abietinic

(organic chemistry) Of or pertaining to abietin.


abietene

* abietic + -ene
* From Latin abies (“silver fir (tree)”).

(organic chemistry) A volatile oil distilled from the resin or balsam of the nut pine (Pinus sabiniana).


abietin

Strasburg turpentine
Strasburg turpentine

(organic chemistry) A resin obtained from Strasburg turpentine or Canada balsam. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol (especially at the boiling point), in strong acetic acid, and in ether.

abietina

a resin obtained from Strasburg turpentine or Canada balsam


abietic

From Latin abies (“silver fir”) + -ic (“pertaining to”).

af

(organic chemistry) Of or pertaining to abietic acid or its derivatives

abietico

related to abietic acid or its derivatives


abietite

(organic chemistry) A substance resembling mannite, found in the needles of the common silver fir of Europe (Abies alba).


absinthate

(organic chemistry) A combination of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical.


absinthin

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual

(organic chemistry) The principal compound found in wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), having a bitter taste: C₁₅H₂₀O₄


BC

en-noun

BC (countable and uncountable, plural BCs)

Calque of Latin ante Christum, popularized with the 1627 publication of De doctrina temporum by French theologian Denis Pétau.

benzalkonium chloride
benzalkonium chloride#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of benzalkonium chloride.


BBC

BBC (countable and uncountable, plural BBCs)

bromobenzyl cyanide
bromobenzyl cyanide#English

(organic chemistry, uncountable) Abbreviation of bromobenzyl cyanide.


ISDN

(organic chemistry) Initialism of isosorbide dinitrate.


AA

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

All proteinogenic amino acids (AAs) are claimed to be levorotatory (L-configured). Nevertheless, dextrorotatory AAs (D-configured) are also found in nature (Gao et al., 2015; Ollivaux et al., 2014), for example, in the organic material of extraterrestrial comets (Cronin and Pizzarello, 1983), or, formed by slow racemization, in all dead biological material.

2011, Alexander Cartus, “D-Amino Acids and Cross-Linked Amino Acids in Food”, in Dieter Schrenk, Alexander Cartus, editors, Chemical Contaminants and Residues in Food, Woodhead Publishing, →ISBN, page 251:

(organic chemistry) Initialism of amino acid.

(organic chemistry) Initialism of aminoacyl.

(organic chemistry) Initialism of acetic acid.

For copolymers of ethylene, the other comonomer can be an alkene such as propene, butene, hexene or octene, or a compound having a polar functional group such as vinyl acetate (VA), acrylic acid (AA), ethyl acetate (EA), methyl acrylate (MA) or vinyl alcohol (VOH).

2006, Gordon L. Robertson, “Structure and Related Properties of Plastic Polymers”, in Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 25:

(organic chemistry) Initialism of acrylic acid.

(organic chemistry, medicine) Initialism of amyloid A.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is present at unusually high levels in the phospholipids of inflammatory cells. […] IgG-mediated phagocytosis results in the preferential release of AA over other fatty acids²³ via activation of cPLA₂ and iPLA₂.

2005, Michelle R. Lennartz, “Phospholipases and Phagocytosis”, in Carlos Rosales, editor, Molecular Mechanisms of Phagocytosis, Landes Bioscience / Eurekah.com; Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., →ISBN, page 106:

arachidonic acid
arachidonic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of arachidonic acid.

(organic chemistry) Initialism of ascorbic acid.

(organic chemistry) Initialism of asymmetric aminohydroxylation.


acetylene

acetylene (countable and uncountable, plural acetylenes)

Borrowed from French acétylène, coined by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, from acetyl + -ene.

The acetylene gas lighting in the station offices and platforms at Kyle of Lochalsh recently has been replaced by electric lighting.

1951 April, “Notes and News: Improvements at Kyle of Lochalsh”, in Railway Magazine, number 600, page 281:

(organic chemistry, countable) Any organic compound having one or more carbon–carbon triple bonds; an alkyne.

(organic chemistry, uncountable) Ethyne; the simplest alkyne, a hydrocarbon of formula HC≡CH. It is a colourless, odourless, extremely flammable, explosive gas, formerly used as an illuminating gas, but now used in welding and metallurgy.


acetate

Formed from the root of Latin acētum (“vinegar”) + -ate, from aceō (“I am sour”). By surface analysis, acet- + -ate.

acetic acid

coordinate as an acid versus a base, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution

[…] to pad a piece in diluted acetate of alumine to obtain a pale lemon ground […]

(organic chemistry) Any ester or salt of acetic acid.


DDT

After working briefly for a federal entomologist to control the spruce budworm — and spraying DDT from the air — he returned to the Adirondacks in 1946 to be district ranger at Cranberry Lake for 11 years.

2007 January 21, The Associated Press, “Adirondacks Are His Life, All 101 Years and Counting”, in The New York Times:

The use of DDT for disinfectation of louse-infested communities is a primary control measure in epidemic situations.

2007, Wallace Peters, Geoffrey Pasvol, Atlas of tropical medicine and parasitology, page 22:

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (“compound originally developed as an insecticide”)


dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (usually uncountable, plural dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes)

From dichloro + diphenyl + trichloro + ethane.

compound

(organic chemistry) A chlorinated hydrocarbon originally used as an insecticide, often abbreviated as DDT.


VB

en-noun

VB (countable and uncountable, plural VBs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of vinylbenzene.


PVC

PVC (countable and uncountable, plural PVCs)

polyvinyl chloride
polyvinyl chloride#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polyvinyl chloride.


TLA

TLA (countable and uncountable, plural TLAs)

(organic chemistry, uncountable) Initialism of trilaurylamine.


benzoic

From benzene + -oic. Compare French benzoïque.

(organic chemistry) Derived from benzoic acid or its derivatives.

benzoic

derived from benzoic acid or its derivatives


NT

(organic chemistry) Initialism of neurotensin.


benzoin

benzoin (countable and uncountable, plural benzoins)

From Middle French benjoin, from Catalan benjuí, from Arabic لُبَان جَاوِيّ (lubān jāwiyy, “Javanese frankincense”). The first word is from Proto-West Semitic *laban- (“white”), the second from جاوة (jāwa, “Java”) (from Javanese ꦗꦮ (jawa)).
The initial lu was probably lost because it was taken as the definite article in Romance. Compare oliban.

der

لُبَان جَاوِيّ

(organic chemistry) An aromatic hydroxy ketone, 2-hydroxy-1,2-di(phenyl)ethanone, synthesized from benzaldehyde; any derivative of this compound.


PI

en-noun

PI (countable and uncountable, plural PIs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polyimide.


PE

PE (countable and uncountable, plural PEs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polyethylene.

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polyether.


AP

AP (countable and uncountable, plural APs)

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Initialism of acetylpyrroline.


GA

(organic chemistry, military) Abbreviation of German agent A, US designation for the nerve gas tabun.


PU

PU (countable and uncountable, plural PUs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polyurethane.


PA

PA (countable and uncountable, plural PAs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polyamide.


OH

(organic chemistry) A hydroxyl, or alcohol, functional group.


AB

AB (countable and uncountable, plural ABs)

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of alkylbenzene.


benzole

(organic chemistry) Obsolete spelling of benzol.


NC

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of nitrocellulose.


CA

CA (countable and uncountable, plural CAs)

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of cyanoacrylate.


benzol

(organic chemistry) An impure benzene (mixed with toluene etc), used in the arts as a solvent, and for various other purposes.

(organic chemistry, obsolete) benzyl alcohol


chain

From Middle English cheyne, chaine, from Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”), from Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to braid, twist; hut, shed”). Doublet of catena.

der

a chain is only as strong as its weakest link

When examined, the molecular chain included oxygen and hydrogen.

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) A number of atoms in a series, which combine to form a molecule.


chair

→ Assamese: চেয়াৰ (sear)

desc

→ Bengali: চেয়ার (ceẏar), চ্যায়ার (cêẏar), চ্যার (cêr) — obsolete

→ Odia: ଚେଆର୍ (ceār), ଚିୟାର୍ (ciyār), ଚିଆର (ciāra)

→ Sylheti: ꠌꠤꠀꠞ (siar)

Tok Pisin: sea, sia

→ Tongan: sea

From Middle English chayer, chaire, chaiere, chaere, chayre, chayere, from Old French chaiere, chaere, from Latin cathedra (“seat”), from Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”). Displaced native stool and settle, which now have more specialised senses. Doublet of cathedra and chaise.

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) One of two possible conformers of cyclohexane rings (the other being boat), shaped roughly like a chair.


benzoyl

The O–O bond in benzoyl peroxide and the C–N bonds in AIBN homolyze under thermal or photochemical conditions.

2007, Robert B. Grossman, The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) A univalent radical formally derived from benzoic acid, C₆H₅CO-, by removal of the hydroxyl group.


benzyl

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) The univalent radical C₆H₅-CH₂- related to toluene and benzoic acid


addition

en-noun

addition (countable and uncountable, plural additions)

Sense of “what is added” dates from 14th century, from Middle English addicioun, addition, from Old French adition, from Latin additiōnem, accusative singular of additiō, from addō (“add, put”).

(organic chemistry) an organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one (the adduct).


boat

Belizean Creole: boat

→ Esperanto: boato

→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)

→ Fijian: boto

→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)

→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)

→ Malay: bot

→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)

→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)

→ Swahili: boti

→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)

→ Tahitian: poti

Tok Pisin: bot

From Middle English bot, boot, boet, boyt (“boat”), from Old English bāt (“boat”), from Proto-West Germanic *bait, from Proto-Germanic *baitaz, *baitą (“boat, small ship”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to break, split”). Cognate with Old Norse beit (“boat”), Middle Dutch beitel (“little boat”).
Old Norse bátr (whence Icelandic bátur, Norwegian båt, Danish båd), Dutch boot, German Boot, Occitan batèl and French bateau are all ultimately borrowings from the Old English word.

der

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) One of two possible conformations of cyclohexane rings (the other being chair), shaped roughly like a boat.


IPA

en-noun

IPA (countable and uncountable, plural IPAs)

isopropyl alcohol
isopropyl alcohol#English

(organic chemistry, uncountable) Initialism of isopropyl alcohol.

isophthalic acid
isophthalic acid#English

(organic chemistry, uncountable) Initialism of isophthalic acid.

isopropyl acetate
isopropyl acetate#English

(organic chemistry, uncountable) Initialism of isopropyl acetate.


robin

(organic chemistry) A toxalbumin obtained from the locust tree.


ether

ether (countable and uncountable, plural ethers)

→ Korean: 에테르 (etereu)

→ Chinese: 以太 (yǐtài)

From Middle English ēther (“the caelum aetherum of ancient cosmology in which the planets orbit; a shining, fluid substance described as a form of air or fire; air”), borrowed from Anglo-Norman ether and Middle French ether, ethere, aether, from Old French aether (“highest and purest part of the atmosphere; medium supposedly filling the upper regions of space”) (modern French éther), or directly from its etymon Latin aethēr (“highest and purest part of the atmosphere; air; heavens, sky; light of day; ethereal matter surrounding a deity”) (note also New Latin aethēr (“chemical compound analogous to diethyl ether”)), from Ancient Greek αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “purer upper air of the atmosphere; heaven, sky; theoretical medium supposed to fill unoccupied space and transmit heat and light”), from αἴθω (aíthō, “to burn, ignite; to blaze, shine”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn; fire”).
The English word is cognate with Italian ether, ethera (both obsolete), etere, Middle Dutch ether (modern Dutch aether (obsolete), ether), German Äther, Ether, Portuguese éter, Spanish éter.

