hypostasis

en-noun

hypostasis (countable and uncountable, plural hypostases or hypostaseis)

hypostases (plural)
hypostaseis (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hypostasis.wav

From Ecclesiastical Latin hypostasis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόστασις (hupóstasis, “sediment, foundation; substance, existence, essence”), from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + στάσις (stásis, “standing”). Morphologically hypo- + -stasis.

bor

When penetrance is suppressed altogether, the term ‘epistasis’ (and ‘hypostasis’ of the suppressed gene) is used.

1997, Vogul & Motulsky, Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches, page 141:

(genetics) The effect of one gene preventing another from expressing.


PAR

pseudoautosomal region
w:pseudoautosomal region

(genetics) Abbreviation of pseudoautosomal region.


amorphic

en-adj

amorphic (comparative more amorphic, superlative most amorphic)

more amorphic (comparative)
most amorphic (superlative)

/ˌəˈmɔːɹfɪk/

(genetics, of a mutation) Causing a complete loss of gene function.


Human Genome Project

(genetics) An organized international scientific endeavour to determine the complete structure of human genetic material (DNA), identify all the genes, and to understand their function.


monomorphic

/ˌmɑnoʊ̯ˈmɔɹfɪk/

From mono- (“one”) + -morphic (“of a form”).

Common immunohistochemical markers of this lymphoma include CD2, CD56, CD3, and T-cell receptors. 7 Typically, the histology of these lymphomas are characterized by monomorphic inflammatory cellular infiltrates, which may be diffuse or show angiocentricity and angiodestruction as well as tissue destruction. 7 Lymphoid markers from the nasal mucosal biopsy from this patient were negative for CD56 and EBER.

2015, Brook McConnell, M. Sherif Said, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, “Nasal septal perforation associated with pyoderma gangrenosum”, in Allergy & Rhinology, volume 6, →DOI:

(genetics, of a gene) Tnvariant across a species.


hot spot

titik panas

location which has a higher temperature or amount of radiation than surrounding areas

пизэке

(figuratively) A place notable for a high level of activity or danger.

(genetics) The region of a gene in which there is a higher than normal rate of mutation.


recombinant

The new HIV test is the first test designed for widespread application that uses recombinant technology to test for highly specific HIV antibodies.

1988 December 11, Chris Bull, “Get Ready For The 5-Minute HIV Test”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 22, page 1:

(genetics) Formed by genetic recombination.


recombinant

(genetics) An organism, cell, or haplotype formed by genetic recombination.


clastogenic

From Ancient Greek κλάω (kláō, “to break”) + -genic.

(genetics) capable of causing damage to chromosomes


lilliputian

From the name of a fictional island called Lilliput in the novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift.

(genetics) A fruit fly gene that, when mutated, makes cells abnormally small. See AFF2.


biotype

(genetics) A group of organisms having the same specific genotype


X-linked trait

(genetics) Any trait or characteristic whose appearance or absence in a person is determined by a gene on the sex chromosomes. Typically, these genes are found on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome.


intron

It is a medium-sized gene, then, interrupted by five longish introns.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 138:

(genetics) A portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded.

内含子

genetics: portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing


X-chromosome

(genetics) Alternative spelling of X chromosome


Y-chromosome

(genetics) Alternative spelling of Y chromosome


X chromosome

Named by Hermann Henking in 1890 from x (signifying the unknown) due to some baffling properties he had observed. The brief resemblance in the appearance of the X and Y chromosomes to the letters "X" and "Y" respectively during cell division is entirely coincidental.

(genetics) A mammalian sex chromosome. Cells of females have a pair of X chromosomes while cells of males have an X and a Y.


Y chromosome

Named by Nettie Stevens in 1905 using the next letter in sequence following the naming by Hermann Henking in 1890 of the X chromosome. The brief resemblance in the appearance of the X and Y chromosomes to the letters "X" and "Y" respectively during cell division is entirely coincidental.

(genetics) A mammalian sex chromosome, occurring only in male cells. Cells of females have a pair of X chromosomes while cells of males have an X and a Y.


nonstop

(genetics) Describing a point mutation within a stop codon that causes the continued translation of an mRNA strand.


endophenotype

(genetics) any hereditary characteristic that is normally associated with some condition but is not a direct symptom of that condition


mitochondrial DNA

en-noun

mitochondrial DNA (countable and uncountable, plural mitochondrial DNAs)

(genetics) The genetic material, typically inherited from one's mother, contained within the mitochondria of each of one's cells.


X-junction

Linear molecules containing the same sequences are not bound, and one X-junction successfully competes with another for binding whereas linear duplexes do not compete.

1998, Jac A. Nickoloff, Merl F. Hoekstra, DNA Damage and Repair: Volume I: DNA Repair in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes, page 197:

(genetics) A non-linear strand of DNA where certain cruciform binding proteins can compete for binding.


heterogenic

(genetics) Of or relating to the genes of different species.


repeat unit

(genetics) A specific sequence of bases that repeats within a nucleic acid (or of amino acids within a protein)


silencer

(genetics) Something that prevents gene expression

Something that silences
Something that prevents gene expression


X-linked gene

(genetics) Any gene located on the sex chromosomes. Typically, these genes are found on the X chromosome and not on the Y chromosome.


pathogenomics

(genetics, pathology) genomic research on pathogenic microorganisms


cell line

(genetics) A biological tissue or group of individual cells that are genetically identical as a result of dividing mitotically from a single progenitor cell.


revertant

en-adj

revertant (comparative more revertant, superlative most revertant)

more revertant (comparative)
most revertant (superlative)

(genetics) That has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype by means of a subsequent mutation.

revertente

that has reverted to its former genotype


mosaicism

en-noun

mosaicism (countable and uncountable, plural mosaicisms)

Some but not all of the cells that made up the fetus […] had an extra chromosome on the twentieth pair. A mosaicism, it was called.

2007, Michael Chabon, The Yiddish Policemen’s Union, 4th Estate (2010), page 14:

(genetics) The condition in which more than one genetically distinct population of cells coexist within one individual.


linkage

linkage (countable and uncountable, plural linkages)

Genetic linkage
Linkage (linguistics)
Linkage (mechanical)
Linkage (policy)
linkage

(genetics) The property of genes of being inherited together.


UNA

unlocked nucleic acid
unlocked nucleic acid#English

(genetics) Initialism of unlocked nucleic acid.


tetraploidy

tetraploidy (countable and uncountable, plural tetraploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being tetraploid, having four sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being tetraploid.


allo-

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From Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”), from Proto-Hellenic *áľľos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (English else).

allohaploid is having a single set of unpaired chromosomes derived from two different species, allopolyploid is having multiple complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species, allohexaploid is having six complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species

External, outside, or from a separate location.

(genetics) Hybridization of multiple species.


self-splicing

(genetics, of an intron) Able to splice without the addition of any protein factors.


oncogene

It was obvious from the start what kinds of genes oncogenes would turn out to be – genes that encourage cells to grow.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 234:

(oncology, genetics) Any gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels.


proteome

/ˈpɹəʊtɪəʊm/

Blend of protein + genome or proteo- + -ome.

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis allows the separation of thousands of proteins, and provides the means for separating the proteome (the PROTEin complement expressed by a genOME) of a simple species, or the protein component of a complex tissue.

1996 January 14, Marc R. Wilkins, “From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Amino Acid Analysis”, in Nature Biotechnology, volume 14, page 61:

So now the quest is to crack the human proteome – a concept so novel that the term proteome didn't even exist a decade ago.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 367:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome.


dominance

dominance (countable and uncountable, plural dominances)

(biology, genetics) of an allele, the degree to which it expresses its phenotype when heterozygous, such as whether it is dominant or recessive.


recon

Contracted form of recombination + -on, coined by American molecular biologist Seymour Benzer in 1957 as " […] the smallest element in the one-dimensional array that is interchangeable (but not divisible) by genetic recombination."

coinage

(genetics) The smallest genetic unit that is capable of undergoing recombination.


plasmon

(genetics) All the genetic material in an organism.


trinucleotide

(genetics) a codon containing three nucleotides


dysgenic

en-adj

dysgenic (comparative more dysgenic, superlative most dysgenic)

more dysgenic (comparative)
most dysgenic (superlative)

From dys- + -genic, produced from New Latin dys- from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) and γένος (génos, “offspring”).

(genetics, medicine) Of or relating to, or causing degeneration or deterioration in offspring.

(genetics, medicine) Of or relating to dysgenics.


congenic

(genetics) (of different strains of an organism) That are genetically identical except for a variation in a limited genetic region or locus


DNA sequence

(genetics) The string of base pairs (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) which, when arranged in triplets to form codons, create a DNA string which encodes polypeptides.


LAMP

en-noun

LAMP (countable and uncountable, plural LAMPs)

(genetics) Acronym of loop-mediated isothermal amplification.


regulator

(genetics) A gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.


aptamer

From Latin aptus (“apt, proper”) + -mer (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part, portion”); compare mero-).

uder

Aptamers are oligomers of RNA or DNA that spontaneously fold into specific three-dimensional shapes that can bind defined targets. The specificity of the shape of the binding site arises from the base sequence of the aptamer, which determines the base-pairing pattern of the oligomer.

2005, (US) National Research Council, Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks, page 117:

2009, Corinne Ravelet, Eric Peyrin, Chapter 10: Aptamers in Affinity Separations: Stationary Separation, Yingfu Li, Yi Lu (editors), Functional Nucleic Acids for Analytical Applications, page 271,
The use of DNA or RNA aptamers as tools in analytical chemistry is a very promising field of research because of their capabilities to bind specifically the target molecules with an affinity similar to that of antibodies.

The field of aptamer research is also more targeted, with many more catalytic aptamers being examined rather than for binding alone.

2010, Dabid Loakes, “Nucleotides an Nucleic Acids; Oligo- and Polynucleotides”, in D. W. Allen, J. C. Tebby, John C. Tebby, David Loakes, editors, Organophosphorus Chemistry, page 144:

2015, Caroli J et al, "APTANI: a computational tool to select aptamers through sequence-structure motif analysis of HT-SELEX data", Bioinformatics, 32 (2): 161-164, "3 Results".
To test APTANI performances and validate its findings, we analyzed a sequence library corresponding to an HT-SELEX experiment designed to isolate aptamers specific for murine IL4Ra (Roth et al., 2012).

