malic acid

Malic acid is a crystalline white solid (m.p. 100°C) and is highly soluble in water.[…] Malic acid finds use in a variety of products, mostly in fruit-flavoured carbonates. It is the preferred acidulant in low-calorie drinks and in cider and apple drinks, enhancing flavour and stabilising colour in carbonated and non-carbonated fruit-flavoured drinks.

2008, Dr. David Steen, Philip R. Ashurst, editors, Carbonated Soft Drinks: Formulation and Manufacture, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 62:

malolactic fermentation
malolactic fermentation

(organic chemistry) A colorless crystalline dicarboxylic acid, hydroxy-malonic acid, found in wine, apples, and other fruit; it is converted to lactic acid by malolactic fermentation.


photosynthesis

en-noun

photosynthesis (usually uncountable, plural photosyntheses)

[ˌfəʊ.tʰəʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

[ˌfŏʊ.ɾoʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

ışık yardımı ile besin biriktirme süreci

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any process by which plants and other photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.

principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

also, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, used by purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria, and acidobacteria.


arsole

arsole (countable and uncountable, plural arsoles)

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated, five-membered heterocyclic compound of arsenic, C₄H₅As; any substituted form of this compound


DA

DA (countable and uncountable, plural DAs or DA's)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of domoic acid.


paraffin

paraffin (countable and uncountable, plural paraffins)

From Latin paraffinum, from parum (too little) + affinis (related, affinity). Therefore low affinity or being chemically neutral.

(petrochemistry, organic chemistry) Any member of the alkane hydrocarbons.


amplification

amplification (countable and uncountable, plural amplifications)

From Latin amplificātiō, from amplificō (“I amplify”); see amplify.
Etymology tree
Latin amplus
Latin -ficō
Latin amplificō
Latin -tiō
Latin amplificātiōlbor.
English amplification

etymon

(organic chemistry) A procedure used in the nomenclature of complex organic compounds in which the superatoms of a basic structure (a phane) are replaced by cyclic structures (amplificants).


Grignard reaction

en-noun

Grignard reaction (plural Grignard reactions)

After François Auguste Victor Grignard, a Nobel Prize-winning French chemist.

(organic chemistry) The reaction of a Grignard reagent (an organo-magnesium halide) with aldehydes or ketones to form secondary or tertiary alcohols


Grignard reagent

Grignard reagent (plural Grignard reagents)

Named for François Auguste Victor Grignard, a Nobel Prize-winning French chemist.

(organic chemistry) An alkyl or aryl magnesium halide, used in the Grignard reaction to form substituted alcohols; they are formed from alkyl or aryl halides and metallic magnesium


linolenic acid

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) An polyunsaturated fatty acid, having 18 carbon atoms and three double bonds, essential for human nutrition; it is found in linseed and other vegetable oils


margaric acid

saturated fatty acid
saturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) A saturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₅COOH, that occurs only in very small amounts in natural oils and fats


alkyl

(organic chemistry) Any of a series of univalent radicals of the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁ derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons. In other words, an alkane minus one hydrogen atom.

alquil

univalent radical of the general formula CnH2n+1


tris

(organic chemistry) A flammable compound which forms a corrosive solution in water and is used as a buffer and emulsifying agent.


tris

(organic chemistry) A phosphoric acid ester C₉H₁₅Br₆O₄P formerly used to flameproof clothes and especially children's nightclothes until it was found to cause cancer in animals.


amaranth

amaranth (countable and uncountable, plural amaranths)

Borrowed from French amarante, or directly from its etymon Latin amarantus (the word ending influenced by plant names derived from Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos, “a bloom, blossom, flower”)), from Ancient Greek ἀμάραντος (amárantos, “eternal, undying, unfading, unwilting; amaranth; everlasting flower”) (modern Greek αμάραντος (amárantos)), from ᾰ̓- (ă-, the alpha privativum, a prefix forming words having a sense opposite to the word or stem to which it is attached) + μαραίνω (maraínō, “to shrivel, wither”) + -τος (-tos, suffix forming adjectives).

edible amaranth

Chinese amaranth, Ganges amaranth, willow-leaf amaranth; Amaranthus tricolor

Amaranth, the most common red food colour in both the US and UK, was banned last week in the US after a study suggested that it caused cancer in rats. […] The situation is confused, however, because the test rats were mixed up with the controls in the US tests, and because some tests have indicated hazards while similar tests show the dye to be safe. In April 1975, the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) gave amaranth temporary approval through 1978.

1976 January 29, “US Bans Commonest Red Food Colour”, in Bernard Dixon, editor, New Scientist, volume 69, number 985, London: New Science Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 234, column 1:

Amaranth is a red azo-dye with the chemical name trisodium 2-hydroxyl-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo)naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate […]. Amaranth appears to be relatively unstable in solution and in processed food. Biscuits containing Amaranth showed a loss of 39–45% promoted by the use of baking soda, sucrose, and dextrose. The degradation of Amaranth may lead to the presence of naphthenic acid equivalent to the loss of Amaranth.

2015, J. König, “Food Colour Additives of Synthetic Origin”, in Michael J. Scotter, editor, Colour Additives for Foods and Beverages (Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition; no. 279), Amsterdam: Elsevier; Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Woodhead Publishing, →ISBN, part 1 (Development and Regulatory Issues for Food Colourings), section 2.2.4 (Amaranth), page 41:

(organic chemistry) A red to purple azo dye used as a biological stain, and in some countries in cosmetics and as a food colouring. See Amaranth (dye).


linoleic acid

(organic chemistry) a polyunsaturated fatty acid, having 18 carbon atoms and two double bonds, essential for human nutrition; it is found in linseed, sunflower and other vegetable oils


methyl methacrylate

polymethyl methacrylate
polymethyl methacrylate

(organic chemistry) The methyl ester of methacrylic acid, CH₂:C(CH₃)COOCH₃, used as a monomer in the manufacture of polymethyl methacrylate plastics.


methacrylate

From methacrylic + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of methacrylic acid, especially an ester used in the manufacture of resins and plastics.


methacrylic acid

(organic chemistry) A colourless liquid, an unsaturated organic acid, used in the manufacture of resins and plastics, with the chemical formula CH₂:C(CH₃)COOH.


polymethyl methacrylate

(organic chemistry) A thermoplastic transparent plastic manufactured by the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, often used in place of glass - it being lighter, softer and not shattering on impact.


nicotinic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; together with nicotinamide is a part of the vitamin B complex

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


myristic acid

(organic chemistry) A saturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₂COOH, tetradecanoic acid, found in both animal and vegetable oils and fats; used in the manufacture of soap, cosmetics etc.


folate

From folic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A salt or ester of folic acid, especially one present in the vitamin B complex.


omega-6 fatty acid

en-noun

omega-6 fatty acid (plural omega-6 fatty acids)

essential fatty acid
essential fatty acid

(organic chemistry) any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a double bond between the sixth and seventh carbon atoms from the end of the molecule farthest from the carboxylic acid; although they are essential fatty acids, there is evidence that excess levels can cause a number of diseases


petroselinic acid

unsaturated fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated fatty acid cis-6-octadecenoic acid found in many members of the family Apiaceae (e.g. parsley seed oil); it is a positional isomer of oleic acid, the double bond being in position 6 instead of 9.


folic acid

From Latin folium (“leaf”), from its occurrence in leafy vegetables.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid, one of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction

azido foliko

vitamin B9, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid

folate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


palmitic acid

From being an acid discovered in saponified palm oils. From French palmite (“pith of the palm tree”) + -ic. From Latin palma (“palm tree”).

der

(organic chemistry) One of the most common saturated fatty acids; it is found in all animal and most vegetable oils and fats; it is used in the manufacture of soap etc.


omega-3 fatty acid

en-noun

omega-3 fatty acid (plural omega-3 fatty acids)

Both types of fish are available in cans, but unlike tuna, salmon is loaded with fat — healthy omega-3 fatty acids.

2010, Anthony Marcelus, “Fix Your Fare”, in Reps!, 17:73:

(organic chemistry) Any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a double bond between the third and fourth carbon atoms from the end of the molecule farthest from the carboxylic acid; they are found in green vegetables and in the oils of fish such as salmon and mackerel; they are essential fatty acids, and seem to be beneficial in reducing the risk of heart disease.

ω−3脂肪酸

any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a double bond


essential fatty acid

essential fatty acid (plural essential fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) any fatty acid required for human metabolism that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet; originally designated as vitamin F


oleic acid

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated fatty acid, having 18 carbon atoms and one double bond, found in olive oil and very many other vegetable and animal oils and fats; it is used for making soap, cosmetics etc.

олеинова киселина

fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms and one double bond, found in olive oil


stearic acid

(organic chemistry) octadecanoic acid; the most common saturated fatty acid; it is found in all animal and most vegetable oils and fats; it is used in the manufacture of soap etc.


oxaloacetate

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of oxaloacetic acid.


peroxide

peroxide (countable and uncountable, plural peroxides)

Thus far, Dr. Petrakis said, he had found that in women with […] extractable breast fluid, the amount of lipid peroxides in the fluid was on the average seven times higher in Caucasian women than in women of Chinese de[s]cent. In addition, women with cystic breast disease, who face a higher than usual risk of breast cancer, appear to have more peroxides in their breast fluid than women with normal breasts.

1975 March 23, Jane Brody, “Clue to Cancer Found in Breast Fluid”, in The New York Times:

The O–O bond in benzoyl peroxide and the C–N bonds in AIBN homolyze under thermal or photochemical conditions.

2007, Robert B. Grossman, The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry) Any compound containing the functional group R-O-O-R'.


oxaloacetic acid

(organic chemistry) a colourless crystalline organic carboxylic acid, butan-2-one-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, COOH.CH₂.CO.COOH


pelargonic acid

(organic chemistry) an aliphatic carboxylic acid, CH₃(CH₂)₇COOH, nonanoic acid, used in the manufacture of plastics, pharmaceuticals etc


galacturonic acid

(organic chemistry) a carboxylic acid derived from galactose by oxidation of the terminal CH₂OH to a COOH; it polymerizes to form pectic acid


oxalic acid

If not sufficiently purified, a little hydrochloric or oxalic acid, or caustic potash may be put in the water, according as the stains are from grease or from ink.

1880, William Blades, The Enemies of Books, page 92:

(organic chemistry) A colourless, crystalline dicarboxylic acid, (COOH)₂, found in rhubarb, spinach and other plants, often as crystals of the calcium salt.

シュウ酸

蓚酸, シュウさん, shūsan


oxalate

From French oxalate, equivalent to oxalic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of oxalic acid.


polymerization

polymerization (countable and uncountable, plural polymerizations)

(organic chemistry) The chemical process, normally with the aid of a catalyst, to form a polymer by bonding together multiple identical units (monomers).


