superimposition

en-noun

superimposition (countable and uncountable, plural superimpositions)

superimpositions (plural)
super-imposition (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superimposition.wav

The process, or the result of superimposing.

(philosophy) The building of ontological categories of a higher level on top of categories of a lower level.


strix

From Latin strix, from Ancient Greek στρίξ (stríx, “screecher”).

der

What was distinctive about the strix was that […] it resembled an owl, or (to a lesser extent) a bat, being a winged, clawed creature, which flew by night and had a hideous screeching cry.

2017, Ronald Hutton, The Witch, Yale University Press, published 2018, page 69:

(mythology) A bird-like demon feeding on human flesh and blood.


Pythagoreanism

Only two Greek philosophies, Pythagoreanism and neo-Platonism, might be called basically religious. Even early Pythagoreanism prior to 450 B.C. had a strong religious strain.

1987, Edward George Weltin, Athens and Jerusalem: An Interpretative Essay on Christianity and Classical Culture, Scholars Press, →ISBN, page 71:

(philosophy) The esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers.


rationalism

en-noun

rationalism (countable and uncountable, plural rationalisms)

(philosophy) The theory that the reason is a source of knowledge independent of and superior to sense perception.

(philosophy) The theory that knowledge may be derived by deductions from a priori concepts (such as axioms, postulates or earlier deductions).


sphexish

en-adj

sphexish (comparative more sphexish, superlative most sphexish)

more sphexish (comparative)
most sphexish (superlative)

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From sphex (“sand wasp of Sphex or an allied genus”) + -ish (suffix meaning ‘being like, similar to, typical of’), coined by the American scientist and scholar of comparative literature Douglas Hofstadter (born 1945) in a September 1982 “Metamagical Themas” column in Scientific American, after a study of the behaviour of sphexide wasps. Sphex is derived from Ancient Greek σφήξ (sphḗx, “wasp”), either from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- (“bee”) or a Pre-Greek word.

coinage

Is this the top of the pinnacle then? Or is it just the top of our pinnacle, the point at which we reveal our sphexish streak and flounder about foolishly in the face of higher thought?

1984, Daniel C[lement] Dennett, “Making Reason Practical”, in Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting (A Bradford Book), Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, published 1997, →ISBN, page 46:

[A] sphexish creature in unusual circumstances may seem to be under the control of a malevolent puppet-master. A reliable sign that behaviour is sphexish is that the creature persists with it in circumstances that render it futile, rather as my first electronic typewriter would go on furiously hammering away with its daisy-wheel after the paper supply had run out.

1999, John [William Nevill] Watkins, “Genes, Brains, and Creativity”, in Human Freedom after Darwin: A Critical Rationalist View, Chicago, LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Company, →ISBN, part 1 (Naturalism), § 5.1 (Genes and Behaviour), page 120:

Dual-process models of cognition […] all propose, in one way or another, that in fact we all are a little bit sphexish. In fact, many of these theories, in emphasizing the pervasiveness of TASS [The Autonomous Set of Systems] and the rarity and difficulty of analytic processing, are in effect proposing that our default mode of processing is sphexish.

2004, Keith E. Stanovich, “A Brain at War with Itself”, in The Robot’s Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 75:

What makes you any different from the digger wasp? Aren't you the least bit sphexish? You might argue (and probably will!) that we're far more complex than poor Sphex, and don't engage in the same repetitive actions that she does. […] Yet human beings are infinitely variable in their behavior, we don't all do the same thing in the same circumstances. Maybe it is hard to say exactly why we're not sphexish, but surely we're not. Regrettably, this rejection of sphexishness is not that great an argument.

2013, Stephen D. Hales, “Freedom”, in This is Philosophy: An Introduction, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, paragraph 4.23, page 125:

(philosophy) Of animal behaviour: deterministic, preprogrammed.


Ammon

From Latin Ammōn, from Ancient Greek Ἄμμων (Ámmōn), itself from Egyptian i-mn:n-A40 (jmn).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">jmn</i>

Here, over five hundred years before, had come the founder of Alexandria, Alexander the Great, to visit the oracle of Ammon, the god figured to be like a man having the head and horns of a ram.

1898, Mary E. Bamford, Out of the Triangle:

(Egyptian mythology) Alternative form of Amun


Dysnomia

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Dysnomia.wav

From Ancient Greek Δυσνομία (Dusnomía, literally “lawlessness”), from δύσνομος (dúsnomos, “lawless”).

bor

(Greek mythology) The daemon (minor deity) of lawlessness, listed by Hesiod among the daughters of Eris.


ambrosial

en-adj

ambrosial (comparative more ambrosial, superlative most ambrosial)

more ambrosial (comparative)
most ambrosial (superlative)

/æmˈbɹoʊʒəl/

Partly from ambrosia and partly from Latin ambrosius, + -al.

And whilst he slept she [Venus] over him would spred / Her mantle, colour’d like the starry skyes, / And her soft arme lay underneath his hed, / And with ambrosiall kisses bathe his eyes [...]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(Greek mythology) Pertaining to or worthy of the gods.


ameliorative

ameliorative (comparative more ameliorative, superlative most ameliorative)

more ameliorative (comparative)
most ameliorative (superlative)

ameliorative inquiry

ameliorative analysis

ameliorative project

conceptual engineering
conceptual engineering

(philosophy) Of or relating to conceptual engineering, the normative study of which conceptual demarcation is most conducive to solve the problems the concept is a priori taken to solve.


spiritual world

en-noun

spiritual world (plural spiritual worlds)

(religion, mythology) A metaphysical plane of existence parallel to the material world and occupied by spirits and other unearthly forces.

mundo espiritual

a metaphysical plane occupied by spirits and other unearthly forces


functionalism

functionalism (countable and uncountable, plural functionalisms)

/ˈfʌŋkʃənəlɪzəm/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-functionalism.wav

(philosophy) The definition of mental states in terms of their causes and effects.


superordinate

en-adj

superordinate (comparative more superordinate, superlative most superordinate)

more superordinate (comparative)
most superordinate (superlative)

subordinate

antonym(s) of “lower in rank or position”

(logic) The relation of a universal proposition to a specific proposition of the same form with the universal quantified variable replaced by a specific instance.


rectification

en-noun

rectification (countable and uncountable, plural rectifications)

/ˌɹɛktɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

From Middle English rectificacioun, from Old French rectificacion, from Late Latin rectificatio.

(astrology) A procedure that attempts to determine a person's time of birth based on events in their life.


ovular

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ovular.wav

From ovule + -ar. In the feminist sense, chosen as an opposite to seminar because of that term's etymological link with semen, the male sexual fluid.

Trebilco considers 'seminar' offensively 'masculinist', so she has replaced it with ovular, which she regards as its feminist equivalent.

1994, Christina Hoff Sommers, Who Stole Feminism?:

(feminism, rare) A seminar for feminists.


NOT function

(logic, mathematics) A function that is equivalent to the NOT operator.


propositional function

propositional function (plural propositional functions)

(logic) An expression containing algebraic symbols that serve to represent words or other elements of a sentence or proposition


truth function

truth functions (plural)
truth-function (alternative)

(mathematics, logic) A Boolean function whose value is interpreted as truth or falsity


jovially

en-adv

jovially (comparative more jovially, superlative most jovially)

more jovially (comparative)
most jovially (superlative)

From jovial + -ly (suffix forming adverbs from adjectives). Jovial is borrowed from French jovial (“jolly, jovial”), from Italian gioviale (“jolly, jovial; (obsolete) born under the influence of the planet Jupiter”), from Latin ioviālis (“relating to the Roman god Jupiter”), from Iuppiter, Iovis (“the Roman god Jove or Jupiter, counterpart of the Greek god Zeus”) (from Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (“to be bright; heaven, sky”)) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship).

der

Some are of the opinion, that the world was made, to giue a body in lieu of puniſhment, vnto the ſpirits, which through their fault were fallen from the puritie, wherin they were created: The firſt creation having beene incorporeal. And that according as they have more or leſſe elonged themſelves from their ſpirituallitie, ſo they are more or leſſe merilie & Giovially, or rudely and Saturnally incorporated: Whence proceedeth the infinite varietie of ſo much matter created.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, “An Apologie of Raymond Sebond”, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC, page 315:

(astrology, obsolete) Under the astrological influence of the planet Jupiter.


dynamism

en-noun

dynamism (countable and uncountable, plural dynamisms)

(philosophy, metaphysics) Any of several philosophical theories that attempt to explain the universe by an immanent force.


harrowing of hell

harrowing of hell (plural harrowings of hell)

harrowings of hell (plural)
harrying of hell (alternative)

Not the direct vision of the harrowings of hell as reported, for example, by many Christian visionaries, but accounts given by the departed souls themselves are more frequent and typical features of Jewish moralist writing.

1977, Raphael Werblowsky, Joseph Karo: lawyer and mystic, 2nd edition, page 44:

Of the four harrowings of hell that are cornerstones of Western literature […], we can eliminate the oldest.

2003, Robert J. Andreach, Drawing upon the Past: Classical Theatre in the Contemporary American Theatre, page 36:

[…] the Hero Twins go on to defeat Xibalba and its ghastly denizens, a true Harrowing of Hell.

2007, Sophie & Michael Coe, The True History of Chocolate, page 39:

(mythology, theology) A raid into the underworld by a heroic figure.


voluntarism

voluntarism (countable and uncountable, plural voluntarisms)

(philosophy) A doctrine that assigns the most dominant position to the will rather than the intellect.


coextensive

Coextensive expressions with different intensions cannot in general be substituted for one another within an expression e while preserving the extension of e (assuming that the extension of a declarative sentence is its truth value).

1995, Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa, A Companion to Metaphysics:

(logic) Having the same extension—the object or set of objects to which a term refers.


quantification

quantification (countable and uncountable, plural quantifications)

Coined by Scottish philosopher Sir William Hamilton: "quantification of the predicate".

(logic) A limitation that is imposed on the variables of a proposition.


vacuously

en-adv

vacuously (comparative more vacuously, superlative most vacuously)

more vacuously (comparative)
most vacuously (superlative)

The statement is vacuously true because P is false and P implies Q.

(logic) Because of being a vacuous truth.


soundness

en-noun

soundness (countable and uncountable, plural soundnesses)

From Middle English soundenes, soundnes, from Old English *sundnes, *ġesundnes (attested in onsundnes), from Proto-West Germanic *sundnassī (“soundness, health”); equivalent to sound + -ness. Cognate with West Frisian sûnens (“soundness, health”), Middle Low German suntnisse (“soundness, health”), Middle High German suntnisse (“soundness, health”), German Gesundnis (“health”).

cog

(logic) The property (of an argument) of not only being valid, but also of having true premises.