(biochemistry, genetics) Any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein, selected from a large random sequence-pool, used to bind to a specific target molecule.

aptameeri

any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein used to bind to a specific target molecule


frameshift mutation

en-noun

frameshift mutation (countable and uncountable, plural frameshift mutations)

(genetics) A genetic mutation that either inserts or deletes a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three (i.e., a non-integer number of codons), altering the reading frame of the portion of the gene downstream of the mutation and causing it to code for a completely different protein sequence.


heterogenous

(genetics) derived from a different individual or species


multiple allelism

(genetics) The state of having three or more alleles, or distinctive forms of a gene.


mobilization

mobilization (countable and uncountable, plural mobilizations)

From French mobilisation or mobilize + -ation.

(genetics) The transport of a copy of a gene from one chromosome, or one organism to another.


paralogue

(genetics) A pair of genes that derives from the same ancestral gene and now reside at different locations within the same genome.


polygenic

A risk score based on multiple genetic differences, or polygenic risk score, predicted significantly more cases of early-onset heart disease than standard tests for single genetic defects, according to new research in the American Heart Association’s journal Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine.

2018, American Heart Association, “Multi-gene Test Predicts Early Heart Disease Risk”, in Drug Discovery & Development:

(genetics) controlled by the interaction of more than one gene


recombine

en-verb

recombine (third-person singular simple present recombines, present participle recombining, simple past and past participle recombined)

recombines (present singular third-person)
recombining (participle present)
recombined (participle past)
recombined (past)

(genetics, transitive, intransitive) To combine again, especially to reassemble the parts of something previously taken apart in a different manner.

(genetics, intransitive) To undergo recombination.


restriction enzyme

en-noun

restriction enzyme (plural restriction enzymes)

We now know of 400 different kinds of restriction enzymes, each of which recognises a different sequence of DNA letters and cuts there, like a pair of scissors that cuts the paper only where it finds the word ‘restriction’.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 244:

(genetics) An endonuclease that catalyzes double-strand cleavage of DNA containing a specific sequence.


hitchhiking

hitchhiking (usually uncountable, plural hitchhikings)

(genetics) A form of evolution caused by genetic drift.


allelomorph

→ German: Allel

→ English: allele

From allelo- (“other”) + -morph (“shape”), from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”). Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

In such cases each member acts as the allelomorph of any other member, and only two can occur in any one female, and only one in any male.

1916, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila, page 11:


exonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of enzymes which cleave single nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) chain.


exon

Combination of the prefix ex of the term expressed (region) and the term intron.

(genetics) A region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule.


triploid

(genetics) Having three sets of chromosomes.


CRS

Cambridge Reference Sequence
w:Cambridge Reference Sequence

(genetics) Initialism of Cambridge Reference Sequence.


isochore

From iso- + Ancient Greek χώρα (khṓra, “place”).

A model that accounts for the differential recognition of transgenes integrated at different chromosomal locations, is the isochore hypothesis.

1998, Lindsey R Lindsey, Alan R Lindsey, Transgenic Plant Research, page 268:

1999, Solomon Pavlovich Vasser, Eviatar Nevo, “Scheme of the isochore organization of the human genome”, in Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Papers in Honour of Eviatar Nevo, page 117:

(genetics) A sequence of DNA that has a reasonably constant proportion of pairs of guanine and cytosine bases, and is rich in genes.


photogene

/ˈfəʊtəʊd͡ʒiːn/

(genetics) A gene involved in photosynthesis.


acrocentric

en-adj

acrocentric (comparative more acrocentric, superlative most acrocentric)

more acrocentric (comparative)
most acrocentric (superlative)

(genetics) (of a chromosome) Having the centromere very near to one end, and thus having a long arm, and a very short arm.


mutagenesis

en-noun

mutagenesis (countable and uncountable, plural mutageneses)

(genetics) The creation or formation of a genetic mutation.


enhancer

(genetics) A short region of DNA that can increase transcription of genes


teratoid

en-adj

teratoid (comparative more teratoid, superlative most teratoid)

more teratoid (comparative)
most teratoid (superlative)

Lucien, staring goggle-eyed at the only brother he’s ever had, is standing very still, face still unwittingly teratoid, the broom at an angle in his hand, the Colt dangling at his side, […]

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 486:

(genetics, medicine) Monster-like, exhibiting abnormal development.

уродлив

monster-like, exhibiting abnormal development


imprinted

imprinted (comparative more imprinted, superlative most imprinted)

more imprinted (comparative)
most imprinted (superlative)

The inference is that there is an imprinted' gene somewhere on the X chromosome, which is normally switched on only on the paternal copy and that this gene somehow enhances the development of social adjustment [...].

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 217:

(genetics) Produced by or exhibiting imprinting; showing distinction by its origin from the paternal or maternal genome.


telocentric

(genetics) (of a chromosome) having the centromere at one end


telomerase

(biochemistry, genetics) An enzyme in eukaryotic cells that adds a specific sequence of DNA to the telomeres of chromosomes after they divide; gives the chromosomes stability over time.


telomere

/ˈtiːləmɪəɹ/

2004, Peter M. Lansdorp, 11: Telomeres and Telomere Regulation, Robert Paul Lanza (editor), Handbook of Stem Cells, Volume 2: Adult and Fetal Stem Cells, page 127,
Chromosome ends or telomeres are composed of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins. A minimum number of repeats is essential for proper telomere function and to avoid sustained activation of DNA damage pathways that may result in replicative senescence or cell death.

It has been known for some time that when cells divide, causing chromosomes to duplicate, telomeres get shorter. The more a cell divides, then, the shorter the telomeres become.

2005, Cara Birrittieri, What Every Woman Should Know about Fertility and Her Biological Clock, page 51:

Previous studies have examined telomere lengths as an indirect measure of aging in cloned animals. Sheep were reported to have shorter telomeres suggestive of premature aging while cattle had either age-appropriate or longer telomeres.

2007, Peter Sutovsky, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, page 78:

(genetics) Either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome.

端粒

either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome


riflip

(genetics) A section of DNA whose length varies among individuals and which is delimited by a base which does not occur within it.


upregulation

en-noun

upregulation (countable and uncountable, plural upregulations)

(genetics) The process, in the regulation of gene expression, in which the number, or activity of receptors increases in order to increase sensitivity


downregulation

downregulation (countable and uncountable, plural downregulations)

(genetics) The process, in the regulation of gene expression, in which the number, or activity of receptors decreases in order to decrease sensitivity


polycentric

en-adj

polycentric (comparative more polycentric, superlative most polycentric)

more polycentric (comparative)
most polycentric (superlative)

(genetics) (of a chromosome, etc) Having multiple central parts


polycentric

(genetics) A chromosome, etc. having multiple central parts.


polygene

(genetics) A group of nonallelic genes that act together to produce phenotype variations


sex chromosome

sexual characteristic
sexual characteristic

(genetics) Either of a pair of chromosomes (in most animals and plants) whose combination determines the sexual characteristics of an individual.


autosome

From auto- + -some, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

Autosoma (or autosome), the usual or non-aberrant chromosomes, called by me previously ordinary chromosomes.

1906 January 5, Thos. H. Montgomery, “The terminology of aberrant chromosomes and their behavivor in certain Hemiptera”, in Science, volume 23, number 575, page 36:

It is apparently formed by the arms of the loops becoming twisted around each other, and, as in the Acrididae, each of these arms no doubt represents a univalent autosome.

1908, Herbert Spencer Davis, Spermatogenesis in Acrididae and Locustidae:

(genetics) Any chromosome other than sex chromosomes.

常染色體 /常染色体

any chromosome other than sex chromosomes


cytogenetic band

en-noun

cytogenetic band (plural cytogenetic bands)

(genetics) Any of the subregions of a chromosome that are visible under a microscope after staining


metagenomics

(genetics) The study of genomes recovered from environmental samples; especially the differentiation of genomes from multiple organisms or individuals, either in a symbiotic relationship, or at a crime scene.

Metagenomik

study of genomes from environmental samples


quelling

quelling (countable and uncountable, plural quellings)


mistranslation

mistranslation (countable and uncountable, plural mistranslations)

/mɪsˈtʃɹæːnz.læɪ̯.ʃən/

(genetics) The incorporation of the incorrect amino acid into a peptide sequence.


syntenic

(genetics, of multiple genes) located on the same chromosome


synteny

synteny (usually uncountable, plural syntenies)

(genetics, obsolete, of multiple genes) The condition of being located on the same chromosome or region of genome.

(genetics) The condition of multiple species showing a region of identical gene order.


paralogon

(genetics) A set of paralogous chromosomal regions, derived from a common ancestral region


paralogous

en-adj

paralogous (comparative more paralogous, superlative most paralogous)

more paralogous (comparative)
most paralogous (superlative)

(genetics) (of multiple genes at different chromosomal locations in the same organism) Having a similar structure indicating divergence from a common ancestral gene


whole-genome duplication

en-noun

whole-genome duplication (plural whole-genome duplications)

whole-genome duplications (plural)
as: WGD (abbreviation)

(genetics) A form of polyploidy in which an organism has duplicate copies of its entire genome


morphogene

(genetics) Any gene that is involved in growth or in morphogenesis


pyrosequencing

(genetics) A technique used to sequence DNA using chemiluminescent enzymatic reactions.


polysomaty

(genetics) The condition of a cell having reduplicated chromatin in its nucleus


copy number polymorphism

copy number polymorphism (plural copy number polymorphisms)

(genetics) The normal variation in the number of copies (normally two) of a gene, or of sequences of DNA, in the genome of a specific individual


copy number variation

copy number variation (plural copy number variations)

(genetics) The variation of the number of copies (normally two) of a gene, or of sequences of DNA, in the genome of a specific individual; has been linked to some diseases


euchromatin

euchromatin (countable and uncountable, plural euchromatins)

(genetics) uncoiled dispersed threads of chromosomal material that occurs during interphase; it stains lightly with basic dyes


discordance

discordance (countable and uncountable, plural discordances)

(genetics) The presence of a specific genetic trait in only one of a set of clones (or identical twins).


radiomutation

(genetics) A genetic mutation due to the effects of ionizing radiation


CAG

CAG (countable and uncountable, plural CAGs)

(genetics, biochemistry) The nucleobase coding triplet cytosine (C), adenine (A), guanine (G).


multivalent

en-adj

multivalent (comparative more multivalent, superlative most multivalent)

more multivalent (comparative)
most multivalent (superlative)

(genetics) Having three or more homologous chromosomes during the first division of meiosis.


suppressor

(genetics) A gene that suppresses the effect of another through epistasis.


homology

en-noun

homology (countable and uncountable, plural homologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homology.wav

Henri Poincaré
Homology
MathWorld
singular homology

From homo- + -logy.
In topology, first used by French polymath Henri Poincaré, in the sense (close to what is now called a bordism) of a relation between manifolds mapped into a reference manifold: that is, the property of such manifolds that they form the boundary of a higher-dimensional manifold inside the reference manifold. Poincaré's version was eventually replaced by the more general singular homology, which is what mathematicians now mean by homology.

homologia

biology, psychology: relationship of having a common evolutionary or developmental origin

The relationship of being homologous; a homologous relationship.

