gale force

gale-force (alternative)
galeforce (alternative)

By the afternoon it seemed as if the storm had passed and that frost was setting in; but in the evening the wind rose to gale force, bringing telegraph poles down like skittles and tangling power and telephone lines.

1960 March, “The January blizzard in the North-East of Scotland”, in Trains Illustrated, page 137:

(weather) Of a wind, having the speed and strength of a gale.


Siberian Express

(US, meteorology) The arrival of an extremely cold air mass of Siberian origin.


hypercane

Moreover, as Hecht reported, “The Sun’s ultraviolet radiation would act on stratospheric water droplets to form hydroxyl radicals. Together with chlorine from saltwater thrown up by the hypercane these radicals could destroy vast quantities of stratospheric ozone. UV radiation would then reach the Earth’s surface unhindered, killing organisms on land and in the upper layers of the ocean.

1940, Current Biography Yearbook, H. W. Wilson, page 181:

Hypercanes is a speculative attempt to explain mass species extinctions 245 million years ago. Computer models showed that continent-sized super-storms with winds averaging 600 kilometres per hour could be produced if oceans warmed to an incredible 45 to 50 degrees C. Such temperatures are impossible today barring a massive meteor strike or gigantic underwater volcano eruption.

2005 September 16, Stephen Leahy, “The Dawn of the Hypercane?”, in ipsnews.net/news, archived from the original on 2008-05-17:

True hypercanes require an ocean temperature of about 50 degrees C, which is 15 degrees hotter than the hottest temp ever recorded. I think they're only a thing after asteroid impacts in the ocean and supermassive underwater volcanoes.

2020 September 20, EricFromOuterSpace, GenghisKazoo, “Catastrophic Hurricanes Are the ‘New Normal,’ and They Will Cost Trillions”, in reddit.com:

(meteorology, very rare) A hypothetical class of an extremely severe hurricane with ocean temperatures reaching approximately 50 °C (122 °F) and formed by significant conditions, such as extensive global warming, having wind speeds exceeding 800 kilometers per hour (500 mph).


TGF

(meteorology) Initialism of terrestrial gamma-ray flash.


emagram

(meteorology) A graph showing moisture content of the air as a function of temperature and pressure.


misoscale

Coined by Tetsuya T. Fujita on the basis of mesoscale; each successive vowel in the alphabet refers to a smaller size.

(meteorology) Having a scale of between 40 metres and 4 kilometres.


tephigram

From the symbols of the quantities on the axes of the tephigram, temperature (T) and entropy (phi) + -gram.

(meteorology) A graph that shows how dew point is dependent on temperature and entropy.


thundergust

(meteorology) A damaging wind, of the strength of a tornado, that has no rotational element.


cold spell

The only factors in the first four weeks of this year which, apart from greater commercial effort, might have been expected to influence B.R. receipts were the cold spell and the Post Office "go slow".

1962 April, “Talking of Trains: Disappointing statistics”, in Modern Railways, page 220:

(weather) A short period during which temperatures are much lower than usual.


wet bulbing

From wet + bulb + -ing, after the wet bulb of a psychrometer which is cooled by evaporation.

[…] by daybreak, many areas had made the change to snow thanks to a few variables: colder air moving in from the north; a period of drier air aloft that allowed for evaporative cooling/wet bulbing; and higher precipitation rates.

2017, “Snowstorm of December 8, 2017”, in National Weather Service:

This article describes and evaluates a novel sensor housing designed to shield airborne sensors from artificial heat sources and artificial wet-bulbing while pulling air from outside the rotor wash influence.

2019, Ashraful Islam et al., “Design and Evaluation of Sensor Housing for Boundary Layer Profiling Using Multirotors”, in Sensors, volume 19, number 11, →DOI:

(meteorology) Cooling caused by evaporation.


protonosphere

From proton + -o- + -sphere. From the content of this layer of the atmosphere being primarily protons (“positively ionized protium isotope of hydrogen”).

(meteorology, plasma physics, space physics, countable) Analogs of the geocorona

plasma physics; space physics; plasma physics; space physics


cyclostrophic

en-adj

cyclostrophic (comparative more cyclostrophic, superlative most cyclostrophic)

more cyclostrophic (comparative)
most cyclostrophic (superlative)

From cyclo- + Ancient Greek στροφή (strophḗ, “a turn, bend, twist”) + -ic.

af

(meteorology) Relating to the balance, in the atmosphere, between the opposing effects of the horizontal pressure gradient and the centrifugal force on a rotating air mass.


isabnormal

isabnormals (plural)
isoabnormal (alternative)

In January, the coldest part of Siberia lies within a −20°C isabnormal; it is 20°C colder than the average temperature along its latitude.

(meteorology, obsolete) A line connecting places on a map with equal deviation from the average temperature at that latitude.


isanomal

In general pattern, the isanomal map showing the extent to which Tasmanian stations depart from the world mean of variability for all places with the same average rainfall confirms the map of relative variability.

1956, Peter Scott, “Variability of annual rainfall in Tasmania”, in Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, volume 90, page 53:

The values of gravity acceleration obtained are plotted on Bouguer's isanomal map for geological interpretation.

1986, Miloš Kužvart, Miloslav Böhmer, Prospecting and Exploration of Mineral Deposits:

(geology, meteorology) An isoline joining points with the same degree of anomaly or deviation in some meteorological or geological phenomenon.


ignorosphere

From ignore + -o- + -sphere.
* (meteorology): From being a little-studied and hard to access portion of Earth's atmosphere.

(meteorology) A vaguely-defined near space region of Earth's atmosphere, consisting of the mesosphere and sometimes the stratosphere or lower thermosphere.


middle atmosphere

en-noun

middle atmosphere (plural middle atmospheres)

(meteorology) The mesosphere and stratosphere


lower atmosphere

lower atmosphere (plural lower atmospheres)

(meteorology) The troposphere and lower stratosphere


Hadley cell

Named after amateur meteorologist George Hadley.

(meteorology) A global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the Equator, flowing poleward at a height of 10 to 15 kilometers above the earth's surface, descending in the subtropics, and then returning equatorward near the surface. This circulation creates the trade winds, tropical rain-belts and hurricanes, subtropical deserts and the jet streams.


Hadley circulation

(meteorology) The circulation of air in a Hadley cell.


temperature-humidity index

temperature-humidity index (plural temperature-humidity indices)

(meteorology, physiology) A measure of the reaction of the human body to a combination of heat and humidity.


superlightning

Many of the superlightning phenomena detected by the satellites were produced by winter storms over Japan and the northeast Pacific.

1978, Science Update, Gaylord Professional Publications., page 131:

We've discovered a strange soil chemistry on Mars, well-ordered wind systems on Venus, superlightning bolts, giant auroras, and a thin system of rings at Jupiter, volcanoes in eruption on the Jovian moon lo, and more rings and a whole gaggle of new moons around Saturn.

1981, Paranormal Borderlands of Science, Prometheus Books, →ISBN, page 131:

Superlightning has been documented and recorded as shooting upward, beyond the cloud layer, thousands of feet.

2008, Charles E. Anzalone, Galactic Travel at Warp Speed in Imaginary Time, Xlibris US, →ISBN, page 19:

(meteorology, rare) Extremely powerful lightning; a superbolt.


ground fog

Ground fog had been hanging about all day, and after leaving Cambridge we had the curious experience of running through quite a thick fog, yet above the top of which most of the signals were clearly visible.

1959 September, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated, page 432:

(weather) A low-lying fog extending only a few feet above ground.


subtropical cyclone

subtropical cyclone (plural subtropical cyclones)

(meteorology) A rapidly-rotating storm system with some characteristics of a tropical cyclone, but also deriving some energy from baroclinic interactions.


tornado watch

(meteorology) An indication that atmospheric conditions observed in and close to the watch area have created a significant risk for the development of severe thunderstorms capable of producing tornadoes.


tornado warning

tornado warning (plural tornado warnings)

(meteorology) An indication that a tornado has been sighted in a viewing area.


arkstorm

arkstorms (plural)
ark storm (alternative)
ARkStorm (alternative)

From ARkStorm, from atmospheric river (“AR”) + thousand (“1000, k”) (1-in-1000 years) + storm. From starting as a disaster planning scenario for a once in a thousand year storm event rainstorm fed by a Pineapple Express atmospheric river hitting California and deluging the state, resulting in a seemingly biblical flood, requiring an ark, as the Central Valley turns into an inland sea.

atmospheric river
atmospheric river#English

(meteorology) A very severe rainstorm lasting for many days, fed by an atmospheric river, causing massive flooding.


Siberian High

(meteorology, climatology) The region of high average pressure in the colder seasons of the year over Siberia, centred to the south of Lake Baikal.


dropsonde

(meteorology) A weather-observing device dropped from an aircraft.


EUMETSAT

(Europe, meteorology) Initialism of European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites.


bird burst

(meteorology, ornithology) A large quantity of birds simultaneously taking off from a single location and flying outwards, producing a radar signature closely resembling that from a microburst.


gage pressure

(physics, meteorology, US) Alternative form of gauge pressure.


SAME

Specific Area Message Encoding
w:Specific Area Message Encoding

(meteorology) Acronym of Specific Area Message Encoding.


yellow box

yellow boxes (plural)
yellowbox (alternative)

gray-box testing
white box (software engineering)

See also: severe thunderstorm watch

(informal, US, meteorology) A "tornado watch" notification category.


fallstreak hole

fallstreak hole (plural fallstreak holes)

Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process
Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process

(meteorology) A large gap, usually circular or elliptical, that can appear in cirrocumulus or altocumulus clouds as a result of the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process.


cloud canal

(meteorology) Synonym of fallstreak hole.


hole punch cloud

hole punch cloud (plural hole punch clouds)


Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process

the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process (canonical)

Named after Alfred Wegener, Tor Bergeron, and Walter Findeisen.

(meteorology) A process of ice crystal growth that occurs in mixed-phase clouds (containing a mixture of supercooled water and ice) in regions where the ambient vapor pressure falls between the saturation vapor pressure over water and the lower saturation vapor pressure over ice.


cold rain process

(meteorology) Synonym of Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process.


LLWAS

LLWAS (usually uncountable, plural LLWASes)

(aviation, meteorology) Initialism of low-level windshear alert system.


Doppler radar

Doppler radar (countable and uncountable, plural Doppler radars)

Onboard Doppler radar can warn pilots about wet microbursts by detecting the associated column of rapidly-descending rain.

(chiefly meteorology) A radar system using the Doppler effect to measure the radial velocity of detected objects, allowing moving objects (such as airplanes, precipitation, missiles, etc.) to be distinguished from stationary ones and classified by magnitude and direction of their velocity towards or away from the radar site.


RVR

runway visual range
w:runway visual range

(aviation, meteorology) Initialism of runway visual range.


wet bulb temperature

wet bulb temperature (countable and uncountable, plural wet bulb temperatures)

wet bulb temperatures (plural)
wet-bulb temperature (alternative)

Coordinate term: dry bulb temperature

And a wet-bulb temperature of 35 will kill humans, even if unclothed and in the shade; the combination of heat and humidity prevents sweating from dissipating heat, and death by hyperthermia soon results.

2020, Kim Stanley Robinson, The Ministry for the Future, Little, Brown Book Group, →ISBN:

Wet-bulb temperature (WBT) combines dry air temperature (as you’d see on a thermometer) with humidity – in essence, it is a measure of heat-stress conditions on humans.

2022 July 31, Jocelyn Timperley, “Why you need to worry about the ‘wet-bulb temperature’”, in The Guardian:

(meteorology) The temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked (water at ambient temperature) cloth over which air is passed.


cutoff low

cutoff lows (plural)
cut-off low (alternative)


cold drop

(meteorology) A high-impact rainfall event occurring in the autumn along the Spanish Mediterranean coast.


mesoanalysis

mesoanalysis (countable and uncountable, plural mesoanalyses)

(meteorology) The representation of temperature, moisture, pressure, and wind variations on horizontal scales of 10–100 km.


neutercane

(meteorology) A small subtropical cyclones below 100 miles in diameter, formed from mesoscale features.


volcanic lightning

(volcanology, meteorology) Electrical discharge that occurs during a volcanic eruption, caused by a build-up of static electricity in colliding ejecta (such as ash and debris).


stormwise

If daily or stormwise total rainfall amounts are concerned these results are not directly applicable because in this case it is not possible to convert the time variation of daily rainfall to space variation.

1981, International Conference on Radar Meteorology, page 180:

The Williams model may have given better results because it is a stormwise model and in the laboratory model, experiment is conducted for a short span of time, which may be simulating a storm.

2001, Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, volume 29, page 124:

(meteorology) Relating to, or taking place during, a storm.


violent storm

(meteorology) On the Beaufort scale, a force-11 wind (56-63 knots)

(meterology, informal) Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see violent, storm., a severe weather event


GMST

(climate) Initialism of Global Mean Surface Temperature.


make landfall

en-verb

make landfall (third-person singular simple present makes landfall, present participle making landfall, simple past and past participle made landfall)

makes landfall (present singular third-person)
making landfall (participle present)
made landfall (participle past)
made landfall (past)
make land (alternative)

(meteorology) (of a storm) To reach land.


stovepipe tornado

en-noun

stovepipe tornado (plural stovepipe tornados)

(climatology, meteorology) A type of tornado with a nearly cylindrical profile and relatively low height.


cloud bow

(meteorology) A fogbow seen in clouds, typically from an aircraft looking downwards.


starfall

starfall (countable and uncountable, plural starfalls)

It may not be uninteresting to state that a brilliant and persistent rain of meteors, observed on the same November night both here and at Muscat, has been regarded as the certain sign and portent of ills present and to come, by Arabs in high places, who associate the troubles in the interior and along the Arabian coast with this splendid starfall.

1855, Royal Geographical Society, Proceedings and Monthly Record of Geography, London, pages 128–129:

Although there was no display of the November meteors last year [1867] in any part of Europe, yet the calculations of astronomers respecting the hour and character of the starfall accorded very closely with the results actually observed.

1872, The Student, “The November Shooting Stars”, in Richard Anthony Proctor, editor, Essays on Astronomy, page 119:

More than thirty-four thousand stars fell in one hour, and the starfall continued all night.

2005, Druzelle Cederquist, The Story of Baháʼuʼlláh, Promised One of All Religions, page 13:

(meteorology, astrology, rare) A great number of stars descending downward within outer space or the atmosphere; a meteor shower.


ground blizzard

ground blizzard (plural ground blizzards)

(meteorology) A wind storm that blows freshly fallen snow around with such force that it meets the conditions to be called a blizzard.


masoscale

(meteorology) Having a scale of between 400 and 40,000 kilometres.


mososcale

(meteorology) Having a scale of between 40 centimetres and 40 metres.


musoscale

(meteorology) Having a scale of between 4 millimetres and 40 centimetres.


Dixie Alley

→ French: Dixie Alley

→ Spanish: Dixie Alley

Blend of Dixie + Tornado Alley. Coined by American meteorologist Allen Pearson in 1971. Modelled after Tornado Alley. From being in Dixie (“U.S. South”) with a concentration of tornado strikes.

coin

(US, meteorology) A region of the Gulf of Mexico coast United States which experiences a large number of tornado occurrences.


Buys Ballot's law

Named after C. H. D. Buys Ballot, Dutch meteorologist.

atmospheric pressure
atmospheric pressure

(meteorology) A rule stating that, in the Northern Hemisphere, if a person stands with their back to the wind, the atmospheric pressure is low to the left and high to the right (because wind travels counterclockwise around low-pressure zones in the Northern Hemisphere).


Moazagotl

(meteorology) An orographic lenticular cloud formed by the foehn wind on the northern (lee) side of the Riesengebirge mountains in Silesia.


prevailing wind

en-noun

prevailing wind (plural prevailing winds)

The prevailing wind in the Roaring Forties is westerly.

West Midlands Mayor and WMCA Chairman Andy Street said: " A number of public infrastructure projects are facing understandable cost challenges, given the prevailing winds of inflation and supply chain pressures. […]"

2023 April 5, “Network News: West Midlands Metro extension receives £60 million bail-out”, in RAIL, number 980, page 9:

(meteorology) A wind in a region of the Earth that blows predominantly from one direction.


pcpn

(meteorology) Abbreviation of precipitation.


WWA

(meteorology) Initialism of watch, warning and advisory.


flash drought

Flash drought, characterized by unusually rapid drying, can have substantial impact on many socioeconomic sectors, particularly agriculture. However, potential changes to flash drought risk in a warming climate remain unknown.

2023 May 25, Jordan I. Christian, Elinor R. Martin, Jeffrey B. Basara, Jason C. Furtado, Jason A. Otkin, “Global projections of flash drought show increased risk in a warming climate”, in Communications Earth & Environment, volume 4, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 1–10:


interfret

(meteorology) The interaction of horizontal currents of different velocities.


mean sea level pressure

mean sea level pressure (countable and uncountable, plural mean sea level pressures)

(meteorology) The atmospheric pressure at mean sea level.


mean sea level

mean sea level (countable and uncountable, plural mean sea levels)

(aviation, meteorology, oceanography) The mean altitude of the ocean surface, averaged over all high and low tides at a particular location.


MSLP

mean sea level pressure
mean sea level pressure#English

(meteorology) Abbreviation of mean sea level pressure.


hurricane hunter

hurricane hunter (plural hurricane hunters)

(aviation, meteorology) An aircraft used to fly through hurricanes, or into the eye of hurricanes, to collect meteorological data, and sea surface data.

(aviation, meteorology) A member of the aircrew of such aircraft.

(meteorology) A storm chaser specializing in hurricanes, as a profession, meteorologist, journalist, or hobby.


hurcn

(meteorology) Abbreviation of hurricane.


water blink

(meteorology) A spot of cloud hanging over open water in Arctic regions.


AQHI

air quality health index
w:air quality health index

(Canada, Hong Kong, meteorology) Initialism of air quality health index, a measure of air pollution.


mother-of-pearl cloud

mother-of-pearl cloud (plural mother-of-pearl clouds)

(meteorology) A rare kind of high-altitude cloud having a nacreous appearance.


castellatus

(meteorology) Synonym of castellanus (“type of cloud”).


extratropicalization

(meteorology) The process of a tropical cyclone transforming into an extratropical cyclone.


GOES

(meteorology, space science, US) Abbreviation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite.


time section

(meteorology) A diagram whose two coordinates are time and distance, usually height.


ombrograph

(meteorology, obsolete, rare) A rain gauge used as an instrument for recording the time of occurrence, quantity, and rapidity of rainfall.


brown ocean effect

(meteorology) A weather phenomenon involving tropical cyclones which, after landfall, maintain their strength or intensify over warm, moist land surfaces.


storm-relative helicity

(meteorology) A measure of low-level wind shear in the atmosphere; can be used to assess how favorable an environment is for cyclonic updraft rotation in a right-moving supercell thunderstorm


rope out

en-verb

rope out (third-person singular simple present ropes out, present participle roping out, simple past and past participle roped out)

ropes out (present singular third-person)
roping out (participle present)
roped out (participle past)
roped out (past)

(meteorology) Of a tornado funnel, to narrow and lengthen and perhaps curl into complex, rope-like shapes, usually during dissipation.


gust decay time

en-noun

gust decay time (countable and uncountable, plural gust decay times)

(climatology, meteorology) The amount of time required for a gust to reach an end and dissipate after it reaches its highest amplitude.


gust formation time

gust formation time (countable and uncountable, plural gust formation times)

(climatology, meteorology) The amount of time required from the beginning of a gust to the moment it attains its peak speed.


barography

Experimental work in a laboratory setting has shown promise for obtaining simultaneous luminescence barography and thermography results in hypersonic wind tunnels.

1998, 20th AIAA Advanced Measurement and Ground Testing Technology Conference:

(meteorology) The measurement and recording of atmospheric pressure.


Fujiwhara effect

Fujiwhara effect (plural Fujiwhara effects)

Named after Japanese meteorologist Sakuhei Fujiwhara who initially described the effect.

(meteorology) A phenomenon that occurs when two nearby cyclonic vortices move around each other and close the distance between the circulations of their corresponding low-pressure areas.


tornado chaser

(meteorology) A storm chaser specializing in tornadoes, as a profession, meteorologist, journalist, or hobby.


Carolina Alley

(US, meteorology) An area of active tornadoes that starts in the northern section of Georgia through the top of South Carolina extending toward the coast into the northeastern section of North Carolina.


Hoosier Alley

(US, meteorology) A region of active tornadoes around the area of Indiana, also including sections of Illinois and Kentucky.


Hailstorm Alley

(Canada, meteorology) An area of south and central Alberta, Canada where hail storms frequently occur.


Hurricane Alley

(meteorology) A warmwater area in the Atlantic Ocean stretching from the west coast of northern Africa to the east coast of Central America and the Gulf Coast of the Southern United States.


Typhoon Alley

(meteorology) A region in the northwest Pacific, where the planet's most powerful tropical cyclones frequently develop.


belt down

en-verb

belt down (third-person singular simple present belts down, present participle belting down, simple past and past participle belted down)

belts down (present singular third-person)
belting down (participle present)
belted down (participle past)
belted down (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-belt down.wav

Rain belted down throughout the city.


crown flash

(meteorology) A rare meteorological phenomenon caused by the effect of atmospheric electrical fluctuations on the alignment of ice crystals.


like fits

en-adv

like fits (comparative more like fits, superlative most like fits)

more like fits (comparative)
most like fits (superlative)

That night we arrived at a little place called Georgenthal where we got a jolly supper and slept in two most romantically large, rickety, cold and ghostly chambers, with the wind outside blowing like fits and creaking the dismal old sign in the most pleasing manner.

(Can we date this quote?), Henry Adams, Letters Of Henry Adams 1858 1891:

It was blowing like fits; if anything had carried away I should have been on shore in a jiffy..

1903, Erskine Childers, chapter VIII, in The Riddle of the Sands, Nelson Library edition, London: T Nelson & Sons, page 98:

[…] the weather has changed instead of freezing now it is blowing gales and raining like fits.

1907, “Robertsbridge - a Mediaeval Village”, in Diary of Ethel Mercy Burchett – a Robertsbridge Girl, retrieved 2024-07-26:

(obsolete, weather) in squalls, strongly, in paroxysms


heat dome

(meteorology) A condition of extreme heat caused when the atmosphere traps hot air as if bounded by a lid or cap.


frost point

(meteorology) The temperature at which the air is saturated with respect to water vapor over an ice surface.


Aoussou

Borrowed from French Aoussou, from Tunisian Arabic أوسو (ʔawissu), from Sicilian agustu. Doublet of August.

(meteorology) A 40-day period between the 25th of July and the 2nd of September, characterized by high humidity and high temperatures on some days.


tidal flood

(meteorology) A temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally high tide events, such as at full and new moons.


supergreenhouse effect

en-noun

supergreenhouse effect (plural supergreenhouse effects)

(climate) A particularly powerful greenhouse effect.


Enhanced Fujita scale

(US, meteorology) A scale that rates tornado intensity based on the severity of the damage they cause, updated from the Fujita scale in 2007.


dycore

Based on the results of Fox-Rabinovitz (2000) and Fox-Rabinovitz et al. (1997, 2000, 2001), whose stretched-grid GCM has successfully produced variable-resolution global predictions, we have made predictions with the SEAM dycore and simple HS physics applying global and regional scaling concurrently, to check SEAM's skill using LMR under conditions similar to Fox-Rabinovitz et al. (2001, hereafter F-R).

2006 November, Ferdinand Baer, Houjun Wang, Joseph J. Tribbia, Aimè Fournier, “Climate Modeling with Spectral Elements”, in Monthly Weather Review, volume 134, number 11, page 3515:

The notion of multi-scale applies to dycore computations both spatially and temporally.

2013 January 9, David A. Yuen, Long Wang, Xuebin Chi, Lennart Johnsson, Wei Ge, Yaolin Shi, GPU Solutions to Multi-scale Problems in Science and Engineering, Springer Science & Business Media, page 272:

So, it is important to be aware that the dynamical core (dycore, for short) is not the only piece of a GCM responsible for the challenging numerical task of advecting fluid.

2020, Freddy Bouchet, Antoine Venaille, Tapio Schneider, Christophe Salomon, editors, Fundamental Aspects of Turbulent Flows in Climate Dynamics: Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School: Volume 109, August 2017, illustrated edition, Oxford University Press, page 18:

(meteorology, climatology, computing) A computational module within a numerical weather prediction or climate model that solves the fundamental equations governing atmospheric or oceanic dynamics, such as the Navier–Stokes equations, to simulate fluid motion on Earth.


weathergami

Blend of weather + origami, modeled after scorigami.

To show real-world examples of weathergami charts, several examples were prepared for locations with different climate types (Table 1).

2023 October 1, Jonathan D. W. Kahl, “Weathergami”, in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, volume 104, number 10, →DOI:

If we just plopped down a dot for every observation we’d end up with an undifferentiated black blob, so the weathergami technique visualizes frequency of temperature pairs: we divide the chart area into a fine hexagonal grid, and then color each hexagon according to how many daily observations fall within it.

2023 November 9, Christopher Ingram, ““Weathergami” charts paint new portrait of Minnesota climate”, in Minnesota Reformer:

(meteorology) A combination of high and low temperatures that has never occurred before.


broken clouds

(meteorology) A weather condition when clouds cover most, but not all of the sky.