أَثِير

substance supposed to fill the upper regions of the atmosphere

firmament

sky; atmosphere; upper atmosphere; heaven

with multiple senses ranging from to to to

But the moſt valuable Qualities of the ÆTHER are it's medicinal ones; it having been found by repeated Experience to be an excellent Remedy in moſt nervous Diſeaſes; particularly in Fits of all ſorts, whether Epileptic, Convulſive, Hyſteric, Hypochondriac, or Paralytic: […]

1759, M[atthew] Turner, An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, Called Æther, [Liverpool]: Printed by John Sadler, →OCLC, page 5:

The only thing that really worried me was the ether. There is nothing in the world more helpless and irresponsible and depraved than a man in the depths of an ether binge.

1971, Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, New York: Popular Library, →ISBN, page 4:

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Diethyl ether (C₄H₁₀O), an organic compound with a sweet odour used in the past as an anaesthetic.

M. Malaguti finds that dry chlorine, while acting in the dark upon oxacid æthers, always attacks, and in a uniform manner, the sulphuric æther which is the base of them. […] The action of potash on the compound chloridized æthers is also constant and uniform: the results are always chloride of potassium, acetate of potash, and an organic salt with a base of potash, the acid of which is that which existed in the compound chloridized æther.

1838 March, “Action of Chlorine on Æthers”, in David Brewster, Richard Taylor, Richard Phillips, editors, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, volume XII (3rd Series), number 74, London: Printed by R[ichard] and J[ohn] E[dward] Taylor, […], →OCLC, page 297:

When chlorine gas is passed in excess through salicylic ether (salicylae of ethyl) heated over a water-bath, a solid substance is formed which is soluble in hot alcohol, and crystallizes, on cooling, in beautiful colourless tables. This compound is bichloruretted salicylic ether, formed from salicylic ether (C₁₈H₁₀O₆) by the substitution of 2 eq. chlorine for 2 eq. hydrogen: its composition is therefore C₁₈H₈Cl₂O₆.

1851, A[uguste André Thomas] Cahours, “[Notices of Papers Contained in the Foreign Journals.] On Anisol and Phenetol”, in Henry Watts, editor, The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London, volume III, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […]; Paris: J. B. Baillière, […]; Madrid: Bailly Baillière, […], →OCLC, page 78:

[…] I allude to the æthers formed by the union of fatty acids with different alcohols. […] With regard to the fatty æthers themselves, I prepared them generally by M. Berthelot's method, by heating the alcohol and the acid for a day at 392°F. in a tube hermetically sealed; the product was mixed with a little æther, and it was digested some time with slaked lime in the water-bath, to separate the free acid from the neutral compound.

1858 October 15, M. Hanhart, “On Some New Æthers of Stearic and Margaric Acids”, in William Francis, editor, The Chemical Gazette, or, Journal of Practical Chemistry, in All Its Applications to Pharmacy, Arts and Manufactures, volume XVI, number CCCLXXXIV, London: Published by Taylor and Francis, […], page 384:

(countable, organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds containing an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrocarbon groups.

أَثِير

(organic chemistry) compound containing an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrocarbon groups


acolyctine

Aconitum lycoctonum
Aconitum lycoctonum#Translingual

(organic chemistry) An organic base, in the form of a white powder, obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum.


methane

en-noun

methane (countable and uncountable, plural methanes)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੀਥੇਨ (mīthen)

Shahmukhi script: میتھین (mīthen)

Cattle emit a large amount of methane.

Methane, an invisible, odorless gas that makes up more than 95% of natural gas fuel, can be as much as 80 times more potent as a global warmer per given unit than CO₂, which is more plentiful in the atmosphere. While there are less emissions than CO₂, methane lasts around 12 years, while CO₂ lingers for centuries.

2020 April 7, John Fialka, “As CO₂ Emissions Drop During Pandemic, Methane May Rise”, in Scientific American:

(organic chemistry, uncountable) The simplest aliphatic hydrocarbon, CH₄, being a constituent of natural gas, and one of the most abundant greenhouse gases.

(organic chemistry, countable) Any of very many derivatives of methane.


bicarbonate

The next question that occurs relates to the composition of this crystallized carbonate of potash, which I am induced to call bi-carbonate of potash, for the purpose of marking more decidedly the distinction between this salt and that which is commonly called a subcarbonate, and in order to refer at once to the double dose of carbonic acid contained in it.

1814, William Hyde Wollaston, “A synoptic scale of chemical equivalents”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, volume 104, page 11:

(organic chemistry) the univalent anion HCO₃⁻; any salt of carbonic acid in which only one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced.


PS

PS (countable and uncountable, plural PSes or PSs)


LDPE

LDPE (countable and uncountable, plural LDPEs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of low-density polyethylene.


HDPE

HDPE (countable and uncountable, plural HDPEs)

high-density polyethylene
w:high-density polyethylene

(organic chemistry) Initialism of high-density polyethylene.


CFC

Potential replacements for the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) chemicals now extensively used as refrigerants, propellants, bubbles in plastic and cleaning fluids have already been identified.

1989 March 7, Malcolm W. Browne, “In Protecting the Atmosphere, Choices Are Costly and Complex”, in The New York Times:

Contrary to his assertion, however, virtually all relevant researchers say the link between CFCs and ozone depletion is based on unassailably solid scientific evidence.

1995, Ross Gelbspan, “The Heat Is On: The Warming of the World’s Climate Sparks a Blaze of Denial”, in Harper's Magazine, footnote 2:

(organic chemistry) Initialism of chlorofluorocarbon, a class of molecules containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms.


PET

PET (countable and uncountable, plural PETs)

The name of the computer (sense 4) derives from the 1970s pet rock fad; the acronym was invented afterwards.

polyethylene terephthalate
polyethylene terephthalate#English

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Initialism of polyethylene terephthalate.


ADA

ADA (countable and uncountable, plural ADAs)

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of azodicarbonamide.


AAA

AAA (countable and uncountable, plural AAAs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of aromatic amino acid.


PG

PG (countable and uncountable, plural PGs)

propylene glycol
propylene glycol#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of propylene glycol.


PC

PC (countable and uncountable, plural PCs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polycarbonate.

propylene carbonate
propylene carbonate#English

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of propylene carbonate.


Pr

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of propyl.


laurate

laurate (usually uncountable, plural laurates)

From lauric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of lauric acid.


acetic aldehyde

(organic chemistry, dated) acetaldehyde.


acetanilide

acetanilide (countable and uncountable, plural acetanilides)

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) the amide derived from acetic acid and aniline; once used medicinally as an analgesic and antipyretic


acetaldehyde

acetaldehyde (countable and uncountable, plural acetaldehydes)

(organic chemistry) A colourless organic compound, CH₃CHO, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry.


acetin

acetin (countable and uncountable, plural acetins)

(organic chemistry) the triglyceride of acetic acid


acetamide

(organic chemistry) The amide of acetic acid, CH₃CONH₂.


acetic

From French acétique, from Latin acētum (“vinegar”), from acēre (“to be sour”). By surface analysis, acet- + -ic.

(organic chemistry) Of, pertaining to, or producing vinegar.

(organic chemistry) Of or pertaining to acetic acid or its derivatives.


acetal

(organic chemistry) Any diether of a geminal diol, R₂C(OR')₂ (where R' is not H).


acetonic

en-adj

acetonic (comparative more acetonic, superlative most acetonic)

more acetonic (comparative)
most acetonic (superlative)

/ˈæsɛˌtɒnɪk/

(organic chemistry) Of, pertaining to, or producing acetone


acetone

en-noun

acetone (countable and uncountable, plural acetones)

From acet- from acētum (“vinegar”). The -one was taken from margarone but further etymology is unclear. Doublet of ketone.

You open the salon door and the acetone from yesterday’s manicures immediately stings my nostrils.

2019, Ocean Vuong, On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous, Jonathan Cape, page 81:

(organic chemistry) A colourless, volatile, flammable liquid ketone, (CH₃)₂CO, used as a solvent.


aspirin

aspirin (countable and uncountable, plural aspirins)

Genericized trademark of German Aspirin, from acetylierte Spirsäure (literally “acetylated spiraeic acid”). The trade name Aspirin is a registered trademark in some countries, but has entered the English language in generic usage, as various German trademarks were nullified in the United States after World War I (see also heroin).

acetylsalicylic acid
acetylsalicylic acid

(uncountable, organic chemistry, pharmacology) an analgesic drug, acetylsalicylic acid


acetyl

From Latin acētum (“vinegar”) + Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē, “substance”).

(organic chemistry) The univalent radical CH₃CO- derived from acetic acid.


PPS

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylenesulphide.


substitution

substitution (countable and uncountable, plural substitutions)

From Middle French substitution, from Late Latin substitutio.

(chemistry, especially organic chemistry) The replacement of an atom, or group of atoms, in a compound, with another.

substitutie

the replacement of an atom, or group of atoms, in a compound, with another


formaldehyde

formaldehyde (countable and uncountable, plural formaldehydes)

The shark chosen to replace the original was injected with 224 gallons of formaldehyde, ten times the amount used on the first shark and in a stronger concentration.

2010, Don Thompson, The $12 Million Stuffed Shark, Aurum Press Limited, →ISBN:

Back in 2006, Hirst found himself at the centre of a different debate arising out of the need to refurbish or update formaldehyde pieces that are prone to decay. It related to the piece that made him famous: the formaldehyde shark The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1991), which had been bought by the US hedge fund billionaire Steve Cohen for $8m.

2024 March 19, Maeve McClenaghan, “Damien Hirst formaldehyde animal works dated to 1990s were made in 2017”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry) The simplest aldehyde, HCHO, a colourless gas that has many industrial applications; it dissolves in water to give formol (10%) and formalin.


PIN

preferred IUPAC name
w:preferred IUPAC name

(organic chemistry) Initialism of preferred IUPAC name.


amyl nitrate

(organic chemistry) The ester of amyl alcohol (pentanol) and nitric acid, C₅H₁₁NO₃, used to control angina and as an antidote to cyanide poisoning.


amyl

From Latin amylum (“starch”), from Ancient Greek ἄμυλον (ámulon, “starch”) from ἀ- (a-, “privative”) + μύλη (múlē, “mill”).

(dated, organic chemistry) Synonym of pentyl


alkaloid

From alkali + -oid. Compare French alcaloïde.

