transvestite

Borrowed from Latin trāns + vestītus, form of vestiō (“I clothe, I dress”) (as in English vestment, vest). Literally, a "cross-dresser". From transvestitism, from German Transvestitismus, coined in 1910 by Magnus Hirschfeld (the practice itself is much older).

(clinical psychology, psychiatry, pathology) A person, typically a heterosexual male, who compulsively seeks and derives paraphilic sexual arousal from cross-dressing, especially if the urges and behavior cause the patient distress or social impairment.


FTP

(psychology) Initialism of Future Time Perspective (a scale developed by Carstensen and Frieder Lang)


Thanatos

Civilization and Its Discontents
Paul Federn
Sigmund Freud
Thanatos

(psychoanalysis) The death drive in Freudian psychoanalysis.


stickiness

en-noun

stickiness (usually uncountable, plural stickinesses)

(psychology) An overemotional attachment to others; clinging in interpersonal relations; difficulty with ending conversations.


AA

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

(psychology) Initialism of achievement age.


SMS

SMS (countable and uncountable, plural SMSes)

/ˌɛs ɛm ˈɛs/

short man syndrome
short man syndrome#English

(psychology) Initialism of short man syndrome.


project

en-verb

project (third-person singular simple present projects, present participle projecting, simple past and past participle projected)

projects (present singular third-person)
projecting (participle present)
projected (participle past)
projected (past)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkt/

From Latin prōiectus, perfect passive participle of prōiciō (“throw forth, extend; expel”).

(transitive, psychology, psychoanalysis) To assume qualities or mindsets in others based on one's own personality.


tadpole

From Middle English tadpolle, taddepol, equivalent to toad + poll (“head”).

(psychology) A child's basic drawing of a human being, having a detailed head but only sticks for the body and limbs.


PI

en-noun

PI (countable and uncountable, plural PIs)

paradoxical intention
paradoxical intention#English

(psychology) Initialism of paradoxical intention.


CS

Coordinate term: US

(psychology) Initialism of conditioned stimulus.


oral

Early 17th century borrowing from Late Latin ōrālis, from ōs (“the mouth”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

(psychoanalysis, in Freudian theory) Relating to or denoting a stage of infantile psychosexual development during which libidinal gratification is derived from intake (as of food), by sucking, and later by biting.


child language

(psychology) The language spoken by a child who is still in the process of developing verbal skills.


dissociative

He had to take a few weeks off school after a dissociative episode.

dissociative disorder
dissociative disorder

(psychology) related to or caused by dissociation or dissociative disorders


drive

en-noun

drive (countable and uncountable, plural drives)

[d̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷaɪv]

From Middle English driven, from Old English drīfan (“to drive, force, move”), from Proto-West Germanic *drīban, from Proto-Germanic *drībaną (“to drive”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots drive (“to drive”), North Frisian driwe (“to drive”), Saterland Frisian drieuwe (“to drive”), West Frisian driuwe (“to chase, drive, impel”), Dutch drijven (“to drive”), Low German drieven (“to drive, drift, push”), German treiben (“to drive, push, propel”), Norwegian Bokmål drive, Danish drive (“to drive, run, force”), Norwegian Nynorsk driva, Swedish driva (“to drive, power, drift, push, force”), Icelandic drífa (“to drive, hurry, rush”).

cog

1995 March 2, John Carman, "Believe It, You Saw It in Sweeps", SFGate http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Believe-It-You-Saw-It-In-Sweeps-3043091.php
On the latter show, former Playboy Playmate Carrie Westcott said she'd never met a man who could match her sexual drive.


neologism

en-noun

neologism (countable and uncountable, plural neologisms)

/niːˈɒləd͡ʒɪzəm/

From French néologisme, from Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”) + -ism.

(psychiatry) The newly coined, meaningless words or phrases of someone with a psychosis, usually schizophrenia.


comparison

comparison (countable and uncountable, plural comparisons)

From Middle English comparisoun, from Old French comparison, from Latin comparātiō, from comparātus, perfect passive participle of comparō.

vergelyking

act of comparing or the state of being compared

(phrenology) The faculty of the reflective group which is supposed to perceive resemblances and contrasts.

trappe van vergelyking

ability of adjectives and adverbs to form three degrees


complex

complex (plural complexes or (nonstandard) complices)

complexes (plural)
complices (nonstandard plural)

From French complexe, from Latin complexus, past participle of complector (“I entwine, encircle, compass, infold”), from com- (“together”) and plectere (“to weave, braid”). May be analyzed as com- + -plex. See complect. Doublet of complexus.

համալիր

assemblage of related things, collection

coordination complex

coordinated complex, metal complex, Werner complex

(psychoanalysis) A collection of ideas caused by repressed emotions that leads to an abnormal mental condition


behavior

behavior (usually uncountable, plural behaviors)

From Middle English behavoure, behaver, from behaven (modern behave), with the ending apparently in imitation of havour (see 'havior). Compare Scots havings (“behavior”), from have (“to behave”). Displaced Old English ġebǣru.

body-focused repetitive behavior disorder

(countable, uncountable, biology, psychology) Observable response produced by an organism.


analyst

“I had a difficult session with my analyst last evening and the slightest thing is apt to set me off.”

1952, Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, Penguin Books (2014), page 185:

(psychiatry) A practitioner of psychoanalysis.

精神分析学者

せいしんぶんせきがくしゃ


analysis

analysis (countable and uncountable, plural analyses)

From Medieval Latin analysis, from Ancient Greek ἀνάλυσις (análusis), from ἀναλύω (analúō, “I unravel, investigate”), from ἀνα- (ana-, “thoroughly”) + λύω (lúō, “I loosen”).

language analysis for the determination of origin

List of terms used in mathematical analysis


crisis

From Latin crisis, from Ancient Greek κρίσις (krísis, “a separating, power of distinguishing, decision, choice, election, judgment, dispute”), from κρίνω (krínō, “pick out, choose, decide, judge”).

der

I'm having a major crisis trying to wallpaper the living room.

(psychology) A traumatic or stressful change in a person's life.


US

Coordinate term: CS

(psychology) Initialism of unconditioned stimulus.


sublimate

en-verb

sublimate (third-person singular simple present sublimates, present participle sublimating, simple past and past participle sublimated)

sublimates (present singular third-person)
sublimating (participle present)
sublimated (participle past)
sublimated (past)

From Middle English sublymate, from Latin sublīmātus, past participle of sublīmāre (“to raise, elevate”).

sublimovat

to modify (the natural expression of a sexual or primitive instinct) in a socially acceptable manner

Foreigners extol the American "energy" […] Basically it is the energy of violence, of free-floating resentment and anxiety unleashed by chronic cultural dislocations which must be, for the most part, ferociously sublimated. This energy has mainly been sublimated into crude materialism and acquisitiveness.

1969, Susan Sontag, “What’s Happening in America”, in Styles of Radical Will, Kindle edition, Penguin Modern Classics, published 2009, →ISBN, page 194:

When he got home from the parade, however, Professor Solanka was seized by melancholy, his usual secret sadness, which he sublimated into the public sphere. Something was amiss with the world. The optimistic peace-and-love philosophy of his youth having given him up, he no longer knew how to reconcile himself to an increasingly phoney […] reality.

2001, Salman Rushdie, Fury: A Novel, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN, page 7:

(figurative, psychoanalysis) To modify (the natural expression of a sexual or primitive instinct) in a socially acceptable manner; to divert the energy of (such an instinct) into some acceptable activity.

(figurative, psychoanalysis) To modify the natural expression of a sexual or primitive instinct in a socially acceptable manner; to divert the energy of such an instinct into some acceptable activity.


sharp

From Middle English scharp, from Old English sċearp, from Proto-West Germanic *skarp, from Proto-Germanic *skarpaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerb-, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”).
Cognate with West Frisian skerp, Low German scharp, Dutch scherp, German scharf, Danish skarp. Compare Irish cearb (“keen; cutting”), Latin acerbus (“tart, bitter”), Tocharian B kärpye (“rough”), Latvian skârbs (“sharp, rough”), Russian щерба (ščerba, “notch”), Polish szczerba (“gap, dent, jag, chip, nick, notch”), Albanian harb (“rudeness”). More at shear.

(usually in the plural) Something that is sharp.

(psychiatry, healthcare) A sharp object; any item pointed enough to injure human skin.


flow

en-noun

flow (countable and uncountable, plural flows)

From Middle English flowe, from the verb (see below). The psychology sense “state of focus” was coined by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi in 1975.

coin

The point about flow is that it is enjoyable. As research has shown "the more often athletes experienced flow, the happier they were." But the second is that entering flow actually improves performance.

2014 January 14, Alex Lockwood, “How to achieve a state of flow when running”, in The Guardian:

(psychology) A mental state characterized by concentration, focus and enjoyment of a given task.


stroke

en-verb

stroke (third-person singular simple present strokes, present participle stroking, simple past and past participle stroked)

strokes (present singular third-person)
stroking (participle present)
stroked (participle past)
stroked (past)
stroke (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Middle English stroken, straken (“to caress, fondle, pat, rub, smooth, stroke; to pass something over (someone or something); to brush or rub against;”) [and other forms], from Old English strācian (“to stroke”), from Proto-West Germanic *straikōn (“to caress, stroke”), from *straik (“a line, stroke; a dash”) (see further at etymology 1) + *-ōn (suffix forming verbs from nouns).
The noun is derived from the verb.
Cognates
* German streicheln (“to stroke, fondle”)
* German Low German straken, strieken, strakeln, striekeln (“to stroke; caress; fondle”)
* Middle Low German strēken, Middle Dutch strēken (modern Dutch streeken)
* Old High German strīhhan, streihhōn, Middle High German strīchen (modern German streichen (“to stroke; to rub; to spread; to apply; to paint; to cancel; to cross out, strike out; to delete; to discard”))
* Saterland Frisian strookje (“to stroke; caress”)
* West Frisian streakje (“to stroke; caress”)

nb...

strok, stroke, (Northern England, Scotland) straike, strake, (Early Middle English) straca, stracien

cog

[W]hen thou cam'ſt firſt / Thou ſtroakſt me, & made much of me: […]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 4, column 2:

(especially psychoanalysis) To give assurance to (someone) through encouragement.


shock

en-noun

shock (countable and uncountable, plural shocks)

→ Bulgarian: шок (šok)

→ Chinese: 休克 (xiūkè)

→ Czech: šok

→ Italian: shock

→ Japanese: ショック (shokku)

→ Korean: 쇼크 (syokeu)

→ Macedonian: шок (šok)

→ Polish: szok

→ Russian: шок (šok)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: шо̏к

Latin: šȍk

→ Slovak: šok

→ Spanish: shock

From Middle Dutch schokken (“to push, jolt, shake, jerk”) or Middle French choquer (“to collide with, clash”), from Old Dutch *skokkan (“to shake up and down, shog”), from Proto-Germanic *skukkaną (“to move, shake, tremble”). Of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *skakaną (“to shake, stir”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek-, *(s)keg- (“to shake, stir”); see shake.
Cognate with Middle Low German schocken (“collide with, deliver a blow to, move back and forth”), Old High German scoc (“a jolt, swing”), Middle High German schocken (“to swing”) (German schaukeln), Old Norse skykkr (“vibration, surging motion”), Icelandic skykkjun (“tremulously”), Middle English schiggen (“to shake”). Doublet of shog.

cog

shark (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)

A tremendous shock arises when a secret is discovered.

