -er (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs); or
** from Vulgar Latin *excorrigiō, from Latin ex- (intensifying prefix) + corrigia (“a whip”); or
** directly from Late Latin excoriāre.
See further at etymology 1.

der

(Scotland, agriculture) Of a crop or a farmer: to deplete the fertility of (land or soil).

köyhdyttää

of a crop or a farmer: to deplete the fertility of (land or soil)


apidictor

(beekeeping) An instrument which measures and records the sounds in a beehive.


sweeten

en-verb

sweeten (third-person singular simple present sweetens, present participle sweetening, simple past and past participle sweetened)

sweetens (present singular third-person)
sweetening (participle present)
sweetened (participle past)
sweetened (past)

sour

antonym(s) of “to make warm and fertile”

From sweet + -en. Eclipsed and superseded non-native Middle English doucen and endoucen, borrowed from Old French adoucir and endoucir (“to sweeten”).

[T]hey had prepared the garden carefully, plowing and sweetening the dirt with fireplace ashes and manure from the barn[.]

1997, Charles Frazier, Cold Mountain, London: Hodder and Stoughton, page 128:

(agriculture, transitive) To raise the pH of (a soil) by adding alkali.


mulching

This mulching mower can easily be converted to a bagging mower.

(agriculture) Used for applying a mulch.

Compost is generally the best mulching material for the home garden.


mulching

en-noun

mulching (countable and uncountable, plural mulchings)

Proper mulching in summer months keeps the soil cooler.

(agriculture) The act of preparing/applying a mulch.


U

head

U (upper case, lower case u, plural Us or U's)

(horticulture) A double upright cordon espalier (also double U, triple U).


aftermath

/ˈæf.tɚˌmæθ/

/ˈɑːf.təˌmæθ/

/ˈɑːf.təˌmɑːθ/

/ˈæf.təˌmæθ/

They were cutting aftermath on all sides, which gave the neighbourhood, this gusty autumn morning, an untimely smell of hay.

1879, Robert Louis Stevenson, Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes:

(obsolete, agriculture) A second mowing; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season; lattermath.


roundup

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-roundup.wav

(US, agriculture) An activity in which cattle are herded together in order to be inspected, counted, branded or shipped.


NRC

NRCs (plural)
N.R.C. (alternative)
N. R. C. (alternative)

(agriculture) Initialism of non-rice crop.


broadcaster

/ˈbɹɔːdˌkɑːstə/

From broadcast (“to transmit a message or signal through radio waves or electronic means”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).

suffix

A machine used to broadcast or spread seeds, fertilizer, etc.

kylvökone

(obsolete) A person who sows seeds by scattering; also, one who promotes sowing seeds in this manner instead of by drilling (“making holes in the soil and placing seeds in them”).


AMS

en-noun

AMS (countable and uncountable, plural AMSes)

(agriculture) Initialism of aggregate measurement of support.


under glass

(horticulture, literal) In a greenhouse, a cold frame, or a similar structure; said of the propagation and growth of plants.


outfield

(Scotland, agriculture) Arable land continually cropped without being manured.

(Scotland, agriculture) Any open field at a distance from the farmsteading.


filler

(horticulture) A plant that lacks a distinctive shape and can fill inconvenient spaces around other plants in pots or gardens.


terrace

Borrowed from French terrasse, from Old Occitan terrassa, from terra (“land”). Doublet of terrasse.

All the buildings were well kept and there were terraces everywhere, most of them full of growing things.

1989, Octavia E. Butler, “Part III, Chapter 7”, in Imago, page 210:

(agriculture) A raised, flat-topped bank of earth with sloping sides, especially one of a series for farming or leisure; a similar natural area of ground, often next to a river.

