coexpression

coexpression (countable and uncountable, plural coexpressions)

(genetics) The simultaneous expression of two or more genes.


cosegregated

en-adj

cosegregated (comparative more cosegregated, superlative most cosegregated)

more cosegregated (comparative)
most cosegregated (superlative)

(genetics) transmitted to the next generation along with another


radixin

(genetics) Synonym of RDX gene Ellipsis of radixin gene. A human gene, for a cytoskeletal protein resembling ezrin and moesin that may be important in linking actin to the plasma membrane.


ezrin

(genetics) Synonym of EZR gene Ellipsis of ezrin gene. A human gene that encodes a cytoplasmic peripheral membrane protein serving as an intermediate between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton.


moesin

Acronym of membrane-organizing extension spike protein + -in (“protein”)

suffix

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">protein</i>

(genetics) Synonym of MSN gene Ellipsis of moesin gene. A human gene, localized to filopodia and other membranous protrusions.


cytotype

(genetics) An individual of a species that has a different chromosomal factor to another (e.g. haploid versus diploid).


polyphenic

Both types of threshold mechanism have been shown to couple horn growth with nutrition in scarab beetles and are considered facultative (polyphenic) regulatory processes, and preliminary evidence suggested that they might sometimes both be present in the same species.

2009 February 6, J. Mark Rowland, Douglas J. Emlen, “Two Thresholds, Three Male Forms Result in Facultative Male Trimorphism in Beetles”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 773–776:

(genetics) Having multiple phenotypes that can arise as a result of differing environmental conditions.


hypomodified

en-adj

hypomodified (comparative more hypomodified, superlative most hypomodified)

more hypomodified (comparative)
most hypomodified (superlative)

(biochemistry, genetics) modified to an abnormally small degree


immunophenotype

(genetics) The immunological and genetic characteristics of an organism.


microsynteny

en-noun

microsynteny (countable and uncountable, plural microsyntenies)

(genetics) A form of synteny involving only a few genes


misincorporation

misincorporation (countable and uncountable, plural misincorporations)


misincorporated

en-adj

misincorporated (comparative more misincorporated, superlative most misincorporated)

more misincorporated (comparative)
most misincorporated (superlative)


macrosynteny

(genetics) A form of synteny involving a large number of genes


mutagenized

mutagenized (comparative more mutagenized, superlative most mutagenized)

more mutagenized (comparative)
most mutagenized (superlative)

(genetics) Mutated under the influence of a mutagen.


multiloop

If multiloops are to be treated as interior loops, then the use of a linear rule as an approximation will penalize larger multiloops more than the logarithmically increasing interior loop energies would.

1989, Michael S. Waterman, Mathematical methods for DNA sequences:

(genetics) A loop with three or more closing pairs.


antitermination

(genetics) A mechanism that prevents premature termination of DNA transcription.

antiterminação

a mechanism that prevents premature termination of DNA transcription


enhanceosome

(biochemistry, genetics) A protein complex that binds to the enhancer region of a gene


megaprimer

(genetics) A mutagenesis technique that uses three oligonucleotide primers to perform two rounds of polymerase chain reaction


mitogenomics

(genetics) The study of the complete genome of the mitochondrion of an organism


nucleofection

en-noun

nucleofection (countable and uncountable, plural nucleofections)

(genetics) A technique for the transfection of nucleic acids into cells.


pleitropic

en-adj

pleitropic (comparative more pleitropic, superlative most pleitropic)

more pleitropic (comparative)
most pleitropic (superlative)

(genetics) Describing a gene that has multiple, often unrelated effects


pericentric

pericentric (comparative more pericentric, superlative most pericentric)

more pericentric (comparative)
most pericentric (superlative)

(genetics) Of or pertaining to the centromere of a chromosome


double-stranded

(genetics) That have two helical strands of nucleic acid that wind around each other and are connected by hydrogen bonds.


synaptophysin

(genetics) A human gene that encodes a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein.


polycistronic

polycistronic (comparative more polycistronic, superlative most polycistronic)

more polycistronic (comparative)
most polycistronic (superlative)

(genetics, of mRNA) Encoding multiple different polypeptides.


polyploidization

en-noun

polyploidization (countable and uncountable, plural polyploidizations)

(genetics) hybridization that leads to polyploidy


abasic

(genetics, biochemistry) Missing a nucleotide base


cotranscription

cotranscription (countable and uncountable, plural cotranscriptions)

(genetics) The simultaneous transcription of two or more genes.


haplodeficient

(genetics) Describing a gene that is mutant or absent in one diploid copy.


cosegregating

(genetics) Describing closely linked genes that are inherited together.


congression

congression (countable and uncountable, plural congressions)

/kənˈɡɹɛʃən/

(genetics) The movement of chromosomes to the spindle equator during mitosis


backcrossing

backcrossing (countable and uncountable, plural backcrossings)

(genetics) The crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent.


generich

en-adj

generich (comparative more generich, superlative most generich)

more generich (comparative)
most generich (superlative)

(genetics) Having a higher than normal concentration of genes


codominant

A and B are ‘co-dominant’ versions of the same gene, O being the ‘recessive’ form of it.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 137:

(genetics) Describing two or more alleles that are equally dominant.


codominance

(genetics) A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other.


recombineering

(genetics) A technique, modelled on natural homologous recombination, used to systematically modify DNA


recombinogenic

(genetics) Giving rise to recombinant DNA


riboprobe

(genetics) A segment of RNA that is used to probe for a complementary sequence of nucleotides in a DNA or mRNA.


scaRNA

small Cajal body-specific RNA
w:small Cajal body-specific RNA

(genetics) Abbreviation of small Cajal body-specific RNA.


siRNA

en-noun

siRNA (countable and uncountable, plural siRNAs)

small interfering RNA
small interfering RNA

short interfering RNA
short interfering RNA

(genetics) small interfering RNA (or short interfering RNA or silencing RNA)


exome

(genetics) The complete exon content of an organism or individual; the subset of the genome that excludes introns.


subgenomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to a subgenome or to subgenomics


subgenome

(genetics) A subset of a genome, especially one that has a specific function


subtelomere

(genetics) A section of a chromosome immediately adjacent to a telomere


syntelic

(genetics) Describing a chromosome orientation in which both sister kinetochores are attached to the same spindle


karyogram

(genetics) A graphical representation of a karyotype.

cariogramma

a graphical representation of a karyotype


chromonema

(genetics) The central coiled filament of a chromatid upon which the chromomeres lie


chromomere

The nucleus contains the following more or less distinct parts: chromioles, chromomeres, chromosomes, chromoplasts, linoplasts, linin, chromoplasm, endochromatic granules, and parachromatic granules.

1900 January 14, Gustav Eisen, “A Preliminary Account of the Spermatogenesis of Batrachoseps attenuatus, Polymorphous spermatogonia, Auxocytes and Spermatocytes”, in Biological Bulletin, volume 1, number 2:

(genetics) Any of a group of beadlike granules of chromatin that constitutes a chromosome during cell division.

kulayputol

any of a group of beadlike granules of chromatin that constitutes a chromosome during cell division


Mendelian

(genetics) Of or relating to Gregor Mendel or his theories of genetics

mendélien

of or relating to Gregor Mendel or his theories of genetics


minisatellite

(genetics) A short series of bases that reoccurs many times in a genome


nulliploidy

(genetics) The condition of being nulliploid


nulliploid

(genetics) Describing a cell that has no chromosomes


autoploidy

(genetics) The condition of being autoploid


autoploid

(genetics) Describing a cell (or individual) that has multiple copies of a set of haploid chromosomes from a single parent


semiconservative

(genetics) Describing the process of DNA replication in which the two strands of the molecule separate, each acting as a template for the formation of a complementary new strand.


transchromosomal

(genetics) Describing a cell or individual having one or more chromosomes (or fragments) transferred from a different species.


transcriptosome

(genetics) A holocomplex of proteins involved in the transcription of nucleic acid


translocational

(genetics) Of or pertaining to translocation.


extragenomic

Plasmids are small circles of extragenomic DNA that exists and replicates independently from the bacterial chromosome.

(genetics) Describing any inherited genetic information that is not part of an organism's genome


recombinational

(genetics) Of or pertaining to genetic recombination.


roquin

(genetics) A gene, mutation of which leads to the symptoms of lupus


biolistics

(genetics) The introduction of DNA into a plant or animal cell by coating it onto the surface of a pellet and firing it into the tissue at high velocity.


epiallele

(genetics) A specific DNA methylation pattern of a genetic locus.


optogenetics

(2006) Coined from optics and genetics by Karl Deisseroth and Mark J. Schnitzer in a review paper (K. Deisseroth, G. Feng, A. K. Majewska, G. Miesenböck, A. Ting, M. J. Schnitzer, Next-Generation Optical Technologies for Illuminating Genetically Targeted Brain Circuits, Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 41 (October 2006), pp. 10380–6).

It is the exquisite precision that can be achieved, without any destruction, that renders optogenetics such a powerful tool.

2021 July, Anthony David, “Knowing Me Knowing You”, in The Literary Review:

(genetics) A science that combines optics and genetics, aiming at controlling cellular processes with light. The cells are made responsive to light using genetics and then activated using specific wavelengths.


polythymidine

(genetics) A sequence of multiple thymidine nucleosides found in the intron


polyphenism

polyphenism (countable and uncountable, plural polyphenisms)

The focus of attention here is given to seasonal polyphenisms in adults which are closely linked to consistent switches in climate.

1993, Roger L. H. Dennis, Butterflies and Climate Change, page 127:

(genetics) The development of multiple, discrete phenotypes from a single genotype by organisms living in different environmental conditions.


RNA splicing

(genetics) A process in which the exons of a primary gene transcript, the pre-mRNA, are separated and reconnected so as to produce alternative ribonucleotide arrangements in the final mRNA


piggyBac

piggyback + an abbreviated form of baculovirus (?)

(genetics) A transposon used in genetic engineering


autopolyploid

en-adj

autopolyploid (comparative more autopolyploid, superlative most autopolyploid)

more autopolyploid (comparative)
most autopolyploid (superlative)

(genetics) Having more than two sets of chromosomes, derived from the same species, as a result of redoubling

autopoliploide

having more than two sets of chromosomes


shotgun proteomics

Analogous to (shotgun sequencing), in shotgun proteomics, complex protein mixtures are digested into peptides, analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry, and computer algoriths then map the peptides onto proteins to determine the original content of the mixture.