2005, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, David Kessler, On Grief and Grieving, →ISBN, page 85:

(psychology) A sudden or violent mental or emotional disturbance.

ŝoko

a sudden mental or emotional disturbance

Fans were in shock in the days following the singer's death.

". . . Maureen, I don't feel sad. I don't feel anything. What's wrong with me?"
"Nothing, Cae," she said. "You just haven't been able to take it in yet. Absorb the shock of it."

2008, Wally Lamb, The Hour I First Believed, Ch.5, at p.112

(psychology) A state of distress following a mental or emotional disturbance, often caused by news or other stimuli.


subjective

en-adj

subjective (comparative more subjective, superlative most subjective)

more subjective (comparative)
most subjective (superlative)

(philosophy, psychology) Experienced by a person mentally and not directly verifiable by others.


moron

→ French: moron

→ Turkish: moron

Coined by American psychologist Henry H. Goddard in 1910, from μωρόν : mōrón, the neuter form of Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “foolish, dull”).

imbècil

person who makes uncool attempts to impress others

(psychology, dated, originally) A person of mild mental subnormality in the former classification of mental retardation, having an intelligence quotient of 50–70.


mask

en-verb

mask (third-person singular simple present masks, present participle masking, simple past and past participle masked)

masks (present singular third-person)
masking (participle present)
masked (participle past)
masked (past)

Borrowed from Middle French masque (“a covering to hide or protect the face”), from Italian maschera (“mask, disguise”), from (a byform of, see it for more) Medieval Latin masca, mascha, a borrowing of Proto-West Germanic *maskā from which English mesh is regularly inherited.
Replaced Old English grīma (“mask”), whence grime, and displaced non-native Middle English viser (“visor, mask”) borrowed from Old French viser, visier.
Compare also Hebrew מַסֵּכָה (masseiḥa).

bor

Masking can leave a person with less energy to handle other aspects of their day, from performing basic housework to processing thoughts and feelings.

2020, Sarah Kurchak, I Overcame My Autism and All I Got Was This Lousy Anxiety Disorder, unnumbered page:

Some group members describe masking during therapy in order to seem more likeable to the therapist, or because they felt it necessary in order to be seen as engaging with the support.

2021, Felicity Sedgewick, Laura Hull, Helen Ellis, Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have, page 220:

Kayleigh, who was finally diagnosed at 18, felt that she masked a lot growing up because she "always felt different and was bullied if [she] showed it both at home and in school".

2022, Hannah Louise Belcher, Taking Off the Mask: Practical Exercises to Help Understand and Minimise the Effects of Autistic Camouflaging, page 80:

(psychology, of an autistic person) To learn, practice, and perform certain behaviors and suppress others in order to appear more neurotypical.


perseverate

en-verb

perseverate (third-person singular simple present perseverates, present participle perseverating, simple past and past participle perseverated)

perseverates (present singular third-person)
perseverating (participle present)
perseverated (participle past)
perseverated (past)

/pəːˈsɛvəɹeɪt/

/pɚˈsɛvəˌɹeɪt/

Back-formation from perseveration. Doublet of persevere.

After perseverating for several more months, Woodrow Wilson accepted the offer.

2013, A Scott Berg, Wilson, Berkley, published 2014, page 84:

(intransitive, chiefly psychology) To persist in doing something; to continue to repeat an action after the original stimulus has ended.

(transitive, psychology) To cause the perseveration of (a given reflex or response).

volharden volhouden

behaviour of exclusive and lasting obsession to a detail others consider minor


ABC

en-noun

ABC (countable and uncountable, plural ABCs)

Creatively integrating counseling theory, research, and best practices has afforder me the opportunity to constructively engage clients in adventure-based counseling (ABC) activities that foster social, mental, and emotional development. Utilizing ABC as an innovative counseling approach for individuals, families, and groups has increased my enthusiasm as a counselor.

2012, Shannon Hodges, “Emerging Fields and Profession in Counseling”, in 101 Careers in Counseling, New York: Springer Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 229:

(psychology) Initialism of adventure-based counseling.

(psychology) Initialism of affect, behavior, and cognition.


STS

STS (countable and uncountable, plural STSs)

Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is a form of post-traumatic stress disorder that has also been linked to burnouts. For Brendel, mindfulness is a way to simultaneously “mediate the risks and heal the healer”.

2017 September 18, Camille Darroux, “How yoga and meditation can help social care workers deal with trauma”, in The Guardian:

secondary traumatic stress
w:secondary traumatic stress

(psychology) Initialism of secondary traumatic stress.


PBS

PBS (countable and uncountable, plural PBSs)

positive behavior support
w:positive behavior support

(psychology) Initialism of positive behavior support.


AAA

AAA (countable and uncountable, plural AAAs)

(psychology) Initialism of animal-assisted activity.


CC

EFT was found to be more effective in reducing interpersonal problems than either Client-Centered (CC) or Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT), in promoting more change in symptoms than the CC treatment, and […]

2017 September 19, Herman de Mönnink, The Social Workers' Toolbox: Sustainable Multimethod Social Work, Routledge, →ISBN:

(psychology, social work) Initialism of client-centered.


alter

While the second goal would be best met if each alter were coconscious, the defendant should be satisfied if at least one competent alter is present to hear what transpires.

2000, Elyn R. Saks, Stephen H. Behnke, Jekyll on Trial: Multiple Personality Disorder and Criminal Law, page 147:

dissociative identity disorder
dissociative identity disorder

(psychology, multiplicity) One of the personalities, identities, or selves in a person with dissociative identity disorder or another form of multiplicity.


spectrum

From Latin spectrum (“appearance, image, apparition”), from speciō (“look at, view”). Doublet of specter. See also scope.

bor

He punctuated his words with a look into my eyes that might have been read as threatening or menacing by anyone who was not on the spectrum. But I am on the spectrum, and so I stared back at him.

2022, Percival Everett, Dr. No, Influx Press (2023), page 110:

(psychology, education, usually with the) The autism spectrum.


cursed

en-adj

cursed (comparative curseder or more cursed, superlative cursedest or most cursed)

curseder (comparative)
more cursed (comparative)
cursedest (superlative)
most cursed (superlative)

blessed

antonym(s) of “having some sort of divine harm”

From Middle English cursed, cursd, curst, corsed, curset, cursyd, equivalent to curse + -ed.

Coordinate term: blursed

“Cursed images, to me, leave you with a general uneasy feeling,” the account’s [@cursedimages] anonymous author told Gizmodo. “There could be certain qualities, like someone looking directly at the camera or an orb floating in the background.”

2016 October 31, Brian Feldman, “What Makes a Cursed Image?”, in New York:

(colloquial, of images, communication, or behavior) Frightening or unsettling; humorously portrayed as such.


mania

en-noun

mania (countable and uncountable, plural manias)

Borrowed from Latin mania, from Ancient Greek μανία (manía, “madness”).

2004 March, G. E. Berrios, “Of Mania: introduction (Classic text no. 57)”, in History of Psychiatry, number 15, →DOI, →PMID, pages 105–124:

(psychiatry) The state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/or energy levels.


apotheosis

apotheosis (countable and uncountable, plural apotheoses)

/əˌpɒθ.iːˈəʊ.sɪs/

Borrowed from Latin apotheōsis, from Ancient Greek ἀποθέωσις (apothéōsis), from verb ἀποθεόω (apotheóō, “deify”) (factitive verb formed from θεός (theós, “God”) with intensive prefix ἀπο- (apo-)) + -σις (-sis, “forms noun of action”). By surface analysis, apo- + theo- + -sis.

surf

(psychology) The latent entity that mediates between a person's psyche and their thoughts. The id, ego and superego in Freudian Psychology are examples of this.


vector

Learned borrowing from Latin vector (“carrier, transporter”), from vehō (“I carry, I transport, I bear”), also ultimately the root of English vehicle.
The “person or entity that passes along an urban legend or other meme” sense derives from the disease sense.
The mathematics sense was coined by Irish mathematician and astronomer William Rowan Hamilton in 1846.

coin

(psychology) A recurring psychosocial issue that stimulates growth and development in the personality.


kleptomania

en-noun

kleptomania (countable and uncountable, plural kleptomanias)

From Ancient Greek κλέπτω (kléptō, “I steal”) + -mania, analyzed as klepto- + -mania.

uder

(psychology) A psychological disorder that causes an uncontrollable obsession with stealing without economic or material need.

مرض السرقَة

disorder that causes an uncontrollable obsessions with stealing


stressor

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-stressor.wav

These children are constitutionally sad. Other children, like Luke, develop depressive feelings out of the blue or in response to some mild stressor.

1997, Edward M. Hallowell, When You Worry About the Child You Love, page 162:

These paradoxical pleasures […] are acquired by controlling one's exposure to the stressor in gradually increasing doses.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 670:

Plenty of people see hosting a large group as a stressor.

2023 May 1, Reem Kassis, “What Home Cooking Does That Restaurants Can’t”, in The Atlantic:

(psychology, biology) An environmental condition or influence that stresses (i.e. causes stress for) an organism.


affect

From Middle English affect, from Latin affectus, adfectus (“a state of mind or body produced by some (external) influence, especially sympathy or love”), from afficere (“to act upon, influence”).

if we are afraid of robbers in a dream, the robbers are certainly imaginary, but the fear is real. This draws our attention to the fact that the development of affects [translating Affectentwicklung] in dreams is not amenable to the judgement we make of the rest of the dream-content [...].

1899, Sigmund Freud, translated by Joyce Crick, The Interpretation of Dreams, Oxford, published 2008, page 62:

A third study demonstrated that the effects of self-affirmation on self-regulated performance were not due to positive affect.

2004, Jeffrey Greenberg, Thomas A Pyszczynski, Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology, page 407:

(psychology) A subjective feeling experienced in response to a thought or other stimulus; mood, emotion, especially as demonstrated in external physical signs.

афе́кт

psychology: feeling in response to a stimulus


invisible

From Middle English invisible, from Old French invisible, from Late Latin invīsibilis. Displaced native Old English unġesewenlīċ.
Morphologically in- + visible.

(psychology) That is ignored by a person.


hypergraphia

Two features of the interictal behavior syndrome are relevant: hypergraphia or the tendency to write compulsively and often repetitively, and verbosity or loquaciousness, the tendency to be overly talkative, rambling, and circumstantial in speech.

1994, Thomas J. Csordas, “12: Words from the Holy People: a case study in cultural phenomenology”, in Thomas J. Csordas, editor, Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self, page 280:

There is some suggestion that hypergraphia is associated with non-dominant hemisphere temporal lobe disturbances (Trimble, 1986c).