EDTA

ethylenediaminetetracetic acid
ethylenediaminetetracetic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetate.


ethylenediaminetetracetic acid

/ˌɛ.θɪ.liːnˈdaɪ.ə.miːn.tɛ.trəˌsiː.tɪk ˈæ.sɪd/

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline acid, C₂H₄(N(CH₂COOH)₂)₂, (and its sodium salt), a strong chelating agent with many industrial and analytical uses.


acid anhydride

(organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom. They react with water to give carboxylic acids.

suuranhidried

organic compounds with oxygen atom bonded to two acyl groups


acyl

From ethyleneoxides or ethyleneimines carrying an acyl substituent, with hydrazine and its derivatives (Ch. 3. XV).

2009, Richard H. Wiley, Pyrazoles and Reduced and Condensed Pyrazoles, Volume 22, page 387:

(organic chemistry) Any of class of organic radicals, RCO-, formed by the removal of a hydroxyl group from a carboxylic acid.


EA

EA (countable and uncountable, plural EAs)

For copolymers of ethylene, the other comonomer can be an alkene such as propene, butene, hexene or octene, or a compound having a polar functional group such as vinyl acetate (VA), acrylic acid (AA), ethyl acetate (EA), methyl acrylate (MA) or vinyl alcohol (VOH).

2006, Gordon L. Robertson, “Structure and Related Properties of Plastic Polymers”, in Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 25:

(organic chemistry) Initialism of ethyl acetate.


chlorofluorocarbon

chlorofluorocarbons (plural)
CFC (abbreviation)
CFK (abbreviation rare)

The proposed replacement for CFC-11, a chlorofluorocarbon used to make plastic foam and in central air-conditioning systems, is a compound called HCFC-22. This is a chlorofluorocarbon already in use in home air-conditioners, but it is more expensive than CFC-11 and its potential applications are limited by its inferior characteristics.

1989 March 7, Malcolm W. Browne, “In Protecting the Atmosphere, Choices Are Costly and Complex”, in The New York Times:

The Renew is also free of polyvinyl chloride, asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons and halons.

2009 February 12, Azadeh Ensha, “A Cellphone That Is Made With the Environment in Mind”, in The New York Times:

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced with those of chlorine and fluorine; formerly used as refrigerants and aerosol can propellants but withdrawn due to causing damage to the ozone layer.

氯氟烴 /氯氟烃

an organic compound with halogens in place of hydrogen


fullerene

After Buckminster Fuller, inventor of the geodesic dome, + -ene.

(organic chemistry) Any closed-cage compound having twenty or more carbon atoms consisting entirely of 3-coordinate carbon atoms.


equatorial

en-adj

equatorial (comparative more equatorial, superlative most equatorial)

more equatorial (comparative)
most equatorial (superlative)

/ˌɛkwəˈtɔːɹiəl/

(organic chemistry) of a bond, lying approximately in the plane of a ring, perpendicular to its axis


propene

en-noun

propene (countable and uncountable, plural propenes)

Thus, at 135°C, 223 cyclizes with loss of propene to the borinene 229, which then rearranges to other products.

2012, Donald S. Matteson, Stereodirected Synthesis with Organoboranes, page 96:

(organic chemistry, official IUPAC name) The organic chemical compound propylene. An alkene which is a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₃H₆.


propylene

propylene (countable and uncountable, plural propylenes)

Coined by John Williams Reynolds in 1851, from French propionique + -ylene

coined

(organic chemistry) The organic chemical compound propene. An alkene which is a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₃H₆.


(organic chemistry) an unsaturated aldehyde, CH₃CH=CH-CH=CH-CHO, used in the manufacture of perfumes etc


methyl alcohol

(organic chemistry) The compound methanol.


ethyl alcohol

(organic chemistry, dated) ethanol, a type of alcohol.


wood alcohol

en-noun

wood alcohol (countable and uncountable, plural wood alcohols)

Originally manufactured by the destructive distillation of wood.

(organic chemistry) The compound methyl alcohol or methanol.

метилов алкохол

methanol — see also methanol, methyl alcohol

древе́сный спирт m (drevésnyj spirt, literally “wood spirit”)

деревни́й спирт m (derevnýj spyrt, literally “wood spirit”)


phthalic anhydride

(organic chemistry) The acid anhydride of phthalic acid; manufactured by the oxidation of xylene or naphthalene, widely used in the synthesis of dyes, insecticides, plasticizers and pharmaceuticals.


ethylene glycol

It is concerned in the manufacture of ethylene glycol, a principal raw material in the production of Terylene, and a block train of eleven 25-ton tank wagons, designed by I.C.I., has been specially constructed by B.R. to convey output to I.C.I.'s Wilton works in North Yorkshire.

1962 October, “Talking of Trains: New I.C.I. block tank train”, in Modern Railways, page 224:

‘Antifreeze contains ethylene glycol, rather good stuff.’

2016, Ian McEwan, Nutshell, Vintage, page 50:

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, HO-CH₂-CH₂-OH, and the chemical structure at right. It is a clear, colorless liquid under normal conditions, and is widely used as a vehicle engine coolant due to its anti-freeze properties.

乙二醇

(organic chemistry) organic compound HO-CH2-CH2-OH


dicarboxylic acid

dicarboxylic acid (plural dicarboxylic acids)

(organic chemistry) Any organic compound having two carboxylic acid functional groups.

dikarboksyylihappo

difunctional by having 2 carboxyl groups


phthalate

From phthal(ic) + -ate (“salt or ester”), short for obsolete naphthalic acid, from naphthalene.

Researchers investigating levels of phthalates in the human body, which have been linked to asthma, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and fertility issues in the past few years, were found to be nearly 35% higher in participants who had eaten out the previous day compared with those who stayed at home.

2018 March 29, Patrick Greenfield, The Guardian:

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of a phthalic acid.


methanol

methanol (countable and uncountable, plural methanols)

From methane + -ol.
French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot, after determining methanol's chemical structure, introduced "methylene" from the Ancient Greek μέθυ (méthu, “wine”) + ὕλη (húlē, “wood, material”) with the intention of highlighting its origins, "alcohol made from wood (substance)".

(organic chemistry) The simplest aliphatic alcohol, CH₃OH; a colourless, toxic, inflammable liquid, used as a solvent, antifreeze, in the chemical industry, and in the preparation of methylated spirit.


phthalic acid

benzenedicarboxylic acid
benzenedicarboxylic acid

(organic chemistry) Any of three isomeric aromatic organic benzenedicarboxylic acids, C₆H₄(COOH)₂; especially the ortho- isomer manufactured from naphthalene, used in the synthesis of dyes, perfumes and other compounds.


naphthalene

naphthalene (usually uncountable, plural naphthalenes)

(organic chemistry) An aromatic bicyclic hydrocarbon, C₁₀H₈; an acene containing two fused benzene rings.


picric acid

From French picrique, from Ancient Greek πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”).

(organic chemistry) 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, C₆H₂(NO₂)₃, prepared by the nitration of phenol or of aspirin; a toxic, yellow, explosive substance used in dyes, explosives, and as an antiseptic


pyroxylin

pyroxylin (countable and uncountable, plural pyroxylins)

(organic chemistry) A highly inflammable form of nitrocellulose; used in the manufacture of collodion and lacquers.


nitrobenzene

(organic chemistry) A nitro derivative of benzene, C₆H₅NO₂, prepared by reacting benzene with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids; any of a series of such compounds having two or more nitro groups.


nitrosamine

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nitrosamine.wav

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of carcinogenic organic compounds containing this group, prepared by the reaction of amines with nitrites.


nitromethane

nitromethane (countable and uncountable, plural nitromethanes)

After trial and error, they settled on nitromethane—a dry-cleaning solvent and sometime rocket fuel—as by far the most potent.

2022 July 21, Marlan Davis, “What Is Nitromethane, Anyway?”, in MotorTrend:

(organic chemistry) The simplest nitroparaffin, CH₃NO₂; a colourless oily liquid used in organic synthesis, and as a fuel for rockets, racing cars and model aircraft.


nitrocellulose

nitrocellulose (countable and uncountable, plural nitrocelluloses)

(organic chemistry) A cotton-like material, made from cellulose by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids, used in the manufacture of explosives, collodion etc.


phenol red

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A pH indicator and red dye used to test kidney function.


trihydroxy

(organic chemistry, in combination) Three hydroxy groups in a molecule


propionate

From propionic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of propionic acid.


hydroxyquinol

(organic chemistry) a poisonous trihydroxy phenol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, C₆H₃(OH)₃, used in organic synthesis


pyrogallic acid

(organic chemistry) Synonym of pyrogallol


pyrogallol

(organic chemistry) A poisonous trihydroxy phenol, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, C₆H₃(OH)₃, used as a photographic developer.


propanoic acid

An IUPAC systematic name for the chemical originally named propionic acid. The prop- prefix is derived from propionic.

(organic chemistry) The short chain aliphatic carboxylic acid, CH₃CH₂COOH, used as a preservative, and in the manufacture of many chemical compounds.


propionic acid

From French acide propionique, coined by chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos) ("first") and πίων (píōn) ("fat"), because it was the smallest carboxylic acid that exhibited the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt.

(organic chemistry) The compound with the formula CH₃CH₂COOH, a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with a pungent odor.


para-

From Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside, next to”).

der

(organic chemistry) In isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in opposite (1,4) positions (compare ortho- and meta-)

para-

having substituents on benzene rings on opposite carbon atoms


ammonium

en-noun

ammonium (usually uncountable, plural ammoniums)

From New Latin ammōnium. Equivalent to ammonia + -ium.

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) Any similar cation formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl radicals


racemic acid

(organic chemistry) an equal mixture of the d- and l- forms of tartaric acid found in grape juice; the isomers can be separated via crystallization


retinoic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) A derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of acne; it is essential for bone and tissue development.


pyruvic acid

From New Latin acidum pyruvicum, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + ūva (“grape”) + -icum (neuter singular of -icus), from its being produced by the dry distillation of racemic acid, originally derived from grapes.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A yellowish organic keto acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.


isobutylphenyl propionic acid

isobutylphenyl propionic acid (uncountable)

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A substance used as an anti-inflammatory painkiller, often shortened to ibuprofen.


sebacic acid

(organic chemistry) an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, (CH₂)₈(COOH)₂, originally prepared from tallow; it is used in the manufacture of resins, plasticizers and polyester rubbers


suberic acid

(organic chemistry) an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, (CH₂)₆(COOH)₂, obtained from cork; used in the manufacture of plastics


ricinoleic acid

From translingual Ricin(us) + oleic acid.

(organic chemistry) A crystalline unsaturated hydroxy fatty acid C₁₈H₃₄O₃ that yields esters important as plasticizers and whose glyceride (ricinolein) is the main component of castor oil.