тераса

(agriculture) raised, flat-topped bank of earth with sloping sides


flowering

(horticulture) The period of time during which a plant is in flower.


biodynamic

en-adj

biodynamic (comparative more biodynamic, superlative most biodynamic)

more biodynamic (comparative)
most biodynamic (superlative)

biologisch-dynamisch

Relating to agriculture according to anthroposophic precepts

This ancient mode of thought exists to this day in the mystical biodynamic gardening practices of Rudolph Steiner, which call for planting only when the moon is in a favorable position for the variety of plant chosen.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 215:

(anthroposophy, agriculture, pseudoscience) Of, or relating to a form of organic agriculture with mystical and holistic elements, based on the teachings of Rudolf Steiner.


stubble

en-verb

stubble (third-person singular simple present stubbles, present participle stubbling, simple past and past participle stubbled)

stubbles (present singular third-person)
stubbling (participle present)
stubbled (participle past)
stubbled (past)

From Middle English stuble, from Anglo-Norman stuble, estuble, from Old French estoble, esteule (whence Modern French éteule), from Latin stipula (“stalk, straw”). Cognate with Dutch stoppel, Central German Stoppel, Upper German Stupfel.

Here a system ( if it may be called a system ) of stubbling prevails — wheat succeeding wheat for a series of years, and without any material diminution of the yield.

1851, United States. Department of Agriculture, Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year: 1850, page 371:

In 1919 the stubbled crop was heavier than either that fallowed or plowed.

1922, John Selden Cole, Alanson Lola Hallsted, Methods of Winter-wheat Production at the Fort Hays Branch Station, page 22:

Both spring and fall ploughing produced a crop freer from weeds than where the seed was stubbled in.

1922, Canada. Dept. of Agriculture. Research Station, Lacombe, Alta, Interim Report of the Superintendent, page 65:

Because the biggest single expense in producing the crop is planting, good stubbling ability is prized.

1983, W. H. Smith, Symposium on Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environments, page 377:

(agriculture) To produce a crop in a field of stubble that remains after a preceding crop is removed, either by sowing a second crop or by allowing shoots to sprout from the roots of the stubble.


thresher

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-der.?
Proto-Germanic *þreskaną
Old English þrescan
Middle English threschen
Middle English -er
Middle English thresshere
English thresher
From Middle English thresshere; equivalent to thresh + -er. The shark's tail is thought to resemble the implement.

etymon

(agriculture) Anything or anyone that threshes.

(agriculture, historical) A now-obsolete hand tool for threshing, also called a flail.

(agriculture) A modern farm machine for threshing grain, now a part of combine harvesters rather than a separate implement.


barleycorn

The Town Mouse came, and they sat down to a dinner of barleycorns and roots, the latter of which had a distinctly earthy flavour.

1912, V.S. Vernon Jones, Aesop's Fables:


breadbasket

breadbaskets (plural)
bread basket (alternative)
bread-basket (alternative)

[I]t is worth noting that if global warming produces a migration of the earth's breadbaskets, then it might damage one country's agriculture, while benefiting another's.

1990, Joshua M. Epstein, Raj Gupta, Controlling the Greenhouse Effect: Five Global Regimes Compared (Brookings Occasional Papers), Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, →ISBN, page 7:

Canada at the turn of the century had become the breadbasket of the British Empire and industrialised Europe and wheat grown on the prairies was consolidated in elevator at Fort William, Ontario to await shipment overseas.

1997, Peter Pigott, “C. D. Howe: Mister Trans-Canada Airlines”, in Flying Canucks II: Pioneers of Canadian Aviation, Toronto, Ont., Headington, Oxford: Hounslow Press, →ISBN, pages 71–72:

(agriculture) A region which has favourable conditions to produce a large quantity of grain or, by extension, other food products; a food bowl.


etiolated

en-adj

etiolated (comparative more etiolated, superlative most etiolated)

more etiolated (comparative)
most etiolated (superlative)
aetiolated (alternative)

From etiolate + -ed (suffix forming adjectives); modelled after French étiolé, the past participle of étioler (“to become pale and weak, etiolate”), from Norman étieuler (“to become plant stalks left over after harvesting to be used as fodder or for thatching”), probably from éteule (“plant stalks left over after harvesting, stubble”) + -er (suffix forming verbs). Éteule is derived from Old French esteule (“straw”), from Latin stipula (“plant stalk; plant stalk left over after harvesting, stubble; straw”), from Proto-Italic *stipelā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“to be stiff; erect”).

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-etiolated.wav

[T]he external leaves which enjoy the light are perfectly green, while those within, naturally or artificially covered up and involved in darkness, are blanched or etiolated; they are thereby rendered white, soft, delicate, and tender, and lose the taste and flavour of the native plant in its green state, or retain these very slightly.