(logic) The property of a logical theory that whenever a wff is a theorem then it must also be valid. Symbolically, letting T represent a theory within logic L, this can be represented as the property that whenever T⊢φ is true, then T⊨φ must also be true, for any wff φ of logic L.


favoring

Unlike in Smith's case, however, here the relevant intuition does not concern a particular example, but moral favorings in general. Intuitively, it is said, what we morally ought to do simply does not depend on what we want to do.

2018, Stefan Fischer, The Origin of Oughtness: A Case for Metaethical Conativism, page 69:

(philosophy) The act or state by which one favors something; preference.


perdure

en-verb

perdure (third-person singular simple present perdures, present participle perduring, simple past and past participle perdured)

perdures (present singular third-person)
perduring (participle present)
perdured (participle past)
perdured (past)

(intransitive, philosophy) To exist in such a way as to possess distinct temporal parts (in perdurantism).


trine

From Middle English trine, from Middle French trin, from Latin trīnus.

The physicians refer this to their temperament, astrologers to trine and sextile aspects, or opposite of their several ascendants, lords of their genitures, love and hatred of planets […]

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition III, section 1, member 2, subsection ii:

(astrology) Denoting the aspect of two celestial bodies which are 120° apart.


trine

(astrology) An aspect of two astrological bodies when 120° apart.


trine

trine (third-person singular simple present trines, present participle trining, simple past and past participle trined)

trines (present singular third-person)
trining (participle present)
trined (participle past)
trined (past)

By fortune he [Saturn] was now to Venus trined.

1697, Virgil, “Palamon and Arcite”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

(transitive, astrology) To put in the aspect of a trine.


paradigmatic

en-adj

paradigmatic (comparative more paradigmatic, superlative most paradigmatic)

more paradigmatic (comparative)
most paradigmatic (superlative)

From French paradigmatique, from Ancient Greek πᾰρᾰδειγμᾰτῐκός (părădeigmătĭkós).

der

πᾰρᾰδειγμᾰτῐκός

(philosophy) Related as members of a substitution class.


herstory

en-noun

herstory (countable and uncountable, plural herstories)

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Wordplay: blend of her + history, derived as though the first syllable in history were his, the male determiner.

(feminism) Any historical writing by or about women.


eclecticism

eclecticism (countable and uncountable, plural eclecticisms)

(philosophy) An approach to thought that draws upon multiple theories to gain complementary insights into phenomena

eklekticismus

philosophy: approach that draws on multiple theories


money tree

(Chinese mythology) A kind of holy tree believed to bring money and good fortune.


rational egoism

This emotional feat does not seem to me possible and therefore I must admit that a man who embraces the principle of Rational Egoism cuts himself off from the special pleasure that attends this absolute sacrifice and suppression of self.

1886, J. Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory, Vol. 2, 2nd rev. Ed., Macmillan and Co., New York, p 343

A few like the Stoics could conceive of a general or collective utility more like the Epicureans could develop a rational egoism and at least make some effort to practice it but to the majority educated under the older religions the failure of those religions meant the substitution of an irrational egoism.

1893, Arthur T. Hadley, The Yale Review, Vol 1. May 1892 – Feb. 1893, Ginn & Co., New York, p 363

(philosophy) The doctrine that it is rational to act in one's own self-interest.


giantess

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-giantess.wav

From Middle English geauntesse, geaunesse, from Old French; equivalent to giant + -ess.

He spide far off a mighty Giauntesse / Fast flying, on a Courser dapled gray […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto VII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

In the corner lay against the wall a stringed instrument not unlike a dulcimer, which, as people believe, the Giantesses used to play on.

1828, Thomas Keightley, The Fairy Mythology, volume I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth, page 218:

The giantess picked him up and gave him such a squeeze that he felt he was going to choke.

1926, Enid Blyton, The Book of Brownies:

The giantesses lift arms like the trunks of sycamores, each finger tipped with an amaranthine talon.

1981, Gene Wolfe, chapter VIII, in The Claw of the Conciliator (The Book of the New Sun; 2), New York: Timescape, →ISBN, page 72:


ontological shock

ontological shock (countable and uncountable, plural ontological shocks)

(philosophy) The state of being forced to question one's worldview.


populism

populism (countable and uncountable, plural populisms)

(philosophy) A political doctrine or philosophy that proposes that the rights and powers of ordinary people are exploited by a privileged elite, and supports their struggle to overcome this.


reverse discrimination

In one instance, Title VII authorizes reverse discrimination. The act gives employers ranging from Minnesota wild-rice farmers to New Mexico electronics manufacturers the option of hiring only American Indians.

1965 July 9, “Statutes: Sex & VII”, in Time:

Alan Bakke at the University of California At Davis Medical School, Karen Hopwood at the law school of the University of Texas, and Jennifer Gratz at the University of Michigan all have argued successfully in court that they were the victims of reverse discrimination because blacks were given preferential treatment in the admissions process at these schools.

2002, “Why Affirmative Action Does Little Harm to White Students”, in The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, number 36, page 21:

(law, ethics, public policy) The policy or practice of discriminating against members of a designated group which has in the past unfairly received preferential treatment in social, legal, educational, or employment situations, with the intention of benefiting one or more other groups (such as racial, disabled, or gender groups) that have previously been discriminated against.

逆向歧視 /逆向歧视

advantaging minority groups who have traditionally been discriminated


ascendent

[T]hey ſay that Jeſus in his natiuitie, had for his aſcendent, the ſigne of Virgo in her firſt face, as they terme it, […]

1587, Philip of Mornay [i.e., Philippe de Mornay], “A Solution of the Obiections of the Heathen ageinst Iesus, the Sonne of God”, in Philip Sidney, Arthur Golding, transl., A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion, […], London: […] [John Charlewood and] George Robinson for Thomas Cadman, […], →OCLC, page 619:

At my Nativity, my aſcendent vvas the earthly ſigne of Scorpius, I vvas borne in the Planetary houre of Saturne, and I think I have a piece of that Leaden Planet in me.

1642, Tho[mas] Browne, “The Second Part”, in Religio Medici. […], 4th edition, London: […] E. Cotes for Andrew Crook […], published 1656, →OCLC, section 11, page 164:

[T]here can be no reaſon yeilded neither in nature, nor in relation, vvherefore, if it have lavvfully mounted thus high, it ſhould not be a Lordly aſcendent in the horoſcope of the Church, from Primate to Patriarch, and ſo to Pope.

1642 (indicated as 1641), John Milton, “That Prelaty was Not Set Up for Prevention of Schisme, as is Pretended, or if It were, that It Performes Not what It was First Set Up for, but quite the Contrary”, in The Reason of Church-governement Urg’d against Prelaty […], London: […] E[dward] G[riffin] for Iohn Rothwell, […], →OCLC, 1st book, page 25:

(chiefly astrology) Archaic spelling of ascendant.


capitalist realism

Possibly coined in 1963 when it was used as the title of an art exhibition/performance in Düsseldorf, alluding to socialist realism. The term was later reused in a political philosophy context by cultural theorist Mark Fisher.

It captures the psychic transformation this generation has gone through: smashing through the glass at Millbank, struggling through the hard lines of the kettle, and finally piercing capitalist realism's façade: an aperture through which now flows […]

2011, Dan Hancox, Summer of Unrest: Kettled Youth: The Battle Against the Neoliberal Endgame, Random House, →ISBN:

With regard to The Wire, this definition has largely revolved around the capitalist realism of society, or the reality that money rules and determines everything.

2013, David Bzdak, Joanna Crosby, Seth Vannatta, The Wire and Philosophy: This America, Man, Open Court, →ISBN, page 167:

In the face of the 'grand narrative' of capitalist realism, the film counters with a demystifying alternative story, erecting a protective shield to insulate the informed viewer from the shock effect of the neo-liberal narrative.

2013, Bruce Bennett, The Cinema of Michael Winterbottom: Borders, Intimacy, Terror, Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 164:

With each new stage in postmodernity, from its post-Keynesian beginning to the “end of history” period, and even today in capitalist realism, the film has received new treatment, marking the historical moment in some way. It is postmodern simulation and simulacra of itself.

2017 July 19, Matthew Flisfeder, “Future Imperfect; or, "It's Easier to Imagine the End of the World..."”, in Red Wedge Magazine:

(politics, philosophy) An ideological framework for viewing capitalism and its effects on politics, economics, and public thought.


philosopheme

Borrowed from the Ancient Greek φιλοσόφημα (philosóphēma, “syllogism”) via Latin philosophema (“syllogism”). The Greek was formed from φιλοσοφέω (philosophéō, “to philosophize or pursue knowledge”) and the nominalizing suffix -μα (-ma).

uder

This, the most venerable, and perhaps the most ancient, of Grecian mythi, is a philosopheme.

1825, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Prometheus of Aeschylus:

Heidegger makes of distortions of bits of ordinary German — particularly nominalisations of prepositions — and his extensive use of a large number of the obscurer philosophemes (big words) of the tradition.

1991, Kevin Mulligan, “How Not to Read: Derrida on Husserl”, in Topoi, volume 10, number 2, →DOI:

..in those works by Schelling, the didactic tone passes into one of rebuke: readers are frequently taken to task in advance for their inability to understand. Incomprehensible to the reader of his own philosophemes which arise from want of cleverness in his own thinking.

1994, Dan Potter, “Real Philosophy minus Pretense: Searle on Schelling”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) A philosophical statement, theorem or axiom.

philosophème

a philosophical statement, theorem or axiom


shero

Packing estrogen and, not infrequently, a pen and a sword, sheroes come in every imaginable shape, size, and color, and manifest their sheroism in infinite ways.

1998, Varla Ventura, Sheroes: Bold, Brash, and Absolutely Unabashed Superwomen from Susan B. Anthony to Xena, Conari Press, →ISBN, →OL:

Every human grouping, whether it's just two people, a family, people in the neighborhood, people in the city, in a nation, a tribe, a species; people live in direct relation to the heroes and the sheroes they have.

2006 November 30, Dave Chappelle & Maya Angelou (Iconoclasts), season 2, episode 6, Maya Angelou (actor), via Sundance:

He talks about how we must remember the unsung heroes and sheroes of the Talahassee boycott, of the movement in general, and finally, he wonders how C. K. Steele would be accepted here.

2010 April 1, Ana Maria Spagna, Test Ride on the Sunnyland Bus: A Daughter's Civil Rights Journey, University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN:

“They are nobodies. They could be silenced tomorrow. They are sheroes, to the world.”

2012 August 17, Melena Ryzik, quoting Kate Conroy, “In New York, a Show of Solidarity for Russian Punk Band”, in New York Times:


Polyphemus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Polyphemus.wav

From Latin Polyphēmus, from Ancient Greek Πολύφημος (Polúphēmos, from πολύ (polú) + φήμη (phḗmē) + -ος (-os), literally “many-voiced”, “much spoken of”, or “abounding in songs and legends”).

der

(Greek mythology) A cyclops in Homer's Odyssey.


postulation

en-noun

postulation (countable and uncountable, plural postulations)

(logic) Something self-evident that can be assumed as the basis of an argument.


potentiality

potentiality (countable and uncountable, plural potentialities)

(philosophy) A possibility or capacity to be something, as opposed to an actuality describing what something actually is at present.


first-order

(mathematics, logic) Of one of a series of models, languages, relationship, forms of logical discourse, etc., being the simplest one or the first in a sequence.


second-order

(mathematics, logic) Denoting the second in a numerical sequence of models, languages, relationships, forms of logical discourse etc.