1996, Michael R. Trimble, Biological Psychiatry, page 279:

Two cases of mania and hypergraphia in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were reported by Sanders and Mathews (1994). In the first case, a 58-year-old right-handed man suffered a ruptured right middle cerebral artery aneurism, which required a craniotomy. During interictal periods, the patient demonstrated hypergraphia, as well as several episodes of alternating manic and mildly depressive phases.

2009, Joseph M. Tonkonogy, Antonio E. Puente, Localization of Clinical Syndromes in Neuropsychology and Neuroscience, page 559:

(psychiatry) A behavioural condition characterised by an intense desire to write, associated with changes in the temporal lobes due to epilepsy or chemical changes.


axis

Borrowed from Latin axis (“axle, axis”) in the 16th century.

(psychiatry) A form of classification and descriptions of mental disorders or disabilities used in manuals such as the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

akseli

psychiatry: form of classification and descriptions of mental disorders


metanoia

en-noun

metanoia (countable and uncountable, plural metanoias)

/ˌmɛtəˈnɔɪə/

From Ancient Greek μετάνοια (metánoia, “repentance”, literally “afterthought”), a compound of μετά (metá, “after, with”) and νοέω (noéō, “to perceive, to think”).

bor

(psychology) A fundamental change in the human personality.


manic

en-adj

manic (comparative more manic, superlative most manic)

more manic (comparative)
most manic (superlative)

From mania + -ic; Ancient Greek μανικός (manikós). Doublet of maniac.

(psychiatry) Suffering from mania, the state of an abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/or energy levels.


stimulus

Borrowed from Latin stimulus (“goad, prick”).

bor+

Even light nonpainful stimuli can provoke or exacerbate spontaneous pain; this is not limited to tactile, thermal, or vibratory stimuli, because auditory, visual, olfactory, and visceral stimuli also may be problematic.

2002, Kim Burchiel, Surgical Management of Pain, Thieme, →ISBN, page 44:

(physiology, psychology, medicine) Something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response, or that affects any of the sensory apparatuses.

ազդակ

something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response


anal

en-adj

anal (comparative more anal, superlative most anal)

more anal (comparative)
most anal (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin ānālis.
Psychological sense shortened from anal-retentive.

(psychoanalysis) Of the stage in psychosexual development when the child's interest is alleged to be concentrated on the anal region. [from 20th c.]

anal

of the stage in psychosexual development

Please don't touch his furniture, as he can get very anal about things like that.

He was a model of anal defensiveness: fastidious in his dress and appearance, a collector and putter of things in order, a classifier and labeler.

1995, Leonard Shengold, Delusions of Everyday Life, page 39:

(psychology, also vulgar informal) Of a person, compulsive and stubborn, obsessed with neatness and accuracy, supposedly from not having progressed beyond the anal stage. [from 20th c.]


libido

en-noun

libido (countable and uncountable, plural libidos)

→ Mandarin: 力比多 (lìbǐduō)

→ Irish: libídeo

→ Japanese: リビドー (ribidō)

→ Korean: 리비도 (ribido)

Learned borrowing from Latin libīdō (“lust, desire”). Used originally in psychoanalytic contexts.

lbor

For Freudians, libido means the desire to "unite and bind" with objects in the world.

The ego as an organ which seeks to synthesize thoughts in the psyche is said to be driven by libido or eros.

(psychology) Drives or mental energies related to or based on sexual instincts but not necessarily sexual in and of themselves.

լիբիդո

drives or mental energies related or based on sexual instincts but not necessarily sexual in and of themselves.


trait

traditional British pronunciation, now virtually obsolete

Borrowed from Middle French trait (“line, feature”), from Latin tractus (“drawing, pulling”), from Latin trahō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to drag, pull?”), perhaps a variation of *dʰregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”). Doublet of tract.

der

inherited traits and acquired traits

The number one personality trait I hate is hypocrisy. Why can't you be consistent!?

The English, of all classes, value themselves on this trait, as distinguishing them from the French, who, in the popular belief, are more polite than true.

1856, Ralph Waldo Emerson, English Traits, Truth:

The positive and constructive aspect of possibility gives the key to understanding the two chief traits of immaturity, dependence and plasticity.

1916, John Dewey, Democracy and Education:

Turning to our second trait, if you have straight hair, then both of your parents must carry an allele for this trait.

2003, Robert S. Siegler, Judy S. DeLoache, Nancy Eisenberg, How Children Develop, Macmillan, →ISBN, page 89:

(biology, psychology) An identifying characteristic, habit or trend.

صِفَة

an identifying characteristic, habit or trend


idiot

From Middle English idiote, ydiote, from Old French idiote (later idiot), from Latin idiota, from Ancient Greek ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “a private citizen, one who has no professional knowledge, layman”), from ἴδιος (ídios, “one's own, pertaining to oneself, private”). Doublet of idiota.

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 450a. Absence of intellect

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 499. Imbecility

Idiots were thought to be peculiarly under the care of the Deity, and it was believed that those who treated them kindly would be blessed.

1896, Clifton Johnson, “Folks”, in What They Say in New England (non-fiction), Boston, Massachusetts, United States: Lee and Shepard Publishers, page 105:

It is an offence for a man to have unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman whom he knows to be an idiot or imbecile.

1956, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Part I, section 7”, in Sexual Offences Act 1956, page 2:

(obsolete, medicine, psychology) A person of the lowest intellectual standing, a person who lacks the capacity to develop beyond the mental age of a normal four-year-old; a person with an IQ below 30.


apophenia

en-noun

apophenia (countable and uncountable, plural apophenias)

From German Apophänie, from Ancient Greek ἀποφαίνω (apophaínō, “to appear”), from ἀπο- (apo-) and φαίνω (phaínō, “appear”), coined by German psychiatrist Klaus Conrad in 1958.

der

Apophenia, Win had declared it, after due consideration and in his careful way: the spontaneous perception of connections and meaningfulness in unrelated things. And had never, as far as Cayce knows, said another word about it.

2004, William Gibson, Pattern Recognition, Penguin UK, →ISBN:

How to recognize something in sheer noise? A striking visual example of pure and conscious apophenia was recently demonstrated by research labs at Google: […]

2016 April, Hito Steyerl, “A Sea of Data: Apophenia and Pattern (Mis-)Recognition”, in e-flux, number 72:

(psychology) The perception of or belief in connectedness among unrelated phenomena.

ապոֆենիա

the perception of connectedness in unrelated phenomena


peg

From Middle English pegge, from Middle Dutch pegge (“pin, peg”), from Old Dutch *pigg-, *pegg-, from Proto-Germanic *pig-, *pag- (“peg, stake”), from Proto-Indo-European *bak-, *baḱ- (“club, pointed stick, peg”). Cognate with Dutch dialectal peg (“pin”), Low German pig, pigge (“peg, stick with a point”), Low German pegel (“post, stake”), Swedish pigg (“tooth, spike”), Danish pig (“spike”), Norwegian Bokmål pigg (“spike”), Irish bac (“stick, crook”), Latin baculum (“staff”), Latvian bakstît (“to poke”), Ancient Greek βάκτρον (báktron, “staff, walking stick”). Related to beak.
This is one of the very few English words that begin with a p and come from Proto-Germanic. Proto-Germanic *p, when not in a consonant cluster beginning with *s, developed by Grimm's law from the Proto-Indo-European consonant *b, which was very rare.
(To indicate or ascribe an attribute to):: Assumed to originate from the use of pegs or pins as markers on a bulletin board or a list.

sense

To remember this list of early psychologists, you recall each peg along with its image of an early psychologist that you placed there.

2013, Rod Plotnik, Haig Kouyoumdjian, Introduction to Psychology:

Multiple items can be stored at each location or with each peg.

2023, W. Scott Terry, Learning and Memory: Basic Principles, Processes, and Procedures, page 168:

(psychology) An easily recalled image that a person mentally visualizes with something else, in order to remember that other thing. See mnemonic peg system.


agency

en-noun

agency (countable and uncountable, plural agencies)

From Medieval Latin agentia, from Latin agēns (present participle of agere (“to act”)), agentis (cognate with French agence, see also agent).

moral agency

individual agency

Formally, capitalism performs its fundamental gesture—reappropriation without transformation. This bears on the question of subjective agency because this “reappropriation without transformation” is exactly what agency seeks to avoid; such a process indicates, in fact, that one's agency has failed, that one really had no agency in the first place.

2001, Todd McGowan, The Feminine "No!", SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 105:

Strictly speaking, at the level of personal agency one could say that power is a condition where one is “enabled.” I would contend that this is a condition of personal agency.

2012, Edmund V. Sullivan, A Critical Psychology, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 75:

The feeling of being in control of one's body should involve the sense of body-ownership, plus an additional sense of agency.

2013, Andy Clark, Julian Kiverstein, Tillmann Vierkant, Decomposing the Will, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 112:

(sociology, philosophy, psychology) The capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.


passive

en-adj

passive (comparative more passive, superlative most passive)

more passive (comparative)
most passive (superlative)

From Middle English passyf, passyve, from Middle French, French passif, from Latin passivus (“serving to express the suffering of an action; in late Latin literally capable of suffering or feeling”), from passus, past participle of pati (“to suffer”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hurt”); compare patient.

der

(psychology) Being inactive and submissive in a relationship, especially in a sexual one.

被動 /被动

psychology: being inactive and receptive in a relationship


sadism

en-noun

sadism (countable and uncountable, plural sadisms)

From French sadisme and German Sadismus. Named after the Marquis de Sade, famed for his libertine writings depicting the pleasure of inflicting pain to others. The word for "sadism" (sadisme) was coined or acknowledged in the 1834 posthumous reprint of French lexicographer Boiste's Dictionnaire universel de la langue française; it is reused along with "sadist" (sadique) in 1862 by French critic Sainte-Beuve in his commentary of Flaubert's novel Salammbô; it is reused (possibly independently) in 1886 by Austrian psychiatrist Krafft-Ebing in Psychopathia Sexualis which popularized it; it is directly reused in 1905 by Freud in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality which definitively established the word.

(chiefly psychiatry) The enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation without pity.

سادية

psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation


inversion

inversion (countable and uncountable, plural inversions)

/ɪnˈvɜː.ʃən/

We can seldom, therefore, congratulate ourselves on the success of any "cure" of inversion.

1897, W. Havelock Ellis, Sexual Inversion, page 202:

My father, León Fuertes, was a fag three years; […] He put on all the trappings of inversion: the twittered mouthings, the hyper-feminine moues, the languid mincings.

1975, R. M. Koster, The Dissertation, page 118:

(psychology, obsolete) Homosexuality, particularly in early psychoanalysis.


transposition

en-verb

transposition (third-person singular simple present transpositions, present participle transpositioning, simple past and past participle transpositioned)

transpositions (present singular third-person)
transpositioning (participle present)
transpositioned (participle past)
transpositioned (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-transposition.wav

From Middle French transposition, from Medieval Latin transpositio.

(psychiatry) To take on the role of another person


DAMP

en-noun

DAMP (countable and uncountable, plural DAMPs)

→ Swedish: damp, DAMP

w:deficits in attention, motor control and perception

(psychiatry) Acronym of deficits in attention, motor control and perception.


PDD

(psychology) Initialism of pervasive developmental disorder.


constellation

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Middle English constellacioun, constillacioun (“(astrology) position of the moon or a planet in relation to the ascendant sign of the zodiac; horoscope; (astronomy) formation of fixed stars, constellation; (astronomy) elevation or position of the sun”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French constellation (modern French constellation), or directly from its etymon Late Latin cōnstēllātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnstēllātiō (“collection of stars supposed to exert an influence upon human affairs, constellation”), from Latin con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of several objects) + stēlla (“star; meteor; planet”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”)) + -ātiō (suffix forming nouns).

nb...

constelacioun, constellacion, constellacyon, constellacyoun, constillacion, constillacione, constillacioune, constillatioun, constollacion, constolacioun

sterrebeeld

arbitrary formation of stars perceived as a figure or pattern, or a division of the sky including it

rykelmä

(figurative) A configuration or grouping of related things.

(psychoanalysis) Synonym of complex (“a collection of ideas caused by repressed emotions that leads to an abnormal mental condition”)


hunter

From Middle English hunter, huntere, honter, equivalent to hunt + -er. Compare Old English hunta (“hunter”).

Coordinate term: howler

Although their behavior does not have the same impact as hunters, howlers nevertheless distract the public figure and compel security and law enforcement […]

2008, J. Reid Meloy, Lorraine Sheridan, Jens Hoffmann, Stalking, Threatening, and Attacking Public Figures, page 121:

Hunters stalk their targets, make detailed plans, acquire and practice with weapons, and try to hurt or kill people. Howlers make bomb threats to schools, malls, churches, businesses, and government offices.

2015, Steve Albrecht, Library Security: Better Communication, Safer Facilities:

(psychology) A person who bottles up their aggression and eventually releases it explosively.


psyche

Learned borrowing from Latin psychē, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ψυχή (psukhḗ, “soul”).

(chiefly psychology) The human mind as the central force in thought, emotion, and behavior of an individual.


eject

en-noun

eject (countable and uncountable, plural ejects)

From Latin ēiectum (“(that which is) thrown out”), from ēiciō (“to throw out”) (see Etymology 1). Coined by W. K. Clifford by analogy with subject and object.

der

(psychology, countable) an inferred object of someone else's consciousness


bicameral

From bi- + Latin camera (“chamber”) + -al.

[The Linear B Tablets] were written directly in what I am calling the bicameral period. p.80;
…to have an idea of the nature and range of the bicameral voices heard in the early civilizations. p.88;
…how could [the brain] have been organized so that a bicameral mentality was possible? p.101;
Like the queen in a termite nest or a beehive, the idols of a bicameral world are the carefully tended centers of social control, with auditory hallucinations instead of pheromones. p.144;
…wherever and whenever civilization first began…there was a succession of kingdoms all with similar characteristics that, somewhat prematurely, I shall call bicameral. p.149;
Bicameral gods [of conquering civilizations] are jealous gods. p.156, footnote;
…I suggest that given man, language, and cities organized on a bicameral basis, there are only certain fixed patterns into which history can fit. p.159.
How can we know that…idols ‘spoke’ in the bicameral sense? p.174.

1976, 1990, Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston

cerebral hemispheres
cerebral hemispheres

(psychology) Relating to the functions of the two cerebral hemispheres in the history of human beings ‘hearing’ the speech of gods or idols, according to Julian Jaynes's theory of the bicameral mind.


ego

en-noun

ego (countable and uncountable, plural egos)

From Latin ego (“I”). Chosen by Freud’s translator as a translation of his use of German Ich as a noun for this concept from the pronoun ich (“I”). Doublet of I and Ich.

In the well adjusted person the ego is the executive of the personality and is governed by the reality principle.

1954, Calvin S. Hall, A Primer of Freudian Psychology:

‘Everything begins with “I”, you mean. Which is ego,’ said Tom, placing an ankle behind his ear, ‘not id.’

1991 September, Stephen Fry, chapter 1, in The Liar, London: Heinemann, →ISBN, section I, page 13:

(psychology, Freudian) The most central part of the mind, which mediates with one's surroundings.


pareidolia

pareidolia (countable and uncountable, plural pareidolias)

Borrowed from German Pareidolie, constructed from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “alongside”) + εἴδωλον (eídōlon, “image”) + -ία (-ía).

der

This last is called by Dr. Kahlbaum, changing hallucination, partial hallucination, perception of secondary images, or pareidolia.

1868 July, John Sibbald, The British Journal of Psychiatry, volume 13, page 238:

Pareidolia underlies several forms of divination.

1993, Raymond Moody, Paul Perry, Reunions: Visionary Encounters with Departed Loved Ones, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →ISBN, page 13:

Pareidolias aren't solely limited to images. When I was a youngster, I remember listening to The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields" over and over to hear what seemed to be "I buried Paul."

2006, Steve W. Martin, “Choosing Your Battles”, in Heavy Hitter Selling: How Successful Salespeople Use Language and Intuition to Persuade Customers to Buy, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 150:

Pareidolia is a state of mind where a vague or unclear image is perceived to be something recognizable, regardless of whether it's something you expect to see. The most famous example of pareidolia is the familiar face of the Man in the Moon.

2010, Rick Emmer, “Nessies of the New World”, in Loch Ness Monster: Fact or Fiction? (Creature Scene Investigation), New York, N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN, page 81:

(psychology) The tendency to interpret a vague stimulus as something known to the observer, such as interpreting marks on Mars as canals, seeing shapes in clouds, or hearing hidden messages in music.

بَارِيدُولِيَا

tendency to interpret vague stimuli as something familiar


veg

Coined in a 1948 paper in the American Journal of Psychology by Robert S. Harper and S. S. Stevens.http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9556(194807)61%3A3%3C343%3AAPSOWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9556(195304)66%3A2%3C304%3AANCTVS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y

(psychology) A unit of subjective weight, equivalent to the perceived weight of lifting 100 grams.


howler

From howl + -er. Some senses are derivatives of the intensifier "howling", as in "howling wilderness", (Deuteronomy 32:10)

Coordinate term: hunter

(psychology) A person who expresses aggression openly in the form of threats.


logorrhea

en-noun

logorrhea (countable and uncountable, plural logorrheas)

/ˌlɒ.ɡəˈɹɪ.ə/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-logorrhea.wav

/ˌlɔ.ɡəˈɹi.ə/

From logo- (prefix meaning ‘word; speech’) + -rrhea (suffix meaning ‘flowing’), probably modelled after verbal diarrhea. logo- is derived from Ancient Greek λόγος (lógos, “word; speech; utterance”) (from λέγω (légō, “to say, speak; to arrange; to gather”), from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to collect, gather”)), while -rrhea is from ῥοία (rhoía, “a flow, flux”) (from ῥέω (rhéō, “to flow”), from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow”)).

der

But, then, these persons have not only a copia verborum as to knowledge, but a volubility sometimes amounting to a logorrhœa in expressing what they know—although that may not be much.

1874 April, Thomas Laycock, “Article I.—On Certain Organic Disorders and Defects of Memory.”, in Edinburgh Medical Journal, […], volume XIX, part II, number X, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, […]; London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., →OCLC, pages 869–870:

When the patient was admitted to this hospital five years ago, the symptoms of excitement in the wide sense, violence, aggressiveness, destructiveness, logorrhœa, were in the foreground as they had been during the previous attacks.

1906 April, Clarence B[ynold] Farrar, “Clinical Demonstrations”, in Henry M. Hurd et al., editors, The American Journal of Insanity, volume LXII, number 4, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 631:

In agreement with the general consensus of writers on the subject, they affirmed that logorrhea (a loss of control over the flow of speech and subsequent flood of verbiage often seen in adult Wernicke's aphasics) is not characteristic of aphasic children.

1980, Mahin Hassibi, Harry Breuer, Jr., “Specific Language Dysfunctioning in Children: A Historical Overview”, in Disordered Thinking and Communication in Children, New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press, →ISBN, page 35:

The quantity of speech may be increased in mania and anxiety but reduced in dementia, schizophrenia and depression. [...] In logorrhoea, also called volubility, the speech is fluent and rambling, with the use of many words.

2011, Basant K. Puri, Ian H. Treasaden, “Classification, Aetiology, Management and Prognostic Factors”, in Textbook of Psychiatry, 3rd edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 63, column 1:

(psychology) Excessive and often uncontrollable speaking due to a mental disorder.

ثرثرة مفرطة

excessive and often uncontrollable speaking due to a mental disorder


press

en-noun

press (countable and uncountable, plural presses)

From Middle English presse (“throng, crowd, clothespress”), partially from Old English press (“clothespress”) (from Medieval Latin pressa) and from Old French presse (Modern French presse) from Old French presser (“to press”), from Latin pressāre, from pressus, past participle of premere (“to press”). Displaced native Middle English thring (“press, crowd, throng”) (from Old English þring (“a press, crowd, anything that presses or confines”)).

cog

The environmental comfort category is illustrative of cases in which there are low environmental presses matched against a number of personal competences.

2009, Allison E. Smith, Ageing in Urban Neighbourhoods, page 88:

(psychology) In personology, any environmental factor that arouses a need in the individual.


parapraxis

(psychology) A mistake, such as a slip of the tongue, that reveals a concealed thought or motive.


hydrophobia

en-noun

hydrophobia (countable and uncountable, plural hydrophobias)

/ˌhʌɪ.dɹə(ʊ)ˈfəʊ.bɪ.ə/

From Middle English idroforbia (“hydrophobia”), from Latin hydrophobia, from Ancient Greek ὑδροφοβία (hudrophobía), from ὑδρο- (hudro-), combining form of ῠ̔́δωρ (hŭ́dōr, “water”), + φοβία (phobía, “phobia”). The word is analysable as hydro- + -phobia.

inh

[page 39] HydroPhobias begin on land long before casting off. But once at sea, fear is quickly lost in the joys and pleasures of the passage. […] [page 40] There are three HydroPhobias. The Big Three. Two of the Big Three are fears that prevent landlubbers from becoming sailors. The third is primal and common to all mankind. The Big Three are 1) Fear of Flatland, 2) Fear of Being with Self, and 3) The Fear of Bogeymen.

[1998, Reese Palley, “HydroPhobias”, in Unlikely Passages, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Sheridan House, published 2002, →ISBN, pages 39 and 40:

(psychology, colloquial) A morbid fear of water; aquaphobia.


denial

en-noun

denial (countable and uncountable, plural denials)

He is in denial that he has a drinking problem.

"Denial" came out of the therapyspeak prevalent in the middle of the 20th century, especially as it was applied to confronting the reality of mortality. It was popularized as the first stage of grief, and quickly expanded to include refusal to confront any bad news or disturbing ideas.

