chromosome

/ˈkɹəʊ.məˌsəʊm/

/ˈkɹəʊ.məˌzəʊm/

19th century: from German Chromosom, ultimately from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour”) + σῶμα (sôma, “body”) (because they are stained under the microscope). Equivalent to chromo- + -some.

Chromosomes store genetic information.

A length of DNA is divided into segments called chromosomes and shorter individual units called genes.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 7:

(cytology, genetics) A linear arrangement of condensed DNA and associated proteins (such as chaperone proteins) which contains the genetic material (genome) of an organism.


egg

en-noun

egg (countable and uncountable, plural eggs)

→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg

Jamaican Creole: eg

Sranan Tongo: eksi

The noun is derived from Middle English eg, egg, egge (“egg of a domestic or wild fowl; egg of a snake”) [and other forms] (originally Northern England and Northeast Midlands), from Old Norse egg (“egg”), from Proto-Germanic *ajją (“egg”) (by Holtzmann’s law), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”), probably from *h₂éwis (“bird”), from *h₂ew- (“to clothe oneself, dress; to be dressed”) (in the sense of an animal clothed in feathers). Doublet of huevo, oeuf, and ovum.
The native English ey [and other forms] (plural eyren) (obsolete), from Old English ǣġ, is also derived from Proto-Germanic *ajją. It survived into at least c. 16th century before being fully displaced by egg.
The verb is derived from the noun.

wôwan

approximately spherical or ellipsoidal body produced by birds, insects, reptiles, and other animals, housing the embryo within a membrane or shell during its development

ou

thing which looks like or is shaped like an egg

egg

person regarded as having not yet realized they are transgender, or who has not yet come out as transgender or is in the early stages of transitioning; one’s lack of awareness that one is transgender

kill the goose that lays the golden eggs

there's more than one way to cook an egg

there's more than one way to crack an egg

In the Fall into the division of labor, [Claude] Lévi-Strauss sees the great hunters trading women to create the exogamous bonds of one hunting band with another. The egg is, but the sperm does. The tiny sperm may be furious in its activity, but its highway to the egg is paved by the alkaline trail set down by the Great Mother.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, “Hominization”, in The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture (A Lindisfarne Series Book), New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN, part 2 (The Transformations of Prehistory), page 80:

Although they serve the same function across the plant, animal and fungal kingdoms, sperm and eggs vary wildly in their structure and biochemistry, even among closely related species. […] Many genes that determine sperm and egg structure and biochemistry are rapidly evolving, constantly changing the chemical environment necessary for the sperm to bind to the egg.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, New Haven, Conn.: Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-04-22, abstract, page 210:

(also cytology) Synonym of ovum (“the female gamete of an animal”); an egg cell.


erythrocyte

/əˈɹɪθɹəˌsaɪt/

From erythro- (“red”) + -cyte (“cell”), referring to the red color of hemoglobin when oxygen is bound to it.

The want of success of these names may be attributed to their awkwardness in sound or sense; "erythrocyte" seems the best of them, but is unfortunately four-syllabled.

1901 March 23, Ch. S. Sherrington, “The name of the red corpuscle: a suggestion”, in British Medical Journal, page 742:

Granular, basic, or punctate degeneration of the erythrocyte is a condition in which this cell presents fine or coarse granules that have an affinity for basic stains.

1901 September 20, C. Y. White, “Granular degeneration of the erythrocyte”, in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, volume 122, number 3:

(hematology, cytology) A hemoglobin-containing cell, especially as found in humans but more generally present in the blood of most vertebrates, that is involved with the transport of oxygen; such cells are usually anucleate in humans and many other animals.


leukocyte

In disease of the spleen, especially Banti's disease or fibro-adenia of the spleen, the increase of leukocytes is absent or slight, with no relative lymphocytosis.

1923, International Medical Digest, page 316:

Iberdomide, a cereblon modulator promoting degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos, which affect leukocyte development and autoimmunity, is being evaluated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

2022 March 17, Joan T. Merrill, Victoria P. Werth, Richard Furie et al., “Phase 2 Trial of Iberdomide in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 386, number 11, →DOI, page 1034:

(hematology, cytology, immunology) Any of a class of blood cells that play various roles in cell-mediated immunity.


stem cell

Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and to produce numerous differentiated cell types, and are directly responsible for generating and maintaining tissues and organs.

2002, Haifan Lin, “The stem-cell niche theory: Lessons from flies,”, in Nature Reviews: Genetics, volume 3, page 931:

(medicine, cytology) A primal undifferentiated cell from which a variety of other cells can develop through the process of cellular differentiation.


TOC

(cytology) Initialism of translocon on outer chloroplast membrane.


nucleus

Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.

coin

(cytology) A large membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells which contains genetic material.

selkern

cytology: large organelle found in cells


eukaryote

head

eukaryote (plural eukaryotes or eukarya)

Borrowed from French eucaryote; equivalent to eu- + karyon + -ote.

It is now clear that among organisms there are two different organizational patterns of cells, which Chatton (1937) called, with singuar prescience, the eucaryotic and procaryotic type.

1962 March, Roger Stanier, “The concept of a bacterium”, in Archiv für Mikrobiologie, volume 42, number 1, page 17:

(cytology) Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus.

حقيقيات النوى

any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus


stain

en-verb

stain (third-person singular simple present stains, present participle staining, simple past and past participle stained)

stains (present singular third-person)
staining (participle present)
stained (participle past)
stained (past)

From Middle English steinen, steynen (“to stain, colour, paint”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse steina (“to stain, colour, paint”), from steinn (“stone, mineral blue, colour, stain”), from Proto-Norse ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *stainaz (“stone”), from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”). Cognate with Old English stān (“stone”). More at stone.
Replaced native Middle English wem (“spot, blemish, stain”) from Old English wem (“spot, stain”).
In some senses, influenced by unrelated Middle English disteynen (“to discolor, remove the colour from"; literally, "de-colour”), from Anglo-Norman desteindre (“to remove the colour from, bleach”), from Old French destaindre (“to remove the color from, bleach”), from des- (“dis-, de-, un-”) + teindre (“to dye”), from Latin tingo.

noncog

(transitive, cytology, histology) To treat (a microscopic specimen) with a dye, especially one that dyes specific features

värjätä

to treat a microscope specimen with a dye


macrophage

From macro- + -phage, both from Ancient Greek.

innate immune system
innate immune system

(immunology, cytology) A white blood cell that phagocytizes necrotic cell debris and foreign material, including viruses, bacteria, and tattoo ink. It presents foreign antigens on MHC II to lymphocytes. Part of the innate immune system.


trans

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“on the other side of”). Doublet of très.

bor+

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(cytology) Of the side of the Golgi apparatus farther from the endoplasmic reticulum.


clone

→ Italian: clone

→ Polish: klon

→ Turkish: klon

Coined (in botany) in 1903, based on Ancient Greek κλών (klṓn, “twig”). Figurative use from the 1970s.

(cytology) A group of identical cells derived from a single cell.


blast

From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “germ or sprout”).

der

(cytology) An immature or undifferentiated cell (e.g., lymphoblast, myeloblast).


TIM

en-noun

TIM (countable and uncountable, plural TIMs)

Abbreviation.
* (trans-identified male): when applied to trans women by transphobes, perhaps influenced by the name Tim.

(cytology) Translocon on Inner cellular Membrane


blast cell

From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “germ, sprout”).

der

(cytology) A cell that produces something, such as a fibroblast or osteoblast.


apoptosis

en-noun

apoptosis (countable and uncountable, plural apoptoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις (apóptōsis, “a falling off”), from ἀπό (apó, “away from”) + πτῶσις (ptôsis, “falling”).

der

The term apoptosis is proposed for a hitherto little recognized mechanism of controlled cell deletion, which appears to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations.

1972, J. F. R. Kerr, A. H. Wyllie, A. R. Currie, “Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics”, in British journal of cancer, volume 26, →DOI:

Indeed, so important is apoptosis that it is gradually becoming clear that almost all therapeutic cancer treatment works only because it induces apoptosis by alerting p53 and its colleagues.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 238:

Apoptosis is routine in developmental processes such as the removal of webbing between fingers in humans, the loss of tadpole tails in amphibians, and insect metamorphosis.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 74:

(biology, cytology) A process of programmed cell death by which cells undergo an ordered sequence of events which leads to death of the cell, as occurs during growth and development of the organism, as a part of normal cell aging, or as a response to cellular injury.


fiber

en-noun

fiber (countable and uncountable, plural fibers)

From French fibre, from Old French fibre, from Latin fibra.

(cytology) A long tubular cell found in bodily tissue.


fibre

fibre (countable and uncountable, plural fibres)

tlb

(British, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa spellings)

From French fibre, from Old French, from Latin fibra.

It is the deeper parts of such cells which give rise to delicate muscular fibres or networks of fibres, while the superficially placed body of the cell myoblast), the part which produces the above, performs other functions, and usually bears a cilium.

1892, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus, edited by F. G. Heathcote, Elementary Text-book of Zoology:

لِيف

long tubular cell found in bodily tissue


gullet

From Middle English golet, borrowed from Old French goulet, from Latin gula, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“throat”).

(cytology) The cytopharynx of a ciliate, through which food is ingested.


axon

(cytology) A nerve fibre which is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, and which conducts nerve impulses away from the body of the cell to a synapse.


oocyte

(cytology) A cell that develops into an egg or ovum; a female gametocyte.


neuron

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”), doublet of nerve and sinew. By surface analysis, neuro- + -on.

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

(cytology) A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites. Neurons are connected by synapses.


bleb

Possibly onomatopoeic, similarly to blob and blubber.

Figure 4.20 reveals blebs on the surface of a bacterial cell. In many instances, these blebs are released from the cell into the surrounding media.

2005, Larry Barton, Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes, page 170:

2013, Louis Foucard, Xavier Espinet, Eduard Benet, Franck J. Vernerey, The Role of the Cortical Membrane in Cell Mechanics: Model and Simulation, Shaofan Li, Dong Qian (editors), Multiscale Simulations and Mechanics of Biological Materials, page 261,
As the bleb grows (the growth time is on order of a minute), the actin cortex starts reassembling beneath the bleb membrane.

A different approach is to use protrusions from the membrane, which are called blebs or blisters.[…]The absence of actin and tubulin from blebs formed on oocytes of Xenopus laevus clearly indicates the bleb membrane is detached from the cell cytoskeleton (Figure 3.29).

2014, Mary Luckey, Membrane Structural Biology: With Biochemical and Biophysical Foundations, page 64:

(cytology) An irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell undergoing apoptosis.


soma

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

(cytology) The bulbous part of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.


fixation

en-noun

fixation (countable and uncountable, plural fixations)

From Old French fixation. By surface analysis, fix + -ation.

fixació

a state of mind involving obsession with a particular person, idea or thing

(cytology, histology, pathology) preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction.


meiosis

meiosis (countable and uncountable, plural meioses)

From Ancient Greek μείωσις (meíōsis, “a lessening”), from μειόω (meióō, “I lessen”), from μείων (meíōn, “less”). The biological sense was coined by British biologists John Bretland Farmer and John Edmund Sharrock Moore in 1905 as maiosis in a paper in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science, with the spelling corrected on etymological grounds later that year. Doublet of miosis.

coin

Meronyms: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, reduction division, equation division

(usually uncountable, cytology) Cell division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes.


cis

From Latin cis (“on this side (of), on the near or same side”). Doublet of he, it, here, hither, and hence.

doublet

(cytology) Of the side of the Golgi apparatus nearer to the endoplasmic reticulum.


hemopoiesis

en-noun

hemopoiesis (usually uncountable, plural hemopoieses)

(hematology, cytology) Formation of new cellular components of the blood in myeloid or lymphatic tissue.


inclusion

inclusion (countable and uncountable, plural inclusions)

Borrowed from Latin inclusio, inclusionis, from the verb Latin inclūdō (“to shut in, enclose, insert”), from in- (“in”) + claudō (“to shut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, include + -sion. Doublet of enclosure.

der

(cytology) A nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregate of stainable substances.


protoplasm

en-noun

protoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural protoplasms)

From German Protoplasma, coined by Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + πλάσμα (plásma, “something molded”). The word Protoplasmus was used in Late Latin, meaning “first created human” (i.e. Adam), and may have existed in Byzantine Greek in a different sense.

coin

(cytology) The entire contents of a cell comprising the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is a semi-fluid, transparent substance which is the living matter of plant and animal cells.


autophagy

en-noun

autophagy (countable and uncountable, plural autophagies)

Near-synonym: autocytolysis

(cytology) The process of self-digestion by a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell, and often a defensive or self-preservation measure.

(cytology) A type of programmed cell death accomplished through self-digestion.


fissiparous

en-adj

fissiparous (comparative more fissiparous, superlative most fissiparous)

more fissiparous (comparative)
most fissiparous (superlative)

/fɪˈsɪpəɹəs/

An adaptation of New Latin fissiparus, from fissus (“split, cleft”) + pariō (“I bring forth”) by analogy with vīviparus.

Reproduction may be divided into two main classes, namely, sexual and asexual. The latter is effected in many ways—by the formation of buds of various kinds, and by fissiparous generation, that is by spontaneous or artificial division.

1868, Charles Darwin, “Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis”, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. […], volume II, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, part I, page 358:

(cytology) Of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two.

zich door celdeling voortplantend

of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two


osteocyte

(cytology) A mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone.


cytosol

(cytology) The aqueous solution of a cell's cytoplasm, consisting of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.


monocyte

(immunology, cytology) A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that differentiates into a macrophage.


cytoplasm

en-noun

cytoplasm (usually uncountable, plural cytoplasms)

Borrowed from German Zytoplasma, Cytoplasma. Equivalent to cyto- + -plasm.

(cytology) The contents of a cell except for the nucleus. It includes cytosol, organelles, vesicles, and the cytoskeleton.

citoplasma

contents of a cell excluding the nucleus


lymphocyte

(cytology, immunology) Any of several types of white blood cell with a spherical nucleus occurring in the lymphatic system, including B cells, T cells and natural killer cells.

leucocyte = leukocyte = white blood cell = WBC > agranulocyte


organelle

/ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/

Like organelles within a single cell, whole new specializations began to develop.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 161:

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

(cytology) A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles).

orgànul

a membrane bound compartment found within cells


phagocytosis

phagocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural phagocytoses)

From German Phagocytosis; equivalent to phagocyte + -osis; compare French phagocytose.

On account of the possession of this property, Metschnikoff has suggested for these groups of cells the term phagocytes, as expressive of their most distinctive feature, and for the process in general the term phagocytosis.

1889 April 13, William Osler, “Original Lectures: On Phagocytes”, in Medical Record, volume 35, number 15, page 393:

(immunology, cytology) A form of endocytosis in which a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm.


mitochondrion

mitochondrion (plural mitochondria or mitochondrions)

mitochondria (plural)
mitochondrions (plural)

Coined in German by Carl Benda in 1898, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + χονδρίον (khondríon), diminutive of χόνδρος (khóndros, “grain, morsel”)

The consideration of the mitochondrion in the spermatocytes I shall pass over, as it is not within the bounds of this paper; yet I hope to study the earlier generations of my material, and shall then compare the results.

1902 February 20, W. J. Baumgartner, “Spermatid Transformations in Gryllus assimilis, with Special Reference to the Nebenkern”, in Kansas University Science Bulletin, volume 1, number 2:

(cytology) A spherical or ovoid organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and containing genetic material separate from that of the host; it is responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy in the form of ATP.


white blood cell

white blood cell (plural white blood cells)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-white blood cell.wav

(hematology, cytology, immunology) A type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response, or part of the immune system.

witbloedselle

cytology: a type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response


ribosome

/ˈɹaɪbəˌsəʊm/

/ˈɹaɪbəˌzəʊm/

(biology, cytology) A small organelle found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA.


vesicle

From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula.

(cytology) A membrane-bound compartment found in a cell.


vacuole

/ˈvækjʊˌəʊl/

From French vacuole, from Medieval Latin vacuola, formed as a diminutive of Latin vacuus (“empty”).

(cytology) A large membrane-bound vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm.


cytotoxin

(cytology) Any substance having a specific toxic effect on certain cells

solumyrkky

substance having a toxic effect on cells


diastema

diastema (plural diastemas or diastemata)

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma, “interval, space between”). Compare diastasis.

der

(cytology) The modified protoplasm at the equator of a cell, existing before mitotic division.


heterochromatin

en-noun

heterochromatin (countable and uncountable, plural heterochromatins)

(cytology) Heterochromatic tightly coiled chromosome material; believed to be genetically inactive


pseudopod

pseudopod (plural pseudopods or pseudopodia)

pseudopods (plural)
pseudopodia (plural)

(cytology) A temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells, such as phagocytes, or of certain unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, that serves in locomotion.


fusion

fusion (countable and uncountable, plural fusions)

fission

antonym(s) of “nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine”

First appears c. 1555, in a translation by Richard Eden. From Middle French fusion, from Latin fūsiōnem (the accusative of fūsiō), from fusus, past participle of fundō (“I pour, I melt”) (see also found). Doublet of foison.

The act of merging separate elements, or the result thereof.

(cytology) The process by which two distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic core, resulting in one interconnected structure.

fusion

lipid bilayers merging their hydrophobic core


phagocyte

From the German Phagocyt, modified on the pattern of -cyte; phago- + -cyte.

(cytology) A cell of the immune system, such as a neutrophil, macrophage or dendritic cell, that engulfs and destroys viruses, bacteria and waste materials, or in the case of mature dendritic cells; displays antigens from invading pathogens to cells of the lymphoid lineage.


ovum

Borrowed from Latin ōvum (“egg”). Doublet of egg, ey, huevo, and oeuf.

Coordinate term: spermatozoon

(cytology) The female gamete in animals; the egg cell.


presynaptic

(cytology) In a synapse, of or pertaining to the neuron that releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.


red blood cell

(hematology, cytology) A type of cell in the blood of vertebrates that contains hemoglobin and transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; an erythrocyte.

كُرَيَّةُ دَمٍ حَمْرَاء

haemoglobin-carrying blood cell in vertebrates


cellule

Borrowed from Latin cellula (“a small apartment”), diminutive of cella.

Their structure in these two species does not resemble that of the cellules.

1984, T.L. Simpson, The Cell Biology of Sponges:


mitochondrial

Sperm pass on none of their mitochondria during conception, so all mitochondrial information is transferred from generation to generation through mothers alone.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 329:

(cytology) Of, or relating to mitochondria.


gamete

From Ancient Greek γαμετή (gametḗ, “wife”), γαμέτης (gamétēs, “husband”), ultimately from γάμος (gámos, “marriage”).

(cytology) A reproductive cell (sperm in males or eggs in females), having only half of a complete set of chromosomes.


CB

CB (countable and uncountable, plural CBs)


senescent

en-adj

senescent (comparative more senescent, superlative most senescent)

more senescent (comparative)
most senescent (superlative)

From Latin senescens, present participle of senescere (“to grow old”), from senere (“to be old”), from senex (“old”).

When such lines and forms of organic development prevail, the individual, as the cell of the body, becomes soon senescent, drifting inevitably into age, decay, and death.

1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress:

(cytology, of a cell) That ceases to divide.


senescence

en-noun

senescence (usually uncountable, plural senescences)

(cytology, of a cell) Condition when the cell ceases to divide.


protoplasmic

(cytology) Of or relating to protoplasm.


antimitotic

(pharmacology, cytology) Preventing or disrupting mitosis.


mitosis

mitosis (countable and uncountable, plural mitoses)

From German Mitose, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + -osis, probably in reference to the thread-like chromatin seen during mitosis.

(cytology) The division of a cell nucleus in which the genome is copied and separated into two identical halves. It is normally followed by cell division.


spherocyte

(cytology) A red blood cell that is spherical rather than biconcave, as occurs in spherocytosis


ectoplasm

ectoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural ectoplasms)

(cytology) The outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm.

ectoplasma

cytology: the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm


gametocyte

(cytology) A diploid germ cell that divides by meiosis into a gamete.


germ cell

(cytology) A cell that is part of the germ line: a gametocyte, an ovum or a sperm cell.


spermatocyte

The spermatogonia continue to reside in the gonocyst and form spermatocyte, which begins to increase in size.

2013, Rabindra N. Chatterjee, Lucas Sanchez, Genome Analysis in Eukaryotes, page 71:

Fragments of laminin chains can act as biologically active peptides to perturb the blood–testis barrier (BTB) permeability function by accelerating protein endocytosis (e.g., occludin) at the site, thereby destabilizing the BTB integrity to facilitate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes.

2015 August 26, “A Catalog of Proteins Expressed in the AG Secreted Fluid during the Mature Phase of the Chinese Mitten Crabs ( Eriocheir sinensis )”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) A male gametocyte, from which a spermatozoon develops.


spermatozoon

/ˌspɜːmətə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɒn/

From Ancient Greek σπέρμα (spérma, “sperm”) + ζῷον (zôion, “living thing”).

af

But let us suppose [...] that one hardy or lucky spermatozoon has reached the waiting egg.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 339:

(cytology) A reproductive cell or gamete of a male, carried in semen, that fertilizes an ovum to produce a zygote.


nerve cell

(cytology) A cell of the nervous system which conducts nerve impulses; a neuron.

عَصْبُون

cell of the nervous system — see also neuron


anucleate

(cytology) Which does not have a nucleus.


dendrite

From Ancient Greek δενδρίτης (dendrítēs, “of or pertaining to a tree”). Equivalent to dendr- + -ite.

uder

Little copses of television antennas. Whiplike, graceful thrilling metal dendrites drawing images from the air, bringing brotherhood, communion to immured apartment people.

1970, Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet, Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1971, Chapter 1, pp. 12–13 (online edition)

A typical brain neuron has perhaps a thousand little wires, called dendrites, which connect it with its fellows.

1979, Carl Sagan, “Can We Know the Universe? Reflections on a Grain of Salt”, in John Carey, editor, Eyewitness to Science, Harvard University Press, published 1997, page 437:

(cytology) A slender projection of a nerve cell which conducts nerve impulses from a synapse to the body of the cell; a dendron.

(cytology) Slender cell process emanating from the cell bodies of dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells of the immune system.


blood cell

(hematology, cytology) Any of the cells normally found in blood, namely erythrocytes and leukocytes, sometimes including the platelets.

خَلِيَّة دَم

any of the cells normally found in the blood


brain cell

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-brain cell.wav

Did you know that you have brain cells in your stomach?

2018 October 12, Naomi Alderman, “What the gut knows”, in New Statesman:

(cytology) A cell in the brain, such as a neuron or a glial cell.

Those two morons only have one brain cell to share between them.

(humorous, figurative, hyperbolic) Taken as a unit of intelligence, especially in small quantities.


platelet

(hematology, cytology) A small colorless disk-shaped particle found in the blood of mammals, which plays an important role in the formation of blood clots.


phagocytize

en-verb

phagocytize (third-person singular simple present phagocytizes, present participle phagocytizing, simple past and past participle phagocytized)

phagocytizes (present singular third-person)
phagocytizing (participle present)
phagocytized (participle past)
phagocytized (past)

(immunology, cytology, US) To ingest (something) by phagocytosis.


cell membrane

(cytology) The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.

selmembraan

semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell


APC

anaphase-promoting complex
anaphase-promoting complex#English

(cytology) Initialism of anaphase-promoting complex.


chloroplast

/ˈklɔːɹəʊˌplæst/

(cytology) An organelle, found in the cells of green plants and in photosynthetic algae, where photosynthesis takes place, characterized by a high concentration of chlorophyll and two membranes.


molecular knife

en-noun

molecular knife (plural molecular knives)

(cytology, molecular biology) An enzyme capable of removing specific genes from a sequence of DNA, especially to disable the replication of a virus.


somatic cell

(cytology) Any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction; a cell that is not on the germline.

somatická buňka

any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction


chiasma

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek χίασμα (khíasma), from χιάζω (khiázō, “to mark with the letter chi, χ”).

(genetics, cytology) The contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis.

kiazma

the contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis


protozoan

protozoan (plural protozoa or protozoans)

/ˌpɹəʊ.təˈzəʊ.ən/

From translingual Protozoa + -an, equivalent to proto- + -zoan.

(cytology) Any of the diverse group of eukaryotes, of the phylum Protozoa, that are primarily unicellular, existing singly or aggregating into colonies, are usually nonphotosynthetic, and are often classified further into phyla according to their capacity for and means of motility, as by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.

animalcule

both formerly construed as hypernymous, but not in current taxonomy


cell wall

The name of Chlamydomonas is applied to certain microscopic green bodies, each of which consists of a protoplasmic central substance invested by a structureless sac. The latter contains cellulose, as in ordinary plants; and the chlorophyll which gives the green colour enables the Chlamydomonas to decompose carbonic acid and fix carbon, as they do. Two long cilia protrude through the cell-wall, and effect the rapid locomotion of this "monad," which, in all respects except its mobility, is characteristically a plant.

1876, T. H. Huxley, “On the Border Territory between the Animal and the Vegetable Kingdoms”, in Littell's Living Age, vol. 128, no. 1657:

The structural distinctiveness of the cell—in plants especially—is dues in large part to the presence of an outer layer, or coat, the cell wall, which in plants is usually firm, and often hard and thick; in animals, delicate or lacking.

1947, Arthur J. Eames, Laurence H. MacDaniels, An Introduction to Plant Anatomy, 2nd edition:

Terrestrial vascular plants contain considerable quantities of lignin, an amorphous phenylpropanoid structural polymer that binds cell wall components and cell walls together providing structural stability to plants.

1994, Robert A. Blanchette, “Lignin biodegradation in cell walls of woody plants”, in O. Petrini, G. B. Ouellette, editors, Host Wall Alterations by Parasitic Fungi, pages 55–65:

Think of the cell wall as a wicker basket in which a balloon has been inflated so that it exerts pressure from the inside. Such a basket is very rigid and resistant to mechanical damage.

2000, John L. Howland, The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life, page 70:

(cytology) A thick, fairly rigid, layer formed around individual cells of bacteria, Archaea, fungi, plants, and algae (but not animals and other protists which generally have cell membranes without cell walls). The cell wall is external to the cell membrane and serves a structural function helping the cell maintain its shape and protecting the cell from damage.

selwand

thick layer around cells of plants, fungi, and algae


episome

(cytology) A segment of DNA that can exist and replicate either autonomously in the cytoplasm or as part of a chromosome, mainly found in bacteria.


plasmid

From plasma + -id, coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

coin

These discussions have left a plethora of terms adrift: pangenes, bioblasts, plasmagenes, plastogenes, chondriogenes, cytogenes and proviruses, which have lost their original utility owing to the accretion of vague or contradictory connotations. At the risk of adding to this list, I propose plasmid as a generic term for any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant.

1952 October 20, J. Lederberg, “Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis”, in Physiological Reviews, volume 32, number 4, page 403:

This is how the F (for "fertility") plasmid, which forms the basis of a lot of classical E. coli genetics, is transferred from one cell to another.

1995, Christopher Howe, Gene Cloning and Manipulation, page 144:

Bacteria are happy to absorb little rings of DNA called plasmids and adopt them as their own.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 247:

Plasmids have an essential impact on productivity. Related factors are plasmid copy number, structural plasmid stability and segregational plasmid stability.

2004, Karl Friehs, “Plasmid Copy Number and Plasmid Stability”, in M. Beyer, T. Scheper, editors, New Trends and Developments in Biochemical Engineering, volume 86, page 47:

(cytology) A loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from -and replicates independently of- the chromosomes, most commonly found in bacteria, but also in archaeans and eukaryotic cells, and used in genetic engineering as a vector for gene transfer.

plásmidu

loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes


anaphase

19th century: from Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-, “back, backward”) + φάσις (phásis, “appearance”).

derived

(cytology) The stage of mitosis and meiosis during which the chromosomes separate; the chromatid moving to opposite poles of the cell.


hematopoiesis

en-noun

hematopoiesis (usually uncountable, plural hematopoieses)

(hematology, cytology) The process by which blood cells are produced.


choanocyte

(cytology) any of the cells in sponges that contain a flagellum, and are used to control the movement of water


hemocyte

(cytology) Any blood cell, especially that of an invertebrate


adipocyte

(cytology) a type of cell, present in adipose tissue, where fat is stored as a source of energy


macrocyte

(hematology, cytology) an unusually large red blood cell that is associated with pernicious anemia


spongiocyte

(cytology) Any of the cells of the neuroglia that have spongy vacuolated protoplasm


thrombocyte

/ˈθɹɒmbə(ʊ)sʌɪt/


granulocyte

This is easily explained, because pathological cells that are only occasional wanderers into the free circulation, aside from the granulocyte group, probably all are "mononuclear" , "non-granular", and "large" , characteristics which, all authors agree, brand cells as belonging to the "large lymphocytes".

1908 September 20, Charles A. Elliott, “The atypical and large mononuclear cells of the blood”, in Quarterly Bulletin of the Northwestern University Medical School, volume 10, number 2, page 2:

(cytology, immunology) Any of various white blood cells that have granules in their cytoplasm.


melanocyte

As previously stated, it is pigmented, this pigmentation depending upon the so-called melanocytes.

1905, Willy Edward Alexander Wyman, Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary Surgery, page 06:

(medicine, biochemistry, cytology) A cell in the skin that produces the pigment melanin.


diakinesis

diakinesis (countable and uncountable, plural diakineses)

(cytology) the last stage of prophase, in which the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, spindle fibers form, and the chromosomes shorten in preparation for metaphase.


cytozoon

(cytology) A parasite, especially a protozoon, living within a cell


nucleolus

(cytology) A conspicuous, rounded body within the nucleus of a cell.


trophoblast

(cytology) The membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy, providing nutrients to the embryo and later developing into part of the placenta.


synaptic

From New Latin synapticus, from Ancient Greek συναπτικός (sunaptikós, “capable of adjusting”).

der

By far the greater proportion of cytologists however are of the opinion that the synaptic contraction is a normal stage in the heterotypic prophases.

1913, Frederick McAllister, On the cytology and embryology of Smilacina racemosa:

(cytology) Of or relating to a synapsis—the association of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes during the initial part of meiosis.


autolysis

From auto- (“self”) + -lysis (“breakdown”).

(pathology, cytology) The destruction of an organism's cells by enzymes produced by the organism itself.

саморазлагане

the destruction of an organism's cells by enzymes


isochromosome

(cytology) An abnormal chromosome in which one arm has been lost and replaced with an exact copy of the other arm.


cilium

It is the deeper parts of such cells which give rise to delicate muscular fibres or networks of fibres, while the superficially placed body of the cell myoblast), the part which produces the above, performs other functions, and usually bears a cilium.

1892, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus, edited by F. G. Heathcote, Elementary Text-book of Zoology:

The clockwise beating of cilia results in a net flow of extraembryonic fluid leftwards […]

2006, Manfred Schliwa, Molecular Motors, page 359:

(cytology) A short microscopic hairlike organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell (such as a unicellular organism or one cell of a multicelled organism) which serve either for propulsion by causing currents in the surrounding fluid or as sensors.

ресна

hairlike organelle projecting from eukaryotic cell


lysosome

(cytology) An organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules.


postsynaptic

(cytology) In a synapse, of or pertaining to the neuron that bears receptors for neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic neuron.


respire

en-verb

respire (third-person singular simple present respires, present participle respiring, simple past and past participle respired)

respires (present singular third-person)
respiring (participle present)
respired (participle past)
respired (past)

From Middle English respiren, borrowed from Old French respirer or Latin respīrō (“to blow back, breathe out”), from re- (“back”) + spīrō (“to breathe, blow”).

af

All living things respire or breathe. To many of us this means that they take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.

1964, H. Webb, M. A. Grigg, Modern Science, Book 3, page 155:

(cytology, intransitive) To take up oxygen and produce carbon dioxide through oxidation.


clonal

(cytology) Related to the descendants through cell division of a single identifiable cell, either in vitro or in vivo


pyknotic

en-adj

pyknotic (comparative more pyknotic, superlative most pyknotic)

more pyknotic (comparative)
most pyknotic (superlative)

From pyknosis. See Ancient Greek πυκνωτικός (puknōtikós, “serving to close the pores”).

uder

a pyknotic nucleus

Several intensely labeled pycnotic bodies point to the occurrence of cell death [...]

rectum of T. derasa showing one morphologically intact zooxanthella and two pycnotic algal cells


peroxisome

(cytology) An intracellular organelle found in all eukaryotes (except Archezoa) which is the source of the enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, and are responsible for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.


LAMP

en-noun

LAMP (countable and uncountable, plural LAMPs)

(cytology) Acronym of lysosome-associated membrane protein.


anisogamy

(cytology) Sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes.

heterogàmia

sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes


endoplasm

endoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural endoplasms or endoplasma)

(cytology) The inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell

loobkaphay

the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell


endocytosis

endocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural endocytoses)

/ˌɛndəʊsaɪˈtəʊsɪs/

(cytology) The process by which the plasma membrane of a cell folds inwards to ingest material.


endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum (plural endoplasmic reticula)

(cytology) A network of membranes within the cytoplasm of cells, where proteins and lipids are synthesized.


cytopathology

cytopathology (countable and uncountable, plural cytopathologies)

Holonym: cytohistopathology

Immune serum could block the cytopathology; a heatlabile factor was required.

2018, Douglas P. Fine, Complement Infectious Diseases:

fine-needle aspiration
fine-needle aspiration

(cytology, pathology) The branch of pathology that deals with abnormalities of cells, independently of the tissue architecture from which they came, as for example in aspiration biopsy such as fine-needle aspiration.


cytoplasmic

The fourth type of hybrid, the kind being developed in British universities, is called cytoplasmic. It is created by transferring the nuclei of human cells, such as skin cells, into animal eggs from which almost all the genetic information has been removed.

(cytology) Of or pertaining to cytoplasm.


disomy

(cytology) The normal state of a diploid eukaryotic cell or individual which has two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes in each nucleus. A normal chromosome is represented twice in a single cell.


sporogenesis

sporogenesis (usually uncountable, plural sporogeneses)

(cytology) The process by which spores are produced.


gametogenesis

(cytology) The process by which gametes are produced.


speckle

speckle (countable and uncountable, plural speckles)

The noun is from Middle Dutch spekkel; the verb was later coined from the noun, in the late 16th century.

(cytology) A cluster of interchromatin granules in a nucleus.


extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix (plural extracellular matrices)

connective tissue
connective tissue#English

(anatomy, cytology, histology) All the microscopic fibres and other molecular structures that are produced by a particular type of cell but are not part of it (that is, that lie outside its cell membrane), providing support to the cells and often serving as a co-constituent of the tissue that they constitute, especially a connective tissue.


TOM

(cytology) Acronym of Translocon on Outer Membrane.


Golgi apparatus

Named after Italian biologist and physician Camillo Golgi.

named-after

(cytology) A network of membranes in the cytoplasm of those animal cells that produce secretions.


pellicle

From Latin pellicula, from pellis (“skin”). Doublet of pellicule.

(cytology) A thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa.


pseudopodium

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudopodium.wav


conidiogenous

en-adj

conidiogenous (comparative more conidiogenous, superlative most conidiogenous)

more conidiogenous (comparative)
most conidiogenous (superlative)

(cytology) That promotes conidiogenesis in fungi.


sporozoite

/spɒɹəˈzəʊʌɪt/

Ross […] was then able to outline its history within the mosquito: first, as a zygote in the stomach; then as an oocyst in the stomach wall; and finally as a mature sporozoite that reaches first the proboscis and then a human host when the insect bites and squirts its saliva prior to sucking blood.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 453:

(cytology) Any of the minute active bodies into which a sporozoan divides just before it infects a new host cell.


phagocytise

en-verb

phagocytise (third-person singular simple present phagocytises, present participle phagocytising, simple past and past participle phagocytised)

phagocytises (present singular third-person)
phagocytising (participle present)
phagocytised (participle past)
phagocytised (past)

(immunology, cytology, British) To ingest (something) by phagocytosis.


macrogamete

(cytology) The larger of a pair of anisogamous, conjugating gametes; the female ovule in plants or ovum for animals.


osteoblast

From osteo- (“bone”) + -blast (“immature cell”).

confix

(biology, cytology) A mononucleate cell from which bone develops.


reciliation

(cytology) The reformation of cilia in a damaged ciliate cell.


centrosome

(cytology) An organelle, near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most organisms, that controls the organization of its microtubules

中心體

organelle that controls the organization of its microtubules


eosinophil

From German eosinophil, as eosin (rose dye) [from Ancient Greek ἠώς (ēṓs, “dawn”) + -in] + -o- + -phile.

(cytology, immunology) A white blood cell responsible for combating infection by parasites in the body.


polymorphonucleated

en-adj

polymorphonucleated (comparative more polymorphonucleated, superlative most polymorphonucleated)

more polymorphonucleated (comparative)
most polymorphonucleated (superlative)


clastogenesis

From Ancient Greek κλαστός (klastós) + -genesis. See clastogen.

(cytology)The process resulting in additions, deletions, or rearrangements of parts of the chromosomes that are detectable by light microscopy.


lymphoblast

lymphoblastic leukemia
lymphoblastic leukemia

(US, cytology, oncology) An immature lymphocyte; they proliferate uncontrollably in lymphoblastic leukemia


lymphoblastic

(US, cytology, immunology) Of or pertaining to a lymphoblast.


crista

en-noun

crista (plural cristae or (obsolete) cristæ)

cristae (plural)
cristæ (obsolete plural)

(cytology) Any of the internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, where many chemical reactions take place.


hematocyte

(hematology, cytology) Any blood cell produced by hematopoiesis, but especially a red blood cell


TIC

TIC (countable and uncountable, plural TICs)

(cytology) Initialism of translocon on inner chloroplast membrane.


proliferative

en-adj

proliferative (comparative more proliferative, superlative most proliferative)

more proliferative (comparative)
most proliferative (superlative)

...stem cells may thus lose some of their proliferative potential and thus 'age'...

1988, Nydia G. Testa, Robert Peter Gale, Hematopoiesis: Long-Term Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation, Informa Health Care, →ISBN, page 327:

cultures of cells may be considered to have reached the end of their proliferative lifespan when the cell number fails to double.

2000, Yvonne A., Christopher R. Barnett, Aging: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press, →ISBN, page 40:

We conclude that aneuploidy causes not only a proliferative disadvantage but also a set of phenotypes...

2007, Eduardo M. Torres et al., “Effects of Aneuploidy on Cellular Physiology and Cell Division in Haploid Yeast”, in Science 317, (5840), 904, page 916:

(not comparable, cytology) of or pertaining to proliferation, especially of cells


protoplasmatic

(cytology) Of or relating to protoplasm.


protoplasmal

You will understand this when I tell you that I can trace my ancestry back to a protoplasmal atomic globule.

1885, W[illiam] S[chwenck] Gilbert, Arthur Sullivan, composer, […] The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu, London: Chappel & Co., […], →OCLC:


myocyte

From myo- + -cyte, thus literally "muscle cell."


submetacentric

Human chromosome 2 is submetacentric.

(cytology) (of a chromosome) having the centromere between one end and the middle, and thus having a long arm, and a short arm


blood corpuscle

en-noun

blood corpuscle (plural blood corpuscles)


transmembrane

(cytology) a transmembrane protein, or the transmembrane portion of a protein


plasmacytoid

(cytology) Of or pertaining to plasma cells


dyskaryosis

dyskaryosis (countable and uncountable, plural dyskaryoses)

(cytology) Any abnormality in the nucleus of a cell


gonial

Extracted from spermatogonial and oogonial, these being the cells the gonia develop into.

"When found, the expelled elements may be gonial cells or oocytes, normal or rarely degenerating."

1932, Tso-hin Cheng, The Germ Cell History of Rana Cantabrigensis Baird, page 558:

(cytology) Of or pertaining to the gonia, primitive germ cells.


periplasm

/ˈpɛɹəˌplæzəm/

From peri- + -plasm. Coined by Peter D. Mitchell in 1961.

(cytology) The region between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane or cell wall.


colocalization

/ˌkəʊləʊkəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

If such events take place, then the colocalization of two molecules may not necessarily mean mutual binding to each other and may simply suggest recruitment to the same site.

2005, Lukas K. Tamm, Protein-Lipid Interactions: From Membrane Domains to Cellular Networks, →ISBN, page 327:

(cytology) The state of colocalizing, occurring within the same cell or cellular region.


mitosome

(cytology) An organelle found within certain unicellular eukaryotes which lack mitochondria.


hydrogenosome

Hydrogenosomes, like almost all other organelles, always grow by proliferation of preexisting organelles. Thus, each daughter cell will receive a complete set of organelles during cell division. Morphological evidence was presented showing that trichomonad hydrogenosomes, like mitochondria, may divide by three distinct processes: (1) segmentation, (2) heart-form division, and (3) partition. In the segmentation process, the hydrogenosome grows, becoming elongated with the appearance of a constriction in the central portion[…]

2008, Marlene Benchimol, “Structure of the Hydrogenosome”, in Jan Tachezy, editor, Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, →ISBN, pages 75–96:

(cytology) A membrane-bound form of organelles that produce molecular hydrogen and ATP in some anerobic ciliates, trichomonads and fungi, remarkable in that most forms contain no DNA.


microbody

(cytology) A cellular organelle bound by a single membrane and containing enzymes.


falciparum

Contemporary Latin, from falx (“scythe”) + par (“equal to”) + -um

af

Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium falciparum#Translingual

(cytology) The parasitic protozoan Plasmodium falciparum that causes falciparum malaria


basophil

(cytology) Any cell that has granules stained by basic stains.

(cytology, immunology) A white blood cell responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response.

One of the endocrine basophilic cells of the adenohypophysis, including gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs.


trisomy

en-noun

trisomy (countable and uncountable, plural trisomies)

(cytology) The presence of three copies, instead of the normal two, of a particular chromosome of an organism.


salinosporamide

(cytology) A highly cytotoxic proteasome inhibitor obtained from a marine bacterium


stellate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-stellate.wav

Borrowed from Latin stēllātus (“starry”), from stēlla (“star”) + -ātus (“-ate”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to stella + -ate.


idiochromosome

/ˌɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈkɹəʊməsəʊm/


contractile vacuole

en-noun

contractile vacuole (plural contractile vacuoles)

(cytology) A vacuole that removes waste or excess water.

Kontraktile Vakuole

a vacuole that removes waste or excess water


ectoplasmic

en-adj

ectoplasmic (comparative more ectoplasmic, superlative most ectoplasmic)

more ectoplasmic (comparative)
most ectoplasmic (superlative)

"In this case being unable, owing to the evil conditions which you have yourself created, to build up an ectoplasmic form they wrapped the unconscious medium in an ectoplasmic covering, and sent him forth from the cabinet."

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

Kathleen wore dungarees and her gingham skirt was laundered to an ectoplasmic degree.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 232:

(parapsychology or cytology) Relating to, or having the properties or appearance of, ectoplasm.


red corpuscle

(cytology) An erythrocyte (red blood cell).


red cell

(hematology, cytology) A type of cell in the blood of vertebrates that contains haemoglobin and transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; a red blood cell.


apomeiosis

(cytology) A suppressed, or imperfect meiosis


neuroglia

en-noun

neuroglia (plural neuroglia or neuroglias)


hemotoxin

(chiefly cytology) Any toxin that destroys red blood cells


immunostained

(cytology) stained by means of immunostaining.


antiport

(cytology) A structure in a cell membrane that simultaneously transports different molecules or ions through the membrane in opposite directions

antiporte

a structure in a cell membrane that simultaneously transports different molecules or ions through the membrane in opposite directions


endocytic

(cytology) Of or pertaining to endocytosis


osteoclast

From osteo- (“bone”) + -clast (“break”).

Inhibition of osteoclast activation and differentiation is an effective strategy for blocking bone resorption.

2022, Yajing Yang, Zhipeng Zeng, with Lei Yuan, Hong Cao, Jianmin Guo, and Xuchang Zhou, “Application and Molecular Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoporosis”, in Current issues in molecular biology, volume 44, number 12, →DOI:

(physiology, cytology) A large multinuclear cell associated with the resorption of bone.


hematogenesis

1903, James Ewing, “Progressive pernicious anemia is believed by some to result through defective hematogenesis, and by others primarily from excessive...”, in Clinical Pathology of the Blood: A Treatise on the General Principles and Special Application of Hematology, page 215:

1965, William Bloom, Hal Downey, “This has not as yet been accomplished for mammalian material, although studies have been made of hematogenesis in vivo in Fundulus embryos...”, in Handbook of Hematology, page 867:

2005, C. Edward Collins, “...or wrinkled skin blood cyst formation of blood cells adjectival form of hematogenesis abnormal blood condition pain in a nerve stretched nerve synonym...”, in A Short Course in Medical Terminology, page 302:

(hematology, cytology) Blood cell formation in the human body, especially the bone marrow, hematopoiesis.


endocytose

en-verb

endocytose (third-person singular simple present endocytoses, present participle endocytosing, simple past and past participle endocytosed)

endocytoses (present singular third-person)
endocytosing (participle present)
endocytosed (participle past)
endocytosed (past)

(cytology) Of a cell, to ingest material by folding the plasma membrane inwards around it.


cellomics

(cytology) The study of cell phenotypes and functions


autolysosome

(cytology) The result of the fusion of an autophagosome and a lysosome


plastid

From German Plastid, from Ancient Greek πλαστός (plastós), verbal adjective of πλάσσω (plássō).

(cytology) Any of various organelles found in the cells of plants and algae, often used for photosynthesis.


podocyte

(cytology) A cell of the visceral epithelium in the kidney


dendron

en-noun

dendron (plural dendrons or (uncommon) dendra)

dendrons (plural)
dendra (plural uncommon)

Coined from dendrite by E. A. Schäfer in 1893, by analogy with neuron.

(cytology) A slender projection of a nerve cell which conducts nerve impulses from a synapse to the body of the cell; a dendrite.


metallophilic

the metallophilic cytoplasm


karyotypically

a karyotypically normal cell line


megakaryoblastic

a megakaryoblastic leukemia

(cytology) Of or pertaining to a megakaryoblast


phagocytose

en-verb

phagocytose (third-person singular simple present phagocytoses, present participle phagocytosing, simple past and past participle phagocytosed)

phagocytoses (present singular third-person)
phagocytosing (participle present)
phagocytosed (participle past)
phagocytosed (past)

(immunology, cytology) To phagocytize; to ingest by phagocytosis.


megakaryoblast

(cytology) A precursor cell in hematopoiesis which gives rise to the promegakaryocyte, which in turn gives rise to the megakaryocyte.


perinucleolar

the perinucleolar chromatin

(cytology) Of or pertaining to the area within the nucleus and near the nucleolus


centralspindlin

From central spindle + -in. Coined by the Glotzer et al. research group at the University of Vienna no later than 2001.http://www.google.com/patents?id=CnaFAAAAEBAJ

(cytology, biochemistry) A protein complex associated with RacGAP (Rac GTPase activating protein, which shuts down nearby Rac) and RhoGEF (which activates nearby Rho) and a kinesin, playing a key role in the formation of the central spindle in mitosis


filopodial

a filopodial protrusion

(cytology) Of, in or pertaining to the filopodia of a cell


filopodium

From filum (“thread”) + -podium (“leg-like structure”).

af

(cytology) A slender cytoplasmic projection which extends from the leading edge of a migrating cell

filopode

a slender cytoplasmic projection which extends from the leading edge of a migrating cell


hemichannel

(cytology) A connexin channel formed between two cells.


multipotency

en-noun

multipotency (countable and uncountable, plural multipotencies)

(cytology, developmental biology) The ability of a progenitor cell to develop into a limited number of cell types.


postmeiotic

postmeiotic segregation


pinosome

(cytology) A vesicle filled with extracellular fluid, formed by pinching the cell membrane inward through pinocytosis


macropinosome

(cytology) A large vesicle filled with extracellular fluid and formed through macropinocytosis


macropinocytosis

macropinocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural macropinocytoses)

(cytology) A form of endocytosis in which a large fluid-filled vesicle, or macropinosome, is pinched off from the cell membrane and brought into the interior of the cell


paranuclear

(cytology) Near and outside of the nucleus.


prenucleation

(cytology) Occurring before nucleation; occurring before the formation of a nucleus.


decondensed

en-adj

decondensed (comparative more decondensed, superlative most decondensed)

more decondensed (comparative)
most decondensed (superlative)

(cytology) Describing chromatin that has a loosened texture


decondensation

(cytology) A loosening of the texture of chromatin.


pentachrome

en-noun

pentachrome (countable and uncountable, plural pentachromes)

(cytology) A complex staining procedure that stains various parts of cells different colours.


chromophobe

We have made diagnoses of medulloblastomas, astrocytomas, glioblastomatous or sarcomatous tumors, periadventitial and meningeal sarcomatoses, meningiomas, and a chromophobe adenoma.

2013, Klaus Joachim Zülch, Brain Tumors: Their Biology and Pathology, page 53:

(cytology) Any cell that is resistant to staining


eosinophilic

en-adj

eosinophilic (comparative more eosinophilic, superlative most eosinophilic)

more eosinophilic (comparative)
most eosinophilic (superlative)

(cytology) That is readily stained with eosin.


erythroblast

(cytology) A cell in the bone marrow from which red blood cells develop


spheroplast

The localization of overexpressed TTHA1718 was then analysed by measuring 2D 1 H– 15 N HSQC spectra of spheroplasts and periplasmic extract, which were fractionated from TTHA1718-expressing 15 N-labelled cells by lysozyme-EDTA treatment using the conditions described previously 35 .

2009 March 5, Daisuke Sakakibara et al., “Protein structure determination in living cells by in-cell NMR spectroscopy”, in Nature, volume 458, number 7234, →DOI:

(cytology) A cell from which the cell wall has been removed


chromaffin

(cytology) Having an affinity for (and thus being stained brownish yellow) by chromium salts.


congophilic

congophilic (comparative more congophilic, superlative most congophilic)

more congophilic (comparative)
most congophilic (superlative)

(cytology) Describing tissue that is readily stained by Congo red.


vibratome

(cytology) A vibrating microtome used to section soft tissue without freezing


binucleation

en-noun

binucleation (countable and uncountable, plural binucleations)

(cytology) The division of a nucleus without division of the cell's cytoplasm.


karyon

From the Ancient Greek κάρυον (káruon, “nut, kernel”).


organular

(cytology) Of or pertaining to an organelle of the cell.


dendrocyte

As a result of the 6 latter points we may consider the existence of two kinds of cells with distinct characteristics; the dendrocyte and the tumor cell.

1973, Eugène Follmann, Human melanin, page 231:

(cytology) A dendritic cell that originates in bone marrow.


cytopenia

en-noun

cytopenia (usually uncountable, plural cytopenias)

(cytology) A reduction in the number of blood cells for any of several reasons.


cytopharynx

cytopharynx (plural cytopharynxes or cytopharynges)

cytopharynxes (plural)
cytopharynges (plural)

(cytology) A tube-like opening in the lateral surface of a ciliate, through which food is ingested.

solunielu

opening through which a ciliate ingests its food


plasma membrane

plasma membrane (plural plasma membranes)

(cytology) The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.


plasmoditrophoblast

(cytology) The outer, syncytial layer of the trophoblast.


cytophagy

(cytology) The ingestion of cells by phagocytes.


stemness

stemness (usually uncountable, plural stemnesses)

(cytology) An essential characteristic of a stem cell that distinguishes it from ordinary cells.


karyoplast

(cytology) A cellular nucleus together with a plasma membrane containing a small amount of cytoplasm


anoikic

Moreover, another process, autophagy — in which the cell digests some of its own components — is observed in anoikic cells.

2009 September 2, Eyal Gottlieb, “Cancer: The fat and the furious”, in Nature, volume 461, number 7260, →DOI, pages 44–45:

(cytology) Exhibiting anoikis, the form of apoptosis that occurs when a cell comes loose from its anchorage


anoikis

Pseudo-Greek coinage intended to have the sense of "homelessness". Compare Ancient Greek ἄνοικος (ánoikos, “homeless wanderer”).

cog

Loss of matrix attachment of cultured epithelial cells activates a caspase-mediated apoptotic program known as anoikis.

2009 August 19, Zachary T. Schafer et al., “Antioxidant and oncogene rescue of metabolic defects caused by loss of matrix attachment”, in Nature, volume 461, number 7260, →DOI, pages 109–113:

(cytology) The form of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, that occurs when a cell becomes dislodged from its matrix

anoiquia

cell death that occurs when a it becomes dislodged from its matrix


mammosphere

(cytology) A clump of mammary gland cells that forms under certain circumstances


CFU

colony-forming unit
colony-forming unit#English

(cytology) Initialism of colony-forming unit.


eutely

From Ancient Greek εὐ- (eu-, “good”) (modern sense: “true”) + τέλος (télos, “result, end”) + -y, i.e. “the state of having a true limit”.

(microbiology, cytology) The property of a species that all members have the same pattern of cell division, and thus the same number of cells, either in the whole body or in a particular organ system such as the nervous system.


hair bundle

As revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the cavities are arranged in a characteristic honeycomb-like pattern and each hair bundle is enclosed in an alveolus.

1975, K. Tanaka, C. A Smith, “Structure of the avian tectorial membrane.”, in The Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 84, no 3, pt 1 (May-June 1975), 287:

1988 Howard, J. and Hudspeth, A. J. "Compliance of the hair bundle associated with gating of mechanoelectrical transduction channels in the Bullfrog's saccular hair cell." Neuron 1, no. 3, (1 May 1988) [cited 18 December 2009], 189, http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/0896-6273%2888%2990139-0 .
To test this model, we measured the stiffness of hair bundles during mechanical stimulation.

(cytology) a group of cellular processes resembling hair, characteristic of hair cells


nucleoskeleton

(cytology) The framework of the cell nucleus, supporting DNA replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, signaling, and mRNA synthesis, processing and transport.


nucleo-

Formed from nucleus, from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”), a diminutive of nux (“nut”).

(biochemistry, cytology) Forming words pertaining to the cell nucleus or to nucleic acid.


bacmid

(cytology) A shuttle vector that can be propagated in both E. coli and insect cells.


shuttle vector

(cytology) A vector constructed, usually with selectable markers and tags, so that it can propagate in two different host species.


ATG

en-adj

ATG (comparative more ATG, superlative most ATG)

more ATG (comparative)
most ATG (superlative)

The lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy plays a fundamental role in cellular, tissue and organismal homeostasis and is mediated by evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes.

2020, Levine B, Kroemer G, “Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective”, in Cell, 176:1-2, page 11:

(cytology) Short for "autophagy-related" as pertains to genes or proteins


argyrophilic

argyrophilic (comparative more argyrophilic, superlative most argyrophilic)

more argyrophilic (comparative)
most argyrophilic (superlative)

Tumor cells of both the endocrine cell carcinoma and the adenocarcinoma were argyrophilic.

1989, M. Yamamoto, S. Nakajo, “Endocrine cell carcinoma (carcinoid) of the gallbladder”, in The American journal of surgical pathology, →DOI, →PMID:

(cytology) Having an affinity for silver (and thus able to be stained by a subsequent reducing agent).


cellulipetal

(cytology, neurology) That carries nerve impulses towards a neuron.


cellulifugal

(cytology, neurology) That carries nerve impulses away from a neuron.


decloak

en-verb

decloak (third-person singular simple present decloaks, present participle decloaking, simple past and past participle decloaked)

decloaks (present singular third-person)
decloaking (participle present)
decloaked (participle past)
decloaked (past)


stomatocyte

(cytology) erythrocyte with an oval or rectangular central pallor.


sudanophilia

In this study the Cebus monkeys had very low levels of aortic sudanophilia.

2012, Robert A. Harris, Feeding and Nutrition of Nonhuman primates, page 165:

(cytology) An affinity for (and ability to be stained by) Sudan Red.


cytoanalysis

(cytology) The analysis of cell samples, especially when used for diagnostic purposes


reduction division

en-noun

reduction division (countable and uncountable, plural reduction divisions)

(biology, genetics, cytology) the first of the two divisions of meiosis, a type of cell division.

diviziune reducțională

(biology, genetics, cytology) meiosis as a whole, a type of cell division.


myofibroblast

(cytology) A cell that is intermediate between a fibroblast and smooth muscle


reticuloendothelial

white blood cell
white blood cell#English

(cytology) Describing all phagocytic cells (except some white blood cells).


plasson

(obsolete, cytology) A mass of undifferentiated anucleate protoplasm supposed to be the simplest structure of living organisms


vesuvin

From German Vesuvin, from Vesuv (“Vesuvius”) + -in.

(cytology) The pigment Bismark brown when used as a biological stain.


tonoplast

(cytology) The cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm


alloreactivity

(cytology, immunology) The reaction of a lymphocyte or antibody with an alloantigen.

alorreatividade

the reaction of a lymphocyte or antibody with an alloantigen


deparaffinized

(cytology) Describing a biological sample from which the paraffin wax used to preserve it has been removed


dyshesion

(pathology, cytology) A loss of ordered cohesion between cells.


endometrioid

en-adj

endometrioid (comparative more endometrioid, superlative most endometrioid)

more endometrioid (comparative)
most endometrioid (superlative)

(cytology) Resembling endometrial tissue


myoendocrine

(cytology) Describing endocrine cells that contain contractile fibres.


amphophilic

(cytology) That can be stained with either an acidic or a basic dye.


immunostainer

(immunology, cytology) Any of various devices used for staining immunological samples, or for staining biological samples immunologically


auramine

fluorescence microscopy
fluorescence microscopy

(organic chemistry, cytology) Any of a family of fluorescent dyes used to stain tissues for fluorescence microscopy


microgamete

(cytology) The smaller of a pair of anisogamous, conjugating gametes; the male sperm or pollen


prefixation

First attested in 1921; formed as pre- + fixation.

(biology, cytology) Initial treatment of tissue with a fixative, as a preliminary to the application of another fixative or to the use of a different treatment.


trichrome

/ˈtɹaɪˌkɹəʊm/

To summarize: it is possible to make reasonable predictions about the type of force to which connective tissues are subjected by examination of the morphological and biochemical features of[…]the histological staining reaction of the collagen fibers by the Masson trichrome stain[…]

1995, Joan E. Sanders, Barry S. Goldstein, Daniel F. Leotta, “Skin response to mechanical stress: Adaptation rather than breakdown--A review of the literature”, in Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, volume 32, number 3:

Mitochondrial content was estimated based on visualization of the modified Gomori's trichrome stain.

2011, Colleen A. McMullen et al., “Chronic Stimulation-Induced Changes in the Rodent Thyroarytenoid Muscle”, in Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, volume 54, number 3:

(cytology, of a stain) Staining three different tissues three different colours.


trichrome

/ˈtɹaɪˌkɹəʊm/

The stains used were hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome, and Verhoeff's stain. Sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin have nuclei that were stained blue, cartilage and calcium deposits stained dark blue, cytoplasm and other constituents stained shades of red, and blood stained bright red.

2001, Laura E. Edsberg, Joseph R. Natiella, JoAnn Earle, “Microstructural characteristics of human skin subjected to static versus cyclic pressures”, in Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, volume 38, number 5:

Muscle sections stained with modified Gomori's trichrome demonstrated that thyroarytenoid muscles from both the 1- and 2-week chronic nerve-stimulated rats contained fibers with mitochondrial accumulations.

Segmental sections 5 μm thick were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson’s trichrome and analyzed by the senior pathologist using a light microscope (Olympus BX-50, Olympus, Japan).

2012, Kamuran Zeynep Sevim, Ozlem Silistreli, Metin Gorgu, Osman Sevim, Bekir Ergur, “Short-term vasculoprotective effects of imatinib mesylate on intimal hyperplasia of arterial anastomosis: An experimental study using a rabbit model”, in Plastic Surgery, volume 20, number 4, →PMID:

(cytology) A combined stain that stains three different tissues three different colours.


equation division

en-noun

equation division (plural equation divisions)

(biology, genetics, cytology) The second of the two divisions of meiosis, a type of cell division.


cytotrophoblast

(cytology) The inner layer of the trophoblast.


syncytiotrophoblast

(cytology) The outer layer of the trophoblast, consisting of a single cell with many nuclei and a very large size and surface area.


CCV

(cytology) Initialism of clathrin-coated vesicle.


trisome

(cytology) A chromosome which is represented three times instead of the usual two.


basal cell

(cytology) A cell of the basal layer (stratum basale) of the epidermis


enterochromaffin

(cytology) Describing epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa that contain serotonin; they are stained using chromium salts


achroacyte

(cytology) Any colourless cell (especially a lymphocyte)


achromacyte

(cytology) Any cell that lacks its normal pigmentation (especially an erythrocyte that has ruptured and lost its haemoglobin)


achrodextrin

(biochemistry, cytology) A form of dextrin that is not colourable by iodine

achroodekstryna

a form of dextrin that is not colourable by iodine


achromatophilia

(cytology) The condition of being an achromatophil


achromatophil

(cytology) A cell (or tissue) that is not readily coloured by stains


achromatinic

(cytology, of a cell nucleus) Lacking the ability to be coloured by a stain.


acidocyte

(obsolete, cytology) eosinophilic leukocyte


celluliferous

en-adj

celluliferous (comparative more celluliferous, superlative most celluliferous)

more celluliferous (comparative)
most celluliferous (superlative)

(cytology) Bearing or producing small cells.


misdivision

en-noun

misdivision (countable and uncountable, plural misdivisions)

(cytology) Abnormal (i.e. transverse instead of longitudinal) division of a centromere during meiosis or mitosis, resulting in two telocentric chromosomes from a single metacentric chromosome.


cytofluorometer

(cytology) A device used in cytofluorometry


cytofluorometry

(cytology) A technique used to separate cells (or chromosomes) via fluorescent markers


dikaryotic

(cytology, of a cell) Containing two nuclei.


nuclear membrane

nuclear membrane (plural nuclear membranes)

(cytology) A double lipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells; it contains the genetic material (DNA).

kernemembran

double lipid bilayer surrounding genetic material in eukaryotic cells


entoplastic

From ento- + Ancient Greek πλαστός (plastós, “mouldable”) + -ic.

der

the entoplastic products of some Protozoa

the entoplastic modification of the cell protoplasm, by which a nucleus is produced


tumorsphere

(cytology) A spheroid composed of tumor stem cells


heterophilic

(cytology) That is stained by more than one class of stain.


lipocyte

(cytology) An adipocyte in connective tissue that stores and metabolizes fat


synoviocyte

(cytology) A form of fibroblast cell that occurs in the synovial membrane


promonocyte

(cytology) A cell, arising from a monoblast, that develops into a monocyte


monomyelocyte

(cytology) A form of monocyte found in bone marrow


adenoblast

(cytology) An embryonic cell that can develop to form glandular parenchyma


radial glial cell

en-noun

radial glial cell (plural radial glial cells)

(cytology) Any of a form of glial cell, characterized by long radial processes extending from the ventricular zone, that are important in neurogenesis


smooth endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (uncountable)

(cytology) The region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is not occupied by ribosomes and is involved in the formation of distinct lipids.


rough endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum (uncountable)

(cytology) The cytoplasm-facing region of the endoplasmic reticulum, occupied by ribosomes that are involved in the formation of membrane and secretory proteins.


cisternal maturation model

(cytology) A proposed transport mechanism of protein through the Golgi apparatus in which the cisternae move, beginning at the cis face and progressing via the medial face to the trans face.


stemline

(cytology) The clone or copy of a cell or set of cells that is most basic, involving the fewest mutations or complexity.


resting potential

resting potential (plural resting potentials)

(cytology) The nearly latent membrane potential of inactive cells.


azurophilic

en-adj

azurophilic (comparative more azurophilic, superlative most azurophilic)

more azurophilic (comparative)
most azurophilic (superlative)

/əˌz(j)ʊəɹəˈfɪlɪk/

(cytology) Readily stained with an azure stain


paranucleus

(cytology) An accessory nucleus; a smaller body in the cell resembling the nucleus.


micromelanophore

(cytology) A relatively small melanophore (up to 100 µm)


macromelanophore

(cytology) A relatively large melanophore (up to 300–500 µm)


exoneme

(cytology) A dense, granular organelle that mediates the exit of parasites from an infected erythrocyte


immunocytofluorescence

(cytology, immunology) The use of immunofluorescence to label cells


deparaffinization

(cytology) The removal of paraffin wax from slides prior to staining


calcofluor

(cytology) A white stain that binds to cellulose and chitin in cell walls


caveosome

(cytology) A proposed membrane-bound organelle associated with caveolae


hyalinocyte

(cytology) An agranular haemocyte containing a central nucleus and little cytoplasm.


morphonuclear

(cytology) Relating to the shape of a cell nucleus


cytoband

(genetics, cytology) Any of a pattern of bands, formed on chromosomes of cells undergoing metaphase, that serve to identify particular chromosomes


lymphohistiocytic

(cytology, physiology) Relating to both lymphocytes and histiocytes


prechondroblast

(cytology) A cell that develops into a chondroblast


necroptosis

Blend of necrosis + apoptosis, as necroptosis combines characteristics of both processes.

(biology, cytology) A programmed form of necrosis.


chondroclast

(cytology) A large, multinucleated cell involved in the resorption of calcified cartilage


thyrotrope

(cytology) An endocrine cell in the anterior pituitary which produces thyroid-stimulating hormone in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.


subgranule

(cytology) A cell of the subgranular zone of the brain


osmiophilic

osmiophilic (comparative more osmiophilic, superlative most osmiophilic)

more osmiophilic (comparative)
most osmiophilic (superlative)

(cytology) Having an affinity for, and thus easily stained by, osmium tetroxide


osmiophilicity

(cytology) The condition of being osmiophilic


karyochrome

(cytology, dated) A type of neuron that has a nucleus that stains intensely


karyoclasis

(cytology) the disintegration of a cell's nucleus


karyomegaly

As the cell grows the large size of the nucleus appears to diminish, but in some cases karyomegaly exists, as in the mantle of Zonites, of slugs, and of Prosobranchs, the circumcerebral tissue of snails, and the tissue around the otocyst in Cyclostoma.

1895 April 20, “Connective Cells of Gastropods”, in Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, volume 15, number 2, page 167:

In addition, mammary glands in transgenic mice exhivited an increased occurrence of multinucleated cells, and some nuclei were enlarged (karyomegaly), with a hyperchromatic appearance.

1999, Andrea Manni, Endocrinology of Breast Cancer, page 85:

For the few chemical compounds where the histogenesis of renal adenocarcinoma has been studied in detail, karyomegaly is often seen as one of the earliest cellular alterations which can be related to carcinogen exposure.

2013, G. W. Richter, International Review of Experimental Pathology: Kidney Disease, page 368:

(cytology) The condition of having an enlarged cell nucleus.


hemalum

en-noun

hemalum (usually uncountable, plural hemalums)

(cytology) a mixture of hematoxylin and alum that is used to stain cell nuclei


homokaryon

(cytology) A cell that has multiple, identical nuclei in common cytoplasm.


dictyosome

(cytology) A plant organelle that is functionally equivalent to the Golgi apparatus in animal cells.

dictyosome

a plant organelle that is functionally equivalent to the Golgi apparatus in animal cells


proplastid

(cytology) A small, colourless cell that develops into any form of plastid


histotype

(cytology) Any of a range of tissue types that arise during the growth of a tumour.


microfold

(cytology) A small folded structure in the side of some cella


tenocyte

(cytology) An elongated fibroblast cell found in tendons


hematoendothelial

(cytology) Relating to hematopoietic and endothelial cells


tormogen

From Ancient Greek τόρμος (tórmos, “socket”) + -gen.

(cytology) A specialized epidermal cell in insects, associated with the formation of the socket around the base of a bristle.


monoblast

(cytology) A cell, normally found in bone marrow, that matures into a monocyte


argentaffin

(cytology) That is stained by silver salts


phragmosome

(cytology) A sheet of cytoplasm forming in highly vacuolated plant cells in preparation for mitosis.


chromophile

(cytology) Any cell that can be easily stained.


apoptose

en-verb

apoptose (third-person singular simple present apoptoses, present participle apoptosing, simple past and past participle apoptosed)

apoptoses (present singular third-person)
apoptosing (participle present)
apoptosed (participle past)
apoptosed (past)

Part of the resolution of inflammation, particularly the removal of accumulated neutrophils, is because neutrophils are induced to apoptose (43).

2000, William E. Garrett, Donald T. Kirkendall, editors, Exercise and Sport Science:

(biology, cytology, transitive, intransitive) To cause the cell to undergo apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death.


enteroblast

(cytology) A form of midgut cell, associated with stem cells, that develops into an enterocyte


passageable

en-adj

passageable (comparative more passageable, superlative most passageable)

more passageable (comparative)
most passageable (superlative)

(cytology, virology) Capable of being maintained or preserved indefinitely by transplantation in tissue cultures or other organisms.


vacuolate

en-verb

vacuolate (third-person singular simple present vacuolates, present participle vacuolating, simple past and past participle vacuolated)

vacuolates (present singular third-person)
vacuolating (participle present)
vacuolated (participle past)
vacuolated (past)


supravital

(cytology, of a stain) Capable of staining living cells after their removal from a host


chromatophilic

en-adj

chromatophilic (comparative more chromatophilic, superlative most chromatophilic)

more chromatophilic (comparative)
most chromatophilic (superlative)


chromatoid

We have no direct evidence that excystation occurs while the chromatoids are present. The amoeba illustrated in Fig. 27 may be excysting with chromatoids. However, this may also be artificial excystation produced by fixation.

(cytology) The part of a nucleus comprising DNA and proteins where chromosomes are formed.


club cell

Named for their shape. See usage notes at Clara cell.

(anatomy, cytology) A dome-shaped cell with short microvilli, found in the bronchioles of the lungs, and capable of secreting glycosaminoglycans, in order to protect the bronchiole lining.


karyosome

en-noun

karyosome (countable and uncountable, plural karyosomes)

(cytology) The chromatin material inside a cell nucleus when the cell is not undergoing mitotic division.


chromophobic

en-adj

chromophobic (comparative more chromophobic, superlative most chromophobic)

more chromophobic (comparative)
most chromophobic (superlative)


syndesis

en-noun

syndesis (usually uncountable, plural syndeses)

Initially in cytology from German Syndesis, coined by Valentin Häcker in 1904 from Ancient Greek σύνδεσις (súndesis, “binding, joining”), from συνδεῖν (sundeîn, “to join, to bind”) + -σῐς (-sis, “-sis: forming nouns”), from σῠν- (sun-, “together”) + δεῖν (deîn, “to bind, to tie”). Equivalent to syn- + -desis.

der

(cytology, obsolete) Synonym of synapsis, the pairing of chromosomes during cellular reproduction.


thromboblast

(cytology) A precursor to a platelet/thrombocyte.


trophoplast

From tropho- + -plast. Coined by Arthur Meyer in 1883.

In a paper on the same subject, A. Meyer proposes a somewhat different terminology. […] And since anaplasts, chromoplasts, and autoplasts are all nearly related in structure and origin, he includes them in the common term Trophoplasts.

(cytology, dated) Any of various organelles found in plant and algae cells, such as a chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast, or gerontoplast; a plastid.


spermatozoic

/ˌspɜːmətə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɪk/

(cytology) Of or pertaining to spermatozoa; of the nature of spermatozoa.


archoplasm

en-noun

archoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural archoplasms)

(cytology, dated) The substance from which attraction spheres develop in mitotic cell division, and of which they consist.

arcoplasma

the substance of cells’ attraction spheres


cell nucleus

(cytology) A large membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells; a nucleus.


cytosmear

(cytology) A sample of cells, in the form of a smear on a microscope slide, that has been stained ready for diagnostic examination


ektacytometry

(cytology) A method for measuring the deformability of cells, using shear stress


cytoadhere

en-verb

cytoadhere (third-person singular simple present cytoadheres, present participle cytoadhering, simple past and past participle cytoadhered)

cytoadheres (present singular third-person)
cytoadhering (participle present)
cytoadhered (participle past)
cytoadhered (past)


mononucleolar

The karyotype was mononucleolar: one obligatory nucleolus (N) was well developed in sec. 3, near the centromere and the telomere in arm G.

2015, Ninel A. Petrova et al., “Karyotypical characteristics of two allopatric African populations of anhydrobiotic Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 (Diptera, Chironomidae) originating from Nigeria and Malawi”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume 9, →DOI:


multinucleolar

The karyotype of the population is multinucleolar, with two nucleoli (N).


photoporation

Light: photoporation uses lasers to permeabilize cell membranes, with two principles described for gene therapy.

2015 July 2, Jumelle CMauclair CHouzet JBernard AHe ZForest Fet al., “Delivery of Molecules into Human Corneal Endothelial Cells by Carbon Nanoparticles Activated by Femtosecond Laser”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(cytology) The process of using light to create pores in a cell membrane


glycostructure

Intermediate glycostructures have different numbers of galactose, mannose, and sialic acid residues.

2015 July 2, Ligabue-Braun R, Sachett LG, Pol-Fachin L, Verli H, “The Calcium Goes Meow: Effects of Ions and Glycosylation on Fel d 1, the Major Cat Allergen”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(cytology) A structure of glycoproteins.


cnidogenesis

In the hydromedusa Clytia hemisphaerica, cell division and cnidogenesis is primarily restricted to interstitial stem cells in the proximal tentacle bulbs.

2015 August 5, “Structural and Developmental Disparity in the Tentacles of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia sp . 1”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


osmification

After osmification with 1 % osmiumtetroxide in cacodylate buffer for 120 min the cells were washed again.

2015 July 22, Martina Broecker-Preuss et al., “Cell death induction by the BH3 mimetic GX15-070 in thyroid carcinoma cells”, in Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR, volume 34, →DOI:

(cytology) staining or fixating with osmic acid solution


glycopattern

Among these, the GlcNAc binder DSA showed a stronger binding signal than the others (see Fig 5A ), which indicated that GlcNAc was a dominant glycopattern in DENV-2.

2015 July 25, “Characterization of N-Glycan Structures on the Surface of Mature Dengue 2 Virus Derived from Insect Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) The pattern of glycosides in a biological sample


paraspeckle

(cytology) An irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, found in the nucleus's interchromatin space


prestaining

Sequential staining is critical as Pyronin Y can also bind DNA and the prestaining of DNA with Hoechst 33342 blocks this.

2015 July 29, “Multiparametric Cell Cycle Analysis Using the Operetta High-Content Imager and Harmony Software with PhenoLOGIC”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) staining prior to some other operation.


zeiosis

Coined by Costero and Pomerat (1951), who refer it to Ancient Greek ζείω (zeíō), alternative form of ζέω (zéō, “to boil”) + -osis. The authentic Ancient Greek term would be ζέσις (zésis, “boiling”).
The derivation was chosen because blebs are said to "resemble the behavior of a very dense fluid under intense boiling".


spermiate

spermiate (third-person singular simple present spermiates, present participle spermiating, simple past and past participle spermiated)

spermiates (present singular third-person)
spermiating (participle present)
spermiated (participle past)
spermiated (past)

Two-year-old male yellow perch were induced to spermiate at the end of February 1992.

1993, A. Ciereszko, “Cryopreservation of Yellow Perch Semen”, in The Progressive Fish-culturist, page 261:

(cytology, of mature spermatids) To release from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen prior to passage to the epididymis.


codistribute

codistribute (third-person singular simple present codistributes, present participle codistributing, simple past and past participle codistributed)

codistributes (present singular third-person)
codistributing (participle present)
codistributed (participle past)
codistributed (past)

This population of cells continues to codistribute closely with venous elements and remains excluded from a vascular regions in the developing wing bud.

(cytology) (of cellular components) to distribute, spread together


counterdye

counterdye (third-person singular simple present counterdyes, present participle counterdyeing, simple past and past participle counterdyed)

counterdyes (present singular third-person)
counterdyeing (participle present)
counterdyed (participle past)
counterdyed (past)

(cytology) To dye with a counteracting stain.


normochromatic

Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity were assessed by the frequency of MNPCE, whereas cytotoxicity and anticytotoxicity were evaluated by the PCE and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio (PCE/NCE).

2015 September 4, “Genotoxic, Cytotoxic, Antigenotoxic, and Anticytotoxic Effects of Sulfonamide Chalcone Using the Ames Test and the Mouse Bone Marrow Micronucleus Test”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) Having a normal colour (when stained)


erythrophagocytosis

Thus, consistent with its known function in regulating RBC phagocytosis, Hu5F9-G4 caused a transient anemia, likely due to erythrophagocytosis, but was otherwise well-tolerated.

2015 September 22, “Pre-Clinical Development of a Humanized Anti-CD47 Antibody with Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Potential”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology, immunology) The phagocytosis of erythrocytes


extravesicular

The normalized fluorescence change (ΔF/ΔF max ) was determined by dividing the observed fluorescence change (ΔF) by that induced by adding 1% β-OG to the extravesicular medium (ΔF max ).

2015 November 26, “A Versatile Strategy for Production of Membrane Proteins with Diverse Topologies: Application to Investigation of Bacterial Homologues of Human Divalent Metal Ion and Nucleoside Transporters”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


pycnomorphic

(cytology) Having a compact arrangement of stainable parts


extracytosolic

Albumin receptors megalin and cubilin both possess long extracytosolic domain floating in the urinary space.

2015 October 15, “Akt Links Insulin Signaling to Albumin Endocytosis in Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


helioflagellate

(cytology) A freshwater protozoan of the class Zoomastigophorea.


eutelic

The limitations of eutelic organisms illustrate the merits of the normal plan of reproduction by cell division.

2014, Jean Brachet, Alfred E. Mirsky, Meiosis and Mitosis: Biochemistry, Physiology, Morphology:

(microbiology, cytology) Characterized by eutely.


provacuole

(cytology) A vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm that develops into a vacuole.


cytofilius

(cytology) An irregular cellular process, similar to a microvillus


cytoadhesion

To investigate if the in silico results are consistent with physiological observations, we studied the cytoadhesion of human parasitized (Plasmodium falciparum) erythrocytes to primary human STB cultures, in flow conditions with different WSS values.

2016 January 28, “Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Maternal Circulation: Wall Shear Stress in the Human Placenta and Its Biological Implications”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


heteropycnosis

(cytology) The differential coiling and staining of parts of a chromosome


cytostructure

Liver section of S50 shows better cytostructure with minor inflammation (PI) .

2015 December 4, “Wild Edible Fruit of Prunus nepalensis Ser. (Steud), a Potential Source of Antioxidants, Ameliorates Iron Overload-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Liver Fibrosis in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) The structure of cells in a tissue


karyolemma

Photomicrographs revealed that the microvilli were shorter and sparser; the nuclear envelope invaginated and gaps in the karyolemma increased; and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) swelled significantly.

2015 December 5, “Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Heat- and Shake-Induced Injury in the Rat Small Intestine”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


mitotracker

TMRE was used in our study for mitochondrial staining instead of commonly used mitotracker dyes since we were interested in visualizing only the active mitochondria in the cells.

2015 December 15, “Collagen Promotes Higher Adhesion, Survival and Proliferation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) Any of a family of commercial fluorescent dyes used to stain mitochondria in living cells


chromosomology

In this study, morphology, growth rate, chromosomology, cytochemistry and molecular biology analysis of hiPSCs cultured on hUC-MSCs feeder in comparison to those on MEF feeder confirmed the characteristics of hiPSCs were of pluripotent stem cell properties.

2016 February 17, “Development of a Xeno-Free Feeder-Layer System from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Prolonged Expansion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Culture”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


karyomiton

(cytology, rare, obsolete) The reticular network of fine fibers, of which the nucleus of a cell is in part composed.


osteolineage

MDA-MB231 cells were cultured in the presence of CM from KM105-derived osteolineage cells for three days.

2016 March 3, “Pre-Osteoblasts Stimulate Migration of Breast Cancer Cells via the HGF/MET Pathway”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


pseudopalisade

They proposed two potential mechanisms of pseudopalisade formation: (a) tumour cells at greatest distance from arterial supplies become hypoxic due to increased metabolic demands, leaving a central necrotic core; (b) microvascular occlusion or collapse within the neoplasm could lead to perivascular hypoxia.

2016 March 3, “Mathematical Modelling of a Brain Tumour Initiation and Early Development: A Coupled Model of Glioblastoma Growth, Pre-Existing Vessel Co-Option, Angiogenesis and Blood Perfusion”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) A hypercellular zone that typically surrounds necrotic tissue


immunocytology

[ 86 ] analyzed the combined use of cytology, FISH (UroVysion), immunocytology (ImmunoCyt), and NMP22 (ELISA) for surveillance of NMI BC in a cohort of 106 patients.

2015 July 31, M Hammad Ather, Syed M Nazim, “New and contemporary markers of prognosis in nonmuscle invasive urothelial cancer”, in Korean Journal of Urology, volume 56, →DOI:

(immunology, cytology) An extension of cytology in which antibodies are used to disrupt cells


anisopoikilocytosis

en-noun

anisopoikilocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural anisopoikilocytoses)

(cytology) The presence of RBCs of varying size and shape.


methacarn

Fragments of ventral prostate were fixed by immersion in 4% formaldehyde freshly prepared in phosphate buffer pH 7.2 and methacarn (1 : 3 : 6 of acetic acid, chloroform, and methanol) and embedded in Paraplast.

2015 July 30, Marina G. Gobbo et al., “Influence of Melatonin on the Proliferative and Apoptotic Responses of the Prostate under Normal and Hyperglycemic Conditions”, in Journal of Diabetes Research, volume 2015, →DOI:

(cytology) A mixture of methanol, chloroform and acetic acid used as a fixative


megaloblastoid

After induction II per AAML1031 high risk arm bone marrow morphologic examination showed megaloblastoid maturation with 7% blasts; however, flow cytometric analysis revealed normal antigen expression on all myeloid precursors and absence of the abnormal promyelocytic population identified earlier.

2015 August 17, Kathleen Overholt et al., “Promyelocytic Leukemia with No Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha Abnormality but with RUNX1T1 Insertion to Chromosome 7q: A Classification and Management Dilemma”, in Case Reports in Hematology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(cytology) Relating to, or characterised by megaloblasts.


fasciacyte

(cytology) A fibroblastic cell, of the fascia, thought to produce hyaluronic acid in response to pain


nanodoubler

(cytology) An asymmetric nonlinear crystalline nanoparticle used to study the evolution of stem cells


karyosomal

en-adj

karyosomal (comparative more karyosomal, superlative most karyosomal)

more karyosomal (comparative)
most karyosomal (superlative)

(cytology) Of, or related to karyosomes.


ectoplast

(cytology) The ectoplasmic content of a cell.


synapto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek συνάπτω (sunáptō, “to conjoin, to connect”).


NRBC

(hematology, cytology) Initialism of nucleated red blood cell.


phorocyte

(cytology) A mobile cell that transports the buds of doliolids


G1 phase

(biology, cytology) The first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division.


G2 phase

(biology, cytology) The second subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis.