second imperative

second imperative (countable and uncountable, plural second imperatives)

(Latin grammar, uncountable) The future imperative mood (second- and third-person forms possible); indicating a command that is to be carried out both now and in future.

(grammar, countable) A verb form in the second imperative.


first imperative

en-noun

first imperative (plural first imperatives)

second imperative
second imperative#English

(Latin grammar) present imperative (second-person forms only); compare second imperative


fut.

head

fut. (uncountable in one sense; already plural in the other)

volētis, 2 ⁿᵈ-pers. pl. fut. of volō (“I wish”, “I will”)

(uncountable, chiefly grammar) Abbreviation of future.


tensal

Names which do not terminate in a vowel sound, require a vowel prefixed to the tensal inflection, rendering it obun, or ebun.

1834, Henry Schoolcraft, Narrative of an expedition through the upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, page 193:

If this theory be correct, it shows that the nature of the Hebrew verb, which agrees with the Syriac and Arabic verb, is rather modal than tensal, and differs widely from that of the verb in the Greek, Latin, and modern languages of Europe.

1865, Francis Barham, “History of the Hebrew philology”, in The Fortnightly, volume 3, Review, page 571:

In some participial constructions, however, an aorist participle can have either a tensal or aspectual meaning.

2007, Carlos Quiles, A Grammar of Modern Indo-European, page 160:

(grammar) of or pertaining to grammatical tense


plusquamperfect

From Latin plusquamperfectum (“more than perfect”), from plus (“more”) + quam (“than”) + perfectum, neuter singular of perfectus (“achieved; finished; perfected”).


apodotic

en-adj

apodotic (comparative more apodotic, superlative most apodotic)

more apodotic (comparative)
most apodotic (superlative)


sociative

(grammar) Being or relating to the sociative case.


sociative case

(grammar) case in Hungarian, Malayalam, Basque etc. meaning together with


conditional sentence

en-noun

conditional sentence (plural conditional sentences)

(grammar) A sentence discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. A full conditional sentence contains two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.


periodic structure

periodic structure (plural periodic structures)

(grammar) A sentence whose main clause appears at the end, after other, especially dependent, clauses.


possessee

(grammar) Verb complement in some languages or some constructions of a given language; the noun which is possessed.


nonfuture

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to the future tense.


adjectivize

en-verb

adjectivize (third-person singular simple present adjectivizes, present participle adjectivizing, simple past and past participle adjectivized)

adjectivizes (present singular third-person)
adjectivizing (participle present)
adjectivized (participle past)
adjectivized (past)

(American spelling, grammar) To convert a word into an adjective.


vetitive

(grammar) Expressing a wish that something will not happen, as in "May we never experience such hardship".


vetitive

(grammar) An element of language expressing a wish that something will not happen.


agent participle

en-noun

agent participle (plural agent participles)

(grammar) A verb form in some (e.g. Finno-Ugric) languages that allows the property of something being a target of an action to be formatted as an adjective-like attribute.


unsubstantive

en-adj

unsubstantive (comparative more unsubstantive, superlative most unsubstantive)

more unsubstantive (comparative)
most unsubstantive (superlative)

(grammar) Not having the form of a noun.


bare infinitive

en-noun

bare infinitive (plural bare infinitives)

(grammar) The infinitive form of an English verb without the particle to; a comparable infinitive in other Germanic languages, e.g. a German infinitive without a preceding "zu", or a Swedish one without a preceding "att".

infinitif nu

uninflected Germanic verb form without 'to'


grammatical case

grammatical case (plural grammatical cases)

The grammatical cases nominative and accusative are used for subject resp. direct object in many languages, including Latin.

(grammar) A mode of inflection of a word dependent on its use, especially the syntactic function in a phrase.


agentivity

(grammar) The state or condition of being agentive.

agentiivisuus

the state or condition of being agentive


pro-form

(grammar) A word that substitutes for words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, whose meaning is recoverable in context.


determinans

From Latin dētermināns, present active participle of dēterminō (“fix the limits of something”), from dē + terminō (“bound, limit”).

In the noun phrase “noun phrase”, “noun” is the determinans and “phrase” is the determinatum.

(grammar) A modifier; a word that modifies another word.


that clause

(grammar) A clause in a sentence that is introduced by the word that.

að-setning

clause in a sentence that is introduces by the word that


mixed declension

mixed declension (plural mixed declensions)

(German grammar) The declension pattern for attributive adjectives that follow the indefinite article ein, the negative article kein, and possessive determiners such as mein and dein.

(German grammar) The declension pattern for masculine and neuter nouns that have -en in the plural but -s, -es, or -ens in the genitive singular.

(Latin grammar) A subtype of the third declension with -ium in the genitive plural.


participially

(grammar) As a participle; in a participial manner.


subordinative

en-adj

subordinative (comparative more subordinative, superlative most subordinative)

more subordinative (comparative)
most subordinative (superlative)

a subordinative conjunction

(grammar) Used to introduce a subordinate sentence.


sentence adverb

en-noun

sentence adverb (plural sentence adverbs)

(grammar) An adverb that modifies an entire clause or sentence rather than a single word or phrase.


nonpresent

a nonpresent tense

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to the present.


g.

masc. g.
masculine gender


collective numeral

collective numeral (plural collective numerals)

(grammar) A numeral that signifies that several persons or things are taken definitely and unitedly together, in the sense of—both, all three, all four, etc.

անձներական թվական

a numeral, which signifies that several persons or things are taken definitely and unitedly together


modificand

A noun is the usual modificand of an adjective.

(grammar) A word, phrase, or clause which is modified.

被修飾詞

word, phrase, or clause which has been modified


parasynthesis

parasynthesis (countable and uncountable, plural parasyntheses)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παρασύνθεσις (parasúnthesis).

bor

παρασύνθεσις

(grammar) The formation of words by a combination of compounding and adding an affix, as in brown-eyed.

(grammar) The formation of words in which the prefixing and the suffixing are involved simultaneously, as in multifaceted.


passivization

en-noun

passivization (countable and uncountable, plural passivizations)

(US, grammar) The process of rendering into the passive form.


s.t.

Coordinate term: s.o.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of something.


comparative case

comparative case (plural comparative cases)

(grammar) A case used to mark a likeness to something, or that two things have the same quantity of something. It corresponds roughly to the English adverb "like". Languages that use the comparative case include Mari, Nivkh, and Chechen.


substantive case

substantive case (plural substantive cases)

(grammar) A case of second objects, being a derivation of the comparative case but intended for larger, more substantial objects, and used to join or combine one thing with another. It corresponds roughly to a variation of the accusative case: I understood him (him in the substantive case rather than the accusative, since no action is performed on the object). Languages that use the substantive case include Chechen and Ingush.


verbize

en-verb

verbize (third-person singular simple present verbizes, present participle verbizing, simple past and past participle verbized)

verbizes (present singular third-person)
verbizing (participle present)
verbized (participle past)
verbized (past)

(grammar, informal, rare) to create a new verb by adding a suffix (especially -ize) to a noun.


case ending

In the Latin noun domine, the -e case ending marks it as a masculine, singular, second-declension noun in the vocative case.

(grammar, in nouns and adjectives that inflect to mark grammatical case) A suffix-like element which indicates a word’s grammatical case, number, and gender.

naamvalsuitgang

a suffix-like element which indicates a word’s grammatical case, number, and gender


nonpredicate

(grammar) Not of or pertaining to a predicate.


asyndetic

From asyndeton + -ic. Equivalent to a- + syndetic.

(grammar, rhetoric) Of, related to, or characterized by asyndeton, lacking conjunctions or purposefully omitting conjunctions.


sbd.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of somebody.


s.o.

Coordinate term: s.t.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of someone.


adverbial genitive

en-noun

adverbial genitive (plural adverbial genitives)

(grammar) A noun declined in the genitive case that functions as an adverb.


raised point

(grammar) · (the Greek punctuation mark used in place of a semicolon in English).


completive

(grammar) A construction denoting completion.


perfectivization

(grammar) The process of forming a perfective verb from the imperfective verbal stem.


non-finite verb

non-finite verb (plural non-finite verbs)

(grammar) A verb form that lacks a subject, is not inflected by tense, aspect, mood, number, gender or person and cannot serve as a predicate.


finite verb

(grammar) A verb inflected for person and tense that can stand on its own as a complete sentence.


nonsubordinating

nonsubordinating conjunctions


comparative superlative

comparative superlative (plural comparative superlatives)

(grammar) In Spanish: the superlative form of an adjective when it is used in a grammatically comparative situation.


nameword

From name + word. Compare Dutch naamwoord (“nameword, noun (sensu lato)”) and German Namenwort.


direct speech

(grammar, narratology) the writing of speech, using the exact words of the speaker, usually between quotation marks


full infinitive

en-noun

full infinitive (plural full infinitives)

(grammar) The English infinitive verb form when introduced by the particle to, or the equivalent in other Germanic languages, e.g. a Swedish infinitive introduced by 'att', or a Norwegian Bokmål infinitive introduced by 'å'.


to-infinitive

(grammar) The English infinitive verb form when introduced by the particle to.


eventive

The word 'breakfast' is an eventive object in "she's having a breakfast".


eventive

(grammar) A word or construct that denotes an event.


incorporative

en-adj

incorporative (comparative more incorporative, superlative most incorporative)

more incorporative (comparative)
most incorporative (superlative)


subjectless

“We’re here to help you” versus “Were here to help you” makes no sense; a subjectless, past-tense message — as in, “The doctors were here to help you, but now they’re gone” — has scarcely appeared in the history of the universe.

2007 July 15, Ann Hodgman, “Children’s Books”, in New York Times:

(grammar) Lacking a grammatical subject.


selbri

A selbri together with its associated sumti (if any) forms a bridi (“sentence/predication”). A selbri without any sumti is called an observative bridi (“sentence/predication”).

(Lojban grammar) A word acting like a predicate, which is immediately preceded by one sumti (“argument”), x₁, and usually followed by one or more sumti (“arguments”): x₂, x₃... up to no further than x₅. It is analogous to a verb in natural languages (non-constructed languages).


submodify

en-verb

submodify (third-person singular simple present submodifies, present participle submodifying, simple past and past participle submodifyied)

submodifies (present singular third-person)
submodifying (participle present)
submodifyied (participle past)
submodifyied (past)


postpose

postpose (third-person singular simple present postposes, present participle postposing, simple past and past participle postposed)

postposes (present singular third-person)
postposing (participle present)
postposed (participle past)
postposed (past)

From French postposer. See post- and pose.

(grammar, transitive) To place (a word or phrase) after another in a sentence, especially in order to modify it


frustrative

The frustrative marked with the clitic -tha indicates that the action was 'frustrated', that it has failed already or is bound to fail; or that the success of an action is not yet certain.

