specificker

specifickers (plural)
Specificker (alternative)

From specific (“specific remedy”) + -er, originally a calque of German Spezifiker, used by Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843).

Those who arrogate to themselves the appellation of orthodox Hahnemannians have travelled far away, under the guidance of Gross, into the mystic regions of the 200th, 800th, and 10,000th dilutions, while the section, by the former styled specifickers, have gradually descended to the lowest numerals in the scale of dilutions until they have attained their ultima Thule in the Schmidian tinctures and first triturations.

1847, J.J. Drysdale, J.R. Russell, and R.E. Dudgeon (editors), The British Journal of Homœopathy V, № xxi, “Dr. G. Schmid’s Homœopathic Treatment with Undiluted Medicines”, pages 257–258, editors’ preamble

Those who have been derisively termed specifickers by their opponents…usually arrogate to themselves the title of pures or Hahnemannians. Some difference there must be between the specifickers and the pures…[although it] does not, I believe, consist in any want of that spirit of individualization so necessary for the selection of the appropriate drug on the part of the so-called specifickers, but rather that they endeavour more than their rivals to bring the light of modern pathology to bear on the investigation of the morbid case, and seek to refer, when possible the array of symptoms to the derangement of some particular organ or system.

1852–3, Robert Ellis Dudgeon, Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Homœopathy (1854), lecture III: “On Specific Medicine, and Attempts at a Theory of Cure”, page 54

The so-called Specifickers…chiefly rely in the choice of the remedy on certain groups of symptoms, intimately related to the pathology and diagnosis of the disease, and to the so-called general character of the action of the medicine…and also allow great influence to the clinical experience in the final decision.

1860, Clotar Müller, “Repertorium or Therapeutics?”, in The British Journal of Homœopathy, XVIII, № lxxii, page 179:

The more the specificker relies on the merely general action of the drug (often, indeed, partly ascertained ab usu in morbis), the more he approaches to the allopathists, who will, ere long, equal him or even surpass him.

1863, J.J. Drysdale, R.E. Dudgeon, and R. Hughes (editors), The British Journal of Homœopathy XXI, № lxxxv, “Review: Wilson, Cockburn, and Cameron on Hempel”, page 467

It is true that there were in Germany, at that time, numbers of eminent physicians who differed greatly from Hahnemann on the question of the dose (for they administered the mother tinctures); whom he disowned, and designated “specifickers,” in terms of contempt and indignation.

1865 June, Hugh Cameron (spoken participant), “On the Chemical Treatment of Disease” in Annals and Transactions of the British Homœopathic Society, and of the London Homœopathic Hospital IV (1866), № xxi, page 232

They are…very similar to the practical observations of those of our school who draw the indications of the medicine mainly from clinical experience, guided by the more general physiological action of the medicines, i.e., those called specifickers by the more complete homœopathists, who keep in view the finer shades of the pathogenesis.

1865 July, J.J. Drysdale, R.E. Dudgeon, and R. Hughes (editors), The British Journal of Homœopathy XXIII, № xciii, “Review: Treatment of Rheumatism, Epilepsy, and Fever, by Dr. J. R. Russell”, page 472

The habit once formed in respect to some medicines, soon extends to the better proved medicines, and the practitioner becomes a mere specificker.

1866, John James Drysdale, “On the Arrangement of the Materia Medica”, in The British Journal of Homœopathy, XXIV, № xcvi, page 239:

Before Prof. M. and “we” were in our teens, even while in our squares (diaper, you know), a certain set styled themselves disciples of pure homœopathy and derided all who differed with them as “Specifickers.”

1869, Carl Müller, “Peccavi! Vel Peccavi?” in the American Homœopathic Observer VI, page 270

From this time up to 1836 contests were gradually developed between Hahnemann and his followers, which led to a division between the old Hahnemannians and the so-called specifickers, the latter favoring more progress.

1876, Transactions of the World’s Homœopathic Convention, II (1880), page 20:

The men who exclusively and permanently practise with strong tinctures and crude drugs are almost certainly non-symptomatic practitioners, men who are content to take general and pathological indications, and to treat according to the name of the disease — mere specifickers — and very likely to fall back altogether to mere routine and usus in morbis practice.

1880, John W. Hayward, “Presidential Address”, in The British Journal of Homœopathy, XXXIX, № clv (January 1881), page 32:

In acute and typical diseases, the fewer your remedies the better: but beyond this range, you can hardly have too many. It is here that the mere specificker, the mere organopathist fails; while the full method of Hahnemann wins victories which are a continual source of delight.

1902, Richard Hughes, The Principles and Practice of Homœopathy, 3rd edition, page 144:

(history, homeopathy, originally derogatory, obsolete) A homoeopathic practitioner who sought to ascertain the aetiologies of diseases, focusing on the symptoms most regularly associated with their diagnosis (to the exclusion of peripheral and occasional symptoms), and who, for their treatment, selected remedies (administered in more-or-less undiluted form) on the basis of their general physiological effects, ignoring incidental and side-effects.

Spezifiker

homoeopathic practitioner using comparatively concentrated remedies


archaeological horizon

en-noun

archaeological horizon (plural archaeological horizons)

archaeological horizons (plural)
archeological horizon (alternative)

From archaeological + horizon (“layer or stratum, subculture”).

The Lochnore Phase is followed by the Shuswap Horizon, the first of three archaeological horizons that together comprise the Late Period of the Mid Fraser-Thompson River area.

1996, Arnoud R. Stryd, Michael K. Rousseau, “Early Prehistory of the Mid Fraser-Thompson River Area”, in Roy L. Carlson, Luke Robert Dalla Bona, editors, Early Human Occupation in British Columbia, page 197:

2011, Nuria Sanz, Penelope Keenan (editors), Human Evolution: Adaptations, Dispersal and Social Developments (HEADS), World Heritage Papers: 29, UNESCO, page 132,
While speech, song, music and dance presumably existed still earlier, the oldest musical instruments known are four bone flutes and four mammoth ivory flutes from archaeological horizon II at Geißenklösterle (Hahn and Münzel, 1995; Conard et al., 2004).

2012, Rivka Rabinovich, Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Lutz Kindler, Naama Goren-Inbar, The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Volume III: Mammalian Taphonomy: The Assemblages of Layers V-5 and V-6, page 5,
The evidence of fire revealed in each of the archaeological horizons is based mainly on the high frequency of microartifacts.

(archaeology) A common set of artefacts that identifies a culture and is found disseminated widely (usually over a number of sites, but sometimes widely over one site) but restricted to a single stratum; a layer or stratum.

horizonte arqueológico

a common set of artefacts that identifies a culture


Nine Bows

Calque of Egyptian psḏt pḏt, from psḏt (“nine”) + pḏt (“bow”).

(Egyptology) The traditional enemies of Ancient Egypt.


Middle Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The form of the Egyptian language used between 2000 BCE and 1300 BCE.

Earlier Egyptian

Middle Egyptian [Late Middle Egyptian, Neo-Middle Egyptian]


doorslab

So she picked all the prettiest flowers she could find and strewed them over the door-slab, which they put in its right place again.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 58:

This temple is so called from the two carved limestone doorslabs bearing Maya writing, part of which was read as the date 1014 A. D.

1928, El Palacio, volumes 25-26, page 119:

(archaeology) A slab forming part of a doorway.


takeback

takeback (countable and uncountable, plural takebacks)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-takeback.wav

It would be convenient to consider takeback as a step process; after an intervention the occupants immediately establish a new level of demand for that household energy service. Occupant behaviour however is more complicated than this and takes some time to adjust.

2010, November 17-19, A.R.Pollard and N.R. Buckett, Clawback of energy efficiency upgrades in New Zealand households (Paper presented at the 5th Australasian Housing Researchers' Conference)

(conservation) The reduction in energy savings from new technologies due to increased levels of demand.


honorific transposition

honorific transposition (countable and uncountable, plural honorific transpositions)

(linguistics, Egyptology) A shift in the sign order of a compound word or common phrase, to make certain religiously significant terms (e.g. nswt, nṯr, rꜥ) appear at the front of the word or phrase.


neosuchian

(paleontology) A member of the clade Neosuchia of crocodilian and related reptiles.


ecofact

The fact that two periods of occupation are in evidence, both having similar ecofact and material remains, suggests that the occupation and the behavior carried on there are part of an established cycle of seasonally based behavior.

1963, Missouri Archaeological Society, Research Series, Issues 1–13, page 57:

Ecofact is a term archaeologists invented to classify natural objects used by humans without modification. Animal bones left for dinner or pollen from gathered plants are ecofacts. … Even phosphates or other chemicals in the soil are ecofacts showing that people threw their organic waste on the ground.

2009, Nancy Marie White, Archaeology For Dummies, part 1 Archaeology: Seeing Past People Today, chapter 1 What Archaeology Is, page 12

(archaeology) A biological artifact not altered by humans, but which may be indicative of human occupation.


microtephra

This microtephra may be ejected into the upper atmosphere and travel for many thousands of miles […].

2011, Chris Stringer, The Origin of Our Species, Penguin, published 2012, page 45:

(geology, paleontology) Microscopic deposits of tephra.


Inundation

(Egyptology) One of the three seasons of Ancient Egypt.


Awan

Sumerian cuneiform: a-wa-anki, "Country of Awan"

(archaeology, historical) An ancient city-state or region of Elam in the western area of modern-day Iran.


conehead

(anthropology, archaeology, informal) A person who has undergone cranial modification in order to produce an elongated skull.


was-sceptre

was-sceptres (plural)
was sceptre (alternative)
was-scepter (alternative)
was scepter (alternative)

Borrowed from Egyptian wꜣs (“was-sceptre, rule”), compounded with sceptre.

(Egyptology, British spelling) A type of sceptre with an animal head and a forked tail appearing in Ancient Egyptian art and hieroglyphs.


Valentini

en-proper-noun

Valentini (countable and uncountable, plural Valentinis)

(uncountable, archaeology) An ancient people of Sardinia


Metal Age

Metal Ages (plural)
metal age (alternative)

(archaeology) An age characterised by the use of tools made from a specific type of metal.


antirevisionism

(historiography) opposition to revisionism


antirevisionist

Comrade (Fan Yu-kuo), a fighting hero of a certain PLA unit from the antirevisionist outpost of Chen Pao Island, spoke at the congress amid warm applause of those present.

1970 April 29 [1970 April 25], “Reportage on Shantung Mao Thought Activists Congress”, in Daily Report, number 83, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →OCLC, page C4:

(historiography) One who opposes revisionism.

anti-révisionniste

One who opposes revisionism (historiography)


Fascist

In May 1929 Hitler successfully prosecuted a libel action against right-wing and left-wing opponents who had accused him of ‘betraying’ the South Tyrol in return for Fascist gold.

1978, Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian relations and the Jewish question in Italy, 1922–1945, Clarendon Press, page 46:

By the late 1930s Rome had new Fascist bridges, a new university, four new post offices and a number of new ministry buildings, which included, on Via Veneto, the Ministry of Corporations, that were to be Fascism’s answer to capitalist exploitation and Marxist class hatred.

2019, Matthew Kneale, “seven”, in Rome: A History in Seven Sackings, New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, published 2017, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 305:

(fascism, history) Of or pertaining to the Kingdom of Italy from 1922–1943.


nonfossiliferous

(paleontology) Not fossiliferous; not containing fossils.

fossilleer

not fossiliferous, not containing fossils


type site

type sites (plural)
type-site (alternative)
typesite (alternative)

The Late Bronze Age assemblage to which the type site offers no significant parallel.

1935, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 1 6:

Bambata is the type site for the Stillbay Culture in Rhodesia.

1959, J.G.D. Clark, Reflections on the significance of prehistoric cultural influences in South West Africa, VI 159:

A ‘type-site’ is, in archaeological jargon, the site after which a culture is named, often the site at which it was first discovered or recognized as distinct.

1981, P. Salway, Roman Britain, section 7:

(archaeology) An archaeological site considered the representative example of a particular culture, frequently its first discovery and frequently used as its eponym


St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

The massacre began on 23 August 1572, the eve of the feast of Bartholomew the Apostle.

Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre (alternative)
St Bartholomew's Day massacre (alternative)

(history) A massacre of French Huguenots in 1572 by a Roman Catholic mob.


Belisarius

/ˌbɛlɪˈsɛəɹi.əs/

From Latin Belisarius, from Byzantine Greek Βελισάριος (Belisários).

(history) A general of the Byzantine Empire, who was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously.


Epiphanes

From Latin Epiphanēs, from Ancient Greek Ἐπιφανής (Epiphanḗs), from ἐπιφανής (epiphanḗs).

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

(history) the epithet of several Hellenistic rulers


Paleohispanic

paleohispanic (alternative)
paleo-Hispanic (alternative)
Paleo-Hispanic (alternative)

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

(linguistics, archaeology) Of or relating to the native peoples, languages and scripts of the Iberian Peninsula before its conquest by the Romans.


migrationism

(archaeology) The theory that movements of people from one region to another can account for changes in the culture of the destination region.


tumi

The tumis are characterized by a metal handle, which can be bent at the free end or may have an ornament in the form of a button or a zoomorphic head; they also have a curved, sharp blade edge, forming a semicircle or half-moon.[…]The archaeological associations of the tumis found in Argentina indicate that these objects all had an Inca origin.

1979, Alberto Rex González, “Pre-Columbian Metallurgy in Northwest Argentina: Historical Development and Cultural Process”, in Elizabeth P. Benson, editor, Pre-Columbian Metallurgy of South America, Conference Proceedings, page 177:

For instance, he makes sure that the reader is aware that the weapons taken by the Inca army, tumis, are ritual weapons used for the ritual hunt and slaughter of llamas.

2002, Thomas B. F. Cummins, Toasts with the Inca: Andean Abstraction and Colonial Images on Quero Vessels, page 18:

Decorated tumis such as this one may have been used for ceremonial purposes, although their utilization on more mundane occasions should not be ruled out.

2004, Richard L. Burger, Lucy C. Salazar, “Catalogue”, in Richard L. Burger, Lucy C. Salazar, editors, Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, page 193:

(archaeology) A ceremonial axe used by some Incan and pre-Incan cultures of South America.


Ragaba

Alexander Janneus, having now subdued his enemies, was attacked by a quartan fever occasioned by excessive drinking, and of this disease he died, three years after, while engaged in the siege of Ragaba in Gerasena.

1828, Johann Jahn, translated by Calvin Ellis Stowe, History of the Hebrew Commonwealth, chapter xi, § 106, page 325:

(Classical history) A fortress in the ancient Middle East that was besieged by Alexander Jannaeus and Salome Alexandra, probably a walled city on the Argob of Bashan (modern-day Lajat).


Gerasena

/ɡɛɹəˈsiːnə/

From the Latin (Regiō or Terra) Gerasēna (“Gerasene [Region or Land]”).


Transpadane Gaul

As a proper noun, a calque of the Latin Gallia Trānspadāna; the common noun is probably a regularly formed demonym from the proper noun, although it is likely that its formation was prompted by the Latin Gallī Trānspadānī.

(history) Cisalpine Gaul north of the river Po.


Transpadane Gaul

en-noun

Transpadane Gaul (plural Transpadane Gauls)

(history) A native or inhabitant of Transpadane Gaul.


hengeyokai

1985, David Cook, Oriental Adventures, TSR Inc., →ISBN
Hengeyokai are intelligent, shape-changing animals. Several subraces exist, each a different type of animal. They are found throughout the Oriental world, usually on the fringes of human-settled lands.

1998-01-28, Lee Gold, Re: B5 Filk: You Picked A Fine Time To Leave Us Sinclair, rec.music.filk
If a hengeyokai fails to concentrate (or perhaps gets distracted -- due to being beaten, seeing a mouse, fatigue), the human form's ears may get pointed or a tail may appear.

Hengeyokai transfer between forms almost instantly, though when in human form, they often retain some mark of characteristic of their true animal nature.

2001, Laurence C. Bush, Asian Horror Encyclopedia: Asian Horror Culture in Literature, Manga and Folklore, Writers Club Press, page 69:

2013-10-12, Jasin Zujovic, Hengeyokai level adjustment, rec.games.frp.dnd
I've been watching Inuyasha yesterday (too bad that's a German dub and I can understand almost nothing) and that got me wanting to make myself a hengeyokai character... and then I remembered the level adjustment.

(folklore) A legendary Japanese animal with the ability to shapeshift into human form.


Anzu

Learned borrowing from Sumerian 𒀭𒉎𒂂𒄷 (AN.IM.DUGUD^(MUŠEN) /Anzû/, “a mythical dragon-like bird”), origin unknown, perhaps from 𒀭 (An, “heaven”) + 𒍪 (zu, “to know”).

lbor

(archaeology) Certain depictions of lion-headed eagles in Sumerian art.


Paleo-Indian

(archaeology) pertaining to Native American culture before circa 8,500 BCE


Bronze Age collapse

(history) The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the eastern Mediterranean and southwestern Asia, characterised by the collapse of the Hittite, Egyptian, Mycenean and Canaanite civilisations.


erenagh

Borrowed from Old Irish airchinnech, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare-kʷenno- (“extremity, end”); see *kʷennom (“head”).

der

(Ireland, history, ecclesiastical) The head of a clan occupying church lands under a bishop in Gaelic Ireland.


erenaghy

If the clan in which the erenaghy was vested became extinct, the bishop could not keep the lands in his own hands but must instal a new erenagh family

1973 Kenneth Nicholls, Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages, Gill and Macmillan, ISBN 7171 0561 X p.113

(Ireland, history, ecclesiastical) the office of erenagh


elf arrow

From the folk belief that they were used by elves.

When they want beef or mutton on any festal occasion, they betake themselves to the Shetlanders' scatholds or townmails, and with elf-arrows bring down their game.

1828, Thomas Keightley, The Fairy Mythology, volume I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth, page 262:

(folklore, fantasy) A magical arrow (weapon) used by elves or other mythological beings.


cauda galli

Borrowed from Latin cauda gallī (“tail of a cock”).

bor+

(archaic, paleontology) A feathery-shaped fossil, apparently a seaweed, characteristic of the lower Devonian rocks.


New Edinburgh

Named for Edinburgh, both then and now the capital city of Scotland.

(history) The capital of the short-lived Scottish colony of New Caledonia (1698–1700), now Sukunya, a.k.a. Puerto Escocés (Spanish for “Port Scotland”).


Imperial

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Imperial.

Imperial Japanese
Imperial Japanese#English

(history) Clipping of Imperial Japanese.


Saladin

From Arabic صَلَاحُ الدِّين (ṣalāḥu d-dīn).

der

صَلَاحُ الدِّين

Arabic صَلَاحُ الدِّين (ṣalāḥu d-dīn)

(history) First sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, who led the Muslim opposition to the European Crusaders in the Levant.

صَلَاح الدِّين

first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty


postprocessual

(archaeology) Of or relating to a movement, in reaction to processualism, that emphasizes the subjectivity of archaeological interpretations.


postprocessualism

(archaeology) postprocessual attitudes and approaches generally.


pithouse

pithouses (plural)
pit-house (alternative)

(archaeology) A primitive building partially dug into the ground and roofed over.


Ġgantija

Named after the Ġgantija temple complex, from Maltese ġgantija, from ġgant (“giant”).

(archaeology, rare) A period of the Neolithic in Malta during which megalithic temples were built.


Ephraimite

An adaptation of the Latin Ephraimītēs, Ephraimīta, from the Ancient Greek Ἐφραιμῑ́tης (Ephraimī́tēs), from Ἐφραίμ (Ephraím, “Ephraim”) + -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs, “one connected to, a member of”). Equivalent to Ephraim + -ite.

suffix

(history, chiefly biblical) An allegiant of the Israelite tribal patriarch Ephraim, a member of the tribe purportedly descended from him, or an inhabitant of the Northern Kingdom of Israel (930–720 B.C.), in which the tribe of Ephraim was preëminent.

Joseph

Josephite: Ephraim (Ephraimite); Manasseh (Manassite)

Asher

descendants of the patriarch Jacob, later renamed Israel


ichnofamily

(paleontology) Any family known only from trace fossils, such as footprints, coprolites or nests.


ichnospecies

From ichno- (“trace”) + species, suggesting an analogy with the species level of the taxonomy of organisms.

There is certainly little discussion of distinctive features that warrant the establishment of new ichnospecies. In short, the ichnospecies labels are something of a compromise. By this we mean that the use of familiar ichnogenera (Grallator, Eubrontes, and Batrachopus) acknowledges similarity, whereas the use of new ichnospecies names conveys the suggestion that the track assemblages are distinct in some way.

2000, Martin Lockley, Christian Meyer, Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of Europe, Columbia University Press, page 112:

Oldhamia encompasses six ichnospecies, O. alata, O. antiqua, O. curvata, O. flabellata, O. geniculata, and O. radiata, all of them present in lower Cambrian rocks, with a few ichnospecies persisting into the middle Cambrian (Fig. 3.5) (Seilacher et al. 2005; Herbosch and Verniers 2011; Jensen et al. 2013).

2016, M. Gabriela Mángano, Luis A. Buatois, “3: The Cambrian Explosion”, in M. Gabriela Mángano, Luis A. Buatois, editors, The Trace-Fossil Record of Major Evolutionary Events: Volume 1, Springer, page 85:

A recent paper by a team from Brazil described a new ichnospecies of these tracks: Brasilichnium saltatorium.

2017 March 22, Elsa Panciroli, The Guardian, Walking in the footsteps of giants and gerbils: what fossil prints can tell us

(paleontology) A level of taxonomical classification of trace fossils.

ichnoespèce

level of classification of trace fossils


ichnotaxonomy

(paleontology) The branch of taxonomy that attempts to classify an animal based on its footprints, burrows, or other traces


syntagmatarchy

First attested in 1670–1 and then once per century since; from the Latin syntagmatarchia, from the Ancient Greek συνταγματαρχία (suntagmatarkhía), from σύνταγμα (súntagma), whence the English syntagma.

uder

συνταγματαρχία

Two Taxiarchies, which were ſixteen Files, made a Syntagmatarchy of two hundred fifty ſix men; its Commander Syntagmatarcha was our private Captain. This Company was a ſquare of men, ſixteen in Rank and ſixteen in File, and whatever way you turn’d it, ſtill ſixteen. […¶] Two Syntagmatarchies compos’d a Pentecoſiarchy conſiſting of five hundred and twelve men[.…] By this account we find in every Phalange two Diphalangarchies, four Phalangarchies, eight Myriarchies, ſixteen Chiliarchies, two and thirty Pentecoſiarchies, ſixty four Syntagmatarchies; in all one thouſand twenty four Files, which conſiſted of ſixteen thouſand three hundred eighty four men, at ſixteen in every File. [¶] Here you are to obſerve, that every Syntagmatarchy or private Company, conſiſting of two hundred fifty ſix men, had beſide the Captain and others already ſpoken of, five other Officers, whom Ælian calls ſupernumerary or extraordinary.

1670–1, Sir James Turner, Pallas Armata (1968), chapter v, page 13

Sixteen of theſe files compoſed what was called a ſyntagmatarchy or a ſquare body of 256 men.

1787, Sketch of a Plan for Reducing the Expence of the Army, page 5:

In the phalanx,…were 64 syntagmatarchies; and it evidently appears that the number of cavalry…assigned to act with the phalanx, was 4096 men; now this number being divided by 64, will exactly furnish a troop consisting of a like number to each syntagmatarchy.

1814, Henry Augustus Visc. Dillon xiii, The Tactics of Ælian, chapter xx, page 94, endnote 2

Two diphalangarchies are a tetraphalangarchy, 1,024 files, 16,384 men, so that in the phalanx as a whole there will be 2 wings, 4 phalangarchies, 8 merarchies, 16 chiliarchies, 32 pentakosiarchies, 64 syntagmatarchies, 128 taxiarchies, 256 tetrarchies, 512 dilochiai, 1,024 files (lochoi).

1989, The Ancient World, XIX-XX, pages 47-48, § 9.10:

(Ancient Greek military history, very rare) A square formation of 256 soldiers arranged into sixteen files, sixteen ranks deep, led by a syntagmatarch; a syntagma.


Sufetula

The præfect himself was slain by the hand of Zobeir: his daughter, who sought revenge and death, was surrounded and made prisoner; and the fugitives involved in their disaster the town of Sufetula, to which they escaped from the sabres and lances of the Arabs.

1789, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume 5, published 1866, page 238:

Its presence in the very centre of the town certainly emphasises the dominance of Christianity at Sufetula from at least the fourth century onwards.

2007, Gareth Sears, Late Roman African Urbanism: Continuity and transformation in the city, page 55:

Out in the middle of nowhere on the plains 107km southwest of Kairouan and 38km east of Kasserine, Sbeitla is home to the evocative ancient town of Sufetula, famous for its remarkably preserved Roman temples.

2010, Donna Wheeler, Paul Clammer, Emilie Filou, Tunisia, Lonely Planet, page 176:

(history) An ancient Roman and Byzantine town in the North African province Creta et Cyrenaica, near present-day Sbeitla, Tunisia.


Muwahhid

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic مُوَحِّد (muwaḥḥid). Doublet of Almohad.


Muwahhid

Muwahhids (plural)
Muwaḥḥid (alternative)


skinwalking

(folklore, mythology) In certain Native American mythologies, the ability to transform into any animal when wearing its pelt.


Dilmun

Representing the reconstructed Sumerian pronunciation.

(history) An ancient civilisation and trading empire existing between the late-fourth and early-first millennia BC, mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh, believed to have centred on the island of Bahrain and at the height of its power encompassing also the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf as far north as present-day Kuwait.

दिलमुन

ancient civilisation on the Persian Gulf, centred on Bahrain


Tyrrhenia

Via Latin Tyrrhēnia from Ancient Greek Τυρρηνῐ́ᾱ (Turrhēnĭ́ā).

(geology, paleogeography) A large landmass in the western Mediterranean basin.


Samian ware

en-noun

Samian ware (countable and uncountable, plural Samian wares)

(archaeology) A form of terra sigillata tableware made in ancient Gaul.


Nazca

Nasca (alternative)
Naska (alternative uncommon)
Nazka (alternative uncommon)

(archaeology) A culture that flourished from 100 BC to 800 AD in southern Peru.


scripta continua

scriptio continua
scriptio continua#English

(typography, epigraphy) Synonym of scriptio continua


scriptio continua

From Latin scrīptiō (“writing”) + continua (“continuous, held together”).

(typography, epigraphy) A style of writing without spacing between the words of the text, particularly writing without any punctuation at all.


Kitara

(history) A legendary empire in African oral tradition, supposed to have lasted until the 16th century and to have included territory in modern Uganda, northern Tanzania, eastern Congo (DRC), Rwanda, and Burundi.

Kitara

history: legendary empire in the African Great Lakes area


little folk

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-little folk.wav

(folklore, fantasy) Small magical humanoid creatures, such as elves, leprechauns, and fairies.


Andronovo

Named after the village of Andronovo where, in 1914, skeletons and decorated pottery were found.

(archaeology) A collection of similar local Bronze Age cultures that flourished circa 1800–1400 BCE in western Siberia and the west Asiatic steppe.


Elvis taxon

Coined in a 1993 paper by D. H. Erwin and M. L. Droser, with reference to the prevalence of impersonators of the singer Elvis Presley.

convergent evolution
convergent evolution

(paleontology) A taxon that has been misidentified as having re-emerged in the fossil record after a period of presumed extinction, but is not actually a descendant of the original taxon, instead having developed a similar morphology through convergent evolution.


agathaumid

(obsolete, paleontology) Any of the Agathaumidae, an obsolete family of ceratopsian dinosaurs.


sorting table

2014, Paul Salopek, Blessed. Cursed. Claimed., National Geographic (December 2014)https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214621/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/12/pilgrim-roads/salopek-text
Stefania Chlouveraki, the project leader, stands at a long sorting table. She turns the colored fragments over and over in her fingertips. She fits each one into its place: a magnificent tableau of lions, crosses, pomegranate trees.

(archaeology) A table on which finds are sorted by date, origin etc.


oral history

oral history (countable and uncountable, plural oral histories)

(historiography) The collection and study of historical information about individuals, families, important events, or everyday life using audiotapes, videotapes, or transcriptions of planned interviews.

口述歷史 /口述历史

collection and study of orally transferred historical information


Mauretania Caesariensis

/ˌmɔːɹɪˈteɪnɪə sɪˌzɑːɹɪˈɛnsɪs/

From the Latin Maurētānia Caesariēnsis, variant spelling of Maurītānia Caesariēnsis.

Meronyms: Saldae, Tubusuctu

(history) A province of the Roman Empire, established in AD 42, occupying territory in northwestern Africa roughly corresponding to present-day northern Algeria, with its capital at Caesarēa.

Maurétanie Césarienne

northwest-African province of the Roman Empire


classical antiquity

Classical Antiquity (alternative)
Classical antiquity (alternative)

(history) The era of the height of Greco-Roman civilization in southern Europe, roughly comprising the 6th century BC to the 5th century (AD), although sometimes distinguished from Late Antiquity

اَلْعُصُورُ ٱلْكلَاسِيكِيَّةُ ٱلْقَدِيمَةُ


anopisthograph

(palaeography) Written on one side only.


terra sigillata

/ˌtɛɹə ˌsɪdʒɪˈleɪtə/

/ˌtɛɹə ˌsɪdʒɪˈlɑːtə/

/ˌtɛɹə ˌsɪdʒəˈleɪtə/

From Medieval Latin terra sigillāta (literally “sealed, stamped earth”).

bor

(archaeology) A type of fine, red Roman pottery made from the first to the third centuries AD in Gaul.


Diadochi

From a Latinization of Ancient Greek διάδοχοι (diádokhoi, “successors”).

uder

(history) The rival generals of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BCE.


subaltern studies

(historiography) The study and writing of history with a particular focus on the experiences and perspectives of common people, rather than that of political leaders or the elite.

底邊研究 /底边研究

study and writing of history with a focus on common people


pukara

Borrowed from Quechua pukara (“fortress”).

bor+

Some of the largest pukaras had substantial villages and hamlets around their base.

2003, Charles Stanish, Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 209:

(historical, archaeology) A defensive hilltop site or fortification built by the prehispanic inhabitants (primarily Inca and Aymara) of the central Andean area.


ushioni

Borrowed from Japanese 牛鬼 (うしおに, ushioni).

(Japanese folklore) An ox ogre or demon; an evil ox spirit.


Old Mexico

(history) The land of Mexico under Aztec rule; ancient Mexico.


pycnofibre

pycnofibres (plural)
pycnofiber (alternative)

From pycno- + fibre. Coined 2009 by Brazilian palaeontologist Alexander W. A. Kellner et al.

While the metal frames, styrofoam bulk and resin wings comprised the majority of the models, the details that would bring them to life – eyes, scars, pycnofibres, scales and colour – needed to be added before the models could really look vital.

2012, A. J. Veldmeijer, Mark Witton, Ilja Nieuwland, Pterosaurs: Flying Contemporaries of the Dinosaurs, Sidestone Press, page 119:

Many [pterosaurs] had furry coats made up of hair-like filaments known as pycnofibres, which covered their bodies and parts of their wings.

2014, Albert J. DeBenedictis, Evolution or Creation?: A Comparison of the Arguments, 3rd edition, Xlibris, page 254:

(paleontology) Any one of the hair-like filaments that comprised an integument of some pterosaurs.


actinofibril

(paleontology) One of the parallel actin filaments found in pterosaur wings.


flapling

The flaplings, with short faces and only very little teeth, must seek out their own food, and restrict themselves to land, agilely snapping at insects until they are old enough to venture out to the fishing waters with their relatives.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 148:

(paleontology, informal) A juvenile pterosaur.


Liassic

Liasic (alternative)
liassic (alternative)
liasic (alternative)

(paleontology, dated) Of or relating to the Lias or its fossils.


night hag

(folklore) a demon that gives rise to sleep paralysis


articulated skeleton

en-noun

articulated skeleton (plural articulated skeletons)

(paleontology) A fossil skeleton found all in one piece with the bones still arranged in the proper order.

esquelete articulado

skeleton found with the bones arranged in the proper order


paleolongitude

paleolongitudes (plural)
palaeolongitude (alternative UK)

(geology, paleontology) The former longitude of a particular geologic formation at a time in the geologic past, often specifically the time of formation


kurultai

Borrowed from Mongolian хуралдай (xuraldaj) via Russian курулта́й (kurultáj).

(history) A political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans.

qurultay

a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans


archeomaterial

archeomaterials (plural)
archaeomaterial (alternative)

(archaeology) Any material from an earlier civilization, found during archeological studies.


coalify

en-verb

coalify (third-person singular simple present coalifies, present participle coalifying, simple past and past participle coalified)

coalifies (present singular third-person)
coalifying (participle present)
coalified (participle past)
coalified (past)

The fossils are produced from an approximately 40 cm thick, organic-fragment-rich clayey, sandy mudstone that is rich in coalified root traces, both horizontal and vertical, suggesting a saturated or water-logged anoxic deposit.

2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology, of a fossil) To change into coal.


cambion

From Late Latin cambio (“I exchange”). Doublet of change.

(folklore) The half-demon offspring of either an incubus and a female human or a succubus and a male human.


Restoration

(history of UK) The events of 1660 when English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were restored under Charles II.

(history of UK) The era of Restoration (1660 to 1685) under Charles II, or to 1688 when James II was king.

(history of France) The restoring of the Bourbon Dynasty in 1814.

(history of Japan) The restoring of imperial rule in Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.


microgravette

These bags contain a number of robust microgravette points (or fragments thereof) that are more likely to belong in these periods than in the Romanellian, diagnostics of which (very small thumbnail scrapers, very narrow backed bladelets) are mostly to be found in bags with a “B-I” label.

2015 July 9, “Analysis of Site Formation and Assemblage Integrity Does Not Support Attribution of the Uluzzian to Modern Humans at Grotta del Cavallo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(archaeology) A small projectile point (from the Stone Age)


sidescraper

sidescrapers (plural)
side-scraper (alternative)
side scraper (alternative)

(archaeology) A Paleolithic stone tool used for scraping.


tomhan

(Scotland, folklore) A magical fairy mound.


dromaeosaurine

Liaoning dromaeosaurids may simply be a grade on the line to velociraptorines and dromaeosaurines, and short arms may have evolved multiple times in this grade.

2015 July 16, Junchang Lü, Stephen L. Brusatte, “A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution”, in Scientific Reports, volume 5, →DOI:

(paleontology) A bird-like theropod dinosaur of the subfamily Dromaeosaurinae.


use-wear analysis

(archaeology) A technique for identifying the functions of artefact tools by closely examining their working surfaces and edges.


olenimorph

(paleontology) Having the morphology associated with olenid trilobites.


olenimorph

(paleontology) A trilobite with such morphology.


Lazarus taxon

Referring to the Biblical story of Lazarus, who was raised from the dead.

(paleontology) A taxon that disappears from the fossil record, suggesting extinction, only to reappear later.


archaeometallurgical

archaeometallurgic (alternative)
archeometallurgical (alternative)
archeometallurgic (alternative)

(archaeology) Relating to archaeometallurgy.


uintathere

(paleontology) Any member of the family †Uintatheriidae of extinct ungulates, especially of genus Uintatherium.


fumarium

/fjuːˈmɛəɹɪəm/

(history) A smoke chamber used in Ancient Rome to enhance the flavor of wine.

fūmārium

Ancient Roman smoke chamber used for maturing wine


cutmark

The presence of cutmarks on the bones suggested cannibalism.


Romer's gap

(paleontology) An apparent gap in the tetrapod fossil record in the lower Mississippian.


Antinous

/ænˈtɪnəʊəs/

Borrowed from Latin Antinous, from Ancient Greek Ἀντίνοος (Antínoos).

Antinoos (alternative)
Antinoös (alternative)
Antinoüs (alternative)

(history) A Bithynian Greek youth and lover of Roman Emperor Hadrian.

(history, astronomy) A constellation created by the emperor Hadrian, now considered by astronomers to be a part of Aquila.


postpipe

(archaeology) The remains of an upright timber placed in a posthole.


Aubrey hole

Named after the seventeenth-century antiquarian John Aubrey, who observed them in 1666.

(archaeology) Any of a ring of early chalk pits at Stonehenge, of unknown purpose.


CBM

ceramic building material
w:ceramic building material

(archaeology) Initialism of ceramic building material.


long i

(palaeography, epigraphy) a tall variant of the letter i, ⟨ꟾ⟩, used in all-capital Latin inscriptions and manuscripts in classical antiquity and the Early Middle Ages for a long vowel /iː/. (Other long vowels were marked with apices.)


elongatoolithid

Unlike other elongatoolithid and prismatoolithid eggs, Elongatoolithus elongatus and Protoceratopsidovum minimum were classified into the covered nest type.

2015 November 26, “Eggshell Porosity Provides Insight on Evolution of Nesting in Dinosaurs”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology) Any member of the oofamily Elongatoolithidae.


bipoint

(archaeology) A primitive tool that is pointed at both ends.


unipoint

(archaeology) A primitive tool with a single pointed end.


flaker

→ German: Flaker (archive fashion slang)

(archaeology, chemistry, kitchen) A tool or appliance used to break flakes off a piece of material or something into it.


Zinj

(informal, paleoanthropology, dated) The original specimen of Paranthropus boisei, then known as Zinjanthropus.


Almohad

From Spanish almohade, from Arabic مُوَحِّد (muwaḥḥid). Doublet of Muwahhid.

Of or relating to the doctrine and movement founded in 12th-century Morocco by Ibn Tumart.

Of or relating to the Berber caliphate founded by Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mu'min.


invalid carriage

en-noun

invalid carriage (plural invalid carriages)

(chiefly UK, history) A three-wheeled motor vehicle allowing disabled people to drive on the road, no longer used because of safety concerns.


larnax

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λάρναξ (lárnax).

In a chamber tomb at Milatos, Mr. Evans discovered in 1899 a painted larnax or sarcophagus, on which there is figured a great Mycenæan body shield.

1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 101:

The borders found on the sarcophagus also occur in similar positions on the terracotta larnakes.

1973, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, volumes 37-41, page 24:

Burial in larnaxes was first practiced in Crete in the Early Minoan period (EM) and its popularity grew in the Middle Minoan period (MM).

1992, Rivka Gonen, Burial Patterns and Cultural Diversity in Late Bronze Age Canaan:

Black painted band on the upper surface of the larnax rim, extended below the rim, both inside and outside.

2005, Yiannis Papadatos, Tholos Tomb Gamma: A Prepalatial Tholos Tomb at Phouni, Archanes:

(archaeology, historical) A small closed coffin, box or cinerary urn often used as a container for human remains in Ancient Greece.


Kitai

From Latin Kitai, from Khitan or , Khitai(n), probably via Uyghur خىتاي (xitay). Cognate with Cathay and Russian Кита́й (Kitáj).

ḲARA KHITĀI (or ḲARĀ KHIṬĀI), the usual name since the viᵗʰ (xiiᵗʰ) century in Muḥammadan sources for the Kitai people, mentioned by the Chinese from the eighth century A. D. onwards, who were probably Tunguz (according to another view Mongol)... From the beginning of the tenth century the Kitai carried on a campaign of conquest, conquered the northern part of China and founded a dynasty which as a Chinese ruling house was called Liao (916).

c. 1913, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IV, page 738

(historical ethnography) Synonym of Khitan, in its various senses.


fodinichnion

From Latin fodīna (“a mine”) + -ichnion.

Distinctive behaviour patterns add to the specific character as they do in recent species. They may also be referred to more general functions such as crawling, feeding or hiding. Distinction of five major groups (dwelling burrows = Domichnia; feeding burrows = Fodinichnia; feeding trails = Pascichnia; crawling trails = Repichnia; resting tracks = Cubichnia) has proved to be satisfactory and useful in environmental interpretations (Seilacher, 1953, 1958).

1964 September 6, Adolf Seilacher, Sedimentology, volume 3, number 3, page 253:

Following this interpretation, Conichnus conosinus isp. n. can be ethologically classified as a fodinichnion (combination of feeding and dwelling).

1995, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark:

(paleontology) A trace fossil formed by deposit feeders as they excavate the sediment in search of food.


Gravettian

Coined by English archaeologist Dorothy Garrod in 1938, named after the site of La Gravette in the Dordogne region of France, where the characteristic tools were first found and studied.

coin

Coordinate term: Solutrean

Recently, two additional Gravettian sites, Troyanove 4 and Ozerove, have been explored in central Ukraine (Zaliznyak et al. 2007).

2020, Malcolm C. Lillie, Inna D. Potekhina, editors, Prehistoric Ukraine: From the First Hunters to the First Farmers, Oxbow Books, →ISBN, page 73:

(archaeology) Of or relating to a specific archaeological tool-making industry of the European Upper Paleolithic era prevalent before the last glacial maximum, c. 33000–20000 BCE.


fall of the wall

(history) The deconstruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and 1990.


pennibrachium

From Latin penna (“feather”) + brachium (“arm”). Coined by Sullivan et al. in 2010.

Some dromaeosaurid, troodontid, oviraptorosaur and therizinosaur specimens show the presence of what we term a ‘pennibrachium’, a forelimb bearing long feathers that form a planar, wing-like surface but are not necessarily used in aerial locomotion.

2010 July 7, Corwin Sullivan, “The asymmetry of the carpal joint and the evolution of wing folding in maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, volume 277, number 1690, page 2027:

(zoology, paleontology) A forelimb, found on various species of extinct and extant coelurosaur, that is not used in flight or gliding but still bears long, typically pennaceous feathers which form a winglike surface.


Petoskey stone

(paleontology) A smooth fossil of a rugosan coral found in Michigan.


rugosan

(paleontology) Synonym of rugose: describing an extinct coral of the order †Rugosa.


protorosaur

From scientific Latin Protorosaurus (genus name).

The large-sized protorosaur Tanystropheus had extremely elongated neck vertebrae and a neck more than two times the length of its trunk.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 76:

On the other side, there are about 28 chevrons in the long tail of the protorosaur Tanystropheus at least half of which are similar to element i (see [33 ]: Plate 1, Figure 37).

2015 November 12, “A Reappraisal of the Purported Gastric Pellet with Pterosaurian Bones from the Upper Triassic of Italy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology) An extinct archosauromorph reptile of the order Protorosauria.


talayot

/təˈlɑːjəʊt/

Borrowed from Catalan talaiot, from talaia (“watchtower”), of Arabic origin.

A talayot may be square, round, oval, or stepped in form, averaging 12–20 m in diameter and containing a massive central roof pillar.

2011, Michael E. Smith, The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 147:

(archaeology) A kind of Bronze Age megalith found on the islands of Minorca and Mallorca.


talayotic

(archaeology) Of or relating to talayots or the culture that built them.


ecospace

(paleontology, biology) The graphical representation of the various ecological modes of life that an organism does or can occupy.


Clactonian

(archaeology) Belonging or relating to a class of ancient tools fashioned from flakes chipped off flint cores.


Clactonian

(archaeology) One of the ancient people who fashioned Clactonian tools.


gas van

(automobiles, history) A motor vehicle constructed with an air-tight chamber that contains exhaust fumes (carbon monoxide) whilst the engine is active, used for execution by carbon monoxide.


santilmo

(folklore) A floating flame or fire ball, similar to a will o' the wisp, that stalk or chase people at night, believed to be the ignited blood of a person who met a tragic death.


Roman dodecahedron

en-noun

Roman dodecahedron (plural Roman dodecahedra)

(archaeology) A small hollow dodecahedral object of bronze or stone, with holes in the faces, mostly found at Gallo-Roman sites. Their use and significance is uncertain.


chronogeny

The probability is, that most of these orders have existed during all the organic periods of our planet; but, owing to various circumstances, especially to some being without any enduring remains, their chronogeny will long remain one of the most difficult problems in Malacology.

1850, William King, A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England, Digitally Printed Edition, published 2015, page 201:

The chronogeny of the various elements is in full accord with the structural progress along both lines of derivation;[…].

1894, Palaeontology of New-York, Volume 8, Part 2, page 322:

Thus it is evident that we must use the very greatest care in the correlation of the chronogeny and the phylogeny of the echinoderms, and we must be continually on the watch for sudden and aberrant deviations and specializations in the older as well as in the most recent types.

1915, Austin Hobart Clark, A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids, U.S. Government Printing Office, page 7:

(dated, geology, paleontology) The chronology of a thing's origin and development.


archeothanatology

Based on the recorded position of bones in the grave, archeothanatology aims to determine the original position of the body, the position of the funerary artifacts, the relative chronology of deposits found in the grave and the architecture of the burial when it first took place.

2016 February 25, “Early Medieval Muslim Graves in France: First Archaeological, Anthropological and Palaeogenomic Evidence”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(archaeology) The study of ancient deaths


chrismon

From Medieval Latin crismon (New Latin chrismus, chrismum, chrismos), of uncertain origin.
In the 18th century adopted in German as Chrismon or Chrismum, plural Chrismen. English in the 19th century.
The word was revived for a type of Christmas decoration in the mid 20th century, now with a popular etymology of its being a portmanteau of Christus + monogram.

The document usually begins with a verbal invocation (such as In Dei nomine, amen) or a chrismon (often Christ's monogram formed from the letters XP)

1970, Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 7, page 478:

(palaeography) A stylised siglum or character interpreted as an invocation of Christ in Merovingian and Carolingian documents.


Khitai

Variant of earlier Kitai, influenced by Arabic sources and transcription.

At the head of the Qara Khitai administration stood the Gürkhan, the Khan of Khans or universal Khan. The Gürkhan also bore the title of Chinese emperor (or empress) and maintained the Chinese custom of assigning reign titles (nian hao).

2005, Michal Biran, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, page 108:

When the Liao dynasty collapsed, a member of the royal house, Yelü Dashi (1087–1143), led a remnant force westward and established the Kara Khitai (Black Khitans), or Western Liao, dynasty (1132–1218, in modern Kazakhstan), whose chief opponents were the Seljuk Turks.

2012, Timothy D. Baker Jr. & al. translating Xu Zhuoyun as China: A New Cultural History, page 269


Hoabinhian

(archaeology) Of, relating to, or exhibiting the features of the prehistoric Hòa Bình culture of Southeast Asia, characterised by certain types of stone artifact.


Bacsonian

On present evidence it seems that the Bacsonian is simply a late facies of the Hoabinhian, since it ended at roughly the same time.

2004, Peter S. Bellwood, Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History, page 180:

The key to the neolithic problems of the whole of south - east Asia is found in IndoChina in the Bacsonian culture - complex as developed in caves and rock - shelters near Hoabinh and in the Bacsonian limestone massif in Tonkin province .

(archaeology) Of or relating to a variation of the Hoabinhian industry, based around Bắc Sơn and characterized by a higher frequency of edge-ground cobble artifacts.


Villanovan

(archaeology) Of or relating to the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy.


Leonidas

From Ancient Greek Λεωνίδᾱς (Leōnídās, “son of Leon / lion”).

der

(chiefly history) A male given name from Ancient Greek.


Olmecoid

en-adj

Olmecoid (comparative more Olmecoid, superlative most Olmecoid)

more Olmecoid (comparative)
most Olmecoid (superlative)

(archaeology) Showing influences from the Olmec culture.


stone circle

Near Smeinogorsk an octagonal tumulus has been found containing the corpse of a horse near a rectangular one with a human corpse, both within stone circles.

1898, Friedrich Ratzel, The History of Mankind, volume III, London: Macmillan and Co., page 325:

(archaeology) A prehistoric monument consisting of standing stones arranged in a circle.


post-Soviet

հետխորհրդային

after the dissolution of the Soviet Union

Her sole previous experience of the Soviet, or post-Soviet, had been a single evening in the former East Berlin, a few months after the Wall’s fall.

2003, William Gibson, Pattern Recognition (Bigend cycle; book 1), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, page 270:

(history) After the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Clava cairn

Named after the group of three cairns at Balnuaran of Clava, to the east of Inverness in Scotland.

(archaeology) A type of Bronze Age circular chamber tomb cairn.


gigantolith

(archaeology) A large stone or flint tool of the Heavy Neolithic industry, associated primarily with the Qaraoun culture in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon.


technosignature

Coordinate term: biosignature

(archaeology, anthropology) A phenomenon indicating that a particular technology is or was used by a particular society; (astrophysics, astrobiology) a phenomenon indicating that a particular technology is or was present in some place (for example, a phenomenon suggesting that a Dyson sphere might exist in a certain region of space).


roofbox

From roof + box, coined by Professor Michael O'Kelly during his excavation of the Newgrange passage cairn at Brú Na Bóinne in Ireland.

(archaeology) A specially contrived opening above a doorway, usually aligned to mark an astronomical event.


long nineteenth century

Introduced by the British historian Eric Hobsbawm (1917–2012).

(history) The period from 1789 to 1914, beginning with the French Revolution and ending with the start of World War I.


menk

Borrowed from Mansi (compare Northern Mansi менкв (menkv)).

This figure is called menk in Ob-Ugrian folklore and ritual.

1996, Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia, page 79:

Although doors were jammed shut, the menk burst in with huge birch masks covered with hair made of hay.

1999, Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective:

A new documentary, “Russian Yeti: The Killer Lives” airing June 1 on the Discovery Channel explores the remote possibility that a “menk” — the Russian^([sic – meaning Mansi]) word for Yeti — may have been responsible.

2014, “Mysterious Deaths Of College Students Blamed On ‘Russian Yeti’”, in Huffington Post:

(Russia, cryptozoology, folklore) An animal described by the Mansi as a "forest giant", with anatomical features similar to a yeti, said to live in the area of Khantia-Mansia, Russia.


Copper Age

(archaeology) A short or theoretical prehistoric period between the Neolithic and Bronze Age.


black lady

(Philippines, folklore) A ghost of a lady in black mourning clothes.


levelling staff

en-noun

levelling staff (plural levelling staffs or levelling staves)

levelling staffs (plural)
levelling staves (plural)
leveling staff (alternative)

(surveying, archaeology) A graduated pole used in the process of establishing heights and altitudes.


longue durée

Borrowed from French longue durée (“long duration”). Attested since the 1960s.

lange linjer

historiographical term, "long lines of history"

The "Annales" school draws attention to the virtually unchanging geography of a region, the rising and ebbing movements of the economy, or the rhythmic repetitions in social relations — i.e., to the "longue duree" — rather than to those fleeting events we call political.

1978, Lynn Avery Hunt, Revolution and Urban Politics in Provincial France: Troyes and Reims, 1786-1790, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

(historiography, social sciences) A long period of time during which social processes develop or social structures evolve.


robust australopithecine

robust australopithecine (plural robust australopithecines)

(paleontology) Any member of the species sometimes considered to belong to the genus Paranthropus.


gracile australopithecine

gracile australopithecine (plural gracile australopithecines)

(paleontology) Any member of the species belonging to the genus Australopithecus, excluding those sometimes considered to belong to the genus Paranthropus.


graphosphere

2007, Régis Debray, "Socialism: A life-cycle," New Left Review, 46, July-August 2007.
A second period, the graphosphere, runs from 1448 to around 1968: from the Gutenberg Revolution to the rise of TV.

(history) The age of print (following the logosphere, or age of writing, and preceding the videosphere).


Châtelperronian

And there is some evidence that once the Neanderthals made contact with humans they borrowed ideas and ways of doing things, in doing so creating the Châtelperronian culture, which persisted until the moment of Neanderthal extinction.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 176:

(archaeology) Relating to a paleolithic flint industry located near Châtelperron in France.


urheimat

urheimats (plural)
Urheimat (alternative)

Borrowed from German Urheimat (“original homeland”).

historical linguistics
historical linguistics

(history, especially historical linguistics) The original homeland of an ethnic group, particularly the speakers of a proto-language; the cradleland.


lophid

en-adj

lophid (not generally comparable, comparative more lophid, superlative most lophid)

more lophid (comparative)
most lophid (superlative)

From lopho- (“ridge”) + -id (“pertaining to”).

confix

Similarities include minimal division of the paracristid and cristid obliqua, paucity of enamel crenulations on the lophid faces and, to a lesser degree, anterior turn of the lophid ends

2004, Gavin Prideaux, Systematics and Evolution of the Sthenurine Kangaroos, page 64:

(zoology, palentology, archaeology, usually of teeth) Featuring or characterized by a crest or ridge.


lophid

There is a very small wear facet on the tip of the first lophid.

1967, David Whistler, Oreodonts of the Tick Canyon Formation, Southern California, page s.n.:

In early Elephantoidia, the mesial root supports only the first lophid of the molar.

2009, Yohannes Haile-Selassie, Giday WoldeGabriel, Ardipithecus Kadabba: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia, page 471:

(zoology, palentology, archaeology) A ridge on molars or other teeth formed by a modification of cusps.


Venetocracy

Borrowed from Greek Βενετοκρατία (Venetokratía).

bor

Βενετοκρατία

(historiography) The period during which the Republic of Venice held domains in parts of Greece.


noto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek νότος (nótos) "south".


sunken featured building

en-noun

sunken featured building (plural sunken featured buildings)


SFB

sunken featured building
sunken featured building#English

(archaeology) Abbreviation of sunken featured building: pithouse


Akhet

The concept of the Akhet was a practical explanation of why light fades gradually after sunset and appears gradually before sunrise, instead of disappearing and reappearing with the sun all at once.

2000, James P. Allen, Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, page 21:

Within the tomb, indeed within the coffin, the ‘house of life’, the deceased lay facing the east and the world of the living, the Akhet, and the rising sun.

2006, Peter Robinson, “The Locational Significance of Scatological References in the Coffin Texts”, in Current Research in Egyptology 2006: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Symposium, page 147:

Recitation. The sky’s two reedfloats have been set by the Dayboat for the Sun, that the Sun might cross on them to where Horus of the Akhet is, to the Akhet.

2007, trans. James P. Allen, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p.221

To the east and west were the akhets, or horizons — liminal zones in which the sun god and the dead king were prepared, either for rebirth into the upper world on the east or for successful entry into the other world on the west, the place of death and burial.

2008, Zahi A. Hawass, Tutankhamun: The Golden King and the Great Pharaohs, page 33:

The heretic king Akhenaten believed the akhet appeared on the horizon to show him where to build Akhet-Aten, his new city in the desert… Amulets in the shape of the akhet represented Re the sun god and provided powerful protection to the wearer.

2010, Pat Remler, Egyptian Mythology, A to Z, page 6:

(Egyptology) The region in the sky in which the sun tarries just before it rises or after it sets.


Akhet

As Janssen noted, the information covering the first five days of III akhet is not quite the same in both ostraca.

2003, Koen Donker Van Heel, B. J. J Häring, Writing in a Workmen's Village: Scribal Practice in Ramesside Deir El-Medina:

The lunar month in question would have started on II Akhet 17.

2003, The synchronisation of civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C. II: proceedings of the SCIEM 2000—EuroConference Haindorf, 2nd of May-7th of May 2001:

I mean it’s the time of the year — Akhet. The time when the river rises.… Akhet brings us food.

2009, Terry Deary, Egyptian Tales: The Plot on the Pyramid, page 5:

Favorite dates were the first month of the akhet season and the third month of the peret season.

2013, Koenraad Donker van Heel, Djekhy & Son: Doing Business in Ancient Egypt:

He was moving from Shemu to Akhet. But what had he harvested, in this last hard year?

2014, Wendy Wallace, The Sacred River: A Novel:

(Egyptology) One of the three seasons of Ancient Egypt, coming after Shemu and before Peret; Inundation.


Peret

[Year 9, Xandikos day 4], which is equivalent to the Egyptian month, second month of Peret, day 18, of the King ‘The Youth who has appeared as King in the place of his Father’, the Lord of the Uraei ‘Whose might is great, who has established Egypt, causing it to prosper, whose heart is beneficial before the gods’…

1999, “The Demotic Text of the Memphis Decree on the Rosetta Stone”, in R. S. Simpson, transl., Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment, page 164:

In other words, the crew did not show up for work from I peret 19 to 22, only to resume work on I peret 23.

Fortunately, the absence record is picked up in the more complete Ostracon Cairo CG 25521, which records absences from IV Akhet 15 through to the end of I Peret.

2016, Mark Collier, “The Sting of the Scorpion”, in Mummies, Magic and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Multidisciplinary Essays for Rosalie David:

(Egyptology) One of the three seasons of Ancient Egypt, coming after Akhet and before Shemu; Emergence.


Shemu

The entry for IV shemu 25 on the reverse was written on the sloping edge of the ostracon to the right of the main text.

Beckerath, one of those who accepted Helck’s argument, paraphrased it as follows: The accession of Amenhotep I and thus the beginning of his regnal years apparently lay on III Shemu 9 or on one of two later days.

Across the Nile—still wide even in Shemu season when the water was low—Ra hung hot and gold over the western fields and their harvesters.

According to the statement above, Petosiris was to take the oath that relinquished his alleged rights to the tomb on 19 October 559 BCE, about three weeks later (day 13 of the second month of shemu in the same year 12).

(Egyptology) One of the three seasons of Ancient Egypt coming after Peret and before Akhet; Harvest.


historism

historism (countable and uncountable, plural historisms)

(historiography) An influential 19th-century school of thought in historiography that rejected universalist and anachronistic explanations of historical developments and instead emphasized the idiosyncrasies and organic developments of each culture and time period, to be understood through critical interpretation of primary sources in the context of the unique conditions that produced them.


Cold Warrior

Cold Warriors (plural)
cold warrior (alternative)

Like many other ‘Cold Warriors’ of the European political center, [Raymond] Aron had only limited sympathy for the United States—‘the U.S. economy seems to me’, he wrote, ‘a model neither for humanity nor the West’.

2005, Tony Judt, “Culture Wars”, in Postwar: A history of Europe since 1945, London: Vintage Books, published 2010, →ISBN:

(history) A participant in the Cold War.


pareiasaur

(paleontology) Any member of the Pareiasauridae, a family of large parareptiles from the Permian period.


anarcho-kulak

(history, derogatory, rare, politics) Paradoxically holding both anarchist and bourgeois sympathies (particularly in regards to Free Territory).


nasnas

(Islam, folklore) A monstrous creature related to the jinn, said to resemble the left or right half of a human being (with half a head, half a body, one arm and one leg).


Habsburgian

It was an attempt to preserve the teutsche Libertät, the autonomy of the imperial Estates against Habsburgian efforts to gain absolute power.

1995, Olaf Mörke, “5: The political culture of Germany and the Dutch Republic: similar roots, different results”, in Karel Davids, C. A. Davids, Jan Lucassen, editors, A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective, page 145:

They most commonly employed a Habsburgian notion of state and society in which authorities were understood to be guardians of Indians, part of a pact between crown and subjects.

2001, Charles F. Walker, “Crime in the Time of the Great Fear: Indians and the State in the Peruvian Southern Andes, 1780-1820”, in Ricardo D. Salvatore, Carlos Aguirre, Gilbert M. Joseph, editors, Crime and Punishment in Latin America: Law and Society Since Late Colonial Times, page 49:

From that time on and for over a century and a half, the struggle against this “Habsburgian noose” and against the threat of a Habsburgian universal monarchy became the main concern of French foreign policy.

2008, Jörg Ulbert, “Chapter 3: France and German Dualism, 1756-1871”, in C. Germond, H. Türk, editors, A History of Franco-German Relations in Europe, page 40:

(history) Of or pertaining to (either branch of) the House of Habsburg, to the Habsburg Monarchy or to the rule of individual Habsburgs.


Habsburgian

Habsburgians (plural)
Hapsburgian (alternative)

Before that time the Habsburgians had been for centuries the emperors of the German Holy Roman Empire until they were deposed by Napoleon in 1806.

1985, Peter Bernholz, The International Game of Power: Past, Present and Future, page 34:

The successors to Ferdinand of Aragon as kings of Spain were the Habsburgians Charles I (1516-1556, since 1519 Roman Emperor Charles V), Philipp II (1556-1598), Philipp III (1598-1621), the dedicatee of Stella's Columbeis (see above, pp. 456 ff.), Philipp IV (1621-1665), Charles II (1665-1700), and Philipp V (1701-1746).

1994, Wolfgang Haase, Meyer Reinhold, The Classical Tradition and the Americas, page 510:

They did not imitate the image policy of the Constantinople emperors but that of the Habsburgians, saying that they were the equals of the Habsburgs.

2001, Jukka Korpela, Prince, Saint, and Apostle: Prince Vladimir Svjatoslavič of Kiev, his Posthumous Life, and the Religious Legitimization of the Russian Great Power, page 193:

(history) A Habsburg, a member of the Habsburg dynastic family.


Bogomilist

Bogomilists rejected the divinity of Jesus, the worship of images, baptism, the ornamentation of churches, etc.

2002, Abul-Fazl Ezzati, The Spread of Islam: The Contributing Factors, Revised edition, page 435:

Persecution by Christians seemed to exterminate it from Europe by the 7th century AD, but offshoots of it kept springing to the surface, in the Bogomilists of Bulgaria in the 10th century and most famously in the Albigensians or 'Kathars' of Albi, in the south of France,[…].

2002, Vladimir Dimitrov, Bob Hodge, Social Fuzziology: Study of Fuzziness of Social Complexity, page 148:

[…]existed among the many Christian Gnostics, Cathars, Bogomilists, and other forms of Christianity that were influenced by Origen on this question.

2015, Shaul Magid, “Chapter 6: The Case of Jewish Arianism: The Pre-existence of the Zaddik in Early Hasidism”, in Brian Ogren, editor, Time and Eternity in Jewish Mysticism, page 100:

(history, religion) An adherent of Bogomilism; a Bogomil.


Bogomilist

But the uniquely disastrous effect of Catholic policy in causing a schism between Bogomilist Bosnia and Catholic Croatia soon was to manifest itself in the fight over Tvrdko's inheritance.

1964, Stanko Guldescu, History of Medieval Croatia, page 256:

2006, Christopher K. Coffman, 5: Bogomilism, Orphism, Shamanism: The Physical and Spatial Grounds of Pynchon's Ecological Ethic, Jeffrey Severs, Christopher Leise, Pynchon's Against the Day: A Corrupted Pilgrim's Guide, page 103,
More specifically, Pynchon's characterization of the sect reveals a point of essential compatibility, one in which Cyprian's Bogomilist suspension of belief in the doctrine of a final judgment can be viewed as complementary to Orphism's rejection of an ultimate eschatological scene.

It seems likely though, that something of the Manichean and Bogomilist attitude toward dead bodies enters into the picture.

2009, Jay Stevenson, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Vampires, page 92:

(history, religion) Of, pertaining to or adhering to Bogomilism.


Geatish

From Old English Ġēatisċ, equivalent to Geat + -ish.

This description does not fit the historical Hygelac, of course, but it clearly does reflect, accurately enough, the tradition of decadence which must have become attached to the Geatish royal house as a result of the decline and fall of the Geatish kingdom.

1923, Kemp Malone, The Literary History of Hamlet: The Early Tradition, published 1964, page 46:

The Geatish digressions in the last episode of the poem take the audience from Hrethel's death to the deaths of all his sons and the succession of his grandson, Beowulf, though not in chronological order.

1997, George Clark, “Chapter 14: The Hero and the Theme”, in Robert E. Bjork, John D. Niles, editors, A Beowulf Handbook, page 289:

Beowulf's succession to the Geatish throne took place only because of the successive deaths of Hygelac and Heardred (who was killed in Onela's invasion of the land of the Geats).

2010, Alistair Campbell, “The use in Beowulf of earlier heroic verse”, in Peter Clemoes, Kathleen Hughes, editors, England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock, page 290:

(history) Of or pertaining to the Geats.


Republic of South Vietnam

(history) An underground government that opposed the South Vietnamese government during the Vietnam War and became its provisional government for a year after the war.


lissoir

From French lissoir, from lisser (“to smooth”) + -oir (“tool suffix”).

suffix

(archaeology) A prehistoric tool, made of bone or wood, used to soften leather.


diwata

Borrowed from Cebuano diwata, from Proto-Visayan *diwata, from Malay dewata, from Sanskrit देवता (devatā, “god, deity”).

(mythology, folklore) In Filipino folklore, a fairy, spirit, usually a lesser god or goddess, believed to guard natural features such as forests.


holochoanitic

Other Early Paleozoic cephalopods have holochoanitic siphuncles

1942, Ozarkian and Canadian Cephalopods: Part III: Longicones and Summary, →ISBN:

He accepted the Plectronoceratidae as primitive, and the Ellesmeroceratidae as the derived next step, one characterized by holochoanitic structure and diaphragms, and leading to a group of endoceroids;

1964, Memoir - New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, page 11:

However, over a short period of time (less than 10 Ma) during the late Devonian, the Clymeniida developed a dorsal (or internal) holochoanitic siphon.

2012, Raymond Enay, Palaeontology of Invertebrates, →ISBN:

(paleontology) Long, cylindrical, and reaching between adjacent septums.


rougarou

From Cajun French rougarou (“werewolf”).

Like the European werewolf and loup-garou, the French Canadian rougarou also often appears in the form of a dog. Whoever neglects his Easter duties or goes unconfessed for seven years finds himself changed into a rougarou at night.

1961, Maria Leach, God Had a Dog: Folklore of the Dog:

“I told you, I'm not the rougarou. And if I say anything, the rougarou will kill me. I may be old, but I don't want to go that way.” “Selena, I'm going to hurt you worse than any rougarou.”

2016, Heather Graham, Blood on the Bayou: A Cafferty & Quinn Novella, Evil Eye Concepts, Incorporated, →ISBN:

“The rougarou—him's a big, bad wolf.” “Bad?” asked Lizabeth. “What do you mean?”

2016, Jonathan Maberry, The Orphan Army, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 78:

(folklore) A werewolf or werewolf-like creature said to inhabit swamps in Louisiana (and sometimes French Canadian) folklore.


Isabelline

Borrowed from Spanish isabelino. Equivalent to Isabella + -ine.

(history) Of or related to Isabella I of Castile (1451–1504).


sivathere

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Sivatherium</i>

The sivatheres became extinct about two million years ago, but other giraffes, including the ancestors of the living giraffe species and the okapi, thrived.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 103:

Shins coated in mud, the sivathere strides out onto more solid ground, towards the shade to browse.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 28:

(paleontology) An extinct giraffid of the genus Sivatherium.


vexillize

en-verb

vexillize (third-person singular simple present vexillizes, present participle vexillizing, simple past and past participle vexillized)

vexillizes (present singular third-person)
vexillizing (participle present)
vexillized (participle past)
vexillized (past)
vexillise (alternative)

(vexillology) To gather or to lead an army under a flag.

(vexillology) To make a flag; To sew or print a flag.

(vexillology) To introduce a specific depiction on a flag.


Signor-Lipps effect

Named after American paleontologists Philip Signor and Jere Lipps, who formally proposed it in 1982.

(paleontology) The principle that due to the incompleteness of the fossil record, the earliest and latest known occurrences of a taxon will almost never represent the ages of the actual earliest and latest organisms belonging to it.


cynocephalic

From cyno- + -cephalic; compare Ancient Greek κυνοκέφαλος (kunoképhalos).

cog

(fiction, history) Of or relating to dogheads, humanoid dog-headed monsters.


qite

Borrowed from Demotic qt, from Egyptian qdt, with the vowels supplied by the word’s descendant, Coptic ⲕⲓⲧⲉ (kite).

[I]n the great Harris papyrus, […] precise quantities are recorded by weight in terms of the deben (about 2½ oz.) and the qite (¼ oz.) of gold, silver, copper and precious stones, without any reference to their value. […] Five pots of honey were bought for five qite of silver and an ox for five qite of gold.

1981, Pierre Montet, “The Arts and the Professions”, in A[ymer] R[obert] Maxwell-Hyslop, Margaret S[tefana] Drower, transl., Everyday Life in Egypt in the Days of Ramesses the Great, Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, →ISBN, page 167:

The scribe of the temple Sedy set out with the pure priest and goldsmith Tuty for the frames; they removed one deben and three and a half qite of gold, which they took for the chief of the gang Pameniu.

2003, Pascal Vernus, “The Plunder of Western Thebes”, in David Lorton, transl., Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt: Translated from the French, Ithaca, N.Y., London: Cornell University Press, →ISBN, page 25:

(Egyptology) Alternative spelling of kite (“measure of weight equivalent to ¹⁄₁₀ deben (about 0.32 ounces or 9.1 grams)”)


Lukomorye

From Russian Лукомо́рье (Lukomórʹje, literally “the curve of the sea”).

bor

Lukomorie (alternative)
Lukomorje (alternative)

(folklore, Slavic mythology) A fictional land in Russian folklore.

Loukomorie

a fictional land in the Russian folklore


desert kite

(anthropology, archaeology) A funnel trap constructed of stone and found in Middle Eastern deserts, intended to trap migrating game animals.


Oldowan

From Maasai Olduvai, from the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where the first Oldowan lithics were discovered in the 1930s.

(archaeology) Belonging to the earliest widespread stone-tool archaeological industry in prehistory.


encrinitic

(paleontology) Relating to, or containing, encrinites.


fairy money

(folklore) Money given by the fairies, which later transforms into withered leaves or similar.


briquetage

From French briquetage (“brickwork”) (In French archaeology the term is also used in this extended, specialist sense).

qf

(archaeology) burnt-clay remains associated with historical salt production.

(archaeology, more generally) any crudely-made objects fashioned of burnt clay.


grundylow

(UK, folklore, mythology) Alternative form of grindylow


grindylow

grindylows (plural)
grundylow (alternative)

Possibly connected to Grendel, the monster from the epic Beowulf.

(UK, folklore, mythology) A folkloric creature, said to inhabit water and to grab children with its long sinewy arms and drown them.


placo-

From (combining form of) Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx, “plate, tablet”).

uder

(chiefly paleontology) Provided with or relating to a flat plate or plates.


Rhomaian

en-adj

Rhomaian (comparative more Rhomaian, superlative most Rhomaian)

more Rhomaian (comparative)
most Rhomaian (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ῥωμαῖος (Rhōmaîos), referring to the autonym used by Grecophone writers in the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire.

lbor

Procopius’s introduction to his Vandal War is a good example of the Roman (or Rhomaian) ethnographical point of view. Even after a century of barbarian rule in Africa or Italy, a Roman intellectual classed kings and elites according to barbarian groupings.

R. Steinacher, ‘Who is the Barbarian? Considerations on the Vandal Royal Title’, in: W. Pohl en G. Heydemann (ed.), Post-Roman Transitions: Christian and Barbarian Identities in the Early Medieval West (Turnhout 2013) 437-485, quote on page 439

(rare, historiography) Of or pertaining to the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) empire.


PPNB

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B#English

(archaeology) Abbreviation of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B.


Kozi

The SPD contended that the Communists—whom it referred to as “Kozis"—were the mere lackeys of the Nazis. Vorwaerts insisted that the BVG strike was but a prelude to a putsch.

2014, Russel Lemmons, Goebbels And Der Angriff, page 104:


QV

Initialism of queen valley; from Valley of the Queens.

Valley of the Queens
Valley of the Queens#English

(Egyptology) Prefix code for sites in the Valley of the Queens.


snow snake

en-noun

snow snake (countable and uncountable, plural snow snakes)

snow snakes (plural)
snowsnake (alternative)

(US, folklore) A fictional creature, a snake that is only active during winter months.


baccoo

(folklore) A mischievous little male spirit in Caribbean folklore.


churile

(Ghana, folklore) The ghost of a woman who dies in childbirth, said to prowl in the darkness giving mournful cries.


war communism

Calque of Russian вое́нный коммуни́зм (vojénnyj kommunízm).

cal

вое́нный коммуни́зм

(economics, history) The economic policy of the Soviet Russia from 1918 to 1921 during the Russian Civil War (1917‒23) and the Allied intervention (1918‒25).


Third Period

(communism, history) According to an obsolete theory, a period shortly after the Great Depression in which capitalism would be marked by further crises and then soon collapse.


paleodose

(archaeology) The dose of natural radiation accumulated by an archaeological sample


Makhnovshchina

From Russian махно́вщина (maxnóvščina) or Ukrainian махно́вщина (maxnóvščyna). Both mean "the thing relating to Makhno", and are equivalent to Махно (Maxno) + -ов (-ov) + -ский (-skij) + -ина (-ina).


Black Army

Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine

(history) A Ukrainian army of anarchist peasants and other workers during the Russian Civil War.


Meghalayan

(geology, paleontology) The Meghalayan Age, a subdivision of the Holocene epoch.


Winfred

From Old English Wynnfriþ, from wynn (“joy”) + friþ (“peace”).

(chiefly history) A male given name from Old English.


German Democratic Republican

en-adj

German Democratic Republican (not comparable)

German Democratic Republic
German Democratic Republic

(history) Of or pertaining to the German Democratic Republic.


German Democratic Republican

en-noun

German Democratic Republican (plural German Democratic Republicans)


utopian socialism

utopian socialism (countable and uncountable, plural utopian socialisms)

utopian socialisms (plural)
Utopian socialism (alternative)

(history, socialism) Socialism that is focussed on planning and building a flawless and egalitarian society, but has little to no concern with methodology, class struggle, and the status quo at large.


cooksonioid

From scientific Latin Cooksonia (genus name) + -oid.

Whether bryophytes actually arose from such a cooksonioid ancestor (see Miller 1982) needs to be addressed further.

2000, A. Jonathan Shaw, Bernard Goffinet, Bryophyte Biology, page 142:

A previous study had suggested a minimum size limit below which cooksonioid plants could not have functioned as photosynthetically independent plants.

2018 May 25, Susannah Lydon, The Guardian:

(paleobiology) A plant having features like those of the extinct genus Cooksonia.


Euramerican

en-adj

Euramerican (comparative more Euramerican, superlative most Euramerican)

more Euramerican (comparative)
most Euramerican (superlative)

Her sharp little teeth probably crunched up those Euramerican scorpions; indeed the copious invertebrates that conquered life on land 60 million earlier would have provided a tempting menu for tetrapods venturing from the water.

2017 January 11, Elsa Panciroli, The Guardian:

(paleontology) Pertaining to the supercontinent of Euramerica.


phragmoteuthid

From scientific Latin Phragmoteuthida (order name).

Multiple jaws and arm hooklets of squid-like phragmoteuthids are known from the stomach area of several ichthyosaurs.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 70:

(paleontology) An extinct cephalopod of the order Phragmoteuthida.


rauisuchian

In Triassic times, when rauisuchians lived, the continents were still united in a large, coherent landmass, the supercontinent Pangea.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 79:

(paleontology) An extinct reptile of the taxon Rauisuchia, which lived during the Triassic.


megatracksite

Although large megatracksites (or “dinosaur freeways”) have been identified at many locations, in many cases it is still unclear as to what types of sedimentary dynamic cause their formation and preservation.

2006, Jerry D. Harris, Spencer G. Lucas, Justin A. Speilmann, Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R.C. Milner, James I. Kirkland, editors, Bulletin 37: The Triassic-Jurassic Terrestrial Transition, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, page 280:

Near to the Transjura Highway the footprints are so abundant that it may represent a megatracksite.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 87:

(paleontology) A site showing geological evidence of very large numbers of fossil tracks or trace fossils.


oxycone

The quickest and nimblest were probably the oxycones, throwing themselves through the water like discuses.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 87:

(paleontology, malacology) A type of ammonoid with a slim, disk-shaped (oxyconic) shell.


evogram

An important systematic account with illustrations of Shaw's tephigram, the emagram, Refsdal's aerogram, Schinze's thetagram, Robizach's diagram, evogram, and Rossby's diagram.

1951, Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Volume 2, page 307:

Teachers can facilitate such learning by incorporating cladistics and tree-thinking into the curriculum and using evograms to focus on important evolutionary transitions.

2009 June 6, LS Mead, “Transforming our thinking about transitional forms”, in Evolution: Education and Outreach, volume 2, number 2, page 310:

Providing the basics for tree reading suggests that the use of evograms (evolutionary diagrams integrating different lines of evidence) reflects more accurately and integratively how scientists know what they know about the major changes in evolution.

2012, E Torrens, A Barahona, “Why are some evolutionary trees in natural history museums prone to being misinterpreted?”, in Evolution: Education and Outreach:

Remember, a cladogram or evogram is a branching, treelike diagram in which the endpoints of the branches represent specific species of organisms.

2013, Stephen T. Blume, Evo-illusion, page 189:


Greenlandian

(geology, paleontology) The Greenlandian Age, a subdivision of the Holocene epoch.


Northgrippian

(geology, paleontology) The Northgrippian Age, a subdivision of the Holocene epoch.


pishtaco

pishtacos (plural)
pishtaku (alternative)

From a Quechua language term "pishtay", meaning "cut the throat of, cut up".

They are often told that the pishtaco is going to carry them off if they do not behave. Thus, they are taught to fear the mestizo and white man at an early age. The pishtaco also maintains conformity among adults. Individualism is not a norm ...

However, the pishtaco is not an Andean Minotaur. It is, rather, an indigenous Andean folk symbol of Spanish, and later criollo, colonialist oppression. Pishtacos are represented as white foreigners, ...

1997, Milos Kokotovic, Confronting Postmodernism:

For this part of the operation, the pishtaco is said to import specialized equipment from the United States, Germany, or Japan.

2005, Don Kulick, Anne Meneley, Fat, →ISBN:

This explains why the first pishtaco figures in the legend were priests and soldiers. As the power structure changed, so did the pishtaco figure. In later versions of the story he rode a horse and wore leather chaps like a rancher, ...

2008, Jennifer McLagan, Fat, →ISBN, page 217:

(mythology, folklore) A mythical white male demon in South American folklore, who steals and eats the bodyfat of indigenous South Americans, or cuts up their flesh to convert it into food.


shellmound

shellmounds (plural)
shell mound (alternative)

(archaeology) A prehistoric midden containing shells of edible mollusks and other detritis


small shellies

Following this is the earliest Cambrian, where large shelly invertebrates are rare (and no trilobites occur), but the commonest fossils are tiny forms nicknamed the “small shellies.”

2009, Joseph Seckbach, Divine Action and Natural Selection, page 486:

Although difficult to interpret, small shellies may hold the key to understanding the origins of shelled and biomineralised groups of animals.

2018, Mark Carnall, “Unidentifiable fossils: palaeontological problematica”, in The Guardian:


frogamander

This amphibian Abraham, aka the frogamander, lived during the early Permian but was only discovered in 2007, a fossil in Don's Dump Fish Quarry in Baylor County, Texas.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 14:

The “frogamander” is still full of mystery as scientists work to figure out how and where it fits in the amphibian family tree.

2016, Melissa Shofner, Mariel Bard, Amphibian Fossils, page 21:

(paleontology) The extinct amphibamid Gerobatrachus.


end-Cretaceous

Towards the end of the Cretaceous diversity declined sharply and only a few widespread genera are found in the uppermost beds, these finally disappearing in the end-Cretaceous extinctions.

1988, Rona M Black, The Elements of Palaeontology, page 93:

Although the end-Cretaceous bolide impact is contemporaneous with the abrupt end of the reign of dinosaurs, early mammals survived the catastrophic event […].

2007, Clarence A Hall Jr., Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and Its Native Plants, page 100:

The end Cretaceous catastrophe that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago did for these animals too and the oceans were quieter for a while, but within fifteen million years or so the ancestors of dolphins and whales were exploiting the rich seas of the Eocene.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 187:

(geology, paleontology) Pertaining to the end of the Cretaceous period, marked by a major extinction event.


Fiddler's Green

From 19th-century English maritime folklore.

Fiddlers' Green (alternative)
Fidlers' Green (alternative)

Sam Tyler: Where to now?
Gene Hunt: Fiddler's Green.
Sam Tyler: I hope that's the name of a pub.

2007 March 6, Julie Rutterford, Life on Mars, Season 2, Episode 3:

(nautical, folklore) A legendary afterlife for retired sailors, where there is perpetual mirth, fiddle music, and dancing.


chacmool

en-noun

chacmool (plural chacmools or chacmooles)

chacmools (plural)
chacmooles (plural)
chac mool (alternative)
chac-mool (alternative)
chacmol (alternative)

Borrowed from Yucatec Maya chak moʼol (“jaguar”, literally “red paw”). The name was first given by Augustus Le Plongeon to a statue of this type discovered at Chichén Itzá in 1875.

bor

(archaeology) A stylized, pre-Columbian Mesoamerican stone sculpture depicting a reclining male figure with the head raised and turned to one side, holding a small tray over the stomach.


cropmark

cropmarks (plural)
crop mark (alternative)

Coordinate term: crop circle

The earliest air photograph showing cropmarks at Mucking appears to be a high level vertical view of the area taken by a German aircraft of the Luftwaffe in 1943. This photograph, however, only shows a few small and indistinct marks.

2013, Ann Clark, Excavations at Mucking: Volume 1: The site atlas, English Heritage, →ISBN, page 23:

(archaeology) A sign of the former location of some feature (such as a wall or a ditch) revealed by variations in plant growth on the surface.


fenodyree

(folklore) A little hairy sprite in the folklore of the Isle of Man.


rye wolf

(European folklore) An evil creature of German folklore lurking in the rye-fields.


Gubbins

(folklore) A half-savage race said to live in Devonshire, described by the pastoral poet William Browne, among others.


county at large

en-noun

county at large (plural counties at large)

... it shall be lawful for the grand jury of such county by presentment to raise .... all such sum or sums of money as shall appear ... to be necessary to fence the land on each side of such roads, upon the county at large, or upon the barony or baronies through which such new road is to be made, if they think fit.

It then became the duty of the House to consider in what way the new members were to be elected, and whether they had not better be chosen by a division of the county, than by the county at large.

(history) The whole of a county, as distinct from some portion of it

But let it be recollected, that it was the case of an information for intrusion into the lands of the crown, which ex vi termini makes it probable, that the premises lay in a county at large, and not in a town; and therefore, that the case regarded a county Grand Jury. But that is put out of all doubt by the enlightened argument of Mr. Townsend who referred us to Higgins's case, Raym. 486. S. C. Ventr. where it appears, that Blunt's case was a case in a county at large and not in a corporation

1811, Thomas Kirwan, William Ridgeway, Edward Sheridan, Great Britain Court of King's Bench, A report of the proceedings in the cases of Thomas Kirwan ... and Edward Sheridan ...: for misdemeanors charged to be committed in violation of the convention act, Graisberry and Campbell:

There is no connexion between the isle and county at large, as to their public rates, the inhabitants within the isle not contributing to the rates for that part of the county which is beyond the limits of the isle, nor such part of the county to the isle

1827, William Watson, An Historical Account of the Ancient Town and Port of Wisbech, in the Isle of Ely, in the County of Cambridge: And of the Circumjacent Towns and Villages, the Drainage of the Great Level of the Fens, the Origin of the Royal Franchise of the Isle of Ely &c. ..., H. and J. Leach, retrieved 2018-10-11, page 105:

Prior to the Union it sent fourteen members to the Irish parliament, namely, two for the county at large, and two for each of the boroughs of Newry, Downpatrick, Bangor, Hillsborough, Killyleagh, and Newtown-Ardes.

1840, Samuel Lewis, A topographical dictionary of Ireland, retrieved 2018-10-11, page 487:

(history) The portion of a county not part of subordinate jurisdictions such as boroughs

...it shall be lawful for the collector of the district, upon the production of a like certificate of any two sureties of the peace, if within a county of a city, or county of a town, and if within a county at large, upon the production of a like certificate of any two justices of the peace residing in the barony, or half-barony, in which the person applying for such licenses resides, ... to endorse on such certificate a receipt for the said duty

And be it enacted, That wherever the Word "County" occurs in this Act, the same shall be construed to extend to and comprehend a County of a City or a County of a Town, as well as a County at large.

1839 Public Works (Ireland) Act, 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c.50) s.27

(history, law) A county which is not a county corporate


one-rabbit

en-verb

one-rabbit (third-person singular simple present one-rabbits, present participle one-rabbiting, simple past and past participle one-rabbited)

one-rabbits (present singular third-person)
one-rabbiting (participle present)
one-rabbited (participle past)
one-rabbited (past)
One-Rabbit (alternative)
one rabbit (alternative)
One Rabbit (alternative)

Calque of Classical Nahuatl cētōchhuia, from cē tōchtli (“One Rabbit”, the year 1454 in the Aztec calendar) + -huia

suffix

The worst year, 1454, was One Rabbit, the year when the people were “one-rabbited”

1989, Louise M. Burkhart, The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico, University of Arizona Press:

For four years there was famine. The fourth year was when everyone was “One-Rabbited.”

1997, Arthur J. O. Anderson, Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Codex Chimalpahin: Society and Politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and Other Nahua Altepetl in Central Mexico: The Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, volume 1, Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, page 233:

only a horrible drought would have entered the lexicon as “One Rabbiting,”

2017, Benjamin D. Johnson, Pueblos Within Pueblos: Tlaxilacalli Communities in Acolhuacan, Mexico, ca. 1272–1692, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, page 73:

(transitive, history) To inflict the 1454 famine on.


cololite

(paleontology) Fossilised intestine contents.


ichthyolith

From ichthyo- + -lith, coined in 1974 by Doyle, Kennedy and Riedel.

(paleontology) Any disarticulated fossil from a fish, especially a tooth or scale.


Anti-Comintern

With regard to this matter, we have contacted the Propaganda Ministry and the Anti-Comintern. Both agencies promised us to place material at Kerr Kaelble’s disposal. The material provided by the Propaganda Ministry will be forwarded to Herr Kaelble by airmail, whereas the material provided by the Anti-Comintern will be sent to us here.

1937 August 30, H. Gattineau, “Material for Anti-Comintern Propaganda Drive on the Brazilian Radio”, in Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law, volume VII, number 10, United States Government Printing Office, published 1953, page 664:

(history, uncommon) The membership of the Anti-Comintern Pact.


breakface

breakfaces (plural)
break face (alternative)

The carved surface and breakfaces on the sides of this relief exhibit a uniform appearance in ultraviolet light despite damage to the surface, including scratches, abrasion, and a modern drillhole from a previous mount. […] The head has been broken off at the neck and repaired previously. Breakfaces appear sharp and clean as if the break were recent. […] A chip is associated with the clean breakface.

1999, Lawrence M. Berman and Kenneth J. Bohač, The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Egyptian Art, page 551 and page 561

(archaeology) the surface of an artifact where a piece has been broken off


ammonitid

(paleontology) Any ammonite of the order Ammonitida.


New Kingdom

Calque of German Neues Reich, eventually displacing New Empire, an older calque of the same term. Coined in the 1840s as part of a periodization of Ancient Egyptian history into Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.

Second Intermediate Period
Second Intermediate Period

Third Intermediate Period
Third Intermediate Period

(historical, Egyptology) Egypt after the Second Intermediate Period but before the Third Intermediate Period, from the time of the overthrow of the Hyksos under Ahmose I at the start of the 18th Dynasty to its de facto disintegration at the end of the 20th Dynasty.

Det nye Rige

Egypt from the 18th Dynasty through the 20th


Earlier Egyptian

Late Middle Egyptian
Late Middle Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The phase of the Egyptian language characterized by a relatively synthetic typology, including Archaic Egyptian, Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian, Late Middle Egyptian, and Neo-Middle Egyptian, and contrasted against Later Egyptian.


Later Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The phase of the Egyptian language characterized by a relatively analytic typology, including Medio-Late Egyptian, Late Egyptian, Demotic, and Coptic, and contrasted against Earlier Egyptian.


Neo-Middle Egyptian

(linguistics, history) The form of Middle Egyptian archaizingly used as a literary language after the vernacular language had changed into Late Egyptian, and later Demotic and Coptic.