Boolean algebra

Boolean algebra (plural Boolean algebras)

Named after George Boole (1815–1864), an English mathematician, educator, philosopher and logician.

(algebra, logic, computing) Specifically, an algebra in which all elements can take only one of two values (typically 0 and 1, or "true" and "false") and are subject to operations based on AND, OR and NOT


Boolean function

Boolean function (plural Boolean functions)

(algebra, logic, computing) Any function based on the operations AND, OR and NOT, and whose elements are from the domain of Boolean algebra

fonction booléenne

function based on AND, OR and NOT operations


Boolean variable

Boolean variable (plural Boolean variables)

(mathematics, logic, computing) Any variable, from the domain of Boolean algebra, having one of only two values

totuusarvomuuttuja

variable from the domain of Boolean algebra


Boolean logic

Boolean logic (usually uncountable, plural Boolean logics)

Boolean logic can be shown to be "embedded" in integer arithmetic (modulo 2) by assigning polynomials to logical connectives, like so: operatorname NOT(x)=1-x,  operatorname AND(x,y)=xy,  operatorname OR(x,y)=x+y-xy.

(computing, logic, mathematics) A system of symbolic logic that is the basis of Boolean algebra


Agamemnon

/ˌæɡəˈmɛmnɒn/

/ˌæɡəˈmɛmnən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Agamemnon.wav

From Ancient Greek Ἀγαμέμνων (Agamémnōn, “very resolute”).

bor

(Greek mythology) One of the most distinguished heroes of Greek mythology. He is the son of King Atreus of Mycenae and Queen Aerope and the brother of Menelaus. He is famous for rallying the Greeks in the Trojan War, yet infamous for the sacrifice of his daughter Iphigenia at the commencement of the war.


two-sided

(logic, of a modality) That is necessarily or absolutely different than the respective coordinate alethic or temporal modality as well as its opposite.


bioethics

This graded appreciation of the developing moral status of human life, especially during its prenatal stages, is deeply relevant to some of the most important bioethics debates of our day.

1999, Ronald M. Green, “Jewish Teaching on the Sanctity and Quality of Life”, in Edmund D. Pellegrino, Alan I. Faden, editors, Jewish and Catholic Bioethics: An Ecumenical Dialogue, page 33:

2006, Florencia Luna, Arleen L. F. Salles, One: Latin American Bioethics: Some Reflections, Florencia Luna (editor), Bioethics and Vulnerability: A Latin American View, page 9,
Bioethics has been defined as the critical and systematic reflection on ethical issues in healthcare, biological and medical research, and public health. […] In the United States, the emergence of modern bioethics has been characterized by a shift away from the religious and medical considerations that initially dominated the discourse to more philosophical and legal concepts.

Despite the enormous breadth of bioethics, which ranges from interpersonal conflicts in medical practice, to ethical issues in animal and human subjects research, to policy formation in health care and the sciences, the bioethics field may be united by two common characteristics.
First, bioethics is by nature a highly interdisciplinary activity.[…]Secondly, biothics tends to be practiced today along the main modalities of the ethics of modernity.

2013, Insoo Hyun, “x2”, in Bioethics and the Future of Stem Cell Research, page 14:

(ethics) The branch of ethics that studies the implications of biological and biomedical advances.


supervene

en-verb

supervene (third-person singular simple present supervenes, present participle supervening, simple past and past participle supervened)

supervenes (present singular third-person)
supervening (participle present)
supervened (participle past)
supervened (past)

From Latin supervenīre (“come over or upon, overtake”), from super (“above”) + veniō (“come”).

der

For instance, an idiosyncratic necessitist might claim that even if a river were not spatiotemporally located, it would still be ugly or beautiful in ways that do not supervene on anything else.

2018, Juhani Yli-Vakkuri, Mark McCullagh, editors, Williamson on Modality, Routledge, →ISBN, page 123:

(philosophy, followed by on) To be dependent on something else for existence, truth, or instantiation.


Sigurd

From Old Norse Sigurðr, from sigr (“victory”) + varðr, vǫrðr (“guard”). This is the name of the legendary Eddaic character corresponding to Siegfried, the hero of the Nibelungenlied, but the names are not exact cognates. Sigfrid is a saint's name in Scandinavia.

(Norse mythology) The principal hero of the Volsungasaga and of the Elder Edda's Niflung cycle, who slew a dragon.


Siegfried

(Germanic mythology) Hero of the Nibelungenlied who defeated the Icelandic queen Brunhild.


Pallas

From Ancient Greek Παλλάς (Pallás) (f.) or Πάλλας (Pállas) (m.), from πάλλω (pállō, “to poise, sway, or swing”), but explained here by the ancients as more specifically meaning to brandish something. In Athena's conventional iconography, she was often depicted with a spear or a shield. Thus the epithet was explained as referring to her brandishing these things.

(Greek mythology) Any of several people in Greek mythology:

An epithet for Athena, always used together with the name, as Pallas Athena, rather than alone.

One of the Titans, according to Hesiod the son of the Titans Crius and Eurybia.


Pandora's box

(Greek mythology) A box given to Pandora by Zeus, whose instructions stated that it must not be opened, and were then ignored, leading to disastrous consequences.


individualism

en-noun

individualism (countable and uncountable, plural individualisms)

collectivism

antonym(s) of “acting without reference to others”

Borrowed from French individualisme. By surface analysis, individual + -ism.

(logic) The doctrine that only individual things are real.

(philosophy) The doctrine that nothing exists but the individual self.


equipollence

equipollence (countable and uncountable, plural equipollences)

equipollences (plural)
equipollency (alternative)

(logic) Sameness of signification of two or more propositions which differ in language.

equipol·lència

sameness of signification of two or more propositions


equipollent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-equipollent.wav

From French équipollent, from Latin aequipollēns.

(logic, of each of two statements) able to be deduced from the other


predication

predication (countable and uncountable, plural predications)

predications (plural)
prædication (alternative archaic)

From Middle English predicacion, from Anglo-Norman predicaciun, from Latin praedicātiō, from praedicō.

(logic) The act of making something the subject or predicate of a proposition.

Prädikation

The action of making a term or expression the predicate of a statement


episteme

episteme (plural epistemes or epistemai)

epistemes (plural)
epistemai (plural)
epistemé (alternative)
epistêmê (alternative)

From Ancient Greek ἐπιστήμη (epistḗmē, “knowledge”).

bor

(philosophy) Scientific knowledge; a principled system of understanding; sometimes contrasted with empiricism.

épistémè

philosophy (general): scientific knowledge

(specifically Ancient Greek philosophy) know-how; compare techne.


satori

Borrowed from Japanese 覚 (satori), from Middle Chinese 覺 (kaewk, “to become aware, awaken to, dawn on”) (modern Mandarin 覺 /觉 (jué); referring to the creature’s mind-reading ability).

der

The Satori appears in [Toriyama] Sekien's Konjyaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki as a hairy, ape-like, mountain-dwelling creature that can read people's minds[…].

2010, Zilia Papp, “Art History Meets Gegegeno Kitaro”, in Anime and Its Roots in Early Japanese Monster Art, Folkstone, Kent: Global Oriental, →ISBN, page 112:

Satori is a ghost that can read people's thoughts and haunts the mountains. The hairy Satori appears in an Edo-period book titled Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki. According to the book, Satori can read people's minds, but will not harm them. Even if a frightened person plans to kill him or her, Satori reads his or her mind and simply runs away before he or she can do any harm.

2023, Masami Kinoshita, “Super Scary Yokai”, in The Japanese Yokai Handbook: A Guide to the Spookiest Ghosts, Demons, Monsters and Evil Creatures from Japanese Folklore, Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing, →ISBN, page 29:

This is most likely a type of Yokai called a Satori. They have the ability to read people's minds. And like with Satori, the only way to get rid of them is with a sudden, unexpected attack. […] The ability to read minds is dangerous, but it doesn't give the ability to predict sudden actions.

2023, Kenji Murakami, “Yokai Countermeasures and Weaknesses”, in Zack Davisson, transl., Strange Japanese Yokai: A Guide to the Weird and Wonderful Monsters, Demons and Spirits, North Clarendon, Vt.: Tuttle Publishing, →ISBN, page 89:

(Japanese mythology) A yokai (“supernatural monster”) having the form of a mind-reading monkey-like creature said to dwell in the mountains of the historical Japanese provinces of Hida and Mino (present-day Gifu Prefecture).

覺 /觉

yokai having the form of a mind-reading monkey-like creature


monovalence

The mystical shell of Hegelian dialectics is ontological monovalence, manifest inter alia in the absence of the concept of determinate absence.

1998, Margaret Archer, Andrew Collier, Critical Realism: Essential Readings, page xxii:

Yet, if the critique of Dialectic is to be followed then these positive aspects of Hegel are swallowed up by his monovalence.

2003, Justin Cruickshank, Critical Realism: the difference it makes, page 34:

The Movement's profound embrace of “Common Sense” philosophy, with its conviction of the monovalence of truth, led to the assumption that all properly thinking people think alike.

2005, Douglas A. Foster, The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), page 627:

(philosophy) The view, dating from Parmenides, that whatever exists must always have existed and cannot ever change or cease to exist.


ferryman

(Greek mythology, usually preceded by the) Charon.


prenex

Borrowed from Late Latin praenexus (“bound up in front”), from Latin prae- (“before”) and nexus, past participle of nectō (“to bind”).

bor+

We say that ϕ is universal iff it can be written in prenex form — i.e. with all quantifiers at the beginning — using only universal quantifiers.

1999, Neil Immerman, Descriptive Complexity, New York: Springer-Verlag, page 12

(mathematics, logic) Of a formula, having all of its quantifiers at the beginning.


prenex

∀x.∃y. is the prenex of the formula ∀x.∃y.P(x,y)

(mathematics, logic) The initial part of a prenex formula where all of the formula's bound variables are bound by logical quantifiers.


haecceity

en-noun

haecceity (countable and uncountable, plural haecceities)

haecceities (plural)
hæcceity (alternative)
ecceity (alternative)

From Medieval Latin haecceitas (“thisness”) coined by Duns Scotus (from haec (“this, these”)) + -ity.

He [Ignatius of Loyola] ſaith not this of ſome one Church, but of all; nor yet as of an accident proper to thoſe times of the Churches minority; but as of the Notes of every Churches Individuation or Hæcceity as they ſpeak. The Unity of the Church is characteriſed by One Altar, and One Biſhop with the Presbytery and Deacons.

