Late Middle Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The phase of the Egyptian language characterized by Middle Egyptian sentence structure and orthography but occasional use of Late Egyptian vocabulary and forms.

Neo-Middle Egyptian
Neo-Middle Egyptian#English

(linguistics, history) Synonym of Neo-Middle Egyptian


Archaic Egyptian

Early Dynastic Period
Early Dynastic Period

(linguistics, history) The Egyptian language as written and spoken during the Early Dynastic Period, before the time of the earliest attested complete sentences.

Earlier Egyptian

Middle Egyptian [Late Middle Egyptian, Neo-Middle Egyptian]


Medio-Late Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The phase of the Egyptian language characterized by Late Egyptian sentence structure but mostly Middle Egyptian orthography with occasional Middle Egyptian syntactical elements.


Classical Egyptian

(linguistics, history) Middle Egyptian, sometimes also including Old Egyptian


Revolutionary Government Junta

(history, politics) A counterrevolutionary rulership in El Salvador.


lightland

Calque of German Lichtland, itself intended as a rough calque of Egyptian Ax-x*t:N18 (ꜣḫt), on the assumption that it relates to Ax-x:H_SPACE (ꜣḫ, “to be(come) splendid, radiant, glorious”). Apparently first used in English by Miriam Lichtheim (3 May 1914 – 27 March 2004).

Appearing on his father’s throne,
Like Re when he rises in lightland,
He places light above the darkness,
He lights the shade with his plumes.

1976, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, volume II: The New Kingdom, page 83:

When you have dawned in eastern lightland, / You fill every land with your beauty.

2004, Thomas F. X. Noble, Western Civilization to 1500: The Continuing Experiment, page 28:

The Coffin Texts liturgy begins with spell 30:
“A cry goes out from the mouth of the great ones, the lords of the rḫy.t,
a plaintive cry sounds in the mouth of the veiled ones
at the thunderclap of the gods in Light-land,
when they see the terror on their faces,
the like of which they have never seen before,
when they see Osiris N.,
how he fares in peace on the roads of the West
in his form of a divine ancestral spirit,
after he has equipped himself with all the power of spirits,
when the great ones at the head of Light-land said to him: […]”
And yet the chiefs of Light-land, that is, of the liminal area between sky, earth, and the netherworld, where the sun rises and sets, greet the newcomer as son of the “beautiful West” […]

2007, Jan Assmann, Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, page 151:

They were intended to assist Unas on his journey to the afterlife and ensure that he would dwell in ‘lightland for all eternity’.

2014, Martin Meredith, The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000-Year History of Wealth, Greed, and Endeavor:

(Egyptology) Synonym of Akhet (the region in the sky in which the sun tarries just before it rises or after it sets)


Hartlepool monkey

(folklore) A monkey, the only survivor of a French ship that foundered near Hartlepool during the Napoleonic Wars, that was supposedly tried and hanged as a spy.


Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (canonical)
Czechoslovak Socialist Rep. (alternative)

(history) An socialist country in Central Europe that existed from 1948 until 1990.

Чехослова́цкая Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика

Чехослова́цька Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка


People's Socialist Republic of Albania

en-proper noun

the People's Socialist Republic of Albania

(history) An anticapitalist country that existed from 1946 until 1992.

Albanijos Liaudies Socialistinė Respublika


People's Republic of Bulgaria

the People's Republic of Bulgaria (canonical)
People's Rep. of Bulgaria (alternative)

(history) An anticapitalist country that existed from 1946 until 1990.


Hungarian People's Republic

the Hungarian People's Republic (canonical)
Hungarian People's Rep. (alternative)

(history) A communist country that existed from 1949 until 1989.


Socialist Republic of Romania

the Socialist Republic of Romania (canonical)
Socialist Rep. of Romania (alternative)
Socialist Republic of Rumania (alternative)

(history) An anticapitalist country that existed from 1947 until 1989


Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (canonical)

(history) An anticapitalist country that existed from 1978 to 1992.


People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

(history) A former country in East Africa, a communist government that existed in Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991.

Etiopijos Liaudies Demokratinė Respublika


People's Republic of Mozambique

(history) A former country in East Africa, a communist state that existed from 1975 to 1990.


People's Republic of Angola

(history) A former country in West Africa, a self-declared socialist state that existed from 1975 to 1992.


People's Republic of Kampuchea

the People's Republic of Kampuchea (canonical)

(history) A Marxist-Leninist republic that existed in Cambodia from 1979 to 1989.

សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតកម្ពុជា

saathiərĕəʼnaʼrŏət prɑɑciə miənɨt kampuciə


People's Republic of Benin

(history) A former country in West Africa, a socialist state that existed in the Gulf of Guinea from 1975 to 1990.


phonetic determinative

en-noun

phonetic determinative (plural phonetic determinatives)

Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs

The Egyptological sense was apparently coined by Alan Gardiner in his 1927–1957 Egyptian Grammar.

Now if we look at the meaning of the five-rayed star (Fig. III-1,c,i) as an Egyptian hieroglyph [Gardiner, 1957, 487, symbols N13,14,15], we find that when the star was alone it was used as an ideogram or determinative (sometimes it was also used phonetically or as a phonetic determinative) in various words having to do with stars or constellations.

1987, Roger Herz-Fischler, A Mathematical History of Division in Extreme and Mean Ratio, page 52:

Although the standing ram, fully articulated and thus suggesting vitality, can function as a generic determinative, it also appears in the primary position, often accompanied by a phonetic determinative: either the flaming bꜣ-pot or the nẖnm-vase for ẖnm.

2008, Susan T. Hollis, The Ancient Egyptian “Tale of Two Brothers”: A Mythological, Relgious, Literary, and Historico-Political Study, page 65:

It is difficult to know whether the boat hieroglyph was merely intended as an ideogram, or as a phonetic determinative for the verb ḫd, ‘to fare downstream’.

2012, Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt, page 116:

At this point, one can notice that “entire words entering bodily into the writing of etymologically unrelated words” is not a phenomenon limited to the so-called “phonetic determinatives”.

2015, Stéphane Polis, Serge Rosmorduc, “The Hieroglyphic Sign Functions: Suggestions for a Revised Taxonomy”, in Fuzzy Boundaries: Festschrift Für Antonio Loprieno, I, page 168:

(Egyptology) a type of hieroglyph that functions similarly to a phonogram, representing a series of consonants, but is unable to function autonomously and must follow other phonograms that together represent the same consonants


Maid Marian

(European folklore) The love interest of the legendary outlaw Robin Hood; originally a shepherdess figure associated with May Day.


short twentieth century

the short twentieth century (canonical)
short 20th century (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-short twentieth century.wav

Eric Hobsbawm
Pantheon Books
The Age of Extremes

The concept underlying the proper noun was developed by the Hungarian historian Iván Tibor Berend (born 1930), and the term itself was popularized by the British historian Eric Hobsbawm (1917–2012) in his book The Age of Extremes (1994). Like the corresponding terms long eighteenth century and long nineteenth century, it aims to define historical eras by significant events rather than by the arbitrary beginnings and ends of centuries. The common noun was probably derived from the proper noun.

How are we to make sense of the Short Twentieth Century, that is to say of the years from the outbreak of the First World War to the collapse of the USSR which, as we can now see in retrospect, forms a coherent historical period that has now ended? We do not know what will come next, and what the third millennium will be like, even though we can be certain that the Short Twentieth Century will have shaped it.

1994, Eric Hobsbawm, “The Century: A Bird’s Eye View”, in The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, section II, page 5:

In the wake of the end of the short twentieth century and the related collapse of the received certainties of the cold war which had shaped the understandings of European and American thinkers, it has become clear that a new integrated global industrial-capitalist system is taking shape. […] However, setting aside the issue of the overall evolution of the global system to one side, it is the case that the end of the short twentieth century has seen not merely debate in respect of the creation of an integrated system but also a concern for an apparently deepening tripolarity.

1997, P. W. Preston, “Global Changes and New Political-Cultural Identities”, in Political/Cultural Identity: Citizens and Nations in a Global Era, London, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, →ISBN, page 91:

The year 1914 will be the crucial date for the beginning of this "short twentieth century," for the world war which began in August of that year marked a break with the classic liberal values of free enterprise, individual autonomy, and political liberty that had suffused nineteenth-century European societies.

2000 winter, Craig Moran, “The Idea of Communism in the ‘Short Twentieth Century’”, in Word & World: Theology for Christian Ministry: The Twentieth Century, volume XX, number 1, St. Paul, Minn.: Luther Seminary, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-01-21, page 41:

[Karl] Marx’s philosophy and its concretely applied adaptations would have extraordinary consequences especially in the short twentieth century, from the outbreak of World War I through the fall of the Soviet Union.

2012, Brad S[tephan] Gregory, “Relativizing Doctrines”, in The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, published 2015, →ISBN, page 121:

The epoch from whose dreams I wish to awaken is the twentieth century, and more particularly what Eric Hobsbawm has called "the short twentieth century" between the outbreak of World War I on 1 August 1914 and the collapse of the Soviet Union on 31 December 1991—a period that was incidentally, and probably not coincidentally, the bloodiest in recorded human history.

2013, Derek Sayer, “Introduction”, in Prague: Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 7:

The continuity that exists between the two centuries would appear to distance [Carl] Schmitt from [Eric] Hobsbawm and his description of the short 20th century. But we must squelch this first impression. […] The long 19th century can be explained as adding the "setback of over 60 years", from 1848 to 1917, to Hobsbawm's short 20th century.

2021, Miguel Saralegui, “Modernity and Postmodernity: Chronology as Philosophy of History”, in The Politics of Time: Introduction to Carl Schmitt’s Political Thought (Social Sciences & Humanities; 4), Santander, Cantabria, Spain: Cantabria University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 231:

However, Wang Hui's strong dissatisfaction with [Eric] Hobsbawm's "short 20th century" is that he believes that this concept was developed mainly from the European perspective, without taking into account the proper place of Chinese events and the Chinese revolution in the 20th century, […]

2022 November, Rong Jian, translated by Ren Zhi, edited by David Rong, Calling Back the Ghost of Revolution – Critique of Wang Hui’s View on Chinese Revolutionary History (Translation Series of Contemporary Chinese Scholars), New York, N.Y.: Bouden House, →ISBN, page 121:

(history, specifically) The period between 1914 and 1991, from the beginning of World War I to the fall of the Soviet Union.

ensimmäisen maailmansodan ja Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen välinen aika


short twentieth century

short twentieth century (plural short twentieth centuries)

[…] Salvadorean history – including that of its literary development since independence – falls into three clear-cut periods: a very long 19th century until the Great Massacre of 1932; a very short 20th century from 1932 to the signing of the Peace Accords of 1992, and since then the possibility, at least, of a New Dawn of political reconciliation.

1997, Roy C. Boland, “El Salvador: 19th- and 20th-century Prose and Poetry”, in Verity Smith, editor, Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature, Chicago, Ill., London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, →ISBN, page 286, column 2:

This essay explores the comparison between the revolution which marked the opening of Russia’s ‘short twentieth century’, the overthrow of Tsarism and of the Provisional Government in 1917, and the upheaval which marked its close, the destruction of both traditional and reformed Communist rule.

