toothcomb

toothcombs (plural)
tooth comb (alternative)
tooth-comb (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-toothcomb.wav

There is no reason to doubt that the tooth comb is homologous in all the lemuriforms. The term tooth comb has recently been replaced by Martin (1972) with the concept of "tooth scraper," and he has stated that, although most living species of strepsirhines use their tooth combs for grooming, this is a secondary function.

1979, Frederick S. Szalay, Eric Delson, “Suborder Strepsirhini”, in Evolutionary History of the Primates, New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 103, column 1:

Anthropoids are characterized by having short faces, dry noses, and lacking prominent whiskers. [...] There is no toothcomb or sublingua, and the number of teeth varies from 36 in some platyrrhines to 32 in the catarrhines.

1995, Robert A. Whitney, “Taxonomy”, in B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. Abee, Roy Henrickson, editors, Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Biology and Management, San Diego, Calif., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 34, column 2:

Members of the Prosimii, with the exception of Tarsius, have extremely specialized incisors. The lower incisors are tilted forward—they are then called procumbent—and are flattened laterally, forming a toothcomb. [...] The lower canine is frequently included in this toothcomb, and its morphology is assimilated to the shape of the procumbent incisors.

2000, Friderun Ankel-Simons, “Teeth”, in Primate Anatomy: An Introduction, 2nd edition, San Diego, Calif., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 206:

Must interest has centered on the first appearance of the prosimian tooth-comb or tooth-scraper [...]. The tooth-comb is formed by lower incisors and canines that are elongated and slender, and that form a procumbent unit in the anterior mandible. Upper incisors are lost, reduced, or moved to accommodate the tooth-comb.

2015, Susan Cachel, “The Eocene Primate Radiation”, in Fossil Primates (Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 152:

Toothcombs have evolved independently in various mammalian lineages, including primates, scandentians, and dermopterans, but the presence of a six-toothed toothcomb composed of four lower incisors and two canines (I₁, I₂ and C₁, bilaterally) is a distinct feature of extant strepsirrhine primates [...].

2020, Sergi López-Torres, Keegan R. Selig, Anne M. Burrows, Mary T. Silcox, “The Toothcomb of Karanisia clarki: Was this Species an Exudate-feeder?”, in K. A. I. Nekaris, Anne M. Burrows, editors, Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 67:

(zoology) A comb-like dental structure found in the lower jaws of certain primates consisting of long, flat front teeth with microscopic grooves, which are used for grooming fur.

grzebień

comb-like dental structure found in certain primates


elapid

(zoology) Any of many species of snakes of the family Elapidae, including the cobras, mambas, and coral snakes


gallinaceous

en-adj

gallinaceous (comparative more gallinaceous, superlative most gallinaceous)

more gallinaceous (comparative)
most gallinaceous (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin gallīnāceus, from gallīna (“hen”), itself from gallus (“cock”).

(zoology) related to the genus Gallus, poultry; notably said of the order Galliformes.


nucha

From Middle English nucha, nuche, nuca, nuka, nuke (“spinal cord”), borrowed from Medieval Latin nucha (“spinal cord; nape of the neck”). Doublet of nuque.

der

(anatomy, zoology, dated, rare) The back of the neck, the nape; of an animal: the back of the head or the portion of the body behind the head.


abelisaur

Juvenile T. rexes were light and agile before they leveled up into the adults we’re more familiar with. […] Other megatheropods, including abelisaurs and tarbosaurs, also grew from turkey-like hatchlings to bus-sized behemoths over the course of their lives.

2021 February 25, Cara Giaimo, “The Outsized Influence of Teen T. Rex and Other Young Dinosaurs”, in The New York Times:

(zoology) Any dinosaur of the superfamily Abelisauroidea.


hydranth

NM Stevens (1902) and Emil Godlewski (1904) described the transformation of pieces of stem to hydranths in the marine hydroid.

1970, Sylvan Meryl Rose, Regeneration, page 126:

(zoology) An individual polyp of a hydroid colony


snifters

(veterinary medicine) A disease of poultry causing a nasal discharge.


onza

From Spanish onza, from Middle French once, from Old French lonce (“lynx”) by false division assuming the l was an article, from Italian lonza, from Latin lynx, from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”). Doublet of ounce.

(cryptozoology) A cryptid in Mexican folklore said to be similar to a cougar or jaguarundi but especially aggressive.


impennate

(zoology, archaic) Characterized by short wings unsuitable for flying, covered with feathers resembling scales, as in the penguins.


ichthyophthiriasis

en-noun

ichthyophthiriasis (usually uncountable, plural ichthyophthiriases)

(ichthyology) A parasitic infection of freshwater fish caused by the ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.


amphid

From Ancient Greek ἀμφιδέα (amphidéa, “anything that binds or is bound around”), from ἀμφιδέω (amphidéō, “to bind around”) + -ᾱ (-ā, action noun suffix).

af

(nematology) One of a pair of chemosensory sense organs positioned laterally on the head of a nematode.

anfídio

chemosensory organ positioned laterally on the head of nematodes


malleate

en-adj

malleate (comparative more malleate, superlative most malleate)

more malleate (comparative)
most malleate (superlative)

From Latin malleātus, perfect passive participle of *malleō (“beat with a hammer”), related to malleus (“a hammer, mallet”).

Malleate trophi are present in such common rotifers as Brachionus, Keratella, and Lecane.

2009, James H. Thorp, Alan P. Covich, editors, Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, 3rd edition, page 181:

(zoology) Possessing or resembling a malleus, or another structure shaped like a hammer.

malleātus

(zoology) possessing or resembling a malleus


odortaxis

We measured odortaxis to benzaldehyde.

(nematology) Movement of an organism with respect to, usually towards, a volatile airborne chemical

chemotaxis

used where the chemical is dissolved in water


osmosensation

(nematology, neurology) The sensory perception of osmotic pressure


osmosensitivity

en-noun

osmosensitivity (usually uncountable, plural osmosensitivities)

The mutant strain exhibited reduced osmosensitivity.

(nematology, neurology) An organism's degree of sensitivity to osmotic gradients


daphniid

(zoology) Any water flea of the family Daphniidae


macroinvertebrate

(zoology) An invertebrate that is large enough to be seen without the use of a microscope


plica

plica (countable and uncountable, plural plicas or plicae)

From Medieval Latin, from Latin plicare (“to fold”).

(zoology) The bend of the wing of a bird.


herptile

From herpetology (and similar words), by blending with reptile.

Of all the vertebrates, the herptiles (reptiles and amphibians), mammals and birds predominate in terrestrial grassland ecosystems.

1980, L. D. Harris, G. B. Bowman, “Vertebrate predator subsystem, chapter 6”, in Alicja I. Breymeyer, George M. Van Dyne, editors, Grasslands, systems analysis, and man, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 592:

Because of the higher primary and secondary productivity in treatment wetlands compared to natural wetlands, herptile populations and all other higher consumer groups are frequently abundant.

1996, Robert H. Kadlec, Robert Lee Knight, Treatment Wetlands: Theory and Implementation, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 169:

Forty vertebrates [=forty vertebrate species] of concern, including 13 mammals, 17 birds, and 10 herptiles, were selected for analysis (Table 19-3).

2008, Mary M. Rowland, Michael J. Wisdom, “Habitat Networks for Terrestrial Wildlife: Concepts and Case Studies, chapter 19”, in Joshua J. Millspaugh, Frank R. Thompson, III, editors, Models for Planning Wildlife Conservation in Large Landscapes, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 516:

(zoology, chiefly ecology) A reptile or amphibian.


bivium

From Latin bivium (“a place with two ways”).

(zoology) One side of an echinoderm, including a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra.


homoeotherm

(zoology) Alternative form of homoiotherm.


furca

From New Latin furca (“two-pronged fork”)

Сaudal duct splits up in front of furcae into two canals reaching middle of furcae, where it opens with pores.

2023 July, A.V. Izrailskaia, V.V. Besprozvannykh, “Neodiplostomum cf. seoulense (Seo, Rim, Lee, 1964) sensu Pyo et al., 2014 (Trematoda: Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886): morphology, life cycle, and phylogenetic relationships”, in Journal of Helminthology, volume 97, →DOI, page 5:

It has a mesosternum with well-developed, sessile furca. The arms of the mesosternal furca have a broad median and strictured and hemispherical apical part.

2024, Mariusz Kanturski, Yerim Lee, “Miyalachnus—A New Lachninae Aphid Genus from Japan (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphididae)”, in Insects, volume 15, number 3, →DOI, page 210:

Insects like grasshoppers use a specialized structure called the furca to facilitate jumping. The furca operates as a spring, compressing until a critical point is reached, where potential energy converts to kinetic energy, enabling a powerful jump.

2025 January 12, David Grimaldi, “Which Insects Move By Jumping?”, in Entomology Club, archived from the original on 2025-06-06:

(zoology) A forked structure, a fork-like part.


cingulum

/ˈsɪŋɡjələm/

Borrowed from Latin cingulum (“girdle”), from cingō (“to gird”).

(zoology) A distinct girdle or band of color; a raised spiral line as seen on certain univalve shells.


indument

indument (countable and uncountable, plural induments)

From Latin indumentum (“a covering”). See indue, and compare induement.


Nearctic

(zoology) One of the major ecozones of the world, covering most of the North American continent.

nearktinen

ecozone covering most of the North American continent


Nearctic

(zoology) Relating to the Nearctic ecozone.


abattage

abattages (plural)
abatage (alternative)

(veterinary medicine) The slaughter of animals, especially diseased ones to limit the spread of the disease.


bipennate

It then follows that bipennate muscles generate even more force than unipennate ones of similar volume, and the force increases with the angle of pennation.

1999, Christopher McGowan, A Practical Guide to Vertebrate Mechanics:

Beneath the deltoid lies the external rotators of the shoulders, including the bipennate infraspinatus and the teres minor (Fig. 5-20B).

2007, Neal S. Elattrache, Christopher D. Harner, Raffy Mirzayan, Jon K. Sekiya, editors, Surgical Techniques in Sports Medicine, page 50:

Bipennate muscles have a central tendon with oblique insertion fibers on both sides, eg, the rectus femoris (Figure 1.3c).

2008, John O'Neill, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Anatomy and Technique, page 4:

(medicine, anatomy, zoology) Of, pertaining to, or having the nature of a muscle, the fibres of which attach to a tendon on two sides (as a feather barbed on both sides).


lepidosaur

(zoology) A member of the Lepidosauria, reptiles with overlapping scales


oviraptorid

(zoology) A member of the Oviraptoridae, birdlike maniraptoran dinosaurs.


blackback

The author worked with two main study groups of gorilla in that region. Each contained a fully mature male (silverback), who was the obvious leader of the group, and a younger male of around 9 years of age (blackback), who had not yet assumed full adult morphology.

1979, A. H. Harcourt, “Contrasts between Male Relationships in Wild Gorilla Groups,”, in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, volume 5, number 1, page 40:

The second-ranking silverback is also a possible sire in the sixth case, although three other lower-ranking blackback males were also not excluded.

2005, B. J. Bradley et al., “Mountain Gorilla Tug-of-War,”, in PNAS, volume 102, number 26, page 9421:

(zoology) An adolescent male gorilla or chimpanzee.


sacrocaudal

(anatomy, zoology) Of or pertaining to the sacrum and the tail


dauer

Borrowed from German Dauer (“duration”).

When Caenorhabditis elegans larvae enter dauer they arrest feeding but remain active and motile, yet become stress-resistant, extremely long-lived and non-ageing.

2008 December 3, Patrick Narbonne, Richard Roy, “Caenorhabditis elegans dauers need LKB1/AMPK to ration lipid reserves and ensure long-term survival”, in Nature:

(nematology) A developmental stage of certain nematode larvae in which they exhibit increased durability.


roed

roed fish


acanthodian

acanthodians (plural)
acanthodean (alternative)

The emerging picture of acanthodian (and perhaps placoderm) paraphyly does not overturn a general consensus about gnathostome interrelationships.

2009 January 15, Martin D. Brazeau, “The braincase and jaws of a Devonian 'acanthodian' and modern gnathostome origins”, Nature Volume 457 No. 7227, doi:10.1038/nature07436

(zoology) A member of a group of extinct fish (Acanthodii) that existed from the Silurian to the Permian period.


arthrodire

The basicranial circulation of Ptomacanthus resembles that in arthrodire placoderms.

(zoology) Any member of the extinct order Arthrodira, armored jawed fishes that flourished in the Devonian period.


gnathostome

/ˈnæθəstəʊm/

Current conceptions of gnathostome phylogeny depict a rather simplistic arrangement of nominally monophyletic and, apparently, morphologically disparate groups.

(zoology) Any vertebrate with jaws, including amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and most modern fish, in contrast with the Agnatha


anapsid

From scientific Latin Anapsida, from Ancient Greek ἀν- (an-, “not”) + ἁψίς (hapsís, “arch”).

The anapsid skull: snub-nosed like an artillery shell, shockingly powerful and primitive.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 186:

(zoology) Pertaining to the group of reptiles whose skulls do not have openings near the temples, originally considered as a specific subclass


anapsid

(zoology) A member of this group of reptiles, including the turtles, tortoises and terrapins.

anapside

Reptile with a skull that has no openings near the temples


cynodont

From cyno- + -odont, from Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn, “dog”) and ὀδόντος (odóntos), genitive singular of ὀδούς (odoús, “tooth, tusk”).

The Triassic immediately followed a devastating mass extinction, and the cynodonts diversified in its aftermath in much the same way mammals did in the Paleocene.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 160:

(zoology) Any of several small carnivorous synapsids in the clade Cynodontia, ancestral to mammals and extinct close relatives.


macrourid

(zoology) Any fish of the family Macrouridae; a rattail.


ookinete

(zoology) The motile zygote of a parasite of the malaria mosquito that forms an oocyst in the mosquito's gut


symplectic

A calque of complex, coined by Hermann Weyl in his 1939 book The Classical Groups: Their Invariants and Representations. From Ancient Greek συμπλεκτικός (sumplektikós), from συμ (sum) (variant of σύν (sún)), + πλεκτικός (plektikós) (from πλέκω (plékō)); modelled on complex (from Latin complexus (“braided together”), from com- (“together”) + plectere (“to weave, braid”)).
The symplectic group has previously been called the line complex group.

der

συμπλεκτικός

The symplectics (9) consist of a somewhat curved central triangular portion with the base upward, and anteriorly and posteriorly from this extends a wing-like process.

1914, The Philippine Journal of Science, Volume 9, page 27:

The symplectics (Fig. 8, sym) are thin slender bones placed vertically in between the quadrates and the hyomandibulars.

1965, Agra University Journal of Research: Science, Volume 14, page 71:

In many teleosts, on the other hand, including the catfishes, the symplectics have been entirely lost.

1967, Tyson R. Roberts, Studies on the Osteology and Phylogeny of Characoid Fishes, page 59:

(ichthyology) A bone in the teleostean fishes that forms the lower ossification of the suspensorium, and which articulates below with the quadrate bone by which it is firmly held.


suffrago

(zoology) The joint between the tibia and tarsus, such as the hock of a horse's hind leg or the heel of a bird.


colobus

(zoology) Any of several African monkeys of the genera Colobus, Piliocolobus, and Procolobus.


articulus

Borrowed from Latin articulus. Doublet of article.

(zoology) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea.

(zoology) A joint or segment of an arthropod appendage.

artículo

a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage


caenophidian

(zoology) Any snake of the superfamily Colubroidea


calcarean

(zoology) Any sponge, of the class Calcarea, that has a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate spicules.


crocodyliform

(zoology) Any reptile of the order Crocodylia; the crocodiles, alligators etc.


demosponge

From Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos, “common people”) + sponge, after the class name Demospongiae.

We know that at least some living calcified demosponges grow extremely slowly (0.2 mm/year Willems and Hartman 1985) and, since individuals can grow up to 1 m in diameter, are also very old (up to 5000 years).

1991, R. Wood, “Non-Spicular Biomineralization in Calcified Demosponges”, in Joachim Reitner, Helmut Keupp, editors, Fossil and Recent Sponges, Springer,, page 338:

Demosponges have siliceous spicules and a network of fibrous protein, spongir, that is similar to collagen. The demosponges are the source of natural household sponges, which are made by soaking dead sponges in shallow water until all the cellular material has decayed, leaving the spongin network behind.

2011, Naomi E. Balaban, James E. Bobick, editors, The Handy Science Answer Book, 4th edition, Visible Ink Press, page 466:

Demosponges, the class to which the barrel sponge belongs, are the oldest still existing multicellular animals for which there are unambiguous traces in the Cryogenian, or ‘snowball Earth’, period of the late Proterozic.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 36:

(zoology) A sponge of the class Demospongiae, having skeletons made of spongin fibers.


mating season

(zoology) The time of the year during which members of a certain species of animal tend to mate.


kleptoparasitism

From klepto- (prefix meaning ‘stealing, theft’) + parasitism.

affix

(zoology) The parasitic theft of captured prey, nest material, etc., from animals of the same or another species.


dipnoan

(zoology) Any fish of the class Dipnoi of lungfishes, (including the closest living relatives to the ancestor of the tetrapods).


dyrosaurid

(zoology) Any of several extinct crocodyliforms of the family †Dyrosauridae


elopomorph

(ichthyology) Any of fish of the superorder Elopomorpha, including bonefish, tarpon, and many eels and eel-like fish.


laminitis

For months, the left hind leg put Barbaro’s recovery in serious jeopardy because of laminitis, the often-fatal hoof disease.

2007 January 28, The Associated Press, “Sports Briefing”, in New York Times:

(veterinary medicine) A disease of the digital laminae of the hoof


guereza

From the native name in Ethiopia. Compare Sebat Bet Gurage gureza, Amharic ጉሬዛ (gureza), Oromo gureezaa.

(zoology) A reddish-brown colobus monkey from Abyssinia.


interorbital

(zoology) Any of the scales between the orbits.


madtsoiid

(zoology) Any extinct snake of the family Madtsoiidae


mesoeucrocodylian

The new species possesses a combination of primitive and derived features that helps to fill wide morphological and temporal gaps in early mesoeucrocodylian history.

2002 September 7, Ronald S. Tykoski, “Calsoyasuchus valliceps, a new crocodyliform from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona”, in Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, volume 22, number 3, page 593:

For mesoeucrocodylians known on the basis of incomplete skeletal remains, body size is generally estimated from skull length-total length relationships in extant crocodylians (Webb and Messel, 1978; Woodward el al., 1995; Sereno et al., 2001).

2005 June 7, James O. Farlow, “Femoral dimenstions and body size of Alligator mississippiensis: Estimating the size of extinct mesoeucrocodylians”, in Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, number 2, page 354:

The mesoeucrocodylians were known previously as the Mesosuchia.

2015, Gordon Grigg, Biology and Evolution of Crocodylians, page 43:

(zoology) Any of a group of mostly extinct crocodylomorphs of the clade Mesoeucrocodylia.


crocodylomorph

(zoology) Any crocodilian or extinct relative in the superorder Crocodylomorpha.


anomalocaridid

In 2009, the amazing description of a single specimen of Schinderhannes bartelsi appeared to extend the history of arthropod-like anomalocaridids by a whopping 100 million years, although the true affinity of Schinderhannes is still contested so it may be an Elvis or Lazarus taxon.

The second youngest anomalocaridid yet discovered is a bizarre giant from the deeper Ordovician waters of Fezouata in Morocco, called Aegirocassis.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 230:

(zoology) Any of a group of large marine animals of the family †Anomalocarididae, known only from fossils.


arachnomorph

(zoology) Any arthropod of the clade Arachnomorpha


deutocerebrum

deutocerebra (plural)
deuterocerebrum (alternative)

(zoology) The median lobes of the brain of an insect.

deutocérebro

the median lobes of the brain of an insect


ecdysozoan

en-noun

ecdysozoan (plural ecdysozoa or ecdysozoans)

(zoology) Any of a group of protostomes of the superphylum Ecdysozoa, known for shedding their exoskeleton.


euarthropod

(zoology) Any arthropod of the taxon Euarthropoda, "true" arthropods.


kinorhynch

/ˈkʌɪnə(ʊ)ɹɪŋk/

Allison Daley, a paleontologist at the University of Lausanne, said two species in the fossil haul stood out to her. The first was a kinorhynch, otherwise known as a mud dragon.

2019 March 21, Ian Sample, The Guardian:

(zoology) Any of many microscopic marine animals of the phylum Kinorhyncha.


lamellipedian

(zoology) Any arthropod having flat exopod setae


exopod

(zoology) The outer ramus of a biramous limb of a crustacean.


lobopod

Onychophorans […] have cylindrical segmented bodies with many pairs of legs called lobopods, which are essentially fluid-filled bags.

2016 October 12, Susannah Lydon, “How did the velvet worm cross the world? The answer lies in amber”, in The Guardian:

(zoology) Any of the numerous stub-legs of a lobopodian; a lobopodium.

The early lobopods have a melange of characteristics that makes their position on the tree of life difficult to pin down.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 261:

(zoology) One of the extinct panarthropods of the phylum Lobopodia.


loriciferan

(zoology) Any of several marine animals of the phylum Loricifera.


megacheiran

(zoology) Any arthropod with a relatively large appendage


monodon

(zoology) Any toothed whale (such as the narwhal) of the family Monodontidae.


myriapod

(zoology) Any arthropod (such as centipedes and millipedes) of the subphylum Myriapoda.


nematomorph

Formed as nemato- + -morph after the scientific Latin Nēmatomorpha.

(zoology) Any of many worms of the phylum Nematomorpha.


onychophoran

From translingual Onychophora (corresponding to onycho- + -phore) + -an.

When India collided with Asia (incidentally creating the Himalayas), the onychophorans could spread northwards from India instead.

(zoology) Any of many wormlike carnivorous ecdysozoan animals of the phylum Onychophora.


oribatid

(zoology) Any of a group of mites of the suborder Oribatida


paleognath

(zoology) Any bird of the infraclass Paleognathae.


panarthropod

(zoology) Any of many animals of the clade Panarthropoda.


panderichthyid

(zoology) Any of several prehistoric fish of the family Panderichthyidae


paracotylar

(zoology) Extending across or beyond a cotyle


cotyle

cotyle (plural cotyles or cotylae or cotylai)

cotyles (plural)
cotylae (plural)
cotylai (plural)
cotyla (alternative)

From Latin cotylē and Ancient Greek κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup, half-pint”). Doublet of kotyle and kotylos.

der

(zootomy) Synonym of acetabulum (“any of various cup-shaped joints, organs, or skin features in various animals”).


craniate

(zoology) Any member of the clade Craniata, having bony skulls.


pythonid

(zoology) Any of the family Pythonidae of non-venomous snakes, distinguished from the boids by teeth on the premaxilla.


phanaeine

(zoology) Any of several dung beetles of the genus Phanaeus.


cetomimid

(zoology) Any whalefish of the family Cetomimidae.


lophotrochozoan

(zoology) Any protostome animal of the superphylum Lophotrochozoa.


mirapinnid

(zoology) Any of several genera of deep-sea fish of the family Mirapinnidae, now known to be the larval forms of whalefish in the family Cetomimidae.

megalomycterid

the male forms, also once thought to be a separate family


diapsid

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Diapsida</i>

(zoology) Any of very many reptiles, of the subclass Diapsida, that have a pair of openings in the skull behind each eye


dryolestid

A dog-sized dryolestid, Peligrotherium, the ‘lazy beast’, is known from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, while another, Necrolestes, the ‘grave-robber’, is from the same part of the world, but much later, in the Miocene.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 102:

(zoology) Any of a group of extinct mammals of the order †Dryolestida.


meridiungulate

(zoology) Any of the South American mammals of the extinct clade †Meridiungulata.


multitubercolate

(zoology) Any of a group of extinct mammals of the order Multituberculata


pantodont

(zoology) Any of many extinct mammals of the suborder Pantodonta


pantolest

(zoology) Any of several extinct mammals of the suborder †Pantolesta


pleurodire

(zoology) Any of a group of side-necked turtles of the suborder Pleurodira


podocnemidid

(zoology) Any of a group of side-necked turtles of the family Podocnemididae


sirenian

/sʌɪˈɹiːnɪən/

From the scientific name, translingual Sirenia.

The cetaceans (whales and dolphins) together with the sirenians (sea cows and manatees) are the sea mammals best-adapted to the seas of today, but it is the cetaceans that have most engaged the attention of mankind as both prey and fellow sentient being.

2011 September 22, Richard Shelton, “Sheep, pig, whale”, in Times Literary Supplement:

(zoology) Any of a group of aquatic, herbivorous mammals of the order Sirenia, a manatee or a dugong.


ovipara

From New Latin, neuter plural of oviparus (“oviparous”).


taeniodont

From Ancient Greek ταινία (tainía, “band, ribbon”) + -odont.

der

(zoology) Any of a group of extinct mammals of the suborder Taeniodonta


tillodont

(zoology) Any of a group of extinct mammals of the order Tillodontia.


uninjected

(biology, zoology) Not having received an injection.


antiarch

(zoology) Any of a group of extinct placoderms of the order Antiarchi


arthrodiran

(zoology) Any of a group of extinct fish of the order Arthrodira.


atherinomorph

(zoology) Any of a group of rainbowfish and silversides of the order Atherinomorpha.


carcharhiniform

(zoology) Any ground shark of the order Carcharhiniformes.


clasper

(zoology) Any of several appendages, in insects, crustacea and fish, that are used to clasp the female during copulation.


foraminiferan

/fəˌɹamɪˈnɪfəɹən/

Eocene foraminiferans are very different from Pliocene ones, and even within the Eocene there are many fine time divisions that can be recognised using foraminifera.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 146:

(zoology, paleontology) An organism of the phylum Foraminifera; a foraminifer.


holocephalan

(zoology) Any cartilaginous fish of the subclass Holocephali; a chimera.


phyllolepid

(zoology) Any extinct placoderm of the order †Phyllolepida.


allomother

/ˈæləˌmʌðə(ɹ)/

Within hours of birth, baby langurs are spirited away from their mothers. They spend up to 50 percent of daylight hours passed from allomother to allomother

2000, Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Mother Nature: Maternal Instincts and how They Shape the Human Species, page 162:

Among the !Kung foragers of the Kalahari, babies are held by a father, grandmother, older sibling or some other allomother maybe 25 percent of the time.

2009 March 3, Natalie Angier, “In a Helpless Baby, the Roots of Our Social Glue”, in New York Times:

(zoology) A human or other creature that provides some maternal care for the young born of another.


proventriculus

From New Latin proventriculus (19th century), from pro- + ventriculus.

In fulmars, the proventriculus is very baggy, and has thick wrinkled walls lined with glands that excrete the waxy oil which courting birds pass to one another in small amounts, perhaps as a way of scent-marking their mate.

2020, Tim Ecott, The Land of Maybe, Short Books, published 2021, page 201:

(zoology) The part of the avian stomach, between the crop and the gizzard, that secretes digestive enzymes.

(zoology) A similar part of the digestive system in insects and myriapods.


pycnogonid

(zoology) Any sea spider of the class Pycnogonida.


cervid

(zoology) Any animal (such as the deer) of the family Cervidae.


caprid

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the subfamily Caprinae of ruminants, of which the goat (genus Capra) is the type; Ovis (sheep) are also members.


caprid

(zoology) Any member of the subfamily Caprinae.


miliary

(zoology) One of the small tubercles of Echinus sea urchins.


rhynchocephalian

(zoology) Any of a group of reptiles of the order Rhynchocephalia; a tuatara.


porcate

en-adj

porcate (comparative more porcate, superlative most porcate)

more porcate (comparative)
most porcate (superlative)

Latin porca (“a ridge between two furrows”).

(zoology) Having grooves or furrows broader than the intervening ridges; furrowed.


pluteus

(zoology) The free-swimming larvae of echinoderms.


spiralian

(zoology) Any animal belonging to the superphylum Spiralia, known for their spiral cleavage pattern.


superprecocial

superprecocial (comparative more superprecocial, superlative most superprecocial)

more superprecocial (comparative)
most superprecocial (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superprecocial.wav

(zoology) Very precocial; hatched in a highly developed state.


precocial

From Latin praecŏcĭa (“places where fruits ripen early”).

uder

Being precocial, shorebird chicks leave the nest soon after hatching to forage by themselves, but, as they are not yet homeothermic, they lose body heat while foraging and must be rewarmed by their parents at regular intervals.

2012, Karen L Krijgsveld, Behavioural and physiological adaptations of precocial chicks to arctic environments:

(zoology, of birds) Hatched from the egg already covered in down and with eyes open; capable of leaving the nest within a few days.


cetartiodactyl

Cetartiodactyls are by far the most populous of the two ungulate groups today, but it wasn’t always so.

2018 March 7, Elsa Panciroli, The Guardian:

(zoology) Any of a large group of animals, of the clade Cetartiodactyla, including the whales and even-toed ungulates.


notum

(zoology) The back; the dorsal side of the thorax in insects or nudibranches.


Barbary lion

Barbary lions had been believed extinct in the wild since the mid-twentieth century, survived only by a few odds and bods of DNA carried in captive individuals descended from Haile Selassie's private collection.

Panthera leo leo
Panthera leo leo#Translingual

(zoology) Any of the North African population, now extinct in the wild, of the lion subspecies Panthera leo leo.


paedophagy

From paedo- (“youth; young”) + -phagy, from Ancient Greek φάγος (phágos).

(zoology, of animals) The act of feeding off larvae or eggs.


Alaskan Malamute

en-noun

Alaskan Malamute (plural Alaskan Malamutes)

(zoology) A relatively large breed of sled dog, sometimes mistaken for the Siberian Husky.

阿拉斯加馬拉穆 /阿拉斯加马拉穆

Ālāsījiā mǎlāmù


Basenji

From Lingala mbwá na basɛ́nzi (“dogs of the savages; dogs of the villagers”). First use appears c. 1906.

der

(zoology) A hunting dog (for aiding human hunters) of a particular African breed.


musteloid

(zoology) Any of many mammals of the superfamily Musteloidea, including the weasels, raccoons, red pandas, and skunks.


zoonite

An organite is always dependent, its life is always subordinate to that of the individual of which it forms a part; a zoonite is always independent, it has a life peculiar to itself.

1843, The Medical Times, volume 7, page 183:

When there is budding the somite which proliferates is the pre-anal in Myrianida and certain species of Autolytus; the anal segment is, from the first, too differentiated to take part in the formation of new zoonites.

1891, Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, page 195:

(zoology, archaic) One of the segments of the body of an articulated animal, sometimes regarded as a distinct organism.


aeroscopy

From Ancient Greek ἁεροσκοπία (haeroskopía, “divination by observing the heavens”), from ἀήρ (aḗr, “air”) + σκοπέω (skopéō, “I examine”).


papula

(zoology) One of the numerous small hollow processes of the integument between the plates of starfishes.


apterygial

(zoology) That lacks limbs, fins or wings.


achaetous

Achaetous gill-less tails are a typical trait for the juvenile stage of development in species of Arenicolidae (phylum Annelida).


selachian

en-adj

selachian (comparative more selachian, superlative most selachian)

more selachian (comparative)
most selachian (superlative)
selacian (alternative)

From the (disused) genus name Selache, from Latin selachē, from the plural of Ancient Greek σέλαχος (sélakhos, “shark”).

der

Fig. 4-10 shows crude apparatus which was used to make rough measurements of the vertical forces produced by selachian tails.

1981, R. McNeill Alexander, The Chordates, page 104:

Telling selachian sharks apart from batoid skates and rays is relatively easy (with some exceptions noted below), but telling skates (rajiforms) apart from rays (myliobatiforms) can be more challenging.

2014, Gene Helfman, George H. Burgess, Sharks: The Animal Answer Guide, page 8:

(zoology) Pertaining to (what is now classified as) the superorder Selachimorpha or division Selachii, comprising the sharks; or, sometimes more broadly, to the subclass Elasmobranchii, including sharks, rays and related species.

хрущялен

pertaining to the superorder Selachiformes


selachian

selachians (plural)
selacian (alternative)

However, some selachians enter freshwater and a few, like the stingray Paratrygon motoro, are even restricted to freshwater.

1999, William C Hamlett, editor, Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes, page 300:

(zoology) Any organism of the superorder Selachimorpha or subclass Elasmobranchii; an extant shark (or related species).


unlogged

(zoology) Where logging (cutting down of trees) has not taken place.


scutellum

Borrowed from New Latin scūtellum, diminutive of Latin scūtum (“shield”).

Any of several shield-shaped structures in insects, grasses etc

(zoology) The third of the four pieces forming the upper part of a thoracic segment of an insect. It follows the scutum, and is followed by the small postscutellum.

(zoology) One of the transverse scales on the tarsi and toes of birds.


sensillum

sensilla (plural)
sensilla (alternative)

Borrowed from German Sensillum, from New Latin sensillum, diminutive of Latin sēnsus (“perception, feeling”). Coined by German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician and artist Ernst Haeckel in Systematische Phylogenie (1895).

coinage

(zoology) A sensory receptor in certain invertebrates, especially arthropods.


zoönule

(zoology) Alternative spelling of zoonule.


zalambdodont

(zoology) Having teeth with two ridges that meet at an angle, forming the letter lambda.


sicula

(zoology) The hard, triangular apex of a graptolite from which it grows.


zoögeny

(zoology) Alternative spelling of zoogeny.


zoöerythrine

(zoology) Alternative spelling of zooerythrin.


megacephalic

en-adj

megacephalic (comparative more megacephalic, superlative most megacephalic)

more megacephalic (comparative)
most megacephalic (superlative)

(botany, zoology) Having an extremely large head.


xenarthran

/zəˈnɑɹθɹən/

From Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “strange”) + ἄρθρον (árthron, “joint”).

Elephant-shrews, xenarthrans, hystricognathous rodents, cetaceans, some pinnipeds, and primates depart sharply from this trend, however.

1978, Terry A. Vaughan, James M. Ryan, Nicholas J. Czaplewski, Mammalogy, page 355:

Xenarthrans appear to have originated in South America and to have undergone their major adaptive radiation there (Reig 1981).

2000, John F. Eisenberg, Kent H. Redford, Mammals of the Neotropics, volume 3, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, page 90:

Only four xenarthran families are extant today, providing little indication of the past richness of the order.

2008, Christine Argot, “3: Changing Views in Paleontology: The Story of a Giant (Megatherium, Xenarthra)”, in Eric J. Sargis, Marian Dagosto, editors, Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, page 37:

2010, Ana Maria Jansen, André Luiz Rodrigues Roque, 11: Domestic and Wild Mammalian Reservoirs, Jenny Telleria, Michel Tibayrenc, American Trypanosomiasis: Chagas Disease: One Hundred Years of Research, page 249,
Marsupials and xenarthrans, which represented the autochthonous mammalian fauna, were T. cruzi’s first hosts.

(zoology) Any mammal of the superorder Xenarthra, of the Americas; an anteater, armadillo or sloth.


xiphosauran

(zoology) Any of many marine chelicerates of the order Xiphosura, the horseshoe crabs.


zoanthid

(zoology) Any member of the order Zoanthidea of cnidarians commonly found in coral reefs and other marine environments.


homocercal

(ichthyology) Describing the symmetric tail of a fish that has two lobes extending from the end of the vertebral column.


homochromy

(zoology) The use, by an organism, of the same colour as its background as a means of protection

taustaväritys

the use of the same colour as its background


homodont

(zoology) Having teeth that are all of the same type.

azonos típusú fogakkal rendelkező

having teeth that are all of the same type


homodont

(zoology) Any organism with teeth all of the same type.


protostoma

From proto- + Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

af

The protostoma with its wall—the protorhabdion—is the major part of the stoma.

1968, Konstantin Ivanovich Skirabin, Key to Parasitic Nematodes, volume 1:

Conventionally, the stoma is divided into three parts: the anterior chamber or cheilostoma, the middle or protostoma, and the posterior or telostoma.

1977, Ivan Antonovich Rubtsov, Aquatic Mermithidae of the Fauna of the USSR:

(zoology) In nematodes, a particular division of the stoma (mouthlike opening).


strepsirrhine

From Strepsirrhini (“a taxon of Primates”), itself formed from Ancient Greek στρέψις (strépsis, “a turning [inward]”) + ῥινός (rhinós, “nose”), referring to the sinuous (comma-shaped) appearance of the nostrils on the rhinarium (wet nose).

uder

(zoology) Any member of the clade Strepsirrhini, one of the two suborders of primates, besides haplorhines (which includes monkeys and apes).


lineate

en-adj

lineate (comparative more lineate, superlative most lineate)

more lineate (comparative)
most lineate (superlative)

Latin lineatus, past participle of lineare (“to reduce to a straight line”).


queenlike

queenlike (comparative more queenlike, superlative most queenlike)

more queenlike (comparative)
most queenlike (superlative)

Although the laying workers functioned in a queenlike manner, they were unable to suppress ovarian development as effectively as the queen.

1991, Kenneth G Ross, Robert W Matthews, The social biology of wasps:

(zoology) Resembling or characteristic of a queen (reproductive female animal).


sigbin

(cryptozoology) A cryptid resembling a kangaroo or a deer.


nagana

In 1894 Major David Bruce was sent to Zululand to investigate the cattle disease nagana.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 460:

(veterinary medicine) A disease of vertebrates in southern Africa, characterised by swelling and lethargy and caused by trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies.


rainbow runner

Rainbow runners are fished for food and sport in warm waters.

(zoology) The marine fish species Elagatis bipinnulata, which is brilliantly striped yellow and blue


winter coat

winter coats (plural)
winter-coat (alternative)

Regal ermine is made of the weasely stoat's winter coat

(zoology) An animal's seasonal appearance in winter, notably thicker and/or otherwise camouflaged plumage or fur after (often autumnal) moulting


cursorial

cursorial (comparative more cursorial, superlative most cursorial)

more cursorial (comparative)
most cursorial (superlative)

The limbs of the horse are cursorial.

The ostrich is a cursorial bird.

(zoology) Having legs fitted for running.


astrapothere

(zoology) Any of several extinct, hoofed, herbivorous mammals, of the order Astrapotheria, from Cenozoic South America.


coxal

Borrowed from Medieval Latin or Late Latin coxalis, from Latin coxa.


viverrid

(zoology) Any member of the family Viverridae


vachette

(veterinary surgery) A piece of strong steel wire with the ends curved and pointed, used on toe or quarter cracks to bind the edges together and prevent motion. It is clasped into two notches, one on each side of the crack, burned into the wall with a cautery iron.


forearm bone

(zoology) The ulna or the fused ulna and radius, which may be the sole bone of the forelimb or the strongest bone of the forelimb.


sexual cannibalism

(zoology) A type of cannibalism in animals, whereby the female devours the male after, or during, copulation.


siphuncle

An extra-salty siphuncle naturally absorbs water from the phragmocone chambers, and the empty space left behind is filled with gases diffusing out from the blood.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 37:

(zoology) A strand of tissue passing longitudinally through the shell of a cephalopod, used primarily in emptying water from new chambers as the shell grows.


ectopterygoid

(zoology) A certain ventral bone of reptiles or fish


acrocirrid

(zoology) Any of many polychaete worms of the family Acrocirridae


omomyid

In Europe, beavers, hamsters, hedgehogs and rhinoceroses are migrating in from Asia, wiping out native European groups like omomyids, the nocturnal relatives of tarsiers and monkeys, and several families of hoofed mammal.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 64:

(zoology) Any member of the family †Omomyidae, a diverse group of extinct primates.


ceratitid

(zoology) Any extinct ammonite of the order Ceratitida.


mormyrid

(ichthyology) Any member of the family Mormyridae of freshwater elephantfish.


apeman

(cryptozoology) A reputed or legendary, large, bipedal, ape-like creature, as Bigfoot or the Yeti, or a primitive australopithecine still extant today.


pedicle

From Latin pedīculus (“little foot”), diminutive of pēs.

A species of shell-fish, often found sticking by its pedicle to the bottom of ships, doing no other injury than deadening the way a little: "Barnacles, termed soland geese In th' islands of the Orcades."

1867, William Henry Smyth, The Sailor's Word-Book:

(zoology) A fleshy line used to attach and anchor brachiopods and some bivalve molluscs to a substrate.

His long, rakish horns are mounted on a pedicle that extends above his head, thus accentuating the droll length of his features.

(zoology) The attachment point for antlers in cervids.


Johnston's organ

en-noun

Johnston's organ (plural Johnston's organs)

Named after Christopher Johnston, a physician.

(zoology) A collection of sensory cells found in the pedicel of the antennae in the class Insecta.


varanoid

(zoology) Any member of the superfamily Varanoidea of lizards, including the well-known Australian family Varanidae (the goannas).


loricate

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the rotifers with thick, rigid cuticles and a box-like shape.


loricate

(zoology) Any animal covered with bony scales, such as the crocodile or pangolin.


arboricole

From Latin arbor + colere (“to inhabit”).

arboricole bird

arboricole ant


ceratosaur

(zoology) Any of many dinosaurs of the infraorder Ceratosauria.


annule

(zoology) A circular band formed by two transverse grooves in the cuticle of some nematodes with consequent apparent segmentation; annulus.


softshell

(zoology) Having a relatively soft shell.


stomiid

Since stomiids are sensitive to the far-red bioluminescence produced by their suborbital photophores, which other animals in the deep sea cannot see, they have what could be regarded as a private waveband.

2001, Friedrich G. Barth, Ecology of Sensing:

(ichthyology) Any member of the family Stomiidae of deep-sea ray-finned fish, including the barbeled dragonfishes, stareaters, and loosejaws.


nongregarious

(zoology) Not gregarious; solitary. Compare ungregarious.


estrildid

Estrildids and ploceids are clearly different in courtship posture, clutch size, egg coloration, pattern in mouth of the young, and mode of begging of the young.

1968, Breviora, numbers 280-309, page 50:

Marschall and Prinzinger (1991) subjected five species of estrildids to the following calculation from laboratory measurements under different T_A: O₂ consumption, CO₂ production, RMR, TNZ, conductance and T_B.

1996, Gordon L. Maclean, Ecophysiology of Desert Birds, page 100:

The estrildids are all monogamous (forming long-term or life-long pair bonds) and exhibit biparental care.

2008, James L. Goodson, Chapter 1: Nonapeptides and the evolutionary patterning of sociality, page 8:

(zoology) Any weaverbird of the family Estrildidae.


eruca

Borrowed from Latin eruca, in its senses of "caterpillar" and "colewort" respectively. Cognate with arugula, rucola, rocket, roquette.


shastasaurid

(zoology) Any extinct ichthyosaur in the family Shastasauridae.


echino-

From combining form of Ancient Greek ἐχῖνος (ekhînos, “hedgehog”).

der

(chiefly zoology) Forming compound terms denoting something prickly or, specifically, indicating the sea urchin.


lapillus

(zoology) One of the otoliths in finfish.


procyonid

(zoology) Any member of the family Procyonidae, a New World family of the order Carnivora, including the raccoons, coatis, kinkajous, olingos, ringtails and cacomistles.


foundress

foundresses (plural)
founderess (alternative)

From Middle English founderess, founderesse, foundress (“female founder or builder of a city; female founder or benefactor of a religious house; (figuratively) female inventor or originator; (figuratively) a source”) [and other forms]; from founder, foundere, foundour (“founder or builder of a building, city, country, etc.; builder or endower of a church, college, monastery, etc.; benefactor or patron of such an institution; charter member of a guild; first head of a religious organization; inventor, originator; (figuratively) earliest of a class of people; (figuratively) a source”) + -esse (“suffix forming female forms of words”). Foundour is derived from Anglo-Norman fundur, Old French fondeor, fondeur (“creator, instigator, founder”) (modern French fondeur), from Latin fundātor (“founder”) (rare), from fundō (“to make by smelting, found”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”)) + -tor (suffix forming masculine agent nouns). The English word is analysable as founder + -ess (suffix forming female forms of words).

suffix

[T]he comparison of multiple inseminations and multiple foundress associations showed that the number of foundresses, a component of migration structure, affects the potential for social evolution more strongly than the number of inseminations per foundress, a component of the mating structure.

1987, Michael J. Wade, Felix J. Breden, “Kin Selection in Complex Groups: Mating Structure, Migration Structure, and the Evolution of Social Behaviors”, in B. Diane Chepko-Sade, Zuleyma Tang Halpin, editors, Mammalian Dispersal Patterns: The Effect of Social Structure on Population Genetics, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, part V (Mathematical Models of Population Structure), page 281:

When two [European paper wasp] foundresses meet at the nest site after hibernation, the foundress with the higher corpus allatum activity usually becomes dominant.

1991, Peter-Frank Röseler, “Reproductive Competition during Colony Establishment”, in Kenneth G. Ross, Robert W. Matthews, editors, The Social Biology of Wasps, Ithaca, N.Y., London: Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, →ISBN, figure 9.4 caption, page 329:

Like many vertebrate cooperative breeders, foundress associations of paper wasps are composed of individuals of varying relatedness (typically full sisters, cousins, and unrelated individuals;[…]), […] However there is also very clear helping behaviour: subordinate foundresses hunt for caterpillars and other insect food to provision the offspring of the dominant female.

2021, Michael Taborsky, Michael A. Cant, Jan Komdeur, “Conflict”, in The Evolution of Social Behaviour, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 131, column 1:

(zoology, specifically) A female animal which establishes a colony.


hemipter

(zoology) Any organism of the order Hemiptera, including cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, and shield bugs.


viperid

Originally only capitalized, from New Latin Viperidae (“taxonomic family”), as Vipera + -id.

der

(zoology) Any member of the family Viperidae; a viper.


trophobiosis

en-noun

trophobiosis (usually uncountable, plural trophobioses)

(zoology) A symbiotic association in which one organism obtains or provides food for another.


opisthobranch

/ɵˈpɪsθəbɹæŋk/

(zoology) A gastropod with gills behind the heart, formerly thought to belong to a single group.


dorid

(zoology) Any member of the taxonomic superfamily Doridoidea of nudibranchs.


merlucciid

(zoology) Any member of the family Merlucciidae of codlike fishes, including most hakes.


nonagrian

(zoology) Any one of the moths of the genus Nonagria.


chaetotaxy

chaetotaxy (countable and uncountable, plural chaetotaxies)

chaetotaxies (plural)
chætotaxy (alternative)
chaeototaxy (alternative)
chetotaxy (alternative)

By analogy to phyllotaxy, substituting the prefix chaeto- from Greek χαίτη (khaítē). By surface analysis, chaeto- -taxy (compare taxis).

I propose the term Chætotaxy for the arrangement of bristles on the different parts of the body of the Diptera, the composition of this term being analogous to phyllotaxy, the order or arrangement of leaves of plants.

1884 November 5, C. R. Osten-Sacken, “An Essay of Comparative Chætotaxy, or the arrangement of characteristic bristles of Diptera”, in Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, London, page 497:

(zoology) The arrangement of, and study of arrangement of, chaetae (chitinous bristles) on a species or subspecies of animal, usually and especially an arthropod or annelid.


anodon

(zoology) Any of the genus Anodon, now Anodonta, of freshwater bivalves.

anodonte

any of the genus Anodonta of freshwater bivalves


acetonemia

acetonaemia (alternative)
acetonæmia (alternative)

(veterinary medicine) Presence of excessive levels of acetone in blood, sometimes occurring in cows during the first weeks after giving birth to a calf.

asetonitauti

presence of excessive levels of acetone in blood


inia

(zoology) Any South American freshwater dolphin of genus (Inia), with a hairy snout.


ursid

(zoology) Any species of the family Ursidae; a bear, a giant panda, or any of certain extinct relatives.

ursidé

any member of the family Ursidae, the bears


Japanese spitz

Japanese spitz (plural Japanese spitzes)

(zoology) A small breed of dog from Japan, having a somewhat square body, deep chest, and very thick, pure white double coat.


proboscidate

en-adj

proboscidate (comparative more proboscidate, superlative most proboscidate)

more proboscidate (comparative)
most proboscidate (superlative)

From Latin proboscis (proboscid- in compounds) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

The visitor [...] returned several times to the pictures of little Armande in her bath, pressing a proboscidate rubber toy to her shiny stomach or standing up, dimple-bottomed, to be lathered.

1972, Vladimir Nabokov, Transparent Things, McGraw-Hill, published 1972, pages 40–1:

(chiefly zoology) Having, or shaped like, a proboscis.


dogman

From dog (“the domesticated mammal Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris”) + -man (suffix denoting someone (possibly implied male) who is an expert in an area, who is employed or holds a position in an area, or who takes part in an activity) or man (senses 2 and 3).

suffix

[T]his tradition certainly influenced that of Dog-Men (cynanthropy) and of dog-headed men (cynocephaly), […] Dog-Men, however, have historically enjoyed a much richer and more varied mythology than their lycanthropic cousins, no doubt as a result of the ambiguity of the dog itself as much as of cultural or historical trends.

1991, David Gordon White, “Hell is Other People”, in Myths of the Dog-man, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 15:

A dogman’s legs are back bent, crooked as a dog’s. Its body is covered in fine fur, and its face has a dog-like snout and ear. A dogman’s arms and torso are completely humanoid, save for the its strange paws, that are vaguely human-like, but with thick dark claws.

2002, Sovereign Stone: Bestiary of Loerem, Lake Geneva, Wis.: Sovereign Press, →ISBN, page 56, column 1:

I was interested in the Wisconsin dogman sightings, which were kind of scary, but when you started talking about the ones showing up in bedrooms I must have been agape and my hair [standing] on end.

2016, Linda S. Godfrey, quoting Matt Ballotti, “Shadow Wolves”, in Monsters among Us: An Exploration of Otherworldly Bigfoots, Wolfmen, Portals, Phantoms, and Odd Phenomena, New York, N.Y.: TarcherPerigee, →ISBN, pages 95–96:

Sightings of mysterious creatures that appear to be part human and part wolf are reported in modern times all over the world. […] Their apparent hybrid nature makes them “dogmen” or “man-wolves.” […] Reports of dogmen date to ancient times. In some cases, they were thought to be a type of debased human.

2018, Rosemary Ellen Guiley, “Introduction: An Overview of Werewolves and Their Kin”, in Rosemary Ellen Guiley, editor, Fate Presents Werewolves and Dogmen, New Milford, Conn.: Visionary Living, →ISBN:

(cryptozoology, mythology) An alleged cryptid or mythological creature that is part dog and part man; also (religion) a deity who is part dog and part man.


palpator

(zoology, dated) One of a family of clavicorn beetles, including those which have very long maxillary palpi.


quadrumane

From French quadrumane, from Late Latin quadrumanus.

(zoology, now rare) An animal having four hands and feet with opposable digits, specifically a member of the now obsolete order of mammals Quadrumana, comprising all non-human primates; a primate.


quadrumane

en-adj

quadrumane (comparative more quadrumane, superlative most quadrumane)

more quadrumane (comparative)
most quadrumane (superlative)

(zoology, now rare) Pertaining to such an animal; quadrumanous; loosely, "ape-like".


zoodendrium

zoodendria (plural)
zoödendrium (alternative)

(zoology) The branched, and often treelike, support of the colonies of certain Infusoria.


armilla

Borrowed from Latin armilla. Doublet of armill.

(zoology) A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.


afrotherian

afrotherian (comparative more afrotherian, superlative most afrotherian)

more afrotherian (comparative)
most afrotherian (superlative)

From Afrotheria, from Afro- + Ancient Greek θηρίον (thēríon, “beast”), + -n.

Although the monophyly of Afrotheria is well supported by recent molecular studies, the interrelationships within afrotherian mammals remain unclarified.

2003, Yumie Murata et al., “Afrotherian Phylogeny as Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genomes”, in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, volume 28, page 253:

Just as molecular evidence from living mammals would predict, the African fossil record documents the presence of several afrotherian groups by early or middle Eocene time.

2006, Chris Beard, The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey, University of California Press, page 251:

(zoology) Belonging or pertaining to the superorder Afrotheria, which includes the elephants, aardvarks, golden moles, tenrecs, etc.


afrotherian

As their name implies, afrotherians putatively represent a radiation of placentals rooted in the African continent and nearby island of Madagascar.

2001, Michael J. Novacek, “Mammalian Phylogeny: Genes and Supertrees”, in Current Biology, volume 11, page R573:

Alternatively, the afrotherians may have originated in Europe, and an elephant-shrew like creature crossed into Africa and gave rise to the great diversity of afrotherians—from elephants to golden moles—that inhabit the continent today.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 59:

(zoology) A placental that belongs to the superorder Afrotheria, such as an elephant, aardvark, golden mole, tenrec, etc.


afrothere

From Afrotheria, from Afro- + Ancient Greek θηρίον (thēríon, “beast”).

Golden moles and tenrecs seem to be related to each other, and most modern authorities place them within the afrotheres.

2004, Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale, Mariner Books, page 222:

In the absence of a comprehensive fossil record for stem members of crown Afrotheria, most high-level phylogenetic analyses have been based primarily on the morphology of extant afrotheres[…].

2007, Rodolphe Tabuce et al., “Early Tertiary Mammals from North Africa Reinforce the Molecular Afrotheria Clade”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, volume 274, page 1159:


agnathan

/ˈæɡ.nə.θən/

From Agnatha, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “without”) + γνάθος (gnáthos, “jaw”).

Haikouichthys is one of three species of jawless (or agnathan) fish to be found in the Early Cambrian period.

2005, Tim Haines, Paul Chambers, The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life, BBC Books, page 20:

(zoology) Belonging or pertaining to the superclass Agnatha, the jawless vertebrates.


agnathan

/ˈæɡ.nə.θən/

Thus should the cranial neural crest in cyclostomes prove to be non-skeletogenous this might be a reflection either of its own primitiveness or of the different evolutionary origins and morphological status of the visceral skeleton in agnathans and gnathostomes.

1956, D. R. Newth, “On the Neural Crest of the Lamprey Embryo”, in Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, volume 4, page 358:

The hagfish is an agnathan, a modern representative of the earliest evolved group of vertebrates, the ostracoderms or jawless fishes, which arose prior to the ancient placoderms (3).

1992, Peter J. Hanley et al., “Hagfish Humoral Defense Protein Exhibits Structural and Functional Homology with Mammalian Complement Components”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, volume 89, page 7910:

(zoology) A member of the superclass Agnatha of jawless vertebrates.


crabronid

(zoology) Any member of the Crabronidae, a large family of wasps.


agnath

Evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by a gradual increase in oxygen availability, from the irrespirable atmosphere of the Precambrian to a PO₂ at 7 mmHg with the first vertebrates (agnaths), to the present sea level PO₂ value of 160 mmHg with the first reptiles.

1979, Stephen C. Wood, Evolution of Respiratory Processes, Marcel Dekker,, →ISBN, page 218:

The gnathostomes almost entirely replaced the agnaths, presumably because they were more effective fishes.

1996, George Christopher Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Princeton University Press,, →ISBN, page 51:

Thus, although tunicates are presumably intermediate between flatworms and agnaths, the larval tunicate more closely resembles the flatworm and adult agnath.

2002, Harold J. Morowitz, The Emergence of Everything, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 113:


duetter

(zoology) A creature that duets (communicates between the sexes using song).


culmen

Borrowed from Latin culmen (“apex, acme”).

bor+

The measurements were taken as follows: wing length, from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary; tarsus length, from the tibiotarsal joint to the distal undivided scute; upper mandible length, the chord length from the point where the culmen enters the feathers of the head to the tip; bill depth, in the vertical plane level at the anterior edge of the nares.

1997 June 20, “A Role for Ecotones in Generating Rainforest Biodiversity”, in Science, volume 276, number 5320, →DOI, pages 1855–1857:

A very simple form was found in the carving shown in Pl. 17, fig. 13, where a long projecting knob is seen at the base of the culmen.

1910, Alfred M. Tozzer, Glover M. Allen, Animal Figures in the Maya Codices:

(zoology) The dorsal ridge of a bird's bill.


egg tooth

egg teeth (plural)
eggtooth (alternative)
egg-tooth (alternative)

(zoology) A small, sharp, cranial protuberance used by offspring to break or tear through the egg's surface during hatching.


euphausiid

(zoology) Any member of the taxonomic order Euphausiacea of krill.


ambitus

From Latin ambitus (“circuit, ostentation”). Doublet of ambit.

(botany, zoology) The exterior edge or border of a thing, such as a leaf or shell.


antennular

(zoology) of or relating to antennules or an antennule


syncranterian

en-adj

syncranterian (comparative more syncranterian, superlative most syncranterian)

more syncranterian (comparative)
most syncranterian (superlative)
syncranteric (alternative)

From syn- + Ancient Greek κραντήρες (krantḗres, “wisdom teeth”) + -ian.

der

The three Tropidonotes here described possess the true syncranterian type of dentition.

1860, Edward Drinker Cope, “Notes and descriptions of new and little known species of American Reptiles”, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, volume 12, page 342:

The type species, C. constrictor, definitely has syncranterian dentition.

1987, Beat Schätti, “The Phylogenetic Significance of Morphological Characters in the Holarctic Racers of the Genus Coluber”, in Amphibia-Reptilia, volume 8, number 4:

(herpetology) Having teeth in one continuous row.


diacranterian

en-adj

diacranterian (comparative more diacranterian, superlative most diacranterian)

more diacranterian (comparative)
most diacranterian (superlative)
diacranteric (alternative)

From dia- + Ancient Greek κραντήρες (krantḗres, “wisdom teeth”) + -ian.

(herpetology) Having the back teeth separated from the front teeth.


galaxiid

(zoology) Any member of the family Galaxiidae of mostly small freshwater fish of the Southern Hemisphere.


serrasalmine

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the Serrasalminae.


ephyra

(zoology) An immature medusoid stage of a scyphozoan jellyfish once it breaks off from its segmenting polyp.

Ephyra

a larval stage of a scyphozoan jellyfish


aftosa

foot-and-mouth disease
foot-and-mouth disease

(veterinary medicine) foot-and-mouth disease


eumenid

(zoology) Any member of the vespid subfamily Eumeninae, the potter wasps.


gubernaculum

gubernacula (plural)
gubernaculum testis (alternative)
gubernaculum dentis (alternative)

From Latin gubernāculum (“a helm, rudder”).

A part or structure that serves as a guide:

(zoology) The reproductive tract of an invertebrate, or part of it; especially the section containing the gonophores (in a hydrozoan); a sclerotized structure in the cloaca (in a nematode).


protiston

(zoology, archaic) A protist (member of the former taxonomic kingdom Protista).


nematogenic

In zoology, formed as nematogen + -ic; in physical chemistry, formed as nemato- + -genic. Compare nematogenous.


nidify

en-verb

nidify (third-person singular simple present nidifies, present participle nidifying, simple past and past participle nidified)

nidifies (present singular third-person)
nidifying (participle present)
nidified (participle past)
nidified (past)

From Latin nīdificō (“build a nest”), from nīdus (“nest”) + faciō (“make, do”).

It is only within the last few years that naturalists have clearly determined that some species of fish make nests for the reception of their spawn […] Five or six kinds are now ascertained to nidify; and of these, two belong to the genus Gasterosteus […]

1854, Albany Hancock, “Observations on the Nidification of Gasterosteus aculeatus and Gasterosteus spinachia”, in The Zoologist, 12: 4409:

[…] it may originally have explained why dung beetles do not appear when eagles nidify; […]

1997, Gert-Jan van Dijk, Ainoi, Logoi, Mythoi: Fables in Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greek Culture, page 206:

Among the birds that nidify there and live throughout the year [...] the sultan bird detaches[.]

2000, Bill Oddie, Gripping Yarns, page 123:


gonopod

(zoology) A pleopod that is specialized for fertilisation in the males of some decapods.


pauciserial

(zoology, of tooth enamel) Having few layers.


multiserial

(zoology, botany) Arranged in multiple rows


uniserial

(zoology, botany) Having a single row or series; unbranched; uniseriate.


deflex

deflex (third-person singular simple present deflexes, present participle deflexing, simple past and past participle deflexed)

deflexes (present singular third-person)
deflexing (participle present)
deflexed (participle past)
deflexed (past)


dentex

Borrowed from translingual Dentex, from Latin dentex, from Latin dēns (“tooth”). Further from Proto-Italic *dents and Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts.

(ichthyology) Any member of the genus Dentex of perciform fish.


hystricognath

The New World hystricognath rodents (= caviomorphs) today represent one of the most diverse and widespread suborders among the over 800 mammal species of South America (Woods, 1982).

1996, José Roberto Moreira, David W. Macdonald, “7: Capybara use and conservation in South America”, in V.J. Taylor, N. Dunstone, editors, Exploitation of Mammal Populations, page 89:

The situation is similar with respect to rodents, given that the earliest undisputed hystricognaths are from the Oligocene of Pakistan and Egypt (ca. 35Ma), with the possibility of a Middle Eocene origin for the group (Bryant and McKenna 1995; Marivaux et al. 2002).

2008, Felipe Bandoni de Oliveira, Eder Cassola Molina, Paul A. Garber, Gabriel Marroig, “Chapter 3: Paleogeography of the South Atlantic: a Route for Primates and Rodents into the New World?”, in Alejandro Estrada, Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques, Eckhard W. Heymann, Karen B. Strier, editors, South American Primates, page 63:

The hystricognaths include several lines that radiated in Africa and South America in the Oligocene and Miocene.[…]The largest hystricognath group is the Caviomorpha, the South American guinea pigs, capybaras, chinchillas and New World porcupines.

2009, Michael J. Benton, Vertebrate Palaeontology, page 359:

(zoology) Any member of the infraorder Hystricognathi of rodents, distinguished from other rodents by the bone structure of their skulls.


pictura

Learned borrowing from Latin pictūra (“a painting”). Doublet of picture.


araneid

From the genus name translingual Araneus + -id.

(zoology) A spider; now specifically a member of the family Araneidae; an orb weaver.


araneology

From French aranéologie, from Latin arānea + French -o- + -logie.

(zoology) The study of the spider, a branch of arachnology.


digastric

Borrowing from New Latin digastricus, from di- (“twice, doubly”) + gastricus (“gastric”); equivalent to di- + gastric. Doublet of digastricus.


vitta

The curved black line behind the scutel is usually expanded, in connection with the metathoracic black vitta, into a broad black triangle, the apex of which does not quite attain the abdominal peduncle.

1870, American Entomologist and Botanist, volume 2, page 301:


breviped

en-adj

breviped (comparative more breviped, superlative most breviped)

more breviped (comparative)
most breviped (superlative)


brevirostral

brevirostral (comparative more brevirostral, superlative most brevirostral)

more brevirostral (comparative)
most brevirostral (superlative)

Latin brevis (“short”) + English rostral.


caducicorn

caducicorn (comparative more caducicorn, superlative most caducicorn)

more caducicorn (comparative)
most caducicorn (superlative)

(zoology) Having deciduous horns or antlers.


campodeiform

campodeiform (comparative more campodeiform, superlative most campodeiform)

more campodeiform (comparative)
most campodeiform (superlative)

(zoology) Of, pertaining to, or resembling a member of the genus Campodea of arthropods.


canaliferous

(zoology, of the shell of a mollusc) Having a canal.


cancroid

cancroid (comparative more cancroid, superlative most cancroid)

more cancroid (comparative)
most cancroid (superlative)
cancroide (alternative)

(evolutionary theory, zoology) Resembling a crab


catenulate

(botany, zoology) In the form of a chain of linked parts


caudiform

caudiform (comparative more caudiform, superlative most caudiform)

more caudiform (comparative)
most caudiform (superlative)


cavicorn

cavicorn (comparative more cavicorn, superlative most cavicorn)

more cavicorn (comparative)
most cavicorn (superlative)


cavicorn

(zoology) Any animal having hollow horns


cirrigrade

/ˈsɪɹɪɡɹeɪd/

From cirri- + -grade (“means of walking”).

(zoology) moved or moving by means of cirri


nauplius

]
Borrowed from New Latin Nauplius (former genus name) (coined by Danish naturalist Otto Friedrich Müller (1730–1784) who mistakenly thought the larvae were a separate genus of animal), from Latin nauplius (“argonaut, paper nautilus (genus Argonauta)”), from Ancient Greek ναύπλιος (naúplios, “type of shellfish”), from ναῦς (naûs, “ship”) + πλέω (pléō, “to sail”); compare Latin Nauplius (“mythological king of Euboea”), from Ancient Greek Ναύπλιος (Naúplios, “mythological founder of the city of Nauplia (Nafplio), a son of Poseidon and Amymone”).
The plural nauplii is from Latin nauplius + -iī (plural of -ius).

cog

The oval body, with the abdomen not yet differentiated, and bearing no limbs; the (usually) three pairs of limbs, representing the first and second antennæ and mandibles of the adult, together with the single eye, are the distinguishing characteristics of the nauplius stage.

1870 November 16, A[lpheus] S[pring] Packard, “The Development of Limulus Polyphemus”, in Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, volume II, Boston, Mass.: Boston Society of Natural History, published 1872, →OCLC, page 163:

Here is an embryo, or young form, which has just escaped from the egg, and is hurrying off seawards to "see life," without doubt, and to begin life in earnest as well. You now behold a little body, which, roughly described, we shall say has a triangular shape. It has a tail behind, and the shield or "shell" with which the little body is covered, is prolonged in front and at its side-angles or corners into spines or horns. Three pairs of feet, or appendages that resemble these organs, are possessed by the infant barnacle, the two hinder pairs being forked at their tips and provided with long bristles. A single eye appears in front of the two foremost "feet;" and a mouth, stomach, and intestine are discovered within this little body. Thus provided within and without, this little Cyclopean creature swims merrily through the sea. In this stage it is universally named the Nauplius.

1877, Andrew Wilson, “Some Animal Histories”, in Robert Brown, editor, Science for All, volume I, London, Paris, New York, N.Y.: Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co., →OCLC, page 80, column 1:

Fairy-shrimps are primitive crustaceans, most of which live in temporary ponds, roadside ditches, or marshes that dry up in sumer. They lay thick-walled eggs that withstand summer drying and winter freezing, lying dormant in the mud until they hatch out as naupliuses when wetted by the first heavy spring rain.

1987, Ralph [Morris] Buchsbaum, Mildred Buchsbaum, John Pearse, Vicki Pearse, “Lobsters and Other Arthropods: Crustaceans”, in Animals without Backbones, 3rd edition, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 345:

It is not certain that phaseluses are trilobites and not naupliuses of crustaceans or an extinct group of arthropods that has yet to be recognized.

1997, Roger L[eroy] Kaesler, editor, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita Revised, revised edition, volume 1 (Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida), Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America; Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, →ISBN, page 187, column 2:

The copepod nauplii concentrations were significantly different among stations and by depth (Appendices 3 and 4).

2001, Naureen A. Qureshi, Nancy N. Rabalais, “Distribution of Zooplankton on a Seasonally Hypoxic Continental Shelf”, in Nancy N. Rabalais, R[obert] Eugene Turner, editors, Coastal Hypoxia: Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems (Coastal and Estuarine Studies; 58), Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, →ISBN, page 72:

I suggest that several species of nauplioids hybridized with representatives of several groups of arthropods to give them nauplius larvae. […] The occurrence of nauplius larvae in crustacean taxa appears to be almost random, and it bears little relationship to adult morphology or to evolutionary history. This is consistent with the proposal that nauplii were acquired independently and at various times, and it challenge the widely held view that nauplii played a fundamental role in crustacean evolution.

2003, Donald I[rving] Williamson, “Arthopods”, in The Origins of Larvae, revised edition, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 172:

Only nauplii that are attracted to the light at the top of the hatching tank should be collected, since these are the healthy ones.

2007, Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service, Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, “Pre-spawning Procedures”, in Improving Penaeus monodon Hatchery Practices: Manual Based on Experience in India (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper; 446), Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, →ISBN, section 3.13.2 (Nauplii), page 47:

The taxonomic distribution of nauplii within Crustacea raises questions, however, about the evolution of a nonfeeding but swimming nauplius from an embryonized nauplius. Most malacostracans lack a free nauplius stage. Euphausiaceans and dendrobranchiate shrimp, which hatch as nonfeeding nauplii, are the exceptions. Inferred phylogenies of malacostracans imply that either the ancestor lacked a free nauplius and free nauplii subsequently evolved again, or that egg nauplii evolved multiple times[…].

2018, Richard R. Strathmann, “Larvae and Direct Development”, in Gary A. Wellborn, Martin Thiel, editors, Life Histories (The Natural History of the Crustacea; 5), New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 158:

(zoology) A crustacean larva that has three pairs of locomotive organs (corresponding to antennules, antennae, and mandibles), a median eye, and little or no segmentation of the body.


clavicorn

From Latin clavus (“key”) + cornu (“horn”).

(zoology) Having antennas shaped like clubs; used especially of the Clavicornes group of beetles


elater

From New Latin elatēr, from Ancient Greek ἐλατήρ (elatḗr, “driver, that which drives away”).


tarsometatarsus

(zoology) The large bone in the leg of a bird, or some bird-like dinosaurs, connected to the foot, homologous to the mammalian tarsus and metatarsus.


concolorate

(botany, zoology) Having a uniform colour


velarium

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-velarium.wav

(zoology) The marginal membrane of certain medusae belonging to the Discophora.


perigonium

(dated, zoology) The wall of the sporosac in a hydroid.


sporosac

(zoology) An early or simple larval stage of trematode worms and some other invertebrates, which is capable of reproducing other germ cells by asexual generation; a redia.


pannicle

From Middle French pannicle, and its source, Late Latin panniculus (“membrane”), from Latin panniculus (“small rag”), from pannus (“cloth”).

(anatomy, zoology) A membrane of tissue in the body of a human or animal.


spongocoel

(zoology) The large central cavity of a sponge.


isogonic

en-adj

isogonic (comparative more isogonic, superlative most isogonic)

more isogonic (comparative)
most isogonic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-isogonic.wav

(zoology) Exhibiting, or relating to, isogonism.


tettigoniid

/ˌtɛtɪˈɡəʊniɪd/

Representatives of the Mermithidae are the most common nematode parasites of tettigoniids, however spirurids and more rarely, subulurids and thelastomatids, also occur in some members of this family.

1975, George O. Poinar, Entomogenous Nematodes: A Manual and Host List of Insect-nematode Associations:

(zoology) Any member of the family Tettigoniidae, the katydids or bush-crickets.


longicorn

From Latin longus (“long”) + cornu (“horn”). Compare French longicorne.

(zoology, obsolete) Of or relating to the Longicornia, an obsolete group of insects. Some are now classified as Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles).


tripus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin tripūs, from Ancient Greek τρίπους (trípous); doublet of tripod and teapoy. In the sense associated with Cambridge University, the Tripus is named after the three-legged stool on which he sat during the degree-awarding ceremony.

tripod

three-legged vessel in Greek and Roman antiquities

(zoology, in cypriniform fishes) The hindmost Weberian ossicle of the Weberian apparatus, touching the anterior wall of the swimbladder and connected by a dense, elongate ligament to the intercalarium.


didelphic

From Ancient Greek δύο (dúo, “two, di-”) + Ancient Greek δελφύς (delphús, “womb”) + -ic.

af

two, <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">di-</i>

In didelphic uterus the uterus above the cervix is divided into two separate cavities.

2006, Dr Thomas Stuttaford, “Condition that increases the risks in pregnancy”, in The Times:


virgula

From Latin virgula (“twig; wand; scratch comma”), from virga (“branch; rod”) + -ulus (“-ule: forming diminutives”). As a dowsing rod, via virgula divina or divinatoria. Doublet of virgule.

der

(zoology) A small, thin, straight growth, particularly:

A small, thin, straight growth
The spines of a ray.

A small, thin, straight growth
The sicula of a graptolite.


digitation

en-noun

digitation (countable and uncountable, plural digitations)

/dɪdʒɪˈteɪʃən/

(zoology, botany) Any of various finger-like processes (outgrowths) found in plant and animal tissues.


intersegment

The intersegments are homologous to the transverse conjunctivae of the preabdomen. They are frequently equal in extent to the segments themselves, functioning as a membranous sheath for the inclusion of the segments when at rest, and acting as a telescopic extension for the lengthening of the ovipositor when in operation.

(zoology) A telescoping section of an ovipositor, between its main segments.


leucism

(zoology, pathology) An animal condition in which there is partial loss of pigmentation resulting in white, pale, or patchy coloration of the skin, hair, feathers, scales or cuticle, but not the eyes (caused by a reduction in multiple types of pigment, not just melanin).


scrub bird

scrub birds (plural)
scrubbird (alternative)

(zoology) A shy, secretive, ground-dwelling passerine bird of the genus Atrichornis, found in Australia.


glirid

(zoology) Any member of the family Gliridae of dormice.


myoxid

(zoology) Any member of the family Myoxidae of dormice (better known as the Gliridae).


kongamato

From Kaonde [Term?] (literally “breaker of boats”).

der

[…] the kongamato like the olitiau is in the habit of diving at men crossing its territory — perhaps trying to drive them away […]

1958, Bernard Heuvelmans, On the tracks of unknown animals:

[…] swamp conceals a terrifying "lizard bird" called the kongamato.

2000, E. Randall Floyd, The world's 100 greatest mysteries: strange secrets of the past revealed:

When crossing rivers, some of them carried amulets that would protect them from a Kongamato.

2002, George M. Eberhart, Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology, Volume 2:

Also described as being like a giant bat, the Kongamato has large teeth, red leathery skin, and a wingspan of four to seven feet.

2008, Oliver Ho, Mysteries Unwrapped: Mutants & Monsters:

(cryptozoology) A pterosaur-like cryptid of Africa.


nidicolous

en-adj

nidicolous (comparative more nidicolous, superlative most nidicolous)

more nidicolous (comparative)
most nidicolous (superlative)

(zoology) Tending to stay at the nest or birthplace for a long time after birth, due to dependence on the parents for feeding and protection.

neizhvagat

tending to stay at the nest or birthplace


soldierless

...some of the more highly evolved cryptic termites are soldierless.

2006, Helmut König, Ajit Varma, Intestinal microorganisms of termites and other invertebrates:


nymphid

M. nebulosus, the only nymphid so far described from New Guinea, is considerably larger than others of this genus, and is distinct on wing markings and (from those known) on male genitalic features.

1981, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Journal of Zoology, volume 29, page 742:

Trichosors are probably plesiomorphic, being retained only by nymphids.

1992, Horst Aspöck, Mervyn W. Mansell, Current Research in Neuropterology: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Neuropterology, Bagnères-de-Luchon, Haute-Garonne, France, 24-27 June 1991, page 239:

This rarity seems to be a general feature of most nymphid species, only two of which - Nymphes myrmeleonides and Myiodactylus osmyloides - appear to be encountered with any regularity.

1998, Journal of Neuropterology, volumes 1-2, page 80:

Characteristically, the larvae hold their jaws open at very wide angles; some New World species resemble nymphids in being able to open their jaws beyond 270°.

2009, Catherine A. Tauber, Maurice J. Tauber, Gilberto S. Albuquerque, “Neuroptera (Lacewings, Antlions)”, in Vincent H. Resh, Ring T. Cardé, editors, Encyclopedia of Insects, page 701:

split-footed lacewing
split-footed lacewing

(zoology) Any winged insect of the family Nymphidae, a split-footed lacewing.


stygofauna

(zoology) Any fauna that live within groundwater systems, such as caves and aquifers, particularly the small, aquatic groundwater invertebrates


mason shell

(zoology) carrier shell (family Xenophoridae)


scansorial

scansorial (comparative more scansorial, superlative most scansorial)

more scansorial (comparative)
most scansorial (superlative)

From Latin scansarius, from scansus, past participle of scandere (“to climb”).

scansorial claws

(zoology) Adapted to or specialised for climbing

The forelimbs of saltatory animals often resemble those of ambulatory or scansorial species, […]

2008, Brian Hall, Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation, page 261:

(zoology) Habitually climbing; tending to climb


gorgonopsid

(zoology) Any member of the suborder Gorgonopsia of therapsid synapsids.


brachyuran

From the infraorder Brachyura (the true crabs), + -an.


illicium

(ichthyology) The modified dorsal fin on the head of anglerfish, acting as a lure.


actinost

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktís, “ray”) + ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”).

The second well-developed actinost is below the vertebra supporting the subcaudal blood-vessels, but that is not so strong proximally as the first; the ribs are not directed downwards, but backwards, and are entirely separated from each other.

1889, Dr. G. Baur, “On the morphology of ribs and the fate of the actinosts of the median fin in fishes”, in Journal of morphology, volume 3:

(ichthyology) A bone at the base of a paired fin (of a fish)


phocid

(mammalogy) Any member of the family Phocidae, the true seals


piriformis

piriformes (plural)
pyriformis (alternative)

/ˌpɪ.ɹɪˈfɔː.mɪs/

/ˌpɪɹ.əˈfɔɹ.mɪs/

Unadapted borrowing from New Latin pirifōrmis, ellipsis of mūsculus pirifōrmis (“pear-shaped muscle”). Doublet of piriform.

ellipsis

sacrotuberous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament

greater sciatic foramen
greater sciatic foramen

(anatomy, zootomy) A gluteal muscle which arises from the front of the sacrum and the ischium or sacrotuberous ligament, passes out of the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, and inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur, serving in humans to rotate the thigh laterally.


hyperoodon

hyperoodons (plural)
hyperoödon (alternative)

/haɪpəˈɹəʊədɒn/

(zoology) A whale in the genus Hyperoodon of the order Cetacea, comprising both species of bottlenose whale.


retractor

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-retractor.wav

(zoology) A muscle serving to draw in any part.


supraclavicular

From supra- + clavicular or supraclavicle + -ar.

(anatomy, zootomy, relational) Above the clavicle.

(rare, zootomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the supraclavicle in fishes.


falcula

(plural only, zoology) A curved and sharp-pointed claw.


petrosal

From Latin petrōsus (“full of rocks, rocky”) + -al.

af

midal-shaped petrosal of mammals and bird

1866, Richard Owen, Anatomy of Vertebrates:

(anatomy, zootomy) The auditory capsule.


strigose

en-adj

strigose (comparative more strigose, superlative most strigose)

more strigose (comparative)
most strigose (superlative)

/ˈstɹaɪɡəʊs/

From Latin striga (“row, strip, swath”) + -ose; compare strigosus.

(zoology) Having fine grooves, ridges, or streaks.


subcostal

(zoology) One of the principal nervures of the wings of an insect, situated next beneath or behind the costal.


actinotrichium

(zoology) Any of a group of hairlike fibres in the finfolds of fish larvae that develop into fin rays


laciniate

From Latin lacinia (“flap or edge of a garment”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany, zoology) Cut into deep irregular usually pointed lobes.


lophophore

(zoology) A feeding organ of brachiopods, bryozoans and phoronids.


scarabaeid

From Ancient Greek κάραβος (kárabos, “horned beetle”), via Latin scarabaeus.

uder

(zoology, entomology) Any beetle of the family Scarabaeidae (which includes stag- and dung-beetles).


tylopod

From Ancient Greek τύλη (túlē, “knob, hump”) + -pod (“foot”).

(zoology) Any even-toed ungulate mammal, of the suborder Tylopoda, including the camels.


amplexus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin amplexus (“embrace”).

ubor

Finally, we came upon a pair of Panamanian robber frogs locked in amplexus—the amphibian version of sex.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, chapter 1, in The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Henry Holt and Company:

In the middle, just below the surface, a male and a female were locked in amplexus, a coupling that can last for days as the male waits to fertilise the eggs when they are laid.

2018 March 29, Ed Douglas, “Country diary: tantric embraces and nuptial pads – the secrets of frog sex revealed”, in The Guardian:

(zoology) A form of pseudocopulation, found chiefly in amphibians and horseshoe crabs, in which a male grasps a female with his front legs as part of the mating process.

amplexo

pseudocopulation in which a male grasps a female with his front legs


litoptern

From modern Latin Litopterna (order name), from Ancient Greek λῑτός (lītós, “smooth”) + πτέρνη (ptérnē, “heel-bone”).

[C]ertain litopterns like the camel-like Macrauchenia also lived on until within 15,000 years before the present.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 73:

(zoology) An extinct hoofed mammal of the order †Litopterna, from the Cenozoic period.


unguiculate

en-adj

unguiculate (comparative more unguiculate, superlative most unguiculate)

more unguiculate (comparative)
most unguiculate (superlative)

(zoology) Having nails or claws, as distinguished from hoofs.


mysticete

(zoology) Any of the baleen whales (of parvorder Mysticeti).


paleozoology

(zoology) The branch of zoology dealing with fossils, and the creatures that were transformed into them


physeteroid

(zoology) Any sperm whale (of the family Physeteridae).


oestrum

en-noun

oestrum (countable and uncountable, plural oestrums)


aposematic

en-adj

aposematic (comparative more aposematic, superlative most aposematic)

more aposematic (comparative)
most aposematic (superlative)

Episematic characters are far less common than aposematic, and these than cryptic; although, as regards the latter comparison, the opposite impression is generally produced from the fact that concealment is so successfully attained.

1911, “Colours of Animals”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, volume V, page 732:

Contrasting patterns of red and black are classic aposematic warnings that signal would-be predators to “back off, leave me alone … if you do not, you will regret the consequences.”

2016, Justin O. Schmidt, The Sting of the Wild, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page 6:

(zoology, of a coloration or marking) That serves as a warning to predators, as of toxicity, especially falsely.


chiropteran

(zoology) Any mammal, of the order Chiroptera, that has forelimbs modified to form wings; a bat.


chiropteran

en-adjective

chiropteran (comparative more chiropteran, superlative most chiropteran)

more chiropteran (comparative)
most chiropteran (superlative)

(zoology) Of or relating to the order Chiroptera.


inequivalve

en-adj

inequivalve (comparative more inequivalve, superlative most inequivalve)

more inequivalve (comparative)
most inequivalve (superlative)

(zoology, of the shells of a bivalve mollusc) Having valves of different sizes


equivalve

Shell transverse , equivalve , inequilateral , with a large oblique anteal opening

1828, John Fleming, History of British Animals:

(zoology, of the shells of a bivalve mollusc) Having valves of the same size (as is normal)


metachrosis

(zoology) The ability to change colour by the expansion and contraction of chromatophores


penicillate

penicillate (comparative more penicillate, superlative most penicillate)

more penicillate (comparative)
most penicillate (superlative)

(botany, zoology) Having tufts of fine hairs, or in the form of a tuft of fine hairs.


pileated

(zoology) Having a crest covering the pileum.


pileum

(zoology) The top of a bird's head, from the base of the bill to the nape.


chlamydate

chlamydate (comparative more chlamydate, superlative most chlamydate)

more chlamydate (comparative)
most chlamydate (superlative)

(zoology, of some molluscs) Having a mantle or fringe


multivalve

a multivalve mollusk

Having or involving multiple valves (in any context); thus:

(anatomy, zoology, medicine) Having multiple biological valves.

multivalve heart disease

(anatomy, zoology, medicine) Involving multiple heart valves.


platyrrhine

(zoology) Any New World monkey of the Platyrrhini


callitrichid

(zoology) Any New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae.


fenestrate

fenestrate (comparative more fenestrate, superlative most fenestrate)

more fenestrate (comparative)
most fenestrate (superlative)

From Latin fenestrō, from fenestra (“window”).

(zoology, botany) Having transparent spots, like the wings of certain butterflies.


gemmule

Borrowed from French gemmule, from Latin gemmula (“small bud; small gem”), from gemma (“bud of a plant; gem, jewel; thing made of precious stones”) (further etymology uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, give birth; to produce”), but see further at that entry) + -ula (feminine form of -ulus (diminutive suffix)).

der

Sponges are propagated by gemmules, which originate in the organic mucus, and are carried out of the body by the effluent currents just described. In some sponges these gemmules are ciliated and locomotive when mature; but it seems probable that the majority of the species produce only unciliated gelatinous grains, which are nevertheless endowed with a very active motility, like the ultimate particles of even inorganic matter.

1860, G. J., J. Y. J., “ZOOPHYTES”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. […], 8th edition, volume XXI, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, →OCLC, part VI (Sponges), page 1008, column 2:

The increase in size of the gemmule takes place by means of cell growth and division, and by the fusion of neighboring small gemmules.

1891 July–December, Henry V[an Peters] Wilson, “Notes on the Development of Some Sponges”, in Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, volume VIII, part 2, Raleigh, N.C.: E. M. Ezzell, […], published 1892, →OCLC, page 97:

The green fresh-water sponge dies away in autumn, all but little pinhead clusters of cells called gemmules, which eventually float away from the dead skeleton and start new sponges in the spring.

1931, J[ohn] Arthur Thomson, Patrick Geddes, “Ecological”, in Life: Outlines of General Biology, volume 1, London: Williams & Norgate, →OCLC, page 54:

All fresh-water and some marine sponges reproduce asexually by means of gemmules; these embryos are formed simply by assembly of a few amoebocyte cells. Reproduction is also accomplished sexually by the union of sperm and egg cells.

1964 March, John F. Storr, “Introduction”, in Ecology of the Gulf of Mexico Commercial Sponges and Its Relation to the Fishery […] (United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report—Fisheries; no. 466), Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, →OCLC, page 2:

The actual formation of gemmules by fresh-water sponges is so clearly an adaptation to seasonal climatic changes, that at first it was reasonable to believe that seasonal alternation itself induced the gemmulation. However, conflicting reports on the relationship of gemmule production to seasonal temperature changes required that an alternative hypothesis be developed.

1978, Patricia R[ose] Bergquist, “Reproduction and Development”, in Sponges, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN, pages 125–126:

Asexual reproduction in the sponge begins with the formation of small particles, known as gemmules, within the parent sponge tissue. […] Gemmule formation has been studied in a number of species, especially in E. fluviatilis[…], as gemmule formation can be induced in vitro[…]. Specific stages in the process of gemmule formation have been proposed based on the time-lapse microscopic study of Rasmont and De Vos (1974).

2008, Noriko Funayama, “Stem Cell System of Sponge”, in Thomas C. G. Bosch, editor, Stem Cells: From Hydra to Man, Dordrecht: Springer, →ISBN, page 23:

(archaic) Synonym of gemma (“an asexual reproductive structure, as found in animals such as hydra (genus Hydra) and plants such as liverworts (division Marchantiophyta), consisting of a cluster of cells from which a new individual can develop”)

(specifically, zoology) A small gemma or bud of dormant embryonic cells produced by some freshwater sponges (phylum Porifera) that develops into a new sponge.

芽球

small gemma or bud of dormant embryonic cells produced by some freshwater sponges that develops into a new sponge


lophodont

(zoology) Having molar teeth that have ridged grinding surfaces.


lophophorate

From lophophore + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


lophophorate

From a substantivation of the above adjective through the associated clade's name. Equivalent to lophophore + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

The presence of a lophophore, combined with other features including a U-shaped gut, means that hyoliths are also lophophorates, and not molluscs.

2017 January 18, Susannah Lydon, The Guardian:

(zoology) A member of the Lophophorata, a clade of invertebrate animals.


mesorostral

(zoology) In the middle of the rostrum (beak)

(zoology) Having a medium-sized beak or bill


cercopithecoid

In East Africa the first evidence of cercopithecoid diversity appeared in the Pliocene at sites such as Lothagam, East Turkana, and Laetoli where papionins were the dominant cercopithecoids.

2005, Meave G. Leakey, “3: Evolution of Theropithecus in the Turkana Basin”, in Nina G. Jablonski, editor, Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus, page 117:

Concerning systematics, while extinct monkeys from the early and middle Miocene of Africa are widely accepted as true cercopithecoids, there remains some discussion as to their precise phylogenetic position.

2006, Tom Gundling, Andrew Hill, “7: Geological context of fossil Cercopithecoidea from eastern Africa”, in Paul F. Whitehead, Clifford J. Jolly, editors, Old World Monkeys, page 181:

The latest major anthropoid radiation, and in some ways the most successful, was that of the Old World monkeys, the Cercopithecoidea. Cercopithecoids appear to have originated from early African catarrhines during the late Oligocene gap in the Old World fossil record.

2011, Matt Cartmill, Fred H. Smith, The Human Lineage, page 128:

(zoology) Any species of the superfamily Cercopithecoidea (the Old World monkeys).


echinoid

(zoology) Any sea urchin or sea dollar of the class Echinoidea.


iguanid

(zoology) Any lizard of the family Iguanidae.


obelia

From Ancient Greek ὀβελία (obelía, “a round cake”).

uder

All the polyps and branches of obelias are supported and protected by a thin, transparent, horny covering which is made by the outer layer of cells. About each polyp the horny covering is in the shape of a goblet or cup.

1970, Marie M. Jenkins, Animals Without Parents, page 55:

Fragile but menacing, obelias are colonies ranging from one to eight inches in length which grow on seaweeds, rocks, and piles. The medusa, only one stage in the obelia’s life cycle, has anywhere from eight to 24 tentacles,[…].

1975, Jacques Cousteau, The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau: The Act of Life, page 42:

[…]some [hydroids], like obelias, live in stalked colonies[…].

1999, Martin Walters, Jinny Johnson, The World of Animals, published 2011, page 31:

(zoology) Any of various colonial marine hydroids of the genus Obelia.


peripatus

(zoology) Any onychophoran of the genus Peripatus


syngnathid

(zoology) Any member of the family Syngnathidae of seahorses, sea dragons, and pipefish, all with fused jaws.


jugulum

Borrowing from New Latin jugulum (“the collarbone; the hollow part of the neck above the collarbone; the throat”), diminutive of jugum (“a yoke, collar”).

bor

(zootomy, of a bird) The lower throat or the part of the neck just above the breast.


physeterid

(zoology) Any sperm whale of family Physeteridae