Bu

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of butyl.


Me

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of methyl.


ibuprofen

ibuprofen (countable and uncountable, plural ibuprofens)

From i(so)bu(tyl) + pro(pionic acid) + phen(yl).

af

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A synthetic compound used widely as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug.


bisulfite

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry) The univalent group -HSO₃, or any salt containing it.

vetysulfiitti

univalent group -HSO3, or any salt containing it


TCAP

en-noun

TCAP (countable and uncountable, plural TCAPs)

tricyclic acetone peroxide
tricyclic acetone peroxide#English

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Abbreviation of tricyclic acetone peroxide.


acetone peroxide

(organic chemistry) A cyclic organic peroxide; a mixture of mostly the trimer, (((CH₃)₂CO₂)₃), (TCAP or TATP), containing a nine-membered ring and the dimer, (((CH₃)₂CO₂)₂) containing a six-membered ring; it is a high explosive manufactured from acetone and hydrogen peroxide with the aid of sulphuric acid, and has been used by amateur bomb makers.


TATP

TATP, or triacetone triperoxide, was the explosive used in the 2017 Manchester Arena attack, the 2015 attacks in Paris and the 2016 Brussels attack carried out by Islamic State extremists.

2024 August 8, Deborah Cole, “Taylor Swift concert plot: Austrian police find bomb chemicals in suspect’s home”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

triacetone triperoxide
triacetone triperoxide#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of triacetone triperoxide.


triacetone triperoxide

(organic chemistry) The relatively stable, trimeric form of the high explosive acetone peroxide


freon

freon (countable and uncountable, plural freons)

Genericization of the Chemours trademark "Freon." According to Flood, the name was formed from freeze and the arbitrary suffix -on.

(organic chemistry) Any of several non-flammable refrigerants based on halogenated hydrocarbon including R-12, R-22, and R-23.


sulfate

From French sulfate, from New Latin sulphatum, taken from the expression acidum sulphatum (“sulfuric acid”), from sulphatus, from Latin sulphur (“sulfur”). The term was first used in 1787 by the French chemist L. B. G. De Morveau. Equivalent to sulf(ur) + -ate (“salt or ester”).

Another type, also common in the Taipei area has more chlorides than sulfates, and while it is also hot, its flavor is more salty than sour. The springs at Chinshan on the north coast are typical of this type.

1982 February 21, “Wulai: Hot springs resort with treasury of culture”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 7, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2, column 2:

Iatrogenic poisoning can result from the use of magnesium in the treatment of hypertension or of toxemia of pregnancy; deaths have been reported from the use of magnesium sulfate enemas in megacolon and from oral administration for purging.

1983, Richard E. Behrman, Victor C. Vaughan, III, Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, W. B. Saunders, →ISBN, page 249:

The whole world's fighting over fresh water like a pack of starving dogs with one stripped bone among them, and then Brazil started shooting all those sulfates into the stratosphere and—well, it was turning out just like the environazis said, only way worse and way fucking faster.

2011, Peter Watts, Crysis: Legion, Del Rey, published 2011, →ISBN, page 7:

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of sulfuric acid.


urea

urea (countable and uncountable, plural ureas)

From New Latin, from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, uncountable) A water-soluble organic compound, CO(NH₂)₂, formed by the metabolism of proteins and excreted in the urine.

(organic chemistry, countable) Any N-substituted derivative of urea, with the general formula (R₁R₂N)CO(NR₃R₄).


Platonic hydrocarbon

Platonic hydrocarbon (plural Platonic hydrocarbons)

(organic chemistry) A hydrocarbon whose structure matches one of the five Platonic solids.


dodecahedrane

Platonic hydrocarbon
Platonic hydrocarbon

(organic chemistry) One of the Platonic hydrocarbons, C₂₀H₂₀, having the carbon atoms at the vertices of a regular dodecahedron.


cream of tartar

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cream of tartar.wav

potassium bitartrate
potassium bitartrate

(organic chemistry) Potassium hydrogen tartrate (also called potassium bitartrate), a byproduct of wine manufacture, used in baking powder and in cooking to stabilize beaten egg whites.


tartrate

From tartaric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of tartaric acid.


tetrahedrane

tetrahedrane (countable and uncountable, plural tetrahedranes)

(organic chemistry) A hypothetical Platonic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula, C₄H₄, and a tetrahedral structure.


cubane

(organic chemistry) One of the Platonic hydrocarbons, C₈H₈, having the carbon atoms placed at the vertices of a cube.


invertase

invertase (usually uncountable, plural invertases)

The costs incurred for the processing of sucrose with invertase could be considerably reduced with the introduction of immobilised invertases, by adopting technology similar to that developed for glucose isomerase.

1995, L. F. J. Woods, S. J. Swinton, “8: Enzymes in the starch and sugar industries”, in Gregory A. Tucker, L.F.J. Woods, editors, Enzymes in Food Processing, page 257:

The disaccharide sucrose and the trisaccharide raffinose are both substrates of invertase. Invertase is encoded by the SUC genes from which six unlinked loci have been identified (SUC1-SUC5, SUC7), which are dipersed through the yeast genome (Lampen, 1968; Ouwehand and van Wijk, 1972; Ottolenghi, 1971).

1997, Karl-Dieter Entian, Hans-Joachim Schüller, “Chapter 13: Genetics of Di- and Trisaccharide Utilization”, in Friedrich K. Zimmermann, Karl-Dieter Entian, editors, Yeast Sugar Metabolism, page 226:

Up-regulation of these invertases is a common response to infection (Hall and Williams, 2000).

2004, J. S. C. Clark, P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, “The Compatible Interaction in Downy Mildew Infections”, in Peter Spencer-Phillips, Michael J. Jeger, editors, Advances in Downy Mildew Research, volume 2, page 18:

2013, Maria Kamiko Kadowaki, Rite de Cássia Garcia Simão, Jose Luís da Conceição Silva, Clarice Aoki Osaku, Luis Henrique Souza Guimarāes, 1: Biotechnical Advances in Fungal Invertases, Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli, Mahendra Rai (editors), Fungal Enzymes, page 14,
The methods used for the immobilization of fungal invertases include adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking and entrapment (Uzun et al. 2011).
Nelson and Griffin (1916) reported that invertase was the first enzyme to be immobilized, and it was bound on charcoal and aluminium hydroxide. Subsequently, mant fungal invertases have been immobilized onto a variety of media […] .

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose (invert sugar), used by bees to produce honey and in the food industry to soften chocolate.


tartaric acid

tartaric acid (countable and uncountable, plural tartaric acids)

From Medieval Latin tartarum (“tartar”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind; it is used as the salts cream of tartar and Rochelle salt.

àcid tartàric

the aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind


isothiocyanate

(organic chemistry) any salt or ester of the hypothetical isothiocyanic acid; or the -NCS radical or the NCS⁻¹ anion; isomeric with thiocyanate


allyl isothiocyanate

Brassica nigra
Brassica nigra#Translingual

(organic chemistry) A mildly toxic pungent compound, C₃H₅NCS, obtained from the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra) or prepared synthetically, used as an animal repellent, etc.


tetraethyl lead

tetraethyl lead (usually uncountable, plural tetraethyl leads)

(organic chemistry) A toxic organometallic compound, (C₂H₅)₄Pb, added to petroleum/gasoline as an antiknock agent.


mustard oil

allyl isothiocyanate
allyl isothiocyanate

(organic chemistry) The essential oil allyl isothiocyanate, also obtained from mustard seeds.


toluic acid

(organic chemistry) Any of the three isomers ortho-, meta- and para- methylbenzoic acid, derived from toluene.


isooctane

isooctane (countable and uncountable, plural isooctanes)

(organic chemistry) any isomer of n-octane; especially 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, used as a reference in the determination of the octane number of fuel


valeric acid

(organic chemistry) A short chain aliphatic carboxylic acid, CH₃(CH₂)₃COOH, obtained from the roots of valerian; used in perfume, flavourings, pharmaceuticals


urate

From uric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

The deposition of urate crystals in the joints leads to gout.

(organic chemistry) Any salt of uric acid.


uridine

uridine (countable and uncountable, plural uridines)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A nucleoside formed from uracil and ribose.


valerate

From valeric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of valeric acid.


trans fatty acid

trans fatty acid (plural trans fatty acids)

Recently, however, scientists have found that trans fatty acids produced by hydrogenation actually raise blood cholesterol levels.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated fatty acid in which one or more of the double bonds has the trans orientation instead of the usual cis orientation.


uric acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) a bicyclic heterocyclic phenolic compound, formed in the body by the metabolism of protein and excreted in the urine (or in faeces, as in birds and insects)


EPA

EPA (countable and uncountable, plural EPAs)

eicosapentaenoic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of eicosapentaenoic acid.


toluene

toluene (countable and uncountable, plural toluenes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-toluene.wav

From German Toluin, from Tolu (Tolú) where it was first distilled.

The salon is also a kitchen where, in the back rooms, our women squat on the floor over huge woks that pop and sizzle over electric burners, cauldrons of phở simmer and steam up the cramped spaces with aromas of cloves, cinnamon, ginger, mint, and cardamom mixing with formaldehyde, toluene, acetone, Pine-Sol, and bleach.

2019, Ocean Vuong, On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous, Jonathan Cape, pages 79–80:

(organic chemistry) A colourless, inflammable liquid hydrocarbon, methylbenzene, CH₃.C₆H₅, used as a solvent, in high-octane fuels and in the production of many chemical compounds.


AHA

AHA (countable and uncountable, plural AHAs)

alpha-hydroxy acid
alpha-hydroxy acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of alpha-hydroxy acid.


ALA

alpha linolenic acid
alpha linolenic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of alpha linolenic acid.

aminolevulinic acid
aminolevulinic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of aminolevulinic acid.


CPA

CPA (countable and uncountable, plural CPAs)

cyproterone acetate
cyproterone acetate#English

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) Abbreviation of cyproterone acetate.


ABS

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
anti-lock braking system

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.


SAN

sytrene acrylonitrile
sytrene acrylonitrile#English

(organic chemistry) Acronym of styrene-acrylonitrile or sytrene acrylonitrile copolymer.


PBT

PBT (countable and uncountable, plural PBTs)

polybutylene terephthalate
polybutylene terephthalate#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polybutylene terephthalate.


MDMA

Unlike many of its subsequent users, Shulgin did not find his MDMA experience transformative. For him the effect was like a particularly lucid alcohol buzz; he called it his "low-calorie martini."

2005 January 30, Drake Bennett, “Dr. Ecstasy”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A bit of folk wisdom from early cohorts of MDMA users advised against getting married within six weeks of one's first MDMA experience.