2007 February 11, “No facts, just emotion”, in Washington Times, retrieved 2013-06-11:

(psychology) A defense mechanism involving a refusal to accept the truth of a phenomenon or prospect.


id

From New Latin id (“it”), chosen by Freud’s translator as a translation of his use of German Es (“it”) as a noun for this concept from the pronoun es (“it”).

"There is one sentence in it, however - namely: 'I protest strongly against the insufferable and entirely dogmatic assertion that each separate id is a microcosm possessed of an historical architecture elaborated slowly through the series of generations.' Have you no desire, in view of later research, to modify this statement?"

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

Almost as an afterthought, we’re given an origin story for Barney’s alcoholism: he was once a sober, studious, Ivy League-bound high school scholar before Homer forced a beer on him that transformed him into a drooling, slurring, out of control rampaging id.

2012 June 3, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Mr. Plow” (season 4, episode 9; originally aired 11/19/1992)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

The phenomenon may seem like a random burble of the internet’s id, but Alvarez has been making similarly entrancing—if mostly nonmusical—work for the past few years.

2023 September 27, Spencer Kornhaber, “The Weirdos Living Inside Our Phones”, in The Atlantic:

(psychoanalysis) The unconscious impulsive component of the personality in the Freudian psychoanalytic model.


transference

transference (countable and uncountable, plural transferences)

Furthermore, although probably few analysts still believe that transference occurs only in the context of the psychoanalytic situation, many hold that this phenomenon pertains only to object relationships. I submit, however, that the characteristic features of transference can be observed in other situations as well, especially in the area of learned skills.⁶ Thus, speaking a language with a foreign accent is one of the most striking everyday examples of transference. In the traditional concept of transference, one person (the analysand) behaves toward another (the analyst) as if the latter were someone else, previously familiar to him; and the subject is usually unaware of the actual manifestations of his own transferred behavior. In exactly the same way, persons who speak English (or any other language) with a foreign accent treat English as if it were their mother tongue; and they are usually unaware of the actual manifestations of their transferred behavior. […]

1974, Thomas S. Szasz, chapter 15, in The Myth of Mental Illness, →ISBN, page 253:

Those who argue for laws against sex between therapists and clients say that consent is not a simple matter for the person who goes to another for help. They point in particular to the dynamic of "transference," during which a client may re-enact a parental relationship with the therapist.

1990 August 31, Laura Briggs, “Should Sex Between Therapists/Clients Be Legal”, in Gay Community News, volume 18, number 7, page 3:

(psychology, psychiatry) The process by which emotions and desires, originally associated with one person, such as a parent, are unconsciously shifted to another.


suggestion

suggestion (countable and uncountable, plural suggestions)

/səˈd͡ʒɛstʃən/

[səˈd͡ʒɛʃtʃən]

/sə(ɡ)ˈd͡ʒɛst͡ʃən/

From Middle English suggestion, from Anglo-Norman suggestioun, sugestiun, from Latin suggestiō, from suggerō (“suggest”, verb), from Latin sub- (“from below, up”) + gerō (“to bring”). Related to English up-, cast.

He’s somehow picked up the suggestion that I like peanuts.

(countable, psychology) Something implied, which the mind is liable to take as fact.


cathexis

cathexis (countable and uncountable, plural cathexes)

From Ancient Greek κάθεξις (káthexis, “holding, retention”). The term entered the English language as a translation for the common everyday German word Besetzung, which in the context of psychoanalysis means "occupation" in the sense of a position or something being occupied or filled, and not a military occupation of a place or the filling of job positions (although it can also mean either of these in other contexts). (In English translations, a Greek word was used to be more scientific.)

bor

How contemporary artistic performances elicit cathexis on the part of the audience and promote unifying social rituals.

2013, Isher-Paul Sahni, “More than Horseplay”, in Studies in Popular Culture, volume 35, page 76:

(psychoanalysis) The concentration of libido or emotional energy on a single object or idea.

catexi

the concentration of libido or emotional energy on a single object or idea


prime

composite

prime element of a mathematical structure

From Middle English prime, from Old French prime and its etymon, Latin prīmus (“first”), from earlier prīsmos < *prīsemos < Proto-Italic *priisemos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“beyond, before”). Doublet of primo and primus.
The noun sense "apostrophe-like symbol" originates from the fact that the symbol ′ was originally a superscript Roman numeral one.

der

(psychology) A stimulus which causes priming.


anhedonia

en-noun

anhedonia (usually uncountable, plural anhedonias)

From French anhédonie (coined by Ribot, 1896), from Ancient Greek ἀν- (an-) + ἡδονή (hēdonḗ, “pleasure”).

Prolonged seasickness will in most persons produce a temporary condition of anhedonia. Every good, terrestrial or celestial, is imagined only to be turned from with disgust.

1902, William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature […] , New York, N.Y.; London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 146:

Rather, Meehl suggests that anhedonia is a manifestation of the mixed signals to which the preschizophrenic individual is subjected because of the neurointegrative deficit.

2012, R. R. J. Lewine, “Anhedonia and the Amotivational State of Schizophrenia”, in Andreas Marneros, Nancy C. Andreasen, Ming T. Tsuang, editors, Negative Versus Positive Schizophrenia, Springer, page 82:

Secondly, the distinction between consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia [21] is not taken into account although these two anhedonias could play different role in the risk of suicide.

2014, Gwenolé Loas, 11: Anhedonia and Risk of Suicide: An Overview, Michael S. Ritsner (editor), Anhedonia: A Comprehensive Handbook, Volume II, Springer, page 251

Anhedonia is the reduced ability to experience pleasure from activities that were previously found to be enjoyable. Anhedonia can induce diminished motivation to engage in a potentially pleasurable activity (anticipatory anhedonia) and loss of the enjoyment experienced from the action itself (consummatory anhedonia).

2020, Erin Trifilio, John B. Williamson, Kenneth M. Heilman, “Chapter 9: Changes in Emotions and Mood with Aging”, in Kenneth M. Heilman, Stephen E. Nadeau, editors, Cognitive Changes of the Aging Brain, Cambridge University Press, page 133:

(medicine, psychiatry) The inability to feel pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, such as exercise, hobbies, music, sexual activities or social interactions.


invert

We can seldom, therefore, congratulate ourselves on the success of any "cure" of inversion. The success is unlikely to be either permanent or complete, in the case of a decided invert; and in the most successful cases we have simply put into the invert's hands a power of reproduction which it is undesirable he should possess.

1897, W. Havelock Ellis, Sexual Inversion, page 202:

(obsolete, psychology) A homosexual person, in terms of the sexual inversion theory.


eros

eros (usually uncountable, plural erotes)

From Ancient Greek ἔρως (érōs, “love, desire”).

derived

(psychiatry) collective instincts for self-preservation; life drive.


lemma

non-lemma

linguistics, lexicography: canonical form of a word

From Ancient Greek λῆμμα (lêmma, “premise, assumption”), from the same root as λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).

تَمْهِيدِيَّة

mathematics: proposition used mainly in the proof of some other proposition

Coordinate term: lexeme

en:theoretical abstract conceptual form of a word

(psycholinguistics) The theoretical abstract conceptual form of a word, representing a specific meaning, before the creation of a specific phonological form as the sounds of a lexeme, which may find representation in a specific written form as a dictionary or lexicographic word.


sib

en-verb

sib (third-person singular simple present sibs, present participle sibbing, simple past and past participle sibbed)

sibs (present singular third-person)
sibbing (participle present)
sibbed (participle past)
sibbed (past)

From the abbreviation SIB, or self-injurious behavior, a behavior found in autism.

(intransitive, clinical psychology) To engage in repetitive behaviors such as eye-poking, skin-picking, hand-biting, or head-banging.


stooge

Perhaps an abbreviation of Russian студе́нт (studént) [stʊˈdʲent]; the original meaning was “stage assistant, actor who assists a comedian”. It may have been a Yiddish vaudeville term.

(psychology) A confederate; a person who is secretly working for the researcher, unknown to the study participant.


apperception

en-noun

apperception (countable and uncountable, plural apperceptions)

/ˌæpəˈsɛpʃən/

/ˌæpɚˈsɛpʃən/

Borrowed from French aperception (New Latin apperceptiō, used by Gottfried Leibnitz (1646–1716)).

(uncountable, psychology and philosophy, especially Kantianism) The mind's perception of itself as the subject or actor in its own states, unifying past and present experiences; self-consciousness, perception that reflects upon itself.

(countable, psychology) The general process or a particular act of mental assimilation of new experience into the totality of one's past experience.


clang

1570, of imitative origin; Compare also Saterland Frisian Kloang, West Frisian klank, Dutch klank, German Klang (from klingen), Danish and Swedish klang, Latin clangere.

For much of this day, Mrs Y. wrote in her diary, covering page after page in a rapid scrawl full of paligraphic repetitions, puns, clangs, and violent, perseverative crossings-out […]

(psychology, psychiatry) A word or phrase linked only by sound and not by meaning, characteristic of some mental disorders.


clang

en-verb

clang (third-person singular simple present clangs, present participle clanging, simple past and past participle clanged)

clangs (present singular third-person)
clanging (participle present)
clanged (participle past)
clanged (past)

(psychology, psychiatry) To utter a word or phrase linked only by sound and not by meaning, characteristic of some mental disorders.


condensation

en-noun

condensation (countable and uncountable, plural condensations)

From condense + -ation, borrowed from Latin condēnsātiō, condēnsātiōnem.

(psychology) when a single idea (an image, memory, or thought) or dream object stands for several associations and ideas.


discount

en-verb

discount (third-person singular simple present discounts, present participle discounting, simple past and past participle discounted)

discounts (present singular third-person)
discounting (participle present)
discounted (participle past)
discounted (past)

Alteration of French descompte, décompte, from Old French disconter, desconter (“reckon off, account back, discount”), from Medieval Latin discomputō (“I deduct, discount”), from Latin dis- (“away”) + computō (“I reckon, count”). By surface analysis, dis- + count.

der

transactional analysis
transactional analysis

(psychology, transactional analysis) To believe, or act as though one believes, that one's own feelings are more important than the reality of a situation.


discount

German: Discount

(psychology, transactional analysis) The act of one who believes, or act as though they believe, that their own feelings are more important than the reality of a situation.


dissociation

en-noun

dissociation (countable and uncountable, plural dissociations)

/dɪˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

/dɪˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

Borrowed from French dissociation, from Latin dissociātiō(n).

Project MONARCH could be best described as a form of structured dissociation and occultic integration, carried out in order to compartmentalize the mind into multiple personalities within a systematic framework.