2005, Selene K Swanson, P. Michael, “The continuing evolution of shotgun proteomics”, in Drug Discovery Today:

(genetics) A laboratory method for the determining the identities of proteins in a mixture.


mispaired

mispaired (comparative more mispaired, superlative most mispaired)

more mispaired (comparative)
most mispaired (superlative)

(genetics) Describing a chain of nucleic acid containing nucleotides that are not complementary to those in the corresponding position of the other chain.


intergenic spacer

en-noun

intergenic spacer (plural intergenic spacers)

(genetics) A non-transcribed length of DNA separating repeated lengths of DNA containing genes encoding ribosomal rRNA with transcribed spacers.


genethics

(informal, genetics) The ethics of genetics


metatranscriptomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to metatranscriptomics


metatranscriptomics

(genetics, ecology) A branch of transcriptomics that studies, and correlates, the transcriptomes of a group of interacting organisms or species


psRNA

(genetics) Initialism of polysome-associated RNA.


dUTP

(genetics) Abbreviation of deoxyuridine triphosphate.


dTTP

(genetics) Initialism of deoxythymidine triphosphate.


sevenless

Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster#Translingual

(genetics) A gene in Drosophila melanogaster that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase protein essential to the development of R7 cells in the embryonic eye.


dicentric

(genetics) (of a chromosome) Having two centromeres (an aberration)


diseasome

(medicine, genetics) All the disorders and diseases of an organism, viewed as a whole, with special reference to genetic features


merotelic

(genetics) Describing the attachment of one kinetochore to more than 2 centrosomes.


missegregation

missegregation (countable and uncountable, plural missegregations)

(genetics) The faulty segregation of chromosomes.


genomic plasticity

In fact, these subtelomeric regions are sites of marked genomic plasticity and appear to serve as nurseries for generating new genes and enhancing genetic diversity.

2001, Orlando J. Miller, Eeva Therman, chapter 30, in Human Chromosomes, →ISBN, page 456:

(biology, genetics) The alterable nature of prokaryotic genomes that enables the fluid exchange of DNA from one microorganism to another and allows prokaryotes to adapt their genomes rapidly so they can survive changes in environmental conditions.


gene family

(genetics) A group of closely related genes that make similar gene products.


retrocyclin

retrocyclin (countable and uncountable, plural retrocyclins)

(biochemistry, genetics) An artificial human theta-defensin shown to be effective against HIV and other viruses.


MMR

MMR (countable and uncountable, plural MMRs)

(biology, genetics) Initialism of DNA mismatch repair


retrotranspose

en-verb

retrotranspose (third-person singular simple present retrotransposes, present participle retrotransposing, simple past and past participle retrotransposed)

retrotransposes (present singular third-person)
retrotransposing (participle present)
retrotransposed (participle past)
retrotransposed (past)

(genetics) To cause or to undergo retrotransposition.


duplicon

(genetics) A chromosome-specific low-copy repeat.


lowess

(genetics) Abbreviation of locally weighted robust scatterplot smoothing.


homeologous

en-adj

homeologous (comparative more homeologous, superlative most homeologous)

more homeologous (comparative)
most homeologous (superlative)

(genetics) Alternative spelling of homoeologous.


retrocopy

(genetics) A retrogene, copied from mRNA, that has lost all introns


retrogene

(genetics) A piece of DNA reverse transcribed from mRNA inserted into a random place in the genome.


retroduplication

reverse transcription
reverse transcription

(genetics) The reverse transcription of a gene from mRNA into a complementary DNA copy


retrotransposable

(genetics) Able to undergo retrotransposition


retroposition

en-noun

retroposition (countable and uncountable, plural retropositions)

(genetics) The insertion of a fragment of DNA into a chromosome following reverse transcription


retroposed

(genetics) inserted into a chromosome following reverse transcription


cosegregation

cosegregation (countable and uncountable, plural cosegregations)

(genetics) The transmission of two or more linked genes on a chromosome to the same daughter cell leading to the inheritance by the offspring of these genes together.


bicistron

(genetics) A second, coexpressed plasmid


biscistronic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to a bicistron


coadapted

(genetics) Describing a genetic adaptation that is the result of beneficial interactions between the organisms of a community.

(genetics) Describing the associated interactions between genes of different loci.


cosegregate

en-verb

cosegregate (third-person singular simple present cosegregates, present participle cosegregating, simple past and past participle cosegregated)

cosegregates (present singular third-person)
cosegregating (participle present)
cosegregated (participle past)
cosegregated (past)

(genetics, of genes and their markers) To segregate (be inherited) together


cotransfer

en-noun

cotransfer (countable and uncountable, plural cotransfers)

(genetics) The transfer of linked genes.


cotransfer

en-verb

cotransfer (third-person singular simple present cotransfers, present participle cotransferring, simple past and past participle cotransferred)

cotransfers (present singular third-person)
cotransferring (participle present)
cotransferred (participle past)
cotransferred (past)


xenologue

horizontal gene transfer
horizontal gene transfer

(genetics) A type of ortholog where the homologous sequences are found in different species because of horizontal gene transfer.


xenology

From xeno- + -logy. Coined prior to 1974 and later popularized by Robert Freitas.

(genetics) Homology from horizontal gene transfer.


-zygous

(genetics) Having a specified state of allele pairs in the nucleus.


deimination

(biochemistry, genetics) The removal or conversion of an imine group; especially the post-translational modification of the amino acid arginine in a protein into the amino acid citrulline


tetraloop

(genetics) A four-base hairpin loop motif in RNA secondary structure that caps many double helices


archaeogeneticist

(archaeology, genetics) A geneticist whose speciality is archaeogenetics

archeogenetikus

a geneticist whose speciality is archaeogenetics


homologous recombination

en-noun

homologous recombination (countable and uncountable, plural homologous recombinations)

(genetics) The exchange of DNA between regions of homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis.


pyrosequence

en-verb

pyrosequence (third-person singular simple present pyrosequences, present participle pyrosequencing, simple past and past participle pyrosequenced)

pyrosequences (present singular third-person)
pyrosequencing (participle present)
pyrosequenced (participle past)
pyrosequenced (past)

(transitive, genetics) To produce by pyrosequencing.


readthrough

(genetics) The situation where a modified stop codon allows transcription to continue beyond the usual point.


bithorax

bithorax complex
bithorax complex#English

(genetics) Only used in bithorax complex


bithorax complex

en-noun

bithorax complex (plural bithorax complexes)

(genetics) A complex of genes that controls segmentation in fly embryos


decapped

en-adj

decapped (comparative more decapped, superlative most decapped)

more decapped (comparative)
most decapped (superlative)

(genetics) Describing nucleic acid molecules from which a cap has been removed


multigenic

multigenic (comparative more multigenic, superlative most multigenic)

more multigenic (comparative)
most multigenic (superlative)

(genetics) Describing an inherited characteristic that is specified by a combination of multiple genes.


posttranscriptionally

(genetics) Subsequent to the transcription of RNA.


tetramutant

(genetics) A gene that has four mutations (often of the same type at different locations)


cisgenic

(genetics) Describing a genetic modification in which genes from other species are not involved

cisgeeninen

of genetic modification without using genes from other species


unknome

(genetics, neologism) The totality of genes of unknown function in a genome


translatome

(genetics) The totality of proteins formed by translation of mRNA


physiome

(genetics) The totality of physiological functions associated with the genes of a genome


chromo

HP1 shares an ~50-amino acid NH 2 -terminal sequence motif, the chromo domain, with polycomb, an important regulatory gene that functions in the stable repression of homeotic genes during Drosophila development (28 ).

1998 April 24, Angus I. Lamond, William C. Earnshaw, “Structure and Function in the Nucleus”, in Science, volume 280, number 5363, →DOI, pages 547–553:

To determine whether the conserved domains, the chromo, SET, and cysteine-rich regions, were also critical for Clr4 HMTase activity, we tested mutant Clr4 proteins for HMTase activity.

2001 April 6, Jun-ichi Nakayama et al., “Role of Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylation in Epigenetic Control of Heterochromatin Assembly”, in Science, volume 292, number 5514, →DOI, pages 110–113:

(genetics) Of or relating to the chromodomain, a protein structural domain associated with chromatin production


supergene

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supergene.wav

(genetics) A group of neighbouring genes on a chromosome that are inherited together because of close genetic linkage and are functionally related in an evolutionary sense.


QTL

(genetics) Initialism of quantitative trait locus: a locus (gene) that is among the factors affecting a trait whose values of interest are continuous rather than merely two.


founder effect

The view that Navajo neuropathy was purely inherited continued to have its adherents. It did seem logical. There were multiple cases within families. The syndrome had appeared suddenly, the way a “founder effect” disease might.

2006 November 20, Judy Pasternak, “Oases in Navajo Desert Contained 'A Witch's Brew'”, in Los Angeles Times:

(genetics, evolutionary theory) A reduction in genetic diversity resulting when a population is descended from a small number of colonising ancestors.

تَأْثِير المُؤَسِّس

lessening of genetic variation when the entire population descends from a small number of founders


crispant

(genetics) A F0 generation mutant generated by CRISPR/Cas9-directed genome editing.


paraclade

(genetics) A group of paraphyletic or monophyletic evolutionary lineages


sense strand

(genetics) A strand of (two-stranded) DNA which is transcribed into mRNA.


oligogenic

(genetics, of a trait) Determined by a small number of genes


overdominance

(genetics) The case in which a heterozygote has a higher fitness or more extreme phenotype than either homozygote.


chromosomal localization

en-noun

chromosomal localization (plural chromosomal localizations)

Early genetic studies focused on the identification and chromosomal localization of genes that control readily observable characteristics, such as the eye color of Drosophila.

2000, Geoffrey M. Cooper, “Heredity, Genes, and DNA”, in The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2nd edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, page ch.3/sec.2:

(genetics) specified location on a chromosome in the context of a karyotype


gene product

Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against the period gene product, which influences biological rhythms in D. melanogaster, by using small synthetic peptides from the per sequence as immunogens.

1988 April 1, “Antibodies to the period gene product of drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system”, in Neuron, volume 1, number 2, page 141:

Certain gene functions, however, are inherently dosage-sensitive (Fisher and Scambler, 1994). These include:
* gene products that are part of a quantitative signaling system whose function depends on partial or variable occupancy of a receptor, DNA-binding site, etc.;
* gene products that compete with each other to determine a developmental or metabolic switch;
* gene products that co-operate with each other in interactions with fixed stoichiometry (such as the α and β globins or many structural proteins).
In each case the gene product is titrated against something else in the cell.

1999, Strachan, Tom and Read, Andrew, “Molecular Pathology”, in Human Molecular Genetics 2, →ISBN:

In this case, we find that the majority of the predicted protein matches the FMR1 gene product but that we have introduced some novel peptide sequence at the amino-terminal end as well as some near the carboxy terminus.