1806 August 11, “Extracts from Fourcroy on the Philosophy of Vegetation, Translated and Abridged by a Correspondent”, in The Farmer’s Magazine: A Periodical Work Exclusively Devoted to Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, volume VII, number XXVII, Edinburgh: […] D. Willison, […], for Arch[ibald] Constable & Co. […], →OCLC, part IV (of the Influence of Light on Vegetation), paragraph 4, pages 302–303:

If there is too great an accumulation of oxygen, as when a plant is kept in a dark place, then it will grow towards the nearest ray of light, which if it does not reach, it will remain white, or etiolated, and sickly.

1835, J[ohn] L[ee] Comstock, “The Leaf. (Folium.)”, in An Introduction to the Study of Botany; […], 3rd edition, New York, N.Y.: Robinson, Pratt, & Co. […], →OCLC, page 43:

They had been so long accustomed to nestle in their old dwellings sheltered in the narrow closes, "Piled deep and massy, close and high," that they seemed to regard the exposure to open streets and broad thoroughfares pretty much as some etiolated hot-house exotic might be supposed to reflect on its being turned out to the open garden.

[1853], “First Buildings of the New Town”, in Modern Edinburgh, London: The Religious Tract Society, →OCLC, page 54:

In a report of 1901, the "triple response" of etiolated pea seedlings (growth inhibition, thickening of the subapical region, horizontal nutation) was observed to occur in the presence of illuminating gas and ethylene was identified as the inducing agent.

1985, Klaus Lurssen, “Plant Responses to Ethylene and Ethylene Releasing Compounds”, in S. S. Purohit, editor, Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development (Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology), volume 2, Dordrecht, Berlin: Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, →ISBN, page 307:

Seedlings are elongated and have closed cotyledons in the dark (aetiolated) while the hypocotyls are short and the cotyledons are open in the light (de-aetiolated).

2007, László Bögre, “Cell Signalling Mechanisms in Plants”, in Keith Roberts, editor, Handbook of Plant Science, volume 1, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, pages 417–418:

Any visitor to New York over the past few years will have witnessed this curious new breed of pencil-thin tower. Poking up above the Manhattan skyline like etiolated beanpoles, they seem to defy the laws of both gravity and commercial sense. They stand like naked elevator shafts awaiting their floors, raw extrusions of capital piled up until it hits the clouds.

2019 June 1, Oliver Wainwright, “Super-tall, super-skinny, super-expensive: the ‘pencil towers’ of New York’s super-rich”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-10-05:

(chiefly botany, horticulture) Of a plant or part of a plant: pale and weak because of sunlight deprivation or excessive exposure to sunlight.

etiola

of a plant or part of a plant: pale and weak because of sunlight deprivation or excessive exposure to sunlight

It is a fact well known to gardeners, that plants, when blanched, lose many of their active properties; and dandelion thus prepared, is frequently eaten on the continent in salads; [...] The French eat the young roots, and the etiolated leaves, with thin slices of bread and butter; [...]

1831, John Stephenson, James Morss Churchill, “Leontodon taraxacum. Common Dandelion.”, in Medical Botany: Or, Illustrations and Descriptions of the Medicinal Plants of the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Pharmacopœias; […], volume I, London: John Churchill, […], →OCLC:

When deprived of light, says Dr. Irvine, all plants nearly agree in the qualities of their juices. The most pungent vegetables then grow insipid; the highest flavoured, inodorous; and those of the most variegated colours are of a uniform whiteness. [...] The results of analysis perfectly accord with these observations; for etiolated plants are found to yield more saccharine matter, carbonic acid and water, and less inflammable matter than those which are green.

1842, “Vegetable Physiology”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature, 7th edition, volume XXI, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, →OCLC, article V (of the Changes which the Sap Undergoes in the Leaves from the Agency of Light), page 577, column 2:

(horticulture) Of a plant: intentionally grown in the dark.


permaculture

en-noun

permaculture (countable and uncountable, plural permacultures)

Blend of permanent + agriculture, coined by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in 1978. For a long time Bill Mollison claimed to have copyrighted the word; this was never the case, as copyright law is not applicable to single words.

in a world where there are competing ends for the use of natural resources, and particularly energy forms, the aim of permaculture is to create productive systems which are ecologically sound and ecologically viable, provide for their own […]

2007, Derek Thomas, Architecture and the Urban Environment, Routledge, →ISBN, page 178:

(agriculture) Any system of sustainable agriculture that renews natural resources and enriches local ecosystems.


bearded

From Middle English berded, from Old English ġebearded, ġebeardede, ġebierd, ġebierde (“bearded”), from Proto-Germanic *bardōdaz (“bearded”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂tos (“bearded”), equivalent to beard + -ed. Cognate with Dutch bebaarde (“bearded”), Middle Low German bārt (“bearded”), archaic German gebartet (“bearded”).