1681, Richard Baxter, Church-history of the Government of Bishops and their Councils Abbreviated. Including the Chief Part of the Government of Christian Princes and Popes, and a True Account of the most Troubling Controversies and Heresies till the Reformation […] , London: Printed for Thomas Simmons at the Princes Arms in Ludgate-Street, →OCLC, page 21:

HÆCCEITY [with Chymiſis] the ſame ſpecifick Eſſence or active Principle, by which a Medicine operates.

[1731, N[athan] Bailey, “HÆCCEITY”, in An Universal Etymological English Dictionary: Comprehending the Derivations of the Generality of Words in the English Tongue, Either Ancient or Modern […] , 5th edition, London: Printed for J. and J. Knapton [et al.], →OCLC:

But then, precisely the same distinction is applicable to the Hæcceity itself. For it, too, has its notes of similarity with other Hæcceities, as well as its distinctive notes which add something conceptually distinct from the common Hæcceity.

1879, Thomas [Norton] Harper, The Metaphysics of the School, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 221:

The haecceitist's claim that there exist unexemplified haecceities of disjoint objects is an extremely controversial one. Indeed, many of those who accept an ontology which includes properties vehemently deny the existence of even exemplified haecceities.

1986, Gary Rosenkrantz, “On Objects Totally Out of this World”, in Rudolf Haller, editor, Non-existence and Predication (Grazer philosophische Studien; 25/26), Amsterdam: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 205:

What is there in the nature of individual substance which accounts for its unity and activity? As has been argued, [Gottfried Wilhelm] Leibniz did not regard haecceity as able to play this role, but frequently mentioned substantial form as a principle both of unity and activity. This makes it impossible to identify substantial form with haecceity. The strongest remaining possibility seems to be a composition of substantial form and haecceity within the nature of substance.

1993, Studia Leibnitiana, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, →OCLC, page 51:

Since haec is the Latin term for "this," Scotus and his disciples came to refer to this positive additive that individuates an individual's nature or distinctive qualities as that individual's unique or proper "haecceity" (haecceitas). Haecceity or "thisness" has a twofold function: (1) it makes each individual unique and incapable of duplication, even by an omnipotent God; and (2) it differentiates it radically and ultimately from each and every other individual, whether it be of the same or a specially different type.

2005, John Duns Scotus, edited by Allan B. Wolter, Early Oxford Lecture on Individuation, St. Bonaventure, N.Y.: Franciscan Institute, →ISBN, page xii:

The late-twentieth-century philosopher Roderick Chisholm, in his Person and Object, suggested such a view: that each of us has an inner self-nature, a "haecceity," which is available to introspective experience. This suggestion (which Chisholm later appeared to drop) had the appeal of having it both ways, preserving individuality (everyone's haecceity is different from everyone else's) while insisting on changelessness.

2007, Joel Kupperman, Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 11:

Being asked to present our work in terms of 'technology' seems to somehow imply it as haecceity – as a graspable essence or entity, a 'this-ness'.

2008, Mark Goulthorpe, The Possibility of (an) Architecture …: Collected Essays, Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 75:

[Gilles] Deleuze and [Félix] Guattari often refer to the Individuals composed from elements as haecceities. Haecceities can be characterized by linguistic phrases involving one or more of the following: an indefinite article, a proper name, or an infinitive verb, for example, "the heat of the day" ("What heat!") as opposed to an exact temperature; "a long day" ("What a long day!") as opposed to the day as a set number of hours; […] Depending on the relations of speed and slowness between the unformed elements that make them up, these haecceities have specific "affects," that is, capacities to affect or be affected by other haecceities.

2009, Fred Evans, The Multivoiced Body: Society and Communication in the Age of Diversity, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 39:

Following Charles Peirce, I argued that it is the particular haecceity (the thisness), the come-up-againstness, presented by the natural world provides human beings with a particular physical environment within which actions can be fitted to circumstances in certain ways in order to attempt to bring about certain desired results. Therein lies the most fundamental basis for will, choice, and rationality.

2011, James F[ranklin] Harris, The Ascent of Man: A Philosophy of Human Nature, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, →ISBN, page 93:

This is because [Gilles] Deleuze uses the concept of haecceity in order to advise us to think about a mode of individuation that is "very different" from what we generally consider a form or a subject. A haecceity does not cut out a class of beings, but captures becomings in action.

2013, Anne Sauvagnargues, translated by Samantha Bankston, Deleuze and Art, London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, →ISBN, page 43:

(philosophy) The essence of a particular thing that gives it its unique particularity; those qualities that make an individual this specific individual and not some other.


nahualism

From nahual + -ism. The first element is from Nahuatl nahualli (“sorcerer, spirit, animal form a person may take”).

uder

(folklore, mythology) The Mesoamerican belief that certain human beings can transform into animals.


divine right

the divine right (canonical)
divine right of kings (alternative)

(Christianity, political science, philosophy) The Christian doctrine that monarchs have a God-given right to rule, that they are answerable only to God, and that rebellion is sinful.


predicament

predicaments (plural)
prædicament (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English predicament, from Old French predicament, from Late Latin praedicāmentum (“that which is predicated, a predicament, category”).

der

(logic) That which is predicated; a category.


diurnal arc

(astrology) the path followed by a planet, point, or degree from its rising point to its setting point.

일주호

path from the rising point to the setting point


magick

en-noun

magick (countable and uncountable, plural magicks)

(fantasy or occult) Actual magic or sorcery in fiction or in e.g. Wicca, neopaganism or modern witchcraft, as opposed to illusion or stage magic.


magick

(fantasy or occult) Relating to actual magic or sorcery in fiction or in e.g. Wicca, neopaganism or modern witchcraft, as opposed to illusion or stage magic.


thunderbird

A man there was, grim his expression, just like a Thunderbird his features were frightening.

1999, Andrew George, transl., Gilgamesh, section VII:

(mythology) A mythological bird, often associated with stormy weather, especially in various indigenous North American mythologies.


Kuhnian

The scientific advances spurred a Kuhnian revolution.

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to the philosophy of Thomas Kuhn, especially the theories in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

kuhnovský

of or pertaining to the philosophy of Thomas Kuhn


abjunction

abjunction (countable and uncountable, plural abjunctions)

/æbˈd͡ʒʌŋk.ʃən/

From ab- (“away”) + junction (“to join”).

material nonimplication
material nonimplication#English

(logic) Synonym of material nonimplication


Aeolic

From Latin aeolicus, from Ancient Greek αἰολικός (aiolikós) or Αἰολικός (Aiolikós, “like the Aeolians”).

Æolic (alternative)
Æolick (alternative)
Aiolic (alternative)

(Greek mythology) Of Aeolus, the Ancient Greek god of the wind.

Of, finding its or their origin in, or borne on winds; aerial.

(geology) Owing its creation, formation, or deposition chiefly to the effects of air currents.


Pasiphae

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Πασιφάη (Pasipháē).

(Greek mythology) The daughter of Helios and the sister of Circe. She was raised as a princess at Cholchis, and then given in marriage to King Minos of Crete. With Minos, she was the mother of Ariadne, Androgeus, Glaucus, Deucalion, Phaedra, and Catreus. She was also the mother of the Minotaur.


Götterdämmerung

/ˌɡɒtəˈdæməɹʊŋ/

/ˌɡɑtɚˈdæmɚ.ʊŋ/

[ˌɡɑɾɚˈdɛə̯mɚ.ʊŋ]

Borrowed from German Götterdämmerung (“twilight of the gods”), which see.

bor+

(Norse mythology) The myth of the destruction of the gods in a final battle with the forces of evil; the apocalypse.


predicable

(logic) One of the five most general relations of attributes involved in logical arrangements, namely, genus, species, difference, property, and accident.


syndicalism

en-noun

syndicalism (countable and uncountable, plural syndicalisms)

(socialism) Control of government and industry by labor unions, usually achieved through revolutionary direct action.

սինդիկալիզմ

the belief that capitalism should be replaced with labor unions


shinigami

/ˌʃɪn.ɪˈɡɑːmi/

Borrowing from Japanese 死に神 (shinigami).

(Japanese mythology) A deity and/or personification of death.


couatl

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-couatl.wav

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl cōātl (“snake”); influenced by Quetzalcoatl.

bor+

So rare as to be considered almost legendary, the couatl is one of the most beautiful creatures in existence.

1993, Doug Stewart, Gary Gygax, Monstrous Manual, page 46:

Winged, feathered serpents of considerable size and power, the couatl seeks to defend its territory against all invaders. Couatls are not malicious by nature, and frequently appoint themselves the guardians of humanoids within their domain, provided said humanoids are willing to offer it the occasional tribute.

2012, Timothy Groves, The Book Of Creatures, page 44:

For this reason, a couatl probably won't use it except to save a seriously wounded ally from imminent death, and in that case, it follows up with a sanctuary spell on its next turn, then spends the remainder of combat closely defending that ally.

2019, Keith Ammann, The Monsters Know What They're Doing:

(fantasy, mythology) A feathered flying serpent with psionic abilities.


Hobbesian

en-adj

Hobbesian (comparative more Hobbesian, superlative most Hobbesian)

more Hobbesian (comparative)
most Hobbesian (superlative)
Hobbian (alternative)
Hobbsian (alternative)

From Hobbes (a surname) + -ian; referring to the 17th century English author Thomas Hobbes, whose best-known work, Leviathan, describes the state of nature in terms of unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition.

a Hobbesian theory of the state

(philosophy) Of, relating to, or influenced by Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories.

hobbesovský

relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories


Hobbesian

Hobbesians (plural)
Hobbian (alternative)
Hobbsian (alternative)

Hobbesians purport to describe social order as it is: a constant, iron-fisted effort to crush enemies and to incapacitate criminals.

2019, François Bonnet, The Upper Limit: How Low-Wage Work Defines Punishment and Welfare, →ISBN, page 120:

(philosophy) A follower of the theories of Thomas Hobbes.


categorical

/ˌkætəˈɡɔɹɪk(ə)l/

/ˌkætəˈɡɒɹɪk(ə)l/

/ˌkæʔəˈɡaɹɪk(ə)l/

From Late Latin catēgoricus + -al. By surface analysis, category + -ical.

categorical proposition
categorical proposition


deductive

deductive (comparative more deductive, superlative most deductive)

more deductive (comparative)
most deductive (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-deductive.wav

արտածական

of, pertaining to, or based on deduction

(logic) Based on inferences from general principles.


lifeworld

Calque of German Lebenswelt, coined by German philosopher Edmund Husserl.

(philosophy) The world "as lived" prior to reflective representation or analysis.


technoscience

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-technoscience.wav

Briefly put, strategies of globalization undertaken by the state, capital and technoscience all attempt to negotiate the production of locality in a non place- based way that induces increasingly delocalizing effects.