2011, Mark A.R. Kleiman et al., Drugs and Drug Policy, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

When MDMA was placed on Schedule 1, the worst category of illegal drugs, the yuppies stopped partying and the dance scene went underground.

2012, Simon Reynolds, Energy Flash, Soft Skull Press, page 281:

In an important step toward medical approval, MDMA, the illegal drug popularly known as Ecstasy or Molly, was shown to bring relief to those suffering from severe post-traumatic stress disorder when paired with talk therapy.

2021 May 3, Rachel Nuwer, “A Psychedelic Drug Passes a Big Test for PTSD Treatment”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a synthetic entactogen of the methylenedioxyphenethylamine family.


PFOA

Coordinate term: PFOS

perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of perfluorooctanoic acid.


MTBE

methyl tert-butyl ether
methyl tert-butyl ether#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of methyl tert-butyl ether.


PES

PES (countable and uncountable, plural PESes)

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of polyethersulfone.


DHA

A diet rich in DHA made sense, boosting general health, fortifying the brain, helping maintain focus and alertness and offsetting cognitive weariness.

2023, Martin MacInnes, In Ascension, Atlantic Books, page 228:

docosahexaenoic acid
docosahexaenoic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Acronym of docosahexaenoic acid.


MPG

MPG (countable and uncountable, plural MPG or MPGs)

monopropylene glycol
monopropylene glycol#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of monopropylene glycol.


TCA

TCA (countable and uncountable, plural TCAs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of trichloroanisole.

tricarboxylic acid
tricarboxylic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of tricarboxylic acid.


DPA

DPA (countable and uncountable, plural DPAs)

docosapentaenoic acid
docosapentaenoic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of docosapentaenoic acid.


PP

PP (countable and uncountable, plural PPs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polypropylene.


epicycle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-epicycle.wav

From Latin epicyclus, from Ancient Greek ἐπίκυκλος (epíkuklos), from ἐπί (epí, “upon”) + κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”).

(organic chemistry) A ring of atoms joining parts of an already cyclic compound


EVA

EVA (countable and uncountable, plural EVAs)

ethylene-vinyl acetate
ethylene-vinyl acetate#English

(organic chemistry) Acronym of ethylene-vinyl acetate.


ataxia

ataxia (countable and uncountable, plural ataxias)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀταξία (ataxía, “disorder”), derived from ἄτακτος (átaktos, “disorderly”).

bor+

(physical chemistry, organic chemistry) The condition of a polymer in which the orientation of the subunits is random


PAP

(organic chemistry) polyfluoroalkyl phosphate ester


germane

en-noun

germane (countable and uncountable, plural germanes)

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) Any organic derivative of this compound.


eicosanoid

From Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”) + -ane (“an alkane”) + -oic (“a carboxylic acid”) + -oid (“-like”).

af

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
epoxyeicosatrienoic acid

(organic chemistry) Any of a family of naturally-occurring substances derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids; they include the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids; they function as hormones.


dipeptide

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound formed from two amino acids joined by a peptide bond.


methionine

en-noun

methionine (countable and uncountable, plural methionines)

/mɪˈθʌɪəniːn/

/mɪˈθʌɪənɪn/

/mɛˈθaɪəˌniːn/

The purpose was to make soya beans more healthy for those for whom they are a staple food by correcting soya beans' natural deficiency in a chemical called methionine.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 253:

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A lipotropic, sulphur-containing essential amino acid, C₅H₁₁NO₂S, found in most protein.


polypeptide

(organic chemistry) Any polymer of (same or different) amino acids joined via peptide bonds.

polipèptid

organic chemistry: any polymer amino acids joined via peptide bonds


aspartame

aspartame (usually uncountable, plural aspartames)

Commercial name, from aspartic. The -ame is perhaps because aspartame is an amide. Compare aspartamine.

Though reluctant to further expose him to aspartame, I had little trouble persuading Jamie's mother to carry out a double-blind trial in order to more rigorously document her son's aberrant response to aspartame.

2001, C. Keith Conners, Feeding the Brain: How Foods Affect Children, page 38:

Caramel colors and aspartame
Phosphoric acid, potassium
Natural flavors, of course caffeine
And now I'm jonesin' for MSG

2006, J. G. Thirlwell (lyrics and music), “Sieve”, in Damp, performed by Foetus:

Aspartame, sold under the brand NutraSweet, was discovered accidentally by a scientist at Searle in 1965 who was testing new drugs for gastric ulcers and licked his fingers before picking up a piece of paper.

2007, Nina Redman, Food Safety: A Reference Handbook, page 37:

In powdered form, aspartame is mixed with lactose, so a 1-gram packet contains 4 calories.

2008, Frances Sienkiewicz Sizer, Eleanor Noss Whitney, Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies, volume 10, page 143:

Some examples of the sweeteners include aspartame, saccharin, sucralose and stevia. The W.H.O.’s announcement contradicts previous studies that have said these sweeteners don’t offer any health benefits but also do not cause harm.

2023 May 15, April Rubin, “World Health Organization Warns Against Using Artificial Sweeteners”, in The New York Times:

artificial sweetener
artificial sweetener

(organic chemistry) An artificial sweetener, the methyl ester of a dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine, used in many processed foods and beverages.


peptide

From peptone, partially hydrolyzed protein, or German Peptid, from German Pepton, from Ancient Greek πεπτόν (peptón, “cooked, digested”) derived from πέπτω (péptō, “soften, ripen, boil, cook, bake, digest”).

der

When it’s digested, its long amino-acid chains are first broken down into smaller fragments, or peptides. It turns out that many hormones and drugs are also peptides, and a number of casein peptides do affect the body in hormone-like ways.

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds consisting of various numbers of amino acids in which the amine of one is reacted with the carboxylic acid of the next to form an amide bond.


TEA

en-noun

TEA (countable and uncountable, plural TEAs)

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Acronym of triethylaluminium.

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Abbreviation of triethylamine.

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Abbreviation of triethanolamine.


crotanaldehyde

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde, 2-butenal, CH₃.CH:CH.CHO; it is used in the manufacture of sorbic acid, and to denature alcohol


sorbic acid

Latin sorbum (“the rowan or serviceberry”).

uder

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acid, CH₃.CH:CH.CH:CH.COOH, found in Rowan berries, and used as a preservative


polymerase chain reaction

en-noun

polymerase chain reaction (plural polymerase chain reactions)

genetic fingerprinting
genetic fingerprinting

(genetics, molecular biology, organic chemistry) A technique in molecular biology for creating multiple copies of DNA from a sample; used in genetic fingerprinting etc.

ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応

ポリメラーゼれんさはんのう


photoautotroph

From photo- (from the combining form φωτω- (phōtō-) of Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs, “light”)) + autotroph, from auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) an organism, such as all green plants, that can synthesize its own food from inorganic material using light as a source of energy


DME

(organic chemistry) Initialism of dimethyl ether.


diazene

en-noun

diazene (countable and uncountable, plural diazenes)

(organic chemistry, countable) Any azo compound derived from this simple compound


diazonium

(organic chemistry) any univalent cation, of general formula R-N₂⁺; diazonium salts are used to manufacture azo dyes, and take part in the Sandmeyer reaction


azo compound

(organic chemistry) an organic compound of the general formula R-N=N-R¹; they are often colored and are the basis of many synthetic dyes; a diazene


diazine

(organic chemistry) Any six-membered aromatic heterocycle containing four carbon atoms, two nitrogen atoms and three double bonds


diazo

(organic chemistry) Containing a pair of double bonded nitrogen atoms, typically directly attached to an aryl group.


diazo

Some diazos are dyes.

(organic chemistry) Any compound of this type.


azobenzene

azobenzene (countable and uncountable, plural azobenzenes)

(organic chemistry) An aromatic azo compound, diphenyl diazene, the basis of many dyes.


nitrogen fixation

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially such conversion, by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants


electrophilic substitution

electrophilic substitution (plural electrophilic substitutions)

substitution reaction
substitution reaction

(organic chemistry) in aromatic organic chemistry, a form of substitution reaction in which the leaving functional group (normally hydrogen) is replaced with an electrophile


nucleophilic substitution

nucleophilic substitution (plural nucleophilic substitutions)

(organic chemistry) in aliphatic organic chemistry, a form of substitution reaction in which the leaving functional group is replaced with a nucleophile


SN2 reaction

nucleophilic substitution
nucleophilic substitution

(organic chemistry) a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction


SN1 reaction

(organic chemistry) a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction


capsaicin

capsaicin (usually uncountable, plural capsaicins)

Arbitrary alteration of earlier capsicine, capsicin (“material extracted from cayenne pepper”), presumably to prevent confusion, from German Capsicin, from New Latin capsicum + German -in. Name introduced by John Clough Thresh (1850–1932) in “Capsaicin, the Active Principle of Capsicum Fruits”.

(organic chemistry) A chemical compound found in chilli peppers, which is responsible for their piquancy.


guanosine

guanosine (countable and uncountable, plural guanosines)

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from guanine and ribose


carborane

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds of boron, mostly having a polyhedral structure.


resonance effect

(organic chemistry) the mesomeric effect


macrocycle

(organic chemistry) a cyclic macromolecule, or a macrocyclic portion of a molecule


mesomeric effect

(organic chemistry) the increased stability of organic compounds having alternate single and double bonds


metathesis

metathesis (countable and uncountable, plural metatheses)

→ Malay: metatesis

Borrowed from Late Latin metathesis, from Ancient Greek μετάθεσις (metáthesis), from μετά (metá, “among”) + θέσις (thésis, “placement”).

af

(organic chemistry) The breaking and reforming of double bonds in olefins in which substituent groups are swapped.

metateesi

the breaking and reforming of double bonds in olefins in which substituent groups are swapped


phenylenediamine

(organic chemistry) Any of the three isomeric di-amino-benzenes, used as intermediates in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, plastics etc.


adenosine

From German Adenosin, corresponding to aden(ine) + (rib)os(e) + -ine.

Caffeine acts as an antagonist at receptors in the brain for one of the chemical messengers called adenosine.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 82:

Think of adenosine as a chemical barometer that continuously registers the amount of elapsed time since you woke up this morning.

2017, Matthew Walker, Why We Sleep, Penguin, published 2018, page 27:

SAM: Readings confirmed. Based on the levels of adenosine in your system, the neural implant is functioning properly.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Hyperion:

Adenosine levels can be quickly righted after a few nights of good sleep, however.

2022 June 24, Oliver Whang, “The Sleep Debt Collector Is Here”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from adenine and ribose, found in striated muscle tissue.


cyanocarbon

(organic chemistry) a class of organic compounds formally derived from hydrocarbons by replacing every hydrogen atom with a cyanide radical; e.g. - tetracyanomethane - C(CN)₄


cyanocarbon acid

en-noun

cyanocarbon acid (plural cyanocarbon acids)

(organic chemistry) a class of strong organic acids, only known as their salts in which the negative charge is stabilized by resonance.


cyclophane

(organic chemistry) A hydrocarbon consisting an aromatic unit (typically a benzene ring) and an aliphatic chain that forms a bridge between two positions of the aromatic ring; more complex derivatives (the superphanes) with multiple aromatic units and bridges forming cagelike structures are known.