(genetics) The presence of the same series of bases in different but related genes.

homologia

genetics: presence of the same series of bases in related genes


initiation codon

initiation codon (plural initiation codons)

(genetics) A codon that signals the first amino acid to be used in the synthesis of the polypeptide chain of a protein; either AUG or GUG


collectrin

(genetics) The gene that codes for this protein.


pharmacogenetics

(pharmacology, genetics) The study of genetic variation that gives rise to differing responses to drugs.


pharmacogenomics

In addition to the results of the cancer studies described above, studies of a large research cohort exposed to many kinds of therapies may provide early insights into pharmacogenomics — enabling the provision of the right drug at the right dose to the right patient.

2015 February 26, Francis S. Collins, Harold Varmus, “A New Initiative on Precision Medicine”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 372, number 9, →DOI, page 795:

(pharmacology, genetics) The study of genes that code for enzymes that metabolize drugs, and the design of tailor-made drugs adapted to an individual's genetic make-up.


microbiome

From micro- + biome or blend of microbiota + genome.

The human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut; the human microbiome consists of the genes these cells harbor.

2012 August 14, “Defining the Human Microbiome”, in Nutrition Reviews, volume 70, number Suppl. 1, pages S38–S44:

Your body’s microbiome is all the genes your microbiota contains, however colloquially the two terms are often used interchangeably.

2018 March 26, Nicola Davis, “The human microbiome: why our microbes could be key to our health”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) The genetic information (genomes) of a microbiota.


nullomer

(genetics) A sequence of bases (in a nucleic acid) that is absent in one species (especially human) but may be present in others.


ploidy

From the ending of words such as haploidy, polyploidy etc.

(genetics) The number of homologous sets of chromosomes in a cell.


heteroploidy

heteroploidy (usually uncountable, plural heteroploidies)

(genetics) The state of being heteroploid.


mixoploidy

(genetics) The state of being mixoploid.


mixoploid

(genetics) Having cells with different numbers of chromosomes. The genetically different cell populations usually arise from the same zygote (mosaicism) or, more rarely, they originate from different zygotes (chimerism).


aneuploidy

aneuploidy (countable and uncountable, plural aneuploidies)

(genetics) The condition of being aneuploid; the state of possessing a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number of the organism in question.


monoploidy

monoploidy (countable and uncountable, plural monoploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being monoploid, having one set of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being monoploid.


haploidy

haploidy (usually uncountable, plural haploidies)


diploidy

diploidy (countable and uncountable, plural diploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being diploid, having two sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being diploid.


triploidy

triploidy (countable and uncountable, plural triploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being triploid, having three sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being triploid.


Punnett square

For Reginald Punnett, British geneticist.

(genetics) A graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.


hypomorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing a partial loss of gene function.


paralog

(genetics) either of a pair of genes that derive from the same ancestral gene


hypomorph

(genetics) a mutation that causes a partial loss of gene function.


monoploid

(genetics) Having a single set of chromosomes.


hypermorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing an increase in otherwise normal gene function.


antimorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) that antagonizes the normal gene's function.


hypermorph

(genetics) a gain of function mutation that causes an increase in otherwise normal gene function.


antimorph

(genetics) a gain of function mutation that acts in opposition to the normal gene's function.


neomorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing a novel gene function.


orthologue

(genetics) One of two or more homologous gene sequences found in different species.


neomorph

(genetics) A gain of function mutation that causes novel gene function.


aneuploid

(genetics) Having a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid number.

ójafnlitna

having number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid number


teratologic

(genetics) Dealing with the study of production, development, anatomy, and classification of monsters.


amorph

(genetics) a mutation that causes a complete loss of gene function.


canalisation

canalisation (usually uncountable, plural canalisations)

/ˌkænələˈzeɪʃən/

(genetics) The ability of a genotype to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment.


homolog

/ˈhɑːməlɑːɡ/

/ˈhoʊməlɑːɡ/

Borrowed from French homologue, From Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos, “agreeing, of one mind”), equivalent to homo- + -log.

der

TP53 is the human homolog of murine Trp53.

Detecting remote homolog by protein similarity network.

2008, Chan-seok Jeong, Minho Lee, Dongsup Kim, edited by Ratko Magjarevic, World Congress of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2006, Volume 1 (Biomedical Engineering), →ISBN, page 171:

A more complex mechanism is used by Vibrio cholerae toxin and by the homolog heat-labile enterotoxin secreted by ETEC strains.

2012, Phillip Smith, Thomas MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, page 407:

Something homologous; a homologous organ or part, chemical compound, chromosome, gene, or cultural element.

(biology, genetics, medicine) One of a group of similar DNA sequences that share a common ancestry, or the peptides or proteins that they encode; the counterpart gene or protein in another taxon evolved from a common ancestor (molecularly it may be either identical or similar).


genopharmacology

(genetics, medicine) The study of the effects of pharmaceuticals and other compounds on genome expression.


horizontal gene transfer

en-noun

horizontal gene transfer (countable and uncountable, plural horizontal gene transfers)

horizontal gene transfers (plural)
as: HGT (abbreviation)

Study of kett DNA shows evidence of horizontal gene transfer and the incorporation of genes from dozens of unknown species.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Kett: Biology Codex entry:

(genetics) The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another one that is not its offspring; especially common among bacteria.


metabolome

In this study, we propose a means of studying metabolism, using the concept of the “metabolome”, or total complement of metabolites in a cell, to look at global shifts in cellular function under different growth conditions.

1998 October 14, Helen Tweeddale, “Effect of Slow Growth on Metabolism of Escherichia coli, as Revealed by Global Metabolite Pool (“Metabolome”) Analysis”, in Journal of Bacteriology, volume 180, number 19, page 5109:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolites found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease.


transcriptome

Within three weeks, he had a partial ‘transcriptome’ of the ctenophore – some 5,000 or 6,000 gene sequences that were actively turned on in the animal’s nerve cells.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of RNA molecules (transcripts) produced in a cell or a population of cells.


phenotypic lag

Phenotypic lag is the delayed phenotypic manifestation off a gene mutation (in additional to mutational lag).

1973, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis:

(genetics) a delay in the expression of a phenotype acquired by mutation.


toeprint

In the absence of IF3, the 10-fold molar excess of tRNAᴾʰᵉ produces a strong +18 toeprint relative to the +15 toeprint.

2010, Single Molecule Tools, Part A: Fluorescence Based Approaches:

In the case of the entrapment model on the contrary, one does not expect the toeprint to disappear with increasing repressor concentrations, since in this case, both repressor and ribosome can bind the same mRNA.

2012, E. C. C. Lin, A. Simon Lynch, Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli:

Lastly, a "toeprint" of 30S subunits bound to T4 gene 32 mRNA has been observed with MMLV reverse transcriptase; while the experiment has not been quantitated, appearance of a signal at a subunit concentration of 0.02 μM is consistent with a binding constant on the order of 10⁷ M⁻¹ (Hartz et al., 1991).

2012, K.H. Nierhaus, F. Franceschi, A.R. Subramanian, The Translational Apparatus: Structure, Function, Regulation, Evolution, page 198:

(genetics) A measure of 30S-mRNA binding.


bicoid

(genetics) A gene, in Drosophila and related flies, that specifies which end of an egg will be the anterior and become the fly's head by setting up a concentration gradient of the Bicoid protein.


Too Many Mouths

(genetics, biochemistry) A receptor-like protein in plants which, when absent, leads to an overproduction of stomata


gene silencing

Coordinate term: gene expression

(genetics) Any mechanism or technique, either in nature or by human agency, by which the expression of a gene is either fully or almost fully prevented.


silencing

(genetics) The prevention of the expression of a gene


monomeric

(genetics) Describing a hereditary characteristic controlled by a gene at a single locus.


gene pool

(genetics) The complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of a species or population.


TAF

(genetics, microbiology) Initialism of TBP-associated factor.


autoregulatory loop

autoregulatory loop (plural autoregulatory loops)

(genetics) Part of a protein that allows it to regulate its own genetic expression.


marker gene

(genetics) A gene with a known location in a chromosome; used to track the insertion of DNA into organisms


tinman

In allusion to the character Tin Man from the Land of Oz, who lacked a heart.

Tinman belongs to a special class of genes. [...] But some genes make proteins that control other genes. Some act like master switches, triggering many different genes to work together to build a structure. Tinman is one such “master gene” for the fruit fly.

2000, Carl Zimmer, “The Hidden Unity of Hearts”, in Natural History, volume 109, number 3, archived from the original on 2009-01-07, pages 56–61:

Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster#Translingual

(genetics) A master gene in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, whose absence causes the fly to develop without a heart.


compensatory

Borrowed from French compensatoire. By surface analysis, compensate + -ory.

(genetics) That compensates for a deleterious mutation


retrotransposition

retrotransposition (countable and uncountable, plural retrotranspositions)

(genetics) The reverse transposition of an RNA intermediate.


retrotransposon

(genetics) A transposable fragment of a genome that can undergo retrotransposition.


holandric

(genetics, of a trait) Encoded by genes on the Y chromosome and thus transmitted from father to son.


transversion

transversion (countable and uncountable, plural transversions)

(genetics) A point mutation in which a purine is replaced with a pyrimidine, or vice versa


point mutation

(genetics) A mutation that involves the replacement, addition or deletion of a small number of bases (especially just one) at a specific site within a gene.

puntmutatie

mutation involving a small number of bases


merodiploid

(genetics) Partially diploid (having a second copy of only part of its genome)


deoxyribonucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide containing deoxyribose.


deoxynucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide that contains a deoxy sugar


toxicogenomics

2008, C. Afshari, appearing in G. Dutton, "Achieving Success in Tox Studies", Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, Mary Ann Liebert, vol. 28, no. 20, 15 November 2008, pg. 1.
Toxicogenomics reflects an integration of genomics technologies and information into toxicology studies....

(genetics) The study of the toxic effects of substances on genetic material, with an attempt to use this information to predict its toxic effect on organisms


epistasis

epistasis (countable and uncountable, plural epistases)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐπίστασις (epístasis, “stopping”), from ἐφίστημι (ephístēmi, “stop”), from ἐφ- (eph-) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “make to stand”). The use in genetics was coined by English biologist William Bateson in 1909 in his book Mendel's Principles of Heredity.

coin

(genetics) The modification of the expression of a gene by another unrelated one.


linker

(genetics) A short oligonucleotide containing a recognition sequence for a restriction enzyme, used to blunt the ends of sticky DNA segments.


linker

en-verb

linker (third-person singular simple present linkers, present participle linkering, simple past and past participle linkered)

linkers (present singular third-person)
linkering (participle present)
linkered (participle past)
linkered (past)

38. The plasmid pRK252 Km is cut with ecoRI, blunt-ended using Klenow, and linkered with BgIII linkers (New England Biolabs).

1994, Ray Shillito et al., "Zea mays plants regenerated from protoplasts or protoplast-derived cells", US Patent 5770450, page 52

(genetics) To ligate a DNA segment using a linker.


haploinsufficiency

en-noun

haploinsufficiency (countable and uncountable, plural haploinsufficiencies)

(genetics) The state of a diploid organism having only a single copy of a particular gene, the other copy being inactivated due to mutation


autarchic

en-adj

autarchic (comparative more autarchic, superlative most autarchic)

more autarchic (comparative)
most autarchic (superlative)

(genetics, of a gene) Not inhibited by neighbouring genetic material


encasement

en-noun

encasement (countable and uncountable, plural encasements)

(genetics) The early genetic theory of emboîtement.


homeobox gene

(genetics) Any of several genes that share a common sequence of DNA and are involved in the regulation of morphogenesis.


homeobox

When he looked in mice, there it was again: almost exactly the same 180-letter string – the homeobox.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 176:

(genetics) A short sequence of DNA that is shared by several genes involved in the morphogenesis of many organisms.


chimeric

en-adj

chimeric (comparative more chimeric, superlative most chimeric)

more chimeric (comparative)
most chimeric (superlative)

Application of the technology for producing chimeric mice has given considerable insight into the way intestinal crypts are organized.

1997, Nicholas A. Wright, “Stem cell repertoire in the intestine”, in C. S. Potten, editor, Stem cells, →ISBN, page 322:

Chimeric embryos are made by injecting cells or genetic material from one species into the embryo of another.

(genetics) Pertaining to a genetic chimera.


complementation

en-noun

complementation (countable and uncountable, plural complementations)

(genetics) The interaction between two genetic units such that an organism can function normally if either one is defective


genomics

(genetics) The study of the complete genome of an organism.


nonsense mutation

nonsense mutation (plural nonsense mutations)

(genetics) A point mutation that generates either a premature stop codon, or a codon that does not specify any amino acid.


proband

From international scientific vocabulary, from New Latin, from Latin probandus (“the one to be tested”) (denoting, in this application, the first one tested); By surface analysis, probe + -and.

der

The proband was 8 years old and had a dyseidetic pattern, as did his father, who was also tested.

1992, Helene V. Fatt, Genetics for Primary Eye Care Practitioners, page 82:

(genetics, medicine) An individual who presents with a genetic disorder or other specific characteristic, when this leads to the genetic investigation of the individual's family.


metacentric

(genetics) Of a chromosome: having the centromere approximately in the middle, such that the two arms are of similar length.


karyotypic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to karyotypes


NURF

(genetics) Abbreviation of nucleosome remodeling factor: one of several ISWI-containing protein complexes that catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitate transcription of chromatin in vitro.


ORF

open reading frame
open reading frame#English

(genetics) Initialism of open reading frame.


paramutation

en-noun

paramutation (countable and uncountable, plural paramutations)

(genetics) A mutation in which a heritable change in one allele is induced by another in the same locus


open reading frame

open reading frame (plural open reading frames)

open reading frames (plural)
as: ORF (abbreviation)

(genetics) A sequence of DNA triplets, between the initiator and terminator codons, that can be transcribed into mRNA and later translated into protein.

开放阅读框

a span of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons


karyotype

Borrowed from Russian кариотип (kariotip), equivalent to karyo- + -type.

bor+

(genetics) The observed characteristics (number, type, shape, etc) of the chromosomes of an individual or species.

(genetics) A record of such characteristics, usually photographic.

(obsolete, genetics) A group of individuals or species that have the same chromosomal characteristics.


epigenome

/ˌɛpɪˈd͡ʒiːnoʊm/

It is now possible to define whole epigenomes, representing the totality of epigenetic marks in a given cell type. Epigenetic processes are essential for packaging and interpreting the genome, are fundamental to normal development and are increasingly recognized as being involved in human disease.

2008 August 7, The American Association for Cancer Research Human Epigenome Task Force, European Union, Network of Excellence, Scientific Advisory Board, “Moving AHEAD with an international human epigenome project”, in Nature, volume 454, →DOI, page 711:

(genetics) The total epigenetic state of a cell.

(genetics) A chemical responsible for the activation of a particular gene.


nucleosome

From nucleo- + -some, and to evoke the older name nu body. Coined by P. Oudet et al. in 1975 (see quotation below).

We have termed these particles “nucleosomes,” to evoke their nuclear origin and their resemblance to the “nu” (ν) bodies described by Olins and Olins (1974).

1975, P. Oudet, M. Gross-Bellard, P.Champon, “Electron Microscopic and Biochemical Evidence that Chromosome Structure Is a Repeating Unit”, in Cell, →PMID, page 9:

(genetics) Any of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a core of eight histones.


SV

en-noun

SV (countable and uncountable, plural SVs)

Previous studies have identified tens of megabases of sequence contained within structural variants (SVs) that are polymorphic within the population⁵.

2023 May 11, Wen-Wei LiaoMobin AsriJana Ebleret al., “A draft human pangenome reference”, in Nature, volume 617, →DOI, page 313:

(genetics) Initialism of structural variant.


microRNA

(genetics) A single-stranded, non-coding form of RNA, having only about 20-30 nucleotides, that has a number of functions including the regulation of gene expression


ultracontig

(genetics) An ordered and oriented set of supercontigs obtained by use of supporting evidence


supercontig

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercontig.wav

(genetics) An ordered and oriented set of contigs that still contains some gaps. See also scaffold.

(genetics) A set of joint contigs from the individuals of a study group or population.


contig

Clipping of contiguous (as in contiguous sequence of DNA).

(genetics) A set of overlapping DNA segments, derived from a single source of genetic material, from which the complete sequence may be deduced.


recombinant DNA

(genetics) DNA that has been engineered by splicing together fragments of DNA from multiple species and introduced into the cells of a host.


syngameon

(genetics) A grouping of genetically related organisms that may or may not be morphologically similar and are recognized by systematists as being in different species or subspecies and may even belong to different genera.


sequenced

(genetics) Whose sequence (of bases or genes) has been determined


deoxyribonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of DNA.


primosome

From Latin primus (“first”) + -some (“nucleic unit”).

af

(biochemistry, genetics) A complex of proteins required for the initiation of bacterial DNA synthesis


cyclic nucleotide

en-noun

cyclic nucleotide (plural cyclic nucleotides)

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two hydroxyl groups on the same sugar


F1 hybrid

(genetics) The first filial generation of seeds or animal offspring, which are usually vigorous and uniform. Produced by crossing two distinctly different parents.


supercoiling

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercoiling.wav

(genetics) The coiling of the DNA helix upon itself, which can disrupt transcription and lead to cell death.


supercoil

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercoil.wav

(genetics) A coil of the DNA helix upon itself, such as a figure eight.


supercoil

en-verb

supercoil (third-person singular simple present supercoils, present participle supercoiling, simple past and past participle supercoiled)

supercoils (present singular third-person)
supercoiling (participle present)
supercoiled (participle past)
supercoiled (past)

After deproteination, the migration of the assembled form II DNA will remain unchanged, appearing not to have been supercoiled by nucleosomes.

1995, Sara J. Felts, “Assembly and Transcription of Chromatin Templates Using RNA Polymerase III”, in Martin J. Tymms, editor, In Vitro Transcription and Translation Protocols, →ISBN, page 58:

(genetics) To twist circular DNA into a supercoil.


Mbps

The main chromosome in E coli^([sic]) is 4.6 million base pairs (4.6 Mbps) in length, ...

2014, Alison Snape, Despo Papachristodoulou, William H. Elliott, Daphne C. Elliott, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 343:

Firstly, the set of mouse EST sequences having no homology to known mouse mRNAs was used (198323 sequences, 75.2 Million base pairs (Mbps)).

1999, Proceedings of the ... Annual International Conference on Computational Molecular Biology: RECOMB:

The total size of the C. ellipsoidea chromosomes is supposed to be about 40 mega base pairs (Mbps) (7).

1993, Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering:


reverse transcription

en-noun

reverse transcription (countable and uncountable, plural reverse transcriptions)

(genetics) The process of creating double-stranded DNA from a single-stranded RNA template (the reverse of the standard process).


retroposon

The best-known retroposons are “copia” and the families similar to copia, which were discovered in Drosophila but are also found in many other animals and even in yeast and higher plants, and the similarly ubiquitous foldback (FB) element, "THE1" in humans and "VL30" in rats and mice.

1994, Klaus Urich, Comparative Animal Biochemistry, page 21:

reverse transcription
reverse transcription

(genetics) A fragment of DNA inserted into a chromosome following reverse transcription from RNA.


genome transplant

genome transplant (plural genome transplants)

(genetics) A procedure in which DNA from one species is transplanted into a cell of another species, and after repeated division of hybrid cells the original cells are destroyed; only achieved in bacteria so far


pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram

pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram (plural pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagrams)

linkage disequilibrium
linkage disequilibrium

(genetics) A triangular graphical representation of linkage disequilibrium in which different colours represent different magnitudes of linkage between pairs of loci


linkage disequilibrium

pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram
pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram

(genetics) A non-random association of two or more alleles at two or more loci; normally caused by an interaction between genes, and often illustrated on a pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram (HapMap)


mutagenetic

From muta- + genetic, by analogy with mutagenesis.


phenocopy

(genetics) A variation in an organism that resembles a genetic one, but has an environmental rather than a genetic cause, and is not inherited


phenocopy

en-verb

phenocopy (third-person singular simple present phenocopies, present participle phenocopying, simple past and past participle phenocopied)

phenocopies (present singular third-person)
phenocopying (participle present)
phenocopied (participle past)
phenocopied (past)

The wg- mutant can be phenocopied by injecting antisense RNA (complementary to the 3 kb wg+ transcript) into wild-type embryos.

1990, David de Pomerai, From Gene to Animal, →ISBN, page 275:

(genetics) To copy a genetic variation through environmental manipulation


heritability

en-noun

heritability (countable and uncountable, plural heritabilities)

(countable, genetics) The ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance; i.e. the proportion of variability that is genetic in origin

遺傳力 /遗传力

the ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance


chemogenomics

(medicine, genetics) The study of the genomic effect of chemical compounds (especially drugs)


druggability

A target's druggability is usually estimated by classifying it with known gene families that have previously been successfully targeted with drugs.

2007 March 14, Joanna Owens, “Determining druggability”, in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, volume 6, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 187–187:

(genetics, medicine) The ability of a portion of a genome to be targeted by a drug, especially by a small molecule drug


druggable

en-adj

druggable (comparative more druggable, superlative most druggable)

more druggable (comparative)
most druggable (superlative)

With only 10% of the human genome representing druggable targets, and only half of those being relevant to disease, it is important to be able to predict how druggable a novel target is in early drug discovery.

(genetics, medicine) Describing the ability of a biological molecule (for example, a protein) to be targeted by drugs, especially by small molecule drugs.


genomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to a genome.


orthologous

(genetics, of genes or sequences) Exhibiting orthology; having been separated by a speciation event. Usually while retaining the same function.


epistatic

Adjective form of epistasis; compare static and stasis. The adjectival use in genetics was coined by English biologist William Bateson in 1909 in his book Mendel's Principles of Heredity.

coin

(genetics) Of or pertaining to epistasis.


epistatic

(genetics) Any material that causes epistasis.


cybrid

(genetics) An artificial hybrid cell produced by introducing nuclear material from one organism into a cell (of the same or different species) from which the nucleus has been removed


pseudoautosomal

(genetics) Describing genes in the X- and Y- chromosomes that behave like autosomes during meiosis


haplogroup

A haplogroup comprises the genes present on one chromosome.

1984, Alfred Nisonoff, Introduction to Molecular Immunology, page 128:

The earlier Amerind migration carried with it only four Asian haplotypes, which subsequently evolved into Amerind-specific haplogroups A, B, C, and D.

1993, “mtDNA Variation of Aboriginal Siberians Reveals Distinct Genetic Affinities with Native Americans”, in American Journal of Human Genetics, volume 53, page 591:

(genetics) A group of closely related haplotypes.


repressor

(genetics) Any protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription.


haplo-

Combining form from Ancient Greek ἁπλόος (haplóos, “single, simple”).

der

haplodepletion, haplodiploid, haplosis

(genetics) Haploid: having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.


haplotype

(genetics) A haploid genotype: a group of alleles that are transmitted together.


haplotype

en-verb

haplotype (third-person singular simple present haplotypes, present participle haplotyping, simple past and past participle haplotyped)

haplotypes (present singular third-person)
haplotyping (participle present)
haplotyped (participle past)
haplotyped (past)

(genetics) To characterize with respect to haplotype


genomewide

From genome + -wide. Coined in the 1990s with the rise of genomics.

[…] these figures are only valid as a genomewide average.

1995, Somlo & Germino, "Polycystic Kidney Disease" in Molecular Nephrology: Kidney Function in Health and Disease http://books.google.com/books?id=8UHKog3qMIAC, page 830


genomewide

Studying, genome-wide, the increasing number of interacting epigenetic mechanisms in a spectrum of cell types will involve data generation on a massive scale.

2008 August 7, The American Association for Cancer Research Human Epigenome Task Force, European Union, Network of Excellence, Scientific Advisory Board, “Moving AHEAD with an international human epigenome project”, in Nature, volume 454, →DOI, page 712:


miRNA

From microRNA. The seminal article on microRNAs did not introduce the abbreviation miRNA nor the term microRNA, but rather referred to the entities as small RNAs.

There are ~80 genes in the C elegans genome coding for miRNAs that are twenty-one to twenty-four nucleotides long.

2007, Benjamin Lewin, Genes IX, →ISBN, page 343:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) finely regulate gene expression and play an important role in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.

2010, Dimond, Patricia F., "miRNAs' Therapeutic Potential" (original copy), Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, vol. 30, no. 6, page 1


-logue

From French -logue, from Ancient Greek -λόγος (-lógos, “one who speaks (in a certain manner)”).

der

(chemistry, genetics) Used to denote correspondence (homology or analogy).


antisense

(genetics) The strand of nucleic acid complementary to a strand which codes for an RNA or protein.

antisens

nucleic acid complementary to a coding strand


antisense

(genetics, of a strand of nucleic acid) Complementary to a strand coding for RNA or protein.


hemimethylated

en-adj

hemimethylated (comparative more hemimethylated, superlative most hemimethylated)

more hemimethylated (comparative)
most hemimethylated (superlative)

(genetics, of a strand) Discordant in methylation; partially methylated.


kinome

(genetics) The set of all kinases expressed in a cell or contained in a genome.


copy number

"Reconstruction" or "titration" experiments consisting of amounts of the linear cloned cDNA equivalent to various gene copy numbers in the genomic DNA are run on the same gel.

1985, John H. Dodds, Plant Genetic Engineering, →ISBN, page 170:

(genetics) The number of copies of a gene or plasmid within a cell's genome.


extrahelical

(genetics) Beyond, or temporarily removed from the double helix, of a nucleic acid molecule


base-pair breathing

Intercalation is an energetically favourable process, and thus relates to the dynamic base-pair breathing properties of DNA itself.

2013, Michael G. Simic, Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair: Implications for Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment:

(genetics) The transient, lateral opening of a base pair in a nucleic acid molecule as a result of thermal motion or the presence of a defect


microhomology

en-noun

microhomology (countable and uncountable, plural microhomologies)

(genetics) The presence of the same short sequence of bases in different genes


spliceosomal

The positions of some spliceosomal introns are conserved in orthologous genes from plants and animals.

1998, Roderick Page, Edward C. Holmes, Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach, →ISBN, page 53:


spliceosome

This complex, termed a "spliceosome," is thought to contain components necessary for mRNA splicing; its existence can explain how separated exons on pre-mRNA are brought into contact.

1985 June 14, Edward Brody, “The "spliceosome": yeast pre-messenger RNA associates with 40S complex in a splicing-dependent reaction”, in Science, volume 228, number 4802, page 963:

(genetics) A dynamic complex of RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from precursor mRNA.


qPCR

Similar experiments in humans have been hampered because so far very few anti-human V_β (hV_β) monoclonal antibodies are available, although some important data have been generated with a labor-intensive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR).

1991 October 1, Yongwon Choi, “A Method for Production of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Receptor β-Chain Variable Regions”, in PNAS, volume 88, number 19, page 8357:

Quantitative or Real-Time PCR Real-time PCR, also called qPCR, is known as the second generation of PCR because it could be used to amplify and simultaneously quantify several target DNA molecules.

2014, Luis M. Botana, Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Third Edition:

This cheap and simple chemistry is optimal for single plex qPCRs. For multiplex qPCRs, specific chemistries which make use of probes are required.

2014, Harald Seitz, Molecular Diagnostics, page 61:

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(biochemistry, genetics) A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).


aDNA

aDNA (countable and uncountable, plural aDNAs)

(genetics) Any DNA sample recovered from biological samples not intended for DNA use, including historical and archeological samples.


cosmid

(genetics) A type of plasmid (often used as a cloning vector) constructed by the insertion of cos sequences, which are DNA sequences of the lambda phage.


shotgun sequencing

Formed through analogy with the effect of a shotgun blast, which contains many small pellets.

In shotgun sequencing of genomic DNA, fragments of a genome are sequenced and computationally reassembled to determine the genome of an organism

2005, Selene K Swanson with Michael P. Washburn, “The continuing evolution of shotgun proteomics”, in Drug Discovery Today, →DOI, page 719:

(genetics) A DNA sequencing technique in which a large number of small fragments of a long DNA strand are generated at random, sequenced, and reassembled to form a sequence of the original strand.


posttranslational

(genetics, biochemistry) Of or pertaining to the period after a protein has been translated from mRNA.


processivity

(genetics) A measure of the average number of nucleotides added by a DNA polymerase enzyme per association/disassociation with the template.


adenylate

en-verb

adenylate (third-person singular simple present adenylates, present participle adenylating, simple past and past participle adenylated)

adenylates (present singular third-person)
adenylating (participle present)
adenylated (participle past)
adenylated (past)

(genetics) To carry out or induce an adenylation reaction.


reprogenetics

(biology, genetics) The use of genetics in reproduction, especially in order to choose traits in an offspring or to minimize the risk of genetic disease.


resequencing

en-noun

resequencing (countable and uncountable, plural resequencings)

(genetics) The sequencing of part of an individual's genome in order to detect sequence differences between the individual and the standard genome of the species.


antigene

(genetics) An oligonucleotide that attaches to a specific gene and suppresses its action.


alloantigen

(genetics) Any antigen, present in only some individuals of a species, that stimulates the production of antibodies in those that lack it; an isoantigen

aloantígeno

antigen that stimulates the production of antibodies in other individuals of a species


metabonome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolically regulated elements in cells.


functional genomics

(biochemistry, genetics) A genomics branch that measures expression levels of RNAs and proteins to understand biological functions of a set of genes in cells.


expressome

(genetics) All the gene expressions in a cell or organism considered as a whole


textome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of biological literature that contain useful information when combined to generate new information through bioinformatics.


functome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of functional molecular units in biological cells.


bibliome

From bibliography and -ome, as in genome.

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of biological journal articles and associated information.


gene expression

gene expression (plural gene expressions)

Coordinate term: gene silencing

(genetics) The transcription and translation of a gene into messenger RNA and thus into a protein; it may be lesser or greater depending on many epigenetic factors.


overexpress

en-verb

overexpress (third-person singular simple present overexpresses, present participle overexpressing, simple past and past participle overexpressed)

overexpresses (present singular third-person)
overexpressing (participle present)
overexpressed (participle past)
overexpressed (past)

(genetics, transitive) To artificially express (a gene) in increased quantity.


overexpression

en-noun

overexpression (countable and uncountable, plural overexpressions)

(genetics) The abnormal or artificial expression of a gene in increased quantity

بیشبیان

the artificial expression of a gene in increased quantity


epigenomic

(genetics) Describing a representation of the gene expression, DNA methylation and histone modification status of a particular genomic region.


transgene

It has created a biotechnology centred on genetic engineering that has introduced transgenes, transmitted through natural interspecies crosses, which, in turn, have allowed emergence of resistant superweeds and superpests, which, in their turn, demand the application of further chemical poisons […]

2007, Will Barnes, “Climate Change and Capital”, in Mute, volume 2, number 5, →ISSN:

(genetics, biotechnology) A gene from one species introduced into the genome of another by transgenesis.


optogenetic

/ˌɑptoʊd͡ʒɪˈnɛtɪk/

/ˌɒptəʊd͡ʒɪˈnɛtɪk/

(genetics) Describing any of several techniques in which optical technology is used to form images of genetically targeted proteins or neurons


thermal cycler

(genetics) A laboratory device in which a polymerase chain reaction is carried out repeatedly in cycles which in turn amplifies the sample DNA segments. The instrument contains a thermal block which contains the DNA samples and can precisely control the internal temperature.


xenologous

(genetics) homologous due to horizontal gene flow


neurogenetics

(medicine, genetics) The study of the role of genetics in the development of neurological disorders


homeodomain

(biochemistry, genetics) A folded protein domain that binds to DNA and has a function in transcription


quasispecies

(genetics) A group of similar nucleic acid molecules; a group of organisms (especially viruses) having such similar genomes.


xenogeneic

Among the types of xenografts that might be undertaken are extracorporeal "xenoperfusion" or perfusion of devices containing xenogeneic hepatocytes, auxiliary liver transplants, bridge liver transplants, and hepatocyte transplants.

2000, Kanazawa A., Platt J.L., “Prospects for xenotransplantation of the liver”, in Seminars in liver disease, →DOI:

(genetics) Derived from a different species and therefore genetically and immunologically incompatible


syngeneic

en-adj

syngeneic (comparative more syngeneic, superlative most syngeneic)

more syngeneic (comparative)
most syngeneic (superlative)

By surface analysis, syn- + -gen(e) + -ic

surf

Coordinate term: allogeneic

(genetics) genetically identical, or sufficiently identical and immunologically compatible as to allow for transplantation.


coisogenic

(genetics) Genetically identical to an inbred strain except for a mutation at a specific locus.


nullisomic

(genetics) A genetic condition involving the lack of one of the normal chromosomal pairs for a species (2n-2)


biallelic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to both alleles of a gene (in a heterozygote).


allogenic

en-adj

allogenic (comparative more allogenic, superlative most allogenic)

more allogenic (comparative)
most allogenic (superlative)

/ˌæləˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/

(medicine, biology, genetics, immunology) Alternative form of allogeneic: genetically distinct, but of the same species; nonself but intraspecies.


ribonucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide having ribose as its sugar


pericentromeric

pericentromeric (comparative more pericentromeric, superlative most pericentromeric)

more pericentromeric (comparative)
most pericentromeric (superlative)

(genetics) Situated near, or on each side of, the centromere of a chromosome


FISH

fluorescent in situ hybridization
w:fluorescent in situ hybridization

(genetics) Acronym of fluorescent in situ hybridization: a molecular cytogenetic technique used to identify whether a DNA sample has a specific sequence.


phylogenomics

(genetics) The science that studies the relationship of the function of genes to their evolution.


5′ end

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid strand which terminates at the chemical group attached to the fifth carbon in the sugar ring.


3′ end

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid strand which terminates at the hydroxyl (-OH) chemical group attached to the third carbon in the sugar ring.


metagenomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to metagenomics


trinucleotide repeat disorder

en-noun

trinucleotide repeat disorder (plural trinucleotide repeat disorders)

(genetics, medicine) Any of a group of disorders caused by stretches of DNA that contain a sequence of three nucleotides repeated many times


deoxyribonucleic

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(genetics) Of or pertaining to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or its derivatives.


ribonucleic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to ribonucleic acid (RNA) or its derivatives

рыбануклеі́навы

of or pertaining to RNA or its derivatives


methylome

The reprogramming of parental methylomes is essential for embryonic development.

2019, He-Feng Huan et al., “16: The Intergenerational Effects on Fetal Programming”, in Peter C. K. Leung, Jie Qiao, editors, Human Reproductive and Prenatal Genetics, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 372:

(genetics) The set of nucleic acid methylation modifications in an organism's genome or in a particular cell.


posttranslational modification

posttranslational modification (plural posttranslational modifications)

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several types of modification made to a protein subsequent to the translation phase of its biosynthesis


euploidy

euploidy (usually uncountable, plural euploidies)

(genetics) The condition of having a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of the haploid number for the species.


deoxycytidine

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleoside consisting of cytosine linked to deoxyribose


cytidine

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleoside consisting of cytosine linked to ribose, occurring in human RNA


thymidine

(biochemistry, genetics) The nucleoside consisting of a combination of deoxyribose and thymine


pseudouridine

pseudouridine (countable and uncountable, plural pseudouridines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudouridine.wav

(biochemistry, genetics) An isomer of uridine, 5-ribosyluracil, associated with RNA


pleiotropism

pleiotropism (countable and uncountable, plural pleiotropisms)


pleiotropy

pleiotropy (countable and uncountable, plural pleiotropies)

Coined by Ludwig Plate in 1910, from Ancient Greek πλείων (pleíōn) + -tropy; by surface analysis, pleio- + -tropy.

This experimental design is analogous to the experiment that we performed to test whether antagonistic pleiotropy operates as a genetic mechanism in the evolution of late-life mortality rate plateaus.

2011, Laurence D. Mueller, Casandra L. Rauser, Michael R. Rose, Does Aging Stop?, Oxford University Press, page 65:

George C. Williams (1957) first developed the idea that pleiotropy might be an important determinant of senescence. Pleiotropy simply means that single genes have multiple effects. With regard to aging, Williams proposed that the same genes could have beneficial effects early in life but detrimental effects late in life. Because the effects are counteracting, the theory has been called "antagonistic pleiotropy."

2015, Lynnette L. Sievert, “Chapter 22: Human Senescence”, in Michael P. Muehlenbein, editor, Basics in Human Evolution, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 315:

Much of the recent discussion of the extent of pleiotropy has been stimulated by the work of Gunter Wagner and colleagues (Wagner et al. 2008; Wagner & Zhang 2011), taking advantage of recent methodological advances to test a hypothesis of universal pleiotropy, whereby all traits are affected by each gene.

2016, Mark W. Blows, Katrina McGuigan, “11: The distribution of genetic variance across phenotypic space and the response to selection”, in Spencer C. H. Barrett, Robert I. Colautti, Katrina M. Dlugosch, Loren H. Rieseberg, editors, Invasion Genetics, Wiley, page 192:

(genetics) The influence of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits; pleiotropism.


trisoligonucleotide

(genetics) An assembly of three short strands of DNA (oligonucleotides) around a branching junction; they have been used to build nanoscale structures


haplophyte

From haplo- (“single; simple”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(genetics) Having the normal number of chromosomes characteristic of the organism's gametes


clastogen

From Ancient Greek κλαστός (klastós) + -gen.

Chromosomal mutations are recognised as morphological alterations in the gross structure of chromosomes (i.e. they are structural aberrations which can be detected microscopically). Compounds that cause chromosome damage are called clastogens.

2009, Lutz Müller, Anke Lühe, “Preclinical safety testing”, in John P. Griffin, editor, The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 6th edition, Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 120:

(genetics) Any agent that causes breaks in chromosomes.


cytogenetics

(biology, genetics) The branch of genetics that studies the relationships between the structure and number of chromosomes as seen in isolated cells and variation in genotype and phenotype

cytogénétique

the branch of genetics that studies the relationships between the structure and number of chromosomes


ecogenetics

(genetics) The branch of genetics that studies the influence of hereditary factors on the response of organisms to their environment


micronucleated

(genetics, medicine) Describing a cell that has been damaged by a genotoxin, in which a micronucleus forms during mitosis.


multifactorial

(genetics, of a trait) Involving multiple genetic or environmental factors.


noncoding

(genetics, of a portion of DNA) That does not code for protein.


transcriptomics

(genetics) The study of the transcriptome of a species or individual


phenotyping

en-noun

phenotyping (countable and uncountable, plural phenotypings)

(genetics) The construction, recording and analysis of phenotypes


postgenomic

en-adj

postgenomic (comparative more postgenomic, superlative most postgenomic)

more postgenomic (comparative)
most postgenomic (superlative)

(genetics) Describing any of various fields of study that are only possible after the publication of the genome of an organism.


postgenomics

(genetics) Any of various fields of study that are only possible after the publication of the genome of an organism


metabonomics

Metabonomics broadly aims to measure the global, dynamic metabolic response of living systems to biological stimuli or genetic manipulation. The focus is on understanding systemic change through time in complex multicellular systems. Metabolomics seeks an analytical description of complex biological samples, and aims to characterize and quantify all the small molecules in such a sample.

2008 October 22, Jeremy K. Nicholson, John C. Lindon, “Metabonomics”, in Nature, →DOI:

All metabonomics studies result in complex multivariate data sets the require visualisation software and chemometric and bioinformatic methods for interpretation.

2011, The Handbook of Metabonomics and Metabolomics, page 11:

Metabonomics has great potential for intensive care medicine, where patients are complex and understanding the relationship of host factors, disease and treatment effects is key to improving care.

2016 March 16, David Antcliffe, Anthony C. Gordon, “Metabonomics and intensive care”, in Critical Care, →DOI:

(biochemistry, genetics) The study of the metabolic responses of organisms to stimuli such as disease or injury.


proto-oncogene

Typically, proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes that, when activated by mutation or overexpression, promote cancer.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 534:

(genetics) A gene, promoting the specialization and division of normal cells, that could become an oncogene due to mutation.

esisyöpägeeni

gene promoting the specialization and division of normal cells that could become an oncogene due to mutation


deadenylate

en-verb

deadenylate (third-person singular simple present deadenylates, present participle deadenylating, simple past and past participle deadenylated)

deadenylates (present singular third-person)
deadenylating (participle present)
deadenylated (participle past)
deadenylated (past)

(biochemistry, genetics) To remove an adenylate group from a protein; especially to activate an enzyme by this means


dinucleosome

(biochemistry, genetics) A short complex of nucleosomes that is formed as the first step in the production of chromatin


chromodomain

(genetics, biochemistry) A sequence of amino acids, common to the protein of many species, that is responsible for the manipulation of chromatin.


intergenic

(genetics) Describing the noncoding sections of nucleic acid between genes


argonaute

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of proteins responsible for the gene silencing phenomenon known as RNA interference

Argonauta

any of a group of proteins responsible for RNA interference


scute

Borrowed from Latin scutum (“shield”). Compare scutum, escudo, scudo, and écu.

(genetics) A proneural gene, often associated with achaete, that is required for the formation of many larval and adult sense organs


transactivation

(genetics) The activation of a gene by the presence of another at a different locus, especially following infection by a virus


corepressor

(genetics) Any substance that reacts with a genetic repressor in order to activate it and decrease gene expression


toeprinting

From toe + printing, on the model of DNA footprinting.

(genetics) the use of primer extension inhibition to examine formation of the translational initiation complex, autogenous regulation of gene expression, and to map the boundaries of mRNA-associated complexes


cryptomorphic

Coined by Garrett Birkhoff before 1967, for use in the third edition of his book Lattice Theory.

Three types of genes, namely, immunoglobulin genes, dimorphic genes and cryptomorphic genes, are classified as complex genes.

2002, Gurbachan S. Miglani, Advanced Genetics, page 193:

Hence, among the lower vertebrates, the cistron may be diplomorphic rather than cryptomorphic.

1987, Lawrence S. Dillon, The Gene: Its Structure, Function, and Evolution, page 487:

(genetics) Having a cryptic structure in which the ultimate active product is carried by the precursorial protein rather than the protein actually encoded by the gene.


epimutation

From epi- + mutation; compare epigenetic.

The first sign of cellular abnormality in some tumors is an epimutation—a change in heritable chromatin marks, such as an increase or decrease in the density of DNA methylation.

2005, Eva Jablonka, Marion J. Lamb, Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 248:

(genetics) A heritable change in gene expression that does not affect the actual base pair sequence of DNA.


epigenotype

From epi- + genotype; compare epigenetic.

(genetics) The stable pattern of gene expression that is outside the actual base pair sequence of DNA.


anticodon

(genetics) A sequence of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that binds to the complementary triplet (codon) in messenger RNA to specify an amino acid during protein synthesis.


phenotypic plasticity

(genetics) The ability of an organism with a given genotype to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment, including changes that occur during the adult life of the organism.


subfunctionalization

en-noun

subfunctionalization (countable and uncountable, plural subfunctionalizations)

(genetics) The independent specialization of the two gene copies formed by duplication.


hemizygous

(genetics) Having some single copies of genes in an otherwise diploid cell or organism


minichromosome

(genetics) A structure, resembling chromatin, formed from the DNA of a virus and histones from the host.


recombining

(genetics) The exchanging of genetic material


recombining

en-adj

recombining (comparative more recombining, superlative most recombining)

more recombining (comparative)
most recombining (superlative)


chimerism

en-noun

chimerism (countable and uncountable, plural chimerisms)

(genetics) The property of being a genetic chimera.


neurogenin

neurogenin (countable and uncountable, plural neurogenins)

(biology, genetics) A transcription factor involved in the differentiation of neurons


peripatric

en-adj

peripatric (comparative more peripatric, superlative most peripatric)

more peripatric (comparative)
most peripatric (superlative)

peripatrinen

living in overlapping territories wothout interbreeding

(genetics, biology) Living in overlapping territories without interbreeding.


sympatric

sympatric (comparative more sympatric, superlative most sympatric)

more sympatric (comparative)
most sympatric (superlative)

There is some evidence of sympatric speciation of cichlid fish in small African crater lakes.

2004, Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale, Phoenix, published 2005, page 349:

(biology, genetics) Occurring in the same, or in overlapping, territory, especially of species that do not interbreed.

speciation

living in same territory without interbreeding


immunogenetics

(immunology, genetics) The study of the genetic basis for the immune response, and of the relationships between genetics and immunity from disease


hammerhead ribozyme

en-noun

hammerhead ribozyme (plural hammerhead ribozymes)

(genetics) Any of a class of self-cleaving RNAs found in some viroids.


spoligotyping

(genetics) A technique for the identification and analysis of polymorphism in certain types of repeat units in DNA.


spoligotype

(genetics) A form of polymorphism in the repeat units of DNA


hypermutator

(genetics) Any agent that causes hypermutation


zinc finger

(biochemistry, genetics) A structure characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions, found in some proteins, that typically binds to specific sequences of DNA and regulates genes.


physical map

(genetics) A map showing how much DNA separates two genes, measured in base pairs, as opposed to a genetic map.


genotoxicology

(medicine, genetics) The branch of toxicology that deals with the genetic effects of toxic substances, especially to the production of mutation by chemical means


mucolipin

(genetics, medicine) Any of several genes that have been associated with mucolipidosis.


oncoprotein

(genetics, oncology, biochemistry) A protein that is coded for by an oncogene.


hedgehog signalling pathway

hedgehog signalling pathway (uncountable)

(biochemistry, genetics) A key regulator of animal development present in many organisms from flies to humans.


assortative mating

assortative mating (countable and uncountable, plural assortative matings)

Underlying all distributions of characters in assortative matings are certain elementary principles based on probabilities and the theory of sampling.

1922, Frank A. Hartman, "The Emergency Function of the Adrenal," Science, New Series, vol. 56, no. 1440, p. 146

A recent New York Times Magazine story that investigated the rise of diagnoses of bipolar disorder in children suggested assortative mating as a possible cause, because parents who are both bipolar—and who may marry because they are more likely to understand one another's symptoms—are more likely to have bipolar children.

2008 September 20, Sarah Barmak, “Social Science: I like you because you're like me”, in Toronto Star, page ID3:

(psychology, genetics) Between males and females of a species, the mutual attraction or selection, for reproductive purposes, of individuals with similar characteristics.


activase

(genetics, biochemistry) Any enzyme that activates a gene


riboregulator

(biology, genetics) An RNA that regulates expression of itself or another nucleic acid in response to a signaling event.


stimulon

(genetics) A system of genes that are regulated by the same stimulus


coactivator

(genetics) Any protein that binds to an activator as part of gene transcription


introgress

en-verb

introgress (third-person singular simple present introgresses, present participle introgressing, simple past and past participle introgressed)

introgresses (present singular third-person)
introgressing (participle present)
introgressed (participle past)
introgressed (past)

From Latin introgredior (“to step in, enter”).

uder

(biology, genetics) To infiltrate the genes of one species into the gene pool of another through repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid.


multigene family

en-noun

multigene family (plural multigene families)

(genetics) A group of multiple copies of similar genes on the same chromosome, thought to arise from a single, ancestral gene


paratransgenetics

(genetics) A form of transgenics in which the bacteria within the digestive tract of the target organism are genetically modified


pangene

Coined by Dutch geneticist Hugo de Vries in 1889, from pangenesis. By surface analysis, pan- + -gene.

coin

(obsolete, genetics) A supposed particle with which heritable character was transmitted during cell division.


muscleblind

From muscle + blind. The muscleblind gene in Drosophila flies is necessary to the development of muscles and eye photoreceptors.

(genetics) Any of the genes associated with these proteins.


pseudoknot

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoknot.wav

(genetics) A secondary structure in RNA in which half of one stem is intercalated between the two halves of another stem.


microsatellite

(genetics) Any of a group of polymorphic loci in DNA that consist of repeat units of just a few base pairs.


dihybrid

(genetics) A hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to two independent alleles


tetranucleotide

(genetics) A codon containing four nucleotides


biophor

(obsolete, genetics) A supposed supramolecular unit of heredity


derepression

en-noun

derepression (countable and uncountable, plural derepressions)

(genetics) The inactivation of a repressor gene.


allozyme

Near-synonyms: isoenzyme, isozyme

[…] suggesting the two are different stages of the same species. The identity of the two species is further suggested by allozyme analysis […]

1997, “Hydrothermal Vent Fauna”, in Advances in Marine Biology: The Biogeography of the Oceans, page 111:

(genetics, biochemistry) Either form of an enzyme specified by an allelic gene.

allozima

either form of an enzyme specified by an allelic gene


replisome

(genetics) A matrix of enzymes that is the site of DNA replication in the nucleus of a cell.


biocontainment

(genetics) The modification of an organism's genetic material in order to restrict its ability to reproduce outside of a laboratory.


nontemplate

a nontemplate strand

nontemplate bases

(genetics) Not functioning as a template in DNA replication


coexpress

en-verb

coexpress (third-person singular simple present coexpresses, present participle coexpressing, simple past and past participle coexpressed)

coexpresses (present singular third-person)
coexpressing (participle present)
coexpressed (participle past)
coexpressed (past)

(genetics) To express together with another gene


introgression

(genetics) The movement of a gene from one species to another.


bicistronic

bicistronic transcription

(genetics) Having or involving two cistrons, loci responsible for generating a protein


isofemale

an isofemale strain

(genetics) Originating from a single wild female


allotetraploid

(genetics) Having four sets of chromosomes derived from different species


amphidiploid

(genetics) Having a diploid set of chromosomes from each of its parents


allopolyploid

en-adj

allopolyploid (comparative more allopolyploid, superlative most allopolyploid)

more allopolyploid (comparative)
most allopolyploid (superlative)

(genetics) Having multiple complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species


reexpress

en-verb

reexpress (third-person singular simple present reexpresses, present participle reexpressing, simple past and past participle reexpressed)

reexpresses (present singular third-person)
reexpressing (participle present)
reexpressed (participle past)
reexpressed (past)

The protein was not reexpressed after the treatment


melastatin

(genetics, oncology) A gene expressed in melanocytes and involved in nevomelanocytic development; down-regulated in cases of melanoma


intercrossing

(genetics) The interbreeding of two strains that have a common ancestry


intercross

intercross (third-person singular simple present intercrosses, present participle intercrossing, simple past and past participle intercrossed)

intercrosses (present singular third-person)
intercrossing (participle present)
intercrossed (participle past)
intercrossed (past)

A species varies occasionally in two directions, but owing to their free intercrossing they (the variations) never increase.

1916, Alfred Russel Wallace, Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 1:

(biology, genetics) To breed two strains having a common ancestry with one another


intercross

Intercrosses are particularly useful with recessive mutations maintained in a small colony.

2000, Xavier Montagutelli, “Determining the Genetic Basis of a New Trait”, in Sundberg & Boggess, editors, Systematic Approach to Evaluation of Mouse Mutations, →ISBN, page 20:

(biology, genetics) The act or product of intercrossing


nondisjunction

Different exogenous agents may interfere with the normal disjunction of sister chromosomes during meiosis and increase the frequency of aneuploid sperm, as demonstrated in mice treated with aneugens and men treated with anticancer agents. Although not all germ cells achieve maturity, the close correlation of chromosome nondisjunction in spermatogenesis with genotoxic outcomes indicates that the investigation for aneuploidy in a large sample of aneugen-exposed workers is significant.

2004 December 22, Yankai Xia, Senping Cheng, Qian Bian, Lichun Xu, Michael D. Collins, Hebron C. Chang, Lin Song, Jiayin Liu, Shoulin Wang, Xinru Wang, “Genotoxic Effects on Spermatozoa of Carbaryl-Exposed Workers”, in Toxicological Sciences, volume 85, number 1, archived from the original on 2022-12-24:

(genetics) The failure of chromosome dyads or tetrads to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis.


penetrance

en-noun

penetrance (countable and uncountable, plural penetrances)

(genetics) The proportion of individuals carrying a particular variation of a gene that also express an associated trait


coactivation

coactivation (countable and uncountable, plural coactivations)

(genetics) A process wherein RNA transcription is increased by a coactivator protein.


transgenesis

transgenesis (countable and uncountable, plural transgeneses)

(genetics) The process of introducing an exogenous gene into a living organism


transvection

transvection (countable and uncountable, plural transvections)

From transvect + -ion. Coined in the genetic sense by Edward B. Lewis in 1954.

Transvection effects include both activation and silencing.

(genetics) An epigenetic interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome


intrachromosomal

intrachromosomal recombination

(genetics) Occurring within a chromosome


subclone

During this process it is possible that additional mutations occur in one of the transformed cells, which then may result in a subclone of cells with a more aggressive behavior.

1997, Vinken & Bruyn, editors, Handbook of Clinical Neurology: Neuro-Oncology, →ISBN, page 17:

(genetics) A clone or descendant of a mutant occurring in a previous clone

While Shelly was away from the lab, Rene decided that it would be easier to divide the lengthy segment into smaller pieces, or subclones, and to insert each fraction into plasmids, little circles of DNA and protein.

1999, Natalie Angier, Natural Obsessions, →ISBN, page 192:

(genetics, molecular biology) A partial segment of DNA, cloven from a previously-cloned segment, which is then cloned into another vector


subclone

en-verb

subclone (third-person singular simple present subclones, present participle subcloning, simple past and past participle subcloned)

subclones (present singular third-person)
subcloning (participle present)
subcloned (participle past)
subcloned (past)

(1) from the genomic library a clone of interest is selected and a small fragment is subcloned from one end of the clone

2002, Gurbichan S. Miglani, Advanced Genetics, →ISBN, page 84:

(genetics) To reclone part of a previously-cloned DNA segment into a new vector


interchromosomal

an interchromosomal insertion

(genetics) Occurring between chromosomes, or from one chromosome to another


posttranslationally

The conversion occurred posttranslationally.


zymogram

zone electrophoresis
zone electrophoresis

(biochemistry, genetics) A strip of electrophoretic material on which enzymes are visibly separated through histochemical methods (e.g. by zone electrophoresis).


noncomplementing

a noncomplementing allele


gigabase

(genetics) One billion bases (nucleotides) as a unit of length of a nucleic acid


tandemly

a tandemly repeated DNA sequence


nondistorter

(genetics) An allele that does not distort segregation ratios in its favor


noninherited

a noninherited maternal antigen

(genetics) Not inherited; not passed from parent to offspring.


underexpressed

en-adj

underexpressed (comparative more underexpressed, superlative most underexpressed)

more underexpressed (comparative)
most underexpressed (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-underexpressed.wav

These genes may be overexpressed and underexpressed with respect to the other genes and with respect to a particular condition.

2005, Francesca Ruffino et al., “Biological Specifications for a Synthetic Gene Expression Data Generation Model”, in Bloch et al., editors, Fuzzy Logic and Applications, →ISBN, page 281:

(genetics) Not expressed to the usual or expected degree


postreplication

(genetics, biology) Used, attributively, to describe the period following replication of nucleic acid


obligate carrier

en-noun

obligate carrier (plural obligate carriers)

(genetics) An individual who may be clinically unaffected but who must carry a gene mutation based on analysis of the family history; this usually applies to disorders inherited in an autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive manner.


microdeletion

microdeletion (countable and uncountable, plural microdeletions)

(genetics) A genetic mutation resulting from the deletion of a small part of a chromosome, usually involving many genes.


posttranscriptional

(genetics) Subsequent to the transcription of RNA.


DNA snippet

(informal, genetics) A small portion of DNA associated with one or more genes or attributes


splice variant

(genetics) A variant form of an mRNA produced by RNA splicing.


morpholino

(genetics) A structural analog of natural nucleic acid used to modify gene expression, in which the ribose or deoxyribose rings of nucleic acids are replaced with morpholine rings and the phosphodiester intersubunit linkages of nucleic acids are replaced with phosphorodiamidate linkages.


knockout mouse

genetically engineered
genetically engineered

(biology, genetics) Any of several forms of mice that have been genetically engineered by inactivating specific genes


DNA ladder

(genetics) A reagent consisting of a solution of DNA of specified length; used in gel electrophoresis as a standard.


gene splicing

gene splicing (usually uncountable, plural gene splicings)

The feat was accomplished using the gene-splicing techniques known as recombinant DNA technology.

1980 January 19, “The Promise of Gene-Splicing”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(genetics) A technique in which fragments of DNA (often from different individuals or species) are combined to form recombinant DNA, especially as a part of genetic engineering.


derepressed

en-adj

derepressed (comparative more derepressed, superlative most derepressed)

more derepressed (comparative)
most derepressed (superlative)

(genetics, of a gene) activated by the removal of a repressor


heteroallele

(genetics) Any of several alternative forms of a gene that differ at different mutation sites.


allopolyploidy

Several important crops such as wheat, cotton and canola are of allopolyploidy that contains two or more divergent genomes, and some plants and animals exist as interspecific hybrids.

2008 November 23, Zhongfu Ni, et al., “Altered circadian rhythms regulate growth vigour in hybrids and allopolyploids”, Nature Volume 457 No. 7227, doi:10.1038/nature07523

(genetics) A form of polyploidy (having more than the usual number of chromosomes) that results from the interbreeding of different species.

alopoliploidia

polyploidy that results from the interbreeding of different species


indel

The observation that indels are enriched in linker relative to core sequence is also difficult to reconcile with a model of linker sequence conservation, because sites that are constrained for substitutions are also likely to be constrained for indel events.

2009 January 16, Colin A M Semple, Martin S Taylor, “MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: The Structure of Change”, in Science, volume 323, number 5912:

(genetics) Either an insertion or deletion mutation in the genetic code.


backcross

en-verb

backcross (third-person singular simple present backcrosses, present participle backcrossing, simple past and past participle backcrossed)

backcrosses (present singular third-person)
backcrossing (participle present)
backcrossed (participle past)
backcrossed (past)

(genetics) To cross a hybrid with one of its parents.


backcross

(genetics) The act of crossing a hybrid with one of its parents.

(genetics) An organism produced by such a crossing.


transactivator

(genetics) An endogenous cellular or viral protein that triggers transactivation.


dsDNA

en-noun

dsDNA (countable and uncountable, plural dsDNAs)

(genetics) Initialism of double-stranded DNA.


rDNA

Initialism of ribosomal / recombinant DNA.


rRNA

en-noun

rRNA (countable and uncountable, plural rRNAs)


morphant

(genetics) Any organism that has been treated with a morpholino to alter the expression of a gene


transconjugant

(genetics) An organism (especially a bacterium) that has incorporated DNA from another via conjugation


segregant

en-adj

segregant (comparative more segregant, superlative most segregant)

more segregant (comparative)
most segregant (superlative)


segregant

(genetics) An organism that is the result of segregation; a segregate


archaeogenetic

(archaeology, genetics) Of or pertaining to archaeogenetics


archaeogenetics

(archaeology, genetics) The application of population genetics to archaeology

archeogenetika

the application of population genetics to archaeology


Bioconductor

(genetics) An open source software project for the analysis and comprehension of genomic data.


cladogenesis

en-noun

cladogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural cladogeneses)

(genetics) An evolutionary splitting event in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a clade