2009, The National Library of Medicine, “Exercises: Using Map Viewer”, in The NCBI Handbook, →OCLC:

(genetics) RNA or protein product of a gene


paternity test

(law, genetics) A test performed to determine the biological father of a child.


MAF

(genetics) Initialism of minor allele frequency: the frequency of the less-common allele at a SNP.


synthetic lethality

synthetic lethality (usually uncountable, plural synthetic lethalities)

(genetics) A type of genetic interaction in which two (or more) mutations which are not lethal when occurring singly in a cell are lethal when they occur together in the same cell.


polycentrism

polycentrism (usually uncountable, plural polycentrisms)

(genetics) (of a chromosomes, etc) the existence of multiple central parts


translocus

(genetics) Describing organisms created via the transfer of a chain locus


intra-allelic

en-adj

intra-allelic (comparative more intra-allelic, superlative most intra-allelic)

more intra-allelic (comparative)
most intra-allelic (superlative)

(genetics) Such that one allele affects the expression of another allele in the same gene locus.


half-blooded

(genetics) Having only one parent in common.

(genetics) Having parents of differing ethnicities.


mitogenomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to a mitogenome


derepress

en-verb

derepress (third-person singular simple present derepresses, present participle derepressing, simple past and past participle derepressed)

derepresses (present singular third-person)
derepressing (participle present)
derepressed (participle past)
derepressed (past)

(genetics) To activate a gene by the removal of a repressor


oncomir

(genetics, medicine) A form of microRNA involved in a cancer.


mixmer

(genetics) An oligomer consisting of alternating short stretches of LNA and DNA.


ERV

en-noun

ERV (countable and uncountable, plural ERVs)

Sequences derived from ERVs [...] appear to be heavily involved in gene regulatory networks.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, page 147:

endogenous retrovirus
endogenous retrovirus#English

(countable, virology, biology, genetics) Initialism of endogenous retrovirus.


probeset

(genetics) A collection of two or more probes that are designed to measure a single molecular species.


massive palindrome

massive palindrome (plural massive palindromes)

(genetics) Any of several very long palindromic stretches of DNA, especially those on the human Y-chromosome.


dysgenetic

en-adj

dysgenetic (comparative more dysgenetic, superlative most dysgenetic)

more dysgenetic (comparative)
most dysgenetic (superlative)

(genetics) Of, pertaining to, or causing dysgenesis.


plus-minus method

(genetics) A particular method of DNA sequencing, including first lengthening the DNA by means of DNA polymerase.


collinearity

en-noun

collinearity (countable and uncountable, plural collinearities)

(countable, genetics) The relationship between the linear sequence of codons in DNA and that of amino acids in the protein so coded


achaete

(genetics) A proneural gene, often associated with scute, that is required for the formation of many larval and adult sense organs


transregulator

(genetics) A transfected genetic regulator


thermocycling

(genetics) The use of a thermocycler to amplify DNA segments


monopartite

(genetics) Having a single strand of nucleic acid


trans-acting

transcription factor
transcription factor#English

(genetics) Describing transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes on a different chromosome.


cis-acting

(genetics) Describing transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes on the same chromosome.


benzonase

benzonase (countable and uncountable, plural benzonases)

Hydrolysis of nucleic acids for single-cell protein concentrates has been carried out in one step using immobilized benzonase on corn cob.

1991 October, J. M. Moreno, “Hydrolysis of nucleic acids in single-cell protein concentrates using immobilized benzonase”, in Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology volume, volume 31:

The volume of benzonase solution (ready-made solution of the manufacturer) necessary to digest the DNA in the pellet III suspension was determined experimentally.

1999, Andrew J. Link, 2-d Proteome Analysis Protocols, page 83:

Immobilized nucleases like benzonases on corncobs were also used to reduce the nucleic acid content in protein concentrates.

2000 October, P. Ravindra, Anupama, Value-added food:: Single cell protein, in Biotechnology Advances, volume 18, issue 6, pages 459-479

Treat the lung with benzonase to remove the remnant DNA:

2011, Charles Y. Lee, Korkut Uygun, Methods in Bioengineering: Organ Preservation and Reengineering, page 185:

Also, in many cases, enzymes like benzonases fail to completely remove nucleic acids from complexes due to inaccessibility of shorter nucleic acids buried in the refolded protein as demonstrated in this study.

2014 May 23, Muniasamy Neerathilingam, “Soni-removal of nucleic acids from inclusion bodies”, in Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, volume 448, number 1, page 45:

The new digestion protocol was designed based on the enzymatic combination of benzonase and P1 nucleases.

2015, Antonio Monari, Elise Dumont, Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu, Radiation-induced and oxidative DNA damages, page 42:

(genetics) An artificial endonuclease used to degrade DNA and RNA.


monocistronic

(genetics) Having or involving a single cistron


multicistronic

(genetics) Having or involving a multiple cistrons


multicopy

(genetics) Pertaining to, or producing, multiple copies of the same gene.


kbp

(genetics) Abbreviation of kilobase pair.


kilobase pair

(genetics) One thousand base pairs in succession (used as a measure of the size of a nucleic acid or a gene).


octaloop

(genetics) An eight-base hairpin loop motif


isogeneic

(genetics, medicine) Having the same genetic makeup and origin.


overgo

Mixtures of such specific "overgo" probes can be used to screen arrayed library filters by DNA-DNA hybridization [...].

1999, Birren & Green, Genome Analysis, page 207:

Hybridization of multiple overgoes produces many clones, perhaps 40 clones at a time.

2004, Detrich, Westerfield & Zon, The Zebrafish: Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, page 318:

(genetics) A sequence of overlapping oligonucleotides, used to design hybridization.


phosphosite

(biochemistry, genetics) A site (on a protein etc) responsible for, or associated with, phosphorylation


marry-in

* (genetics): From the verb to marry in.
* (protest): From marry + -in.

(genetics) A person who is on a family tree because he has married someone on the tree, and is not related by blood to anyone on the tree except his own descendants.


oligonucleosome

(genetics) A series of several nucleosomes


microcephalin

(genetics, biochemistry) A protein and associated gene responsible for microcephaly.


minicontig

(genetics) A fragment of DNA whose content is known, especially one of many such overlapping fragments that are analyzed in gene mapping


nonrecombining

(genetics) That does not undergo recombination


comobilization

(genetics) The mobilization of two genes simultaneously


reduction division

reduction division (countable and uncountable, plural reduction divisions)

(biology, genetics, cytology) the first of the two divisions of meiosis, a type of cell division.

diviziune reducțională

(biology, genetics, cytology) meiosis as a whole, a type of cell division.


miniplasmid

(genetics) A plasmid that has been reduced in size


integron

(genetics) A system of gene capture and dissemination


sexlinked

(genetics, of an allele) Whose phenotypic expression is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual.


hypomodification

hypomodification (usually uncountable, plural hypomodifications)

(genetics) An abnormally small modification.


metafectene

(biochemistry, genetics) A polycationic transfection reagent based on liposome technology


spadetail

(biology, genetics) A mutation (and associated gene) affecting the trunk mesoderm in some fish embryos.


electrotransfer

(biology, genetics) the use of electroporation to transfer genetic material into cells


exonization

exonization (countable and uncountable, plural exonizations)

(genetics) Recruiting of a new exon from non-protein-coding, intronic DNA sequences.


sociogenomics

(sociology, genetics) The study of the effect of the gene pool of a society on its behaviour


intronization

(genetics) The addition of introns into coding sequences


ambisense

(genetics) Describing single-stranded, viral RNA, part of which has a positive sense and part negative.


pentaploid

(genetics) That has five haploid sets of chromosomes


endoreduplication

endoreduplication (countable and uncountable, plural endoreduplications)

(genetics) The replication of chromosomes without mitotic cell division.


mutagenize

en-verb

mutagenize (third-person singular simple present mutagenizes, present participle mutagenizing, simple past and past participle mutagenized)

mutagenizes (present singular third-person)
mutagenizing (participle present)
mutagenized (participle past)
mutagenized (past)


genotypification

(genetics) The typification of genotypes


polycistron

(genetics) A group of mRNAs expressed from a single transcription unit


proneuronal

(biology, genetics) That gives rise to neurons


semiallogeneic

(genetics) Partially allogeneic, i.e. sharing some, but not all genes.


polyplex

(genetics) Any complex of a polymer and DNA, especially one designed to protect the DNA when being injected into a cell as part of gene therapy


retrotranscription

reverse transcription
reverse transcription#English

(genetics) Synonym of reverse transcription.


homoduplex

en-noun

homoduplex (plural homoduplexes or homoduplices)

homoduplexes (plural)
homoduplices (plural)

(genetics) A DNA duplex having precisely complementary bases in the two strands


neocentromere

(genetics) A functioning centromere in a new location


pseudoagouti

(biology, genetics) Describing animals with some, but not all agouti genes or characteristics


homodiploid

(genetics) Describing a chromosome consisting of two identical strands


subcongenic

(genetics) Describing a subset of a congenic sequence


commaless

Because no intervening bases exist between codons, the code is commaless.

2007, Mary Campbell, Biochemistry, page 332:

(genetics) Being a code of a kind that encodes a sequence of items without delimiting markers between them.


cSNP

(genetics) A coding SNP (polymorphic base pair).


genomovar

(genetics) Any strain of an organism that is genetically different from another although it shows no phenotypical difference


proxygene

(genetics) A full-length protein that has high local similarity with a specific short length of nucleic acid


metatranscriptome

From meta- + transcriptome or metatranscript + -ome.

(genetics, ecology) The transcriptome of a group of interacting organisms or species


phylome

(genetics) The complete set of gene phylogenies of an individual or organism


pseudoexon

(genetics) A sequence of nucleic acid bases that has the characteristics of an exon but takes no part in the splicing of genes.


hyperdiploid

(genetics) Having more than the usual diploid number of chromosomes; hyperploid with respect to a diploid species genome.


antigenome

(genetics) The complementary strand of RNA from which the genome of a virus is constructed

antigenoma

the complementary strand of RNA from which the genome of a virus or viroid is constructed


adductome

(genetics) the totality of DNA adducts in an individual


codeletion

codeletion (countable and uncountable, plural codeletions)

(genetics) The deletion of two genes simultaneously


translational bioinformatics

(genetics, biology, computing) The branch of bioinformatics that uses genomic data as its source


mendelize

en-verb

mendelize (third-person singular simple present mendelizes, present participle mendelizing, simple past and past participle mendelized)

mendelizes (present singular third-person)
mendelizing (participle present)
mendelized (participle past)
mendelized (past)

From Mendel + -ize, from Gregor Mendel, an Austro-Hungarian priest and scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the new science of genetics. Mendel showed that the inheritance of certain traits follows particular laws, which were later named after him.