1999, Edward Acton, “The Parting of Ways: Comparing the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and 1991”, in Moira Donald, Tim Rees, editors, Reinterpreting Revolution in Twentieth-century Europe, London: Bloomsbury Academic, published 2017, →ISBN, page 56:

There is an alternative way of viewing the great events in the expansion and contraction of the [British] Empire in the last one hundred years. In this scheme the critical epoch falls within the framework of a ‘short’ twentieth century. The nineteenth-century Empire comes to a close only with the outbreak of war in 1914, and the twentieth-century Empire comes clattering down in the 1960s. […] Many of the chapters in this volume focus on the years of the short twentieth century.

1999, W[illia]m Roger Louis, “Introduction”, in Judith M[argaret] Brown, Wm. Roger Louis, editors, The Twentieth Century (The Oxford History of the British Empire; IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, published 2004, →ISBN, page 1:

The problem with ‘short’ twentieth centuries, therefore, is that they say more about the nature of the second half than the first.

2016, Nicholas Doumanis, “Introduction: Europe’s Age of Catastrophe in Context”, in Nicholas Doumanis, editor, The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 8:

The period covered by this book represents a ‘short twentieth century’ dating roughly from 1914 to 1970. In commencing coverage with the outbreak of the First World War, it begins where much historical discussion of Britain and Latin America traditionally finished. The late 1960s and early 1970s, where it ends, represented something of a watershed for Britain’s global role.

2020, Thomas C. Mills, Rory M. Miller, “Introduction”, in Thomas C. Mills, Rory M. Miller, editors, Britain and the Growth of US Hegemony in Twentieth-century Latin America: Competition, Cooperation and Coexistence (Britain and the World), Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, page 25:

(history, generally) Any period of years defined by significant historical events falling within the 20th century (1 January 1901 to 31 December 2000).


Gambrinus

The source of the legend of Gambrinus is uncertain and perhaps based on a mythical Germanic king Gambrivius. The etymology is unknown, but many explanations exist:
* a corruption of Jean Primus, John I, Duke of Brabant (1252–1294)
* Middle High German gambra (“germination of grain”)
* cambier, name given to brewers in the north of France in the Middle Ages

m+

(folklore) A legendary European culture hero celebrated as an icon of beer, brewing, joviality, and joie de vivre.


werebeing

(folklore) Any shapeshifting creature, such as a werewolf or werebear.


oozlum bird

(humorous, folklore) A fictional bird said to fly backwards or in circles.


en-proper noun

the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance

(formal, history) Synonym of Warsaw Pact


Traditional Egyptian

The principal concern of those who are interested in the texts of this period is the varying, and with time increasing, extent of the deviation of their language from Traditional Egyptian.

2002, László Török, The Image of the Ordered World in Ancient Nubian Art: The Construction of the Kushite Mind, 800 BC—300 AD, page 331:

Monumental texts, in particular, tend to be composed in a more elevated and traditional register termed “Neo-Middle Egyptian” or “Traditional Egyptian (égyptien de tradition).” Biographical texts participate in this linguistic proliferation in complex ways, from the formal texts of Bakenkhons (no. 2), composed in “Traditional Egyptian,” to the mix of registers, from Middle Egyptian to Late Egyptian, in the biography of Samut (no. 11a; see 4.3).

2007, Elizabeth Frood, Biographical Texts from Ramessid Egypt, page 16:

Traditional Egyptian I (Dynamics) [article title]

2016, Pascal Vernus, “Traditional Egyptian I (Dynamics)”, in Julie Stauder-Porchet, Andréas Stauder, Willeke Wendrich, editors, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, page 1:

For more than a millennium, Traditional Egyptian coexisted with the various stages of Later Egyptian (see below) in a situation of diglossia, maintaining the linguistic structures of the classical language, but displaying, especially in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, an expansion of its graphic inventory.

2017, Antonio Loprieno, Matthias Müller, Sami Uljas, Non-Verbal Predication in Ancient Egyptian, page 2:

(linguistics, history) Synonym of Neo-Middle Egyptian


Huitzilopochco

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl Huitzilopochco, from Huitzilopochtli (name of a god) + -co (locative suffix). Doublet of Churubusco.

suffix

(history) A small pre-Columbian state in what is now the Federal District, Mexico.


Anti-Comintern Pact

(history) An alliance between the Third Reich and the Empire of Japan, in opposition to the Comintern, the Soviet Union, and all communists.


spring-heeled Jack

en-noun

spring-heeled Jack (plural spring-heeled Jacks)

And he rattled, thumped, brandished his thunderbox, yelled, shouted, raved, roared, stamped, and danced corrobory like any black fellow; and then he touched a spring in the thunderbox, and out popped turnip-ghosts and magic-lanthorns and pasteboard bogies and spring-heeled Jacks and sallaballas […]

1863, Charles Kingsley, The Water Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby:

Servant-girls who have just received their year's wages at Christmas will frequently profess themselves afraid to go home after dusk, because “there are so many o' these Spring-heeled Jacks about.”

1887, English Dialect Society, Publications, volume 21, number 53, page 367:

London and Edinburgh had their spring-heeled jacks long before they appeared in Lasswade in Johnny's time. As long ago as 1837 a real, flesh-and-blood ghost in the shape of a spring-heeled jack was caught by a London policeman […]

1953, John B. Cairns, Bright and early: a bookseller's memories of Edinburgh and Lasswade:

(historical, folklore) A terrifying man of bizarre appearance and able to make extraordinary leaps, the subject of English folklore of the Victorian era.


sambaqui

Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese sambaqui.

bor+

(archaeology) The remains of a midden containing mostly seashells


corynexochid

(paleontology) Any trilobite of the order Corynexochida.


hachereau

From French hacher, from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną (“to chop; hack”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“to be sharp; peg; hook; handle”).

der

A "hachereau" or hatchet, sometimes served as a hammer.

1982, Jean Daigle, The Acadians of the Maritimes: thematic studies, page 457:

Bifacial tools are represented by an amigdaloid hand-axe (Figure 4.2:6), a possible biface fragment, and an atypical hachereau.

2003, Marie Soressi, Harold Lewis Dibble, Multiple Approaches to the Study of Bifacial Technologies, →ISBN, page 79:

In its essential features, this kind of implement might also be viewed as a kind of small hachereau (Type 55).

2013, Arthur J. Jelinek, Neandertal Lithic Industries at La Quina, →ISBN, page 229:

(archaeology) a cleaver, similar to an ax but with a wider cutting edge


typometry

(archaeology) The measurement of artefacts; statistical methods for analysis of artefacts.


bioarchaeometry

(archaeology) The application of archaeometry to bioarchaeology


LSSR

Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic#English

(history) Initialism of Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic#English

(history) Initialism of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


subassemblage

(archaeology) An assemblage of artefacts associated with a part of a larger group


solar boat

(archaeology, Egyptology) A wooden burial boat intended to be used by a king to make celestial journeys in the afterlife.

(archaeology, Egyptology) The boat that, in myth, carries the sun on its journey across the sky; solar barque.


Levalloisian

From Levallois + -ian. Named after Levallois-Perret, a suburb of Paris where stone tools were found during the 19th century. Attested from the 20th century.

O'Brien regards the Still-Bay as the final development of the Levalloisian, and, like Leakey, assigns it to the end of the Gamblian pluvial.

1902, D.J. Cunningham, “Right-handedness and left-brainedness. Huxley Memorial Lecture”, in Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, page 23:

(archaeology, anthropology) Of or related to certain Middle Paleolithic cultures.


skiffer

It presents the obverve aspect, and this is well marked and characteristic. Range. D. gibberulus is a common species in the Upper Phyllograptus-skiffer of Scania, and in the Middle Arenig beds of Britain, underlying the zone of D. bifidus.

1905, Norges geologiske undersøkelse, NGU:

... and the Cyrtograptus - Skiffer of Scania. The Rastrites - Skiffer have been divided by Prof. Törnquist into six zones; and the assemblage of species of each of these agrees closely with that of the five zones of our Llandovery Series, and with ...

1906, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, Geological Society of London, page 696:

Moberg reports finding in the Dictyonema shales the trilobites, Ceratopyge forficula and Shumardia pusilla which have also been found in the Ceratopyge skiffer of Norway, […] the only species of trilobite as yet found in the Dictyonema skiffer of Sweden proper;

1914, Vickers Oberholtzer, The Rocks of Oland, Geologically Considered, page 9:

The occurrence of this common Utica slate species so far north is interesting, and, taken with its appearance in the Trinuclid Skiffer of Sweden (Linnarsson, loc. cit, p. 70, fig. 27), where it is also of the same small size as here, gives it a wide […]

2014, Charles Francis Hall, Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition Made by Charles F. Hall, Cambridge University Press, page 582

(geology, paleontology, possibly obsolete) Slate.


long eighteenth century

The period from 1688 to 1815, beginning with the Glorious Revolution and ending with the Battle of Waterloo.


FPRY

FPRJ (alternative)
F.P.R.J. (alternative)
F.P.R.Y. (alternative)

Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia#English

(history) Initialism of Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia.


name vase

(archaeology) An ancient vase that a painter is named after, since the painter's actual identity is not known but can be recognised by the characteristic style or artistic content.


berestology

/ˌbɛɹəsˈtɒləd͡ʒi/

/ˌbɛɹəsˈtɑləd͡ʒi/

Borrowed from Russian берестоло́гия (berestológija) from береста́ (berestá, “birchbark”) + -ло́гия (-lógija, suffix indicating the study of a particular subject).

bor

берестоло́гия

affix

Using certain inscriptions found in the area, the documents pertaining to the affairs of one of the hereditary ruling dynasties of Novgorod, he constructed an entire detective story, entertaining the reader and acquainting him with many questions of the new science of berestology.

1966, The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, volume XVIII, number 19, Columbus, Oh.: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 23:

A relatively new field of research in Old Russian linguistics is berestology, the study of the numerous birchbark documents from Novgorod and other medieval Russian towns. In the Netherlands, two scholars have recently published articles on berestology and related issues: [...]

1996 March, Jos Schaeken, “The Present State of Russian Studies in the Netherlands”, in R[oger] Comtet, A. G. F. van Holk, W[erner] Lehfeldt, editors, Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 20, number 1, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, section 3.2 (Old Russian), page 135:

This is an unusual book in several aspects. Firstly, it presents a synthesis of current knowledge about the written heritage of early Rus in many fields, palaeography (in its restricted meaning, concentrating on what the author calls "parchment literacy", p. 22), berestology (I may be forgiven for coining this term to designate the study of birch-bark documents), diplomatics, numismatics, and sphragistics, not to forget occasional forays into the history of art and archeology proper.

2004 October, Roland Marti, “Franklin, S[imon]: Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002, XVI + 325 pp., 14 pl. [book review]”, in R[oger] Comtet, W[erner] Lehfeldt, Jos Schaeken, editors, Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 28, number 3, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 433:

A telling example of the fruitful interaction between berestology and epigraphy is N1000, which was already cited at the beginning of this paper. The name of one of the senders of the letter, Kyas, appears to be of Turkic rather than Slavic origin [...].