2003, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “16 - Mood and modality”, in A Grammar of Tariana, from Northwest Amazonia, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 381 seqq.:

(grammar) A mood indicating frustration.


affixational

(grammar) Of or pertaining to affixation


anarthrously

(grammar) In an anarthrous manner; without an accompanying article.


subjunct

(grammar) An adverb that expresses a condition


postmodify

postmodify (third-person singular simple present postmodifies, present participle postmodifying, simple past and past participle postmodified)

postmodifies (present singular third-person)
postmodifying (participle present)
postmodified (participle past)
postmodified (past)

postmodifying phrase

postmodifying clause

(grammar) To modify or qualify the previous word or phrase.


depictive

(grammar) A grammatical construction that indicates the state of a noun in relation to the action of a verb.


exessive case

(grammar) a form of declension that indicates a change away from a state; the Estonian language and some dialects of Finnish have such a case

eksessiivi

noun case used to indicate a change away from a state


exessive

(grammar) Of, or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates the transition away from a state.


exessive

(grammar) The exessive case, or a word in that case.


inflective

(grammar) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection.


patrial

From Latin patria (“fatherland, country”). The United Kingdom sense was first introduced by the Immigration Act 1971 (c. 77).

(grammar, Latin, of a noun) Derived from the name of a country, and designating an inhabitant of the country; gentile.


delexical

en-adj

delexical (comparative more delexical, superlative most delexical)

more delexical (comparative)
most delexical (superlative)

The verb "take" is delexical in the phrase "take a shower".

(grammar, of a verb) That has little or no meaning by itself.


coreferential

To take an example from Chomsky (Knowledge (1986), p. 8), any native speaker of English knows that them can be interpreted as being coreferential to (i.e. referring to the same set of individuals as) the men in (5) (a) below, but not in (5) (b):
(5) (a) I wonder who the men expected to see them
 (b) The men expected to see them

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, →ISBN, page 6:

(chiefly grammar) Exhibiting coreference; referring to the same thing.


coreference

en-noun

coreference (countable and uncountable, plural coreferences)

If we use subscript letters to indicate coreference (so that two NPs
 with the same subscript refer to the same entity, whereas two NPs with differ-
 ent subscripts refer to different entities), then we can say that (19) is ambigu-
 ous as between the two interpretations represented in (20) below:
 (20) (i) The menᵢ will shoot the arrowsⱼ at each otherⱼ
 (ii) The menᵢ will shoot the arrowsⱼ at each otherᵢ

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 119:

(grammar) The relationship between multiple terms that have a common referent.

coreferència

grammar: the relationship between multiple terms that have a common referent


arthrous

From Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “a joint”) + -ous.

uder

We have concluded that Paul does not distinguish between the arthrous and anarthrous use of nomos.

1989, Brice L. Martin, Christ and the Law in Paul, Brill Archive, →ISBN, page 68:

(grammar) Of, pertaining to, or being the use of a term together with a grammatical article.


free indirect speech

(linguistics, grammar, semantics) A style of indirect speech which imitates direct speech, and converted to third person.


dagesh lene

From dagesh + Latin lēne (“soft, weak”).

(Hebrew grammar) A small dot put in the middle of a consonant in Hebrew. It originally had the effect of transforming a fricative sound into a stop.


dagesh forte

(Hebrew grammar) A form of dagesh which originally indicated gemination of its consonant sound.


suffixhood

(grammar) The state, condition, or qualification of being a suffix.


prefixhood

Thus, in OT, the prefixhood of in- is achieved through a constraint on output well-formedness, rather than being specified lexically.

2007, Paul V. De Lacy, The Cambridge handbook of phonology, page 459:

(grammar) The state, condition, or qualification of being a prefix.


Yoda

The character was introduced in Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. Perhaps from Sanskrit योद्धा (yoddhā, “warrior”).

You translated the words correctly, but the sentences are very Yoda-like. Perhaps you should review your grammar.

(grammar) Used to describe odd or eccentric word order, as typified by Yoda in lines such as, "Into exile I must go. Failed I have."


prosecutive case

en-noun

prosecutive case (plural prosecutive cases)

They are not compared in the usual sense of the word, but the comparative and superlative are sometimes expressed by using the ablative or prosecutive case, sometimes by using specific participles, and sometimes by adding a diminutive or argumentative, as the case may be.

1971, Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 24, Ireland:

(grammar) A special form of the prolative case used to describe movement along a surface or way.


intentive

en-adj

intentive (comparative more intentive, superlative most intentive)

more intentive (comparative)
most intentive (superlative)

From Middle English ententif, borrowed from Old French ententif, from Late Latin intentīvus (“intensive”), from Latin intendō (“I intend, I attend”).


predicative case

en-noun

predicative case (plural predicative cases)

Hjelmslev also notes that in Tabassaran, a Daghestan language of the Caucasus, a language with a very large case system (see section 5.6), there is a predicative case marked by -u-, -ä- or -ö-.

The conclusion could be formulated as follows: in Common Baltic, there was probably a certain marginal use of the instrumental as a marked predicative case alongside the nominative.

2004, William R. Schmalstieg, Philip Baldi, Pietro U. Dini, Studies in Baltic and Indo-European linguistics, page 88:

Even Arie deJong's revision of Volapük addded a predicative case.

2005, "Paul Bartlett" (username), "New (?) conlang", in alt.language.artificial, Usenet

predicative nominative
predicative nominative

predicative adjective
predicative adjective

(grammar) A term that may sometimes be used to describe the case marking a predicative nominative (a noun that renames the subject often following a linking verb), or for the adjective that agrees with it (predicative adjective).


X-bar

Pronunciation of its text representation: a letter X with overbar.

For example, the fact that give must occur as the leftmost constituent of the V-bar containing it follows from two conditions. The first is a putatively universal linearisation (i.e. word-order) principle proposed by Stowell (1981, p. 68) which we might call the PERIPHERY PRINCIPLE: this can be outlined informally as in (33) below:
 (33) PERIPHERY PRINCIPLE
 (33) The head term of a Phrase appears at the periphery of X-bar
 What (33) says is that the Head must be the leftmost or rightmost immediate constituent of X-bar.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 7, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 350:

(grammar, X-bar theory) A phrase, or, equivalently, a node in a syntax tree, which consists either of: (1) an adjunct and another X-bar phrase, (2) a head, X, and an optional complement, or (3) a conjunction sandwiched between two other X-bars. The X is a "pro-letter" which can be substituted by letters such as N for noun, V for verb, P for preposition, I for inflectional, etc.


weak verb

Calque of German schwaches Verb, equivalent to weak + verb.

A Weak Verb adds d, ed, or t, to the Present Tense, to make the Past Tense; as, invite, invited; betray, betrayed; step, stept.

1866, William Francis Collier, A Grammar of the English Language, with a Sketch of its History, etc., Edinburgh: Thomas Laurie, →OCLC, page 36:

(grammar) One of a class of Germanic verbs which use a dental affix appended to the stem to indicate tense; a Germanic weak verb.

zwak werkwoord

grammar: Germanic verb which uses dental affix to indicate tense

Three basic root consonant classes exist: the strong verb, roots with weak initial root consonant (I-weak verbs), roots with weak final consonants (III-weak verbs), and a composite class...

2009, Charles Häberl, The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 177:

(grammar, linguistics) A member of a "weak" class in a language with two or more verb classes.

Storage clearly is assumed for irregular verb forms. But what about regular or weak verb forms?

1998, Katrin Linder, “Overgeneralization revisited: the case of German past participles”, in Ray Fabri, Albert Ortmann, Teresa Parodi, editors, Models of inflection, Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, page 161:

(grammar) A verb the conjugation of which is regular.


strong verb

Calque of German starkes Verb, equivalent to strong + verb.

CONJUGATION OF THE STRONG VERB "TO TAKE" (Commonly called Irregular.) [...] Present, Take. Past, Took. Perf. Part. Taken.

1850, William Chauncey Fowler, English Grammar: The English Language in Its Elements and Forms, New York: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, page 280:

(grammar) Any of a class of Germanic verbs which use ablaut as opposed to a dental affix to indicate tense.

(grammar) Any of a subset of English irregular verbs which lack the addition of a dental affix to indicate the simple past and past participle tenses.

(grammar, linguistics) A member of a "strong" class in a language with two or more verb classes.


v.t.

(grammar) Initialism of verb transitive or transitive verb (often appears in dual language dictionaries)


exhortative

en-adj

exhortative (comparative more exhortative, superlative most exhortative)

more exhortative (comparative)
most exhortative (superlative)

/ɛɡˈzɔːtətɪv/

From late Middle English exhortatyf, from Latin exhortātīvus, from exhortātus + -ivus. By surface analysis, exhort + -ative.

In sections (5.2.7-10.) three special prohibitive moods were identified and described: negative imperative, negative exhortative and monitory.

1994, Hein van der Voort, A grammar of Kwaza, Mouton de Gruyzer, page 528:

(grammar, not comparable) Inflected hortative verb form that a speaker uses to avidly encourage a listener.


objective clause

en-noun

objective clause (plural objective clauses)

When both subjects are different, an objective clause is often changed for an infinitive with a subject; ...

1852, L. T. Covell, Covell's Digest of English Grammar:

Though opposite in intentional content, for instance, the object of hope and the object of fear are encoded in the same way: both are expressed by an objective clause.

2004, Michele Prandi, The Building Blocks of Meaning:

(grammar) A clause that takes place of the direct object of a verb.


intj

Welcome ... a. received with gladness, pleasing—intj. used to a new comer—v. a. to receive with kindness

1810, John Walker, A critical pronouncing dictionary, and expositor of the English language:

ái chài intj: Well, well!

2007, Phan Văn Giưỡng, Tuttle Compact Vietnamese Dictionary, page 3:


momentane

From Latin momentaneus. Doublet of momentaneous.

(grammar) In Finnish and Navajo, a verb aspect indicating that an occurrence is sudden and short-lived.


ECM

ECM (countable and uncountable, plural ECMs)

exceptional case-marking
exceptional case-marking#English

(grammar) Initialism of exceptional case-marking.


nominativus pendens

From Latin nominativus (“nominative case”) + pendens (“hanging, waiting”).

(grammar) A noun phrase, introduced as if the subject of a sentence, that is not actually used as such.


nominative absolute

nominative absolute (plural nominatives absolute or nominative absolutes)

nominatives absolute (plural)
nominative absolutes (plural)

(grammar) A grammatically independent element of a sentence conveying additional circumstances; present:

in English; realized as a noun phrase and a participle or adjective

accusative absolute
accusative absolute#English

genitive absolute
genitive absolute#English

in Ancient Greek, less frequent than the accusative absolute which is less frequent than the genitive absolute


prep.

prep. phrase

(grammar) Abbreviation of prepositional.


interj.

(lexicography, grammar) Alternative form of interj


subst.