(organic chemistry) Any cyclic structure used as a base phane in the nomenclature of complex organic compounds


shikimic acid

(organic chemistry) A naturally occurring organic compound, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, extracted commercially from star anise; it is the base of very many natural products and is used in the production of the antiviral drug Tamiflu.


tertiary amine

(organic chemistry) An amine, containing three radicals, of general formula R₁R₂R₃-N; the radicals may be the same, different, or part of a ring.


destructive distillation

destructive distillation (countable and uncountable, plural destructive distillations)

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) The heating of a material, such as coal or wood, in an inert atmosphere, at a high temperature such as to cause decomposition; the principal products include oils and tars from which many useful organic compounds may be obtained; town gas and coke were obtained in this way.


delocalization

delocalization (countable and uncountable, plural delocalizations)

(organic chemistry, quantum mechanics, physical chemistry) the phenomenon in which bonding electrons of some molecules serve to bind several atoms instead of just two; it is observed in metals and in aromatic and conjugated organic compounds


carboxymethyl glucose

(organic chemistry) An ether derivative of glucose prepared using chloroacetic acid and a base.


colchicine

colchicine (countable and uncountable, plural colchicines)

Gloriosa superba: spectacularly beautiful climbing lily. Roots, stalks, leaves contain an acrid narcotic, superbine, as well as colchicine and choline. Three grains of colchicine are fatal. Hawaii.

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A highly toxic alkaloid, chemical formula C₂₂H₂₅NO₆, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum and formerly used to treat rheumatic complaints, now used mainly in the treatment of gout.


methylene

methylene (countable and uncountable, plural methylenes)

French méthylène, from Ancient Greek μέθυ (méthu, “wine”) + ὕλη (húlē, “wood”).

polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

(organic chemistry) The divalent group –CH₂– in which the free valencies are part of single bonds.

(organic chemistry) The same group, present as a repeating unit, in aliphatic compounds with names such as hexamethylenediamine.

(organic chemistry) The unstable carbene :CH₂


menthol

menthol (countable and uncountable, plural menthols)

(organic chemistry) A cyclic monoterpene alcohol; the major component of the essential oil of peppermint; used in pharmaceutical preparations as an antitussive and antipruritic agent, as a nasal decongestant, and in menthol cigarettes.


cycloaddition

cycloaddition (countable and uncountable, plural cycloadditions)

(organic chemistry) An addition reaction that leads to the formation of a cyclic product.


verdigris

verdigris (countable and uncountable, plural verdigrises)

From Middle English vertegrez, from Old French verte grez (literally “acidic green”), an alteration of older verte de Grece (literally “green of Greece”). The modern French writing of this word is vert-de-gris (literally “green of gray”).

der

(organic chemistry, dated) Copper acetate.


dienophile

Diels-Alder reaction
Diels-Alder reaction

(organic chemistry) A compound that readily reacts with a diene; especially an alkene in the Diels-Alder reaction.


Diels-Alder reaction

en-noun

Diels-Alder reaction (plural Diels-Alder reactions)

First described in 1928 by Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder.

(organic chemistry) The cycloaddition reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene to form a cyclohexene ring.


conjugated

en-adj

conjugated (comparative more conjugated, superlative most conjugated)

more conjugated (comparative)
most conjugated (superlative)

Inflected form of conjugate. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from German Konjugation, konjugieren, coined 1899 by German chemist Johannes Thiele.

sl

1991, J.-P. Aime, Structural Characterization of Conjugated Solutions, J. L. Brédas, R. Silbey (editors), Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer Academic, page 296,
A major interest in the study of conjugated polymers in solution is the opportunity to investigate the relation between electronic properties and conformational disorder in low dimensional materials.

2007, Kirk S. Schanze, Xiaoyong Zhao, 14: Structure-Property Relationships and Applications of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes, Terje A. Skotheim, John R. Reynolds (editors), Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization, Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 3rd Edition, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 14-3,
The concept first reported in 1995 centers on the use of a fluorescent conjugated polymer that is functionalized with receptor sites for a target analyte molecule.

2014, Enzo Montoneri, et al., Chapter 4: Food Wastes Conversion to Products for Use in Chemical and Environmental Technology, Material Science and Agriculture, Abbas Kazmi, Peter Shuttleworth (editors), Economic Utilisation of Food Co-Products, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC Publishing), page 81,
On the other hand, ¹O_2 is known to be a selective oxidant that reacts with electron-rich olefins, conjugated dienes, sulfides and phenols.

(organic chemistry, of an organic compound or part of such a compound) Containing one or more pairs of double bonds and/or lone pairs, each pair being separated by a single bond.


DMSO

dimethyl sulfoxide
dimethyl sulfoxide#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of dimethyl sulfoxide.


dimethyl sulphoxide

(organic chemistry, chiefly British) Alternative spelling of dimethyl sulfoxide


dimethyl sulfoxide

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, (CH₃)₂SO, obtained as a byproduct from wood pulp, and is used as a solvent for carrying out chemical reactions and for administering drugs through the skin; also used as a reagent; its polar structure is a resonance hybrid.


diene

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, especially a hydrocarbon, containing two double bonds.


cyclohexene

en-noun

cyclohexene (countable and uncountable, plural cyclohexenes)

(organic chemistry) A cyclic hydrocarbon containing six carbon atoms and one double bond; any of its derivatives.


episulphide

(organic chemistry) Alternative form of episulfide


unsaponifiable

(organic chemistry) Not able to be saponified


unsaponifiable

(organic chemistry, especially in plural) lipids (such as steroids) that are not glycerides and thus cannot be saponified


halohydrin

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compound having a hydroxyl functional group and a halogen on neighbouring carbon atoms.


nicotine

Borrowed from French nicotine, equivalent to Nicot + -ine, named after Jean Nicot (1530–1604), the French ambassador to Portugal, who sent tobacco seeds back to France in 1561. The etymology of the surname itself is unclear.

He is addicted to nicotine.

The website calls a vote for Alyona a vote against "beauties who do not look natural and who cannot be distinguished from each other" and rails against the "imposed standards" of 90-60-90 vital statistics, and "cigarettes with out nicotine and coffee without caffeine".

2004 April 13, Nick Paton Walsh, “Ample Alyona shakes up Russian pageant”, in The Guardian:

(organic chemistry) An alkaloid (C₁₀H₁₄N₂), commonly occurring in the tobacco plant.


glyceride

/ˈɡlɪsəɹaɪd/

(organic chemistry) An ester of glycerol and one or more fatty acid; they are the major constituents of lipids.

甘油酯

an ester of glycerol and one or more fatty acids


ethylene oxide

(organic chemistry) The simplest epoxide; used as a sterilizing agent and in the production of ethylene glycol.


epoxide

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compound, cyclic ethers, having a three-membered ring; they are prepared by the selective oxidation of alkenes or by ring-closure of halohydrins; used to make plastics.

(organic chemistry) Any similar compound in which an ether linkage has been made across a larger ring.


epinephrine

epinephrine (countable and uncountable, plural epinephrines)

From Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + νεφρός (nephrós, “kidney”) + -ine.

At the ER, after deflating me with a cocktail of epinephrine, a steroid and an antihistamine, the doctors scolded me for not coming in more quickly: I could have died of asphyxiation.

2023 November 1, “‘We’re sedating women with self-care’: how we became obsessed with wellness”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, medicine) A catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter; as a hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress (when it stimulates the autonomic nervous system); as a neurotransmitter, synthesized from norepinephrine. It is also used as a medication.


cracking

(organic chemistry, petrochemistry) The thermal decomposition of a substance, especially that of crude petroleum in order to produce petrol / gasoline.


aza

"However, aza N-atoms (~N=) have to be counted, if they replace methine groups in the chain."

2003, Heinrich Zollinger, Color Chemistry, →ISBN, page 73:

(organic chemistry, attributive) A nitrogen atom substituted for a carbon atom within a ring.


Fischer-Tropsch process

From Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch, German chemists.

(organic chemistry) The synthesis of hydrocarbons by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.


polythene

polythene (countable and uncountable, plural polythenes)

All that was needed [to make a hula hoop] was a bag of high-density polythene dust, a handful of two-inch wooden plugs, half a pound of wire staples, and the help of a man with an extrusion machine, which simply meant anyone who could make a length of plastic hose.

1971, Gwen White, Antique Toys And Their Background, page 129:

(organic chemistry, chiefly British) A light thermoplastic used in packaging etc.; polyethylene.


Friedel-Crafts reaction

Friedel-Crafts reaction (plural Friedel-Crafts reactions)

(organic chemistry) a substitution reaction in which an alkyl or acyl functional group replaces a hydrogen atom of an aromatic nucleus; it is catalyzed by aluminium chloride


co-

From Latin co-, allomorph of Latin con-.

codimer is any dimeric copolymer, copolypeptide is any polypeptide that is a copolymer, comonomer is any of a group of monomers that, when polymerized, form a copolymer

(organic chemistry) Referring to copolymers.


lignin

lignin (usually uncountable, plural lignins)

(organic chemistry) A complex non-carbohydrate aromatic polymer present in all wood.


tropine

(organic chemistry) A poisonous alkaloid (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol obtained by the hydrolysis of atropine


humic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a complex mixture of organic acids produced by the decomposition of vegetable matter.


polyurethane

Firefighters were hampered by toxic fumes from polyurethane mattresses and overstuffed furniture.

1977 December 31, “One Person Dies in Castro Baths Fire”, in Gay Community News, volume 4, number 26, page 3:

(organic chemistry) Any of various polymeric resins containing urethane links; used in very many industrial and domestic applications.

聚氨酯

any of various polymeric resins containing urethane links


trans fat

coronary heart disease
coronary heart disease

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated fat with carbon-carbon double bonds in the trans configuration, especially one prepared by partial hydrogenation, associated with an elevated risk of coronary heart disease.

反式脂肪

unsaturated fat with bonds in the trans configuration


cycloheptane

(organic chemistry) An alicyclic hydrocarbon, C₇H₁₄; a volatile inflammable liquid.


cycloalkane

(organic chemistry) Any saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon.


CBD

CBD (countable and uncountable, plural CBDs or CBD's)

It’s hard to say the precise moment when CBD, the voguish cannabis derivative, went from being a fidget spinner alternative for stoners to a mainstream panacea.

2018 October 27, Alex Williams, “Why Is CBD Everywhere?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

“It is a kind of a new snake oil in the sense that there are a lot of claims and not so much evidence,” said Dustin Lee, an assistant professor in psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Johns Hopkins University who is planning a human trial of CBD for use in quitting smoking.

2019 February 25, Roni Caryn Rabin, quoting Dustin Lee, “CBD Is Everywhere, but Scientists Still Don’t Know Much About It”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of cannabidiol.


carbo-

carbide, carbohydrate

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry) Representing carbon, carbonic, carbonyl, carbonylic, carboxyl or carboxylic.


oxo-

(organic chemistry) Having a methylene group replaced by a carbonyl group.


gunge

gunge (usually uncountable, plural gunges)

First attested around 1935-40. Probably an alteration of gunk.

They call this solid material tholin (after the Greek word for muddy), but it seems likely that chemists will continue to call this rather familiar material “gunge.”

11 January 1979, Dr Bernard Dixon (editor), "Grains between the stars account for spectra", in New Scientist


camphor

camphor (countable and uncountable, plural camphors)

From Old French camphore or Medieval Latin camphora, from Arabic كَافُور (kāfūr), in turn from an Austronesian word such as Malay kapur.

I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odour of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

1895 May 7, H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, chapter X, in The Time Machine: An Invention, New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →OCLC:

(organic chemistry) A white transparent waxy crystalline isoprenoid ketone, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, with a strong pungent odour, used in pharmacy.


isoamyl alcohol

(organic chemistry) An isomer of amyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, found in trace amounts in wine; used industrially in the preparation of isoamyl nitrite.


isoamyl nitrite

(organic chemistry) The ester of isoamyl alcohol and nitrous acid, a volatile yellow liquid used as a vasodilator and antidote to cyanide poisoning; used illicitly as a sexual stimulant.


amyl alcohol

(organic chemistry) Any of the isomers of pentanol, C₅H₁₁OH; the principal constituent of fusel oil.


biphenyl

biphenyl (countable and uncountable, plural biphenyls)

(organic chemistry, uncountable) A colourless solid hydrocarbon, C₁₂H₁₀, consisting of two benzene rings linked together by a single bond.

halogenated biphenyls

Another environmental factor thought to be affecting some coastal birds, although comparatively little is yet known about its extent or origin, is the presence of marine pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxic heavy metals.

1986, Valerie M. Thom, “Coastal habitats”, in Birds in Scotland, London: T & AD Poyser, published 2011, →ISBN, page 25:

(organic chemistry, countable) Any substituted or otherwise altered version of biphenyl, such as PCBs.


polychlorinated biphenyl

polychlorinated biphenyl (plural polychlorinated biphenyls)

The microbes devoured the chlorides in the earth; as metabolic byproducts, they produced toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). By the time the infestation was contained an area of nearly 30 square kilometers had been effectively turned into a toxic waste dump.

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Nepyma:

persistent organic pollutant
persistent organic pollutant

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of aromatic organic compounds formed by the chlorination of the hydrocarbon biphenyl; they have many industrial applications but are now considered persistent organic pollutants.


2006, Zhang et al, Investigative Opthamological and Visual Science http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16384975&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum
Apical uptake was higher than basolateral uptake at 37 degrees C and was decreased to 70% in the presence of NaN(3) or in the absence of extracellular Na(+). Besides alpha2-agonists, apical uptake was inhibited by verapamil, desipramine, and quinidine, but not by MPP(+) (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium), TEA (tetraethylammonium), decynium-22, carnitine, PHA (p-aminohippurate), alanine, or inosine.

(organic chemistry) MPP+, the active metabolite of MPTP.


nitr-

(organic chemistry) Alternative form of nitro- used before a vowel.


arsenate

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of arsenic acid.


telluride

telluride (countable and uncountable, plural tellurides)

(countable, organic chemistry) Any organic compound of general formula R₂Te (R not = H), the tellurium analogues of ethers


sodium lauryl sulfate

(organic chemistry) An ionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, used in many household products.


DDD

DDD (countable and uncountable, plural DDDs)

Coordinate term: DDT

(organic chemistry) Initialism of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (“insecticide related to DDT”).


sulfo-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sulfo-.wav


DCC

DCC (countable and uncountable, plural DCCs)

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.


cycloheximide

cycloheximide (usually uncountable, plural cycloheximides)

(organic chemistry) An agricultural fungicide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus, widely used in biomedical research.


cyclopentadienyl complex

cyclopentadienyl complex (plural cyclopentadienyl complexes)

(organic chemistry) an organometallic compound formed from cyclopentadiene (or a derivative) and a transition element or other metal


cyclopentadiene

cyclopentadiene (countable and uncountable, plural cyclopentadienes)

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated alicyclic hydrocarbon, C₅H₆; it forms complexes with some transition elements


aluminoxane

organometallic compound
organometallic compound

(organic chemistry) a class of organometallic compounds of aluminium having general formula R₂Al-O-AlR₂; they are used as catalysts in the polymerization of epoxides and oxetanes to form polyether elastomers.


Vandenberg catalyst

Vandenberg catalyst (plural Vandenberg catalysts)

From Edwin J. Vandenberg, American chemist.

(organic chemistry) An aluminoxane, prepared from an alkyl-aluminium and water, used as a catalyst in the manufacture of polyether elastomers.


polyether

(organic chemistry) a polymer, such as an elastomer, in which carbon atoms of the repeating units are joined by a single oxygen atom


PETE

Coordinate term: PE

polyethylene terephthalate
polyethylene terephthalate#English

(organic chemistry) Acronym of polyethylene terephthalate.


disulfide

(organic chemistry) A functional group with two sulfur atoms bonded to one another, described by the following formula: R–S–S–R'.


Prevost reaction

Prevost reaction (plural Prevost reactions)

(organic chemistry) The trans oxidation of an alkene, to form a dihydric alcohol, catalyzed by iodine and silver benzoate.


azide

(organic chemistry) the univalent N₃ radical or functional group or any ester containing this group


benzoate

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of benzoic acid.


heptane

(organic chemistry) Any of the nine isomers of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon C₇H₁₆, obtained from petroleum, especially n-heptane (CH₃(CH₂)₅CH₃)


malic

(organic chemistry) Of or pertaining to malic acid or its derivatives.


DM

DM (countable and uncountable, plural DMs)

(organic chemistry) adamsite, diphenylaminechlorarsine


irene

The configurations around the double bond in the side chain are based on considerations of the Raman spectra, dielectric constants, etc., and on comparatively small differences in reactivity; for example, neo-α-irone is converted into irene less readily than α-irone, but forms an oxime more rapidly; …

1952, The Terpenes, addenda to volumes 1 and 2, page 507

Ruzicka and his co-workers showed that the hydrocarbon irene, obtained on reduction of irone with red phosphorus/iodine, had the structure shown and this was confirmed by synthesis [...]

1964, Samuel Coffey, E. H. Rodd, Martin Frederick Ansell, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds: Alicyclic Compounds, page 177:

Practically no isomerization of ɑ- or γ-irone into β-irone, or of γ-irone into ɑ-irone takes place; nor is irene formed from the irones.

1972, Ernest Guenther, The Essential Oils: Individual Essential Oils of the Plant Families Ericaceae, Betulaceae, Valerianaceae, Verbenaceae, Cistaceae, Cruciferae, Liliaceae, Iridaceae, Araceae, Palmae, Cyperaceae, Moraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Usneaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, and Cupressaceae, page 87:

(organic chemistry) The hydrocarbon formed by dehydration of an irone.


monoglyceride

/ˌmɒnəʊˈɡlɪsəɹaɪd/

(organic chemistry) a lipid, an ester of glycerol and one fatty acid (in the 1- or 2- positions)


diglyceride

(organic chemistry) a lipid, an ester of glycerol and two fatty acids (the same or different, in the 1,2 or 1,3 positions)


zeaxanthin

zeaxanthin (countable and uncountable, plural zeaxanthins)

From New Latin Zea (genus name of Indian corn) + xanthin.

der

(organic chemistry) A yellow crystalline carotenoid alcohol that occurs widely with lutein, with which it is isomeric, and is the chief pigment of maize


triglyceride

/tɹaɪˈɡlɪsəɹaɪd/

(organic chemistry) A lipid, an ester of glycerol and three fatty acids (the same or different); the major constituent of animal and vegetable fats


thiol

(organic chemistry) A univalent organic radical (-SH) containing a sulphur and a hydrogen atom; a compound containing such a radical.


organoborane

(organic chemistry) Any organic compound containing a carbon-to-boron bond.


hydrocracking

en-noun

hydrocracking (usually uncountable, plural hydrocrackings)

(organic chemistry) the production of high-octane petroleum fuel and kerosene by hydrogenating large or complex hydrocarbons and then cracking them.


organic compound

organic compound (plural organic compounds)

Not only are organic compounds essential to living organisms, but the common belief until the 19th century was that only living organisms could produce them, whence the name. When it was shown in the early 1800s that they could also be produced in the laboratory, the old name was kept.

Meteorites contain a wide range of organic compounds.

(organic chemistry) Any compound containing carbon atoms covalently bound to other atoms.

List of organic_compounds on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


heptanoic acid

(organic chemistry) the aliphatic carboxylic acid having seven carbon atoms, CH₃(CH₂)₅COOH; enanthic acid


-ol

(organic chemistry) An alcohol or phenol.


phenolic

“Eggplant is highly nutritious, but it can be bitter due to its phenolic compounds.”

2022, Bonnie Garmus, Lessons in Chemistry, Penguin (2023), page 338:

(organic chemistry) Of, relating to, or derived from a phenol.

fenòlic

organic chemistry: of, relating to, or derived from a phenol


R acid

(organic chemistry) A crystalline sulfonic acid, HOC₁₀H₅(SO₃H)₂, derived from beta naphthol and used as a dye intermediate; 2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid.


curcumin

curcumin (countable and uncountable, plural curcumins)

From translingual Curcuma, from Arabic كُرْكُم (kurkum, “turmeric”) + -in.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A polyphenol (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione; a major constituent of the spice turmeric.


polyphenol

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains and other plant foods, like nuts and legumes, are rich in polyphenols — antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds that some research suggests can support healthy aging.

2024 September 2, Alice Callahan, “How to Eat for a Long and Healthy Life”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a large class of organic compounds, of plant origin, having more than one phenol group; they tend to be colourful and to have antioxidant properties.

多酚

any of a large class of organic compounds


siloxane

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of compound having a short repeating unit of silicon and oxygen atoms (either in a chain or a ring), typically with organic side chains


-diene

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated hydrocarbon with two double bonds; a diene

(organic chemistry) A polymer of such a diene.


diimide

(organic chemistry, countable) Any azo compound derived from this simple compound


chrysoine resorcinol

(organic chemistry) a golden-yellow azo dye used as a food coloring


quinoline yellow

(organic chemistry) a yellow food coloring now known to be toxic and banned in some countries


azo dye

(organic chemistry) Any of a large number of mostly yellow to red synthetic dyes that contain an azo or diimide (-N=N-) functional group.