2017 August, Jos Schaeken, “Comments on Birchbark Documents Found in the Twenty-first Century”, in Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 41, Dordrecht: Springer, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-07-30, section 2.4 (Berestology Meets Epigraphy), page 132:

The abovementioned research marks the start of a new research area in berestology. The most tangible result is that more accurate interpretations of individual texts have been given, thanks to the discovery of (hidden) communicative heterogeneity.

2018, Simeon Dekker, “The Background: Communicatively Heterogeneous Letters”, in Old Russian Birchbark Letters: A Pragmatic Approach (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics; 42), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill Rodopi, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.7 (Discussion), page 27:

In Russia, the study of birchbark letters is sometimes known informally as berestologija (‘berestology’), derived from the word beresta ‘birchbark’. For many years, ‘berestology’ has been an interdisciplinary research venture that engages archaeologists, philologists, linguists, and historians.

2018, Jos Schaeken, “Preface”, in Voices on Birchbark: Everyday Communication in Medieval Russia (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics; 43), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page XII:

(palaeography) The scientific study of birchbark manuscripts.


Dominion of Canada

(history) Canada from 1867 to the early Cold War.


neros

From Ancient Greek νῆρος (nêros), from Akkadian 𒐞 (nēr).

the progressive subdivisions of the saroses of 3,600 years, of the neroses of 600 years, and of the sosses [sic] of 60 years have the same progression as the divisions and subdivisions of the zodiac

1872, Arthur Dyot Thomson, On Mankind: Their Origin and Destiny, London: Longmans, Green & Co., page 648:

(history, Babylon) A period of 600 years.


Home Army

During World War II, the Home Army was the largest underground army in Europe organized to fight the German (and Soviet) occupying forces.

(history) the dominant Polish resistance movement in Poland, occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, during World War II.


late antique

en-adj

late antique (comparative more late antique, superlative most late antique)

more late antique (comparative)
most late antique (superlative)
late Antique (alternative)
Late Antique (alternative)

Late antique houses in Cyprus Have been studied by P. Hadjichritopi.[…]Recently, in 2004, M. Rautman has given an overview of living in the late antique Cypriote countryside.

2007, Inge Uytterhoeven, “Housing in Late Antiquity: Regional Perspectives”, in Luke Lavan, Lale Özgenel, Alexander Sarantis, editors, Housing in Late Antiquity: From Palaces to Shops, BRILL, page 85:

Another grand house with shield portraits and busts of philosophers, dating from the Late Antique period, has been discovered at Aphrodisias in Caria.[…]Fifteen Late Antique mosaic panels, which probably came from Syria and are dated to the late fourth or early fifth centuries, have recently been published.

2007, Raffaella Cribiore, The School of Libanius in Late Antique Antioch, Princeton University Press, page 46:

The macro-scale distribution of goods across the classical and Late Antique worlds was produced by a web of small-scale interactions.

2012, Paul S. Johnson, Economic Evidence and the Changing Nature of Urban Space in Late Antique Rome, Universitat de Barcelona, page 91:

But in the characterization of the faces, there are clear differences between more late antique and more retrospective versions.

2016, Marianne Bergmann, Martin Kovacs, “Portrait styles”, in R. R. R. Smith, Bryan Ward-Perkins, editors, The Last Statues of Antiquity, →ISBN, pages 289–291:

There were still students of philosophy who committed their lives to the discipline, but they were a distinct minority among the late antique student population.

2018, Edward Watts, “The Late Ancient Philosophical Scene”, in Anna Marmodoro, Sophie Cartwright, editors, A History of Mind and Body in Late Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, page 16:

Recent work on late antique Latin literature has expended much energy in attempts to define a period.

2019, Philip Hardie, Classicism and Christianity in Late Antique Latin Poetry, University of California Press, page 223:

(history) Of or pertaining to Late Antiquity (period of history).


megasequence

(geology, archaeology) A very large sequence of strata


chronocultural

(archaeology) Relating to the chronology of ancient cultures

kulttuurien ajoitukseen liittyvä

relating to chronology of ancient cultures


dubiofossil

1998, H. J. Hofmann, Chapter 4: Synopsis of Precambrian Fossil Occurrences in North America, S. B. Lucas, M. R. St-Onge (editors), Geology of the Precambrian Superior and Grenville Provinces and Precambrian Fossils in North America, Geology of Canada No. 7, Geological Society of America, Geological Survey of Canada, page 284,
Relevant data on dubiofossil and pseudofossil occurrences can be found in Mendelson and Schopf (1992, Table 22.2), and Hofmann (1992, Table 23.6).
Regarding microscopic dubiofossils, the biological versus abiological origins of the oldest possibly biogenic remains, spheroidal structures in the about 3.8 Ga old Isua sequence in southern West Greenland reported in the previous decade, were discussed by Bridgwater et al. (1981) and Roedder (1981), with an abiogenic interpretation considered more likely.

In a review, Venkatachala et al. (1996) have considered 13 reports as authentic fossils and the rest were considered as non-fossils or dubiofossils.

2019, Mukund Sharma, Veeru Kant Singh, “Megascopic Carbonaceous Remains from Proterozoic Basins of India”, in M. E. A. Mondal, editor, Geological Evolution of the Precambrian Indian Shield, Springer, page 739:

Thus, Manchuriophycus and Rhysonetron had received the status of pseudofossil or dubiofossil in the published literature (Schopf and Klein 1992).

2019, Chirananda De, Mangrove Ichnology of the Bay of Bengal Coast, Eastern India, Springer, page 143:

(geology, paleontology) Any geological object that has characteristics of a fossil but whose identity is uncertain.

Dubiofossil

geological object of uncertain identity that has characteristics of a fossil


Glorious Revolution

1964, Michael G. Hall, Lawrence H. Leder, Michael Kammen, Prologue, The Glorious Revolution in America: Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689, Institute of Early American History and Culture, University of North Carolina Press, page 4,
In 1688 New York and New Jersey were added to the Dominion of New England, and there is evidence that Pennsylvania and even Maryland were to be next. But before these imperial plans could mature, James II was toppled from the throne by the Glorious Revolution.

2007, Nick Harding, Hanover and the British Empire, 1700-1837, Boydell & Brewer (The Boydell Press), page 15,
Britain's union with Hanover was made possible by the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

The defection of the old 'country' Whigs paved the way for the prominence of a new generation of Whigs after 1690 (the Junto Whigs), whose views and attitudes were considerably different from those Whigs who had served their political apprenticeship before the Glorious Revolution.

2012, Barry Coward, The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714, 4th edition, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), page 367:

(historical, British history) The 1688 deposition of James II as King of England and Ireland and (as James VII) of Scotland and his subsequent replacement by his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William III (II of Scotland).

光榮革命 /光荣革命

1688 deposition and replacement of James II and VII

(historical, Spanish history) The 1888 revolution that resulted in the deposition of Queen Isabella II of Spain.


Jomon

(archaeology) Relating to an early Neolithic culture in Japan and Korea.

(archaeology) Relating to pottery characteristic of this culture.


Golaseccan

(archaeology, historical) Pertaining to the Golasecca culture of northern Italy.


Marnian

(archaeology, history) Pertaining to the La Tène culture of the Marne region.


tool stone

(archaeology) A stone used to manufacture other stone tools


Trypillian

Several projects in recent years have tried to make sense of the Trypillian proto-cities.

2021 February 24, Laura Spinney, “The rise and fall of the mysterious culture that invented civilisation”, in New Scientist, archived from the original on 2023-03-11:

(archaeology) Relating to the archaeological culture of which Trypillia is a type site.

трыпо́льскі

relating to the archaeological culture of which Trypillia is a type site


Trypillian

(archaeology) A representative of the archaeological culture of which Trypillia is a type site.

трыпóлец

a representative of the archaeological culture of which Trypillia is a type site


sossos

From Ancient Greek σῶσσος (sôssos), from Akkadian 𒋗𒅆 (šūši, “a unit of sixty”).

February 1984, Jöran Friberg, "Numbers and Measures in the Earliest Written Records." Scientific American, volume 250, number 2, page 110.
There in about 340 B.C. the founder of a school of astrology, a Babylonian named Berossos, wrote a history of his homeland. In it he told his Greek readers that the numbers sossos (60), neros (600) and saros (3,600) occupied a special place in Babylonian arithmetic and astronomy.

Berossos used in his accounts saroi, neroi, and sossoi. A saros is a unit of time that consists of 3,600 years, a neros of 600 years, and a sossos of 60 years

2001, Gerald P. Verbrugghe, John Moore Wickersham, Berossos and Manetho, Introduced and Translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt., University of Michigan Press:

(history, Babylon) A quantity of 60, such as a period of 60 years.


archaeobiology

(archaeology, biology) The biological aspects of archaeology


archaeobiological

(archaeology, biology) Relating to archaeobiology


broadline

(archaeology) Having a broad line inscribed or drawn.


Great Earth Mother

en-noun

Great Earth Mother (plural Great Earth Mothers)

In the East women want to identify themselves with their biological function. And that makes them all woman. Compartmentalisation is our big crime in the West. Normah should have been the Great Earth Mother.

1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 397:

(paganism, archaeology) Alternative form of Earth Mother


Greater Adria

From greater + Adria.
From being first discovered in researching the geologic region called Adria.

A northwestern ocean basin system was genetically related to the Atlantic Ocean, opened in Middle to Late Jurassic time, and is known as the Alpine Tethys Ocean, which include multiple branches, such as the Piemonte-Liguria Ocean between Greater Adria (i.e. modern Adria and the its restored portions now folded and thrusted in circum-Adriatic orogens), Iberia, and the Briançonnais continental fragment, and the Valais Ocean between the Briançonnais fragment and Europe

2019, Douwe J.J. van Hinsbergen, Trond H. Torsvik, Stefan M. Schmid, Liviu C. Maţenco, Marco Maffione, Reinoud L.M. Vissers, Derya Gürera, Wim Spakman, “Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic”, in Gondwana Research, →DOI, page 80:

In their reconstruction model, the Ios basement, along with other tectonic units in the Cycladic islands and Crete, are all part of a subducted Greater Adria continental ribbon.

2020 November 11, Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, Gordon Lister, “Evidence for the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes”, in Solid Earth, preprint, European Geosciences Union:

Along most of the Alpine subduction the European plate subducted below Greater Adria, however, towards the west, Greater Adria under-thrusted the European margin forming the proto-Apennine slab[…]

2021 July, Ágnes Király, Francesca Funiciello, Fabio A. Capitanio, Claudio Faccenna, “Dynamic interactions between subduction zones”, in Global and Planetary Change, →DOI:

(paleogeography, paleogeology) A Greenland-sized paleo-microcontinent in the Neo-Tethys Ocean that rifted from the north of Africa portion of the supercontinent of Gondwana and accreted to the south of Europe portion of the supercontinent of Laurasia, and thence subducted.


commandancy

From Spanish comandancia. Compare English comandancia.

(Philippines, history) A comandancia; a commandery.


Seelie

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Seelie.wav

From Scots sely, seelie (“holy, good”), from Middle English seely, from Old English sǣliġ, gesǣlig. Doublet of silly.

Okay, so that sounded like the Seelie hated the Unseelie and vice versa. But not quite. There was something more here. I puzzled over it several moments. Did it mean the Seelie couldn't actually touch the Unseelie, and vice versa? I read on.

2008, Karen Marie Moning, Faefever: Fever Series, Delacorte Press, →ISBN:

We like the Seelie court and the humans lived, loved and laughed. As the war between the Seelie and the Unseelie escalated and the Seelie gained the upper hand we Unseelie were forced to hide in the shadows and fear for our lives.

2015, Selena Thana, Sidhe Megalomania: Tuath Dé - Tome 4, K. George, →ISBN:

(fantasy, folklore) A benevolent or beneficially-inclined fairy.


Seelie

en-adj

Seelie (comparative more Seelie, superlative most Seelie)

more Seelie (comparative)
most Seelie (superlative)

“Like Sleeping Beauty, you mean,” I said. Henry nodded. His handsome face was very worried, and I didn't know him long enough to read him that well. “They came and saw the garden, and it was very Seelie, my lord. More than that, none.”

2008, Laurell K. Hamilton, Swallowing Darkness: A Novel, Ballantine Books, →ISBN:

“Altruism is very Seelie.” “The sidhe were all Seelie once,” Shock said. “Either we resign ourselves to that part of our history or we go mad. I do not fight my impulses toward love and beauty the way my father does. But enough of that.”

2018, Mishell Baker, Impostor Syndrome, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(fantasy, folklore) Of or pertaining to the Seelie; benevolent (as a fairy, etc).


Unseelie

Borrowed from Scots unseely (“mischievous, evil-doing”), from Middle English unsely, from Old English unsǣliġ. Doublet of unsilly.

bor+

(fantasy, folklore) A malevolent or malicious fairy.


Unseelie

en-adj

Unseelie (comparative more Unseelie, superlative most Unseelie)

more Unseelie (comparative)
most Unseelie (superlative)

Unseelie wights

“That is not very Unseelie, and most definitely not very sluagh.”
“I cannot always choose how the magic will come.”
“It is wild magic, and it chooses its own way like water finding a cleft in a rock,” he said.

“I am very Unseelie Tuatha Dé. Almost one hundred percent, in fact. Only a drop of Seelie to muddy the pool. Do you have a problem with that, Shining One?”

2010, Nalini Singh, Erin McCarthy, Jean Johnson, Lora Leigh, Linda Winstead Jones, Angela Knight, Anya Bast, Allyson James, Paranormal Holiday Anthology Trio, Penguin, →ISBN:

(fantasy, folklore) Of or pertaining to the unseelie; malevolent (as a fairy, etc).


LBK

From German LBK, from Linearbandkeramische or Linienbandkeramische (used alongside Kultur).

A number of authors have pointed out that while these pots are dissimilar from LBK wares, they may have a generalised affinity with the Cardial pottery of the Mediterranean (Lüning et al. 1989).

1996, Julian Thomas, Time, Culture, and Identity: An Interpretative Archaeology, Routledge, page 114:

1996 [Routledge], I. J. Thorpe, The Origins of Agriculture in Europe, 2005, Taylor & Francis e-Library, page 41,
The LBK was succeeded by a variety of regional pottery traditions (Bogucki and Grygiel 1993).

However, in the northern areas and in central Europe sedentary life can be linked to the central European Linear Pottery culture (LBK), emerging around 5550 cal BC (Bánffy and Oross 2010, pp. 260–268). The LBK longhouse of the Neolithic evolved south of the upper reaches of the Danube and spread to Austria, Moravia, Bohemia, Poland and Germany in its fully developed form with the earliest LBK groups.

2013, Eszter Bánffy, “Chapter 6: Tracing the Beginning of Sedentary Life in the Carpathian Basin: The Formation of the LBK House”, in Daniela Hofmann, Jessica Smyth, editors, Tracking the Neolithic House in Europe: Sedentism, Architecture and Practice, Springer, page 117:

(archaeology) Linear Pottery culture; often used attributively.


Anisian

Derived from German Anisisch, from Latin Anisus.

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Triassic period.


fairy dart

Hence, by having a fairy dart in your possession, you can defy the fairies, or can even turn them from active enemies into powerful friends and personal patrons. This curious property makes the stone arrowhead a most valuable charm ...

The shape is believed to have been derived from its being originally the mounting of an elf-shot or fairy dart, i.e. flint arrowhead. An old man in Kincardineshire […]

1969, Joseph Jacobs, Alfred Trübner Nutt, Arthur Robinson Wright, William Crooke, Folklore:

Cattle are shot with stones and can only be cured by a "fairy dart" or ancient stone arrowhead. These objects are kept in numerous wrappings by every properly qualified "fairy doctor," who rub[s] them on the sick beasts with appropriate charms ...

1918, Folklore Society (Great Britain), Publications:

(archaeology) A prehistoric stone arrowhead; an elf arrow.


mobiliary art

(archaeology) Small pieces of prehistoric art that could be carried, as opposed to art applied to walls or cliffs, for example.


osteodontokeratic

(archaeology) Relating to any culture in which tools were made from bone, tooth and horn


Ustashe

Ustache (alternative)
Ustachi (alternative)
Ustase (alternative)
Ustaše (alternative)
Ustashi (alternative)
Ustasi (alternative)
Ustaši (alternative)

(fascism, history) Of or pertaining to Croatian ultranationalism.


Ustashe

en-noun

Ustashe (countable and uncountable, plural Ustashes)

Ustashes (plural)
Ustache (alternative)
Ustachi (alternative)
Ustase (alternative)
Ustaše (alternative)
Ustashi (alternative)
Ustasi (alternative)
Ustaši (alternative)

(fascism, history, uncountable) A Croatian ultranationalist force active from the 1920s to the mid-1940s.

(countable, fascism, history) A Croatian ultranationalist.


Imperial Japanese

Besides serving as president of Hokkaido Imperial University, new research by Inoue Katsuo, for example, sheds fresh light on his role in the agricultural development of Imperial Japanese colonies in Korea and Manchuria.

2002, John Maki, A Yankee in Hokkaido: The Life of William Smith Clark, United States: Lexington Books, →ISBN, page xi:

(history) Of or pertaining to the Japanese Empire.


phytomorph

Various features of the phytomorphs were illustrated, described, and discussed in some detail in the paper, and their similarity to various living algae were pointed out.

1946, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on a Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology, Report

(obsolete, paleontology) A hypothetical alga-like organism once thought to have had a symbiosis with some extinct fenestrid bryozoans, in an attempt to explain their unusual morphologies.


roofspall

roofspall (countable and uncountable, plural roofspalls)

(archaeology) debris from the roof (and walls) of a cave or similar shelter


early Showa

(fascism, history) Pertaining to the Empire of Japan’s history spanning from December 1926 to September 1945.


KV

Valley of the Kings
Valley of the Kings#English

(Egyptology) Abbreviation of Valley of the Kings.


Kenpeitai

Kempeitai (alternative)
kempeitai (alternative)
kenpeitai (alternative)

(history) The military police of the Imperial Japanese Army that also served as the secret police of Imperial Japan, active from 1881 to 1945.


archaeoinformatics

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-archaeoinformatics.wav

(archaeology, computer science) The application of informatics to archaeology


Lomekwian

From Lomekwi + -an, after the archaeological site Lomekwi 3 in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya. From no earlier than 2015, the year of publication of the discovery.

Makers of Lomekwian tools show less of an understanding of stone fracture mechanics and a reduced reliance on a free-hand technique than makers of Oldowan tools, the next oldest stone tool industry.

2017, Margaret E. Lewis, “Chapter 2: Carnivore Guilds and the Impact of Hominin Dispersals”, in Nicole Boivin, Rémy Crassard, Michael Petraglia, editors, Human Dispersal and Species Movement: From Prehistory to the Present, Cambridge University Press, page 31:

These Lomekwian tools, such as the one illustrated in Fig. 3.1, were an earth-shattering find. They are hundreds of thousands of years older than the previously oldest stone tools found and they absolutely and unquestionably could not have been made by any human being (if your definition of human restricts itself to members of genus Homo, which did not come about until about half a million years later). Finally, these Lomekwian stone tools are of a different style than all previously known stone tools.

2017, Christina De La Rocha, Daniel J. Conley, Silica Stories, Springer, page 31:

(archaeology) Of or pertaining to the period when certain stone artefacts, found at the archaeological site Lomekwi 3 in Kenya, were manufactured and used, apparently by hominins prior to the emergence of genus Homo.


Lomekwian

(archaeology) A loosely defined period, approximately 3.3 million years ago, characterised by the manufacture and use of the tools found at Lomekwi 3.


typochronological

(archaeology) Relating to typochronology


typochronology

(archaeology) The chronological variation in the type of a class of objects


proverse

en-adj

proverse (comparative more proverse, superlative most proverse)

more proverse (comparative)
most proverse (superlative)

From Latin prōversus (“turned forwards”), perfect passive participle of prōvertō (“to turn forwards”), from prō- (“before, in front of”) + vertō (“to turn”). By surface analysis, pro- + -verse. Doublet of prose.

The divide between proverse and obverse markings is obvious, particularly in resting burrows which form the most common type in this group.

1970, T. P. Crimes, J. C. Harper, Trace Fossils, page 457:

Proverse scratches are due to a headdown attitude of the body, whereby only the diggings of the anterior legs are preserved in the undertrace (Pl. 13).

2007, Adolf Seilacher, Trace Fossil Analysis, page 192:

The proverse direction of leg marks in the anterior and long, deep endopodal scratches make Form A strikingly similar to the Upper Cambrian or possibly lowermost Ordovician (Seilacher 2007) Australian Rusophycus latus Webby, a rusophyciform version of the Upper Cambrian Omani Cruziana omanica (Seilacher).

2008, Mary-Ruth Kotelnicki, Remnants of Cruising Trilobites, page 31:


Jesus movement

But at a very early stage in the Jesus movement the tendency towards an opening up of Judaism became evident – in all three forms of religious expression.

1999, Gerd Theissen, translated by John Bowden, A Theory of Primitive Christian Religion, page 165:

But the divinity of Jesus is as historically vexing as it is theologically crucial. Any assertion about this doctrine's theological centrality has a provocative, historical correlate: the early Jesus movement (first?) became Christianity when regular, public and sanctioned devotion was offered to Jesus alongside of, and as, the monos theos of Judaism.

1999, Carey C. Newman, “From (Wright's) Jesus to (the Church's) Christ: Can We Get There from Here?”, in Jesus and the Restoration of Israel, pages 281–82:

The battle of the Jesus movement to evolve from a small cult to a universal faith that redefined and thus transformed Roman society so that it could achieve political power within it was not fought upon the lines with which we are familiar in post-Enlightenment Europe.

2009, Allen Brent, A Political History of Early Christianity, page 130:

(history) Christianity in its earliest form, the original religious movement of Jesus of Nazareth.


two swords

Allegorical interpretation of Luke 22:38, “Behold, here are two swords”.