B. Substt. // 1. infernum, i, n., the depths of the earth: ex inferno audiri, Jul. Obseq. 105 al. — // 2. infernus, i, m., hell (eccl. Lat.), Ambros. in Psa. 48, §§ 22, 24; Vulg. Job, 17, 13; id. Psa. 9, 18. — // 3. inferni, ōrum, m., the shades below: “Theseus infernis, superis testatur Achilles,” Prop. 2, 1, 37; 2, 28, 49. — // 4. inferna, ōrum, n. // a. The lower parts of the body, the abdomen, Plin. 25, 5, 21, § 51.

1879, Charlton Thomas Lewis and Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, “infernus” B–B.4.a

subst.

abbreviation of substantive or its equivalent


fem.

(grammar) Abbreviation of feminine (word or form of the feminine grammatical gender).


antiptosis

antiptosis (countable and uncountable, plural antiptoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀντίπτωσις (antíptōsis).

As a vocative form, deus is a clear violation of established norms. The grammarians occasionally encountered apparent examples of such vocatives in the texts they taught, and they explained them either by invoking the figure of antiptosis, in which the “correct” case is replaced by another, or by appeal to the concept of euphonia.

1997 April, John Rauk, “The Vocative of Deus and Its Problems”, in Classical Philology, volume XCII, № 2, page 143:

(grammar, rhetoric) Substitution of one grammatical case for another.

antiptosi

substitution of one grammatical case for another


labile verb

The verb 'break' is labile because it can be used both transitively: I broke the window, and intransitively: the window broke, and in either case the object undergoing the action of breakage is the window.

(grammar) A transitive verb, such as break, burn, boil, open, start, change, or assimilate, which may be used intransitively with the object of the action as the subject.


intradirective verb

intradirective verb (plural intradirective verbs)

In "I walked to the store", the verb 'walk' is intradirective, as the person undergoing the action is myself; in "I walked the dog" I no longer undergo the action, and the verb is transitive.

(grammar) An intransitive verb in which the subject both actively performs and undergoes the action, as in verbs of motion such as walk, go, fly.


perlative

(grammar) Describes a case, in very few inflected languages, that expresses movement through or along a referent noun, as "along" in "they travelled along the river".


small clause

(grammar) A minimal predicate structure that possesses arguments and predicates but no tense: small clauses usually occur within the context of full clauses and may act as the direct object of the verb.

smásetning

minimal predicate structures that possess arguments and predicates but no tense


gerund-participle

The gerund-participle ¶ Traditionally (for example, in the grammar of Latin), a gerund is a verb-form that is functionally similar to a noun, whereas a participle is one that is functionally similar to an adjective.

2005, Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student's Introduction to English Grammar:

THE TERM 'GERUND-PARTICIPLE' used in the title of this paper is adopted from Huddleston and Pullum (2002:80), who see no reason to give priority to one or the other of the traditional terms used to refer to the verbal uses of the English -ing form illustrated in (1):

2005, Patrick J. Duffley, The English gerund-participle in cognitive grammar:

The intralinguistic analysis carried out on our sample has revealed that, on average, the English gerund-participle is frequently used to realize circumstance adverbials, which may express a great variety of semantic roles.

2009, Frank Boers, Jeroen Darquennes, Koen Kerremans, Multilingualism and Applied Comparative Linguistics:

Therefore I was happy when Geoffrey Pullum and Rodney Huddleston, in the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, presented a clear and compelling argument that "A distinction between gerund and present participle can't be sustained" (pp. 80-83 and 1220-1222). They therefore use the merged category "gerund-participle".

2010, Mark Liberman, “Gerunds vs. participles”, in Language Log:

This amounted to 176 occurrences of the gerund-participle and 49 of the to-infinitive, an interesting statistic in itself, as it confirms the more noun-like character of the gerund-participle, ...

2014, Patrick Duffley, Reclaiming Control as a Semantic and Pragmatic Phenomenon:

(grammar) The form of an English verb that ends in -ing and can function as a noun, an adjective, or a progressive verb.


subcategorization

subcategorization (countable and uncountable, plural subcategorizations)

It seems a simple enough matter to extract a general principle of subcategorisation out of (81), along the lines of:
 (82) SUBCATEGORISATION PRINCIPLE
 (82) Any lexical item of category X will be subcategorised with respect
 (82) to the range of idiosyncratic Complements (i.e. sister constituents)
 (82) which it permits within the (minimal) X-bar containing it
 The subcategorisation frame for X will simply be an unordered list of the sets of categories which X permits as its Complements: we assume that the relative ordering of X and its Complements will be determined by independent principles (e.g. the HEAD FIRST PRINCIPLE).

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 7, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 365:

(grammar) The practice of specifying what types of complements a word may take when that word acts as the head of a phrase of a certain category; this specification restricts the wordʼs category, making it smaller, hence a “subcategory” of the wordʼs category.


masdar

Borrowed from Arabic مَصْدَر (maṣdar, “source”).

მასდარი მასდარი

(linguistics, chiefly grammar) Arabic verbal noun, also used in Georgian grammar (მასდარი)


imprecative

(grammar) A grammatical mood, found in some languages, used for curses (in the sense of wishing harm) and marked by a different set of affixes than the optative mood, which is used for wishes in general.


imprecative

(grammar) Pertaining to the imprecative mood.


quirky subject

(grammar) A subject in a grammatical case other than the nominative (used with certain verbs in some languages, e.g. Icelandic).


similative case

similative case (plural similative cases)

(grammar) A noun case used to indicate likeness, resemblance, or similarity. In English, this is usually expressed by the phrase is similar to or is like or looks like, as in "That bird looks like a robin." Languages that use the similative case include Old Turkic.

ئوخشاتما كېلىش

case used to indicate similarity or likeness


AdjP

(grammar) Abbreviation of adjective phrase.


AdvP

adverbial phrase
adverbial phrase#English

(grammar) Abbreviation of adverbial phrase.


subjectivization

subjectivization (countable and uncountable, plural subjectivizations)

(grammar) The act or process of subjectivizing; the process of change by which words develop a subjective in place of or alongside an objective sense.


hesternal

From Latin hesternus (“of or pertaining to yesterday; yesterday’s”) + English -al (suffix forming adjectives).

der

[A]t laſt, this happy fellow, on a high / Bed laid, and dawbed over with thick ointments, / Extends his rigid heels towards the door; but him / The heſternal Romans, with cover'd head, ſuſtained.

1795, Aulus Persius Flaccus, “Satire III”, in M[artin] Madan, transl., A New and Literal Translation of the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus, Dublin: […] John Exshaw, […], →OCLC, page 93:

But notwithstanding my cupidity for such dainties, I have that happy adaptation of taste which can banquet, with delight, upon hesternal offals; can nibble ignominious radishes, or masticate superannuated mutton.

1813, Eaton Stannard Barrett, “Letter X”, in The Heroine, or Adventures of a Fair Romance Reader, … In Three Volumes, volume I, London: […] Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 118–119:

I will keep no further journal of that same hesternal torch‐light; and, to prevent me from returning, like a dog, to the vomit of memory, I tear out the remaining leaves of this volume, and write, in Ipecacuanha,—'that the Bourbons are restored!!!' 'Hang up philosophy.'

1814 April 19, Lord Byron [George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron], “Journal, 1814”, in Thomas Moore, editor, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: […] In Two Volumes, volume I, London: John Murray, […], published 1830, →OCLC, page 514:

I rose by candle-light, and consumed, in the intensest application, the hours which every other individual of our party wasted in enervating slumbers, from the hesternal dissipation or debauch.

1828, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter XX, in Pelham; or, The Adventures of a Gentleman. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 196:

The hesternal or 'yesterday', tense differs from the hodiernal in having a tone on the subject prefix.

[1965], “A Learner’s Synopsis of Kirundi Structure”, in Earl W[ilson] Stevick, editor, Kirundi: Basic Course […], Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, Department of State, →OCLC, page xxxii:

We use the following meaning labels to characterize remoteness distinctions: [...] Hesternal past: the situation occurred yesterday, or on the day preceding the speech event. / Pre-hesternal past: the situation occurred before yesterday.

1994, Joan [Lea] Bybee, Revere [Dale] Perkins, William Pagliuca, “Anterior, Perfective, and Related Senses”, in The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, section 3.16 (Degrees of Remoteness), page 98:

Now that it is clear that hodiernal past, hesternal past and remote past are purely temporal categories, it must be established how exactly they divide the timeline. The difference between hodiernal and hesternal past is rigid and is based on objective grounds, i.e. on actual time rather than perceived temporal distance. The hodiernal past is used only for situations that occurred on the same day as the temporal reference point. The choice between hesternal past and remote past is more subjective. No temporal cut-off point between them can be established.

2008, Mark L. O. Van de Velde, “Tense, Aspect, Mood and Negation”, in A Grammar of Eton (Mouton Grammar Library; 46), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.1.1 (Tense), page 234:

In apparently all tonal Bantu languages, the tonal system is augmented by tone patterns associated with certain grammatical categories, especially verb tenses, which are usually realized as the positioning of additional tones in some position in the stem. These are referred to as melodic H patterns. [...] In the simple past and hesternal past (58b) [in Kerewe], H is added to the final vowel, and that H causes deletion of preceding Hs.

2015 December, David Odden, “Bantu Phonology”, in Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →DOI, archived from the original on 2020-06-26, section 4.3 (Melodic Tones):

(archaic or literary, rare outside grammar) Of or pertaining to yesterday.


modificative

(grammar) That which modifies or qualifies, as a word or clause.


negativize

en-verb

negativize (third-person singular simple present negativizes, present participle negativizing, simple past and past participle negativized)

negativizes (present singular third-person)
negativizing (participle present)
negativized (participle past)
negativized (past)

It is possible to negativize dame and say dame zya nai 'it isn't no-good', to deny dame' da; but you can not negativize ikenai, so that instead of *ikenaku nai you will say wa'ruku nai 'it isn't bad'.

2004, Samuel Elmo Martin, A reference grammar of Japanese, page 80:


nomen rectum

From Latin nōmen rectum (“governed noun”).

(grammar) The second of the two nouns in status constructus, which occurs in its phonetically full form or status absolutus.


nomen regens

From Latin nōmen regēns (“governing noun”).

(grammar) The first of the two nouns in status constructus, which occurs in a phonetically abbreviated state. For example, in Hebrew, the word "queen" standing alone is malka מלכה. When the word is possessed, as in "Queen of Sheba" (literally "Sheba's Queen"), it becomes malkat šəba מלכת שבא, in which malkat is the construct state (possessed) form and malka is the absolute (unpossessed) form. Thus, the possessed noun in the construct state (Queen) is the nomen regens (governing noun), and the possessor noun, often in the genitive case (Sheba's), is the nomen rectum (governed noun).


nonsubject

(chiefly grammar) That which is not a subject.


declensional

/dɪˈklɛnʃənəɫ/

M. Arnold
declensional and syntactical forms


inelative

The Lezgi language has an inelative case.

