colon

From Latin cōlon (“a member of a verse of poem”), from Ancient Greek κῶλον (kôlon, “a member, limb, clause, part of a verse”).

uder

(palaeography) A clause or group of clauses written as a line, or taken as a standard of measure in ancient manuscripts or texts.


adjunct

/ˈæd͡ʒ.ʌŋkt/

From Latin adiunctus, perfect passive participle of adiungō (“join to”), from ad + iungō (“join”). Doublet of adjoint.

(palaeography) A graphic element that modifies another, such as (in Linear B script) a small syllabogram that is attached to a logogram as an abbreviation of an adjective that modifies that logogram (rather than as a phonetic complement that disambiguates the logogram).


complement

en-noun

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

(palaeography, phonetics) A phonetic complement is a graphic element that modifies another, such as (in Linear B script) a small syllabogram that is attached to a logogram as an abbreviation of its reading (as opposed to an adjunct that abbreviates an adjective that modifies that logogram).


ancora

From Latin ancora. Doublet of anchor and anker.

(palaeography) Either of the symbols ⟨⸔⟩, ⟨⸕⟩ found in marginal notes to mark missing text.


parablepsis

en-noun

parablepsis (countable and uncountable, plural parablepses)

parablepses (plural)
parablepsia (alternative)
parablepsy (alternative)

From Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and βλέπω (blépō, “to look at”).

So too parablepses due to homoioteleuton in the Greek text are irrelevant for the Hebrew text.

1978, International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament, Congress Volume, →ISBN, page 400:

Vertical parablebsis does not fit either, since it should be in the range of several lines (two or three lines).

2009, Raymond De Hoop, Marjo Christina Annette Korpel, Stanley E. Porter, The Impact of Unit Delimitation on Exegesis, →ISBN, page 35:

(palaeography) A circumstance in which a scribe miscopies text due to inadvertently looking to the side while copying, or accidentally skips over some of it.


ustav

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic оуставъ (ustavŭ). Cognate of устав in modern Bulgarian and modern Russian.

The handsomely fashioned writing is of the type described as polu-ustav (semi-uncial), which is midway between the stately ustav and the cursive, . . . —A. Aronson, Rabindranath Through Western Eyes

(palaeography) The earliest style of Cyrillic writing developed from Greek uncial in the late 9th century, predominant in the 11th–14th centuries.


punctus

From Medieval Latin punctus (“punctuation mark”).

bor

In the sacerdotal prayers in col. a the punctuation is by punctus flexus, punctus elevatus and punctus.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Plates and Commentaries, page 197:

The most common item of punctuation was the punctus or point.

2011 July 22, Tadao Kudouchi, edited by Akio Oizumi and Jacek Fisiak, English Historical Linguistics and Philology in Japan, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 172:

Curiously, the punctus versus was largely replaced with a punctus by ca.1100.

2015 August 31, “Medieval Manuscripts”, in Albrecht Classen, editor, Handbook of Medieval Culture, volume 2, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 1015:

(palaeography) The basic dot (‧) used to end a sentence in medieval punctuation (ancestral to the full stop/period).


claviform

The adjective is derived from Latin clāvifōrmis (“club-shaped, claviform”), from Latin clāva (“a club”) (from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat; to break”)) + -fōrmis (suffix meaning ‘having the form of’) (equivalent to -form, -iform). The English word is cognate with French claviforme.
The noun is probably derived from the adjective.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-claviform.wav

The claviform comprises a vertical line with a bulge at one side; but unlike the buttocks on the stylized females, the bulge is usually on the middle or the upper half of the 'sign'! It has been suggested that the 'upper bulge' on a claviform instead represents breasts, but this is based on supposedly stylized statuettes from Dolni Vestonice and elsewhere, comprising a rod with two little lumps near the top, and thus on analogies with sites even further away in space and time from the claviforms.

1997, Paul G. Bahn, Jean Vertut, “What was Depicted?”, in Journey through the Ice Age, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 164, column 2:

In the early days of research, the images were often read very literally, and this was certainly taken to extremes – the classic example, of course, is the ‘signs’ in Ice Age cave art which the first researchers assumed to represent actual objects, and gave them names accordingly – for example, ‘claviforms’ were thought to be clubs, ‘tectiforms’ were thought to be roofs or huts, and so forth [...].

2006, Paul G. Bahn, “Myths and Meanings”, in Prehistoric Rock Art: Polemics and Progress […], Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, published 2010, →ISBN, page 32:

There is also a faded red painting of a claviform (a thick curved line with a raised bump or point in the middle) that looks awfully similar to those found at a few other sites in northern Spain. A claviform from Altamira was dated using the uranium-series technique and is at least 35,000 years old.

2016, Genevieve von Petzinger, “Signs across the Ages: The Many Styles of the Oldest Art”, in The First Signs: Unlocking the Mysteries of the World’s Oldest Symbols, New York, N.Y.: Atria Paperback, published March 2017, →ISBN, page 140:

In Niaux, claviforms played a special role in that respect because we also find them very far inside the cave near the end of the galleries. [...] The same structure is visible at the Salon Noir itself. There, a claviform and a parallel bar were made on the first panel to the right, at the entrance.

2018, Jean Clottes, “European Palaeolithic Rock Art and Spatial Structures”, in Bruno David, Ian J. McNiven, editors, The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (Conceptual Approaches to Rock Art: Investigating Meaning), page 406:

(palaeography) An image or symbol which is club-shaped, that is, larger at the tip than at the base.


vacat

Unadapted borrowing from Latin vacat (“it is empty”).

ubor

(palaeography) Indicates a willingly empty portion of an inscription.


Sundaland

From Sunda + land. The geographical use derives from Dutch Soendaland.

(paleogeography) The area of the Sunda Shelf exposed during ice age glacial periods.


Tyrrhenia

Via Latin Tyrrhēnia from Ancient Greek Τυρρηνῐ́ᾱ (Turrhēnĭ́ā).

(geology, paleogeography) A large landmass in the western Mediterranean basin.


anopisthograph

(palaeography) Written on one side only.


long i

(palaeography, epigraphy) a tall variant of the letter i, ⟨ꟾ⟩, used in all-capital Latin inscriptions and manuscripts in classical antiquity and the Early Middle Ages for a long vowel /iː/. (Other long vowels were marked with apices.)


chrismon

From Medieval Latin crismon (New Latin chrismus, chrismum, chrismos), of uncertain origin.
In the 18th century adopted in German as Chrismon or Chrismum, plural Chrismen. English in the 19th century.
The word was revived for a type of Christmas decoration in the mid 20th century, now with a popular etymology of its being a portmanteau of Christus + monogram.

The document usually begins with a verbal invocation (such as In Dei nomine, amen) or a chrismon (often Christ's monogram formed from the letters XP)

1970, Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 7, page 478:

(palaeography) A stylised siglum or character interpreted as an invocation of Christ in Merovingian and Carolingian documents.


berestology

/ˌbɛɹəsˈtɒləd͡ʒi/

/ˌbɛɹəsˈtɑləd͡ʒi/

Borrowed from Russian берестоло́гия (berestológija) from береста́ (berestá, “birchbark”) + -ло́гия (-lógija, suffix indicating the study of a particular subject).

bor

берестоло́гия

affix

Using certain inscriptions found in the area, the documents pertaining to the affairs of one of the hereditary ruling dynasties of Novgorod, he constructed an entire detective story, entertaining the reader and acquainting him with many questions of the new science of berestology.

1966, The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, volume XVIII, number 19, Columbus, Oh.: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 23:

A relatively new field of research in Old Russian linguistics is berestology, the study of the numerous birchbark documents from Novgorod and other medieval Russian towns. In the Netherlands, two scholars have recently published articles on berestology and related issues: [...]