The most clear-cut definition of the Pope's possession of the two swords was given in Boniface VIII’s famous bull Unam Sanctam, which stressed the unity of Christendom under its single head.

1952, C. W. Previté-Orton, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, volume 2, page 943:

[…] the dispute between the two swords cut deep into the countryside in ways that the authors of ecclesiastical and revolutionary policy neither intended nor anticipated.

2004, Matthew Butler, Popular Piety and Political Identity in Mexico's Cristero Rebellion: Michoacán, 1927–29, →ISBN, page 3:

In the crusader theology, the two swords were totally united and not divided as Bernard would have it.

2009, Peter Lodberg, Religion, Politics, and Law, →ISBN, page 146:

(chiefly history, Roman Catholicism) Spiritual and temporal power, church and state.


spiritual midden

en-noun

spiritual midden (plural spiritual middens)

(archaeology) A hidden cache of objects (e.g. within the walls of a building) having some magical purpose.


tophet

They are an important factor indicating a corpus of beliefs common to the important central colonies (Carthage, Sousse, Motya, Sulcis, Nora, Tharros), where tophets and accompanying grave stelae have been found.

1991, John Boardman, The Cambridge Ancient History (part 1, page 490)

(archaeology) A Carthaginian monument associated with a cemetery for ritually sacrificed children.


stelar

(archaeology) Of or relating to a stele.


romerogram

Named after American paleontologist Alfred Romer + -o- + -gram.

named-after

(paleontology, uncommon) A cladogram that doubles as a spindle diagram.


spindle diagram

en-noun

spindle diagram (plural spindle diagrams)

(paleontology) A diagram showing diversity of taxa through time by the thickness of lines, often as part of a cladogram.


Cable Street

Cable Street started as a straight path along which hemp ropes were twisted into ships’ cables (i.e., ropes).

Unlike Spain, Cable Street was a success and proved the turning point in the defeat of Fascism in Britain in that period.

1986, AEU, Amalgamated Engineering Union, page 30:

Third, Cable Street was a clear victory for the working-class against fascism, although its success was ensured by the united working-class campaign for better housing, which began with Paragon Mansions.

1998, Jewish Culture and History, volume I, number 1, Frank Cass in conjunction with the Parkes Centre, University of Southampton, page 96:

Cable Street happened, and thousands of ordinary folk did actually stop a fascist march from taking place in an unprecedented manner: the East End was never the same again.

1999 June 28, Harold Rosen, Are you still circumcised?: East End memories, Five Leaves, →ISBN, page 114:

(history, metonymic) The Battle of Cable Street.


fenestrid

(paleontology) Any extinct bryozoan in the order Fenestrida.


continentalist

Coordinate term: globalist

(historiography) One who believes that Adolf Hitler intended to limit the Third Reich's territorial expansion to Europe.


plague doctor

(European history) A physician treating the bubonic plague, or employed simply to collect demographic and epidemiological data, especially one wearing protective clothing including goggles and a mask with a long bird's beak filled with aromatics to ward off the disease.


timber circle

(archaeology) A circular arrangement of wooden posts, interpreted either as a complex of freestanding poles or as the support for a large circular building.


Marcion

/ˈmɑː(ɹ)ʃən/

/ˈmɑː(ɹ)ʃʌ̈ʊ̯n/

From Late Latin Mārciōn (from Koine Greek Μᾱρκῑ́ων (Mārkī́ōn, diminutive of Ancient Greek Μᾶρκος (Mârkos, from Mārcus (from Mārs + -cus)))), from Old Latin Māvors and Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

der

(Christianity, Gnosticism, philosophy, history) Marcion of Sinope, 2nd century AD theologian, philosopher, preacher and founder of Marcionism, a Hellenistic Christian religious belief system influenced by Gnostic theology; compiled the first Biblical canon, consisting solely of Greek New Testament scriptures, totally rejecting the scriptural authority of the Hebrew Tanakh adopted as the canonical Old Testament of the Christian Bible


Andalusi

en-adjective

Andalusi (comparative more Andalusi, superlative most Andalusi)

more Andalusi (comparative)
most Andalusi (superlative)

(history) Of or pertaining to al-Andalus.


Andalusi

(history) A person from, or an inhabitant of, al-Andalus.


Zealot

(history) Alternative letter-case form of zealot


BMAC

(archaeology) Initialism of Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex.


Out of India theory

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies

(history, linguistics, Indo-European studies) The hypothesis that the Aryans are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages radiated out from a homeland in India into their present locations.


OIT

Out of India theory
Out of India theory#English

(history, linguistics, Indo-European studies) Initialism of Out of India theory.


attritional mortality

(archaeology, paleontology) The process by which individuals in a population die off one by one from a variety of causes (rather than in large numbers as part of a single event).


catastrophic mortality

(archaeology, paleontology) The process by which individuals in a population die off in large numbers as part of a single event (rather than one by one, from a variety of causes).


tablestone

(archaeology) A large flat horizontal stone.


Greater German Reich

(formal, history) The Third Reich’s official name from June 26, 1943 to 1945.

(history, informal) The Third Reich since March 12, 1938.


important bird area

en-noun

important bird area (plural important bird areas)

(ornithology, conservation) An area recognised as requiring conservation and management due to its importance for the survival of bird species that are vulnerable to global extinction.


quadreme

(history, nautical, archaic) A galley with four banks of oars, one above the other


SPEC

(conservation) Initialism of Species of European Conservation Concern.


neo-Fascism

Italian Social Republic
Italian Social Republic

(fascism, history) The ruling ideology of the Italian Social Republic.


Tsardom of Bulgaria

the Tsardom of Bulgaria (canonical)
Czardom of Bulgaria (alternative)

(formal, history) Bulgaria’s official name from 1908 to 1946.


objective piece

objective piece (plural objective pieces)

(archaeology) The initial piece of stone from which a tool is made.


macroband

(archaeology) A group of hunter-gatherers from several families


Valley of the Queens

From valley + queen. From being a valley that was the burial place for the wives of pharaohs, i.e. queens.

(Egyptology) A valley in Egypt, that contains many tombs of Queens of Pharaohs.


ornithocheiromorph

Clipping of translingual Ornithocheiromorpha

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Ornithocheiromorpha</i>

(paleontology) a member of the clade Ornithocheiromorpha.


Yahwistic

Alternative form: Jahwistic

documentary hypothesis
documentary hypothesis

(history) Relating to the Yahwist, one of the sources of the Torah or Pentateuch according to the documentary hypothesis.


moirocaust

From Ancient Greek μοῖρα (moîra, “part”) + καυστός (kaustós, “burnt”).

(history, rare) A sacrifice that is partially burned to ashes.


uruisg

(European folklore, mythology) A brownie in Scottish folklore.


OoA

(genetics, paleontology) Initialism of Out of Africa (hypothesis).


backed blade

(archaeology) A prehistoric flint knife with one edge blunted (backed) and the other sharpened.


modern human

(paleontology) Any hominin of the species Homo sapiens.


Wormworld

(paleontology, informal, neologism) An ecosystem characteristic of the later Ediacaran, when animal life was dominated by surface-dwelling worms.


Vazimba

(folklore) The first inhabitants of Madagascar, generally described as small in stature.


vergobret

/ˈvɜːɡəbɹɛt/

From Latin vergobretus (“chief magistrate amongst the Aedui”), from Gaulish uercobretos.

der

Although the vergobret was an important position amongst the Aedui, little information about this office has been preserved in the historical record.

Diuitiacus and Liſcus, who at that time was the cheefe Magistrate, and by the Heduanes called Vergobret

1619, Thomas Milles, The Treasurie of Auncient and Moderne Times (quotation in English; overall work in English), London: William Iagard, pages 60--61:

vergobret (magistrate) is mentioned on the coinage of the Lexovii

1996, Umair Mirza, The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 10, 2nd edition (quotation in English; overall work in English), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, page 498:

(history) A magistrate in ancient Gaul who held the highest office in many Gallic cities, especially among the Aedui.


rebound effect

(conservation) Synonym of takeback (“reduction in energy savings from new technologies due to increased levels of demand”)


bordarius

/bɔːˈdɛəɹi.əs/

(history) Synonym of bordar (“person ranking below villeins and above serfs”)


woodhenge

From wood + henge, by analogy to Stonehenge.

(archaeology) A prehistoric monument composed of a ring of timber (typically surviving as a ring of postholes)


troll cat

(folklore) In Scandinavian folklore, a witch's familiar made from hair, wood shavings, etc. that would suck milk from cows and steal cream from people's homes.


enchytrism

en-noun

enchytrism (usually uncountable, plural enchytrisms)

From Ancient Greek ἐγχυτρισμός (enkhutrismós, “enchytrism”), from ἐγχυτρίζω (enkhutrízō, “to expose a newborn in a pot”) + -μός (-mós), from lenited ἐν- (en-, “in-”) and χυτρίζω (khutrízō, “put in a pot”), from χύτρα (khútra, “clay pot”).

der

(archaeology) The burial of a child or a small animal in a vessel such as a pot.


punctus interrogativus

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɒɡəˈtiːvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɒɡəˈtaɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəˈɹɒɡətɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɑɡəˈtivəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɑɡəˈtaɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəˈɹɑɡətɪvəs/

From Medieval Latin pūnctus interrogātīvus (“question mark”).

bor

punctus percontativus A reversed, but not inverted punctus interrogativus […] used in the 16th and 17th centuries to indicate the end of a percontatio.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Glossary, pages 306–307:

[…]manuscript punctuation has a punctus elevatus after the interjections and a punctus interrogativus at the end of the sentence.

2000, Jane Roberts, Janet Laughland Nelson, editors, Essays on Anglo-Saxon and Related Themes in Memory of Lynne Grundy, King's College (University of London), →ISBN, page 537:

[…]although none of these happend to have occasion to use the punctus interrogativus.

2015 December 23, Mary P. Richards, editor, Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts: Basic Readings, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, page 387:

(palaeography) A medieval question mark, ⟨⹔⟩, possibly the ancestor of the modern mark ⟨?⟩.


punctus elevatus

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɛləˈvɑːtəs/

From Medieval Latin pūnctus ēlevātus (literally “raised mark”).

The punctus elevatus after consecuto ('followed') not only distinguishes more sharply between the present state of revelation and the historical process by which it was achieved but emphasizes the relationship between them as one of cause and-effect.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Influences on The Application of Punctuation, page 71:

The point and punctus elevatus are used within the sentence.

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark indicating a medium-length pause (approximately ⸵).


punctus versus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus versus (literally “facing mark”).

[…]moreover by turning the punctus after fiant into a punctus versus, he has repointed the two verses as a single sententia.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Influences on The Application of Punctuation, page 74:

Thus the basic punctuation marks used in English manuscripts of the eleventh-thirteenth centuries are: the simple point, the punctus elevatus, the punctus versus, and the punctus interrogativus.