(genetics) To be inherited according to Mendel's laws.

mendelöidä

to be inherited according to Mendel's laws


FAT

en-noun

FAT (countable and uncountable, plural FATs)

(genetics, biochemistry) Any of a series of genes and their equivalent proteins that are associated with cell proliferation.


diplont

(genetics) An organism having a diploid number of chromosomes in its cells


PIGS

(genetics) Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class S, a human gene.


conjugant

(genetics) A gamete that undergoes conjugation


equation division

equation division (plural equation divisions)

(biology, genetics, cytology) The second of the two divisions of meiosis, a type of cell division.


looptail

a looptail mutant mouse

(genetics, anatomy) Having a loop at its tail.


headful

(genetics) That fills the head of a phage


short tandem repeat

short tandem repeat (plural short tandem repeats)

(genetics) A pattern in DNA where two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other, used in determining genetic profiles to identify an individual.


autozygome

(genetics) The complete set of genomic regions that are identical by descent in an individual.


SHH

(genetics) Initialism of sonic hedgehog gene (gene encoding for the protein "sonic hedgehog")


DSI

Alongside the nature targets, countries reached a historic agreement to develop a financial mechanism for sharing the benefits from drug discoveries, vaccines and food products that come from digital forms of biodiversity, known as digital sequence information or DSI, after rows about biopiracy in the lead-up to Cop15.

2022 December 19, Patrick Greenfield, Phoebe Weston, “Cop15: historic deal struck to halt biodiversity loss by 2030”, in The Guardian:

digital sequence information
w:digital sequence information

(genetics) Initialism of digital sequence information.


centrophilic

en-adj

centrophilic (comparative more centrophilic, superlative most centrophilic)

more centrophilic (comparative)
most centrophilic (superlative)

(genetics) (of a chromosome) Tending to cluster near the centre of a mitotic spindle.


non-coding RNA

(genetics) An RNA molecule which is not translated into a protein.


ncRNA

(genetics) non-coding RNA (or a segment of it)


mobilome

(genetics) The entirety of the mobile (transposable) elements of a genome.


OOA

en-noun

OOA (countable and uncountable, plural OOAs)

(genetics, paleontology) Initialism of Out of Africa (hypothesis).


polysomatic

en-adj

polysomatic (comparative more polysomatic, superlative most polysomatic)

more polysomatic (comparative)
most polysomatic (superlative)

(genetics) Having both polyploid and diploid cells in the same tissue


piRNA

piwi-interacting RNA
piwi-interacting RNA#English

(genetics) Abbreviation of piwi-interacting RNA.


syngenetic

(genetics) Of, pertaining to, or arising from syngenesis


syngenesis

(genetics) The genetic origin of an individual derived from material from both parents (by sexual reproduction).


X-linked

(genetics) Associated with the X chromosome.


melanophilin

(genetics) A carrier protein that encodes a member of the exophilin subfamily of Rab effector proteins.


noncrossover

The 10 brown offspring constitute only one-half of the offspring produced by noncrossover maternal gametes. Therefore, we estimate that 10 of the white individuals were also produced by noncrossover maternal gametes.

2002, Susan L. Elrod, William D. Stansfield, Schaum's outline of theory and problems of genetics:


antiterminate

en-verb

antiterminate (third-person singular simple present antiterminates, present participle antiterminating, simple past and past participle antiterminated)

antiterminates (present singular third-person)
antiterminating (participle present)
antiterminated (participle past)
antiterminated (past)

(genetics) To override the termination of DNA transcription.


superexpression

en-noun

superexpression (countable and uncountable, plural superexpressions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superexpression.wav


unichromosomal

(genetics) Of, pertaining to, or based upon a single chromosome


superdominant

en-adj

superdominant (comparative more superdominant, superlative most superdominant)

more superdominant (comparative)
most superdominant (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superdominant.wav

If the collection of ten polymorphic loci contains both dominant and superdominant loci, the graph comprises the same line segment for any ratio of dominant and superdominant loci.

1992, Soviet Genetics - Volume 28, Issues 1-6, page 820:

Suppose a “superdominant” Y chromosome arose that could not be feminized by X*.

2009, Robert Trivers, Austin Burt, Genes in Conflict: The Biology of Selfish Genetic Elements, →ISBN, page 87:

(genetics) Controlling or enhancing the expression of another pair of genes or chromosomes.


phene

en-noun

phene (usually uncountable, plural phenes)

Proposed 1836 by French scientist Auguste Laurent as an alternative name for benzene, from French phène, from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “bring to light, cause to appear, show”).

der

Coordinate term: gene

This phene has a dominant influence on phosphorus acquisition.

2011 May 24, Jonathan P. Lynch, “Root Phenes for Enhanced Soil Exploration and Phosphorus Acquisition: Tools for Future Crops”, in Plant Physiology:

(genetics) A genetically determined phenotype.


metaproteome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metaproteins of an organism.


unsilence

en-verb

unsilence (third-person singular simple present unsilences, present participle unsilencing, simple past and past participle unsilenced)

unsilences (present singular third-person)
unsilencing (participle present)
unsilenced (participle past)
unsilenced (past)

(transitive, genetics) To activate (a dormant or repressed gene).


quasidominance

(genetics) The dominance (repetitive appearance through generations) in a population of a recessive trait because of repeated consanguineous matings.


quasidominant

(genetics) Of or pertaining to quasidominance


transposant

(genetics) Any organism that has a transposon in its genome


metagene

(genetics) An aggregate pattern of gene expression


gene bank

(genetics) A repository for genetic material


intermutation

Most mutations in this genome have an intermutation distance of about 10⁵ bp to about 10⁶ bp, but the plot clearly shows a major region of hypermutation roughly centered on mutation position 4000 (corresponding to a 14 Mb region on the long arm of chromosome 6), where there is an extraodinary cluster of C • T mutations (red dots) that are spaced from their nearest neighbors by very short distances (often 100 bp or less).

2022, Tom Strachan, Anneke Lucassen, Genetics and Genomics in Medicine:


MDNA

mitochondrial DNA
mitochondrial DNA#English

(genetics) Alternative spelling of mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)


locked nucleic acid

en-noun

locked nucleic acid (plural locked nucleic acids)

(biochemistry, genetics) a synthetic form of RNA, in which the ribose is modified to be locked into a specific conformation by adding extra chemical bonding.


nDNA

nDNA (countable and uncountable, plural nDNAs)

(genetics) nuclear DNA (the DNA found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells)


desoxyribose nucleic acid

desoxyribose nucleic acid (plural desoxyribose nucleic acids)

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid#English

(genetics) Archaic form of deoxyribonucleic acid.


ribose nucleic acid

ribose nucleic acid (plural ribose nucleic acids)


deoxyribose nucleic acid

deoxyribose nucleic acid (plural deoxyribose nucleic acids)

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(genetics, archaic) deoxyribonucleic acid


polyallelic

(genetics) Having multiple alleles at a genetic locus


polyallelism

(genetics) The presence of multiple alleles at a genetic locus


nRNA

(genetics) nuclear RNA (the RNA found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells)


dispersive model

dispersive model (plural dispersive models)

(genetics) A model of DNA replication in which two new DNA molecules are produced containing regions of either both original, or both new, strands.


conservative model

conservative model (plural conservative models)

(genetics) A model of DNA replication that leaves intact the original DNA molecule.


primary transcript

primary transcript (plural primary transcripts)

(genetics) The RNA molecule that is produced by transcription of DNA, before splicing or polyadenylation


reading frame

(genetics) Any of three possible sequences of codons in which an RNA sequence could be translated.


template strand

template strand (plural template strands)

(genetics) The noncoding strand of a DNA molecule that is used as a template for RNA synthesis


leading strand

(genetics) The strand of DNA that is synthesized during replication

前导链

a strand of new DNA which is synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork


lagging strand

(genetics) The strand of DNA that is replicated from the 5' to the 3' direction.

后随链

a strand of new DNA whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork


genomic equivalence

(genetics) The concept that all cells in an organism contain identical genes.


terabase

(genetics) An amount of genetic sequence data equivalent to 10¹² base pairs


TATA box

Wikiversity TATA box (canonical)
TATA boxes (plural)

From the DNA consensus sequence 5'-TATA(A/T)A(A/T)-3'.

(genetics) A DNA sequence (cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes.


exon shuffling

exon shuffling (usually uncountable, plural exon shufflings)

(genetics) The proposed mixing of different exons either within a gene or between two nonallelic genes.


alternative RNA splicing

(genetics) A process by which the exons of the RNA produced by transcription of a gene (a primary gene transcript or pre-mRNA) are reconnected in multiple ways during RNA splicing, so as to allow production of multiple forms of protein from one gene.


transcription factor

transcription factor (plural transcription factors)

(molecular biology, genetics) A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA.


hox gene

(genetics) Any of the genes in the vertebrate homeobox.


central dogma

(genetics, singular only) The principle that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.


diallel

Nine varieties were chosen for a diallel crossing

1970, David William Burrows, Snap-back and Lodging Studies of a Nine Barley Variety Diallel Cross, page 15:

The main difference with design II is that the same individuals are used as parents for the diallel mating design (individuals are used both as male and female).

1988, Arnel R. Hallauer, Marcelo J. Carena, J.B. Miranda Filho, Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding, second edition, →ISBN, page 119:

A series of diallel analyses (cf. Mather and Jinks, 1982) were performed to test for heterogeneity among lines of a given type.

1990, David E. Harrison, Genetic Effects on Aging, page 73:

The diallel mating design is particularly well suited to characterizing genetic effects of inbred lines and their hybrid combinations .