-ene

Borrowed from French -ène, chosen by French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas to avoid confusion with chemicals in -ine.

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one double bond; an alkene.

(organic chemistry) An aromatic hydrocarbon based on benzene.


-ane

From Latin -ānus, which forms adjectives from nouns with the sense of "belonging to" or "origin from". Doublet of English -an.

(organic chemistry) A saturated hydrocarbon; an alkane.


PAN

PAN (countable and uncountable, plural PANs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polyacrylonitrile.

peroxyacetyl nitrate
peroxyacetyl nitrate#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of peroxyacetyl nitrate.

(organic chemistry) Initialism of phenylacetonitrile.


carminic acid

(organic chemistry) a phenolic quinone that is the main constituent of cochineal


azorubine

azorubine (countable and uncountable, plural azorubines)

(organic chemistry) a red azo dye used as a food colouring, mostly in baked goods


ketene

(organic chemistry) any of a class of unsaturated ketones, having a general formula R₁R₂C=C=O, that react as if they were inner acid anhydrides

(organic chemistry) the parent compound of this class, CH₂=C=O, an unstable, reactive colourless gas


-caine

From German -kain, extracted from the word Kokain (“cocaine”), because cocaine was formerly used as a local anaesthetic.

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A synthetic alkaloid used as a local anesthetic.

-caïne

a synthetic alkaloid used as a local anesthetic


saponin

“Saponins aren't absorbed by the intestines. You've got to get the stuff into the blood.”

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 111:

Soapnuts are the dried fruit of a tree called Sapindus mukorossi (Chinese Soapberry) and contain saponin, a natural surfactant that foams just like soap.

2015, Beth Terry, Plastic-Free: How I Kicked the Plastic Habit and How You Can Too, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of various steroid glycosides found in plant tissues that dissolve in water to give a soapy froth.


lactim

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of cyclic hydroxy-imides (enols) that are tautomeric with the lactams.


hydroxy acid

(organic chemistry) a carboxylic acid that also contains a hydroxy group


lactide

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of heterocyclic compounds, formally acid anhydrides, formed by heating α-lactones

(organic chemistry) The anhydride of lactic acid


alpha-hydroxy acid

alpha-hydroxy acid (plural alpha-hydroxy acids)

alpha-hydroxy acids (plural)
AHA (abbreviation)

(organic chemistry) Any hydroxy acid, of general formula RCH(OH)COOH, used in the cosmetic industry for their supposed property of reducing wrinkles.


glycolic acid

(organic chemistry) the simplest alpha-hydroxy acid, hydroxy-acetic acid, found in sugar cane and unripe grapes; used in cosmetics etc


lactam

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of cyclic amides that are the nitrogen analogs of lactones, formed by heating amino acids; the tautomeric enol forms are known as lactims.

laktaami

cyclic amides, nitrogen analogs of lactones


imide

(organic chemistry) a form of amide in which the nitrogen atom is attached to two carbonyl groups - R₁CONHCOR₂


lactone

(organic chemistry) A cyclic intramolecular ester derived from a hydroxy acid.


carbazone

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic nitrogen compounds derived from the parent compound HN=N-CO-NH-NH₂


semicarbazone

(organic chemistry) The reaction product of an aldehyde or ketone with semicarbazide; they have the general formula R₁R₂C=N-NH-CO-NH₂


semicarbazide

(organic chemistry) Any of a class or organic nitrogen compounds derived from the parent compound NH₂-NH-CO-NH₂; they react with aldehydes and ketones to form semicarbazones.


apocarotenoid

(organic chemistry) Any compound formed by the removal of fragments of the carbon backbone (usually by oxidative cleavage) of a carotenoid.

apocarotenoide

any compound formed by the removal of fragments of the carbon backbone of a carotenoid


brom-

(organic chemistry) Alternative form of bromo- (before a vowel)


norbixin

(organic chemistry) The carboxylic acid of which bixin is the methyl ester; more soluble in water than bixin.

norbixina

the carboxylic acid of which bixin is the methyl ester


bixin

bixin (countable and uncountable, plural bixins)

(organic chemistry) An apocarotenoid that is the active ingredient of annatto.

bixina

an apocarotenoid that is the active ingredient of annatto


carotenal

(organic chemistry) any carotenoid containing an aldehyde functional group


capsorubin

(organic chemistry) A di-hydroxy, keto carotenoid, which, together with capsanthin, constitutes the red pigment of paprika.


capsanthin

(organic chemistry) A di-hydroxy, keto carotenoid, which, together with capsorubin, constitutes the red pigment of paprika.


carotenoic acid

carotenoic acid (plural carotenoic acids)

(organic chemistry) Any carotenoid containing a carboxylic acid functional group.


citranaxanthin

(organic chemistry) A synthetic monocyclic xanthophyll pigment, 5',6'-dihydro-5'-apo-18'-nor-beta-caroten-6'-one.


rubixanthin

(organic chemistry) A monocyclic xanthophyll pigment found in rose hips and elsewhere.


rhodoxanthin

(organic chemistry) A xanthophyll pigment found in many plants, and in bird feathers.


canthaxanthin

canthaxanthin (countable and uncountable, plural canthaxanthins)

(organic chemistry) A xanthophyll pigment found in many plants and animals.


violaxanthin

violaxanthin (countable and uncountable, plural violaxanthins)

It can be assumed that the sinensiaxanthins and sinensiachromes represent degradation products of the violaxanthins, luteoxanthins and auroxanthins which are found in considerable amounts in yellow roses.

2012, N.I. Krinsky, Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology, page 11:

(organic chemistry) A xanthophyll pigment (a di-epoxide, derived from zeaxanthin) that occurs in many plants.


cryptoxanthin

cryptoxanthin (usually uncountable, plural cryptoxanthins)

(organic chemistry) A xanthophyll pigment (a hydroxy derivative of carotene) that occurs widely in nature.


astaxanthin

astaxanthin (countable and uncountable, plural astaxanthins)

[æstəˈzɛənθɪn]

(organic chemistry) A xanthophyll pigment that occurs widely in plants and animals, especially crustaceans.


racemate

From racemic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(archaic, organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of racemic acid.


betanin

betanin (countable and uncountable, plural betanins)

(organic chemistry) A glycoside obtained from beetroot.

betanin

the glycoside also known as beetroot red


pyrocatechol

pyrocatechol (countable and uncountable, plural pyrocatechols)

(organic chemistry) A dihydric phenol, benzene-1,2-diol, present in some tars.


flavonoid

From flavone + -oid, from Latin flāvus (“yellow”). Not related to flavor.

(organic chemistry) Any of many compounds that are plant metabolites, being formally derived from flavone; they have antioxidant properties, and sometimes contribute to flavor.

flavonoide

any of many compounds that are plant metabolites


anthocyanin

/ˌænθəˈsaɪənɪn/

(botany, organic chemistry) Any of many water-soluble red to violet plant pigments related to the flavonoids (more noticeable in autumn after the chlorophyll decomposes)

antocianina

any of many water-soluble red to violet plant pigments


megaphone

Named for the root Aniba megaphylla + -one.

/ˈmɛɡ.əˌfəʊn/

/ˈmɛɡəˌfoʊn/

(organic chemistry) A cytotoxic neolignan obtained from the laurel Aniba megaphylla.


arsphenamine

arsphenamine (countable and uncountable, plural arsphenamines)

2001: The 606th compound was one that contained arsenic and was called arsphenamine. — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 9)

(pharmacology, organic chemistry) A phenolic amine derivative of arsenic that was used to treat syphilis (under the trade name of Salvarsan).

arsfenamina

a phenolic amine derivative of arsenic that was used to treat syphilis


flavone

flavone (countable and uncountable, plural flavones)

From Latin flāvus (“yellow”) + -one, as many are yellow in nature.

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of tricyclic aromatic heterocyclic ketones, especially the naturally occurring flavonoids.


chloramine

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry) any of a class of unstable compounds of nitrogen and chlorine R₁R₂NCl; also the parent compound NH₂Cl (monochloramine), used to manufacture hydrazine, and as the antiseptic chloramine-T


hydrazine

hydrazine (countable and uncountable, plural hydrazines)

Borrowed from German Hydrazin, coined by Emile Fischer in 1875 as a derivative from Diazin, an obsolete name for diimide, of which hydrazine is a hydrogenated analog. By surface analysis, hydr- + azo (“nitrogen”) + -ine.

surf

From ethyleneoxides or ethyleneimines carrying an acyl substituent, with hydrazine and its derivatives (Ch. 3. XV).

2009, Richard H. Wiley, Pyrazoles and Reduced and Condensed Pyrazoles, Volume 22, page 387:

(organic chemistry, countable) Any member of the class of organic compounds formally derived from NH₂-NH₂.


potassium benzoate

(organic chemistry) The potassium salt of benzoic acid.


calcium benzoate

(organic chemistry) the calcium salt of benzoic acid


phosphatidylglycerol

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any phospholipid in which the small organic molecule is glycerol


phosphatidylserine

en-noun

phosphatidylserine (countable and uncountable, plural phosphatidylserines)

(organic chemistry) A phospholipid containing serine.


diphenylamine

diphenylamine (countable and uncountable, plural diphenylamines)

(organic chemistry) an aromatic amine, (C₆H₅)₂NH, used in the manufacture of plastics, dyes, explosives, pesticides, fungicides and pharmaceuticals


phosphatidyl

phosphatidyl (usually uncountable, plural phosphatidyls)

(organic chemistry) A radical derived from a phosphatide


phosphatidylethanolamine

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of phospholipid containing ethanolamine

fosfatidiletanolammina

any of a class of phospholipid containing ethanolamine


enamine

condensation reaction
condensation reaction

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of unsaturated nitrogen compounds, having the general formula R₂C=C(R)-NR₂, prepared by the condensation reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a secondary amine; they are the tautomeric forms of imines.


dimethylnitrosamine

dimethylnitrosamine (countable and uncountable, plural dimethylnitrosamines)

(organic chemistry) The alkyl nitrosamine, (CH₃)₂N-N=O, found in tobacco smoke; it is carcinogenic


ethylamine

ethylamine (countable and uncountable, plural ethylamines)

(organic chemistry) A colourless, volatile liquid amine, CH₃-CH₂-NH₂ having many industrial applications.


calcium sorbate

(organic chemistry) the calcium salt of sorbic acid


hexamine

hexamine (countable and uncountable, plural hexamines)

(organic chemistry) Contraction of hexamethylenetetramine.


lecithin

lecithin (countable and uncountable, plural lecithins)

From French lécithine, coined in 1847 by Theodore Gobley, from Ancient Greek λέκιθος (lékithos, “egg yolk”).

der

(organic chemistry) The principal phospholipid in animals; it is particularly abundant in egg yolks, and is extracted commercially from soy. It is a major constituent of cell membranes, and is commonly used as a food additive (as an emulsifier).


imine

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic nitrogen compounds having the general formula R₂C=NR; they are tautomeric with enamines.


diamondoid

(organic chemistry) Any of several polycyclic hydrocarbons whose cagelike structure resembles part of the diamond crystal lattice.


diamine

(organic chemistry) Any compound containing two amino functional groups.


phospholipid

An index of the amount of phospholipids present was secured from the total phosphorus content of a third aliquot, the method employed being the colorimetric procedure devised by Whitehorn.

1926, HC Eckstein, “The cholesterol and phospholipid content of the cutaneous epithelium of man”, in Journal of Biological Chemistry:

(organic chemistry) Any lipid, such as lecithin or cephalin, consisting of a diglyceride combined with a phosphate group and a simple organic molecule such as choline or ethanolamine; they are important constituents of biological membranes.

دُهْن فُوسْفُورِيّ

lipid consisting of a diglyceride combined with a phosphate group


ergotamine

en-noun

ergotamine (countable and uncountable, plural ergotamines)

/ɜːˈɡɒtəmiːn/

Borrowed from German Ergotamin, corresponding to ergot + -amine.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) An alkaloid, extracted from ergot, that causes constriction of blood vessels and has been used to treat migraine; it is related to lysergic acid.


hexamethylene diamine

(organic chemistry) A saturated aliphatic diamine, NH₂(CH₂)₆NH₂, used in the manufacture of nylon and other plastics.


hexamethylenetetramine

hexamethylenetetramine (countable and uncountable, plural hexamethylenetetramines)

(organic chemistry) A crystalline compound C₆H₁₂N₄ used especially as an accelerator in vulcanizing rubber.


methylamine

methylamine (countable and uncountable, plural methylamines)

(organic chemistry) The simplest aliphatic amine, CH₃NH₂, a toxic gas, having many industrial applications.


phenazine

(organic chemistry) any of a class of aromatic tricyclic heterocycles used to make dyestuffs


rhodamine

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of pink to red polycyclic fluorone dyes.


polyamine

(organic chemistry) any compound having many (more than three) amino functional groups; especially such compounds formed by decomposition of proteins


hydroxylamine

hydroxylamine (countable and uncountable, plural hydroxylamines)

(organic chemistry) Any organic derivative of this compound.


adamantane

(organic chemistry) A polycyclic hydrocarbon, C₁₀H₁₆, having a cagelike structure similar to a portion of the diamond lattice; any of its derivatives


benzoquinone

benzoquinone (countable and uncountable, plural benzoquinones)

(organic chemistry) Either of the two isomeric forms of the simplest quinone, C₆H₄O₂, or any of their derivatives.


quinone

From quinic acid + -one, since it is one of the compounds obtained upon oxidation of quinic acid.

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of aromatic compounds having two carbonyl functional groups in the same six-membered ring.


cryptand

(organic chemistry) any of a class of polycyclic compounds related to the crown ethers, having three chains attached at two nitrogen atoms


crown ether

So called because its structure is shaped like a crown (the royal headgear).

macrocyclic compound
macrocyclic compound

(organic chemistry) any of a class of macrocyclic compounds containing repeat units of -CH₂CH₂O-

(organic chemistry) any similar compound containing atoms of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon instead of, or as well as, oxygen


calcium formate

(organic chemistry) the calcium salt of formic acid; used in the scrubbing of flue gases, and as a food preservative


acyclic

en-adj

acyclic (comparative more acyclic, superlative most acyclic)

more acyclic (comparative)
most acyclic (superlative)

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) Not cyclic; having an open chain structure.


aglycone

(organic chemistry) The non-sugar fragment of a glycoside.


calixarene

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic macrocycles containing a ring of phenol groups linked by a short bridge; they mimic some properties of enzymes, and have many other applications.


cavitand

(organic chemistry) Any of several classes of macrocycle that have a shape containing a cavity in which a guest molecule or ion may fit.


dimethyl dicarbonate

(organic chemistry) A colorless liquid, used as a food preservative


benzophenone

en-noun

benzophenone (countable and uncountable, plural benzophenones)

(organic chemistry, countable) Any of a class of aromatic ketones based on the parent compound diphenylketone (C₆H₅)₂CO; used, amongst other things, as ingredients in sunblock.

(organic chemistry, uncountable) The compound diphenylmethanone.


methyl ethyl ketone

(organic chemistry) The industrial solvent butanone (CH₃CH₂COCH₃)


butanone

butanone (countable and uncountable, plural butanones)

(organic chemistry) A simple aliphatic ketone, CH₃CH₂COCH₃, prepared industrially as a solvent, for use in the manufacture of paints etc.

丁酮

the simple aliphatic ketone: CH3CH2COCH3


anthraquinone

/ˌænθɹəkwɪˈnoʊn/

(organic chemistry) A tricyclic quinone, derived from anthracene.

(organic chemistry) Any derivative of this parent compound, mostly natural pigments or synthetic dyes.


coumarone

coumarone (countable and uncountable, plural coumarones)

(organic chemistry) The bicyclic heterocycle benzofuran.


diphenylketone

diphenylketone (countable and uncountable, plural diphenylketones)

(organic chemistry) The aromatic ketone diphenylmethanone.


fused

(organic chemistry) Having at least one bond between two atoms that is part of two or more separate rings


anthracene

anthracene (countable and uncountable, plural anthracenes)

Borrowed from French anthracène, coined by its co-discoverer Augustes Laurent in 1837, from Ancient Greek ἄνθραξ (ánthrax, “coal”) + -ene.

(organic chemistry) A tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (an acene containing three fused rings) obtained from coal tar; used in the manufacture of wood preservatives, insecticides and the dye alizarin; it is isomeric with phenanthrene.


phenanthrene

phenanthrene (countable and uncountable, plural phenanthrenes)

(organic chemistry) A tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar; used in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals and explosives; it is isomeric with anthracene.

fenantrè

tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from coal tar


naphthoquinone

naphthoquinone (countable and uncountable, plural naphthoquinones)

(organic chemistry) Either of two isomers of polycyclic aromatic ketones derived from naphthalene.


resorcinol

resorcinol (countable and uncountable, plural resorcinols)

/ɹəˈzɔː(ɹ)sɪnɒl/

(organic chemistry) The diphenol meta-dihydroxy benzene, used as a mild antiseptic and in many industrial applications; isomeric with catechol and hydroquinone.


ubiquinone

(organic chemistry) any of several isoprenyl quinones that have a role in cellular respiration


quinolone

Formed as quinol(ine) + -one, after the German Chinolon.

(organic chemistry) Any of several isomeric ketones derived from quinoline.


sulfone

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds that have a sulfonyl functional group attached to two carbon atoms; drugs of this structure have been used to treat leprosy.


benzofuran

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of bicyclic heterocycles consisting of a benzene ring fused with one of furan.


isoflavone

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of polyphenolic phytoestrogens found in soybeans and similar plants that may have beneficial health properties.


hydroquinone

hydroquinone (countable and uncountable, plural hydroquinones)

(organic chemistry) The diphenol para-dihydroxy benzene, used as a mild reducing agent in photographic developing; isomeric with catechol and resorcinol.


sulfonyl

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sulfonyl.wav

(organic chemistry) Any univalent radical derived from a sulfonic acid

磺酰基

any univalent radical derived from a sulfonic acid


Benedict's reagent

After Stanley Rossiter Benedict, American chemist.

(organic chemistry) A buffered solution of copper sulfate which changes from blue to red in the presence of a reducing sugar.

Benedict's reagent
Stanley Rossiter Benedict


Fehling's solution

Fehling's solution (countable and uncountable, plural Fehling's solutions)

From Hermann von Fehling, German chemist.

(organic chemistry) An alkaline solution of copper sulfate which changes from blue to red in the presence of an aldehyde or a reducing sugar.


choline

choline (usually uncountable, plural cholines)

Coined from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”).
The chemical compound was first isolated by Adolph Strecker from pig and ox bile (hence the name) in 1862. It was also named neurine when chemically synthesized by Oscar Liebreich in 1865, until 1898 when shown to be identical to choline.

quaternary ammonium compound
quaternary ammonium compound

(organic chemistry) A hydroxy quaternary ammonium compound with formula (CH₃)₃N⁺CH₂CH₂OHX⁻. It is an essential nutrient for cardiovascular and brain health and for cell membrane formation.


Maillard reaction

Maillard reaction (plural Maillard reactions)

/maɪˈjɑː(ɹ)ɹiˈækʃən/

Named after French physician and chemist Louis Camille Maillard, 1912.

named-after

If the surface temperature exceeds the boiling point, as it does during grilling and frying, the Maillard reactions produce typical roasted, browned aromas.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 4, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry) The condensation reaction of an amino acid and a reducing sugar, followed by polymerization to form brown pigments - melanoidins; one of the causes of browning during cooking.


decanal

(organic chemistry) The aliphatic aldehyde, CH₃(CH₂)₈CHO, related to capric acid


chromanol

(organic chemistry) any of a class of bicyclic heterocycles formed by ring-closure from substituted quinones; examples with isoprene sidechains are the basis of numerous naturally occurring compounds, such as tocopherol


chloroform

Borrowed from French chloroforme, portmanteau of terchloride (tertiary chloride, trichloride) and formyle (CH, an obsolete radical of formic acid) by Jean-Baptiste Dumas, from 1834. By surface analysis, chloro- + -form.

Some assume that chloroform is a gas because it was given by inhalation.

(organic chemistry) A halogenated hydrocarbon, trichloromethane, CHCl₃; it is a volatile, sweet-smelling liquid, used extensively as a solvent and formerly as an anesthetic.


pollenin

(organic chemistry) A substance found in the pollen of certain plants.


aurin

(organic chemistry) A red colouring matter derived from phenol. Used as an indicator.


polychroite

From poly- + Ancient Greek χρώς (khrṓs) + -ite. Cf. polychroic.

af

(obsolete, organic chemistry) The coloring matter of saffron; -- formerly so called because of the change of color on treatment with certain acids; -- called also crocin, and safranin.


aromatic compound

en-noun

aromatic compound (plural aromatic compounds)

(organic chemistry) Any compound which exhibits aromaticity.


metal cluster compound

metal cluster compound (plural metal cluster compounds)

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) any compound in which two or more metal atoms are bonded to one another


delocalized

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry, quantum mechanics) Describing the π-electrons in a conjugated, aromatic or mesoionic compound that are not associated with any particular atom or bond