2002, Ginette Verstraete, Tim Cresswell, Mobilizing Place, Placing Mobility: The Politics of Representation in a Globalized World, Rodopi, page 20:

Technoscience, when well directed, can produce important means of improving the quality of human life, from useful domestic appliances to great transportation systems, bridges, buildings and public spaces.

2015, Pope Francis I, Laudato Si': Encyclical Letter on care for our common home:

(philosophy, social sciences) The study of the technological and social context of science.


recursion theory

(logic) A branch of mathematical logic studying computable functions and Turing degrees, concerned with questions such as "What does it mean for a function on the natural numbers to be computable?" and "Can noncomputable functions be classified into a hierarchy based on their level of noncomputability?".


angel hair

Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Italian capelli d'angelo.

sl

Angel hair consists of thin, cotton-like fibers that are found at the scene of UFO sightings. The strands look like spider webs (which many skeptics assert is precisely what they are) and have been found on houses, on the ground, in trees, and hanging off electrical wires following a UFO sighting.

2019, Stephen Spignesi, William J. Birnes, The Big Book of UFO Facts, Figures & Truth, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(ufology) A sticky, fibrous substance reported in connection with UFO sightings and other paranormal manifestations.


Thoth

Via Latin Thōth from Ancient Greek Θώθ (Thṓth), from Egyptian ḏḥwtj (“Thoth”, literally “he who is like the ibis”). Compare Coptic Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ (Thōout).

der

(Egyptian mythology) The ancient Egyptian moon god of wisdom, learning, and magic, usually depicted as an ibis or baboon.


Tantalus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Tantalus.wav

From Latin Tantalus, from Ancient Greek Τάνταλος (Tántalos). Doublet of tantalus.

(Greek mythology) A Phrygian king who was condemned to remain in Tartarus, chin-deep in water, with fruit-laden branches hanging above his head; whenever he tried to drink or eat, the water and fruit receded out of reach.


vampirism

en-noun

vampirism (usually uncountable, plural vampirisms)

vampirisms (plural)
vampyrism (alternative archaic)

(mythology) The state of being a vampire.


Aesculapius

Learned borrowing from Latin Aesculāpius.

lbor

(Roman mythology) The god of medicine and healing. Greek counterpart: Asclepius.


proof by exhaustion

en-noun

proof by exhaustion (plural proofs by exhaustion)

(logic) The indirect verification or falsification of a statement by the verification or falsification of each of the finite number of cases which arise therefrom.


two wrongs make a right

(logic, ethics) A logical informal fallacy whereby a wrongful action is justified by the commission of another.


Existenz

Unadapted borrowing from German Existenz. Doublet of existence.

ubor

(philosophy) Existence; state of existing.


intuitionistic

Intuitionistic type theory is based on a certain analogy or isomorphism between propositions and types: a proposition is identified with the type of its proofs. This identification is usually called the Curry–Howard isomorphism, which was originally formulated for intuitionistic logic and simply typed lambda calculus. Type Theory extends this identification to predicate logic by introducing dependent types, that is types which contain values. Type Theory internalizes the interpretation of intuitionistic logic proposed by Brouwer, Heyting and Kolmogorov, the so called BHK interpretation. The types of Type Theory play a similar role to sets in set theory but functions definable in Type Theory are always computable.ᵂᴾ

The system, which has come to be known as IZF, or Intuitionistic Zermelo–Fraenkel (ZF refers to ZFC without the axiom of choice), has the usual axioms of extensionality, pairing, union, infinity, separation and power set. The axiom of regularity is stated in the form of an axiom schema of set induction. Also, while Myhill used the axiom schema of replacement in his system, IZF usually stands for the version with collection.ᵂᴾ

proof by contradiction
proof by contradiction

(mathematics, logic) Dealing strictly in constructive proofs, abstaining from proof by contradiction


Eos

From Ancient Greek Ἠώς (Ēṓs, “Greek goddess of the dawn”), from ἠώς (ēṓs, “dawn, daybreak; morning; day; east”). Doublet of Aurora.

der

(Greek mythology) The Greek goddess of the dawn; daughter of Hyperion and Theia, sister of Helios and Selene, wife of Astraeus (god of the dusk), and mother of the four Anemoi ("Winds"), and the five Astra Planeta ("Wandering Stars/Planets"). Her Roman counterpart is Aurora.


sextile

From Latin sextīlis (“one sixth”), from sextus (“sixth”) + īlis (“-ile”).

(astronomy, astrology) Of or denoting the aspect or position of any two celestial bodies separated by 60°.


sextile

(astronomy, astrology) A sextile aspect or position.


Anubis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Anubis.wav

From Latin Anūbis, from Ancient Greek Ἄνουβις (Ánoubis), from Egyptian jnpw, i-n:p-w-E16

(Egyptian mythology) In the mythology of ancient Egypt, the god of the dead and tombs, commonly depicted with the head of a jackal.


suppositum

From the past participle of Latin supponere (“to suppose”).

The answer may be that these relation-ships are generated in every possible world, given any suppositum of a certain least complexity.

1977, David Joel, Weissman - Eternal Possibilities: A Neutral Ground for Meaning and Existence:

(logic) Something supposed to be true; an assumption


Ægir

(Norse mythology) A giant and king of the sea, personifying the power thereof. He is the son of Fornjótr, and the brother of Logi and Kári. He has nine daughters — the billow maidens — by his wife, Rán, namely: Bára, Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, and Unnr.


quodlibet

From Latin quod libet (“that which is pleasing”).

(philosophy) A mode of philosophical debate popular in the Middle Ages, in which any question could be posed extemporaneously.


labrys

From Ancient Greek λάβρυς (lábrus, “axe”), from Lydian 𐤩𐤠𐤡𐤭𐤧𐤳 (lapryš).

(mythology) A double-headed axe in Minoan mythology.


coinduction

en-noun

coinduction (countable and uncountable, plural coinductions)

(logic) A form of induction that allows some form of reasoning concerning sets that are not well founded; uses a form of relation called a bisimulation


bisimulation

equivalence relation
equivalence relation

state transition system
state transition system

(logic) an equivalence relation between state transition systems, associating systems which behave in the same way in the sense that one system simulates the other and vice-versa


indemonstrable

(philosophy) An indemonstrable proposition, especially one taken as axiomatic.


maximal

(logic) Said of a set of well-formed formulas: that it is as large as it can be without being inconsistent; i.e. that for any well-formed formula φ, the set contains either φ or ~φ.


Maia

(Greek mythology) Daughter of Atlas and mother of Hermes.

(Roman mythology) The goddess of growth after whom the month May (Latin maius) was named.


symbolic logic

symbolic logic (usually uncountable, plural symbolic logics)

(logic) A formal system of deductive logic in which aspects and relationships of natural language are represented by a system of symbols.


sequent

1550s; borrowed from Middle French sequent, from Old French sequent, itself borrowed from Latin sequentem, present participle of sequī (“to follow”).

A sequent a,b⊢c,d could be interpreted to correspond to an Existential Graph, whose expression in Existential Graph Interchange Format would be
~[(a) (b) ~[(c)] ~[(d)]], which in ordinary language could be expressed as "a and b give c or d".

(logic) A disjunctive set of logical formulae which is partitioned into two subsets; the first subset, called the antecedent, consists of formulae which are valuated as false, and the second subset, called the succedent, consists of formulae which are valuated as true. (The set is written without set brackets and the separation between the two subsets is denoted by a turnstile symbol, which may be read "give(s)".)


quinary

From the Latin quīnārius (“containing five each”), from quīnī (“five each”, “five at a time”) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French quinaire, the Italian quinario, and the Portuguese quinário. Doublet of quinarius.

der

(astrology) Any of 72 rays associated with the Sun, six for each of the 12 houses of the Zodiac.


cosmological argument

en-noun

cosmological argument (plural cosmological arguments)

(theology, philosophy) A type of argument for the existence of God arguing that since every thing and event that begins at a point in time has a cause, there must be an uncaused first cause.


performative

en-adj

performative (comparative more performative, superlative most performative)

more performative (comparative)
most performative (superlative)

Saying "I do" as part of a wedding ceremony is performative, enacting a marriage.

Thus in the example: 'By saying “I do” I was marrying her', the performative 'I do' is a means to the end of marriage. Here 'saying' is used in the sense in which it takes inverted commas and is using words or language, a phatic and not[…]

1975 April 15, J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words: Second Edition, Harvard University Press, →ISBN:

(philosophy, linguistics) Being enacted as it is said.


Mjollnir

Mjöllnir (alternative)
Mjollner (alternative)
Mjolnir (alternative)
Mjölnir (alternative)
Mjølnir (alternative)
Mjolner (alternative)
Mjölner (alternative)
Mjølner (alternative)

Borrowed from Old Norse Mjǫllnir, from Proto-Germanic *meldunjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”). Compare Old Norse mjuln (“fire”), Welsh mellt, Slovene mółnja, Russian мо́лния (mólnija).

(Norse mythology) The hammer of the Norse god Thor.


deontological

deontological (comparative more deontological, superlative most deontological)

more deontological (comparative)
most deontological (superlative)

From deontology + -ical (1832). The specialised sense in normative ethics is due to C. D. Broad (1930).

Deontological theories hold that there are ethical propositions of the form: 'Such and such a kind of action would always be right (or wrong) in such and such circumstances, no matter what its consequences might be.'

1930, C. D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory, 206f:

(ethics, philosophy) Of or relating to deontology.


dao

From the pinyin romanization of Chinese 道 (Dào, literally “the Way”) or (dào, "circuit").

(Chinese philosophy) Alternative form of Tao: the way of nature and/or the ideal way to live one's life.


unsayable

unsayable (comparative more unsayable, superlative most unsayable)

more unsayable (comparative)
most unsayable (superlative)

Whatsoever has been said before me, even on any subject, surely it belongs thereto that it can be repeated by me in rehearsal, and hence it does not seem possible that in this sense it should be so fitly called unspeakable or unsayable.

1851, John Kitto, The Journal of sacred literature, Oxford University, page 296:

Nonetheless, in some unsayable way, value sentences are about values and reflect the structure of values.

1938, G. E. Moore, Ethics, University of Chicago Press, page 215:

The unsaid drives us to “speak;” but, in some ways, there are limitations on what we can say, because some part always remains unsaid — we must always attempt to say the unsayable.

2004, Daniel Fidel Ferrer, Philosophical Aphorisms: Critical Encounters with Heidegger and Nietzsche, page 97:


defeasible

defeasible (comparative more defeasible, superlative most defeasible)

more defeasible (comparative)
most defeasible (superlative)

Back-formation from defeasance + -ible, from Anglo-Norman defesaunce, Old French desfaisance, a deverbal noun from desfaire (“to undo”) (Modern French défaire), from des- (“un-, apart”) + fere, faire (“to do”) + -able, reflecting Latin dis- + facere + -ābilis. Near-doublet of defeatable.

The accounting charge for the non-callable debt is defeasible by an escrow.

(law, logic) Capable of being defeated, terminated, annulled, voided or invalidated.

breekbaar

capable of being defeated, invalidated, …


factored

A radical in final factored form is written last, proceeded by the other factors listed with numbers before letters (variables); and variables are usually listed in alphabetical order.

1998, Walter W. Leffin, George L. Henderson, Mary Van Beck Voelker, Introduction to Technical Mathematics:

An alternative representation (to sum-of-product form) of a logic function which is closer to the physical implementation of the logic is the factored form.

2005, Gary D. Hachtel, Fabio Somenzi, Logic Synthesis and Verification Algorithms, page 417:

It follows from this definition that in factored expressions, complements are permitted only for the literals.

2018, Vlad P. Shmerko, Svetlana N. Yanushkevich, Sergey Edward Lyshevski, Computer Arithmetics for Nanoelectronics, page 333:

(mathematics, logic) Expressed in terms of factors (values that are multiplied together to form a whole)


wendigo

en-noun

wendigo (plural wendigo or wendigos or wendigoes)

wendigo (plural)
wendigos (plural)
wendigoes (plural)
weendigo (alternative)
wiindigoo (alternative)
windago (alternative)
windiga (alternative)
windigo (alternative)
witigo (alternative)

Borrowed from Ojibwe wiindigoo, from Proto-Algonquian *wi·nteko·wa (“owl; malevolent spirit, cannibalistic monster”). Compare Cree wihtikow, ᐃᐧᐦᑎᑯᐤ (iyhtikow, “greedy person; cannibal; giant man-eating monster”).

der

Through the pine woods of Keewaydin, / Over the snows of Shebandowan, / The Wendigo roams in the winter's frost / And pursues to destruction the hunter. / Yet no man can meet with the Wendigo, / No man can face him or see him; / Only his track in the snow is seen, / And lost is the hunter that sees it. […] The heart that ne'er quailed on the war-path / Turns to stone at the name of the Wendigo.

1905, Ernest Thompson Seton, “The Wendigo: Winter Death”, in Woodmyth & Fable, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC, page 161:

The Windigo is a flesh-eating, wintry demon with a man buried deep inside of it. In some Chippewa stories, a young girl vanquishes this monster by forcing boiling lard down its throat, thereby releasing the human at the core of ice.

1984, Louise Erdrich, “Windigo”, in Jacklight, New York, N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, →ISBN:

The noun windigo [Ojibwa wīntikō, Cree wīhtikōw] refers to one of a class of anthropophagous monsters, “supernatural” from a non-Algonquian perspective, who exhibit grotesque physical and behavioral abnormalities and possess great spiritual and physical power.

1988 fall, Robert A. Brightman, “The Windigo in the Material World”, in Ethnohistory, volume 35, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, page 337:

A series of ‘wendigo’ killings – a ‘wendigo’ was an evil spirit clothed in human flesh – brought to the attention of Canadian law around the turn of the twentieth century represent the extension of Canadian law to the heart of traditional Indian culture. These killings, however, also represent the extent to which some of the First Nations defied or ignored that law. […] Machekequonabe, an Ojibwa, was found guilty of manslaughter in an 1896 trial for killing what he believed to be a wendigo. […] Furthermore, in additional cases it seems that Indians, in order to protect their religious and cultural beliefs from Canadian law, carefully distorted the facts of homicide cases to conceal that they were wendigo killings.

1998, Sidney L. Harring, “‘The Enforcement of the Extreme Penalty’: Canadian Law and the Ojibwa-Cree Spirit World”, in White Man’s Law: Native People in Nineteenth-century Canadian Jurisprudence, Toronto, Ont., Buffalo, N.Y., London: Published for The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press, →ISBN:

Suddenly, I was certain what I had found had been the rest of the dead girl. I told the others about it, then added, "God Almighty. It must have been eating her." / "I think I know this creature," said Gwennie, and we all looked at her. "It called a wendigo. A most terrible thing." […] / Gwennie shook her head. "It is an evil creature. I hear of it once when I traveled far from here. The Ojibwe brave who told me about creature say it is a beast of the north, of the cold."

2004 September, Michael Jensen, chapter 9, in Firelands, Los Angeles, Calif.: Alyson Books, →ISBN, page 130:

No one is safe in such times, not even the Cree of Mushkegowuk. War touches everyone, and windigos spring from the earth.

2005, Joseph Boyden, Three Day Road: A Novel, Toronto, Ont.: Viking Canada, →ISBN; republished Toronto, Ont.: Penguin Canada, 2008, →ISBN, page 49:

[Abstract, page iv] To close, I demarcate the trend of American television shows to appropriate the wendigo, ascertaining a fundamental misunderstanding of indigenous cultural beliefs by American popular culture. […] [Introduction, page 2] The wendigo is a cannibal monster from the traditional stories of many northern tribes, specifically the Anishinabe stories, and is most often associated with winter and desperate hunger.

2016, Michelle Lietz, Cannibalism in Contact Narratives and the Evolution of the Wendigo (unpublished M.A. dissertation), Ypsilanti, Mich.: Eastern Michigan University, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-07-12, pages iv and 2:

(mythology) A malevolent and violent cannibal spirit found in Anishinaabe, Ojibwe, and Cree mythology, which is said to inhabit the body of a living person and possess him or her to commit murder.

وِينْدِيجُو

malevolent and violent cannibal spirit in Anishinaabe, Ojibwe, and Cree mythology


metaethics

From meta- + ethics. First attested in the 1930s.

meta-ethics (alternative)
metaëthics (alternative)
metethics (alternative)

However, he holds that ethics is not capable of proving cruelty—or happiness, for that matter—to be either good or bad. This view of the limitations of the reasoning of normative ethics belongs to metaethics.

1985, Kenneth Blackwell, The Spinozistic Ethics of Bertrand Russell, volume 1, →ISBN, page 6:

With respect to metaethics, some philosophers, known as cognitivists, believe that it is possible to identify objective criteria for determining what is ethically right or wrong, or good and bad. Others, however, question whether this is possible.

2006, Frederic G. Reamer, Social Work Values and Ethics, 3rd edition, →ISBN, page 62:

(ethics) The study of the nature and meaning of moral judgments, and the foundations and the possibility of ethical reasoning as such.


metaethical

In particular, I argue that (i) moral folkism leads us to the deflationary conclusion that many of the normative and metaethical questions that philosophers discuss are settled by empirical facts about what ordinary folk happen to mean by their words — and so they're not settled by mind-independent facts about reality.

2020, Mark Balaguer, “Moral Folkism and the Deflation of (Lots of) Normative and Metaethics”, in José L. Falguera, Concha Martínez-Vidal, editor, Abstract Objects: For and Against, page 297:

(ethics) Of or pertaining to metaethics.


percipient

From Latin percipiēns, present participle of percipiō (“to perceive”).

As anatomy, physiology and, later, psychology have developed into more or less well-organized sciences, they have necessarily and rightly come to incorporate the study of, among other things, the structures, mechanisms, and functionings of animal and human bodies qua percipient.

1954: Gilbert Ryle, Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953, dilemma vii: Perception, page 99 (The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press)

(philosophy, psychology) One who perceives something.


Cerberus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Cerberus.wav

From Latin Cerberus, from Ancient Greek Κέρβερος (Kérberos), of unknown origin.

(Greek mythology) The giant three-headed dog who guards the entrance to Hades; and one of the many offspring of Echidna and Typhon.


essentialism

en-noun

essentialism (countable and uncountable, plural essentialisms)

More problematic is the essentialism that interests modal logicians, namely "the view that some attributes belong to an object by necessity whereas others belong to it contingently."

1991, Garth L. Hallett, Essentialism: A Wittgensteinian Critique, →ISBN, page 2:

Opponents of essentialism argue that "essences" are simply creations of language and culture.

2004, Kelly James Clark, Richard Lints, James K. A. Smith, 101 Key Terms in Philosophy and Their Importance for Theology, →ISBN, page 21:

(philosophy) The view that objects have properties that are essential to them.

اَلْجَوْهَرَانِيَّة

I should also mention that Rousseau's essentialism, unlike many of his contemporaries', is rather limited.

2007, Mark Sydney Cladis, Public Vision, Private Lives, →ISBN, page 85:

But they fed what they saw as raw, unguarded essentialism into work that was anything but naive. Rousseau was a naïf himself; his work as seductively strange to the other modernists as an ancient Iberian sculpture or a child’s drawing.

2015 June 17, Rachel Spence, “Henri Rousseau: Archaic Candour, Palazzo Ducale, Venice”, in Financial Times:

(philosophy) The theory that human beings are by nature (i.e. essentially) good and that evil is the product of society.


Olympian

From Late Middle English Olympyan, from Latin Olympius (“of or relating to Mount Olympus”) and its etymon Ancient Greek Ὀλῠ́μπῐος (Olŭ́mpĭos, “of or relating to Mount Olympus; living on Mount Olympus; Olympian”) + English -an (suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘of or pertaining to’, or forming agent nouns). Ὀλῠ́μπῐος (Olŭ́mpĭos) is derived from Ὄλῠμπος (Ólŭmpos, “Mount Olympus”) (from Pre-Greek) + -ῐος (-ĭos, suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘of or pertaining to’).

affix

Pauſanias's account is related pretty faithfully there, if we except two errors, one, that Arcas an Olympian mixed ſome Hippomanes with the brazen ſtatue, the other that he caſt a mare. […] We do not find in the author's Latin, that Arcas the Olympian mixed ſome Hippomanes, &c.

1741, [Pierre] Bayle, “A Dissertation Concerning the Hippomanes”, in John Peter Bernard, Thomas Birch, John Lockman, et al., transl., A General Dictionary, Historical and Critical: […], volume X, London: […] James Bettenham, for G[eorge] Strahan, J. Clarke, […], →OCLC, page 361:

Midas longed for gold, and insulted the Olympians. He got gold, so that whatsoever he touched became gold—and he, with his long ears, was little the better for it.

1843 April, Thomas Carlyle, “Morrison’s Pill”, in Past and Present, American edition, Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, published 1843, →OCLC, book I (Proem), page 15:

(Greek mythology) Any of the 12 principal gods and goddesses of the Greek pantheon (Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Demeter, and Hades); (specifically) preceded by the: Zeus, the supreme ruler of the Greek deities.

olympolainen

any of the 12 principal gods and goddesses of the Greek pantheon

(philosophy and theology) In the Platonist theology of Plethon, a god in one group of supercelestial gods, the other group of such gods being the Tartareans or Titans.


vespertine

From Middle English vespertyne, from Latin vespertīnus (“evening”).

matutinal

of, related to, or occurring in the evening

But, owing to the vespertine configuration of Jupiter and Mars, as well as the masculine condition of the anterior parts of the triplicity, and the feminine condition of its latter parts, the said nations regard women with scorn and indifference.

1822, Claudius Ptolemy, translated by J. M. Ashmand, Tetrabiblos, published 2002, page 44:

Finally, he^([Ptolemy]) says that the vespertine or second stations of the planets, especially those posited in the I.C. [4th House], and in the case of Mercury and Venus, when they are vespertine in day charts but matutine in night charts, signify temperaments that are ingenious, capable of hard work, and able to discern arcane matters, such as are seen in the nativities of magicians, prestidigitators, dream interpreters, and so on.

2004, Jean-Baptiste Morin, translated by Anthony Louis LaBruzza, Astrologia Gallica, Book 18, page 56:

(astrology, of a planet or star) That sets after the sun.


exister

We existers are never either ready to hand or present at hand, because our ontological constitution, Existenz, is utterly different from theirs […]

1992, Graeme Nicholson, Illustrations of being: drawing upon Heidegger and upon metaphysics:

It is good that existers enjoy their pleasures. It is also good that pains are avoided.

2006, David Benatar, Better never to have been: the harm of coming into existence:


mentalese

en-noun

mentalese (usually uncountable, plural mentaleses)

mentaleses (plural)
Mentalese (alternative)

From mental + -ese (suffix forming adjectives and nouns describing, among other things, languages).

suffix

The concept of a proposition as something that can be expressed by sentences in both Mentalese and, say, English is an analogical extension of the concept of a proposition as something that can be expressed by sentences in both English and German.

1964 November 12, Wilfrid Sellars, “Notes on Intentionality”, in The Journal of Philosophy, volume LXI, number 21, New York, N.Y.: The Journal of Philosophy, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 657:

Translationists are said to treat the coding of thoughts in ‘Mentalese’, whose structure is already known, into a natural language, just like translating a natural language, say Russian, in terms of another known language, say English (G 282). Incorporationists point out the circularity of (36b) because Mentalese, supposed to be intrinsically intelligible, is just English or some other variety of a natural language, and the translation maneuver only postpones the problem, [...]

1977, P. G. Patel, “The Left Parieto-temporo-occipital Junction, Semantic Aphasia and Language Development around Age Seven”, in Linguistics: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences, volume 15, number 196, Berlin, New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 45:

But where does mentalese come from? If it is learned, then what is it related to in the preceding mentaleses? To avoid endless regress, [Jerry] Fodor postulates an internal language that is innate, a claim that he himself calls "horrendous" and "scandalous," yet inescapable.

1979, Gavriel Salomon, “Cultivation of Mental Skills through Symbolic Forms”, in Interaction of Media, Cognition, and Learning: An Exploration of how Symbolic Forms Cultivate Mental Skills and Affect Knowledge Acquisition (Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series), San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass Publishers, →ISBN; republished Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994 (2009 printing), →ISBN, page 121:

[A]re natural languages merely vehicles for the communication of mentalese? Or does language itself play a role in the formation of our thought? The question is called critical, since a positive response to the latter (language does play a role) would call into question the assumption that all meaning is reducible to mentalese.

1990, Patrick de Gramont, “The Problem of Representation”, in Language and the Distortion of Meaning (Psychoanalytic Crosscurrents), New York, N.Y., London: New York University Press, →ISBN, page 53:

One suggestion is that there is a de facto correlation between words or sentences of natural language and expressions of mentalese and between the logical relations among the former and the causal relations among the latter. This is a curious idea. The alleged correlation is not empirically grounded.

1990, Peter A. French, Theodore Edward Uehling, Howard K. Wettstein, editors, The Philosophy of the Human Sciences (Midwest Studies in Philosophy; XV), Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 446:

[I]t is probably misleading to talk about the language of thought, or to talk about ‘Mentalese’, as if it were a single representational system. We should more properly, in the context of a thesis of massive mental modularity, talk about languages of thought, or Mentaleses.

2006, Peter Carruthers, “The Case for Massively Modular Models of Mind”, in The Architecture of the Mind: Massive Modularity and the Flexibility of Thought, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, section 6 (The Argument from Computational Tractability), page 51:

[Jerry] Fodor's position stems from his theory, first articulated in The Language of Thought, that there is a type of internal system of representation contained within the human mind out of which thoughts are formed, similarly to the way sentences are formed out of individual words, a "language" which he refers to as "mentalese." Our concepts are the units out of which mentalese constructs thoughts. [...] Importantly, mentalese must be sufficiently rich to enable us to utilize it to learn the natural language of our birth, and we must have this type of system of representation prior to any development of natural language.

2014, Gabriel Keehn, “Does the Theory of Recollection Preclude Learning?: A New Dimension to Platonic Nativism”, in Chris Higgins, editor, Philosophy of Education, Urbana, Ill.: Philosophy of Education Society; University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-03-07, page 161:

(philosophy, psychology) A hypothetical non-verbal language in which concepts are represented in the mind.


panpsychism

en-noun

panpsychism (usually uncountable, plural panpsychisms)

panpsychisms (plural)
pampsychism (alternative)

By surface analysis, pan- + psychism. From German Panpsychismus (1874), from Latin pampsychia (1591). Cognate with Ancient Greek πάμψυχος (pámpsukhos, “in full life”) and (modern) Greek παμψυχισμός (pampsychismós, “panpsychism”).

cog

As we shall see in chapter 3, the Tiantai school of Buddhism advocated a version of panpsychism without such beliefs, and this demonstrates that the panpsychist thesis stands on its own, and is logically independent of the claim that mentality can somehow be attributed to the universe as a whole.

2004, “Introduction”, in D. S. Clarke, editor, Panpsychism, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 10:

Generally speaking, elements of panpsychism in phenomenology are faint at best. In [Graham] Harman's opinion, "It's safe to say that there is no panpsychist strain anywhere in the phenomenological movement."

2005, David Skrbina, Panpsychism in the West, The MIT Press (Bradford Books), →ISBN, page 182:

Panpsychism is a family of views whose basic principles are that the mental is both fundamental and ubiquitous.[…]Panpsychism can be usefully contrasted with the opposing doctrine of *emergentism: the view that certain attributes apply to complex systems which do not apply to the system's constituents.

2014, “panpsychism”, in Tim Bayne, Axel Cleeremans, Patrick Wilken, editors, The Oxford Companion to Consciousness, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 500:

[Anne Conway's] treatise, the first philosophical paper published by a woman, was one of the first modern articulations of panpsychism, the idea that consciousness is fundamental to the natural world.

2021, Meghan O'Gieblyn, chapter 9, in God, Human, Animal, Machine […] , →ISBN:

(philosophy, metaphysics, uncountable) The doctrine that all matter has a mental aspect.

panpsixizm

Whitehead devised such a conception, which to my mind definitely supersedes the panpsychisms of the history of metaphysics.

1961, Victor Lowe, “The Approach to Metaphysics”, in Ivor Leclerc, editor, The Relevance of Whitehead, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), published 2013, →ISBN, page 207:

The genius of modern panpsychisms has proved to be their capacity to incorporate rather than reject the mechanistic point of view.

1975, John Howie, Thomas O. Buford, editors, Contemporary Studies in Philosophical Idealism, C. Stark, →ISBN, page 75:

This seems to be due to one factor that they all—the various idealisms, phenomenalisms, positivisms, and panpsychisms—have in common: They reject, or at least fail to endorse, the idea of “matter.”

1997, David Ray Griffin, Parapsychology, Philosophy, and Spirituality: A Postmodern Exploration, State University of New York Press, →ISBN, page 111:

(philosophy, metaphysics, countable) Any specific doctrine or system of panpsychism.


hylism

(philosophy) Materialism: the theory that there is nothing beyond matter.


Laestrygonian

From Ancient Greek Λαιστρυγόνες (Laistrugónes).

bor

Λαιστρυγόνες

1900, (translated by) George Herbert Palmer, The Odyssey of Homer, Houghton, Mifflin and Company
Before town they met a maiden drawing water, the stately daughter of the Laestrygonian Antiphades.

(Greek mythology) A member of a mythical Greek tribe of man-eating giants.


Laestrygonian

Λαιστρυγόνες

(Greek mythology) Of or relating to that tribe.


sensationalism

en-noun

sensationalism (countable and uncountable, plural sensationalisms)

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(philosophy) A theory of philosophy that all knowledge is ultimately derived from the senses.


amphisbaena

amphisbaenas (plural)
amphisbæna (alternative)

From Latin amphisbaena, from Ancient Greek ἀμφίσβαινα (amphísbaina, from ἀμφίς (amphís, “both ways”) + βαίνω (baínō, “I go”)).

der

1971: What do you call that animal that goes backward and forward, head at each end? —'Amphisbaena'. A kind of lizard. It doesn't exist. — Anthony Burgess, M/F (Penguin 2004, p. 109)

(mythology) A mythical serpent having a head at each end of its body, able to move in either direction.


light elf

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-light elf.wav

Back-formation from light elves, a calque of Old Norse ljósalfar.

Alfheim, where the light elves live. The light elves are as beautiful as the sun or the stars.

2017, Neil Gaiman, Norse Mythology, Bloomsbury Publishing, page 20:

(Norse mythology) A member of the race of Ljósalfar, daylight dwelling elves or nature spirits (as opposed to the underground dwelling dark elves or dwarves).


dark elf

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-dark elf.wav

Back-formation from dark elves, a calque of Old Norse dǫkkalfar.

Nidavellir, which is sometimes called Svartalfheim, where the dwarfs (who are also known as dark elves) live beneath the mountains and build their remarkable creations.

(Norse mythology) A member of the race of Dǫkkálfar or Dark Alfs, creatures who live underground.


reductio ad absurdum

en-noun

reductio ad absurdum (usually uncountable, plural reductio ad absurdums)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin reductiō ad absurdum.

ubor

“You, gentlemen, as representatives of that institution which recognizes only truths that are deduced from reductio ad absurdums will probably have no difficulty in perceiving the truth of this absurdity and hence be ready to excuse the outcome of it—my absence.”

1894, Flora Helm, “Concerns a Talk in Which Anarchy and Love Are Blended”, in Between Two Forces: A Record of a Theory and a Passion, Boston, Mass.: Arena Publishing Company. […], pages 149–150:

Constructing representations out of atoms that are already themselves representations cannot address the origins of the atoms per se. Careful pursuit of such approaches has yielded bizarre reductio ad absurdums such as the implication that virtually all concepts that human beings are capable of having are already in the genes.

1998, Mark H. Bickhard, “Constructivisms and Relativisms: A Shopper’s Guide”, in Michael R[obert] Matthews, editor, Constructivism in Science Education: A Philosophical Examination, Dordrecht, Boston, Mass., London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 106:

One way to argue against a position is to demonstrate that it proves too much. Proponents of an HWR analysis of negligence may insist that the conceptual and normative arguments that have been directed against their project ultimately generate reductio ad absurdums suggesting that I have proved too much.

2009, Michael S. Moore, “Normative Problems in Applying the Harm-within-the-Risk Test to Crimes/Torts of Negligence”, in Causation and Responsibility: An Essay in Law, Morals, and Metaphysics, Oxford University Press, published 2010, →ISBN, section III (The First Blind Alley: The Attempt to Replace Proximate Causation with Culpability as a Prerequisite for Legal Liability), page 208:

(mathematics, logic) The method of disproving a statement by assuming the statement is true and, with that assumption, arriving at a blatant contradiction.


sentimentalism

en-noun

sentimentalism (countable and uncountable, plural sentimentalisms)

(philosophy) A view according to which morality is somehow grounded in moral sentiments or emotions.


Ida

(Greek mythology) Name of two sacred mountains situated in present-day Turkey and Crete, also called Mount Ida.


supervention

supervention (countable and uncountable, plural superventions)

The poor visibility of a dark celestial body follows from its nonradiative character by supervention.

An act, process, or instance of supervening:


zero-knowledge

(logic) Describing situations in which the veracity of a statement may be shown to be true without revealing any other information.


katabasis

katabasis (countable and uncountable, plural katabases)

katabases (plural)
catabasis (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-katabasis.wav

From Ancient Greek κατάβασις (katábasis), from verb καταβαίνω (katabaínō, from κατά (katá, “downwards”) + βαίνω (baínō, “go”)).

af

The ancient Greeks and the peoples of remote antiquity already knew of journeys of the soul, but these were often journeys to the infernal regions, descents into hell, catabases, with obstacles, such as encounters with various monsters, menaces of all sorts, the crossing of the bridge of the dead or the passage of mysterious rivers on foot or on horseback.

1923, Georges Berguer, translated by E. S. Brooks and Van Wyck Brooks, Some aspects of the life of Jesus from the psychological and psycho-analytic point of view, page 58:

The logic of the underworld is most on show in the Phaedra and the Hercules [of Seneca], which feature the returns of Theseus and Hercules from their katabases.

2009, James Ker, The Deaths of Seneca, page 136:

Willy, the concentration camp survivor who has experienced more evil than any other character, places no value on catabasis. When asked (in connection with Aeneid VI) 'Do you think everyone ought to descend to the underworld?', he replies briskly, 'Certainly not! It's very dark and stuffy and one is more likely to feel frightened than to learn anything.[…]'

2010, P. Martin, Anne Rowe, Iris Murdoch: A Literary Life, page 84:

Therefore, Erling Holtsmark's point that literary-mythic katabasis captures “the imagined physical orientation of the other world relative to this one” (25), is superseded in a post-mythic, ostensibly secular worldview by a journey that takes place within an underworld that is an exteriorized 'projection' of a protagonist's putative interior world, the domain especially of the unconscious, memory and dream.

2013, Russell J.A. Kilbourn, “Introduction”, in Cinema, Memory, Modernity:The Representation of Memory from the Art Film to Transnational Cinema, page 31:

(mythology, literature) A mytheme or trope in which the hero embarks on a journey to the underworld.


ipseity

en-noun

ipseity (countable and uncountable, plural ipseities)

(philosophy) selfhood; individual identity


Tir

Transliteration of Old Armenian Տիր (Tir), which is related to the Persian month name.

translit

(Armenian mythology) A scribe/writer god, in Hellenistic times identified with the Greek Apollo.


justifier

(chiefly philosophy) One who, or that which, justifies some belief or action.


dormitive principle

en-noun

dormitive principle (plural dormitive principles)

A modern translation of Latin, virtus dormitiva, coined by Molière in The Imaginary Invalid (1673). In the play, he lampoons a group of physicians providing an explanation in macaronic Latin of the sleep-inducing properties of opium as stemming from its "virtus dormitiva". The currency of this phrase as a critique of scientific claims is due to Gregory Bateson (1976, Steps to an Ecology of Mind p. 5), as is the translation of virtus as 'principle'.

We note Bateson's (1968) dormitive principle at work in which behaviors are described as traits such as LD, which then are used to explain the behavior.

1988, Doreen Kronick, New Approaches to Learning Disabilities: Cognitive, Metacognitive, and Holistic:

For Arrow, many socioeconomic phenomena are explained in terms of the "dormitive principle", which, he says, simply repeats the phenomenon being explained.

2000, “Rational Choice and Rationallity”, in The Paradox of Social Order: Linking Psychology and Sociology, page 14:

If we examine traditional explanations of behavior through the lens of recursion, we will sometimes find what Bateson called "dormitive principles," a form of circular description. A "dormitive principle" is a more abstract repackaging of a description of the item you claim to be explaining. To paraphrase Bateson, this occurs when the cause of a simple action, as for example, when aggression is explained as being caused by an "aggressive instinct" or psychotic symptomatology is attributed to "madness."

2002, Bradford Keeney, Aesthetics of Change, The Guilford Press,, →ISBN, page 33:

And to any intelligent reader, explanation of an 'inherent ability' was reminiscent of Molière's mock explanation of the soporific effects of opium - that it contained a 'dormitive principle'.

2003, Ian Glynn, An Anatomy of Thought: The Origin and Machinery of the Mind:

Similarly, to view “leadership" as something that resides in a person is to generate a dormitive principle. This would inspire such pseudoexplanations as “He leads because he possesses leadership qualities.”

2017, Bradford P. Keeney, Aesthetics of Change, page 38:

Prevent disability from becoming a dormitive principle that can, per se, justify any conduct or event in the interaction of the disabled person

2018, Roberto Pereira, Juan Luis Linares, Clinical Interventions in Systemic Couple and Family Therapy, page 215:

To say that "he only uses drugs because he is the black sheep” is to mix up these logical types, also called invoking the dormitive principle.

2018, Michael D. Reiter, Systems Theories for Psychotherapists: From Theory to Practice:

(idiomatic, rhetoric, logic, linguistics) A type of tautology in which an item is explained in terms of the item itself, only put in different (usually more abstract) words.


epikeia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐπιείκεια (epieíkeia, “reasonableness”).

bor

(philosophy, theology) The principle in ethics that a law can be broken to achieve a greater good.


Dido

(Greek mythology) Founder and first Queen of Carthage.


indeterminism

en-noun

indeterminism (countable and uncountable, plural indeterminisms)

Borrowed from French indéterminisme, equivalent to in- + determinism.

(ethics, religion, uncountable) The doctrine that all human actions are not so much determined by the preceding events, conditions, causes or karma as by deliberate choice or free will.


metaphysician

From Middle English methafisicien, from methafisik on the model of fisicien or perhaps from rare and late Old French methafisicien.

Thomas Aquinas was a notable metaphysician.

Professor Jones is an eminent metaphysician; she has produced more than one hundred refereed publications concerning metaphysics.

Now it so happened that Francis was Mrs. Clarke's favourite: whether from having seen the least of him, or from the great difference between them—two common causes of liking—or because she felt some sort of vanity in her near relationship to so very fine a gentleman, are points too curious to be decided by any but a metaphysician.

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter IV, in Romance and Reality. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 65:

PROPOSITION IV.

1854, George Boole, An Investigation Of The Laws Of Thought, On Which Are Founded The Mathematical Theories Of Logic And Probabilities, Watchmaker Publishing, published 2010, →ISBN, §III.15, page 34:

In 1928 Heidegger succeeded Husserl to take a chair at Freiburg and in his inaugural lecture made a pronouncement that earned him a reputation as an archetypal metaphysician with his claim that our awareness of people as a whole depends on our experience of dread in the face of nothingness.

2014 April 12, Michael Inwood, “Martin Heidegger: the philosopher who fell for Hitler [print version: Hitler's philosopher]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review), London, page R11:

(philosophy) A philosopher who specializes in the scholarly study of metaphysics.


metaphysicist

(philosophy) A philosopher specializing in metaphysics. Alternative to metaphysician.


immanent critique

immanent critique (plural immanent critiques)

(philosophy) The criticism of a philosophy using its own standpoint


transcendental critique

transcendental critique (countable and uncountable, plural transcendental critiques)

(philosophy) A criticism of a philosophy from a religious (or transcendent) standpoint.


circular argument

circular argument (plural circular arguments)

circular arguments (plural)
circular logic (alternative)

A logically circular argument’s conclusion is included as one of its premises.

2004 Nov, M Bergmann, “Epistemic Circularity: Malignant and Benign.”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 69, number 3, p. 710 n3:

(philosophy, logic) An argument which commits the logical fallacy of assuming what it is attempting to prove.


durate

en-verb

durate (third-person singular simple present durates, present participle durating, simple past and past participle durated)

durates (present singular third-person)
durating (participle present)
durated (participle past)
durated (past)

But in the same way as we shall say of our simple creature that he perceives his sensation when it exists at all, and that he perceives time when it (the sensation) durates at all, 80 we shall say he perceives a certain definite[…]

1891, Herbert Nichols, The Psychology of Time: Historically and Philosophically Considered, with Extended Experiments:

"Perception of time duration is always a process and never a state — for us to perceive five seconds, something must durate five seconds, for us to perceive a year some definite sensation would have to durate a year."

1903, Mary Hallock-Greenewalt, Pulse and Rhythm, page 430:

Fear is often found associated with the uncertainty of doubt and with the durating sense of strangeness that characterize a well-developed state of marvel.

1910, Benjamin Putnam Kurtz, Studies in the Marvellous, page 88:

Simply because a sentence of, say, ten words necessitates a time period, e.g. 5 seconds, i.e. it durates. The formal description of English during a given period will result in what English is.

1988 02, Richard E. Schade, Lessing Yearbook XIX, Wayne State University Press, →ISBN, page 117:

(uncommon, chiefly philosophy) To have, or last for, some duration (of time).


causate

From Latin causātus, the past participle of causor (“to cause”). The earliest known use of causate is from 1852, in the writing of the poet Philip Bailey.

In the present case, therefore, it now comes closer and closer, in thought, to the first finite; but before taking hold of it, and determining to explore it, the mind proposes, and ruminates, certain middle questions, touching the actual existence of a nexus, and the possibility there is, of discovering the nature, and quality of the nexus, which subsists between the cause, and the causate, or between the infinite, and the first finite.

1848, Emanuel Swedenborg, The Philosophy of the Infinite; Outlines on a philosophical argument on the Infinite:

Hence the causing entity exists before the causate.

1923, Emanuel Swedenborg, The existence of the human soul:

It is also causate-- that is, the effect of a cause--because it has had its beginning in something else.

1940, Apostolos Makrakēs, A New Philosophy and the philosophical Sciences:


nahuelito

(in Argentina, cryptozoology, mythology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Nahuel Huapi Lake, Argentina.


significate

Latin significatus, past participle of significare.

“Britain is an island;” “all tyrants are miserable; ” “no miser is rich; ” are universal propositions, and their subjects are therefore said to be distrubted. being understood to stand, each, for the whole of its Significates: but, “some islands are fertile;” “all tyrants are not assassinated;" are Particular, and their subjects, consequently, not distributed, being taken to stand for a part only of their Significates

1826, Richard Whately, Elements of Logic:

(logic) One of several things signified by a common term.