1999, Joan d'Arc, Al Hidell, The Conspiracy Reader: From the Deaths of JFK and John Lennon to Government-Sponsored Alien Cover-Ups:

(psychology) A defence mechanism where certain thoughts or mental processes are compartmentalised in order to avoid emotional stress to the conscious mind.


elaboration

elaboration (countable and uncountable, plural elaborations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-elaboration.wav

From Middle French élaboration.
Morphologically elaborate + -ion

(psychology) The level of processing of a message or argument.


gaze

From Middle English gasen; akin to Swedish dialectal gasa and Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usgaisjan, “to terrify”).

cog

She counters the tendency to focus on critical strategies of resisting the male gaze, raising the issue of the female spectator.

2003, Amelia Jones, The feminism and visual culture reader, page 35:

(psychoanalysis) In Lacanian psychoanalysis, the relationship of the subject with the desire to look and awareness that one can be viewed.


habituation

en-noun

habituation (countable and uncountable, plural habituations)

/həˌbɪt͡ʃ.ʊˈeɪ.ʃən/

From Middle English habituacioun, from Medieval Latin habituātio.

Habituation and dishabituation allow for experience-dependent tuning of these reflexes and the mechanisms underlying these forms of behavioral plasticity involve changes in transmitter release from the sensory to motor neuron synapses through homosynaptic depression and the serotonin-mediated recovery from depression, respectively.

2015 August 29, “Decline in the Recovery from Synaptic Depression in Heavier Aplysia Results from Decreased Serotonin-Induced Novel PKC Activation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(psychology) The process of becoming accustomed to an internal or external stimulus, such as a noxious smell or loud noise.


incubation

incubation (countable and uncountable, plural incubations)

From Latin incubātiō, from incubō (“to lie on”).

(psychology) One of the four proposed stages of creativity (preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification): the unconscious recombination of thought elements that were stimulated through conscious work at one point in time, resulting in novel ideas at a later point.


insight

insight (countable and uncountable, plural insights)

From Middle English insight, insiht (“insight, mental vision, intelligence, understanding”), equivalent to in- + sight. Perhaps continuing Old English insiht (“narrative, argument, account”), from Proto-Germanic *insahtiz (“account, narrative, argument”). Compare West Frisian ynsjoch (“insight”), Dutch inzicht (“insight, awareness, view, opinion”), German Low German Insicht (“insight”), German Einsicht (“insight, knowledge, perception, understanding”), Danish indsigt (“insight”), Swedish insikt (“insight”), Icelandic innsýn (“insight”).

cog

(psychiatry) An individual's awareness of the nature and severity of one's mental illness.


introspection

en-noun

introspection (countable and uncountable, plural introspections)

From Latin intrōspectiō, noun of action (with -iō) from past-participle (intrōspectus) stem of intrōspiciō (“to look into, look at, examine, observe attentively”), from intro- (“inward”) + speciō, spiciō (“to look at”). By surface analysis, introspect + -ion.

If Adam Wheeler gave it some thought, or if someone were to prompt him with the right questions, he could put words around the fact that his existence doesn't bring him any satisfaction. He would discover, on introspection, that he's nowhere close, actually, to "happy", and that there is something vast and significant missing from his life. But he doesn't give it any thought. There's a void between him and those questions.

2021, qntm, “CASE HATE RED”, in There Is No Antimemetics Division, →ISBN, page 135:

(psychology) A looking inward; specifically, the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind has of its own acts and states.


isolation

isolation (countable and uncountable, plural isolations)

/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/

First attested in 1800. From French isolation, from isolé, placed on an island (thus away from other people). Equivalent to isolate + -ion.

(psychology) A Freudian defense mechanism in which a person suppresses a harmful thought from developing into a train of thought.


operant

(psychology) Any of a class of behaviors that produce consequences by operating (i.e., acting) upon the environment.


regress

en-verb

regress (third-person singular simple present regresses, present participle regressing, simple past and past participle regressed)

regresses (present singular third-person)
regressing (participle present)
regressed (participle past)
regressed (past)

(verb) From Latin regressus, past participle of regredior (“to go back”), from re- (“back”) + gradior (“to go”).

Your nightmares stopped when you were eight years old, but after the house burned down, you regressed.

(intransitive) To move backwards to an earlier stage; to devolve.

(psychology) To re-develop behavior one had previously grown out of, particularly a behavior left behind in childhood.


tact

en-noun

tact (countable and uncountable, plural tacts)

Skinner (1957) saw such tacts as responses that are reinforced socially.

2013, Jacob L. Gewirtz, William M. Kurtines, Jacob L. Lamb, Intersections With Attachment:

(psychology) A verbal operant which is controlled by a nonverbal stimulus (such as an object, event, or property of an object) and is maintained by nonspecific social reinforcement (praise).


tact

en-verb

tact (third-person singular simple present tacts, present participle tacting, simple past and past participle tacted)

tacts (present singular third-person)
tacting (participle present)
tacted (participle past)
tacted (past)

(psychology) To use a tact (a kind of verbal operant).


uncanny

From un- + canny; thus “beyond one's ken,” or outside one's familiar knowledge or perceptions. Compare Middle English unkanne (“unknown”). In the noun sense a translation of Sigmund Freud's usage of German unheimlich (Das Unheimliche, 1919).

This uncontrollable possibility—the possibility of a certain loss of control—can, perhaps, explain why the uncanny remains a marginal notion even within psychoanalysis itself.

1982, Samuel Weber, The Legend of Freud, page 20:

As is well known, Freud introduced the concept of the uncanny into psychoanalysis in 1919 and used The Sandman as a prime illustration for his definition.

1994, Sonu Shamdasani, Michael Münchow, Speculations after Freud, page 186:

In the preceding chapter, we saw that Freud linked the maternal body, death, and the afterlife with the uncanny in his famous essay "The Uncanny" ("Das Unheimliche").

2001, Diane Jonte-Pace, Speaking the Unspeakable, page 81:

The uncanny involves feelings of uncertainty, in particular regarding the reality of who one is and what is being experienced.

2003, Nicholas Royle, The Uncanny, page 1:

Freud argued that the uncanny was particularly associated with feelings of horror aroused by the figure of the paternal castrator, neglecting the tropes of woman and animal as a source of the uncanny.

2005, Barbara Creed, Phallic Panic, page vii:

[The uncanny is] something that was long familiar to the psyche and was estranged from it only through being repressed. The link with repression now illuminates Schelling′s definition of the uncanny as ‘something that should have remained hidden and has come into the open.’ (Freud: 2003, 147 f)

2011, Espen Dahl, Hans-Gunter Heimbrock, In Between: The Holy Beyond Modern Dichotomies, page 99:

Because the uncanny affects and haunts everything, it is in constant transformation and cannot be pinned down.

2011, Anneleen Masschelein, The Unconcept: The Freudian Uncanny in Late-Twentieth-Century Theory, page 2:

(psychology, psychoanalysis, Freud) Something that is simultaneously familiar and strange, typically leading to feelings of discomfort.

inquiétante étrangeté

something that is simultaneously familiar and strange


attachment disorder

en-noun

attachment disorder (plural attachment disorders)

(psychology) A condition where a person, especially a child, has difficulty, or is incapable of, bonding with others.


coprophilia

coprophilia (countable and uncountable, plural coprophilias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-coprophilia.wav

(psychiatry) A marked interest in excrement; especially the paraphilia involving sexual arousal and pleasure from feces and defecation.

嗜糞癥 /嗜粪症

marked interest in excrement; the use of feces for sexual excitement


perceptual set

(psychology) A mental predisposition to perceive things in a certain way.


ambiversion

/ˌæmbəˈvɚʃən/

From ambi- (prefix meaning ‘both’) + Latin versiōnem (from versiō (“change, turning; version”), from vertō (“to turn; to turn around”), from Proto-Indo-European *wértti (“to be turning around”), from *wert- (“to rotate, turn”)), modelled after extroversion and introversion.

der

The definition of ambiversion grows then directly out of the two preceding [extroversion and introversion] and is to be stated as a condition of development in which attention is controlled by either objective or subjective conditions of attention and in which the content of the subjective conditions is so varied as to make possible more or less prolonged periods of either extroversion or introversion.

1923 January–March, Edmund S. Conklin, “The Definition of Introversion, Extroversion and Allied Concepts”, in Morton Prince, Floyd H[enry] Allport, editors, The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, volume XVII, number 4, Albany, N.Y.: Published by Boyd Printing Company, Inc. […], →OCLC, page 377:

(psychology) A personality trait having balanced characteristics of both extroversion and introversion.


TMI

en-noun

TMI (countable and uncountable, plural TMIs)

transmarginal inhibition
transmarginal inhibition#English

(psychology) Initialism of transmarginal inhibition.


tawdry

en-adj

tawdry (comparative tawdrier, superlative tawdriest)

tawdrier (comparative)
tawdriest (superlative)

Shortened from tawdry lace; originally a corruption and rebracketing of Saint Audrey lace (from Old English Æðelþryð). The lace necklaces sold to pilgrims to Saint Audrey fell out of fashion in the 17th century, and so tawdry was reinterpreted as meaning “cheap” or “vulgar”.

[T]he "greaser" was a dirty, idle, shiftless, treacherous, tawdry vagabond, dwelling in a disgracefully primitive house, and backward in every aspect of civilization.

1918, Stewart Edward White, chapter 1, in The Forty-Niners:

The woman's passion by his side seemed suddenly tawdry and unreal, the seeking of her lips for his something horrible.

1920, E. Phillips Oppenheim, chapter 16, in The Great Impersonation:

After months of flat-out lying to the public, former Democratic presidential candidate John Edwards finally copped to having a sleazy extramarital fling […] The tawdry affair has dogged Edwards over the past few months.

2008 August 9, Clemente Lisi, “Lusty Lies of Don Juan John”, in New York Post, retrieved 2013-12-16:

(of character, behavior, situations, etc.) Unseemly, base, shameful.


pedophile

From pedo- (“child”) + -phile, after Ancient Greek παιδοφῐ́λης (paidophĭ́lēs) (from παῖς (paîs, “boy, child”) + φιλέω (philéō, “I love”)).

com

Apart from his sexual behavior, the pedophile is typically law abiding.

1982, National Council on Crime and Delinquency, Criminal Justice Abstracts, volume 14, page 253:

The pedophile, a particular type of child molester, is an adult whose conscious sexual interests and overt sexual behavior are directly either partially or exclusively toward children.

1986, Patrick B. McGuigan, Jon S. Pascale, Crime and Punishment in Modern America, page 109:

He uses trolling techniques to fight back against trolls that he particularly finds malevolent—specifically pedophiles and RIP trolls.

2018, Jill Anne Morris, The Internet as a Game:

(psychiatry, sexology) A person aged 16 or older who is mostly or only sexually attracted toward prepubescent children.


prosopagnosia

en-noun

prosopagnosia (countable and uncountable, plural prosopagnosias)

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊʒə/

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊzɪə/

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊsɪə/

/ˌpɹɑsoʊpæɡˈnoʊʒə/

Borrowed from German Prosopagnosie (see there for more). By surface analysis, prosop- + agnosia.

A normal person can name someone from facial features alone, even if the features have changed substantially over the years. People with prosopagnosia are not able to make this association, but have few other neurological symptoms other than a loss of some part of the visual field.

1984, Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, page 102:

(neurology, pathology, psychology) A form of visual agnosia characterized by difficulty with face recognition despite intact low-level visual processing.


episodic memory

episodic memory (countable and uncountable, plural episodic memories)

(psychology) The system of the brain which stores personal memories and the concept of self.


confabulate

en-verb

confabulate (third-person singular simple present confabulates, present participle confabulating, simple past and past participle confabulated)

confabulates (present singular third-person)
confabulating (participle present)
confabulated (participle past)
confabulated (past)

From Latin cōnfābulātus, past participle of cōnfābulor.

"It has been well established that the speech areas in the absence of input often confabulate a response."

1991, George P. Prigatano Chairman, Daniel L. Schacter, Awareness of Deficit after Brain Injury: Clinical and Theoretical Issues ...:

(transitive, intransitive, psychology) To fabricate memories in order to fill gaps in one's memory.

confabuler

to fabricate memories in order to fill gaps in one's memory


fantasy

fantasy (third-person singular simple present fantasies, present participle fantasying, simple past and past participle fantasied)

fantasies (present singular third-person)
fantasying (participle present)
fantasied (participle past)
fantasied (past)

Noun inherited from Middle English fantasie, from Old French fantasie (“fantasy”), from Latin phantasia (“imagination”), from Ancient Greek φαντασία (phantasía, “apparition”), from φαντάζω (phantázō, “to render visible”), from φαντός (phantós, “visible”), from φαίνω (phaínō, “to make visible”); from the same root as φάος (pháos, “light”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₂nyéti, from the root *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”). Doublet of fancy, fantasia, phantasia, and phantasy.
Verb from Middle English fantasien, from Old French fantasier. Doublet of fancy.

doublet

Perhaps I would be able to help him recapture the well-being and emotional closeness he fantasied his brother had experienced with his parents prior to his birth.

2013, Mark J. Blechner, Hope and Mortality: Psychodynamic Approaches to AIDS and HIV:

(literary, psychoanalysis) To fantasize about something).


meltdown

en-noun

meltdown (countable and uncountable, plural meltdowns)

→ Japanese: メルトダウン (merutodaun)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-meltdown.wav

Now if I am really anxious, I can take a moment to think about what is making me anxious and what to do about it; before I would just spiral into a meltdown really quickly, with no understanding of why.

2016, Laura, quoted in Wenn Lawson & Kirsty Dempster-Rivett, The Guide to Good Mental Health on the Autism Spectrum, page 26

However, if the accumulation of stress chemicals, stimulation and/or demands are occurring too fast or are too intense to block out, then a meltdown is probable.

2019, Bill Nason, The Autism Discussion Page on Stress, Anxiety, Shutdowns and Meltdowns: Proactive Strategies for Minimizing Sensory, Social and Emotional Overload, page 171:

If you're experiencing challenges that are extremely stressful and may lead you to being overwhelmed, or set off a meltdown in the workplace, this may be very concerning to your work colleagues.

2022, Barb Cook, Yenn Purkiss, The Autism and Neurodiversity Self Advocacy Handbook: Developing the Skills to Determine Your Own Future, page 33:

(psychology) An autistic response to stress or sensory overload, in which the person is overwhelmed by intense, seemingly disproportionate emotions, behaving erratically and becoming unable to mask.


Freudian slip

Named after Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud (1856–1939).

named-after

After disposing of these general topics in a chapter entitled "The Manners of All Men" (but which, by some Freudian slip, we suppose, deals chiefly with 'The Impure Man')

1936, John G. Jenkins, “The Anatomy of Personality”, in Psychological Bulletin, volume 33, number 8, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 667–669:

Film has in fact enriched our world of perception, with methods which could be illustrated by Freudian theory. A Freudian slip in conversation would occur fifty years ago more or less unnoticed.

1938, Dennis Redmond, transl., The Work of Art in the Epoch of its Technical Reproducibility, translation of original by Walter Benjamin, archived from the original on 2016-03-05:

I always felt I was doing a bit of bluffing. I wondered the same when he referred to some of, his ideas being "away with the pixies", Freudian slip or did he intend[…]

1989 April 11, Barbara Hooks, “Comedy finds balance that avoids prejudice”, in The Age, page 14:

After reviewing a tape of a newscast done by our candidate, in my enthusiasm I made my Freudian slip

1989 November 29, Robert Bianco, “Memo by WPXI staffers alleges offensive remark by news director”, in The Pittsburgh Press, page D12:

In response to several other questions posed by the panel, Ann Biggot proclaimed that she had no fear of reprisal for her testimony, but every so often a Freudian slip would break out from her careful answers.

You know, folks, that’s the America that George Bush has left us. And that’s the America we’ll continue to get if George – excuse me, if John McCain is elected president of the United States of America. Freudian slip. Freudian slip.

2015 April 28, Martin Shovel, quoting Joe Biden, “I'm sorry, I'll say that again – the rhetorical trick of metanoia”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(psychology) A mistake in speech or action in which a person supposedly shows their true subconscious desires.

مُنْزَلَق فْرُويْد

subconscious mistake in speech or action


persona

en-noun

persona (plural personas or personae or personæ)

personas (plural)
personae (plural)
personæ (plural)

→ Japanese: ペルソナ (perusona)

Borrowed from Latin persōna (“mask; character”), of uncertain origin. Suggested to be from Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 (φersu, “mask; masked individual; actor”), which could be a loan from Ancient Greek πρόσωπον (prósōpon, “face; appearance; mask used in ancient theatre to denote a character or, more generally, a social role”). Doublet of person and parson.

der

He keeps his online persona completely separate from his real-world one.

(psychology) The mask or appearance one presents to the world.

persona

the appearance one presents to the world


fugue

Borrowed from French fugue, from Italian fuga (“flight, ardor”), from Latin fuga (“act of fleeing”), from fugiō (“to flee”); compare Ancient Greek φυγή (phugḗ). Apparently from the metaphor that the first part starts alone on its course, and is pursued by later parts. Doublet of fuga.


plus

en-verb

plus (third-person singular simple present pluses or plusses, present participle plusing or plussing, simple past and past participle plused or plussed)

pluses (present singular third-person)
plusses (present singular third-person)
plusing (participle present)
plussing (participle present)
plused (participle past)
plused (past)
plussed (participle past)
plussed (past)

Plussing is a technique for enhancing a positive atmosphere in the session, for diminishing hostility, and for raising self-esteem.

1979, Douglas A. Puryear, Helping People in Crisis, page 87:

In addition to active listening as a general therapeutic strategy, Puryear identifies two specific techniques, plussing and paradox, that are used throughout the crisis intervention.

1997, Bernard L. Bloom, Planned short-term psychotherapy: a clinical handbook, page 187:

When plussing, the intervenor introduces novel viewpoints that can increase the self-esteem of both the attacker and the target.

2015, Kenneth France, Crisis Intervention, →ISBN, page 177:

(psychology) To frame in a positive light; to provide a sympathetic interpretation.


depression

en-noun

depression (countable and uncountable, plural depressions)

From Middle English depression, depressioun, from Old French depression, from Latin dēpressiō.

I used to suffer from depression, but now I'm mostly content with my life.

It is that Mr. Levi's death could not be dissociated from the major depression with which he was afflicted, and that indeed his suicide proceeded directly from that illness.

1988 December 19, William Styron, “Why Primo Levi Need Not Have Died”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(psychology, usually uncountable) A state of mind producing serious, long-term lowering of enjoyment of life or inability to visualize a happy future.

[…] your illness reflects the textbook description of bipolar disorder (euphoric, grandiose, manic highs followed by deep depressions,[…]

2011 February 28, David J. Miklowitz, The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide, Second Edition: What You and Your Family Need to Know, Guilford Press, →ISBN, page 106:

His first major breakdown occurred when his son was five years old; he continued to go to pieces periodically, with a particularly deep depression that lasted from the time Bill was in sixth grade until the time he finished junior high[…]

2014 September 16, Andrew Solomon, The Noonday Demon: An Atlas Of Depression, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 73:

Many alcoholics who die from suicide suffer from deep depressions that are quite frequently protracted,[…]

2016 January 14, Danuta Wasserman, Suicide: An unnecessary death, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

(psychology, countable) A period of low morale or unhappiness (a period of experiencing the above-mentioned state of mind) which lasts longer than several weeks and may include ideation of self-inflicted injury or suicide.


trance

trance (countable and uncountable, plural trances)

→ French: trance

From Middle English traunce, from Anglo-Norman transe (“fear of coming evil; passage from life to death”), from transir (“to be numb with fear; to die, pass on”), from Latin trānseō (“to cross over”).

der

(countable, psychology) A state of low response to stimulus and diminished, narrow attention; particularly one induced by hypnosis.


ambivert

Etymology tree
English ambiversion
English extrovertinflu.
English introvertinflu.
English ambivert
From ambiversion, modelled after extrovert and introvert. By surface analysis, ambi- + -vert.

etymon

Many there are, as I have already shown, whose life can not be readily described by either the definitions of extroversion or introversion. [...] It is these I have called ambiverts. With them, extroversion or introversion are but passing states of mind, whereas with the extrovert extroversion is the dominant condition and with the introvert introversion is the dominant condition.

1923 January–March, Edmund S. Conklin, “The Definition of Introversion, Extroversion and Allied Concepts”, in Morton Prince, Floyd H[enry] Allport, editors, The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, volume XVII, number 4, Albany, N.Y.: Published by Boyd Printing Company, Inc. […], →OCLC, page 377:

[‘]We are not in the same class, in more ways than one’ (laughing), ‘she's a little genius, I'm a plain American ambivert, but we are enrolled in the same Advanced French group [...].’

1969, Vladimir Nabokov, chapter 27, in Ada, or, Ardor: A Family Chronicle, Harmondsworth, London: Penguin Books, published 1970, →ISBN, part 1, page 132:

Whenever parents are successful in this process of building a balanced personality from an introvert or an extrovert, we call the finished product an ambivert. An ambivert can move into a social situation and be a hearty, outgoing, gregarious participant. Or he can pick up a book and start the mental processes going like a regular introvert.

1995, W[illard] Cleon Skousen, “The Problem of Building Balanced Personalities”, in So You Want to Raise a Boy?, Orem, Ut.: Ensign Pub., published 2016, →ISBN, pages 297–298:

Ambiverts use even fewer colloquial words than the introverts, but the extraverts use clearly more of these words than the two other groups. [...] The global image that emerges is that differences are limited between ambiverts and introverts but that the extraverts stand out. They use many more colloquial words which could be the result of their lower levels of foreign language anxiety, less inhibition, and less fear of punishment.

2004, Jean-Marc Dewaele, “Individual Differences in the Use of Colloquial Vocabulary: The Effects of Sociobiographical and Psychological Factors”, in Paul Bogaards, Batia Laufer, editors, Vocabulary in a Second Language: Selection, Acquisition, and Testing (Language Learning & Language Teaching), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 144:

[A] bright (high fluid intelligent), stable ambivert from a middle-class home that provides and values education may be encouraged to develop a deep approach to learning and an analytic, or Type I, intellectual style.

2012, Adrian Furnham, “Intelligence and Intellectual Styles”, in Li-fang Zhang, Robert J. Sternberg, Stephen Rayner, editors, Handbook of Intellectual Styles: Preferences in Cognition, Learning, and Thinking, New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Company, →ISBN, part IV (Intellectual Styles in Relation to Allied Constructs), page 187:

Selling of any sort—whether traditional sales or non-sales selling—requires a delicate balance of inspecting and responding. Ambiverts can find that balance. They know when to speak up and when to shut up. Their wider repertoires allow them to achieve harmony with a broader range of people and a more varied set of circumstances. Ambiverts are the best movers because they're the most skilled attuners.

2013, Daniel H. Pink, “Attunement”, in To Sell is Human: The Surprising Truth about Persuading, Convincing and Influencing Others, Edinburgh: Canongate Books, →ISBN:

(psychology) A person who is neither clearly extroverted nor introverted, but has characteristics of each.


dysthymia

en-noun

dysthymia (usually uncountable, plural dysthymias)

euphoria

antonym(s) of “tendency to be depressed”

euthymia

antonym(s) of “form of clinical depression”

From dys- + -thymia.
From Ancient Greek δυσθυμία (dusthumía, “despondency, despair; ill-temper”), from δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) + θυμός (thumós, “soul, spirit”).

uder

Coordinate term: major depressive disorder

For diagnostic, research, and treatment reasons, a distinction should always be made between the milder dysthymias, atypical and hysteroid depressions, and the more serious major depressive illnesses, with and without melancholic (vegetative) and psychotic features.

1989, James F. Masterson, Ralph Klein, editors, Psychotherapy of the Disorders of the Self: The Masterson Approach, page 369:

A decade ago most psychiatrists would have been puzzled to find a chapter on dysthymia in a book about severe depressive disorders. They would have characterized this chronic form of depression as mild, "minor," or "syndromal."[…]In recent years, research has demonstrated the severity, prevalence, and importance of vogorous antidepressant treatment of dysthymia, justifying its inclusion here among serious mood disorders.

1994, John C. Markowitz, James H. Kocsis, “Chapter 9: Dysthymia”, in Leon Grunhaus, John F. Greden, editors, Severe Depressive Disorders, page 209:

In other patients, the dysthymia may co-occur with but not be causally related to the ADHD (Adler and Cohen 2004).[…]Early studies of adults with ADHD found rates of dysthymia as high as 67%–81% (Wender et al. 1985).

2007, Brian B. Doyle, Understanding and Treating Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, page 231:

Dysthymia in childhood or adulthood also significantly increases the risk of developing a subsequent major depressive episode.

2007, Jon G. Allen, Coping With Depression: From Catch-22 to Hope, page 12:

Involutive depression or bipolar dysthymias must be ruled out.[…]Two characteristics of bipolar dysthymias are distinguishable: first, the bipolar disorders are cyclical in character and develop over several days to several weeks, which is quite different from the sudden and sometimes multiple changes of chronic depression; second, the productive phases of dysthymias are accompanied by a considerable decrease in the duration of sleep, to less than 6 hours per day.

2011, Gary Landsberg, Wayne Hunthausen, Lowell Ackerman, Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat, page 363:

(psychiatry) A form of clinical depression, characterized by low-grade depression which lasts at least two years.


abreaction

Partial calque of German Abreagierung, from ab (“away from”) + Reagierung (“reaction”).

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(psychoanalysis) The re-living of an experience with a view to purging its emotional dross.


brainwash

en-verb

brainwash (third-person singular simple present brainwashes, present participle brainwashing, simple past and past participle brainwashed)

brainwashes (present singular third-person)
brainwashing (participle present)
brainwashed (participle past)
brainwashed (past)

From brain + wash, calque of Chinese 洗腦 /洗脑 (xǐnǎo), literally "to wash the brain". Usage via U.S. military during Korean War.

(psychology) To affect one's mind by using extreme mental pressure or any other mind-affecting process. (e.g. hypnosis)


sensation

en-noun

sensation (countable and uncountable, plural sensations)

From Old French, from Medieval Latin sensatio, from Latin sensus.

Coordinate term: perception

In the dead state all is apparently without motion. No agent within indicates design, intelligence, or foresight: there is no respiration; […] no sensation; […]

1822, John Barclay, chapter I, in An Inquiry Into the Opinions, Ancient and Modern, Concerning Life and Organization, Edinburgh, London: Bell & Bradfute; Waugh & Innes; G. & W. B. Whittaker, section I, page 2:

(psychology, physiology) Excitation of sensory organs.


cutting

cutting (countable and uncountable, plural cuttings)

Cutting has become one of the most popular forms of self-injury, but there are others at well, and each is just as dangerous as cutting. The information here might help you recognize the signs of self-injury in others.

2014, Greg Roza, “What is Self-injury?”, in Cutting and Self-injury (Teen Mental Health), New York, N.Y.: Rosen Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 7:

(uncountable, psychology) The act of cutting one's own skin as a symptom of a mental disorder; self-harm.


viscosity

viscosity (countable and uncountable, plural viscosities)

From Middle French viscosité, from Old French viscosité, from Medieval Latin viscositas; analysable as viscous + -ity.

(uncountable, psychology) A tendency to prolong interpersonal encounters.


stereotype

stereotype (countable and uncountable, plural stereotypes)

Borrowed from French stéréotype, equivalent to stereo- + type. Printing sense is from 1817, the “conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image” sense is recorded from 1922 in Walter Lippmann's book Public Opinion.

(psychology) A person who is regarded as embodying or conforming to a set image or type.


hysteria

hysteria (usually uncountable, plural hysterias or hysteriae or hysteriæ)

hysterias (plural)
hysteriae (plural)
hysteriæ (plural)

From New Latin hysteria, a back-formation from Latin hystericus, from Ancient Greek ὑστερικός (husterikós, “suffering in the uterus, hysterical”), from ὑστέρα (hustéra, “womb”). Compare French hystérie.

der

conversion disorder
conversion disorder#English

(informal, psychopathology) Synonym of conversion disorder

(psychiatry, until early 20th century, now historical) Any disorder of women with some psychiatric symptoms without other diagnosis, ascribed to uterine influences on the female body, lack of pregnancy, or lack of sex.


catharsis

en-noun

catharsis (countable and uncountable, plural catharses)

/kəˈθɑɹˌsɪs/

From Ancient Greek κάθαρσις (kátharsis, “cleansing, purging”), from καθαίρω (kathaírō, “I cleanse”). Coined in the dramatic-emotional sense by Aristotle.

uder

(psychology) A therapeutic technique to relieve tension by re-establishing the association of an emotion with the memory or idea of the event that first caused it, and then eliminating it by complete expression (called the abreaction).


distress

en-noun

distress (countable and uncountable, plural distresses)

The verb is from Middle English distressen, from Old French destrecier (“to restrain, constrain, put in straits, afflict, distress”); compare French détresse. Ultimately from Medieval Latin as if *districtiō, an assumed frequentative form of Latin distringō (“to pull asunder, stretch out”), from dis- (“apart”) + stringō (“to draw tight, strain”).
The noun is from Middle English distresse, from Old French destrece, ultimately also from Latin distringō.

der

(medicine, psychology) An aversive state of stress to which a person cannot fully adapt.

distressi

medicine, psychology: state of maladaptive stress


valence

en-noun

valence (countable and uncountable, plural valences)

Sense 1.1 (“combining capacity of an atom”) and sense 3 (“one-dimensional value assigned by a person to an object, situation, or state”) are borrowed from German Valenz + English -ence (suffix meaning ‘having the condition or state of’). Valenz is a clipping of Quantivalenz (“(archaic) valence in chemistry”), from English quantivalence, from Latin quantus (“how much”) + English -i- (interfix inserted between morphemes of Latin origin for ease of pronunciation) + Latin valentia (“bodily strength; health; vigour”) (whence Late Middle English valence (“medicinal preparation made from plants”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule; powerful, strong”)). Quantivalence was coined by F. O. Ward who communicated it to the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818–1892), leading him to coin the German word Quantivalenz. Doublet of value.
Sense 2 (“number of arguments a verb can have”) was formed by analogy to the use of the word in chemistry: see above.

der

anger and fear have negative valence

(uncountable, especially psychology) A one-dimensional value assigned by a person to an object, situation, or state, that can usually be positive (causing a feeling of attraction) or negative (repulsion).

تكافؤ

one-dimensional value assigned to an object, situation, or state


shaping

From Middle English schapynge, equivalent to shape + -ing.

In general, it's a good idea to know ahead of time what your shaping steps will be and try to get 80% to 100% correct trials during the shaping steps and repeat each step for only 5 to 10 trials in a row.

2015, Ilona Rodan, Sarah Heath, editors, Feline Behavioral Health and Welfare, Elsevier Health Sciences, →ISBN, page 51:

positive reinforcement
positive reinforcement

operant conditioning
operant conditioning

(psychology) A method of positive reinforcement of behaviour patterns in a series of steps in operant conditioning.


operant conditioning

Coordinate term: classical conditioning

With operant conditioning, the animal repeats behaviors that have desired consequences and avoids behaviors that lead to undesirable consequences (Figure 5-5).

2015, Ilona Rodan, Sarah Heath, editors, Feline Behavioral Health and Welfare, Elsevier Health Sciences, →ISBN, page 45:

negative reinforcement
negative reinforcement

(psychology) A technique of behavior modification through positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment.


Skinner box

From Burrhus Frederick Skinner (1904-1990), its inventor.

(behavioral sciences) A box or cage in which a subject (usually an animal) may be isolated from outside influences and studied; used in operant conditioning experiments where the subject can operate a lever to obtain a reward or avoid a painful shock.


CBT

en-noun

CBT (countable and uncountable, plural CBTs)

A summary of these findings will first be presented, followed by a discussion of issues directly related to the evaluation of self-statement training in CBT.

1978, Gerald T. O’Brien, A Component Analysis of the Semantic Content of Self-Statements in the Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Frequent Tension in College Students (doctoral thesis), Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, page 2:

To simplify, CBT is about providing the tools to reappraise circumstances that evoke the anxiety—remember that in this social situation those awful feelings you're having are about what happened back then, not what is happening now.

2017, Robert Sapolsky, chapter 2, in Behave, Penguin, →ISBN:

It then told me it was trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, which it said was an “effective way to challenge how you’re thinking about things.” Unlike psychodynamic or psychoanalytic therapies, C.B.T. argues that our emotions and moods are influenced by our patterns of thinking; change those patterns, the theory goes, and you’ll start to feel better.

2022 September 27, Barclay Bram, “My Therapist, the Robot”, in The New York Times:

cognitive behavioral therapy
cognitive behavioral therapy#English

(psychology) Initialism of cognitive behavioral therapy.