The Aspidosperma alkaloids are the largest group of indole alkaloids.

1990, Song Liu, Syntheses of Aspidosperma Alkaloids, page 2:

Xanthosine, the initial substrate of purine alkaloid synthesis, is supplied by at least four different pathways […]

2010, Bertil B. Fredholm, Methylxanthines:

(organic chemistry) Any of many organic (often heterocyclic) bases that occur in nature and often have medicinal properties.


angelic

en-adj

angelic (comparative more angelic, superlative most angelic)

more angelic (comparative)
most angelic (superlative)

/ænˈd͡ʒɛlɪk/

From Middle English angelik, aungillik, aungellike, (also angellich, aungellich > English angelly), from Old English anġelīċ, engellīċ, englelīċ, coalescing with Old French angélique, from Latin angelicus, from Ancient Greek ἀγγελικός (angelikós, “of or for a messenger”), from ἄγγελος (ángelos, “angel”). Equivalent to angel + -ic. Doublet of angelique (“plant of the genus Angelica”) and angélique (“plucked bowl lute”).

doublet

an angelic ester

(organic chemistry) Of or pertaining to angelic acid.


thymine

en-noun

thymine (countable and uncountable, plural thymines)

From thymus + -ine.
Thymine was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calves' thymus glands, hence its name.

Then he found them, the substances that made up the four-letter alphabet in whose language all life is written — adenine and cytosine, guanine and thymine.

1997, Ian McEwan, Enduring Love, Vintage (1998), page 164:

In a recent paper on homopyrimidine decamers containing aeg-monomers and thymine monomers with a sulfomethyl substituent at the γ-position, similar triplexes has also been described [43 ].

2015 October 16, “Polyanionic Carboxyethyl Peptide Nucleic Acids ( ce -PNAs): Synthesis and DNA Binding”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(organic chemistry, genetics) A heterocyclic base, 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione; it pairs with adenine in DNA.

胸腺嘧啶

organic chemistry, genetics: heterocyclic base, 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione


uracil

uracil (countable and uncountable, plural uracils)

From uro- + ac(etic) + -ile. Coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid.

We did have some success with uracil when we would preincorporate the uracil into a mutant of E. coli that had a uracil requirement and then feed this cellular content from E. coli.

2013, W. C. Corning, Stanley C. Ratner, Chemistry of Learning: Invertebrate Research, page 191:

(organic chemistry) One of the bases of RNA, pairing with adenine.


DAC

DAC (countable and uncountable, plural DACs)

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Abbreviation of D-acetylcarnitine.


angular

en-adj

angular (comparative more angular, superlative most angular)

more angular (comparative)
most angular (superlative)

From Middle English angular, anguler, from Latin angulāris, from angulus (“angle, corner”). See angle.

(organic chemistry) Composed of three or more rings attached to a single carbon atom (the rings not all being in the same plane).


PCB

en-noun

PCB (countable and uncountable, plural PCBs)

Another environmental factor thought to be affecting some coastal birds, although comparatively little is yet known about its extent or origin, is the presence of marine pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxic heavy metals.

1986, Valerie M. Thom, “Coastal habitats”, in Birds in Scotland, London: T & AD Poyser, published 2011, →ISBN, page 25:

polychlorinated biphenyl
polychlorinated biphenyl#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polychlorinated biphenyl.


PDD

(organic chemistry) Initialism of paraphenylenediamine.


homo-

(organic chemistry) Used to form the names of compounds derived from simpler ones by addition of a methylene group.


hetero-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hetero-.wav

From Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros, “other, another, different”).

bor

heteroalkene is any analogue of an alkene in which a doubly bonded carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom, heteroaddition is any addition reaction that introduces a heteroatom, heterofullerene is any compound formally derived from a fullerene by replacing one or more carbon atom by a heteroatom, heteroaromatic is having the characteristics of an aromatic compound whilst having at least one non-carbon atom in the ring

(organic chemistry) Heterocyclic: a cyclic compound with multiple elements in its ring. The non-carbon atoms are known as heteroatoms.


PSP

en-noun

PSP (countable and uncountable, plural PSPs)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Initialism of phenolsulfonphthalein.


fluor-

(organic chemistry) Alternative form of fluoro- used before a vowel.


neo-

From Ancient Greek prefix νεο- (neo-), from νέος (néos, “new, young”).

(organic chemistry) Having a structure, similar to that of neopentane, in which each hydrogen atom of a methyl group has been replaced by an alkyl group

(organic chemistry) Being a newly-discovered or -synthesized variant of an existing compound


alcohol

alcohol (countable and uncountable, plural alcohols)

→ Arabic: كُحُول (kuḥūl)

→ Korean: 알코올 (alkool), 알콜 (alkol)

→ Malay: alkohol

→ Swahili: alkoholi

→ Tok Pisin: alkohol

First attested in the 15 century from Middle English alcofol, from Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, derived from the Medieval Latin rendering alcohol transmitted in medical or alchemical literature of Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”), which in Andalusian Arabic also bore the form كُحُول (kuḥūl), قُحُول (quḥūl); bearing thus the meaning of stibnite first, then generalized in meaning to a powder obtained by triturating a material, then also to liquids obtained by boiling down, and specialized to mean spirit of wine, ethanol, in the 18th century, then the narrow chemical sense after 1850. Doublet of alcool and kohl.
Various old etymological notes.
* Bartholomew Traheron in his 1543 translation of John of Vigo introduces the word as a term used by "barbarous" (Moorish) authors for "fine powder": the barbarous auctours use alcohol, or (as I fynde it sometymes wryten) alcofoll, for moost fine poudre.
* William Johnson in his 1657 Lexicon Chymicum glosses the word as antimonium sive stibium. By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including "alcohol of wine", the distilled essence of wine.
* Libavius in Alchymia (1594) has vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum.
* Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat.
* Some authorities, including Rachel Hajar, suggest that the ultimate etymon was the Arabic term اَلْغَوْل (al-ḡawl, “bad effect, evil result of headache”) (as used in Qur’an verse 37:47, but this word is rather poetical and could for topical reasons not have been picked up from Arabic by Medieval writers, and aside from that the relation to stibium is well documented.

(organic chemistry, countable) Any of a class of organic compounds (such as ethanol) containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH).


radical

Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

radicale

ring theory: ideal of elements of a ring sharing a certain given property

radicale

ring theory: intersection of maximal submodules of a module


acardite

(organic chemistry) n-methyl-n',n'-diphenylurea, used to stabilize chemicals and as a plasticizer.

acardite

substance used to stabilize chemicals and as a plasticizer


cacaine

(archaic, organic chemistry) The essential principle of cacao, now called theobromine.


azoleic acid

(organic chemistry) A specific acid produced by treating oleic acid with nitric acid.


azonic

(organic chemistry) of, related to, or derived from an azonic acid


azo

(organic chemistry) Now especially applied to compounds containing a two atom nitrogen group (-N=N-) uniting two hydrocarbon radicals, as in azobenzene etc.


axial

en-adj

axial (comparative more axial, superlative most axial)

more axial (comparative)
most axial (superlative)

(physical chemistry, organic chemistry) Oriented parallel to the axis running through the centre of a cyclohexane ring, as opposed to equatorial. See Axial bond.


Ms

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of mesyl.


sodium lactate

(organic chemistry) The sodium salt of lactic acid; used as a food additive and ingredient in lotions etc.


functionality

en-noun

functionality (countable and uncountable, plural functionalities)

To appreciate the tasks and problems arising in the synthesis of the monomers it is of fundamental importance to understand that the process used must be capable of yielding organosilanes with different functionalities, since all functionalities are required for synthesis of silicones.

2012, Walter Noll, Chemistry and Technology of Silicones, page 25:

(organic chemistry, countable) The presence of a functional group.


cocaine

cocaine (countable and uncountable, plural cocaines)

From coca + -ine, from Quechua kuka. First use appears c. 1874.

Holmes, who loathed every form of society with his whole Bohemian soul, remained in our lodgings in Baker-street, buried among his old books, and alternating from week to week between cocaine and ambition, the drowsiness of the drug, and the fierce energy of his own keen nature.

1891 June 25, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Adventure I.—A Scandal in Bohemia.”, in Geo[rge] Newnes, editor, The Strand Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly, volume II, London: George Newnes, Limited, […], published July 1891, →OCLC:

All I get, uh, is this cup of cold coffee and cocaine / And your ugly face, look out

1983, “Cold Coffee & Cocaine”, performed by Prince:

Cocaine’s awfully expensive stuff, isn't it? Is it worth it?

1990, Andrew Davies, Michael Dobbs, House of Cards, season 1, episode 1, spoken by Frank Urquhart (Ian Richardson):

(uncountable, organic chemistry, pharmacology) An addictive drug derived from coca (Erythroxylum) or prepared synthetically, used sometimes medicinally as a local anesthetic and, often illegally, as a stimulant.


EDT

EDT (countable and uncountable, plural EDTs)

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of ethanedithiol.


normal

en-adj

normal (comparative normaler or more normal, superlative normalest or most normal)

normaler (comparative)
more normal (comparative)
normalest (superlative)
most normal (superlative)

From Latin normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square; later: according to a rule”), from nōrma (“carpenter's square”), of uncertain origin; doublet of normale. The earliest meaning of the word in English was "perpendicular; forming a right angle" like something normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square”), but by Late Latin normālis had also come to mean "according to a rule", from which modern English senses of the word derive: in the 1800s, as people began to quantitatively study things like height, weight and blood pressure, the usual or most common values came to be called "normal", and by extension values regarded as healthy or desirable came to be called "normal" regardless of their usuality.

der

(organic chemistry) Describing a straight chain isomer of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, or an aliphatic compound in which a substituent is in the 1- position of such a hydrocarbon.


-al

(organic chemistry) Forms the names of aldehydes.


glycoside

From glyco- (“a sugar”) + -ide (similar to glucoside), 1925–1930.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A molecule in which a sugar group (the glycone) is bound to a non-sugar group (the corresponding aglycone) by a nitrogen or oxygen atom. Glycosides yield a sugar after undergoing hydrolysis.


phosphine

en-noun

phosphine (countable and uncountable, plural phosphines)

(organic chemistry, countable) Any alkyl or aryl derivative of this compound, PR₃ (where at least one R is not H),


benzene

benzene (usually uncountable, plural benzenes)

A technical term in chemistry, adopted in English in 1835 as benzine (benzene from 1872), from German Benzin, which was coined in 1833 by Eilhardt Mitscherlich based on Benzoesäure (“benzoic acid”), plus the technical ending -ene (German -in) denoting hydrocarbons. The adjective benzoic is in turn from benzoin, originally a term for a balsamic resin from Middle French benjoin, from Spanish benjuí, Portuguese beijoim, Italian benzoi, from Arabic لُبَان جَاوِيّ (lubān jāwiyy, “Javanese frankincense”). The initial lu was probably lost because it was taken as the definite article in Romance. Compare oliban.
Not related to German Benz (surname).

der

لُبَان جَاوِيّ

Furthermore, this increase in risk is comparable to the risk of death from leukemia after long-term exposure to benzene, another solvent, which has the well-known property of causing this type of cancer.

2013 July-August, Philip J. Bushnell, “Solvents, Ethanol, Car Crashes & Tolerance”, in American Scientist:

(organic chemistry) An aromatic hydrocarbon of formula C₆H₆ whose structure consists of a ring of alternate single and double bonds.

(organic chemistry, in combination) Sometimes used in place of the phenyl group.


adipic

(organic chemistry) Pertaining to, or derived from, fatty or oily substances; applied to certain acids obtained from fats by the action of nitric acid.

(organic chemistry) Of, or derived from adipic acid.


allyl

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) The univalent radical, CH₂=CH-CH₂-, existing especially in oils of garlic and mustard.


alkene

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbon with one or more carbon–carbon double bonds.

alquè

unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon with one or more carbon–carbon double bonds

オレフィン系炭化水素

オレフィンけいたんかすいそ

エチレン系炭化水素

エチレンけいたんかすいそ


addend

Short for addendum, by surface analysis, add + -end.

(organic chemistry) A moiety added to another molecule.


addend

en-verb

addend (third-person singular simple present addends, present participle addending, simple past and past participle addended)

addends (present singular third-person)
addending (participle present)
addended (participle past)
addended (past)

(organic chemistry) To furnish with an addend.


alkane

From German Alkan, formed as alkyl + -ane.

The carbon chain of an alkane may be linear or branched, but must not contain loops (cycles); its chemical formula is of the form CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.

Whereas production levels of short-chain alkanes in plants are insufficient to provide an economically viable fuel source, the genes encoding the alkane biosynthetic pathway may provide a biotechnological resource for engineering fermentation organisms with the capacity to convert biomass to an alkane-based fuel.

1997, T. J. Savage, M. K. Hristova, R. Croteau, “Biochemistry of Short-Chain Alkanes: Evidence for an Elongation/Reduction/C1-Elimination Pathway”, in John Peter Williams, Mobashsher Uddin Khan, Nora Wan Lem, editors, Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Lipids, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 51:

The oxidation of the simplest alkane methanol is carried out by methylotrophs that may be obligate or facultative.

2007, Alasdair H. Neilson, Ann-Sofie Allard, Environmental Degradation and Transformation of Organic Chemicals, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 103:

2012, Chulsung Bae, Chapter 3: Catalytic Carbon-Boron Bond Formation via Activation of Alkane C-H Bonds, Pedro J. Pérez, Alkane C-H Activation by Single-Site Metal Catalysis, Springer, page 73,
Alkanes are extremely unreactive toward nucleophiles and electrophiles because they are composed of nonpolar, strong, saturated C–H and C-C bonds.

(organic chemistry) Any acyclic saturated hydrocarbon (methane, ethane, etc.).

alcà

acyclic saturated hydrocarbon of formula CnH2n+2


arsine

en-noun

arsine (countable and uncountable, plural arsines)

From ars(enic) + -ine (“suffix used to form names of chemical substances”).

suffix

(organic chemistry, countable) Any organic derivative of this compound, or of diarsane, triarsane etc.


butene

(organic chemistry) Any of several forms of butylene.


aryl

(organic chemistry) Any univalent organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removing a hydrogen atom.


amide

(organic chemistry) Any derivative of an oxoacid in which the hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group; especially such derivatives of a carboxylic acid, the carboxamides or acid amides

амид

organic chemistry: derivative of an oxoacid


butyl

(organic chemistry) Any of four isomeric univalent hydrocarbon radicals, C₄H₉, formally derived from butane by the loss of a hydrogen atom.

butil

Any of four isomeric univalent hydrocarbon radicals, C4H9


amino

From the prefix amino-, from amine, from ammonia + -ine.

(organic chemistry) Relating to an amine.


amino

(organic chemistry) The amine functional group.


butane

en-noun

butane (countable and uncountable, plural butanes)

IUPAC nomenclature, from but- (“four carbon prefix”) + -ane (“alkane suffix”), the former is derived from the same stem as the foul-smelling carboxylic acid liberated in rancid butter, "butyric acid", hence cognate with butter.

(organic chemistry) A hydrocarbon (either of the two isomers of C₄H₁₀ n-butane, and 2-methyl-propane) found in gaseous petroleum fractions.

(organic chemistry, uncountable) The n-butane isomer only.


formic

Formed from the root of Latin formīca (“ant”) + -ic.

(organic chemistry) Of, pertaining to or derived from formic acid (or from methane).


glycol

From Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + -ol.

(organic chemistry) A thick, colourless liquid, C₂H₄(OH)₂, of a sweetish taste, produced artificially from certain ethylene compounds and used as an antifreeze; ethylene glycol.


enol

1996, Ludvik Labler, August Rüttimann, Alfred Giger, Chapter 2: Coupling Reactions: Part I: Enol Ether and Aldol Condensations, George Britton, Synnove Liaaen-Jensen, Hanspeter Pfander (editors), Carotenoids, Volume 2: Synthesis, Springer (Birkhäuser), page 27,
Since research on the total synthesis of carotenoids began, the enol ether and the aldol condensations have been frequently used for the formation of carbon-carbon double bonds.

A solution to the use of the thermodynamic ketone enolate lies in the selective formation and reaction of silyl enol ethers.

2004, J. E. Carruthers, W. Carruthers, Iain Coldham, Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, page 29:

It is interesting to note that relative enol stability (pK_E) plays little or no role in the relative acidity of enols for example, as in the case of 45 and 45’²⁴³.

2009, Jason Eames, “8: Acid-base properties of enols and enolates”, in Jacob Zabicky, editor, The Chemistry of Metal Enolates, Part 1, Wiley, page 421:

(organic chemistry) An organic compound containing a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom which is doubly bonded to another carbon atom.


ethane

ethane (usually uncountable, plural ethanes)

(organic chemistry, uncountable) An aliphatic hydrocarbon, C₂H₆, gaseous at normal temperatures and pressures, being a constituent of natural gas.

chlorinated ethanes; halogenated ethanes

The dissociation constants for ethanes in which the two halves of the molecule are different are not always close to the mean of the dissociation constants of the corresponding symmetrical ethanes.

1959, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, Free Radicals: An Introduction, page 45:

Analysis of the ethane fraction also revealed anomalous deuteration of the ethane, the ethanes C₂H₅D, C₂H₄D₂ and C₂H₃D₃ being observed as well as C₂H₆. Ethanes with more than three D atoms were not detected.

1968, Transactions of the Faraday Society, volume 64, page 1573:

(organic chemistry, countable) The same compound, subjected to modification by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms with other radicals.


hexane

hexane (countable and uncountable, plural hexanes)

(organic chemistry) Any of five isomeric aliphatic hydrocarbons, C₆H₁₄. They are colorless, volatile liquids.


ethyl

(organic chemistry) The univalent hydrocarbon radical, C₂H₅, formally derived from ethane by the loss of a hydrogen atom.

Et

chemical shorthand, found in chemical formulae


ketone

From German Keton, from Aketon (“acetone”), from French acétone (“acetone”). See acetone.

acetone R₁ = R₂ = CH₃

methyl ethyl ketone R₁ = CH₃, R₂ = C₂H₅

camphor C₁₀H₁₇O

(organic chemistry) A homologous series of organic molecules whose functional group is an oxygen atom joined to a carbon atom—by a double bond—in a carbon-hydrogen based molecule.

кетон

organic chemicals with the >CO functional group


niacin

in 1942 derived from nicotinic + acid + vitamin, chosen to dissociate it from nicotine, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins.

Mixing the alkali into the recipe in the right way chemically releases the otherwise unavailable niacin in the corn, which stops pellagra in its tracks, and allowed corn-based agricultural populations to grow and spread.

2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 7, in The Secret of Our Success […] , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A water-soluble vitamin, a component of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast, and dairy products; it is essential to metabolism.

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


ligand

Borrowed from Latin ligandus, gerundive of ligo (“bind”).

ربيطة

something that binds to another chemical entity

coordination chemistry
coordination chemistry

coordination complex
coordination complex

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) A molecule or moiety (ion, functional group, or radical) that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex; as, especially:

(coordination chemistry) Such an entity that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.

(biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, medicine) Such an entity that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.

Holonym: complex


olefin

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of unsaturated open-chain hydrocarbons such as ethylene; an alkene with only one carbon-carbon double bond.


octane

(organic chemistry) Any of the eighteen isomeric aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₈H₁₈) found in petroleum, especially an iso-octane 2,2,4 trimethyl-pentane; they are used as fuels and solvents.


methyl

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-methyl.wav

Borrowed from German Methyl; compare French méthyle.
French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot, after determining methanol's chemical structure, introduced "methylene" from the Ancient Greek μέθυ (méthu, “wine”) + ὕλη (húlē, “wood, material”) with the intention of highlighting its origins, "alcohol made from wood (substance)". The term "methyl" was derived in about 1840 by back-formation from "methylene", and was then applied to describe "methyl alcohol".

You might point out in the theory of oxidation of oils, in development of rancidity in oils, that many methyls accelerate this oxidation of oils. I do not want to burden you with a lecture on chemistry but there are some methyls like iron which has both a valence of two and of three. Another example is cobalt which has a valence of both two and three.

1973, Robert E. Cornish, Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies, page 119:

2003, Russell Timkovich, 73: The Family of d-Type Hemes: Tetrapyrroles with Unusual Substituents, Karl M. Kadish, Kevin M. Smith, Roger Guilard (editors), The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 12: The Iron and Cobalt Pigments: Biosynthesis, Structure and Degradation, page 134,
The southern acetates must be decarboxylated to methyls.

The most stable form has the groups staggered and the methyls as far from each other as possible (DA^([dihedral angle]) = 180°).

2005, Bruce A. Hathaway, Organic Chemistry the Easy Way, page 38:

(organic chemistry) The univalent hydrocarbon radical, CH₃-, formally derived from methane by the loss of a hydrogen atom; a compound or part of a compound formed by the attachment of such a radical.


purine

purine (countable and uncountable, plural purines)

1982, Ray A. Field, Mechanically Deboned Red Meat, C. O. Chichester, George Franklin Stewart, Advances in Food Research, Volume 27, page 67,
Clifford et al. (1976) investigated the metabolism of individual purines and found that adenine, and to a lesser extent hypoxanthine, had pronounced effects on blood uric acid levels. The purine content of foods, in particular adenine, would therefore be of immense nutritional significance.

For example, for purine-pyrimidine and for pyrimidine-purine base steps the presence of purines on opposite strands in successive base pairs sterically restricts the conformations that these base pairs can adopt relative to each other.

1993, Andrew Travers, DNA-Protein Interactions, page 6:

The discovery that certain pyrazolopyrimidine nucleobases and nucleosides, analogs of naturally occurring purines, are toxic to Leishmania, coupled with the obligatory nature of the leishmanial purine salvage pathway, has spawned considerable interest in the purine salvage pathway as a drug target.

2008, Hemanta K. Majumder, Drug Targets in Kinetoplastid Parasites, page 142:

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic heterocyclic compounds, composed of fused pyrimidine and imidazole rings, that constitute one of the two groups of organic nitrogenous bases (the other being the pyrimidines) and are components of nucleic acids.


lipid

→ Malay: lipid

Borrowed from French lipide, coined 1923 by Gabriel Bertrand from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lĭ́pos, “animal fat”) + French -ide.

der

(organic chemistry) Any of a group of organic compounds including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides. Lipids are characterized by being insoluble in water, and account for most of the fat present in the human body.


propyl

From the chemical prefix propyl-, from propylic or directly from earlier French propylique, from prop(ionique) + -yle + -ique, where -yle, as in French méthylène, is from ὕλη (húlē, “wood, substance”).

(organic chemistry) Either of two isomeric univalent hydrocarbon radicals, C₃H₇, formally derived from propane by the loss of a hydrogen atom.


phenyl

Borrowed from French phényle, derived from the root of Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to shine”) plus ὕλη (húlē, “wood; material, substance”). Equivalent to phen- + -yl.

(organic chemistry) A univalent hydrocarbon radical (C₆H₅) formally derived from benzene by the removal of a hydrogen atom, and the basis of an immense number of aromatic derivatives.


silane

(organic chemistry) Any organic derivative of monosilane


phenol

en-noun

phenol (countable and uncountable, plural phenols)

From French phène, from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to clear”), as it was used for illumination, name given by Auguste Laurente in 1836.
By surface analysis, pheno- + -ol.

bor

(organic chemistry, uncountable) A caustic, poisonous, white crystalline compound, C₆H₅OH, derived from benzene and used in resins, plastics, and pharmaceuticals and in dilute form as a disinfectant and antiseptic; once called carbolic acid

(organic chemistry, countable) Any of a class of aromatic organic compounds having at least one hydroxyl group attached directly to the benzene ring (or other aromatic ring)

فِينُول

any of a class of aromatic organic compounds having at least one hydroxyl group attached directly to the benzene ring


fuse

en-verb

fuse (third-person singular simple present fuses, present participle fusing, simple past and past participle fused)

fuses (present singular third-person)
fusing (participle present)
fused (participle past)
fused (past)

Back-formation from fusion (“to melt”), first to verbal sense, then noun.

(organic chemistry) To form a bicyclic compound from two similar or different types of ring such that two or more atoms are shared between the resulting rings


secondary

en-adj

secondary (not generally comparable, comparative more secondary, superlative most secondary)

more secondary (comparative)
most secondary (superlative)

From Middle English secundarie, from Latin secundārius (“of the second class or quality”), from secundus (whence the English second) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary), equivalent to second + -ary; compare the French secondaire, the Italian secondario, the Occitan secundari, the Portuguese secundario, and the Spanish secundario.

der

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
secondary

(organic chemistry) Derived from a parent compound by replacement of two atoms of hydrogen by organic radicals.


sunflower

From sun + flower. Compare English sunbloom.

(informal, organic chemistry) Any flat, radially symmetric organic compound, such as coronene.


aconitine

en-noun

aconitine (countable and uncountable, plural aconitines)

(organic chemistry) An intensely poisonous alkaloid, extracted from aconite


TMI

TMI (countable and uncountable, plural TMIs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of trimethylindium.


polystyrene

It was 30 times lighter and more flexible than the polystyrene that had previously been used.

1996 April 2, Julia Campbell, “Ray McIntire, 77, Dow Engineer And the Inventor Of Styrofoam”, in The New York Times:

(organic chemistry) A vinylic polymer of styrene, CH₂CHphenyl.

(organic chemistry) An alkane chain of benzene molecules, RCH₂CHphenylR.


PPG

PPG (countable and uncountable, plural PPGs)

polypropylene glycol
polypropylene glycol#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polypropylene glycol.


hydrocarbon

Chofen is an unusually small hydrogen-helium gas giant, with traces of sulphur and hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. The Alliance surveyor ship Ibn Battuta provided inconclusive evidence of hydrocarbon life in the atmosphere (over 1000 meters below the cloud tops), where pressure compresses Chofen's hydrogen into a liquid state.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Chofen planetary description:

(organic chemistry) A compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.


aromatic

en-adj

aromatic (comparative more aromatic, superlative most aromatic)

more aromatic (comparative)
most aromatic (superlative)

/ˌæɹ.əˈmæt.ɪk/

/ˌɛɹ.əˈmæt.ɪk/

[ˌɛɹ.əˈmæɾ.ɪk]

/ˌæɹ.əˈmæt.ɪk/

[ˌæɹ.əˈmæɾ.ɪk]

Late Middle English, from Middle French and Old French aromatique, from Late Latin aromaticus, from Ancient Greek ἄρωμα (árōma, “seasoning, spicy and/or fragrant smell”).

der

(organic chemistry) Having a closed ring of alternate single and double bonds with delocalized electrons.

(organic chemistry) Derived from benzene.


aromatic

/ˌæɹ.əˈmæt.ɪk/

/ˌɛɹ.əˈmæt.ɪk/

[ˌɛɹ.əˈmæɾ.ɪk]

/ˌæɹ.əˈmæt.ɪk/

[ˌæɹ.əˈmæɾ.ɪk]

(organic chemistry) Any aromatic compound.


ester

From German Ester, perhaps a contraction or abstraction of Essigäther (“ethyl acetate”), from Essig (“vinegar”) (from Latin acetum) and Äther (“ether”). See ether for more.

To produce a test material containing at least 75 percent omega-3 polyunsaturates, the menhaden triglycerides are transesterified to produce fatty acid ethyl esters. The esters are reacted with urea dissolved in hot ethanol and the solution is cooled overnight.

1991, Malcolm B. Hale et al., “New Products and Markets for Menhaden, Brevoortia spp.”, in Marine Fisheries Review, volume 53, number 4, page 47:

The thiol-coenzyme-A ester formed by R-arylpropionic acid can bind to triglyceride to form a “hybrid” triglyceride: such hybrid triglycerides can cause alteration of fatty-acid metabolism and membrane function, and a lipophilic triglyceride–propionic-acid hybrid would be able to cross lipid membranes such as the blood–brain barrier.

1991, W. F. Kean, C. J. L. Lock, H. E. Howard-Lock, “Chirality in antirheumatic drugs”, in The Lancet, volume 338, →DOI, page 1567:

The effort’s primary material systems are vinyl esters and polyurethanes, reinforced with inexpensive chopped-glass rovings. Automated glass-fiber preforming processes and high-rate molding procedures are being studied in an effort to reduce cycle times and production costs substantially.

1996, Steven Ashley, “Composite car structures pass the crash test”, in Mechanical Engineering, volume 118, number 12, page 60:

(organic chemistry) A compound most often formed by the condensation of an alcohol and an acid, with elimination of water, which contains the functional group carbon-oxygen double bond (i.e., carbonyl) joined via carbon to another oxygen atom.

èster

compound with carbon-oxygen double bond joined via carbon to another oxygen atom


pentane

(organic chemistry) An aliphatic hydrocarbon of chemical formula C₅H₁₂; either of the three isomers n-pentane, methyl-butane (isopentane), and di-methyl-propane (neopentane); volatile liquids under normal conditions.


xylyl

(organic chemistry) Any of several univalent radicals, of formula (CH₃)₂C₆H₃- derived from the three isomers of xylene: ortho-, meta- and para- (di-methyl benzene).


propane

en-noun

propane (countable and uncountable, plural propanes)

Analyzable as prop- + -ane, borrowing or calque of German Propan.

Propane gas is used for cooking and cylinder containers are placed to one side of the underframe, with battery boxes and electrical control boxes at the other side.

1960 April, “Restaurant cars and multiple-units”, in Trains Illustrated, page 222:

(organic chemistry) An aliphatic hydrocarbon, C₃H₈, a constituent of natural gas.


alkyne

(organic chemistry) A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon–carbon triple bond.

ألكاين

hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

アセチレン系炭化水素

アセチレンけいたんかすいそ


alicyclic

(organic chemistry) Of a class of organic compounds having both aliphatic (chain) and cyclic (ring) structure


cyclohexane

cyclohexane (countable and uncountable, plural cyclohexanes)

(organic chemistry) An alicyclic hydrocarbon, C₆H₁₂, consisting of a ring of six carbon atoms; a volatile liquid.


aliphatic

From Ancient Greek ἄλειφαρ (áleiphar, “oil, ointment”).

uder

(organic chemistry) Of a class of organic compounds in which the carbon atoms are arranged in an open chain.

мастен

organic chemistry: having carbon atoms arranged in an open chain


cyclopentane

en-noun

cyclopentane (countable and uncountable, plural cyclopentanes)

(organic chemistry) An alicyclic hydrocarbon, C₅H₁₀; a volatile inflammable liquid, sometimes used as a solvent.


cyclobutane

cyclobutane (countable and uncountable, plural cyclobutanes)

From cyclo- + butane from being a circular structure, a butane chain as a closed ring.

(uncountable, organic chemistry) A simple alicyclic hydrocarbon, C₄H₈; a light inflammable gas.

(countable, organic chemistry) Any derivative of this compound.


quaternary

Derived from Latin quaternārius (“containing or consisting of four”), from quaternī (“four each”, “four at a time”) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French quaternaire.

der+

(organic chemistry) quaternary ammonium.


cyclopropane

en-noun

cyclopropane (countable and uncountable, plural cyclopropanes)

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) The simplest alicyclic hydrocarbon, C₃H₆, an inflammable gas, sometimes used as an anaesthetic.

cyclopropaan

the simplest alicyclic hydrocarbon, C3H6


copper phthalocyanine

(organic chemistry) A synthetic chemical used as a colorant in paints and dyes. First used in 1929. In pure form it is an intense blue. It is chlorinated to produce very intense dark green, and brominated and chlorinated copper phthalocyanines are mixed to produce a yellower emerald green.


tautomerism

tautomerism (countable and uncountable, plural tautomerisms)

(organic chemistry) A form of isomerism in which a dynamic equilibrium between multiple isomers exists, such as that between an enol and a ketone.


papaverine

papaverine (countable and uncountable, plural papaverines)

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A nonaddictive derivative of opium used in medicine to relieve muscle spasms, as a vasodilator and in some forms of erectile dysfunction.


vasodilator

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, pharmacology) A drug or chemical agent that causes dilation of the blood vessels thereby reducing blood pressure.


polyethylene

polyethylene (countable and uncountable, plural polyethylenes)

The most abundant chemical in the plastics is polyethylene, which is used for single-use packaging, plastic bags and containers such as bottles.

2023 June 5, Yvonne Gordon, “Microplastics found in every sample of water taken during Ocean Race”, in The Guardian:

(organic chemistry) A polymer consisting of many ethylene monomers bonded together; used for kitchenware, containers etc.


THC

(organic chemistry) Initialism of tetrahydrocannabinol.


periodo

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) Describing a derivative in which all hydrogen atoms have been replaced by iodine


azo-

azine

(organic chemistry) Containing nitrogen especially as the divalent group N=N.


aceto-

From Latin acētum (“vinegar”), because acetic acid is a constituent of vinegar.

(organic chemistry) Containing a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl group (CH₃CO-); e.g., acetophenone

aceto-

containing a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl group


benzo-

benzodiazepine, benzoyl

(organic chemistry) Related to benzene or benzoic acid.


tetrahydrocannabinol

tetrahydrocannabinol (countable and uncountable, plural tetrahydrocannabinols)

While the agency hasn’t proposed changing its 2023 6.7 million-gram quota for marijuana for 2024, it is now calling for the manufacturing of 900,610 grams of delta-9 THC and 790,010 grams of all other tetrahydrocannabinol. That represents another increase after DEA already moved this week to nearly double the 2023 quota for delta-9 THC to 628,460 grams and called for 350,000 grams of other tetrahydrocannabinols.

2023 February 11, Kyle Jaeger, “DEA Wants Nearly 1 Million Grams Of Delta-9 THC Manufactured For Research Next Year In Latest Schedule I Quota Hike”, in Marijuana Moment:

(organic chemistry) The psychoactive substance present in cannabis, a hydrogenated derivative of cannabinol.


carboxyl

(organic chemistry) A univalent functional group consisting of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl functional group (-CO.OH); characteristic of carboxylic acids.


carboxylic

(organic chemistry) Of, or relating to the carboxyl functional group.

carboxílic

of, or relating to the carboxyl functional group


carbonyl

carboxylic acid anhydride
carboxylic acid anhydride

(organic chemistry) A divalent functional group, (-CO-), characteristic of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, carboxylic acid anhydrides, carbonyl halides, esters and others.


functional group

functional group (plural functional groups)

Various functional groups often occur in biomolecules.

(organic chemistry) A specific grouping of elements that is characteristic of a class of compounds, and determines some properties and reactions of that class.


polymer

polymer (countable and uncountable, plural polymers)

From poly- + -mer, from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”) + μέρος (méros, “part”). Coined by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1833, though his definition was quite different from the modern one.

(organic chemistry) A long or larger molecule consisting of a chain or network of many repeating units, formed by chemically bonding together many identical or similar small molecules called monomers. A polymer is formed by polymerization, the joining of many monomer molecules.


carboxylic acid

carboxylic acid (plural carboxylic acids)

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds containing a carboxyl functional group.

حمض كربوكسيليّ

organic compound containing a carboxyl functional group


chloro-

From Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”).

uder

(organic chemistry) Containing chlorine.


bivalent

en-adj

bivalent (comparative more bivalent, superlative most bivalent)

more bivalent (comparative)
most bivalent (superlative)

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) Having a valence of 2; having two ligands


CNC

(organic chemistry) Initialism of cellulose nanocrystal.


aldehyde

Borrowed from German Aldehyd, a contraction of the Latin al(cohol) dehyd(rogenātum).

The air smells of strange, oceanic aldehydes.

2020, N. K. Jemisin, The City We Became, Orbit, page 180:

(organic chemistry) Any of a large class of reactive organic compounds (R·CHO) having a carbonyl functional group attached to one hydrocarbon radical and a hydrogen atom.

aldehid

organic compound of the general formula R·CHO


piperonal

(organic chemistry) The methylene ether of 3,4 dihydroxy benzaldehyde; used in perfume to give a floral note


ethanol

en-noun

ethanol (usually uncountable, plural ethanols)

Contracted from ethyl + alcohol. Ethyl is from Ancient Greek αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “ether”), influenced by German Äthyl. May be decomposed as ethane + -ol.

(organic chemistry) A simple aliphatic alcohol formally derived from ethane by replacing one hydrogen atom with a hydroxyl group: CH₃-CH₂-OH.


fatty acid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fatty acid.wav

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a class of aliphatic carboxylic acids, of general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH, that occur combined with glycerol as animal or vegetable oils and fats. Only those with an even number of carbon atoms are normally found in natural fats.


aniline

aniline (countable and uncountable, plural anilines)

Borrowed from German Anilin, coined by German chemist Carl Julius Fritzsche. From Portuguese anil (“indigo”) + -in (“-ine (organic compounds)”).

(organic chemistry) The simplest aromatic amine, C₆H₅NH₂, synthesized by the reduction of nitrobenzene; it is a colourless oily basic poisonous liquid used in the manufacture of dyes and pharmaceuticals.


heptose

(organic chemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing seven carbon atoms.


amine

quaternary ammonium compound e.g.tetramethylammonium hydroxide

(organic chemistry) Any organic compound containing an amine functional group.


bicyclic

(physical chemistry, organic chemistry) A bicyclic compound.


carbohydrate

From their general formula Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ; they were once thought to be hydrates of carbon.

These microbes are primarily responsible for breaking down cellulose and other carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids (VFAs).

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

(organic chemistry, nutrition) A sugar, starch, or cellulose that is a food source of energy for an animal or plant.

karbohidrat

organic compounds such as sugar, starch or cellulose


lactic acid

It was [Roger] Federer's ability to pull him around the court that put the lactic acid and debilitating weight in those legs and he should not have been allowed the luxury of his trainer's help.

2012 June 29, Kevin Mitchell, “Roger Federer back from Wimbledon 2012 brink to beat Julien Benneteau”, in The Guardian, archived from the original on 2016-11-15:

(organic chemistry) 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (CH₃CHOHCO₂H), a syrupy liquid, soluble in water; found in milk, wine and many fruits; used as a food additive and in many industrial applications.


pyran

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of unsaturated heterocyclic compounds containing a ring of five carbon atoms, an oxygen atom and two double bonds; especially the simplest one, C₅H₆O.


heterocyclic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-heterocyclic.wav

Other highly effective heterocyclic substituents were pyrazinyl and quinoxalyl.

1951, Apollonia Frances Olson, Helen G. Tibbitts, A Study of Head Nurse Activities in a General Hospital, 1950, page 163:

(organic chemistry, of a cyclic compound) Having one or more atoms other than carbon in at least one of its rings.

heterocíclic

of cyclic compounds: containing one or more atoms other than carbon


thiophene

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a ring of four carbon atoms and a sulfur atom; especially the simplest one, C₄H₄S.


quinoline

Audio (US)

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a benzene ring fused with a pyridine ring; especially the simplest such compound, C₉H₇N.


pyrimidine

First attested in 1885. From German Pyrimidin, from German Pyridin (“pyridine”), with the insertion of -mi- from amidine.

(organic chemistry) A diazine in which the two nitrogen atoms are in the meta- positions; it is the basis of three of the bases found in DNA and RNA: thymine, uracil and cytosine

嘧啶

diazine in which the two nitrogen atoms are in the meta-positions


pyridine

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a ring of five carbon atoms and a nitrogen atom; especially the simplest one, C₅H₅N.

piridina

any of a class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds


thiazole

Many heterocyclic bodies prepared synthetically have been manufactured upon a technical scale, because of their coloring and therapeutic properties. This is true of the dyes of [...] the thiazole-group, and also of the important febrifuges, [...]

1891, Victor von Richter, translated by Edgar F. Smith, edited by Prof. R. Anschütz, Victor von Richter's Organic Chemistry; or, Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds, 3rd American edition, from the 8th German edition, volume II, Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., translation of original in German, published 1899, →OCLC, page 443:

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of unsaturated heterocyclic compounds containing a ring of three carbon atoms, a sulphur and an nitrogen atom; especially the simplest one, C₃H₃SN


pyrrole

→ Polish: pirol

From German Pyrrol, corresponding to Ancient Greek πυρρός (purrhós, “reddish, fiery”) + -ole.

uder

The way the red crystals absorbed light suggested that the molecule might contain a porphyrin-like structure, a flat ring made up of four smaller rings called pyrroles […].

1998, Georgina Ferry, Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life:

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a ring of four carbon atoms and a nitrogen atom; especially the simplest one, C₄H₅N.


furan

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a ring of four carbon atoms, two double bonds and an oxygen atom; especially the simplest one, C₄H₄O.


heterocycle

(organic chemistry) A heterocyclic compound or ring.

heterociclo

organic chemistry: a heterocyclic compound or ring


hydric

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hyrdic.wav

(organic chemistry) Relating to alcohols.


oxyacetylene

(organic chemistry) A mixture of oxygen and acetylene, which burns at a high temperature and is used for cutting and welding metals.

οξυγονοκόλληση

a mixture of oxygen and acetylene; burns at a high temperature and is used for cutting and welding metals


catechol

en-noun

catechol (countable and uncountable, plural catechols)

From catech(u) + -ol. Compare catechin and catecholamine.

(organic chemistry) The biologically important diphenol ortho-dihydroxy benzene; isomeric with hydroquinone and resorcinol.


cyanide

cyanide (countable and uncountable, plural cyanides)

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, countable) Any compound containing the -C≡N group or the CN⁻ anion.

цыяні́д

chemistry: any compound containing the CN group


glycerin

glycerin (countable and uncountable, plural glycerins)

(organic chemistry) Alternative spelling of glycerine.


nitroglycerine

nitroglycerine (usually uncountable, plural nitroglycerines)

(organic chemistry) The compound glyceryl-tri-nitrate or 1,2,3 tri-nitrooxy propane; the ester of glycerol with nitric acid; prepared by the careful addition of a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids to glycerol with constant stirring and cooling; it is a thick, pale yellow liquid, that is highly explosive on concussion or on exposure to sudden heat; it is used in medicine as a vasodilator, and as an explosive in the form of dynamite which is safe to handle.


glycerol

glycerol (countable and uncountable, plural glycerols)

(organic chemistry) 1,2,3-trihydroxy-propane or propan-1,2,3-triol; a trihydric alcohol


porphyrin

From German Porphyrin, shortened from Hämatoporphyrin (“haematoporphyrin”).

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of heterocyclic compounds containing pyrrole rings arranged in a square or other similar shape; they are important in biochemistry in a form with a metal atom in the central cavity (hemoglobin with iron, chlorophyll with magnesium, etc.).


amphetamine

amphetamine (countable and uncountable, plural amphetamines)

Shortened form of a(lpha-)m(ethyl)ph(en)eth(yl)amine.

(organic chemistry, proper) The racemic freebase of 1-phenylpropan-2-amine; an equal parts mixture of levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms.


glycerine

glycerine (countable and uncountable, plural glycerines)

From glyco- + -ine, from French glycérine, from Ancient Greek γλυκερός (glukerós, “sweet”) (compare γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”)).

uder

(organic chemistry) The common name for glycerol, glycerin or E422.


barbiturate

/ˌbɑː(ɹ)ˈbɪt͡ʃəɹɪt/

/ˌbɑː(ɹ)ˈbɪt͡ʃəɹeɪt/

/ˌbɑɹbɪˈt(j)ʊəɹɪt/

/ˌbɑɹˈbɪt͡ʃu.ɪt/

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of barbituric acid.


iso-

From Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”).

isohexane

(organic chemistry) (of an aliphatic compound, especially a fatty acid) Having a branch on the penultimate carbon atom of a chain.


ortho-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ortho-.wav

E.g. orthophenylene, orthosubstitution, orthocleavage.

(organic chemistry) In isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in adjacent (1,2) positions (compare meta- and para-).


triacontanol

(organic chemistry) Any of very many alcohols of the general formula C₃₀H₆₂O, but especially 1-triacontanol, also known as melissyl alcohol or myricyl alcohol, that is found in plant cuticle waxes and in beeswax as the palmitate ester.


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).

noncog

(organic chemistry) in isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in alternate (1,3) positions; contrasted with ortho- and para-.

meta-

chemistry: contrasted with ortho- and para-


cyanamide

en-noun

cyanamide (countable and uncountable, plural cyanamides)

(organic chemistry) A chemical compound, NH₂CN; a white crystalline solid, soluble in water, having many commercial applications including fertilizer

(organic chemistry) Any derivative of this compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl or aryl group


cyanogen

cyanogen (countable and uncountable, plural cyanogens)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cyanogen.wav

From cyano- + -gen; compare French cyanogène. So called because it produced blue dyes.

(organic chemistry) The pseudohalogen (CN)₂; a colorless, poisonous gas used as a rocket propellant, an insecticide and in chemical warfare.

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry) The radical -CN.


vinyl chloride

(organic chemistry) A colourless gas, CH₂=CHCl, used in the manufacture of the plastic polyvinyl chloride


vinyl

vinyl (countable and uncountable, plural vinyls)

→ Catalan: vinil

→ Finnish: vinyyli

→ French: vinyle

→ German: Vinyl

→ Greek: βινύλιο (vinýlio)

→ Irish: vinil

→ Italian: vinile

→ Japanese: ビニール (binīru)

→ Korean: 비닐 (binil)

desc

Portuguese: vinil, (Brazil) vinila, (Portugal) vinilo

→ Russian: винил (vinil)

→ Spanish: vinilo

→ Swedish: vinyl

From Latin vīnum (“wine”) + -yl. Derived from Latin vīnum because ethyl alcohol is the ordinary alcohol present in wine.

(organic chemistry, uncountable) The univalent radical CH₂=CH−, derived from ethylene.


polyethene

(organic chemistry, official IUPAC name) polyethylene.


ethene

en-noun

ethene (countable and uncountable, plural ethenes)

(organic chemistry, IUPAC name) The organic chemical compound ethylene. The simplest alkene, a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₂H₄

(organic chemistry) Any alkene derived from ethylene


ethyne

(organic chemistry, official IUPAC name) The organic compound acetylene. The simplest alkyne, a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula HC≡CH or C₂H₂.


side chain

(organic chemistry) That part of a molecule attached to some core structure; a radical.


ethylene

ethylene (countable and uncountable, plural ethylenes)

SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and cytokinins, during the proembryogenic early stages, and ethylene and gibberellic and abscisic acids later in the development of somatic embryos.

2015 August 18, Clelia De-la-Peña et al., “The role of chromatin modifications in somatic embryogenesis in plants”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

As a demonstration, we first establish the correctness of the Jacobian matrices for kinetic models of hydrogen, methane, ethylene, and isopentanol oxidation, then demonstrate the performance achievable on CPUs and GPUs using pyJac via matrix evaluation timing comparisons..

2016, Kyle E. Niemeyer, Nicholas J. Curtis, Chih-Jen Sung, “pyJac: analytical Jacobian generator for chemical kinetics”, in arXiv:

(organic chemistry) The common name for the organic chemical compound ethene. The simplest alkene, a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₂H₄.

(organic chemistry) The divalent radical derived from ethane.


arachidic acid

(organic chemistry) A long-chain fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₈COOH, found in groundnut oil

ácido araquídico

a long-chain fatty acid found in groundnut oil


carboxylated

en-adj

carboxylated (comparative more carboxylated, superlative most carboxylated)

more carboxylated (comparative)
most carboxylated (superlative)

(organic chemistry) Converted into a carboxylic acid, normally by the oxidation of an alcohol or aldehyde.


polyunsaturated

(organic chemistry) Of or relating to long chain organic compounds that have multiple double bonds; polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential to human nutrition.


acrylic acid

(organic chemistry) A colorless liquid unsaturated organic acid, CH₂=CHCOOH; used as a monomer in the production of acrylic resins; forms acrylate esters by combination with alcohols.


acrylic resin

(organic chemistry) Any of many thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or acrylonitrile; used in paint and many plastics.


acrylonitrile

en-noun

acrylonitrile (countable and uncountable, plural acrylonitriles)

These simulations suggest that vinyl cyanide (C₂H₃CN; also known as acrylonitrile or propenenitrile) would be the best candidate species for the formation of these hypothesized cell-like membranes, known as “azotosomes” (2).

2017 July 28, Mareen Y. Palmer, “ALMA detection and astrobiological potential of vinyl cyanide on Titan”, in Science Advances, volume 3, number 7:

(organic chemistry) A toxic colourless liquid organic compound, CH₂=CH.CN, synthesized from propylene and ammonia; used as a monomer in the production of acrylic resins and synthetic rubber.


arachidonic acid

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) A long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, having 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds, found in animal fats; it is essential for human nutrition, being a precursor to the production of prostaglandins.

arakidonihappo

long chain fatty acid precursor to prostaglandins


acetylsalicylic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) The acetate ester of salicylic acid (aspirin)

àcid acetilsalicílic

acetate ester of salicylic acid; aspirin


isobutyric acid

(organic chemistry) 2-methyl-propanoic acid, (CH₃)₂CHCOOH, an isomer of butyric acid, that occurs in carob beans and croton oil.


benzoic acid

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline organic acid, C₆H₅COOH; the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid; used as a food preservative and in many other industrial applications.

àcid benzoic

white crystalline organic acid, C6H5COOH


citric acid cycle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-citric acid cycle.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

檸檬酸循環 /柠檬酸循环

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


Krebs cycle

Named after German biochemist and physician Hans Adolf Krebs.

named-after

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms, involving the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units, and serving as the main source of cellular energy.

克雷伯氏循環 /克雷伯氏循环

series of enzymatic reactions — see also citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


succinic acid

(organic chemistry) A colourless crystalline dicarboxylic acid, (CH₂COOH)₂, that occurs naturally in amber and is important in the metabolic Krebs cycle.

àcid succínic

colourless crystalline dicarboxylic acid, (CH2COOH)2


adipic acid

hexamethylene diamine
hexamethylene diamine

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline dicarboxylic acid, C₄H₈(COOH)₂; it has many industrial applications; when condensed with hexamethylene diamine it produces nylon.


caprylic acid

(organic chemistry) A fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₆COOH, obtained from butter and other animal fats, and used in the manufacture of perfumes and flavours.


caproic acid

From Latin caper (“goat”) because of its smell.

(organic chemistry) A liquid fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₄COOH, obtained from animal fats, and used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and flavours.

hexanoate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


urethane

en-noun

urethane (countable and uncountable, plural urethanes)

From French uréthane, coined (1833) by Jean Baptiste Dumas.

(organic chemistry, uncountable) A white crystalline organic compound, ethyl-carbamate, NH₂COOC₂H₅, used in the synthesis of other organic compounds.

(organic chemistry, countable) Any compound consisting of this general structure.


carbamic acid

(organic chemistry) amino-formic acid, NH₂COOH; it is too unstable to have been isolated, but its esters and salts are known.


carbamate

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of carbamic acid.


butyric acid

From Ancient Greek βούτυρος (boúturos, “butter”), from which it can be isolated.

der

(organic chemistry) Either of the two isomeric carboxylic acids, normal butyric acid and isobutyric acid, with the chemical formula C₃H₇COOH, occurring in animal milk fat.

(organic chemistry) Solely the straight chain isomer of the above, normal butyric acid or n-butyric acid, CH₃(CH₂)₂COOH, a short chain fatty acid; its glyceride is one of the principle components of the flavour of butter.


capric acid

(organic chemistry) A fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₈COOH, obtained from animal fats, and used in the manufacture of perfumes and flavours.


carbolic acid

(dated, organic chemistry) phenol (C₆H₅OH)


acetic acid

(organic chemistry) A clear colourless organic acid, CH₃COOH, formed by the bacterial oxidation of ethanol through acetic fermentation; it is used as a solvent and has very many industrial applications; it is the major acidic component of vinegar.


cerotic acid

saturated fatty acid
saturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) A very-long-chain saturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₂₄COOH, found in beeswax and carnauba wax.


acrylic

From acryl + -ic, from acrolein, from Latin acer (“sharp”) + olere (“to smell”).

(organic chemistry) Derived from acrylic acid or acrylonitrile.

acrílic

derived from acrylic acid or acrylonitrile


salicylic acid

From translingual Salix (“the willow”), from whose bark it can be obtained.

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline organic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, C₆>H₄(OH)(COOH), used in the production of aspirin and other industrial chemicals.


Benedict's solution

After an American chemist, Stanley Rossiter Benedict.

(physical chemistry, organic chemistry) A solution of sodium citrate, sodium carbonate and copper sulfate whose colour changes from blue to yellow or red in the presence of reducing sugars such as glucose.


angelic acid

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated organic acid, CH₃-CH=C(CH₃-COOH), found in angelica and having pharmacological uses; the trans- form is tiglic acid.

ácido angélico

unsaturated organic acid found in angelica


cyclamic acid

cyclohexylsulfamic acid
cyclohexylsulfamic acid

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline organic compound, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid, whose salts, the cyclamates, have been used as artificial sweeteners


cyanuric acid

(organic chemistry) An aromatic heterocyclic organic compound, C₃N₃(OH)₃, that decomposes on heating to form cyanic acid; it is a prebiotic compound found in stellar dust clouds.


cyclamate

(organic chemistry) any salt or ester of cyclamic acid, especially the sodium and calcium salts, which have been used as artificial sweeteners


erucic acid

unsaturated fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₇CH=CH(CH₂)₁₁COOH, found in rapeseed and mustard seed oils; strictly, the cis-isomer of the molecule (the trans-isomer is called brassidic acid).


sulphamic acid

(organic chemistry) any organic compound derived from sulphamic acid by replacing one or two hydrogen atoms of the amine group by an organic radical — for example cyclamic acid where a hydrogen atom is replaced by a cyclohexyl radical


crotonic acid

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated organic acid, trans--CH₃-CH=CH-COOH, found in croton oil and having many industrial uses; the cis- form is isocrotonic acid.


glacial acetic acid

(organic chemistry) Acetic acid that is at least 99.8% pure and tends to crystallize on cold days.


fumarate

From fumaric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of fumaric acid; they are produced in the body as part of the urea cycle.


gibberellic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound, one of the gibberellins, obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, that functions as a growth hormone in plants.


macromolecule

Beadle discovered that genes carried instructions to build proteins—complex, multidimensional macromolecules that were the workhorses of the cell.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 345:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins).


maleic acid

From Latin malum (“apple”). Related to malic acid.

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated organic dicarboxylic acid, cis-butenedioic acid; HOOCCH=CHCOOH, the geometric isomer of fumaric acid; it is found in unripe fruit, and is used industrially in the production of polyester resins


fumaric acid

en-noun

fumaric acid (countable and uncountable, plural fumaric acids)

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated organic dicarboxylic acid, HOOCCH=CHCOOH, the geometric isomer of maleic acid from which it may be prepared by heating; it is found in many plants, including fungi and mosses, and is essential in the chemistry of respiration; it has a number of industrial applications, and its esters, the fumarates, are used in the treatment of psoriasis


polyunsaturated fatty acid

polyunsaturated fatty acid (plural polyunsaturated fatty acids)

(organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid, that contains two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds


polyunsaturated fat

polyunsaturated fat (plural polyunsaturated fats)

(organic chemistry) A fat or oil, almost exclusively from vegetable sources, containing a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

多元不飽和脂肪 /多元不饱和脂肪

fat or oil containing a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids


xanthophyll

xanthophyll (countable and uncountable, plural xanthophylls)

(organic chemistry, countable) Any of various hydroxy, carbonyl or carboxylic acid derivatives of carotenes.

phylloxanthin

class of compounds derived from carotenes

(organic chemistry, uncountable) Lutein.


fucoxanthin

fucoxanthin (countable and uncountable, plural fucoxanthins)

From Latin fūcus (from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos, “seaweed”)) + ξανθός (xanthós, “yellow”) + -in.

(organic chemistry) A carotenoid pigment found in the chloroplasts of brown algae.


tetraterpene

(organic chemistry) Any terpene formed from eight isoprene units, and having forty carbon atoms; they include the carotene plant pigments.


triterpene

(organic chemistry) Any terpene formed from six isoprene units, and having thirty carbon atoms; they are relatively rare.


unsaturated fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid (plural unsaturated fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as oleic acid, that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

a fatty acid that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

put-páu-hô chi-hông-sng, put-páu-hô chí-hông-sng


saturated fatty acid

saturated fatty acid (plural saturated fatty acids)

(organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as stearic acid, that contains no carbon to carbon double bonds.

飽和脂肪酸 /饱和脂肪酸

páu-hô chi-hông-sng, páu-hô chí-hông-sng


lycopene

lycopene (countable and uncountable, plural lycopenes)

And eating avocado with salsa boosted the absorption of lycopene—a carotenoid in tomatoes—by almost five times.

2007 November, Elizabeth Drake, “Combine and conquer: Use these winning food pairings to protect your health”, in Men's Health, volume 22, number 9, →ISSN, page 126:

(organic chemistry) A red carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes, other red vegetables, and in animal tissue; there is some evidence that it may lower the risk of prostate cancer.


diterpene

Further experiments are needed to elaborate the exact mechanisms of the hypotensive and diuretic effects of diterpene kaurenoids.

2016, Maurice M. Iwu, Food as Medicine: Functional Food Plants of Africa:

(organic chemistry) any terpene formed from four isoprene units, and having twenty carbon atoms; includes vitamin A, the gibberellins, and various biologically active lactones such as quassin.


citrate

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of citric acid.


sesquiterpene

From sesqui- (“one and a half”) + terpene; by comparison with a monoterpene, which has two isoprene units.

(organic chemistry) Any terpene formed from three isoprene units, and having fifteen carbon atoms; includes several plant pigments such as the flavones.


lutein

lutein (usually uncountable, plural luteins)

(organic chemistry) A yellow carotenoid pigment, widely distributed in both plants and animals.


citric acid

/ˌsɪtɹɪk ˈæsɪd/

(organic chemistry) A colourless crystalline compound, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, C₆H₈O₇, found in citrus fruit; it is used as a food additive and in the manufacture of citrates.


isoprene

Coined (1860) by British chemist C. G. Williams, from iso- (“equal; different, isomeric”) + prop- (“three carbon prefix”) + -ene (“alkene suffix”). A misnomer.

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C₅H₈, that is readily polymerized; natural rubber (caoutchouc) is cis-1,4-polyisoprene, and trans-1,4-polyisoprene is present in gutta-percha and balata; it is the structural basis for the terpenes.


maleate

From maleic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of maleic acid.


formic acid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-formic acid.wav

The ant has made himself illustrious / Through constant industry industrious. / So what? / Would you be calm and placid / If you were full of formic acid?

1941, Ogden Nash, “The Ant”, in The Face is Familiar: The Selected Verse of Ogden Nash, reprint edition, Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 224:

(organic chemistry) The simplest carboxylic acid, HCOOH, a colourless, corrosive liquid with a sharp odour systematically known as methanoic acid; it is present in the stings of ants, bees and nettles, and is prepared industrially by the oxidation of methanol or formaldehyde; it has some industrial uses, and its esters, the formates are used in perfumes.


steroid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins; many drugs are synthetic steroids.


terpene

From German Terpen, coined by August Kekulé in 1866 in analogy to German Terpentin, from Latin terebinthina.

Naval stores production is based upon exploiting the terpene chemical defense system of the pine tree, which protects against wood-decaying fungi and insect pests such as bark beetles (Dendroctonus Ips sp.). […] Pine oleoresin is a complex mixture of about 30 to 50 different terpene molecules, comprised chiefly of diterpene resin acids and monoterpene essential oils, which impart different physical and biotic properties (Zinkel and Russell 1989).

2007, Shibu Jose, Eric J. Jokela, Deborah L. Miller, editors, The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Silviculture, and Restoration, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 43:

(organic chemistry) Any of a very large class of naturally occurring and synthetic organic compounds formally derived from the hydrocarbon isoprene; they include many volatile compounds used in perfume and food flavours, turpentine, the steroids, the carotene pigments and rubber.


carotene

carotene (countable and uncountable, plural carotenes)

(organic chemistry) A class of tetraterpene plant pigments; they vary in colour from yellow, through orange to red, this colour originating in a chain of alternating single and double bonds.

(organic chemistry) Specifically, a number of isomers of tetraterpene hydrocarbons, C₄₀H₅₆, (especially beta-carotene), present in carrots etc, which are converted into vitamin A in the liver.


glyceric acid

(organic chemistry) A colourless syrupy organic compound, CH₂OH.CHOH.COOH, formed by the oxidation of glycerol or glyceraldehyde.


carotenoid

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of yellow to red organic pigments including the carotenes and xanthophylls.

കരോട്ടിനോയ്ഡ്

karōṭṭinōyḍŭ


carotenoid

(organic chemistry) Of or relating to such a class of pigments.


glutaric acid

(organic chemistry) a dicarboxylic acid, HOOC(CH₂)₃COOH, formed during the catabolism of tryptophan


formate

But most likely my judgement was distorted by my contempt for his acting the young buck [...] for ever waxing his moustaches and loading himself with medicaments supposed to replace the failing sap of youth, glycerophosphates, formates, nux vomica, yohimba, damiana.

1963, Xavier Herbert, Distubing Element, Sydney: Angus and Robertson, page 178:

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of formic acid.


monoterpene

(organic chemistry) Any terpene formed from two isoprene units, and having ten carbon atoms; either hydrocarbons such as pinene, or compounds with functional groups such as camphor.


gluconic acid

gluconic acid (countable and uncountable, plural gluconic acids)

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, C₆H₁₂O₇, formed by oxidizing the aldehyde functional group of glucose into a carboxylic acid; used as a food additive; any glucosyl derivative of this compound


sterol

From 1913; back-formation from cholesterol.

Sterols are found in all animal and plant tissue and play an important role in hormone chemistry.

Research into marine sterols falls neatly into three chronological periods.

1973, Paul J. Scheuer, Chemistry Of Marine Natural Products, Academic Press, page 58:

1989, Alain Rahier, Pierre Benveniste, 11: Mass Spectral Identification of Phytosterols, W. David Nes, Edward J. Parish (editors), Analysis of Sterols and Other Biologically Significant Steroids, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Academic Press), page 223,
Mass spectrometry (MS) and particularly the combination of mass spectrometry with gas spectrometry (GS/MS) has become an indispensable method for studying plant sterols and their biosynthesis.

The third major class of lipids is sterols. Sitosterol and stigmasterol are the major sterols found in plant membranes whereas cholesterol and ergosterol are found in small quantities. The primary sterol of yeast and other fungi is ergosterol Several sterol derivatives are found in nature.

1993, H. R. Petty, Molecular Biology of Membranes, Plenum Press, page 14:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any steroid that contains a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring.


nitrile

nitrile (countable and uncountable, plural nitriles)

Derived from benzonitrile which contains the −C≡N group. Benzonitrile was discovered and named by by Hermann Fehling in 1844.

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds containing a cyano functional group −C≡N; they are named as derivatives of the appropriate carboxylic acid.


mucic acid

From Swedish mjölk-socker-syra (milk-sugar-acid).

(organic chemistry) A dicarboxylic acid, HOOC-(CHOH)₄-COOH, produced by the oxidation of the milk sugar galactose, used as a test for the presence of galactose and/or lactose.


lauric acid

(organic chemistry) A saturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH, occurring in coconut, palm and laurel oil; mostly used in making cosmetics and soaps


malonic acid

(organic chemistry) a white crystalline dicarboxylic acid, CH₂(COOH)₂, used in making barbiturates


indoleacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) an auxin plant hormone, synthesized in leaves, that stimulates growth, especially in the presence of ethylene


lysergic acid

However, a new substance was obtained in good yield on gentle acidification, which possessed both acid and basic properties and which we have named lysergic acid.

1934 January 22, Walter A. Jacobs, “The Ergot Alkaloids: II. The degrataion of ergotinine with alkali lysergic acid”, in J. Biol. Chem., page 547:

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, 6-methyl-9,10-didehydro-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid, derived from an alkaloid found in ergot; its amide derivatives are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as hallucinogenic drugs (LSD).

lysergihappo

the organic compound, 6-methyl-9,10-didehydro-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid


indole

From indigo + Latin oleum (“oil”); see -ole.

The Aspidosperma alkaloids are the largest group of indole alkaloids.

1990, Song Liu, Syntheses of Aspidosperma Alkaloids, page 2:

Intakes of indoles or their parental glucosinolates, may have beneficial health effects as well as toxicological effects.

1999, Lars Ove Dragsted, Naturally Occurring Antitumourigens, page 41:

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, C₈H₇N, found in coal tar, and produced in the gut by the bacterial decomposition of tryptophan; it is an aromatic bicyclic heterocycle having a benzene ring fused with a pyrrole ring; indole and its derivatives occur widely in nature and have many industrial applications.

(organic chemistry) Any of the derivatives of indole.