The herbaceous perennial irises benefit from at least one feeding a year in early spring as growth begins. Siberian and Japanese irises appreciate a second feeding just as the flowers fade. Beardeds do best with a second feeding in late summer.

2017, Barbara W. Ellis, “Iris: Irises”, in Taylor's Guide to Growing North America's Favorite Plants: Proven Perennials, Annuals, Flowering Trees, Shrubs, & Vines for Every Garden, New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, page 181:

(informal, botany, horticulture) A bearded iris.


brown bag

en-verb

brown bag (third-person singular simple present brown bags, present participle brown bagging, simple past and past participle brown bagged)

brown bags (present singular third-person)
brown bagging (participle present)
brown bagged (participle past)
brown bagged (past)
brown-bag (alternative)

(presentation): From the brown paper bag traditionally used to carry one's own packed lunch from home.

I'm brown bagging it again this year because I don't need to be spending money on expensive hybrids.

(agriculture) To plant seed saved from one's own harvest, as opposed to buying new seed from a seed company.


make hay while the sun shines

make<,,made> hay while the sun shine<,~s,shone>

make hay while the sun shines (third-person singular simple present makes hay while the sun shines, present participle making hay while the sun shines, simple past and past participle made hay while the sun shone)

makes hay while the sun shines (present singular third-person)
making hay while the sun shines (participle present)
made hay while the sun shone (participle past)
made hay while the sun shone (past)

Hay harvest can be spoiled by wet weather. It is important that farmers seize the opportunity of dry weather for haymaking tasks (cutting, drying, gathering). Especially in medieval times, when forecasting the weather several days in advance was more difficult, it was all the more vital. Attested since 1546, originally a Tudor expression, and used figuratively since 1673.

(literal, agriculture) To make hay during favourable (dry) weather.


late bloomer

The great snows that come at the beginning of winter, before there is yet any snow except the perpetual high banks, are best worth while to watch. These come often before the late bloomers are gone and while the migratory birds are still in the piney woods.

1903, Mary Austin, The Land of Little Rain:

One of the characteristics of the pawpaw is that it always bears [fruit], yet there is an occasional season when there is only a light crop on account of late frosts, but it generally bears some, as it is a late bloomer.

1907, Indiana State Board of Agriculture, Annual Report of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture, page 613:

(literally, horticulture) A flowering plant that blooms later in a growing season than other flowering plants.


thriftless

en-adj

thriftless (comparative more thriftless, superlative most thriftless)

more thriftless (comparative)
most thriftless (superlative)

From Middle English thrifteles, þriftles, equivalent to thrift + -less.

(botany, horticulture, dated) Not thriving.


apple seed

apple seeds (plural)
appleseed (alternative)

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

(horticulture) The seed of the fruit of the Malus domestica (apple) tree or other tree of the genus Malus.

苹果籽

the seed of the fruit of the Malus domestica (apple) tree


pup

(horticulture) A new plant growing from a shoot that can be used for propagation.


paddy field

On the journey southwards over the flat, fertile plains, paddy fields stretched away on each side of the line, and the landscape was broken only by wooden villages and stately pagodas.

1943 November and December, G. T. Porter, “The Lines Behind the Lines in Burma”, in Railway Magazine, page 325:

(agriculture) A flooded field where rice is grown.


chemosterilant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chemosterilant.wav

(chemistry, agriculture) A chemical that controls pests by preventing reproduction, thereby causing the population to collapse.


chaffer

A fan blows air through the chaffer to remove lightweight material known as chaff.