(genetics) Involving crosses between several or all possible combinations.


eRNA

(genetics) Abbreviation of enhancer RNA.


extragenic

(genetics) Occurring outside of a gene, or as a result of a different gene.


derepressible

(biochemistry, genetics) Able to cause, or to undergo derepression


osmoresponsive

(genetics) whose transcriptional expression is altered by changes in the osmolarity of the environment


ultrabithorax

(genetics) A particular homeobox protein and associated gene.


multiepitope

(immunology, genetics) Involving multiple epitopes


phosphatome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of phosphatases found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease


hypodiploid

(genetics) Having fewer than the diploid number of chromosomes


dideoxythymidine

dideoxythymidine (countable and uncountable, plural dideoxythymidines)

(biochemistry, genetics) The nucleoside consisting of a combination of dideoxyribose and thymine


diploidization

diploidization (countable and uncountable, plural diploidizations)

(genetics) The repeated loss of chromosomes by a tetraploid organism to become diploid


glycoproteome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of glycoproteins encoded by a particular genome.


iteron

(genetics) A repetitive sequence of DNA in some plasmids that is involved in the control of replication.


multiploid

(genetics) Having multiple copies of each chromosome; polyploid.


multiploid

(genetics) A cell or organism having multiple copies of each chromosome.


peptidome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of peptides encoded by a particular genome, or present within a particular cell type or organism


proteogenomics

(genetics) A field of study that encompasses proteomics and genomics.


multiploidization

(genetics) The process of becoming multiploid


pseudorecombined

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudorecombined.wav

(genetics) Formed by pseudorecombination


pseudorecombination

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudorecombination.wav

(genetics) The exchange of nucleic acid between two organisms (typically viruses)


amphiploid

(genetics) Having at least one diploid set of chromosomes from each parent species.


amphiploid

(genetics) Any organism having at least one diploid set of chromosomes from each parent species.


transplastomic

genetically modified
genetically modified

(genetics) Having genetically modified chloroplasts


antivenomics

(genetics) The study of the proteome of antivenoms


venomics

(genetics) The study of the proteome of venoms


miRNAome

(genetics) All the microRNA segments coded by a genome


modificomics

(biochemistry, genetics) The study of posttranslational modifications of the proteins associated with a particular genome


sister chromatid cohesion

(genetics) The coupling of replicated sister chromatids along the whole length of a chromosome


biclonal

(genetics) Having cell markers from two different cell lines


oligoclonal

(genetics) Relating to an oligoclone, or to just a few clones


foldback

foldback (countable and uncountable, plural foldbacks)

(genetics) A denatured (single-strand) DNA molecule that has formed base pair bonds with itself.

(genetics) A chromosome that contains sequences which support foldback; A DNA molecule with a base sequence or sequences that are repeated in reverse order.


meiome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of messenger RNA molecules (transcripts) produced in a cell that is undergoing meiosis.


ROH

runs of homozygosity
runs of homozygosity#English

(genetics) Initialism of runs of homozygosity.


semilethal

(biology, genetics, of a trait) lethal to at least half of all affected organisms


dysexpression

(genetics) faulty expression (of a protein)


multiread

(genetics, genetic mapping) A read (sequence) that maps to multiple locations


misrepair

misrepair (countable and uncountable, plural misrepairs)

/mɪsɹɪˈpɛə(ɹ)/

It is clear that "misrepair" can occur by mechanisms which are not the same for all types of damage.

2012, Peter Cerutti, Anticarcinogenesis and Radiation Protection, page 325:

Lesions for which repair or misrepair systems exist will have increased probabilities of repair or misrepair as the time between lesion formation and DNA replication increases.

2013, A. D. Woodhead, Assessment of Risk from Low-Level Exposure to Radiation and Chemicals, page 178:

This suggests that the probability of misrepair increases with increasing dose.

2013, Oddvar F. Nygaard, Warren K. Sinclair, John T. Lett, Effects of Low Dose and Low Dose Rate Radiation, page 128:

Wang et al. suggest that ageing is the result of the accumulation of “misrepair.”

2017, P.K. Ray, Ageing a boon or a bane: Issues, Concerns and Remedies:

A repair that was done badly or wrongly.

(genetics) A faulty repair of DNA that produces genetic mutation.


prenylome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of prenylated compounds associated with a particular genome.


promoterless

(genetics) Without a promoter (type of DNA section).


treeness

If factors that contribute to a tree-like pattern of the variance–covariance matrix dominate the evolutionary picture over those that tend to destroy it, one can expect treeness to be reasonably high. Only if this is true, reconstruction of the evolutionary process by tree analysis and a tree representation for descriptive purposes can be useful.

1974, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, A. Piazza, “Analysis of Evolution: Evolutionary Rates, Independence and Treeness”, in Theoretical Population Biology, volume 8, page 159:

The computer programs used to generate “trees” from genetic distance data will do so regardless of what evolutionary factors generated the distances. It is therefore the obligation of the users of such programs to ensure that the genetic distance data have the properties of treeness before representing their data as a tree.

1999, Alan R. Templeton, “Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective”, in American Anthropologist, volume 100, pages 638–639:

Failing to statistically test for treeness, they reify the evolutionary trajectories assumed at the outset.

2007, Gísli Pálsson, Anthropology and the New Genetics, Cambridge University Press,, →ISBN, page 184:

(genetics) The suitability of an evolutionary tree for representing the structure of a population; the degree to which a population structure can be accurately described as a tree of descent, with different branches evolving independently after they split.

puumaisuus

genetics: degree to which a population structure can be described as a tree


allelicity

transcription factor
transcription factor

(genetics) The degree to which the behaviour of a transcription factor is allele-specific


subfragment

(biochemistry, genetics) A subsection of a fragment (of nucleic acid etc)


isogroup

(genetics) An assembled transcription sequence approximately equivalent to a gene


minimotif

(genetics) A short contiguous peptide motif


electropherogram

(genetics) A plot of sequence data obtained via electrophoresis


pancentromeric

(genetics) Sensitive to both centromere-positive (aneugenic) and centromere-negative (clastogenic) events


pyrotagging

(genetics) sequencing by means of pyrotags


pyrotag

(genetics) A sequence derived from 454 pyrosequencing of PCR-based small subunit ribosomal RNA amplicons.


pangenome

Unlike the previous reference […] the new “pangenome” incorporates near-complete genetic sequences from 47 men and women of diverse origins, including African Americans, Caribbean Islanders, East Asians, West Africans and South Americans. […] But in due course, experts said, the pangenome will revolutionize the field of genomic medicine.

2023 May 10, Elie Dolgin, “Scientists Unveil a More Diverse Human Genome”, in The New York Times:

(genetics) The genome of all the strains of a particular clade (most commonly of bacteria and archaea).


paleome

(genetics) The genome of an extinct species


phylodynamics

(biology, genetics) the study of genetic variation in pathogens, and the affect of such variation on their transmission etc.


hexanucleotide

(genetics) a codon containing six nucleotides


ecoresponsive

(genetics) Whose gene expression is dependent on environmental variables.


heterochromosome

(genetics) A chromosome rich in heterochromatin


lampbrush

lampbrush chromosome
lampbrush chromosome

(genetics) Used attributively to refer to lampbrush chromosomes


karyomorph

(genetics) A form of individual having a specific karyotype.


lampbrush chromosome

lampbrush chromosome (plural lampbrush chromosomes)

(genetics) A form of chromosome formed of a series of chromomeres with large chromatin loops extended laterally


microchromosome

(genetics) A very small chromosome found in birds and some reptiles


terminalize

en-verb

terminalize (third-person singular simple present terminalizes, present participle terminalizing, simple past and past participle terminalized)

terminalizes (present singular third-person)
terminalizing (participle present)
terminalized (participle past)
terminalized (past)

(genetics) (of the bonds between paired chromosomes) To move towards the ends of the chromosomes during meiosis


subtelocentric

(genetics) (of a chromosome) having the centromere closer to one end than to the centre


cytoband

(genetics, cytology) Any of a pattern of bands, formed on chromosomes of cells undergoing metaphase, that serve to identify particular chromosomes


hypotriploid

(genetics) Having fewer than three chromosomes


hypoploid

(genetics) Having a number of chromosomes that is less than an exact multiple of the haploid number


hyperploid

(genetics) Having a number of chromosomes that exceeds an exact multiple of the haploid number


trihelix

(genetics) Any of a family of transcription factors found in Arabidopsis and other organisms


intersubtype

(genetics) A recombinant formed of subtypes


ODP

Coordinate term: TDP

(genetics) Initialism of origin decision point.


antioncogene

(genetics) Any gene that suppresses the formation of tumours

antioncogene

any gene that suppresses the formation of tumours


cryptopolyploidy

(genetics) The condition of being cryptopolyploid (being polyploid while appearing to be diploid)


cryptopolyploid

(genetics) polyploid while appearing to be diploid


depurination

(biochemistry, genetics) The removal, by hydrolysis, of a purine base from DNA


eigenmetabolite

(genetics) The group of metabolites associated with a specific eigengene


eigengene

1999, Orly Alter et al., ‘‘Singular Value Decomposition for Gene Expression Data Processing and Modeling.’’ In: After the Genome V (October 6–10, 1999, Jackson Hole, WY), published by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI).
We describe the use of singular value decomposition in transforming gene expression data from genes/arrays space to ‘‘eigengenes’’/‘‘eigenarrays’’ space, where the eigengenes and eigenarrays are unique orthonormal superpositions of the genes and arrays, respectively.

(genetics, mathematics, physics) One of a set of right singular vectors of a genes x samples matrix that tabulates, e.g., the mRNA or gene expression of the genes across the samples.


interplatform

(genetics) Between microarray platforms.


intraplatform

(genetics) Within a microarray platform.


electrotransformation

(genetics) The transformation of the genetic material of an organism by means of electrotransfer


electrotransformed

en-adj

electrotransformed (comparative more electrotransformed, superlative most electrotransformed)

more electrotransformed (comparative)
most electrotransformed (superlative)

(genetics) transformed via electrotransformation (or by electrotransfer)


gerontogene

(informal, genetics) Any gene that is involved in the regulation of aging and life span


homoallele

(genetics) Any of several alternative forms of a particular gene


ribotyping

(genetics) The analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of rRNA genes in order to differentiate between species etc.


digenic

(genetics) Produced by (the interaction of) two genes.


autoloop

(genetics) An autoregulatory loop (in a gene regulatory network).


extratelomeric

(genetics) Describing additional functions of telomerases that do not affect telomers


multiserotype

(genetics) Concerning, or containing multiple serotypes


pleiohomeotic

(biochemistry, genetics) A protein, with associated gene, that can link polycomb to DNA and mediate transcriptional repression


immunogenetic

(immunology, genetics) Relating to immunogenetics


multiallelic

(genetics) Relating to, or affected by multiple alleles or genes


aminogram

(biochemistry, genetics) A diagram that shows the amino acid composition of a peptide or protein


superintegron

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superintegron.wav

(genetics) An integron with a long gene cassette array


microvariant

(genetics) An allele that contains an incomplete repeat unit.


phosphomutant

(biochemistry, genetics) A mutant protein that is a phosphoprotein, wherein the mutation changes one or more amino acids modifiable by phosphorylation into non-phosphorylatable residues.


transdominant

(genetics, of a mutation) That can control the expression of a structural gene on another chromosome


mutant protein

(biochemistry, genetics) Any protein produced via a mutated gene


resistome

(genetics, medicine) All the genes (in a bacterium) that confer resistance to antibiotics


telotrisomic

(genetics) Having an extra chromosome segment


telosomic

(genetics) having one segment of a chromosome missing

(genetics) relating to a telosome or to telosomics


telosome

(genetics) A nuclear telomere cap complex that is formed by the association of telomeric proteins.


microcollinearity

(genetics) collinearity of very short sequences


ditelosomic

(genetics) Having a segment missing from two chromosomes


tetrasomic

(genetics) Having four copies of a particular chromosome

Sex chromosome abnormalities occur in at least 1 in 400 births and include the well-described 47,XXX, 47,XXY, 47,XYY, and 45,X karyotypes. The addition of more than one extra X or Y chromosome occurs rarely, and little information is available in the medical literature. Individual case reports make up most of this body of knowledge, and all are based on subjects who identified themselves postnatally. Many were ascertained through screenings of institutions and hospitals; thus, there is no unbiased information on the natural history of poly X and Y karyotypes. A direct relationship between the number of additional sex chromosomes and the severity of the phenotype is generally assumed. The purpose of this article is to summarize what is known about these conditions and to present 10 additional cases. The karyotypes include, 48,XXXX, 49,XXXXX, 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY, 49,XXXXY, 49,XXXYY, 48,XYYY, 49,XYYYY, and 49,XXYYY.