2011 July 22, Tadao Kudouchi, edited by Akio Oizumi and Jacek Fisiak, English Historical Linguistics and Philology in Japan, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 172:

[…]the punctus versus is used at the close of the sentence and after words introducing direct speech[…]

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark marking the end of a sentence (approximately ;)


punctus circumflexus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus circumflexus (literally “bent-around mark”).

[…]MS. Bodley 340, going back to an early form of the text, has confused indications that such was intended: after 'þa' it has a punctus circumflexus[…]

1953, Occasional Papers, volume 3, University of Cambridge, page 10:

There was an entirely separate set of marks to coach the raising and lowering of the voice in oral delivery -- including the punctus elevatus, the punctus interrogotivus^([sic]), and the punctus circumflexus.

2004, George D. Gopen, The Sense of Structure: Writing from the Reader's Perspective, Pearson Longman, →ISBN, page 170:

The punctus circumflexus does not seem to have been used commonly in manuscripts of other than liturgical texts.

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark indicating a short pause (approximately '̣).


punctus flexus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus flexus (literally “bent mark”).

In the sacerdotal prayers in col. a the punctuation is by punctus flexus, punctus elevatus and punctus.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Plates and Commentaries, page 197:

Very few cases show the use of the punctus flexus for minor medium pauses.

2007, Manuscripta: A Journal for Manuscript Research, volume 51, St. Louis University Library, page 230:

After all, it was the revision of the Cistercian liturgy that helped facilitate the widespread use of positurae, particularly the punctus flexus and punctus elevatus.

2015, Benjamin Pohl, Dudo of Saint-Quentin's Historia Normannorum: Tradition, Innovation and Memory, York Medieval Press, →ISBN, Introduction, page 19:

punctus circumflexus
punctus circumflexus#English

(palaeography) Synonym of punctus circumflexus


multivallate

(archaeology) Having multiple defensive ramparts


multivallation

(archaeology) The use of multiple defensive ramparts


bedouinize

en-verb

bedouinize (third-person singular simple present bedouinizes, present participle bedouinizing, simple past and past participle bedouinized)

bedouinizes (present singular third-person)
bedouinizing (participle present)
bedouinized (participle past)
bedouinized (past)

(transitive) To cause something to adopt bedouin characteristics.

(history) In the Islamic Middle East, to cause agricultural or urban land to become bedouin-inhabited grazing land.


Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex

Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (canonical)
BMAC (alternative)

(archaeology) A Bronze Age civilization of Central Asia, dated to c. 2400–1900 BCE.


Cemetery H culture

(archaeology) A Bronze Age culture in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, dated to c. 1900-1300 BCE.


gillygaloo

(US folklore) A fictional bird said to nest on hillsides and to lay square eggs that will not roll downhill.


Minaean

Minaeans (plural)
Minean (alternative)
Minæan (alternative)

Probably with a random vocalization, omitting the voiced pharyngeal fricative in the middle, from occurrence in Old South Arabian inscriptions (endonym 𐩣𐩲𐩬 (mʿn)), + -ean.

(history) A member of the ancient Minaean people.


Springtime of Nations

Printemps des peuples

period 1848-49 in Europe characterised by revolutions

(history, European history) A period, sometimes confounded with the Age of Revolution in Europe and/or the pre-March era (Vormärz) specifically in Germany; variously beginning in 1789 (the French Revolution) or (in Germany) either in 1815 (German Confederation) or 1830 (French July Revolution) and leading up to to the Revolutions of 1848.

Völkerfrühling

period 1789/1815-48 in Europe characterised by revolutions

1964, book review in Quarterly Review of Scientific Publications, Issues 25-32, Polish Academy of Sciences, page 48,
Literary life in Silesia is portrayed in the period from 1806 (the date of the final annexation of Silesia by Prussia) until 1849 (the end of the Springtime of Nations).

But what about the harbinger of the Springtime of Nations; and Karl Marx; and the visions of the brotherhood of mankind?

1951, “The Twentieth Century, Volume 150”, in Nineteenth Century and After, Limited, page 20:

[…]was but the prodrome of a succession of Slavic revolts: first in Poland in 1830–31, and then of the Czechs, Croats, and Ruthenians in Galicia at the time of the revolutions of 1848-49 ("The Springtime of nations").

1999, New York Public Library News, Volumes 8-9, New York Public Library, page 89:

(history, European history) A period from 1848-49 (Revolutions of 1848) characterised by political upheavals throughout Europe which aimed to replace monarchies with independent nation-states.

The legacy of the Springtime of Nations in Hungary was double-edged.

2002, Anna Szalai, In the Land of Hagar: The Jews of Hungary, Beth Hatefutsoth, page 114:

For while 1989 was greeted as a magical year by the Western mass public—a new springtime of nations auguring a long-term peace—for policy makers it meant trouble.

2008, Mitchell Alexander Orenstein, Stephen R. Bloom, Nicole Lindstrom, Transnational Actors in Central and East European Transitions, University of Pittsburgh Press, page 171:

(history) A general term for similar revolutions in recent times; cf. Arab Spring


Nanabozho

Nanaboozhoo (alternative)
Manabozho (alternative)
Wanabozho (alternative)
Nanabush (alternative)

(folklore) An Ojibwe trickster figure and culture hero.


White Terror

(politics, history) Any one of several specific white terrors in history.


Red Terror

(politics, history) Any one of several specific red terrors in history.


Goyet dog

(paleontology) A Paleolithic dog traced to a wolf fossil from northern Siberia.


jincan

(folklore) A poisonous gold-coloured silkworm or caterpillar in Chinese legend.


sowlth

All Mr. Yeats's grotesque machinery of sowlths and tevishes and sheogues leaves us without a shudder; his fantasies are stage-properties of the most unillusive kind.

(folklore) A kind of spirit in Irish folklore.


situlate

From situla + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(archaeology) Resembling a vessel of the situla type.


urolite

(paleontology) a fossil or trace fossil of urine


Itaboraian

From Portuguese Itaboraí, specifically referring to the Itaboraí Formation (Formação Itaboraí), which is near the city of Itaboraí, Brazil.

Carodnia is known only from the Itaboraian in both Patagonia, where it was first discovered, and Brazil, where it is better represented.

2012, John J. Flynn, Reynaldo Charrier, Darin A. Croft, Andre R. Wyss, “Cenozoic Andean Faunas”, in Bruce D. Patterson, Leonora P. Costa, editors, Bones, Clones, and Biomes, University of Chicago Press, page 62:

2013, Richard A. Fariña, Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Gerry De Iuliis, Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America, University of Indiana Press, page 85,
The Panriochican Subcycle includes two ages, the Itaboraian and the Riochican, summarized below.

(geology, paleontology) A geologic age, 53.0–50.0 mya and within the Ypresian (Early Eocene), whose stratotype is the Itaboraí Formation; used especially in the context of South American land mammal age (SALMA) classification.


Itaboraian

(geology, paleontology) Of, pertaining to or occurring within the Itaboraian age.


Five Poisons

(folklore) Five animals regarded as poisonous or otherwise hazardous in Chinese folklore: typically snakes, scorpions, centipedes, toads, and spiders.


myBP

(archaeology, geology, paleontology) Initialism of million years before present.


fossettid

An elongate fossettid separates the entoconid and hypoconid.

1979, Ralph Nichols, Additional Early Miocene Mammals from the Lemhi Valley of Idaho, page 4:

State 1 is coded for those taxa with a substantial difference in the depth of the basins between the central fossettid and all others, such that a mid- or late wear specimen will have the central fossettid still present and clearly-defined, while the others will all be worn away.

2005, Samantha Sara Brittany Hopkins, Evolutionary History and Paleoecology of Aplodontoid Rodents, page 74:

The p1 is smaller than the canine and is little more than a peg-like structure, ovoid in occlusal view with a tiny fossettid in the middle.

2008, Eric J. Sargis, Marian Dagosto, Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology, page 149:

When compared with taxa from the Mustersan and Tinguirican, Patagonhippus canterensis n. gen. et n. sp. and P. Dukei n. gen. et n. sp. share the absence of a posterior fossettid, but have a more hypsodont dentition.

2010, Richard H. Madden, Alfredo A. Carlini, Maria Guiomar Vucetich, The Paleontology of Gran Barranca, page 149:

(paleontology, teeth) A small depression in the crown of a lower tooth.


historist

(historiography) A proponent of historism.


hypostriid

(paleontology) A vertical groove found between the protoconid and the hypoconid on the crowns of lower cheek teeth of castorids, i.e. beavers and closely grouped rodents.


hypostria

(paleontology) A vertical groove found between the protocone and the hypocone on the crowns of upper molariform teeth of glirans, i.e. rodents and lagomorphs.


clinomegodont

en-adj

clinomegodont (comparative more clinomegodont, superlative most clinomegodont)

more clinomegodont (comparative)
most clinomegodont (superlative)

Coined by French philosopher, Jesuit priest, and paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in 1942, from clino- + meg- + -odont.

coinage

(paleontology) Being or having teeth with an elongated procumbent (forward-leaning) crown and asymmetrical median labial lobe, especially in rodents such as zokors.


orthomegodont

en-adj

orthomegodont (comparative more orthomegodont, superlative most orthomegodont)

more orthomegodont (comparative)
most orthomegodont (superlative)

Coined by French philosopher, Jesuit priest, and paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in 1942, from ortho- + meg- + -odont.

(paleontology) Being or having teeth with a nonelongated crown and symmetrical median labial lobe, especially in rodents such as zokors.


anterostriid

(paleontology) A vertical groove found between the metaconid and the metalophulid on the crowns of lower cheek teeth of certain rodents.


comprachico

Coined from Spanish roots by the French writer Victor Hugo in his 1869 novel L'Homme qui rit (The Man Who Laughs). The word is not generally known in Spanish.

But here in England a comprachico is equal to a murderer, a candidate for the hangman's noose.

1969, Günther Weisenborn, The Man Without a Face, page 10:

He is angry and equips himself accordingly—with a penknife to give the offender a comprachico countenance, a mirror to show him the effect, and a pair of nailed boots to give him his dismissal.

2016, George Eliot, Impressions of Theophrastus Such: Top Novelist Focus:

(folklore) A person who deliberately mutilates a growing child in order to induce freakish physical traits.


Buyan

From Russian Буя́н (Buján). See there for further information.

(Slavic mythology, folklore) In medieval Russian folklore, a mysterious island with the ability to appear and disappear with the tide; the home of the Zoryas (solar goddesses) and three brothers representing the Northern, Western, and Eastern Winds.

Bouïane

a mysterious island in the Russian folklore


seal on a bedsheet

en-noun

seal on a bedsheet (plural seals on a bedsheet or seals on bedsheets)

seals on a bedsheet (plural)
seals on bedsheets (plural)

The flag of Quintana Roo is nothing but a seal on a bedsheet.

(vexillology, humorous, derogatory) A flag that consists of a seal or a coat of arms on a monochrome background.


ASB

alien space bats
alien space bats#English

(alternative history, fandom slang) Initialism of alien space bats.


proscynema

From Ancient Greek προσκύνημα (proskúnēma, “adoration”), a word used in the standard Greek formula for such inscriptions.

bor

(archaeology) A formulaic inscription expressing adoration of or homage to a particular deity.


Higgs bison

Higgs bison (plural)
Higgs Bison (alternative)
Higgs-Bison (alternative)

Blend of Higgs boson + bison. From being elusive, not being found after a long search, akin to how the Higgs boson proved time-consuming to find. Higgs was chosen due to the similarity between boson and bison, and its characteristic mysteriousness, due to not being found.

Scientists believe the Higgs bison were offspring of steppe bison and aurochs, an extinct breed of cattle.

2016 October 19, Robby Berman, “Scientists Identify the Elusive Higgs Bison”, in Big Think, archived from the original on 2022-10-05:

But now, cave art and further DNA testing have finally unraveled the origins of Higgs Bison, which turns out to be a previously undescribed hybrid animal. The research appears in the journal Nature Communications.

2016 October 19, Jason Daley, “Cave Paintings Help Unravel the Mystery of the ‘Higgs Bison’”, in Smithsonian Magazine:

The discovery of a missing hybrid ancestor—nicknamed the Higgs-Bison after the Higgs-Boson, a particle posited by theoretical physicists before it was proven to exist—confirmed this cross-breeding had occurred.

[2023, Christopher J. Preston, Tenacious Beasts: Wildlife Recoveries That Change How We Think about Animals, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 86:

Bison bonasus
Bison bonasus#Translingual

Bos primigenius
Bos primigenius#Translingual

(informal, paleontology, biology) The ancestor of the European bison (Bison bonasus), a species originating from the hybridization of the aurochs (Bos primigenius) and the steppe bison (Bison priscus).


zombie taxon

Referring to the fossil having been mobile, or "walking", long after the death of the original organism.

(paleontology) A taxon that falsely appears to persist until, or reappear at, a time in the fossil record later than the taxon's actual point of extinction, due to fossils of organisms belonging to the taxon having been eroded from their original strata and redeposited in the source sediments for younger strata.


unifaced

(archaeology) Of a prehistoric stone tool: flaked on one surface only.


bifaced

(archaeology) Of a prehistoric stone tool: having two sharp cutting edges.


Great Mother

In the mystery of the writing of language, the two had become the one; the stylus of the scribe was like the older Neolithic statues of the Great Mother carved on the phallus.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 22:


Great Goddess

Gone is the obese Great Goddess; come is the sleek young maid, the Queen of Heaven.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 165:


Tollund Man

Named after a nearby Danish village, where its discoverers lived.

Tollund Man was found eight or nine feet beneath the surface of a Danish bog by two men cutting peat in 1950.

1996, Christine Quigley, The Corpse: a history, McFarland & Company, page 237:

The composition of the meal was a clear indication of the dating of Tollund Man, as the ration of naked and hulled barley closely corresponds to the ratio known to be used around the time of the birth of Christ; linseed and spelt, also found among the stomach contents, do not enter the Danish flora until around 400 BC.

1998, Christian Fischer, “Bog bodies of Denmark and northwestern Europe”, in Aidan Cockburn, Eve Cockburn, Theodore A. Reyman, editors, Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 247:

The remains of Tollund Man reside in Silkeborg. Tollund Man lies in the center of a room dedicated to displaying himself and aspects of his life.

2015, Margaret Comer, “13: Ancient Bodies, Modern Ideologies: Bog Bodies and Identity in Denmark and Ireland”, in Peter F. Biehl, Douglas C. Comer, Christopher Prescott, Hilary A. Soderland, editors, Identity and Heritage, Springer, page 130:

(archaeology) A bog body found preserved in peat on the Jutland peninsula, Denmark, in 1950; the naturally mummified body of a man believed to have lived in the 5th century BCE during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the pre-Roman Iron Age.


tegulation

(archaeology) The construction of a roof from tegulae.


coltpixie

coltpixies (plural)
coltpixy (alternative)

(UK, Hampshire, archaic, folklore) A kind of hobgoblin.


El Argar

From its centre the El Argar culture spread eastwards towards Granada and northwards to Murcia and Valencia, though losing some traits on the way.

1975, I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd, N. G. L. Hammond, E. Sollberger, editors, The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume II, Part 2: History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380-1000 BC, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 764:

The site of El Argar sat on a plateau 1000 x 330 ft (300x90 m) on the Rio Antas in southeastern Spain, 7 mi (12 km) from the sea.[…]El Argar was the largest and most important of some forty other fortified villages that were within a 50 mi (75 km) length along the coast.

1998, Harry Mountain, The Celtic Encyclopedia, Volume 1, Universal Publishers, page 44:

The palynological interpretations of the overexploitation and forest degradation of El Argar have been taken from archaeological and bioarchaeological research in the 1980s and 1990s, which in turn have served as the basis for a large number of anthracological studies in the early 20th^([sic]) century.

2021, Mireia Celma Martínez, “Long-term effects of forest exploitation in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula: An anthracological synthesis for El Argar (2200-1550 cal BC)”, in Marian Berihuete-Azorín, María Martín Seijo, Oriol López-Bultó, Raquel Piqué, editors, The Missing Woodland Resources, Barkhuis Publishing, page 85:

(archaeology) An archaeological site and the prehistoric centre of an early to middle Bronze Age culture, located near present-day Antas, in the province of Almería, Spain.


stephanoceratoid

(paleontology) A member of the Stephanoceratoidea superfamily of cephalopods


shepherd king

The dark days of the "Shepherd" or "Hyksos" kings, that were to the imagination of later Egypt what the Babylonian Captivity was to the Jews, or the Danish Terror to early England.

1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 72:

(Egyptology) One of the Hyksos, kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (fl. c. 1650–1550 BC).


graphoglyptid

(paleontology) A trace fossil in the form of a horizontal wriggly burrow found in deep water.


eopterosaur

(paleontology) A member of the Eopterosauria clade.


radiodont

(paleontology) A member of the Radiodonta order of Cambrian arthropods


takya

takyas (plural)
takyé/takyeh (alternative)
tekye/tekyeh (alternative)
tekke (alternative)
takiyya (alternative)
takyah (alternative)
takia (alternative)
takiya (alternative)
takiyah (alternative)
takieh (alternative)
takié (alternative)
takiye (alternative)
takiyeh (alternative)
tekieh (alternative)
tekiye (alternative)
tekiyeh (alternative)

The presence of the Hindiler Tekkesi or the Indian takya in Istanbul since the time of Tipu's mission is another indication but it was not until the 1840s that the position of the Indian Muslims with regard to the Ottoman caliphate was fully crystallized.

1999, M. Naeem Qureshi, Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics, page 16:

The younger shaykh, Baba Musafir, turned to the task of establishing a takya or khanqah at Awrangabad

A gathering place for Sufis, especially in the Ottoman Empire and South Asia.

takyas (graveyards)

1994, A. D. Khan, Diplomatics of the Soyurghal Farman of the Great Mughals, page 6:

Takya, a pillow, a resting-place of Faqīrs

2017, Ja'far Sharif, William Crooke, Islam in India:

The cemetery or graveyard of Sufis, especially in South Asia.


megaraptor

(paleontology) A member of the genus Megaraptor of large theropod dinosaurs that lived in the Turonian to Coniacian ages of the Late Cretaceous.


February Revolution

Coordinate term: July Revolution

(history) The French Revolution of 1848, which ended the July Monarchy.


eraillure

eraillures (plural)
éraillure (alternative)

Borrowed from French éraillure (“scar”).

(archaeology) A flake removed from a lithic flake's bulb of force.


dendroolithid

(paleontology) A member of the family Dendroolithidae.


falcatid

(paleontology) A member of the Falcatidae family.


paraortygid

(paleontology) A bird from the extinct Paraortygidae family.


cathartiform

(paleontology) A bird in the order Cathartiformes, which contains the New World vultures in the family Cathartidae and their extinct relatives in the family Teratornithidae (though many taxonomists classify them in the order Accipitriformes instead).


scaphitid

(paleontology) An ammonite from the Scaphitidae taxonomic family.


strophomenoid

(paleontology) A brachiopod in the superfamily Strophomenoidea.


euomphaloceratine

(paleontology) An ammonite in the acanthoceratid subfamily Euomphaloceratinae.


paleomalacology

(paleontology) paleontology of mollusks (fossil shells).


buchanosteoid

(paleontology) A fossil fish of the superfamily Buchanosteoidea.


callorhynchid

(paleontology, ichthyology) A fish in the family Callorhynchidae, now considered a synonym of the Callorhinchidae.


cloudinid

(paleontology) Any extinct animal in the family Cloudinidae.


aistopod

(paleontology) A snake-like amphibian from the order Aistopoda.


nyctitheriid

(paleontology) Any member of the family †Nyctitheriidae of extinct mammals.


astrapotherian

(paleontology) Any member of the order †Astrapotheria of extinct mammals.


glyptosaurine

Clipping of translingual Glyptosaurinae + -ine

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Glyptosaurinae</i>

suf

(paleontology, zoology) Any extinct anguid lizard of the subfamily Glyptosaurinae, known for their osteoderms.


aetosaurine

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Aetosaurinae</i>

(paleontology) A member of the sufamily Aetosaurinae, of the family Stagonolepididae.


typothoracine

Clipping of translingual Typothoracinae, itself from Typothorax + -inae.

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Typothoracinae</i>

(paleontology) Any stagonolepidid aetosaur of the subfamily Typothoracinae.


suchomimus

en-noun

suchomimus (plural suchomimus or suchomimuses)

suchomimus (plural)
suchomimuses (plural)

Borrowed from translingual Suchomimus, from sucho- + Latin mīmus (“mimic”).

(paleontology) Any spinosaurid dinosaur in the genus Suchomimus from the Early Cretaceous Period.


Nickneven

(folklore) A hag or evil spirit in Scottish folklore.


daspletosaur

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Daspletosaurus</i>

(paleontology) Any dinosaur in the genus Daspletosaurus.


tyrannoraptoran

suf

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Tyrannoraptora</i>

(paleontology) Any dinosaur of the clade Tyrannoraptora.


alamosaur

Clipping of translingual Alamosaurus, often misattributed to the Alamo.

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Alamosaurus</i>

(paleontology) Any dinosaur in the genus Alamosaurus.


argentinosaur

Clipping of translingual Argentinosaurus

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Argentinosaurus</i>

(paleontology) Any sauropod of the genus Argentinosaurus.


tsintaosaurin

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Tsintaosaurini</i>

(paleontology) Any ornithopod of the tribe Tsintaosaurini.


aralosaurin

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Aralosaurini</i>

(paleontology) Any dinosaur of the tribe Aralosaurini.


hadrosauromorph

Clipping of translingual Hadrosauromorpha

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Hadrosauromorpha</i>

Phylogenetic analysis positions Gobihadros mongoliensis as a Bactrosaurus-grade hadrosauromorph hadrosauroid.

2019 April 17, Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar, David B. Weishampel, David C. Evans, Mahito Watabe, A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous Baynshire Formation of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia):

In the background are a small horned dinosaur known as Zuniceratops and the hadrosauromorph Jeyawati

2019 May 6, Photos: Tiny Tyrannosaur Dinosaur Was About As Big As T. Rex's Skull:

Smaller specimens are identifiable as juvenile hadrosauromorphs.