2003, William W. Casady, “Grain Harvesting Systems”, in Dennis R. Heldman, editor, Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering, →ISBN, page 449:

(agriculture) The upper sieve of a cleaning shoe in a combine harvester, where chaff is removed


hydroponic

Back-formation from hydroponics. By surface analysis, hydro- (“water”) + Ancient Greek πόνος (pónos, “work, labour”) + -ic.

surf

Sid was now living in a small commune in the Shetland Islands, where he and his fellow communards were dedicated to the growing of implausibly large hydroponic onions.

1991, Will Self, The Quantity Theory of Insanity:

She had been offended because he had seen her every day for ten days, then when she’d finally obtained 50 grams of genetically enhanced hydroponic marijuana for him[…]

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 24:

(agriculture, horticulture) Of a plant; pertaining to or grown using hydroponics, a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions in water, without soil.


monoculture

en-noun

monoculture (countable and uncountable, plural monocultures)

/ˈmɒnəˌkʌlt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

Monocultures are bad for the environment; as we forced golden, waving wheat to take over the planet, other species faltered and failed, rather than rising on their merits.

2023 September 30, Martha Gill, “When Taylor Swift reaps country-sized riches, other artists are squeezed out”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

As we Irish discovered in the great famine of 1845-49, monocultures are generally not a good idea and we abandon biodiversity at our peril. Farrell and Berjon make the same point about our online world: the internet has become an extractive and fragile monoculture.

2024 May 4, John Naughton, “The internet is in decline – it needs rewilding”, in The Guardian:

(agriculture) The cultivation of a single crop at a time.


tet

Tets are 44-chromosome conversions from 22-chromosome diploids, created by elaborate means involving colchicine, a chemical found naturally in crocuses. Only a tet can pollinate a tet, but some tets can pollinate themselves.

2017, Susan Brownmiller, “Daylily Dreams”, in My City Highrise Garden, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN, page 84:

(informal, horticulture) A tetraploid plant cultivar (iris, daylily etc.).


yearlong

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-yearlong.wav

The estimate of the number of sheep and cattle now using this range is equivalent to 250000 cattle units yearlong

1939, Hugh Hammond Bennett, Soil conservation, page 807:

The carrying capacity of this area is 46 cattle yearlong.

1946, U.S. Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Administration and use of public lands: Parts 5-9:


horseman

From Middle English horsman, equivalent to horse + man.

(especially UK, agriculture, archaic) A man in charge of work horses; a teamster.


brushed

en-adj

brushed (comparative more brushed, superlative most brushed)

more brushed (comparative)
most brushed (superlative)

The decay in sound unbrushed, brushed, and washed fruit, and in fruit all of which has been injured by the clippers in picking, by stems puncturing other oranges or by abrasions of other kinds.

1906, “Loss by Decay in Oranges”, in Industrial Refrigeration, volume 30, page 313:

Most of the shipments have included duplicate lots of apparently sound brushed or unbrushed fruit, sound washed; the regular commercially packed fruit and oranges showing visible mechanical injury.

1907 June 15, “Fruit Transportation and Storage Investigations”, in California Fruit Grower, volume 35, page 5:

Of course, washed potatoes are more expensive than brushed potatoes.

2023, A. T. Satha Ananthan, A Small Book to Save Big Bucks, page 107:

Having been cleaned, tidied, or straightened with a brush.

(agriculture) Having been processed by rotating brushes that loosen and remove dirt.

I recommended the forming of brushed swarms about 15 years ago, in the American Apiculturist, and made them on the old stand as well as on a new stand in uncounted numbers, with the result that these swarms always worked with the same vigor as natural swarms, so I know what I say.

1900, L. Stachelhausen, “A New Management for Comb-Honey Production”, in Gleanings in Bee Culture, volume 28, page 840:

When I make shaken or brushed swarms I usually wait till queen cells are found with eggs or larvae in them, although I do not think this is essential.

1907 August, F. Greiner, “Shaken Swarms”, in The American Bee Keeper, volume 17, page 170:

But when one practices this method of making artificial, shaken, or brushed swarms, he should remember that probably nothing will be accomplished in swarm prevention by shaking unless the bees are actually preparing to swarm.

1907, Ernest Rob Root, Facts about Bees, page 56:

(beekeeping) Having been artificially formed into a swarm by being brushed off a honeycomb.


weedwhacker

(US, horticulture, landscaping) A device used to cut grass and destroy weeds; a string trimmer.


heirloom

heirlooms (plural)
heir-loom (alternative)

Inherited from Middle English heirlome (“heirloom”, literally “a tool or article passed to one's heirs”), equivalent to heir + loom.

inh+

My last trip to the market barely yielded enough unmealy heirlooms for a couple of salads.

2009 August 19, Melissa Clark, “Plums Rescue a Seasonal Favorite”, in New York Times:

At Hortus Bulborum you will find heirloom narcissi that date back at least to the 15th century and famous old tulips like 'Duc van Tol' (1595) and its sports.

2014 September 26, Charles Quest-Ritson, “The Dutch garden where tulip bulbs live forever: Hortus Bulborum, a volunteer-run Dutch garden, is dedicated to conserving historic varieties before they vanish for good [print version: Inspired by a living bulb archive, 27 September 2014, p. G5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):

In a paper published Thursday in the journal Science, a team of researchers say they analyzed the genetic code of nearly 400 varieties of tomatoes ― from the common red supermarket types to the funky heirlooms found in farmers markets.

2017 January 26, Nick Visser, “Scientists Say Something Is Very Wrong With The Tomato”, in HuffPost:

(horticulture) An old crop variety that has been passed down through generations of farmers by seed saving and cultivation, in contrast to modern cultivars used in large-scale agriculture.


fallow

en-noun

fallow (countable and uncountable, plural fallows)

[Alt: A photograph of a ploughed field.]
From Middle English falwe, from Old English fealh, fealg (“fallow land”), from Proto-West Germanic *falgu (compare Saterland Frisian Falge, West Frisian falig, felling, Dutch valg, German Felge), from Proto-Indo-European *polḱéh₂ (“arable land”) (compare Gaulish olca, Russian полоса́ (polosá)).

inh

(agriculture, uncountable) Ground ploughed and harrowed but left unseeded for one year.

(agriculture, uncountable) Uncultivated land.


stripling

From Middle English stripling (“an adolescent, a youth (specifically one who is male); a child”) [and other forms], possibly from strepen (“to remove the clothes of, undress, strip; to peel off; to skin (an animal); to remove; to take something away from someone; to plunder, rob”) (connoting something that is stripped and thin, and yet to reach its full size) + -ling (suffix forming diminutives). Strepen is derived from Old English *strēpan (Anglian), *strīepan, *strīpan, *strȳpan (West Saxon), from Proto-West Germanic *straupijan, from Proto-Germanic *straupijaną (“to strip; to pluck; to wipe”), from *streupaną (“to touch”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *strew-, *sterw-, *ster- (“a strip; a streak; a beam, ray”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives from strong verbs with the sense of ‘to cause to do’). The English word is analysable as strip (“long, narrow piece”) + -ling.

nb...

strepelynge, stripeling, striplyng, strippelinge, stryplynge

inh

For there upon the narrow new-made road, between the stripling pines, was a mediæval friar, fighting with a barrowful of turfs.

1879, Robert Louis Stevenson, “[Our Lady of the Snows.] Father Apollinaris.”, in Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes, 1st American edition, Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, →OCLC, page 91:

(horticulture) A seedling with most of the leaves stripped off.


budding

en-noun

budding (countable and uncountable, plural buddings)

(horticulture) The practice of uniting a single scion bud with rootstock or bark.

Whatever the mode of origin, buddings from a particular bud-parent have been found to agree in habit and general characteristics, while all buddings develop similar features which distinguish them from seedling trees.

1956, Rubber Journal, volume 131, page 232:

(horticulture) The result of this practice.


stook

en-verb

stook (third-person singular simple present stooks, present participle stooking, simple past and past participle stooked)

stooks (present singular third-person)
stooking (participle present)
stooked (participle past)
stooked (past)

From Middle English stowk, stouke, stouc, from or cognate with Middle Low German stûke (“bundle of grain”), from Middle Low German stûken (“to push, bump, compress”), from Old Saxon *stūkan, from Proto-Germanic *stūkaną (“to be stiff, push”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to pound, push, beat”).
Cognate with West Frisian stûkje (“to pile up, stop”), Dutch stuiken (“to bundle, stamp”), German stauchen (“to compress”), Swedish stuka (“to rick, wrench, upset”), Norwegian Nynorsk stauka (“to whack, chop”).

cog

(intransitive, agriculture) To make stooks.


farmyard

farmyards (plural)
farm-yard (alternative archaic)

/ˈfɑɹmˌjɑɹd/

"Where's Kipper?" I asked, and was surprised to note that Bobbie was dancing round the room on the tips of her toes uttering animal cries, apparently ecstatic in their nature. "Reggie?" she said, suspending the farmyard imitations for a moment.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XIX, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

(agriculture) The area of a farm, excluding the fields, usually surrounded by or adjacent to farm buildings.


harvesting

en-noun

harvesting (countable and uncountable, plural harvestings)

(agriculture) The gathering of a mature crop; a harvest.


sericulture

sericulture (usually uncountable, plural sericultures)

/ˈsɛɹɪˌkʌltʃə/

/ˈsɛɹɪˌkʌlt͡ʃ ɚ/

/ˈsɛɹəˌkəlt͡ʃ ɚ/

Possibly borrowed from French sériculture, a modification of French sériciculture (“sericulture”) (or directly from sériciculture), from Late Latin sēricum (“Chinese goods, especially silk”) + French culture (“crop; culture”). Sēricum is derived from Latin sēricus (“of or pertaining to the Seres or Chinese; (by extension) made of silk, silken”), from Sēres (“northern Chinese people”), from Ancient Greek Σῆρες (Sêres, “the Chinese people; the land of the Chinese, China”), plural of Σήρ (Sḗr, “(rare, usually in plural) Chinese person; silkworm”), possibly from Old Chinese 絲 (*slɯ, “silk”).

der

Numerous experiments have been made with a view to improving sericulture in India.

1828, The Indian Year Book, Bombay: Bennett, Coleman & Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 762, column 2:

Very soon after sericulture had, by these means, been established, its profits in one year exceeded the large reward given by the state of California. Looking to the character of the population of this Colony [New Zealand], and the manner in which it would probably be settled, the promotion of sericulture was a most important object, as affording a prospect of useful employment to a large number of persons.

1870 September 10, John Hall, “Development of the Resources of the Colony”, in New Zealand. Parliamentary Debates. Fifth Session of the Fourth Parliament (House of Representatives), volume 9, Wellington: G. Didsbury, government printer, →OCLC, page 672:

It appears to me that under existing circumstances there are just two courses open to us, namely, either to enter heart and hand into the task of extending and improving the Silk culture of the country, or to let things go on as they are until, as lately in France, the worms die out altogether and sericulture in India becomes a thing of the past. [...] There are men in the country who are perfectly willing to devote their time and attention to sericulture, provided they can obtain assistance in procuring species and a few judicious hints for their guidance.

1870 October 28, Thomas Hutton, “Silk”, in Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, volume II, part II, Calcutta: Printed by T. Black & Co., […], published 1872, →OCLC, page lxix:

In 1959, there were more than 670,000 sericulture farms in Japan, which accounted for about 11 per cent of the total agricultural farms. [...] Sericulture is practised all over Japan. However depending on the climactic conditions prevailing in the different regions, the ground conditions and the agricultural management, there are wide regional variations.

1994, Hisao Aruga, “Sericulture Industry and Its Future”, in Principles of Sericulture: Translated from Japanese, Rotterdam: A[ugust] A[imé] Balkema, →ISBN, page 2:

In the northern and Kanto regions [of Japan], sericulture (silk) became important as a supplementary source of rural income.

2009, Misiko Hane, Louis G. Perez, “The Late Tokugawa Period”, in Modern Japan: A Historical Survey, 4th edition, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, →ISBN, page 101:

To date, B. mori silk cocoons are the most commonly used silk source for the development of drug delivery systems because B. mori silk can be readily mass-produced using sericultures [...].

2018 January 16, F. Philipp Seib, “Silk Hydrogels for Drug and Cell Delivery”, in Thakur Raghu Raj Singh, Garry Laverty, Ryan Donnelly, editors, Hydrogels: Design, Synthesis and Application in Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 212:

(agriculture) The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.


chew the cud

en-verb

chew the cud (third-person singular simple present chews the cud, present participle chewing the cud, simple past and past participle chewed the cud)

chews the cud (present singular third-person)
chewing the cud (participle present)
chewed the cud (participle past)
chewed the cud (past)

(agriculture) To ruminate (of ruminant animals).