2025 October 4, Linden, Mary G, Bender, Bruce G, Robinson, Arthur, “Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy”, in Pediatrics, volume 96, number 4, →DOI, pages 672-682:


antirepression

(genetics) The action of antagonizing a repressor


(genetics) A regulatory and RNA gene responsible for hand and opposable thumb development in humans.


(genetics) regulatory gene and RNA gene responsible for the development of throat structures; in humans, those related to speech.


(genetics) A regulatory and RNA gene responsible for brain development.


LCT

(genetics) A gene responsible for encoding lactase; mutations in this gene are responsible for adults' ability to digest lactose.


chromothripsis

From Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour”) (referring to English chromo(some)) + θρίψις (thrípsis, “shattering into pieces”) (from τρίβω (tríbō, “I rub”).

But for 2—3% of cancers, particularly bone cancer (up to 25%), recent evidence suggests that a single event of chromothripsis involving one or a few chromosomes leads to multiple gene rearrangements (in some cases tens to hundreds) that can disrupt tumor suppressor genes and/or produce oncogenic fusion genes.

2012, Lauren Pecorino, Molecular Biology of Cancer: Mechanisms, Targets, and Therapeutics, page 24:

Another new phenomenon described by Stephens et al.[86] is called “chromothripsis”. Chromothripsis describes a massive genomic rearrangement in one or more chromosomes in a single catastrophic event during the cells' history,

2014, Asfar Azmi, Molecular Diagnostics and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer, page 113:

Some of the characteristics of chromothripsis are oscillating copy number changes, clustering of breakpoints, localized rearrangements involving one or a part of a chromosome, and complex rearrangements.

2015, Anders M. Lindroth, Yoon Jung Park, Christoph Plass, “Epigenetic Reprogramming in Cancer”, in Alexander Meissner, Jörn Walter, editors, Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cellular Reprogramming, Springer, page 206:

(genetics, pathology) A multiple of chromosomal rearrangements that is associated with some cancers.


cenome

(genetics) All the control genes of an organism


control gene

(genetics) A gene that controls the transcription of others in messenger RNA


allosome

The human sex chromosomes are a typical pair of allosomes. The X chromosome is present in the ovum, while either X or Y chromosomes can be present in sperm.

(genetics) A sex chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, or behaviour.


anlage

(genetics) An allele, a specific version of a gene (as used by Gregor Mendel).


aporepressor

(genetics) A repressor that binds with a corepressor.


agrotransformation

From agro- (“short for Agrobacterium”) + transformation.

affix

(genetics) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, usually performed on plants to introduce new genes


allopolyploidization

(genetics) The process of allopolyploid formation


genon

The genon is defined as the coding sequence (which can then revert to being called "gene," akin to the sense of cistron, but better (less ambiguously) expresed in terms of the mRNA that is translated into a protein) together with the additional information that is needed to fully express the coding sequence. The genon is therefore more akin to a program that results in a functionally active gene product.

2015, Jeremy Ramsden, Bioinformatics: An Introduction:

Their central point is that coding information is not simply contained in the coded sequence, but is, in their terms, provided by the genon that accompanies it on the expression pathway and controls in which peptide it will end up.

2017, Rodrick Wallace, Computational Psychiatry: A Systems Biology Approach to the Epigenetics of Mental Disorders:

(genetics) A coding sequence (or gene) together with the information necessary to fully express that coding sequence, such as epigenetic factors.


phenogram

(genetics) A phenetic diagram (or cladogram)


cyanope

From Ancient Greek κυανῶπις (kuanôpis, “dark-looking”).

uder

On this basis various genotypes may be listed as follows: EEHH - Fast dark, EEHh - Medium dark with a cyanope stage, EeHH - Medium dark with a glaucope state, EdHh - Slow dark with intermediate stage variable.

1946, Reginald Ruggles Gates, Human Genetics, page 95:

The cyanope type (brown eyes, blond hair) and the glaucope type (blue eyes, black hair) probably arose independently as mutations, the glaucope being earlier in the European population, i.e., the mutation to blue eyes probably occurred before the mutation to fair hair.

1953, Alan H. Kelso De Montigny, International Anthropological and Linguistic Review, page 61:

There were too few in the cyanope group of the MacConaill types for comparison to be made.

1955, The Journal of Mental Science - Volume 101, page 541:

(anthropology, genetics, dated) A person with fair hair and brown eyes.


glaucope

From Ancient Greek γλαυκώψ (glaukṓps, “with blue-grey eyes”).

The most numerous in each war period had blue or grey eyes and dark hair (" glaucope ") but the percentage of such types fell from 47 to 40 per cent between the two samples, while those with fair hair and light eyes (" blond ") rose from 16 to 19 per cent.

1957, Eugenics review - Volumes 48-49, pages 112–113:

(anthropology, genetics, dated) A person with dark hair and blue eyes.


nonpenetrance

(genetics) Lack of penetrance; failure of a particular variation of a gene to penetrate.


binary clone

(genetics) A composite organism created from the combination of DNA from two separate genetic sources, rather than one. Essentially, a binary clone is the naturally produced offspring via sexual reproduction via germ cells, or else artificially produced offspring of two individuals that has been created without using germ cells.


anticoding

(genetics) Of or relating to an antisense strand.


muton

Contracted form of mutation + -on, coined by American molecular biologist Seymour Benzer in 1957 as "[t]he unit of mutation […] defined as the smallest element that, when altered, can give rise to a mutant form of the organism."

coinage

(genetics) A unit of mutation forming part of a recon.


autozygous

(genetics) Being a genotype of a kind where two alleles at a locus originate from a common ancestor by way of nonrandom mating (inbreeding).


allozygous

(genetics) Being a genotype of a kind where two alleles at a locus come from completely different sources, as in most normal, random mating.


nullizygous

(genetics) Carrying two mutant alleles for the same gene, both alleles being complete loss-of-function or "null" alleles.


allotopic

(genetics) Relating to expression from the nuclear genome of genes that normally are expressed only from the mitochondrial genome.


somaclonal

(genetics) Produced by plant tissue culture


subhaplogroup

(genetics) A subset of a haplogroup, especially one that has one or more distinguishing markers


paragroup

(genetics) A section of a haplogroup that is not defined by a specific set of markers.


gDNA

(genetics) Initialism of genomic DNA. (DNA in chromosomes)


epiregulation

(biochemistry, genetics) epigenetic regulation


amphiploidy

(genetics) The condition of being amphiploid


demogenetic

(genetics, ecology) Relating to demogenetics


demogenetics

(genetics, ecology) The genetics of populations of organisms


hemiplasy

(genetics) A condition similar to homoplasy that is the topological discordance between a gene tree and a species tree attributable to lineage sorting of genetic polymorphisms that were retained across successive nodes in a species tree


introgressive

en-adj

introgressive (comparative more introgressive, superlative most introgressive)

more introgressive (comparative)
most introgressive (superlative)


phylogram

(genetics) A phylogenetic tree that has branch spans proportional to the amount of character change.


consomic

(genetics, of a strain) inbred and with one of its chromosomes replaced by the homologous chromosome of another inbred strain via a series of marker-assisted backcrosses


monocopy

(genetics) Describing any gene that has a copy number of one


microhaplotype

(genetics) Any haplotype that has very few alleles


polyoid

(genetics) Having multiple copies of each chromosome


hyperconserved

(genetics) conserved through very many generations


editosome

(genetics) A multiprotein complex that catalyzes the editing of RNA.


minicircle

(genetics) One of the forms of circular DNA in a kinetoplast (the other being maxicircles). They produce gRNA (guide RNA) to decode the encrypted information in the maxicircles, typically through the insertion or deletion of uridine residues.


maxicircle

(genetics) One of the forms of circular DNA in a kinetoplast (the other being minicircles). They encode the typical protein products needed for the mitochondria.


backmutation

en-noun

backmutation (countable and uncountable, plural backmutations)

(genetics) A mutation that restores the original sequence and hence the original phenotype.


Pribnow box

(genetics) The nucleotide sequence TATAAT, an essential part of a promoter site on DNA for transcription to occur in bacteria.


atrogene

(genetics) Any gene that has an influence on atrophy of muscle tissue.


geneflow

(genetics) The transfer of alleles or genes between populations


holocentric

(genetics) (of a chromosome) in which the centromere makes up the entire length (of the chromosome)


nick translation

(genetics) A tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labelled analogues, creating a tagged sequence which can be used as a probe in hybridization or blotting techniques.


chiasmatic

(genetics) Relating to or characterized by a chiasma (the contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis).


mutational meltdown

mutational meltdown (countable and uncountable, plural mutational meltdowns)

(genetics) The process by which a small population accumulates harmful mutations, which leads to loss of fitness and decline of the population size, which may lead to further accumulation of deleterious mutations due to fixation by genetic drift.


cisregulation

(genetics) Regulation of the transcription of nearby genes.


Goldberg-Hogness box

Goldberg-Hogness box (plural Goldberg-Hogness boxes)

Named after American biochemist David Hogness and his graduate student Michael Goldberg, who identified it in 1978.


cisregulatory

(genetics) Regulating the transcription of nearby genes.


mesopolyploid

(genetics) That has become polyploid in more recent history


paleopolyploid

(genetics) That became polyploid in the distant past


pseudodiploid

(genetics) diploid, but with chromosomal translocations


cytohet

(genetics) A eukaryotic cell whose non-nucleic genome is heterozygous.


genocopy

en-verb

genocopy (third-person singular simple present genocopies, present participle genocopying, simple past and past participle genocopied)

genocopies (present singular third-person)
genocopying (participle present)
genocopied (participle past)
genocopied (past)


overdominant

en-adj

overdominant (comparative more overdominant, superlative most overdominant)

more overdominant (comparative)
most overdominant (superlative)


gene flow

(genetics) Transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another.


diparalogous

(genetics) That has resulted from two paralogous diversions from a common ancestor


tetraparalogous

(genetics) That has resulted from four paralogous diversions from a common ancestor


triparalogous

(genetics) That has resulted from three paralogous diversions from a common ancestor


maturase

(genetics, biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins that splice introns; any gene that codes for such a protein


bovinized

(genetics, of an animal) Into whose genome has been introduced bovine genes


frameshifted

(genetics) That has undergone a frameshift mutation


chromosomic

(genetics, especially in combination) Having a specified type or number of chromosomes


allohexaploid

(genetics) Having six complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species


pseudomolecule

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudomolecule.wav

(genetics) A concatenation of contigs with a small sequence between them, intended to represent a larger, native-sized molecule.