2020 August 15, Chase Doran Brownstein, Osteology and phylogeny of small-bodied hadrosauromorphs from an end-Cretaceous marine assemblage:

(paleontology) Any ornithopod of the clade Hadrosauromorpha.


dilophosaur

dilophosaurs (plural)
dilophosaurus (alternative)

Clipping of the taxonomic name Dilophosaurus.

The Dilophosaurus (dye-LA-fuh-SAWR-us), also shortened to Dilophosaur or even more so Dilo, is one of the dinosaurs in ARK: Survival Evolved.

(Can we date this quote?), Dilophosaur - Ark: Survival Evolved Wiki:

See the Dilophosaur up close and explore more of Utah's dinosaurs and prehistoric past at Moab Giants Dinosaur Park.

(Can we date this quote?), DILOPHOSAUR: TRACKMAKER OF THE KAYENTAPUS FOOTPRINT:

(paleontology) Any theropod of the genus Dilophosaurus from the Jurassic, distinguished by having two plates on its head.


adelophthalmid

(paleontology) Any member of the Adelophthalmidae family of eurypterids.


waeringopteroid

(paleontology) Any member of the Waeringopteroidea superfamily of extinct eurypterids.


pterygotioid

(paleontology) Any member of the Pterygotioidea superfamily of extinct eurypterids


zhelestid

The dinosaurs arriving from Asia proved the hardiest immigrants, though zhelestids (primitive insect-eating mammals that resembled elephant shrews) also somehow made it.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 31:

(paleontology) An extinct eutherian mammal of the family Zhelestidae.


long Second World War

(history, uncommon) World War II defined as starting from the Manchurian Incident of September 18, 1931 to Imperial Japan’s surrender in September 1945.


hantkeninid

But la grande coupure occurred in two pulses about 350,000 years apart, just after the last hantkeninids found their eternal rest.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 82:

(paleontology) A member of the extinct family Hantkeninidae of planktonic foraminifera.


griphopith

From scientific Latin Griphopithecus (genus name).

Griphopiths from all locations have shared derived characters that make them unique and very different from the Early Miocene apes.

2011, Patricia J. Ash, David J. Robinson, The Emergence of Humans:

Griphopiths are the earliest hominids, and their appearance in Europe at least a million years earlier than in Africa suggests that our family most likely arose in Europe—and not, as has been long assumed, in Africa.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 112:

(paleontology) Any of a group of morphologically similar early hominids of the genera Griphopithecus and Kenyapithecus.


European jaguar

en-noun

European jaguar (plural European jaguars)

The European jaguar inhabited the continent from about 1.6 million years ago until around 500,000 years ago.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 152:

(paleontology) An extinct species of jaguar, Panthera gombaszoegensis, which lived in Europe during the Pleistocene.


flying rowan

(folklore) A rowan tree growing parasitically on another tree, or from a wall, roof, etc., once believed in Scandinavia to have magical powers.


chaîne opératoire

(anthropology, archaeology) The technical processes and social acts involved in the production, use, and eventual disposal of artifacts; used to guide step-by-step analysis.


flakage

(archaeology) The presence of flaking in an artifact.


radiometric age

radiometric age (plural radiometric ages)

2001, Allen H. Andrews, Erica J. Burton, Kenneth H. Coale, Gregor M. Cailliet, Roy E. Crabtree, Radiometric age validation of Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus, Fishery Bulletin, Volume 99, Issue 3, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, page 394,
For older age groups and individual cores, annulus-derived age was higher than radiometric age by as much as 21.8 years and lower than radiometric age by as much as 23 years.

For additional radiometric ages and references to the radiometric ages in the table above see Dickinson, (1997), Wilson et al., (2005) and Tables A1–A6 in Hall, (2002).

2007, Clarence A. Hall Jr., Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and Its Native Plants, University of California Press, page 129:

Use is made of a smoothing spline fit on the two way plot between the composite standard scaling of the stages (Table 23.2) and radiometric ages.

2012, Felix. M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, Mark D. Schmitz, Gabi M. Ogg, The Geologic Time Scale 2012, Elsevier, page 638:

(archaeology, paleontology, geology, geochronology) The age of a material as determined by radiometric dating.


colymbosaurine

(paleontology) Any member of the Colymbosaurinae subfamily of plesiosaurs


Sahara pump theory

(biology, paleontology) A hypothesis that explains the manner in which flora and fauna migrated between Eurasia and Africa using a land bridge in the Levant region, based on the idea that there were periods of abundant rainfall lasting thousands of years in Africa and associated with a "wet-green Sahara" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers existed.


OSL

(physics, geophysics, geology, paleontology, anthropology, archaeology) Initialism of optically stimulated luminescence.


unsided

Upper limbs: fragment unsided ulna shaft. Lower limbs: left proximal femur shaft segment; fragment each of unsided tibia and fibula shaft.

2022, William Britnell, Alasdair Whittle, The First Stones, page 202:

(archaeology) Originating from an uncertain side of the body, either left or right.


Nebra sky disc

Named after the German town of Nebra, Germany, near which it was discovered in 1999.

The Nebra Sky Disc is one of archaeology's prime finds because its cosmological iconography offers a unique insight into the mental processes of Bronze Age people.

2013, Harald Meller, “Chapter 14A: The Sky Disc of Nebra”, in Harry Fokkens, Anthony Harding, editors, The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age, Oxford University Press, page 266:

Discovered near the town of Nebra in Germany, the Nebra sky disc is believed by archaeoastronomers to be a Bronze Age durable sky map dating back to 1600 BC.

2013, Chris Impey, Holly Henry, “Dreams of Other Worlds”, in Paperback, Princeton University Press, published 2016, page 190:

The Nebra sky disc, dated to 1600 BC, was found on the Mittelberg, a hilltop site near Nebra in Saxony-Anhalt, eastern Germany, along with two bronze swords, two hatchets, a chisel and fragments of spiral bracelets.

2016, Robin Melrose, Religion in Britain from the Megaliths to Arthur, McFarland, page 50:

(archaeology) A bronze disc featuring gold symbols inlaid on a blue-green patina, generally interpreted as depicting the Sun or full moon, a lunar crescent and stars (including a group that may be the Pleiades), dated to circa 1800–1600 BCE and attributed to the Unetice culture of the early European Bronze Age.

disque céleste de Nebra

bronze disc dating from the European Bronze Age


ascocerid

(paleontology) Any member of the extinct Ascocerida order of cephalopods


Radishes and Gooseberries

From corruption of the French surnames Radisson and Groseilliers.

Radish and Gooseberry (alternative)
Radish and Gooseberries (alternative)
Radishes and Gooseberry (alternative)

(history, informal) The 17th-century pair of French-Canadian explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard Chouart des Groseilliers working for the Hudson's Bay Company of English Royal Charter


Radish and Gooseberry

Radishes and Gooseberries
Radishes and Gooseberries#English

(history, informal) Alternative form of Radishes and Gooseberries


basilosaur

(paleontology) Any member of the Basilosaurus genus of extinct whales.


petrogram

Coordinate term: petroglyph

(archaeology) A painting on rock, especially one made in prehistoric times.


scaloposaurian

(paleontology, obsolete) Any member of the group of Theriodontia reptiles, no longer recognised as valid


perisphinctoid

(paleontology) Any member of the Perisphinctoidea superfamily of ammonites.


zoofact

(archaeology) Something resembling a stone tool made by non-human animals.


paleochemotaxonomy

(paleontology) Use of biomarker chemicals in sedimentary rocks to classify lifeforms.


Axial Age

Calque of German Achsenzeit, coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) in his 1949 book Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (The Origin and Goal of History).

The historical validity of the Axial Age is disputed.^([Wikipedia])

1986, Hermann Kulke, The Historical Background of India's Axial Age, Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations, State University of New York Press, page 392,
This rather speculative explanation of a most important characteristic feature of Axial Age civilizations might be questioned. But it remains a fact that these tensions and the social Freiraum existed in all these societies.

1991, Early Judaism and Its Literature, Society of Biblical Literature, BRILL, page 102,
According to the philosopher Karl Jaspers, the Axial Age encompassed 800-200 B.C.E., with a center at approximately 500.²⁵ Jaspers used the epithet "Axial" because this epoch heralded fundamental and revolutionary changes in human social, religious, and intellectual history.

What then of the theory's relevance to the Axial Age? Because Norenzayan is interested in pre-Axial Age gods as well as those of the Axial Age, this makes the theory of limited use in explaining the kinds of gods that arose during the Axial Age.

2018, Stephen K. Sanderson, Religious Evolution and the Axial Age, Bloomsbury Publishing (Bloomsbury Academic), page 203:

(history) The age from about the 8th to the 3rd century BCE, during which broad changes in religious and philosophical thought occurred in a variety of locations.

période axiale

age during which broad changes occurred in religious and philosophical thought


Minyan ware

Minyan ware (countable and uncountable, plural Minyan wares)

(archaeology) A style of Aegean burnished pottery associated with the Middle Helladic period (c. 2000/1900–1550 BC).


multiface

Unifacial and multifacial tools are, on average, the largest tools at JAAP-1 while edge-only and bifacial tools tend to be similar in average size and somewhat smaller than the unifaces and multifaces.

1988, John F. Doershuk, Plenemuk Mound and the Archaeology of Will County, page 153:

Multifaces have at least one flake scar not originating on an edge on more than two faces ( Plate 10.5 ) .

1988, Charles W. Markman, Putney Landing, page 200:

As a general rule across the site, the usage patterns of bifaces differed significantly from the usage of multifaces or unifaces.

1988, Anthropological Papers - Issues 79-81, page 72:

(archaeology, anthropology) A stone tool constructed by chipping off flakes from every side.


ancyloceratin

(paleontology) Any member of the Ancyloceratina suborder of ammonites.


acanthoceratoid

(paleontology) Any member of the Acanthoceratoidea superfamily of ammonites.


regurgitalite

(paleontology) Fossilized remains of vomit or other regurgitated objects.


gastrolite

(paleontology) Fossilized stomach contents.


stenothecoid

(paleontology) Any member of the Stenothecoida of extinct mollusks.


geikiid

(paleontology) Any member of the Geikiidae family of dinosaurs.


nanhsiungchelyid

(herpetology, paleontology) Any member of the Nanhsiungchelyidae family of turtles


shumardiid

(paleontology) Any member of the Shumardiidae family of trilobites


mouldic

(geology, paleontology) Of or pertaining to moulds in the sense of hollow spaces..


intermediale

(paleontology) The central bone in the proximal row of three carpal bones in early amphibians.


carotane

(organic chemistry, paleontology) A fully saturated derivative of β-carotene with IUPAC name 1,1,3-trimethyl-2-[3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)octadecyl]cyclohexane.


Ascapart

Ascupart (alternative)
Ascapard (alternative)
Ascopard (alternative)
Ascopart (alternative)
Asgapard (alternative)

(European folklore) A legendary giant in English folklore.