(grammar) Expressing the notion "from inside" or "out of".


subessive

From Latin subesse (“to be under or below”).

Northeast Caucasian languages like Tsez and Bezhta have a subessive case.

(grammar) Indicating position under or below something.


postessive

Northeast Caucasian languages like Lezgian and Agul have a postessive case.

(grammar) Indicating position behind something.


evitative

From Latin ēvītāre (“to avoid”), from ē- (“out”) + vītāre (“to shun”).

The non-past non-evitative potential corresponds both to the English indicative future and to all imperatives (including jussive and hortatory imperatives); the evitative is used to mark future events that are feared or to be avoided , and corresponds to English "lest..." constructions, except that it is not limited to subordinate clauses.

1986, Language, Linguistic Society of America:

(grammar) grammatically expressing the notion that something is avoided or feared: a grammatical mood found in some Australian Aboriginal languages.


antessive

An antessive case is found in some Dravidian languages.

(grammar) Indicating the spatial relation of preceding or being before something.


fientive

Neologism created from Latin fierī (“to happen, become”) on the pattern of words like stative, durative, iterative, causative.

This underlines again that a contrast of nominality versus verbality conveys a stative versus fientive purport.

1977, Haiim B. Rosén, Contemporary Hebrew, page 182:

(grammar, Semitic linguistics) designating a durative and dynamic action performed by the subject

The basic idea is that what previous scholarship categorised as a stative, viz. the various forms going back to a derivation with a long ē, is in fact a fientive, i.e. it designates the becoming and not the being.

2007, George Hinge, “The Proto-Indo-European essive and fientive in Greek”, in glossa.dk, archived from the original on 2023-07-29:

(grammar, Indo-European linguistics) designating entering into a state as opposed to being in a state


derival

en-noun

derival (countable and uncountable, plural derivals)

Of derive + -al. Attested from the 1870s.

As to the origin of all the forms in the above list, it clearly cannot belong to English philology to do much more than indicate the source from which we received them. Their derival into French from Latin has therefore been only slightly touched upon.

1871, John Earle, The Philology of the English Tongue, page 295:

3.4 Derival morphology
[…] However, in the Turfan dialect as well in the speech of some of the younger generation in Urumchi, -ŋza seems to function as a nominal derivative suffix, deriving nouns from some kin terms and adding a clear, haughty, arrogant hue, see the lexicon.

2005, Abdurishid Yakup, The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur, page 152:

(rare, linguistics, grammar) The derivation of a word.


usitative

the usitative aorist

1873, Henry Alford, The Greek Testament: With a Critically Revised Text:

(grammar) Denoting usual or customary action.


ascensive

en-adj

ascensive (comparative more ascensive, superlative most ascensive)

more ascensive (comparative)
most ascensive (superlative)

[…] it seems, however, highly probable that this is due rather to non-observance of the true ascensive force of the particle than to any real absence in the original MSS.

1887, Charles John Ellicott, St Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians: With a Critical and Grammatical Commentary:


possessival

It looks as if the possessival termination had detached itself in the form of es or is

1871, John Earle, The Philology of the English Tongue:

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the possessive case.


gerundively

(grammar) In the manner of a gerund; as, or in place of, a gerund.


p. p.

Alternative forms: p.p., pp.

(grammar) Initialism of past participle.


tetraptote

From Latin tetraptōtum, from Ancient Greek τετράπτωτος (tetráptōtos).

A noun which is found in one case only, is called a Monoptote; if found in two cases, a Diptote; if in three, a Triptote; if in four, a Tetraptote; and if in five, a Pentaptote.

1836, Ethan Allen Andrews, A Grammar of the Latin Language for Use of Schools and Colleges:


individualizer

(grammar) A construction that conveys the idea of an individual thing.


agrammatical

(grammar) Not grammatical; ungrammatical.


preterpluperfect

en-noun

preterpluperfect (countable and uncountable, plural preterpluperfects)

A carpet is the soul of an apartment. [...] As regards texture the Saxony is alone admissible. Brussels is the preterpluperfect tense of fashion, and Turkey is taste in its dying agencies.

1840, E.A.Poe, The Philosophy of Furniture:


hyperbatic

en-adj

hyperbatic (comparative more hyperbatic, superlative most hyperbatic)

more hyperbatic (comparative)
most hyperbatic (superlative)

hyperbatic word order

(grammar) Of or pertaining to a hyperbaton; transposed; inverted.


misrelate

en-verb

misrelate (third-person singular simple present misrelates, present participle misrelating, simple past and past participle misrelated)

misrelates (present singular third-person)
misrelating (participle present)
misrelated (participle past)
misrelated (past)

(grammar) To form a spurious connection between two words or concepts.


asyndetically

From asyndetic + -ally. Equivalent to a- + syndetically or to asyndesis or asyndeton + -ical + -ly.

When the temporal clause precedes the main clause, the main clause can be connected asyndetically or by ወ- wa-.

2021, Joseph Tropper, Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee, Classical Ethiopic: A Grammar of Gəˁəz § 6.5.5

(grammar, rhetoric) Expressed without conjunctions or with conjunctions purposefully omitted.


dehortative

en-adj

dehortative (comparative more dehortative, superlative most dehortative)

more dehortative (comparative)
most dehortative (superlative)

The dehortative verb typically occurs preceding a subordinate verb, as Samoan ? aua ne ?i galo, Maori kaua e wareware 'don't forget!'.

1970, R. C.. Green, Marion Kelly, Studies in Oceanic Culture History, page 124:

The few adjectives that can be marked for dehortative or apprehensive mood are all physical property or human propensity adjectives.

2004, R. M. W. Dixon, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Adjective Classes: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, page 273:

For the sake of simplicity, the dehortative subject markers are treated as unanalyzed wholes;

2008, Frantisek Lichtenberk, A Grammar of Toqabaqita, page 854:

(grammar) Indicating a negative imperative or cautionary sense.


dehortative

The dehortative is essentially a negative imperative in most cases, but can be used with all persons in the sense of 'should not', 'must not' or 'let not'.

1996, Malcolm Ross, Studies in Languages of New Britain and New Ireland, page 270:

An example of a context where a dehortative may be acceptable with an adjective is with mate 'die, be dead'.

The only spontaneous instance of a dehortative recorded is the one in (20-47) below.

Mbi is also used as a dehortative instead of the negative re: ko mbi tegi ― don't cry ( for ko tegi re); ko mbi la — don't do it.

2014, Sidney Herbert Ray, A Comparative Study of the Melanesian Island Languages, page 252:

As indicated in example (10), the renown ^([sic]) young environmentalist, Greta Thunberg, uses the dehortative don't want you to for the apparent purpose of seeking to discourage the US political representatives from accepting her environmental discourse of climate change. The real function of the dehortative is, however, to strengthen the exhortative want you to, which is meant to attract the listeners' attention in order to urge them to manifestly support the scientific discourse of climate change and, thereby, take immediate action.

2020, Anna Franca Plastina, Social-Ecological Resilience to Climate Change, page 22:

(grammar) A syntactic marker, word, or phrase that indicates a dehortative sense.


postpositionally

en-adv

postpositionally (comparative more postpositionally, superlative most postpositionally)

more postpositionally (comparative)
most postpositionally (superlative)


postpositional

(grammar) Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a postposition.

of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a postposition


o.s.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Initialism of oneself.


indiscriminative

en-adj

indiscriminative (comparative more indiscriminative, superlative most indiscriminative)

more indiscriminative (comparative)
most indiscriminative (superlative)

Indiscriminative uses of FCIs are common across languages and they have a pejorative flavor.

1998, Anastasia Giannakidou, Polarity Sensitivity as (non) Veridical Dependency, page 83:

We discuss free choice phenomena in detail in Section 6.7, but here it is important to note that the Greek D-universal, but not káthe, has the so-called indiscriminative reading (Horn 2000) that appears in English with just any.

2012, Edward Keenan, Denis Paperno, Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language, page 316:

It is thus possible to assume that the indiscriminative interpretation and the evaluative interpretation (Eval) are related.

2021, Determiners and Quantifiers: Functions, Variation, and Change, page 255:

(grammar) Specifying any one from among several equivalent possibilities.


compellative

(grammar) The name by which a person is addressed; an appellative.


appellatively

Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man.

(grammar) After the manner of appellative nouns; so as to express whole classes or species.


consummative

consummative (comparative more consummative, superlative most consummative)

more consummative (comparative)
most consummative (superlative)

(grammar) a verb aspect that indicates the completion of an action.; perfect.


pentaptote

From Latin pentaptōtum, from Ancient Greek πεντάπτωτος (pentáptōtos).

(grammar, rare, obsolete) A noun having five cases.


constructio ad sensum

en-noun

constructio ad sensum (plural constructiones ad sensum)

From modern Latin cōnstrūctiō (“[grammatical] construction”) + ad (“toward, [according] to”) + sēnsum (accusative singular of sēnsus, abstractly “sense”, “notion”, “signification”): "grammatical construction according to [the] sense".

uder

St. John ſpeaks of her children, as if they were all of them ſons, and ſays nothing of daughters. For, though he uſes both ver. 1. and ver. 4. the neuter τεκνα, which when uſed by itſelf may include daughters as well as ſons, yet, ſince he adds in the former inſtance ȣ῾ς εγω αγαπω, and in the latter inſtance ϖεριπατȣντας εν αληθειᾳ, the maſculine relative and participle reſtrict the ſenſe to ſons aloneʰ.

1802, John David Michaelis (author) and Herbert Marsh (translator), Introduction to the New Teſtament, second edition (London: printed by Luke Hansard, for E. and C. Rivington, № 62, St. Paul’s Church-Yard), volume 4, chapter XXXII: “Of the two laſt Epiſtles of St. John”, § III: ‘Whether the ſecond Epiſtle was ſent to a particular perſon, or to a whole church’, page 450

ʰ St. John here uſes, what is called conſtructio ad ſenſum.

Peculiarities in the order of words, occasional omissions of a word or words, constructiones ad sensum, carelessnesses, or roughness of style, and even positively bad writing, are faithfully reproduced.

1888, Hermathena (University of Dublin), issue 6, page 332

The violation of the rules of agreement is due chiefly to one of two causes; either the natural relation is preferred to the artificial (cōnstrūctiō ad sēnsum, per synesin, according to the sense), or the nearer is preferred to the more remote.