Holliday junction

en-noun

Holliday junction (plural Holliday junctions)

Named after Robin Holliday, who proposed it in 1964 to account for homologous recombination in Ustilago maydis.

(genetics) A junction between four strands of DNA. They are a key intermediate in many types of genetic recombination, as well as in double-strand break repair.


UTR

(genetics) Initialism of untranslated region.


POG

POG (countable and uncountable, plural POGs)

(oncology, genetics) Acronym of personalized oncogenomics.


identical by descent

(genetics) Of corresponding segments of a chromosome in different individuals, identical because they were inherited from a common ancestor without crossover.


abasically

(genetics, biochemistry) Missing a nucleotide base.


hyparchic

(genetics, of a gene) Whose action is affected by adjacent, especially by adjacent epistatic, genes


unigene

(genetics) A cluster of genes that perform a particular function


allotriploid

(genetics) Having three sets of chromosomes derived from different species


homoploid

(genetics) Involving no change in number of chromosomes


back-translation

back-translation (countable and uncountable, plural back-translations)

(genetics) The translation of an amino acid sequence into genetic code.


Okazaki fragment

Okazaki fragment (plural Okazaki fragments)

Named after Japanese molecular biologist Reiji Okazaki (1930–1975), the leader of its discoverers in the 1960s.

named-after

(genetics, often in the plural) One of many short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging template strand (i.e. lagging strand) during DNA replication.

شَظَايَا أُوكَازَاكِي

one of many newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging template strand during replication

šaẓāyā ʔūkāzākī

قَطْع أُوكَازَاكِي

qaṭʕ ʔūkāzākī


amplificon

(genetics) The result of gene amplification (by using LAMP)


multiexon

Discrepancies in the metabolic response between the two strains may be attributed in part to the missense mutation (M35T) in exon 1 and a multiexon deletion of Nnt in the C57BL/6J mice.

2015 June 3, Elizabeth Rendina-Ruedy et al., “A Comparative Study of the Metabolic and Skeletal Response of C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N Mice in a Diet-Induced Model of Type 2 Diabetes”, in Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, volume 2015, →DOI:

(genetics) Relating to more than one exon.


genospecies

When their respective genotypes permit inter-bacterial genetic transfer and recombination, we may say that they belong to the same genospecies.

1963 September, Arnold W. Ravin, “Experimental Approaches to the Study of Bacterial Phylogeny”, in The American Naturalist, volume 97, number 89, page 308:

The genospecies complex of B. burgdorferi sensu lato has been divided into more than 4 distinct genospecies: B.burgdorferi sensu stricto (most North American isolates), Borrella garinii, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia japonica, and other additional strains which do not fit into any of the specified genospecies.

1997, Carel J. van Oss, Immunological and Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Disease:

The last two genospecies are etiologic agents of almost all LB cases in Russia, which encompasses the greater part of the range of B.

2015 July 6, “C6 Peptide-Based Multiplex Phosphorescence Analysis (PHOSPHAN) for Serologic Confirmation of Lyme Borreliosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics, taxonomy) A species (group of organisms that can interbreed) identified and characterised by means of genetics.


retrotranscribe

en-verb

retrotranscribe (third-person singular simple present retrotranscribes, present participle retrotranscribing, simple past and past participle retrotranscribed)

retrotranscribes (present singular third-person)
retrotranscribing (participle present)
retrotranscribed (participle past)
retrotranscribed (past)

One μg of total RNA was retrotranscribed to cDNA using Superscript II RNase H - (Invitrogen), following the manufacturer’s instructions, with random hexamers to prime the elongation reaction.

2015 July 11, “Growth Arrest Specific 1 ( Gas1 ) Gene Overexpression in Liver Reduces the In Vivo Progression of Murine Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Partially Restores Gene Expression Levels”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


cladogenetic

As outlined above, a series of novel morphological traits are correlated with the cladogenetic events in Petrocosmea, all are first documented in present study.

2015 July 3, Zhi-Jing Qiu et al., “Origin and evolution of Petrocosmea (Gesneriaceae) inferred from both DNA sequence and novel findings in morphology with a test of morphology-based hypotheses”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) Alternative form of cladogenic


pentasomy

(genetics) The quality of being pentasomic.


maxiprep

en-noun

maxiprep (countable and uncountable, plural maxipreps)

Plasmids for transforming ET 138 and DSM 4216 T were extracted from DH5α via maxiprep isolation (Genomed Jetstar 2.0).

2015 July 7, Elleke F Bosma et al., “Establishment of markerless gene deletion tools in thermophilic Bacillus smithii and construction of multiple mutant strains”, in Microbial Cell Factories, volume 14, →DOI:


tetrasomy

tetrasomy (countable and uncountable, plural tetrasomies)

The representative of TcIII DTU, 231, has tetrasomy of chromosome 10; chromosomes 11 and 18 range from trisomic to tetrasomic; trisomy of chromosomes 6 and 19; and chromosomes 1, 13, 16, 21, 24 and 31 have a ploidy ranging from disomic to trisomic (Fig. 3).

2015 July 4, João Luís Reis-Cunha et al., “Chromosomal copy number variation reveals differential levels of genomic plasticity in distinct Trypanosoma cruzi strains”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:

(genetics) The condition of being tetrasomic


misannotated

This small amount of sequenced tags only mapping to the genome may correspond to potential novel unsequenced transcripts, alternative 3’-UTR exons of splicing isoforms, misannotated or alternative poly-adenylation sites, or even to non-coding RNAs not represented yet in the present transcriptome sets.

2015 May 8, Gustavo Rodríguez-Esteban et al., “Digital gene expression approach over multiple RNA-Seq data sets to detect neoblast transcriptional changes in Schmidtea mediterranea”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:


exitron

Therefore, in what ways might the processing and regulation of exitron splicing differ from that of conventional introns?

2015 July 7, Dorothee Staiger, Gordon G. Simpson, “Enter exitrons”, in Genome Biology, volume 16, →DOI:

On the basis of their exonic and intronic nature, here we name them exitrons (exonic introns [EIs]) and define them as alternatively spliced internal regions of protein-coding exons

2015 May 1, Marquez Y, Höpfler M, Ayatollahi Z, Barta A, Kalyna M, “Unmasking alternative splicing inside protein-coding exons defines exitrons and their role in proteome plasticity”, in Genome Research, volume 25, number 7, →DOI, pages 995–1007:

(genetics) One of a set of alternatively spliced internal regions of protein-coding exons.


pentasomic

The Esmeraldo strain has chromosome 3 as pentasomic; chromosomes 27, 31, 33 and 35 range from trisomic to tetrasomic; chromosomes 6, 19, 21 and 39 as trisomic; and chromosomes 1, 24, 25 and 41 range from disomic to trisomic.

(genetics) Having five copies of a particular chromosome.

Sex chromosome abnormalities occur in at least 1 in 400 births and include the well-described 47,XXX, 47,XXY, 47,XYY, and 45,X karyotypes. The addition of more than one extra X or Y chromosome occurs rarely, and little information is available in the medical literature. Individual case reports make up most of this body of knowledge, and all are based on subjects who identified themselves postnatally. Many were ascertained through screenings of institutions and hospitals; thus, there is no unbiased information on the natural history of poly X and Y karyotypes. A direct relationship between the number of additional sex chromosomes and the severity of the phenotype is generally assumed. The purpose of this article is to summarize what is known about these conditions and to present 10 additional cases. The karyotypes include, 48,XXXX, 49,XXXXX, 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY, 49,XXXXY, 49,XXXYY, 48,XYYY, 49,XYYYY, and 49,XXYYY.

2025 October 4, Linden, Mary G, Bender, Bruce G, Robinson, Arthur, “Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy”, in Pediatrics, volume 96, number 4, →DOI, pages 672-682:


dysploidy

Of course the inference that polyploidy underpins the dominance of even over odd chromosome numbers must be approached cautiously because of the confounding effects of dysploidy (a change in chromosome number resulting from the breakage and fusion of chromosomes without net gene loss or gain).

1997, Karl J. Niklas, The Evolutionary Biology of Plants, page 29:

FISH with rRNA genes can also help to detect recent polyploidization (duplication or dysploidy), since the number of 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA sites sometimes doubles with polyploidization (Souza et al. 2010).

2015, Prabhu Shankar Lakshmanan et al., “Karyotype analysis and visualization of 45S rRNA genes using fluorescence in situ hybridization in aroids (Araceae)”, in Comparative Cytogenetics, volume 9, →DOI:

(genetics) Variation in the chromosome number in a population by less than a whole set of chromosomes, typically because of chromosomal rearrangements.


kmer

BioVelocity could not run on normal cluster architectures with limited memory, or would take orders of magnitude longer if secondary storage were used for the kmer hash tables.

2015, Shanmuga Sozhamannan et al., “Evaluation of Signature Erosion in Ebola Virus Due to Genomic Drift and Its Impact on the Performance of Diagnostic Assays”, in Viruses, volume 7, →DOI:


homoeologous

By using blocking DNA and pre-annealing to block homoeologous sequences, labeled genomic DNA probes from one parent could not hybridize to chromosomes from the other one.

2015, Xiaoting Huang et al., “Genomic in situ hybridization identifies parental chromosomes in hybrid scallop (Bivalvia, Pectinoida, Pectinidae) between female Chlamys farreri and male Argopecten irradians irradians”, in Comparative Cytogenetics, volume 9, →DOI:

(genetics) (of a chromosome) Similar in genetic makeup, especially that were homologous in an ancestral form.


multispacer

More recently, a multilocus sequence analysis targeting 8 housekeeping genes and a multispacer sequence analysis were reported [ 13, 14 ].

2015 June 1, Wenjuan Nie et al., “Species Identification and Clarithromycin Susceptibility Testing of 278 Clinical Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria Isolates”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(genetics) Involving multiple spaces between gene sequences


knockin

The advantage of this design is that the targeted knockin retains the intact endogenous aggrecan locus and expresses the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 protein from a second IRES-driven open reading frame.