1996 March, Jos Schaeken, “The Present State of Russian Studies in the Netherlands”, in R[oger] Comtet, A. G. F. van Holk, W[erner] Lehfeldt, editors, Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 20, number 1, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, section 3.2 (Old Russian), page 135:

This is an unusual book in several aspects. Firstly, it presents a synthesis of current knowledge about the written heritage of early Rus in many fields, palaeography (in its restricted meaning, concentrating on what the author calls "parchment literacy", p. 22), berestology (I may be forgiven for coining this term to designate the study of birch-bark documents), diplomatics, numismatics, and sphragistics, not to forget occasional forays into the history of art and archeology proper.

2004 October, Roland Marti, “Franklin, S[imon]: Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002, XVI + 325 pp., 14 pl. [book review]”, in R[oger] Comtet, W[erner] Lehfeldt, Jos Schaeken, editors, Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 28, number 3, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 433:

A telling example of the fruitful interaction between berestology and epigraphy is N1000, which was already cited at the beginning of this paper. The name of one of the senders of the letter, Kyas, appears to be of Turkic rather than Slavic origin [...].

2017 August, Jos Schaeken, “Comments on Birchbark Documents Found in the Twenty-first Century”, in Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 41, Dordrecht: Springer, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-07-30, section 2.4 (Berestology Meets Epigraphy), page 132:

The abovementioned research marks the start of a new research area in berestology. The most tangible result is that more accurate interpretations of individual texts have been given, thanks to the discovery of (hidden) communicative heterogeneity.

2018, Simeon Dekker, “The Background: Communicatively Heterogeneous Letters”, in Old Russian Birchbark Letters: A Pragmatic Approach (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics; 42), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill Rodopi, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.7 (Discussion), page 27:

In Russia, the study of birchbark letters is sometimes known informally as berestologija (‘berestology’), derived from the word beresta ‘birchbark’. For many years, ‘berestology’ has been an interdisciplinary research venture that engages archaeologists, philologists, linguists, and historians.

2018, Jos Schaeken, “Preface”, in Voices on Birchbark: Everyday Communication in Medieval Russia (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics; 43), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page XII:

(palaeography) The scientific study of birchbark manuscripts.


Greater Adria

From greater + Adria.
From being first discovered in researching the geologic region called Adria.

A northwestern ocean basin system was genetically related to the Atlantic Ocean, opened in Middle to Late Jurassic time, and is known as the Alpine Tethys Ocean, which include multiple branches, such as the Piemonte-Liguria Ocean between Greater Adria (i.e. modern Adria and the its restored portions now folded and thrusted in circum-Adriatic orogens), Iberia, and the Briançonnais continental fragment, and the Valais Ocean between the Briançonnais fragment and Europe

2019, Douwe J.J. van Hinsbergen, Trond H. Torsvik, Stefan M. Schmid, Liviu C. Maţenco, Marco Maffione, Reinoud L.M. Vissers, Derya Gürera, Wim Spakman, “Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic”, in Gondwana Research, →DOI, page 80:

In their reconstruction model, the Ios basement, along with other tectonic units in the Cycladic islands and Crete, are all part of a subducted Greater Adria continental ribbon.

2020 November 11, Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, Gordon Lister, “Evidence for the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes”, in Solid Earth, preprint, European Geosciences Union:

Along most of the Alpine subduction the European plate subducted below Greater Adria, however, towards the west, Greater Adria under-thrusted the European margin forming the proto-Apennine slab[…]

2021 July, Ágnes Király, Francesca Funiciello, Fabio A. Capitanio, Claudio Faccenna, “Dynamic interactions between subduction zones”, in Global and Planetary Change, →DOI:

(paleogeography, paleogeology) A Greenland-sized paleo-microcontinent in the Neo-Tethys Ocean that rifted from the north of Africa portion of the supercontinent of Gondwana and accreted to the south of Europe portion of the supercontinent of Laurasia, and thence subducted.


punctus interrogativus

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɒɡəˈtiːvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɒɡəˈtaɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəˈɹɒɡətɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɑɡəˈtivəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɑɡəˈtaɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəˈɹɑɡətɪvəs/

From Medieval Latin pūnctus interrogātīvus (“question mark”).

bor

punctus percontativus A reversed, but not inverted punctus interrogativus […] used in the 16th and 17th centuries to indicate the end of a percontatio.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Glossary, pages 306–307:

[…]manuscript punctuation has a punctus elevatus after the interjections and a punctus interrogativus at the end of the sentence.

2000, Jane Roberts, Janet Laughland Nelson, editors, Essays on Anglo-Saxon and Related Themes in Memory of Lynne Grundy, King's College (University of London), →ISBN, page 537:

[…]although none of these happend to have occasion to use the punctus interrogativus.

2015 December 23, Mary P. Richards, editor, Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts: Basic Readings, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, page 387:

(palaeography) A medieval question mark, ⟨⹔⟩, possibly the ancestor of the modern mark ⟨?⟩.


punctus elevatus

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɛləˈvɑːtəs/

From Medieval Latin pūnctus ēlevātus (literally “raised mark”).

The punctus elevatus after consecuto ('followed') not only distinguishes more sharply between the present state of revelation and the historical process by which it was achieved but emphasizes the relationship between them as one of cause and-effect.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Influences on The Application of Punctuation, page 71:

The point and punctus elevatus are used within the sentence.

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark indicating a medium-length pause (approximately ⸵).


punctus versus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus versus (literally “facing mark”).

[…]moreover by turning the punctus after fiant into a punctus versus, he has repointed the two verses as a single sententia.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Influences on The Application of Punctuation, page 74:

Thus the basic punctuation marks used in English manuscripts of the eleventh-thirteenth centuries are: the simple point, the punctus elevatus, the punctus versus, and the punctus interrogativus.

2011 July 22, Tadao Kudouchi, edited by Akio Oizumi and Jacek Fisiak, English Historical Linguistics and Philology in Japan, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 172:

[…]the punctus versus is used at the close of the sentence and after words introducing direct speech[…]

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark marking the end of a sentence (approximately ;)


punctus circumflexus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus circumflexus (literally “bent-around mark”).

[…]MS. Bodley 340, going back to an early form of the text, has confused indications that such was intended: after 'þa' it has a punctus circumflexus[…]

1953, Occasional Papers, volume 3, University of Cambridge, page 10:

There was an entirely separate set of marks to coach the raising and lowering of the voice in oral delivery -- including the punctus elevatus, the punctus interrogotivus^([sic]), and the punctus circumflexus.

2004, George D. Gopen, The Sense of Structure: Writing from the Reader's Perspective, Pearson Longman, →ISBN, page 170:

The punctus circumflexus does not seem to have been used commonly in manuscripts of other than liturgical texts.

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark indicating a short pause (approximately '̣).


punctus flexus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus flexus (literally “bent mark”).

In the sacerdotal prayers in col. a the punctuation is by punctus flexus, punctus elevatus and punctus.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Plates and Commentaries, page 197:

Very few cases show the use of the punctus flexus for minor medium pauses.

2007, Manuscripta: A Journal for Manuscript Research, volume 51, St. Louis University Library, page 230:

After all, it was the revision of the Cistercian liturgy that helped facilitate the widespread use of positurae, particularly the punctus flexus and punctus elevatus.

2015, Benjamin Pohl, Dudo of Saint-Quentin's Historia Normannorum: Tradition, Innovation and Memory, York Medieval Press, →ISBN, Introduction, page 19:

punctus circumflexus
punctus circumflexus#English

(palaeography) Synonym of punctus circumflexus.