1895, Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve (revised with Gonzalez B. Lodge), Latin Grammar (third edition, 2003 reprint; →ISBN, 0865163537), part 1: “Etymology”, § 8: ‘Inflection of the Verb’, page 148

(grammar) A grammatical construction in which a word’s inflexion is determined by the semantics of the word or words with which it associates, in contravention of what is required by grammar.


orthotone

From Ancient Greek ὀρθότονος (orthótonos, “with unmodified accent”). By surface analysis, ortho- + tone.

der

(grammar) Retaining the accent; not enclitic; said of certain indefinite pronouns and adverbs when used interrogatively, which are enclitic in other situations.


indeclinably

c. In the older language, the numerals for 5 and upward are sometimes used in the nom.-acc. form (or as if indeclinably) with other cases also: thus, páñca kṛṣṭíṣu among the five races; saptá rṣīṇām of seven bards; sahásram ṛ́ṣibhiḥ with a thousand bards; çatám pūrbhíḥ with a hundred strongholds. Sporadic instances of a like kind are also met with later.

1889, William Dwight Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar:

(grammar) Without declination (variation of termination in a word).


bimembral

From Latin bis (“twice”) + membrum (“member”).

This will be more easily apprehended, if we consider that all combination is bimembral; i. e. consists of two members, one of which is subordinated to the other by the intonation, and thus becomes compacted with it […]

1858, Josiah Willard Gibbs, A Latin Analyst on Modern Philological Principles:


imperfectively

(grammar) In an imperfective manner or context.


metaplast

(grammar) A word having more than one form of the root.


redditive

(grammar) Answering to an interrogative or inquiry; conveying a reply.


redditive

AN Interrogative and its Redditive (i. e. the Word which answers it) shall be of the same Case and Tense[.]

Shorter Examples; Or, Second Book of English Examples, to be Rendered Into Latin – Adapted to the Use of the Lower Class, Eton, printed by E. Williams, 1826, p.30

(grammar) A word which answers an interrogative.


portentive

en-adj

portentive (comparative more portentive, superlative most portentive)

more portentive (comparative)
most portentive (superlative)

The potential portentive forms, consisting of the potential stem plus the post-clitic -noko, occur with a further post-cliticised contracted form of ylvk 'having said', the perfect participle of 'say', in a clause of negative purpose.

1981, H. Myron Bromley, A Grammar of Lower Grand Valley Dani, page 246:

(grammar) Indicating that something is likely to happen in the future.


inelative case

(grammar) The grammatical case that is inelative.


subessive case

(grammar) The grammatical case that is subessive.


evitative case

(grammar) The grammatical case that is evitative.


postessive case

(grammar) The grammatical case that is postessive.


lative case

(grammar) A case of verbs, found in the Uralic and Northern Caucasian languages, used to indicate motion to a location; in the Northern Caucasian languages, the lative also takes up functions of the dative case


associative case

en-noun

associative case (countable and uncountable, plural associative cases)

(grammar) The grammatical case that is associative.


distributive case

distributive case (plural distributive cases)

(grammar) The grammatical case that is distributive, indicating “per” or “each”.


antessive case

(grammar) The grammatical case that indicates the spatial relation of preceding or being before something.


allocutive

(grammar) Relating to the marking of addressees in the grammar of a sentence whether or not they are actants in it.


similative

(grammar) A grammatical case expressing similarity; the similative case.


zero ending

The Polish word for "cat" is "kot". Its genitive form is "kota", which has the ending "–a". Because the nominative form consists of the stem without an ending, it can be said that "kot" has the zero ending. In a table listing the endings one could hence write: "Nominative: –∅, Genitive: –a".

(grammar) The absence of an ending after a noun‐stem in a language in which endings are normally applied; often written as ∅


sumti tcita

From Lojban sumti tcita, tanru (“meaning/phrase compound”) spelling for sumtcita.

Thus, a safer statement than yours is the claim that a fi'o construction can be devised that is semantically equivalent to any sumti tcita needed which is NOT in the lexeme BAI set.

1991 May 13, Bob LeChevalier, “Jim Carter on lujvo place structures”, in lojban-list (Usenet):

When the negated tense is a sumti tcita, “nai” negation indicates that the stated relationship does not hold:

1997, JW Cowan, The complete Lojban language, page 245:

We have seen in Lesson 5 that sumti tcita and tense cmavo can be used to add new sumti to a selbri.

2001, Robin Turner, Nick Nicholas, Lojban For Beginners:

(Lojban grammar) a (Lojban analogue of a) preposition; a "sumti label" for extra sumti (“arguments”) of the selbri which the sumti tcita modifies. (By "extra sumti" are meant sumti which have not been assigned places in the selbri (“predicate”)'s place structure).


presential

en-adj

presential (comparative more presential, superlative most presential)

more presential (comparative)
most presential (superlative)

/pɹɪˈzɛnʃəl/

(grammar, archaic) Pertaining to the present tense.


adverbial case

(grammar) a noun case in the Abkhaz, Georgian, and Udmurt languages


Sanskritization

(grammar, linguistics) The modification of a word's structure to render its appearance to that of a Sanskrit word.


passival

(grammar) An archaic progressive construction in middle voice (syntactically active but semantically passive), replaced by the passive progressive in modern English. For example, "the house is building", "the meal was eating", "the trunks were carrying down" (today "the house is being built", "the meal is being eaten").


monoptote

From Latin monoptotum, from Ancient Greek μονόπτωτος (monóptōtos).

A noun which is found in one case only, is called a Monoptote; if found in two cases, a Diptote; if in three, a Triptote; if in four, a Tetraptote; and if in five, a Pentaptote.

1836, Ethan Allen Andrews, A Grammar of the Latin Language for Use of Schools and Colleges:

What is meant by monoptote, diptote, and triptote nouns? Give examples.
A monoptote is a noun which has only one case, as natu; a diptote two, as fors, forte; a triptote three, as opis, opem, ope.

1882, Edward Henslowe Bedford, A digest of the […] questions in Latin grammar, page 18:

(grammar, obsolete) A noun which only occurs in one case.


infixation

en-noun

infixation (usually uncountable, plural infixations)

(grammar) The state or quality of being infixed.


percontative

Some [grammatical writers] call these affections of the verb moods; others call them divisions, qualities, states, species, &c.; and as to the various appellations of each mood we have the personative and impersonative, the indicative, declarative, definitive, modus finiendi, modus fatendi, the rogative, interrogative, requisitive, percontative, assertive, enunciative, vocative, precative, deprecative, responsive, concessive, permissive, promissive, adhortative, optative, dubitative, imperative, mandative, conjunctive, subjunctive, adjunctive, potential, participial, infinitive, and probably many others.

1845, Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose, and Henry John Rose [eds.], Encyclopædia Metropolitana I: “Universal Grammar and Philology”, pages 50–51

‘Perfect Dicibles are of various sorts: Interrogative; Percontative; Adjurative; Optative; Imprecative; Execrative; Substitutive; Compellative; Hypothetical; and, lastly, Dubious.’

1849, Herman Melville, Mardi II (1922 reprint), page 285

Destined for internal consumption, these three words nevertheless provoked the reply which you see here: who doesn’t? With an interrogation point, for the reply was percontative.

1960, Raymond Queneau [aut.] (+ unknown tr.), Zazie, page 128

rhetorical questioning
rhetorical question#English

(grammar, rare) That is, expressed in, or having the character of the grammatical mood (mode) of rhetorical questioning; percontatorial.


preteritive

a preteritive verb

(grammar, archaic) Used only or chiefly in the preterite or past tenses.


preformative

From pre- (prefix meaning ‘before; physically in front of’) + formative, modelled after Late Latin praeformativus (originally used in relation to the grammar of Semitic languages).

prefix

(grammar, chiefly in Semitic languages) of a letter, syllable, etc.: attached to the beginning of a word as a formative element.


persistive

en-adj

persistive (comparative more persistive, superlative most persistive)

more persistive (comparative)
most persistive (superlative)

The present paper looks at so-called persistive markers (denoting something like “still going on”) in the sub-Saharan Bantu languages, one of the major subgroups of the Niger-Congo language phylum.

2008, Jouni Filip Maho, “Comparative TAM morphology in Niger-Congo”, in Folke Josephson, Ingmar Söhrman, editors, Interdependence of Diachronic and Synchronic Analyses:

Persistive aspect is marked with a post-initial prefix shí-. Its high tone does not surface when combined with a construction that uses melodic tone 4

(grammar) Indicating a situation that was the case at one time (usually past) and continues to a later time (usually time of speaking).


pluralizer

In verbs, where it occupies suffix position 5, its occurrence as pluralizer of a third person expressed by a prefix is highly restricted; cf. 5.451. Instead, in verbs, it seems on the way to becoming a person marker (rather than a mere pluralizer) for the second person plural exclusive;

1973, Hans Cristoph Wolfart, Plains Cree, page 49:

The pluralizer is most frequently used with animate nouns, but this is not always the case, e.g. Nigerian PE 'dè nyám dḝm ' 'the yams'.

2000, John Holm, An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles, page 215:

The evidence in chapter 15 suggests that the suffix -z is the unmarked pluralizer; yet , of our six verbs , only two take it .

2022, Rudolf P.G. De Rijk, Standard Basque: A Progressive Grammar, page 118:

(grammar) A syntactic marker that indicates something is plural; a plural marker.


participialize

en-verb

participialize (third-person singular simple present participializes, present participle participializing, simple past and past participle participialized)

participializes (present singular third-person)
participle participializing (present)
participialized (participle past)
participialized (past)

(grammar, transitive) To form into, or put in the form of, a participle.


asyndesis

From Latin asyndesis, from Ancient Greek ἀσύνδεσις (asúndesis), from ἀ- (a-, “a-, un-: without”) + σύνδεσις (súndesis, “binding, joining”), from συνδεῖν (sundeîn, “to join, to bind”) + -σῐς (-sis, “-sis: forming nouns”), from σῠν- (sun-, “together”) + δεῖν (deîn, “to bind, to tie”). Equivalent to a- + syn- + -desis or a- + syndesis.

(grammar, rhetoric) Synonym of asyndeton: lack or omission of conjunctions, especially for rhetorical effect.


momentaneous

From Latin momentaneus. Compare French momentané. Doublet of momentane.

(grammar) Of or relating to a grammatical aspect relating to an action that takes place at a specific point in time.


aptote

From Latin aptotum, from Ancient Greek ἄπτωτος (áptōtos, “without cases”).

der

(grammar, obsolete) A noun (broadly speaking) which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun.


stacked modal

For quotations using this term, see Citations:stacked modal.

(rare, grammar) A double modal (or, rarely, any string of multiple modals, e.g. a triple modal).


double modal

The first instances of double modals date back to the seventeenth century.

2019, Irina S. Lebedeva, Svetlana N. Orlova, “Semantics and pragmatics of the double modal ‘might could’”, in Training, Language and Culture, volume 3, number 2, →DOI:

(grammar) A sequence of two modal verbs, such as "might could", an impossible construction in standard English, but one used in some dialects, especially Southern US English.


mirativity

A non-evidential extension of the dubitative marker is associated with mirativity, found in contexts when the speaker is stunned or perplexed by a discovery.

2014, The Grammar of Knowledge, page 212:

(grammar, of a mood) The quality of being mirative, that is, of expressing (surprise at) an unexpected revelation or new information.


rhematic

From Ancient Greek ῥηματικός (rhēmatikós, “verbal, pertaining to verbs”), from Ancient Greek ῥηματ- (rhēmat-), ῥῆμα (rhêma, “verb (grammar), word”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic; suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to, in the manner of’”).

rhematic adjectives

Passive rhematic adjectives ending in -able […]

1877, Fitzedward Hall, On English Adjectives in -able, with Special References to Reliable, London: Trübner, →OCLC, page 47:

Emotion may sometimes cause the speaker to adopt a marked sequence, and the rhematic adjective will then appear in sentence-initial position.

1976, Patrick David Teskey, Theme and Rheme in Spanish and English (Occasional Papers in Linguistics and Language Learning; 1), Coleraine, County Londonderry: Board of Studies in Linguistics, New University of Ulster, →ISBN, page 40:

Since in many languages adverbs do not have a fixed place in the word order, questions can be used to isolate the unmarked position of rhematic adverbs. […] There are facets of contrastive NPs [noun phrases] which are both "old" or thematic information and "new" or rhematic information. Consider the use of contrastive constructions to repair texts. In such cases the contrastive NP represents rhematic information in that it adds information to the text which corrects the hearer's error.

1992, Russell S. Tomlin, Richard Rhodes, “Information Distribution in Ojibwa”, in Doris L. Payne, editor, Pragmatics of Word Order Flexibility (Typological Studies in Language; 22), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, pages 120 and 130:

In terms of its phrasal environment, adjective intensification seems to occur most 'naturally' in predicative position. By modifying an independent, rhematic adjective, the intensifiers seem to perform their function in the most efficient way.

1999, Gunter R. Lorenz, Adjective Intensification – Learners Versus Native Speakers: A Corpus Study of Argumentative Writing, Amsterdam, Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 210:

(grammar, obsolete, rare) Having a verb for its base; derived from a verb.


mirative

en-noun

mirative (countable and uncountable, plural miratives)

Auguste Dozon
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Kostandin Kristoforidhi

Possibly from (ad)mirative, from French admiratif (“tending to admire”) (used by French diplomat and scholar Auguste Dozon (1822–1890), imitating the use of the Ancient Greek ἀπροσδόκητος (aprosdókētos, “unexpected”) in a similar context by Albanian translator and scholar Kostandin Kristoforidhi (1826–1895)), from Latin admīrārī, present active infinitive of admīror (“to admire, respect; to be astonished, to be surprised at”), from ad- (“to”) + mīror (“to admire, marvel at; to be amazed or astonished at”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *smey- (“to be glad, laugh”)).

noncog

ἀπροσδόκητος

der

Although the Maidu 'evidential' -wéw (Shipley 1964:45) might correspond somewhat to the Washo visual, and the (unexemplified) Sierra Miwok 'circumstantial evidence' marker taˀ, tat, ˀiš- (Freeland 1951:169) may correspond to the Washo inferential (mirative).

1986, Wallace [L.] Chafe, Johanna Nichols, editors, Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology, Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation, →ISBN, footnote 7, page 8:

In Archi mirativity is grammaticalized as part of the verbal category of evidentiality, so the study of the mirative in Nakh-Daghestanian languages might help to identify the meaning of exclamatives more precisely.

2011, Elena Kalinina, “Exclamative Clauses in the Languages of the North Caucasus and the Problem of Finiteness”, in Gilles Authier, Timur Maisak, editors, Tense, Aspect, Modality and Finiteness in East Caucasian Languages (Diversitas Linguarum; 30), Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia: Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 197–198:

The Tarms Quechua Mirative often refers to information that is withheld from the addressee until the speaker sees fit to reveal it, a frequent strategy in narratives of which the unexpected outcome is reserved for the end. By consequence, the speaker him/herself need not be under the impact of surprise any longer when using the Mirative. […] Characteristically, actions performed during one's sleep or in a state of unconsciousness are expressed in the Mirative[…]. The Mirative can also be used in recounting dreams[…].

2013, Willem F. H. Adelaar, “A Quechuan Mirative?”, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Anne Storch, editors, Perception and Cognition in Language and Culture (Brill’s Studies in Language, Cognition and Culture; 3), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 3 (Meaning and Use), pages 99–100:

(uncountable, grammar) A grammatical mood that expresses (surprise at) unexpected revelations or new information.

[T]he speaker had heard on the radio that a bear had attacked a woman. From the description of her wounds on the radio, he infers, using the mirative/inferential particle lą̄ą̄, that she was dragged by the bear. […] This particle also implies that the speaker was surprised at the event. Bear attacks are uncommon in Arizona, and the woman was someone the speaker was acquainted with. In fact, lą̄ą̄ is more fundamentally a mirative than an inferential, […]

2003, Willem J. de Reuse, “Evidentiality in Western Apache (Athabaskan)”, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, R. M. W. Dixon, editors, Studies in Evidentiality (Typological Studies in Language; 54), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.2.1 (The Mirative/Inferential), page 81:

He [Timothy Jowan Curnow] points out that miratives are very rare with first person, more common with second, and most common with third person. In all cases, however, non-miratives are more common than miratives.

2018, Gwendolyn Hyslop, “Mirativity and Egophoricity in Kurtöp”, in Simeon Floyd, Elisabeth Norcliffe, Lila San Roque, editors, Egophoricity (Typological Studies in Language; 118), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →DOI, →ISBN, page 117:

(countable, grammar) (An instance of) a form of a word which conveys this mood.

miratiivi

form of a word which conveys a mirative mood


mirative

noncog

ἀπροσδόκητος

The prefinal suffix -áʔyiʔ Mirative indicates that the speaker knows of the action described by the verb, not having observed it occur, but only inferentially from observation of its effects. It thus commonly conveys an emotion of surprise.

1964, William Horton Jacobsen, Jr., “The Prefinal Suffixes”, in A Grammar of the Washo Language (unpublished Ph.D. in Linguistics dissertation), Berkeley, Calif.: University of California, Berkeley, →OCLC, paragraph 28.7, page 630:

In the first in-depth analysis of a mirative construction which I am aware of, discussing the Turkish "evidential" perfect, Slobin & Aksu (1983; see also Aksu-Koç & Slobin 1986) give a unified characterization of the category as marking that the speaker's mind was "not prepared" for the information which is now being relayed. […] In this paper I adopt the older term "mirative" for the marked category, leaving the unmarked category unlabelled.

1997, Scott DeLancey, “Mirativity: The Grammatical Marking of Unexpected Information”, in Linguistic Typology, volume 1, Berlin, New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISSN, page 36:

This is why a noneyewitness evidentiality specification in a two-term system and an inferential evidential in a three-term system may acquire a mirative extension. In Quechua […] the reported evidential can be used in a mirative sense.

2003, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “Evidentiality in Typological Perspective”, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, R. M. W. Dixon, editors, Studies in Evidentiality (Typological Studies in Language; 54), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 192:

A "mirative" meaning can be associated with information acquired through any means – be it "inferentially from observation" of the effects of the event, as in Washo (Jacobsen 1964: 630), or through first-hand observation, inference or hearsay as in Kham (Watters 2002: 300).

2012, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, “The Essence of Mirativity”, in Linguistic Typology, volume 16, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →DOI, →ISSN, page 436:

(grammar) Of or relating to the mirative mood.


semblative

(grammar) A grammatical case that denotes the similarity of one entity to another.


parelcon

From Ancient Greek παρέλκων (parélkōn), from παρέλκω (parélkō, “to draw aside, to be redundant”), from ἕλκω (hélkō).

(grammar) The addition of a syllable or particle to the end of a pronoun, verb, or adverb.


etacism

en-noun

etacism (usually uncountable, plural etacisms)

From eta + -cism (phenomenon related to a specific phoneme). Compare itacism, from the modern pronunciation of eta.

q

(grammar) The pronunciation of the Greek eta like the Italian long e, or the vowel in the English word ate.


ecbatic

(grammar) Denoting a mere result or consequence.


resumptive pronoun

en-noun

resumptive pronoun (plural resumptive pronouns)

(grammar) A pronoun in a relative clause which refers to the antecedent of the relative pronoun.

resumptivum

a pronoun in a relative clause which refers to the antecedent of the relative pronoun (grammar)


agnation

agnation (countable and uncountable, plural agnations)


massification

massification (countable and uncountable, plural massifications)

(grammar) Conversion of a count noun to a mass noun.


declinability

(grammar) The quality of being declinable.


indeclinability

(grammar) The quality of being indeclinable.


absolute state

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-absolute state.wav

estado absoluto

in Semitic languages, the condition of a noun that is not grammatically linked to another noun

indeterminate state
indeterminate state#English

determinate state
determinate state#English

(grammar) In Semitic languages, the condition of a noun not being grammatically linked to another noun – where it would use the construct state.

(rare) To sum the indeterminate state and the determinate state in one term.

To denote the only state not construct state as in the binary state system of Ugaritic.

Denotes the indeterminate state in Aramaic, even though it also has a determinate state called emphatic state.

Denotes an infrequent endingless state in Akkadian used for predicative sentences, adverbially used nouns and vocative expressions (in which cases Arabic would use the accusative case), contrasting with the governed state and the construct state.

pronominal state
pronominal state#English

(grammar) In Egyptian, including Coptic, a form of a verb necessitated by its regimen if this does not require the nominal state or pronominal state.

(grammar) In Berber languages, an unmarked form and hence citation form of a noun similar to the absolutive of ergative languages, varying in usage cases per specific language but generally described as used for topicalized subjects of sentences – default word order being VSO –, nominal predicates and direct objects.


exceptional case-marking

(grammar) A phenomenon where the subject of an embedded infinitival verb seems to appear in the superordinate clause, and, if a pronoun, is unexpectedly marked with objective case morphology.


subjunctivity

(grammar, rare) The property of being in the subjunctive mood.


unarticled

(grammar) Used without an article (part of speech defining or limiting a noun).


modal adverb

(grammar) An adverb that qualifies a predicate with respect to way in which it is true.


diacope

Latin, from Ancient Greek διακοπή (diakopḗ, “gash, cleft, rupture”), from διά (diá, “through, across”) + κοπή (kopḗ, “cutting”)


stativity

(grammar) The property of being stative.


destinative

(grammar) In, marked by or pertaining to the destinative case.


destinative

(grammar) The destinative case, a case found in some languages which either marks an object or person as destined for a particular other object, person or end, or marks a destination.


perfectivity

(grammar) The state of being in perfective aspect or the imperfective aspect


caritive

From Latin careo (“I lack, am without”).

(grammar) Of or relating to the caritive case.

(grammar) Of words or endings that express a lack of something, for example English homeless/-less or unsalted/un-, Finnish koditon, suolaton, -ton.


syndetical

From syndetic + -al. Equivalent to syndeton + -ical.

(grammar, mathematics and library science, uncommon) Synonym of syndetic.


syndetically

From syndetic + -ally. Equivalent to syndeton + -ic + -ally.

(grammar, mathematics and library science) In a syndetic way, employing syndeton, using a conjunction or crossreferences.


possessivity

(grammar) The quality of being possessive.


paucality

(chiefly grammar, rare) The state of being marked to denote, or the fact or condition of being, few-to-several in number; fewness-to-severality in number.


synecphonesis

en-noun

synecphonesis (usually uncountable, plural synecphoneses)

From Ancient Greek συνεκφώνησις (sunekphṓnēsis), from συν- (sun-, “together”) + ἐκφώνησις (ekphṓnēsis, “pronunciation”).

uder

συνεκφώνησις

(grammar) A contraction of two syllables into one; synizesis.


rection

Latin rectio, from regere (“to rule or govern”).

rection to a place

1832, Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr., Manual Hebrew and English Lexicon:

(grammar, archaic) regimen; government; the rules governing the syntax, rules of agreement of a language.


predicatid

In the subclassification of predicatids into activity and non-activity predicatids, the do it predicatids, as activity predicatids, contrast with the do so and so ...do predicatids, as non-activity predicatids.

1968, Janua linguarum: Series maior, volume 23, page 70:

(grammar) A portion of a predicate that lacks time indication.


parathesis

en-noun

parathesis (countable and uncountable, plural paratheses)

From Ancient Greek παράθεσις (paráthesis, “putting beside”).

uder

Both parathesis and suntaxis are constructions but they are never treated as constituents within larger constructions.

2007, Keith Allan, The Western Classical Tradition in Linguistics, page 102:

(grammar) The placing of two or more nouns in the same case; apposition.


biaspectual

(grammar) Of verbs: having two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective.

kaksiaspektinen

of verbs: having two grammatical aspects


parasitic gap

(grammar) A construction wherein the dropping of an argument is dependent on a covarying argument having been fronted in a local context, as in "Which book did she review without reading?".


untensed

The relevant point, though, is that there is a clear distinction between untensed and tensed clauses as far as the parasitic gap phenomenon is concerned[…]

1993, William J. Ashby, Linguistic Perspectives on the Romance Languages, page 251:


dative sickness

(grammar) The use of a dative object where an accusative would traditionally be used.


premodification

en-noun

premodification (countable and uncountable, plural premodifications)


postmodification

(grammar) modification by a postmodifier


punctiliar

en-adj

punctiliar (comparative more punctiliar, superlative most punctiliar)

more punctiliar (comparative)
most punctiliar (superlative)

durative

of or pertaining to an unextended point of time [+ subsenses]

/ˌpʌŋkˈtɪlɪə/

Formed as punctili(o) + -ar, initially as an alternative translation (instead of punctual) for the German punktuell.

(grammar) Of or pertaining to an unextended point of time:

(of an action) Occurring at a definite and particular point in time.

(of verbal aspect or tense) Relating to a punctiliar action or event.


punctiliar

/ˌpʌŋkˈtɪlɪə/

First two duratives to express our practice of judging and measuring, then two punctiliars (aorists) to state God’s reciprocations.

1943, Richard C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of St. Matthew’s Gospel 1–14, Augsburg Fortress, published 2008, →ISBN, page 289:

Many researchers observe similar generalizations: that children seem unwilling to mark activity verbs like walk or unbounded punctiliars like jump with an -ed ending, even though this is a tense marker in the adult language that applies to all types of events.

1996, University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics: UMD WPL, IV-VI, page 122:

(grammar) A verb denoting a punctiliar action or activity.

punctual

grammar: verb denoting a punctiliar action


monolectic

monolectic (comparative more monolectic, superlative most monolectic)

more monolectic (comparative)
most monolectic (superlative)

A polylectic term is a multi-word term, as opposed to a monolectic term which is a one-word term.

(grammar) Of or relating to a term consisting of one word; one-worded, singleworded.


synesis

en-noun

synesis (usually uncountable, plural syneses)

Ancient Greek σύνεσις (súnesis, “unification, meeting, intelligence”).

uder

(grammar) A grammatical construction in which a word takes the gender or number not of the word with which it should regularly agree, but of some other implied word, as in: "If the band are popular, they will play next month."


habitual aspect

en-noun

habitual aspect (plural habitual aspects)

(grammar) A feature of the verb which specifies an action as occurring habitually, usually, ordinarily, or customarily


you understood

(grammar) The unstated subject of a command sentence, where it is assumed the subject is the person to whom the command is directed.


dual number

This is particularly the case with regard to the pronouns of the dual number, which form one of the peculiarities of the language.

1840, George Grey, A Vocabulary of the Dialects of South Western Australia, 2nd edition, T. & W. Boone, page xi:

Eteocles and Polyneices are enemy brothers, that is, they are alike in spite of the difference erected by being on opposite sides of the Theban battlements.¹ By uniting them with the dual number in the description of their deaths, Sophocles has the elders speak of them as indistinguishable in their hatred, spear work, and deaths.

1998, William Blake Tyrrell, Larry J. Bennett, Recapturing Sophocles' Antigone, Rowman & Littlefield, page 43:

In most languages, singular and plural are used to indicate number. Slovene, however, has an additional ‘dual’ number, which is used when referring to two of anything. This dual number existed in many languages at one stage in their development, but has been lost; in Slovene, though, […]

2006, Andrea Albrette, Teach Yourself Slovene, McGraw-Hill, page 19:

Classical Arabic has a fully functional dual number, which requires dual agreement in verbs, adjectives and pronouns.

2009, Giuliano Lancioni, “Formulaic models and formulaicity in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic”, in Roberta Corrigan, Edith A. Moravcsik, Hamid Ouali, Kathleen M. Wheatley, editors, Formulaic Language, Volume 1: Distribution and historical change, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 225:

(grammar) A grammatical number denoting a quantity of exactly two.


postdeterminer

(grammar) A term (or phrase) that follows a determiner in a noun phrase and modifies the head noun.


N.

(grammar) Abbreviation of nominative case.


tatpuruṣa

Borrowed from Sanskrit तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣa), itself an example of tatpuruṣa.

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A dependent determinative compound, i.e. a compound XY meaning a type of Y which is related to X in a way corresponding to one of the grammatical cases of X.


nomen instrumenti

nomen instrumenti (plural nomina instrumenti)

From Latin nomen + (genitive of) instrumentum.

(grammar) A noun denoting an instrument or tool.


nomen acti

(grammar) A noun denoting a result of a dynamic action.


nomen vasis

(Arabic grammar) a noun denoting a vessel


nomen deminutivum

nomen deminutivum (plural nomina deminutiva)


nomen relativum

nomen relativum (plural nomina relativa)


nomen appellativum

nomen appellativum (plural nomina appellativa)

But a name which belongs to several things of one kind is called a common name (nomen appellativum); as flumen, flood; rex, king; homo, man.

1825, George Walker (translator, editor), I. J. G. Scheller (German author), A copious Latin grammar. Translated from the German, with alterations, notes and additions. In two volumes. Vol. I., London, p. 38

Not only because 'omnipotence' as a single property is found in the creed, but because 'omnipotence' as a single property is found in the creed, but because it is more appropriate and revealing perhaps than 'absolute causality' (Schleiermacher) or 'infinity' (Pannenberg appealing to Gregory of Nyssa) which for reasons internal to theology makes it possible to engage with the study of religions and philosophy of religion; and might make concrete a provisional paraphrase of the word 'God' understood as a nomen appellativum, not least as it is used in the term 'all-determining reality'.

2002, Oswald Bayer, “Hermeneutical Theology. In: Petr Pokorný”, in Jan Roskovec, editor, Philosophical Hermeneutics and Biblical Exegesis: Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 153, Mohr Siebeck, page 112f:


semimodal

(grammar) Having only some of the characteristics of the major modal verbs.


semimodal

(grammar) A verb having only some of the characteristics of the major modal verbs.


freq.

(grammar) Abbreviation of frequentative.


a potiori

Learned borrowing from Latin denominatio a potiori (“naming from the stronger”).

learned borrowing

(grammar) The use of the more generic category (for agreement) with combinations of words from two or more selective categories (such as gender). For example Each boy or girl took his book., or in French Le manteau et la robe sont verts, mais les chaussures ne sont pas vertes. (The (masculine) coat and the (feminine) dress are (masculine plural) green, but the (feminine plural) shoes are not (feminine plural) green.)


nomen concretum

en-noun

nomen concretum (plural nomina concreta)


nomen abstractum

nomen abstractum (plural nomina abstracta)


simulative

(grammar) A grammatical case expressing similarity.


desubstantival

From de- (“from”) + substantival (“substantive”).

prefix

(grammar) Deriving from a noun; denominal, denominative.


desubst.

(grammar) Abbreviation of desubstantival.


rel.

cluichigedar = 3rd sg. pres. rel. of cluichigidir
Cluichigedar is [the] third-person singular present relative [form] of cluichigidir.


indet.

(grammar) Abbreviation of indeterminate.


dem.

(grammar) Abbreviation of demonstrative.


deadjectival

(grammar) A word derived from an adjective.


misgender

en-verb

misgender (third-person singular simple present misgenders, present participle misgendering, simple past and past participle misgendered)

misgenders (present singular third-person)
misgendering (participle present)
misgendered (participle past)
misgendered (past)

Coordinate term: misnumber

Leonie was always, in fact, the first to point out a misconjugated verb, a misgendered noun, […]

2017, Rebecca Schuman, Schadenfreude, A Love Story:

Our first demonstration at the Canadian border—where we’d planned to test rumors about PWAs being denied entry into Canada by announcing we all had AIDS—fizzled when our bus entered the country without incident, save the late realization that our bilingual T-shirts had misgendered the virus—it's “le SIDA,” not “la SIDA”—causing a frantic scramble for sharpies and eyebrow pencils to correct the offending vowel.

2022, Ron Goldberg, “Storming the Ivory Tower”, in Boy with the Bullhorn: A Memoir and History of ACT UP New York, Fordham University Press, →ISBN:

Next is a list of misgendered words between the two languages:
Similar words with different genders […]

2022, John Whitlam, Agripino S. Silveira, Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide:

(transitive, grammar) To use the wrong grammatical gender with a word.


copredication

en-noun

copredication (countable and uncountable, plural copredications)

(grammar) The act of making two (sometimes incompatible) things the subject/predicate of a proposition.


historic present

historic present (plural historic presents)


historical present

(grammar) The present tense as used when referring to real past events, to add immediacy to what is being said or written.

In most dialects, the historical present is used quite freely to convey the sense of more vivid narrative, to retell dreams, plots, tell jokes, etc.

1972, William Labov, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English, page 47:

Cross-linguistically, the historical present tends to be used to increase vividness by substituting the perspective of the ongoing speech situation for that of the narrative.

2001, Daniel E. Collins, Reanimated Voices: Speech reporting in a historical-pragmatic perspective, page 91:

Mr. Rothstein comes in," Scher said, "it must have been about none o'clock. Every night he comes in here [Scher, like so many Broadway habitués, spoke most often in the historical present, rather than the past, tense. Damon Runyon faithfully reproduced this patois.] Regular as clockwork he comes in here.

2016, Leo Katcher, The Big Bankroll: The Life And Times Of Arnold Rothstein:

(grammar) The present tense as used when writing a fictional narrative.


moderative

(grammar) Expressing the idea of a little, now and then, etc.


Case

The basic principle governing case is:
(20) The Case filter:
A lexicalized NP must bear a Case feature in S-structure.
‘Case’ with a capital C is here understood not as morphologically marked case, but as an abstract feature which will be present even in languages such as Swahili or Chinese which lack case marking on NPs (it is usually assumed however, that Case will be congruent with morphological case where the latter is present).

1988, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Linguistic Theory: Foundations:

When we have clitic doubling constructions (with both a full NP and a clitic), the NP needs a dummy Case marker in order to get Case, as its “normal” Case is absorbed by the clitic, otherwise it will be ruled out by the Case Filter. It must be stressed that ‘Case’ here is abstract Case (written with capital C), a licensing requirement making arguments visible for θ-marking, and not morphological case.

1993, Anders Holmberg, Urpo Nikanne, Case and Other Functional Categories in Finnish Syntax:

(grammar) abstract feature of a noun phrase that determines its function in a sentence, such as a grammatical case and a position.


adverbializer

(grammar) A morpheme, particle, etc. that converts a word into an adverb.

adverbializador

morpheme that converts a word into an adverb


adprep

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a primary, invariable adverb, the latter including the heads of reduced prepositional phrases but excluding adpreps.

2000, Claudia Claridge, Multi-word Verbs in Early Modern English: A Corpus-based Study:

(grammar) A word that functions both as an adverb and as a preposition.


particularizer

(grammar) A word or phrase that focuses attention on part of something, such as mainly, especially, or primarily.


dativizable

(grammar) Capable of being used in a dative form.


intransitivization

(grammar) Conversion to an intransitive form.


transitivization

(grammar) Conversion to a transitive form.


dativization

(grammar) Conversion into a dative form.


dativize

en-verb

dativize (third-person singular simple present dativizes, present participle dativizing, simple past and past participle dativized)

dativizes (present singular third-person)
dativizing (participle present)
dativized (participle past)
dativized (past)

For example, very little can be concluded from the simple failure of a child to dativize a novel verb, because the failure may be attributable to a number of sources[…]

1999, Lise Menn, Nan Bernstein Ratner, Methods for Studying Language Production, page 104:

(transitive, grammar) To convert to a dative form.

(intransitive, grammar) To be converted into a dative form.


governee

(grammar) A constituent of a phrase that is governed by another.


supplementive clause

en-noun

supplementive clause (plural supplementive clauses)

(grammar) An adverbial participle or verbless clause lacking a subordinator.


pseudopassive

Consider the English pseudo-passive in (4). (4) This bed has not been slept in for many years

1991, Reineke Bok-Bennema, Case and Agreement in Inuit, Berlin: Foris, →ISBN, page 97:

(grammar) A construction where the object of a preposition has been promoted to the role of subject, as in The problem was talked about.

Consider now the pseudo-passive, Er werd gefloten "There was whistling." Here, just as in the true passive, the morphology asserts high participant not focussed.

1976, Robert Kirsner, “On the subjectless 'pseudo-passive' in Standard Dutch and the semantics of background agents”, in Charles N. Li, editor, Subject and Topic, New York: Academic Press, →OCLC, page 391:

(grammar) A construction that removes the subject from an intransitive verb, as in the Dutch sentence Er wordt gefloten ("[Someone] whistled").


pseudopassive

A kind of ‘pseudo-passive’ construction is possible, though, with intransitive verbs having a prepositional phrase complement.

1971, Manindra K. Verma, The Structure of the Noun Phrase in English and Hindi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, →OCLC, page 157:

(grammar) Of or related to the pseudopassive.


adjectivization

adjectivization (countable and uncountable, plural adjectivizations)

(grammar) The process or result of adjectivizing; conversion into an adjective.


accreditive

(grammar) A speech act that gives permission or approval.


tritransitive

(grammar) Of or relating to a class of verbs which take three objects.


complementize

en-verb

complementize (third-person singular simple present complementizes, present participle complementizing, simple past and past participle complementized)

complementizes (present singular third-person)
complementizing (participle present)
complementized (participle past)
complementized (past)

(transitive, grammar) To convert into a complement.


subjective case

en-noun

subjective case (plural subjective cases)

(grammar) The form of a noun or pronoun used as the subject of a finite verb. In the active_voice this is the agent, in the passive_voice the subject is the receiver of the action. In both cases the subject is the thing subjected to what is said about it, it is the “topic of the statement”.


predicative adverbial

predicative adverbial (plural predicative adverbials)

(grammar) An adverbial that is congruent with the subject of the sentence, present for example in Finnish.


accusativus cum infinitivo

accusativus cum infinitivo (usually uncountable, plural accusativi cum infinitivis)

Learned borrowing from Latin accūsātīvus cum īnfīnītīvō (literally “accusative [case] with infinitive [mood]”).

lbor

accusative 􂀿case􂁀 with infinitive 􂀿mood􂁀

A historico-typological analysis of Greek and Latin infinitival structures, and that of Greek and Latin accusativi cum infinitivis, and nominativi cum infinitivis does not only mean the clearer understanding of the syntactical system of the languages concerned, but it can also elucidate the emergence and the development of these structures.

1972, Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae: Sectio Classica, volume I, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, page 9:

Thus we must differentiate between the accusativi cum infinitivis after the two groups of verbs already on account of this, although this has not been thought necessary by anybody so far.

In all these occurrences, after the clause ἔδοξεν tῲ dήμῳ (lʿ m ṣdnm tm), we find a nominal clause without a verbal subject; in these instances the accusativi cum infinitivis which give the detailed content of the decree are to be seen […]

1982, Haiim B. Rosén, East and West: Selected Writings in Linguistics, part one: General and Indo-European Linguistics, Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag (10) (13), page 427

Not only are all the verbs in the infinitive, since these sentences are, from a syntactical point of view, accusativi cum infinitivis, but also the continuation of the sentence comes in the words ʿ ṭrt ḥrṣ after a long parenthesis; both of these constructions are completely foreign to the nature of Semitic paratactic syntax.

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

(grammar) A syntactic construction, very common in Classical Latin, in which the subject of a subordinate clause is declined for the accusative case and the verb is conjugated for the infinitive mood, used chiefly to express indirect statements.

þolfall með nafnhætti

accusative–infinitive construction used to express indirect statements


thematic role

(grammar) A function of the arguments of a verb, which maps them bijectively to a set (which depends lexically on the verb) called the “theta grid”.


theta role

Such an analysis would provide a natural way of accounting for the fact that (inter alia) transitive Objects and their ergative Subject counterparts are assigned the same theta-roles, and hence are subject to the same Selection Restrictions. For example, in (160) below:
 (160) (a) John might drown the kittens/his wife/??his goldfish/?!his frying-pan/!his birth
 (160) (b) The kittens/his wife/??his goldfish/?!his frying-pan/!his birth might drown
 the italicised transitive Object in (160) (a) has the same theta role ( = that of THEME or PATIENT (i.e. victim!) of drown) as the italicised ergative Subject in (160) (b), and accordingly is subject to the same Selection Restrictions.

1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 8, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 447:

transformational grammar
transformational grammar

(grammar, especially transformational grammar) Abbreviation of thematic role.


syndesis

en-noun

syndesis (usually uncountable, plural syndeses)

Initially in cytology from German Syndesis, coined by Valentin Häcker in 1904 from Ancient Greek σύνδεσις (súndesis, “binding, joining”), from συνδεῖν (sundeîn, “to join, to bind”) + -σῐς (-sis, “-sis: forming nouns”), from σῠν- (sun-, “together”) + δεῖν (deîn, “to bind, to tie”). Equivalent to syn- + -desis.

der

(grammar, rhetoric) Synonym of syndeton, the use of conjunctions or syndetic constructions.


seriative

(grammar) Of or relating to the verb subaspect that denotes one after another, an interconnected series of successive separate and distinct actions.


seriative

(grammar) A verb subaspect that denotes one after another, an interconnected series of successive separate and distinct actions.


saturative

/sæˈtjʊəɹətɪv/

/sæˈt͡ʃʊɹətɪv/

/ˈsæt͡ʃəɹətɪv/

(grammar, in languages such as Russian) That is brought to full satisfaction


gsg

(grammar) Abbreviation of genitive singular.


common gender

en-noun

common gender (countable and uncountable, plural common genders)

(grammar) In some languages (e.g. Latin, Lithuanian), a gender applied to a noun that can be either masculine or feminine.

genus commune

gender applied to a noun that is either masculine or feminine in grammatically gendered languages


perispome

(Ancient Greek grammar, of a word) Having a perispomene on the last syllable.


perispome

(Ancient Greek grammar) A word with a perispomene on its last syllable; a perispomenon.


perispome

en-verb

perispome (third-person singular simple present perispomes, present participle perispoming, simple past and past participle perispomed)

perispomes (present singular third-person)
perispoming (participle present)
perispomed (participle past)
perispomed (past)

(transitive, Ancient Greek grammar) To place a perispomene on the last syllable of (a word).


flexionless

[S]ome scholars have inclined to the view that the mixing of Scandinavian dialects and those of the Anglo-Saxons produced a kind of creolized (flexionless) English as the two sets of people sought to understand each other by ignoring inflexions[.]

1985, Robert Burchfield, The English Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 2:


crudeform

From crude (“pertaining to the uninflected stem of a word”) + form.

compound

(grammar, rare) Alternative form of crude form


crude form

crude (“pertaining to the uninflected stem of a word”) + form

(grammar, rare) the uninflected form or stem of a word


zu-infinitive

abgeben → abzugeben

vorbereiten → vorzubereiten

(grammar) a German infinitive form created by adding or infixing the particle zu and used in subordinate clauses


monograde

(grammar) Belonging to a certain conjugation class of verbs in Old Japanese.


movable nu

(grammar) The letter nu placed on the end of some grammatical forms in Attic or Ionic Greek, to avoid two vowels in a row (hiatus) or to create a long syllable in poetic meter.


construct state

en-noun

construct state (plural construct states)

Coordinate term: governed state

(grammar) A noun form associated especially with Afroasiatic languages, but occurring also in Iranian and others; used in construing a nominal with another, particularly for the object of a genitive.

إِضَافَة

a noun form, associated with the genitive