2015 July 8, “Non-Invasive Quantification of Cartilage Using a Novel In Vivo Bioluminescent Reporter Mouse”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The insertion of a cDNA sequence at a particular locus in an organism's chromosome


tetraploidization

It has been shown, however, that triploid forms producing diploid gametes in one sex and haploid ones in the other sex can act as a stepping stone towards tetraploidization (triploid bridge; [ 93 – 95 ]).

2015 July 4, Heinz-Ulrich Reyer, Christian Arioli-Jakob, Martina Arioli, “Post-zygotic selection against parental genotypes during larval development maintains all-hybrid populations of the frog Pelophylax esculentus”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) The doubling of chromosomes to produce tetraploidy


heterodisomy

heterodisomy (countable and uncountable, plural heterodisomies)

Both of isodisomy and heterodisomy can cause genome imprinting disorders, but only uniparental isodisomy can cause recessive disorders if the chromosome harbors a disease-causing mutation.

2015 July 9, “Detection of Hereditary 1,25-Hydroxyvitamin D-Resistant Rickets Caused by Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 12 Using Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The inheritance of a pair of non-identical chromosomes from one parent


metabarcoding

We developed and tested a DNA metabarcoding protocol that utilises the standard cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding fragment to detect freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa.

2015 July 9, “Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A method of DNA barcoding that uses universal PCR primers to identify DNA from a mixture of organisms


neofunctionalization

Therefore, BcMF26a/b may be the result of neofunctionalization during evolution.

2015 July 9, “BcMF26a and BcMF26b Are Duplicated Polygalacturonase Genes with Divergent Expression Patterns and Functions in Pollen Development and Pollen Tube Formation in Brassica campestris”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The development of a new function of an existing group of genes by means of mutation


pentanucleotide

Additional diversity was recovered within the rbc spacer, where variations in the repeat number of a pentanucleotide microsatellite distinguished the haplotypes B1, B2 and B5 (Fig 3b ).

2015 July 16, “Genes Left Behind: Climate Change Threatens Cryptic Genetic Diversity in the Canopy-Forming Seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A codon containing five nucleotides.


ohnologue

According to P. P. Singh and colleagues, this term was coined as an eponymous tribute to Susumo Ohno (1928-2000), who first proposed that whole genome duplication may play a crucial role in evolution.

In the regions surrounding the TRE genes on scaffolds av458 and av6, synteny was well preserved (Fig 1B ), suggesting that AvTreA-A’ and AvTreC-C’ were ohnologues and form a quartet of four homologous regions (as in Hur et al and Van Doninck et al).

2015 July 11, “Against All Odds: Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase and Trehalase Genes in the Bdelloid Rotifer Adineta vaga Were Acquired by Horizontal Gene Transfer and Are Upregulated during Desiccation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) One of a pair of paralogous sequences that result from complete genome duplication.


progenome

In HIV-1 and foamy viruses, the polyadenylation signal (poly(A) signal) is found at both extremities of the viral progenome, in the redundant 5’ and 3’ long terminal repeats (LTRs).

2015 July 11, “Cauliflower mosaic virus Transcriptome Reveals a Complex Alternative Splicing Pattern”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) An RNA transcript of a genome


pseudogenization

The presence of stop codons at two different positions in ΨAvTpsB and ΨAvTpsB’ suggests that pseudogenization happened after their acquisition.

(genetics) The conversion of a gene into a pseudogene.


shiverer

These iOPCs had the ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in vitro and to myelinate host axons after transplantation into the demyelinated shiverer mouse brain.

2014 December 29, Mohamad Khazaei et al., “The Potential for iPS-Derived Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Spinal Cord Injury: Opportunities and Challenges”, in Journal of Clinical Medicine, volume 4, →DOI:

(genetics) A mouse mutation characterised by tremors.


concatemerization

(genetics) The formation of DNA concatemers


chimerization

chimerization (countable and uncountable, plural chimerizations)

Since EpCAM RNA aptamer was shown to get internalized by endocytosis, it would be capable of delivering siRNA into the cell upon chimerization.

2015 July 16, “EpCAM Aptamer-siRNA Chimera Targets and Regress Epithelial Cancer”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The formation of a chimeric gene


triallelic

We excluded sites where the outgroup reference was in disagreement with both the D. yakuba reference and D. yakuba SNPs, as well as triallelic SNPs, sites with reference sequence of ‘N’, or SNPs identified in the VCF for the reference, suggesting inaccuracies in reference assembly or residual heterozygosity in the reference.

2015 July 16, “Tandem Duplications and the Limits of Natural Selection in Drosophila yakuba and Drosophila simulans”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Having three different alleles at the same locus


nonsilencing

Since inhibition of IDE also accelerates hIAPP amyloid formation in insulinoma cells, we used an shRNA specific to rat IDE (IDEi) as a positive control and a nonsilencing shRNA (NSi) as a negative control.

2015 July 21, “The Mitochondrial Peptidase Pitrilysin Degrades Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Beta-Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


allodiploid

(genetics) Having two complete sets of chromosomes derived from two different species


endoreplication

A recent study suggested that enhanced induction of endoreplication after the second exposure could be responsible for the priming effect in mosquitoes [70 ].

2015 July 17, “Bacterial Exposure at the Larval Stage Induced Sexual Immune Dimorphism and Priming in Adult Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) replication of the nuclear genome without cell division


cotranslation

cotranslation (countable and uncountable, plural cotranslations)

Immunoprecipitation then indicated that cotranslation resulted in stable complex formation of Kox1/TIF1B and Kox1KL/TIF1B (Fig. 18.2A, lane 4 and Fig. 18.2B, lane 11).

2012, James R. Swartz, Cell-Free Protein Expression, →ISBN, page 156:

(genetics) The process by which multiple ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule into multiple copies of the same protein.


midiprep

midiprep (countable and uncountable, plural midipreps)


pseudogenome

Yet, our preliminary experiments with adding reverse-complemented reads to the generated sequence resulted in rather moderate improvement in the pseudogenome length (e.g., shorter by about 15%), while handling the queries requires significant changes in the used data structures (and possibly more space needed for them).

2015 July 17, “Indexing Arbitrary-Length k -Mers in Sequencing Reads”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A collection of genes that is only an incomplete genome


triploidization

In these other populations, the preference of triploid females towards type I males is probably high enough to promote triploidization and counter the effect of the assortative mating occurring among the tetraploid genomotype (Fig 5 ).

2015 July 17, “Mate Choice Drives Evolutionary Stability in a Hybrid Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The conversion of a diploid or tetraploid organism into a triploid one


cotranscribe

en-verb

cotranscribe (third-person singular simple present cotranscribes, present participle cotranscribing, simple past and past participle cotranscribed)

cotranscribes (present singular third-person)
cotranscribing (participle present)
cotranscribed (participle past)
cotranscribed (past)

The microRNA-143/-145 (miR-143 and miR-145) encoding genes are located in close proximity with each other on human chromosome 5 and are believed to be cotranscribed in the same bicistronic transcript.

2015 June 28, Wang Zhao, Shui-Ping Zhao, Yu-Hong Zhao, “MicroRNA-143/-145 in Cardiovascular Diseases”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(genetics) To transcribe simultaneously.


allelotype

(genetics) The frequency distribution of a set of alleles in a population.


allelotype

allelotype (third-person singular simple present allelotypes, present participle allelotyping, simple past and past participle allelotyped)

allelotypes (present singular third-person)
allelotyping (participle present)
allelotyped (participle past)
allelotyped (past)

(genetics) To measure such frequency distributions.


environmentability

en-noun

environmentability (countable and uncountable, plural environmentabilities)

(genetics) The proportion of variability that is environmental, rather than genetic, in origin.


rescuant

The mutation was also present in a rescuant virus and in two dl1403-derived viruses, D8 and FXE, but absent from the parental 17+, suggesting that the mutation was introduced during the construction of the dl1403 virus, and not as a result of passage in culture.

2015 July 18, “Widely Used Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP0 Deletion Mutant Strain dl 1403 and Its Derivative Viruses Do Not Express Glycoprotein C Due to a Secondary Mutation in the gC Gene”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A rescued mutation, typically in a virus.


immunogenomics

Diversity profiles may, therefore, become a valuable bioinformatical tool for technological benchmarking and normalization of immune repertoire sequencing in the future, enabling cross-laboratory comparisons and meta-analyses, which would be highly valuable in advancing the development of next-generation immunogenomics diagnostics.

2015 May 28, Victor Greiff et al., “A bioinformatic framework for immune repertoire diversity profiling enables detection of immunological status”, in Genome Medicine, volume 7, →DOI:

(immunology, genetics) The application of genomics to immunology


pseudogenized

This pattern strongly suggests that a deletion of the promoter region occurred in the common ancestor of muroids and abrogated the transcription of exon 1A (as observed in mouse, where the pseudogenized exon 1A is not transcribed […]

2015 July 2, Alexa Sadier et al., “Tinkering signaling pathways by gain and loss of protein isoforms: the case of the EDA pathway regulator EDARADD”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) Converted or mutated to a pseudogene.


aneupolyploid

(genetics) Having a mutation in a few chromosomes of a genome


aneupolyploid

(genetics) An organism having a mutation in a few chromosomes of a genome


minigenome

Therefore, these host factors should be required for the expression of Gluc in the A549-5Ps cells, if the replication and expression of the viral minigenome mimic the same process that occurred during IAV infection.

2015 July 22, “Establishment of a High-Throughput Assay to Monitor Influenza A Virus RNA Transcription and Replication”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


HDA

HDA (countable and uncountable, plural HDAs)

(genetics) Initialism of helicase dependent amplification.


hypoaneuploidy

Thus, processes of hypoaneuploidy could affect genomic stability producing this variation in number of loci.

2015 July 8, Nayyereh Olanj et al., “The striking and unexpected cytogenetic diversity of genus Tanacetum L. (Asteraceae): a cytometric and fluorescent in situ hybridisation study of Iranian taxa”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:


allogenous

Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of a fractured complicated anterior crown using allogenous tooth fragment is a better alternative to other more conventional treatment options.

2013 July 10, Nitin Maitin et al., “Allogenous tooth fragment reattachment”, in BMJ Case Reports, volume 2013, →DOI:

(genetics, immunology) Synonym of allogeneic


catabolome

The transcriptome data were confirmed by catabolome analysis, expression of periplasmic proteins and phenotypical analysis.

2015 July 24, “Effect of Global Regulators RpoS and Cyclic-AMP/CRP on the Catabolome and Transcriptome of Escherichia coli K12 during Carbon- and Energy-Limited Growth”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of catabolites found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease