larynx

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-larynx.wav

Borrowed from New Latin larynx, from Ancient Greek λᾰ́ρῠγξ (lắrŭnx, “larynx; windpipe; gullet, throat”).

bor

Meronyms: epilarynx, hypolarynx, orolarynx

There is one thing, among abundance of others, in Anatomy, which has always much affected me with Admiration, [...] It is the Situation and Elaſticity of the Epiglottis, a ſoft Cartilaginous Cover to the Larynx, or Orifice of the Wind-pipe; that this Epiglottis ſhould, all a Man's life, be drawn up, for the Benefit of Reſpiration, and fall down and ſhut, whilſt every bit we eat, and every drop we drink, paſſes over it into the Gullet and Stomach; and that we ſhould ſo ſeldom have Occaſion to cough up a crum, or drop, that may accidentaly ſlip into the Larynx; [...]

1727, Walter Harris, “Section II. Of the Wonderful Works of God.”, in The Great and Wonderful Works of God Humbly Represented: And the Just and Equal Distributions of Providence Demonstrated. […], London: James Roberts […], →OCLC, pages 29–30:

The larynx is the instrument of the voice, of which the rima glottidis is the immediate organ. [...] The change of the voice from acute to grave at the time of puberty, when the larynx undergoes a remarkable development, as well as its acuteness in females, whose glottis is less by one third than that of man, shew that the size of the aperture has a great influence.

1809, William Nicholson, “PHYSIOLOGY”, in The British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; […], volume V (N … R), London: Printed by C[harles] Whittingham, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], →OCLC:

The differences in the voices of man and woman cannot but have been always obſerved; and their larynxes exhibit, on a merely ſuperficial inſpection, a great diſproportion in ſize.

1819, Abraham Rees, “LARYNX”, in The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature. [...] In Thirty-nine Volumes, volume XX, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, […] [et al.], →OCLC, column 1:

I hope to be understood as not implying that there is no peculiarity of the larynges and tracheæ, except in some genera; for I believe all have the admirable mechanism of the organ of voice differently constructed, with corresponding muscles, and distribution of nerves, producing those various modulations of sound so familiar to us, and destined for the excitement of love, as well as for other purposes.

1830 March 16, Joshua Brookes, “XXIX. On the Remarkable Formation of the Trachea In the Egyptian Tantalus”, in The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, volume XVI, London: Richard Taylor, […]; Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, […]; William Wood, […], published 1833, →OCLC, page 502:

The work on larynx transplantation has been discussed in the previous paragraphs. Corollary to this is the possible development of an artificial larynx which can be implanted just as an artificial heart might be implanted. Design of such larynxes might permit a quick solution to the problem of tissue rejection.

1968 April 25, John E. Bordley (witness), Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for 1969: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session: […], part 7 (Members of Congress, Interested Individuals and Organizations), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 259:

The ability of Red Deer stags to lower their larynx when roaring appears to be one of the exaggerators of formant dispersal, since the resting position of the male larynx is already lower than the typical mammalian position. [...] Size exaggeration provides an intriguing, non-linguistic explanation for the descent of the human larynx [...].

2003, John Maynard Smith, David Harper, “Indices of Quality”, in Animal Signals, Oxford, Oxforshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, published 2004, →ISBN, 4.2 Are Mammalian Sounds Reliable Indices of Size?, page 47:

Study of intubated larynges from infants of 22 to 40 weeks' gestation who survived a few hours to 300 days showed acute injury was almost invariable, and up to 100% of the subglottic epithelium was lost within a few hour of intubation, but progression of injury was relatively short-lived.

2015, George H. Zalzal, Robin Thomas Cotton, “Glottic and Subglottic Stenosis”, in Marci M. Lesperance, Paul W. Flint, Cummings Pediatric Otolaryngology, Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders, Elsevier, →ISBN, 6: Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, and Esophagus, page 350, column 2:

(anatomy, zootomy) A hollow muscular organ of the neck of mammals situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the oesophagus. It is involved in breath control and protection of the trachea, and, as it houses the vocal cords, sound production.

laring

organ involved in breath control, protection of the trachea, and sound production

បំពង់កក្នុង

bɑmpʊəŋ kɑɑ knoŋ


posterior

en-adj

posterior (comparative more posterior, superlative most posterior)

more posterior (comparative)
most posterior (superlative)
posteriour (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin posterior (“that comes or follows after; later, latter”).

bor

(anatomy) Nearer the rear or hind end; nearer the caudal end of the body in quadrupeds or the dorsal end in bipeds.

(medicine) Relating to or denoting presentation of a fetus in which the rear or caudal end is nearest the cervix and emerges first at birth.

(botany) Next to, or facing the main stem or axis.


abductive

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The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(anatomy) Related or pertaining to abductor muscles and their movement.


laryngeal

/ləˈɹɪn.d͡ʒəl/

Derived from New Latin laryngeus + -al, from larynx (“larynx”) + -eus (adjectival suffix). By surface analysis, laryng- + -al or -ial.

af

At sight of it there commenced a series of laryngeal spasms, with clutchings at his throat, far more violent than any I had heretofore seen.

1871, S. G. Cook, “A Case of Hydrophobia”, in William A. Hammond, editor, The Journal of Psychological Medicine: Diseases of the Nervous System, Medical Jurisprudence and Anthropology, volume 5, page 83:

(anatomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the larynx.


laryngeal

laryngeals (plural)
laryngal (alternative)

/ləˈɹɪn.d͡ʒəl/

(anatomy) An anatomical part (such as a nerve or artery) that supplies or is associated with the larynx.


squamous

en-adj

squamous (comparative more squamous, superlative most squamous)

more squamous (comparative)
most squamous (superlative)

From Middle English squamous, from Latin squāmōsus, from squāma (“scale(of a fish or reptile)”).

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone; squamosal


dermis

From New Latin dermis, from Ancient Greek δέρμα (dérma, “skin, hide”), from δέρω (dérō, “to skin, to flay”).

der

(anatomy) The tissue of the skin underlying the epidermis.


frontal

Borrowed from New Latin frontālis, from frons (“the forehead, brow, front”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), equivalent to front + -al; cognate of French frontal. Doublet of frontalis.

af

(anatomy) Of or relating to the forehead or frontal bone.

أَمَامِيّ

of or relating to the forehead or frontal bone

(anatomy) Parallel to the main axis of the body and at right angles to the sagittal plane.


dorsal

en-adj

dorsal (comparative more dorsal, superlative most dorsal)

more dorsal (comparative)
most dorsal (superlative)
dossal (alternative)

From Late Middle English dorsal/dorsale, borrowing from Medieval Latin dorsālis (“of or relating to the back”), from dorsum (“the back”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to dorsum + -al.

ظَهْرِيّ

relating to the side in which the backbone is located

(anatomy, zootomy) With respect to, or concerning the side in which the backbone is located, or the analogous side of an invertebrate.

(anatomy) Relating to the top surface of the foot or hand.

背側 /背侧

relating to the top surface of foot or hand

(linguistics, of a sound) Produced using the dorsum of the tongue.


cone

From Middle English cone (“corner, angle”) and conoun (“cone”), from Medieval Latin cōnus, cōnon (“cone, wedge, peak”), from Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos, “cone, spinning top, pine cone”). Reinforced by Middle French cone, from the same Graeco-Latin source.

der

(anatomy) Any of the small cone-shaped structures in the retina.


mold

en-noun

mold (countable and uncountable, plural molds)

molds (plural)
mould (alternative Commonwealth)

From Middle English molde (“mold, cast”), from Old French modle, mole, from Latin modulus, from Latin modus. Doublet of module, modulus, and model.


helix

From Latin helix, from Ancient Greek ἕλιξ (hélix, “something twisted or spiral”).

der

helix piercing

(anatomy) The incurved rim of the external ear.


biconcave

a biconcave lens

the biconcave vertebrae

Red blood cells are biconcave.

(optics, anatomy) Having both sides that are concave.


rear

From Middle English rere, from Anglo-Norman rere, ultimately from Latin retro. Compare arrear. Doublet of retro.

задник

the posterior, butt(ocks)- only terms with directional notion


eminence

en-noun

eminence (countable and uncountable, plural eminences)

obscurity

antonym(s) of “someone of high rank, reputation or social status”

mediocrity

antonym(s) of “the quality or state of being eminent”

From Old French eminence, from Latin ēminēntia (“prominence”, “protuberance”; “eminence”, “excellence”).

uder

title of honor for a Roman Catholic cardinal


external

en-adj

external (comparative more external, superlative most external)

more external (comparative)
most external (superlative)
externall (alternative)

From Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin externus (“outward, external”), from exter/exterus (“on the outside, outward”).

der

(anatomy) Situated near or toward the surface of the body.


proximal

en-adj

proximal (comparative more proximal, superlative most proximal)

more proximal (comparative)
most proximal (superlative)

antonym(s) of “closer to the point of attachment

From Latin proximus, superlative form of prope (“near, nigh”).

(anatomy, geology) Closer to the point of attachment or observation.


mamma

Either sex under special stimulations is capable of manifesting powers ordinarily shown only by the other […] Thus, to take an extreme case, the mammæ of men will, under special excitation, yield milk: there are various cases of gynecomasty on record, and in famines infants whose mothers have died have been thus saved.

1880, Herbert Spencer, The Study of Sociology, page 434:

(anatomy, plural mammae) The milk-secreting organ of female humans and other mammals which includes the mammary gland and the nipple or teat; a breast; an udder.


proto-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).

lbor

prot- (alternative)
Proto- (alternative)

prototroch, protoconid, protoconule


gonad

From Ancient Greek γονή (gonḗ, “seed, begetting, birth, offspring”), from γίγνεσθαι (gígnesthai, “be born”).

bor

(anatomy) A sex organ that produces gametes; specifically, a testicle or ovary.

(slang, chiefly in the plural) A testicle.


basilic

en-adj

basilic (comparative more basilic, superlative most basilic)

more basilic (comparative)
most basilic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek βασιλικός (basilikós). Doublet of basilic (etymology 1) and basil.

doublet

(anatomy) Relating to certain parts, anciently supposed to have a specially important function in the animal economy, such as the basilic vein.


orbital

Borrowed from Medieval Latin orbitālis, from orbita (“a track or rut; a circuit, orbit”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), equivalent to orbit + -al. Doublet of orbitalis.

af

(anatomy) Of or relating to the eye socket (eyehole).


pectus

(anatomy, zoology) The breast, especially of a bird.


anthropoid

en-adj

anthropoid (comparative more anthropoid, superlative most anthropoid)

more anthropoid (comparative)
most anthropoid (superlative)

/ˈænθɹəpɔɪd/

чалавекападо́бны

having characteristics of a human, usually in terms of shape or appearance

Having characteristics of a human, usually in terms of shape or appearance.

(anatomy, in pelvimetry) Of the pelvis, having an anteroposterior diameter equal or exceeding the transverse diameter.


pupil

From Middle English pupille, from Old French pupille, from Latin pūpilla (“pupil; little girl, doll”), named because of the small reflected image seen when looking into someone's eye.

der

There are sharks with round pupils, sharks with slitlike pupils, and some with pupils that expand and contract with the amount of light available. As unimpressive as this might sound to people who are used to having their pupils dilate and contract regularly, realize that no bony fish has this modification of the eye.

1983, Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, Knopf, →ISBN, page 29:

(anatomy) The hole in the middle of the iris of the eye, through which light passes to be focused on the retina.

pupil

the hole in the middle of the iris of the eye

das Schwarze im Auge

colloquial; sometimes including the iris


scrotum

labioscrotal swelling - embryological precursor

The female labia majora are homologous to the male scrotum.

(anatomy) The sac of skin and muscle that contains the testicles in most placental (boreoeutherian) mammals.

qese e herdheve

the bag of the skin and muscle that contains the testicles


alveolar

(anatomy, relational) Relating to the alveoli (small air sacs) of the lungs.

(anatomy, relational) Relating to the jaw ridge containing the tooth sockets.

(anatomy, relational) Relating to the glands with secretory cells about a central space.


xiphoid

From Ancient Greek ξιφοειδής (xiphoeidḗs, “sword-shaped”).

(anatomy) Of or relating to the xiphoid process (also called xiphisternum).


xiphoid

In Asian pangolins the xiphoids are shorter[…]

2000, Kurt Schwenk, Feeding: Form, Function and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates, page 466:


isthmus

Borrowing from Latin isthmus (“a strip of land between two seas”), from Ancient Greek ῐ̓σθμός (ĭsthmós, “neck, narrow passage”), possibly from εἶμῐ (eîmĭ, “to go”). Cognate to Old Norse eið (“isthmus”).

bor

(anatomy, botany) Any such narrow part connecting two larger structures.

峽 /峡

part connecting two anatomical structures


calyx

calyces (plural)
calyxes (plural)
calix (alternative)

From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch.

der

(zoology, anatomy) Any of various cup-like structures.

A chamber in the mammalian kidney through which urine passes.

The crown containing the viscera of crinoids and similar echinoderms, entoprocts, and the polyps of some cnidarians.

A funnel-shaped expansion of the vas deferens or oviduct of insects.

A flattened cap of neuropil in the brain of insects.


cranium

From Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”), from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”).

cranio

upper part of skull without the mandible

The Skull is divided into two parts, the Cranium and the Face. The Cranium is composed of eight bones; […]

1858, Henry Gray, “The Skull”, in Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical, page 19:

‘I always ask leave, in the interests of science, to measure the crania of those going out there,’ he said.

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 201:

The cranium of the fowl is composed of the same elements as are present in the mammalian cranium, save that there is no interparietal.

1908, J. McFadyean, “Part I: Osteology and Arthrology”, in The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, page 165:

The cranial bones, or cranium (kra′ne-um), enclose and protect the fragile brain and furnish attachment sites for head and neck muscles.

2010, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn, “Chapter 7 "The Skeleton"”, in Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th edition, page 200:

(anatomy) That part of the skull consisting of the bones enclosing the brain, but not including the bones of the face or jaw.


crypt

Learned borrowing from Latin crypta (“vault”), from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”). Doublet of grotto.

der

Near-synonyms: fovea, fossa

Sometimes, too much foreign material can get caught in the crypts, leading to frequent infections.

2015, Giulia Enders, translated by David Shaw, Gut, Scribe, published 2016, page 25:

(anatomy) A small pit or cavity in the surface of an organ or other structure.


pharynx

Borrowing from New Latin pharynx, from Ancient Greek φᾰ́ρῠγξ (phắrŭnx, “throat”).

Meronyms: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, velopharynx, glossopharynx

(anatomy) The part of the alimentary canal and respiratory tract that extends from the back of the mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus.


cubit

From Middle English cubite, from Latin cubitum (“elbow, cubit”). Doublet of cubitus, covado, and codo.

(anatomy, archaic) Synonym of ulna, the bone of the human forearm.


MV

(anatomy, medicine) Initialism of mitral valve.


perimysium

en-noun

perimysium (plural perimysiums or perimysia)

(anatomy) A layer of connective tissue which surrounds several muscle fibers into bundles


cartilage

cartilage (countable and uncountable, plural cartilages)

Borrowed from French cartilage, from Latin cartilāgō. Partially displaced native gristle, from Old English gristel.

(anatomy, uncountable) A usually translucent and somewhat elastic, dense, nonvascular connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints. It composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos, being replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

(anatomy, countable) A particular structure made of cartilage.


arterio-

(anatomy, medicine) Alternative form of arteri-.


vesicle

From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula.

(anatomy) A pocket of embryonic tissue that is the beginning of an organ.


suture

From Middle English suture, from Latin sūtūra (“suture”), from suere (“sew, join or tack together”) + -tūra (forms action nouns).

af

(anatomy) A type of fibrous joint bound together by Sharpey's fibres which only occurs in the skull.

lebeční šev

type of fibrous joint which only occurs in the skull

(anatomy) A seam or line, such as that between the segments of a crustacean, between the whorls of a univalve shell, or where the elytra of a beetle meet.


blood vessel

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

2013 July-August, Stephen P. Lownie, David M. Pelz, “Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist:

(anatomy) A component of the circulatory system, such as an artery, capillary, or vein, that carries blood.

ケモリッ

component of the circulatory system that carries blood

หลอดเลือด

lɔ̀ɔt-lʉ̂ʉat


connective tissue

en-noun

connective tissue (countable and uncountable, plural connective tissues)

extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix#English

(anatomy) A type of tissue found in animals whose main function is binding other tissue systems (such as muscle to skin) or organs and consists of the following three elements: cells, fibers and a ground substance (or extracellular matrix).

bindweefsel

type of tissue that binds other tissue systems


aortal

Constance leans over him [...] and he has that drop kick in the aortal region as blood rushes to a hard-on.

2016, Jenni Fagan, The Sunlight Pilgrims, William Heinemann, page 180:


auricle

/ˈɔː.ɹɪk.əl/

From Latin auricula (“the external ear”), diminutive of auris (“the ear”). Doublet of auricula.

(biology) Any appendage in the shape of an ear or earlobe.

(anatomy) An anterior ear-shaped appendage of the left or right atrium of the human heart.

сърдечно ухо

an ear-shaped appendage of the left or right atrium of the heart


cloaca

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Borrowed from Latin cloāca (“sewer”), from cluō (“cleanse; purge”).

In birds the rectum, at the termination of its canal, forms an oval or elongated pouch […] and then expands into a cavity, which has been named cloaca.

1822, John Mason Good, The Study of Medicine, volume I, page 7:

(anatomy, zoology) The opening in reptiles, amphibians and birds, as well as elasmobranchians, lobe-finned fishes, marsupials and monotreme mammals, which serves as the common outlet for the urogenital ducts and rectum.

клоа́ка

anatomical feature of birds, reptiles, etc.

総排出腔

そうはいしゅつこう, sōhaishutsukō, そうはいしゅつくう, sōhaishutsukū

排出腔

はいしゅつこう, haishutsukō, はいしゅつくう, haishutsukū

Across this shell [sc. of bone] small holes are eaten, by which the matter escapes, and which are called cloacae (Weidmann).

1846, Joseph François Malgaigne, translated by Frederick Brittan, Manual of Operative Surgery, page 172:

(anatomy) A duct through which gangrenous material escapes a body.


exoskeleton

exoskeleton (plural exoskeletons or exoskeleta)

exoskeletons (plural)
exoskeleta (plural)

This is the case not only with all forms provided with exoskeleta and endoskeleta, into the composition of which lime largely enters, but also with those which exercise the precipitating effect on the calcium salts they absorb from sea water, the precipitation rarely going so far as to form a distinct deposit in the cells or tissues of the organism.

1903 January 17, A[rchibald] B[yron] Macallum, “The Palæochemistry of the Ocean in Relation to Animal and Vegetable Protoplasm”, in Transactions of the Canadian Institute, volume VII, Toronto, Ont.: […] for the Canadian Institute by Murray Printing Company, published 1904, section IV (The Composition of the Primeval Ocean), page 551:

Ordinarily, allergy to animals is due to either their fine dander which becomes aerosolized or to the exoskeleta, pupae, or feces of their ectoparasites.

1982, R. V. Lynch, Jr., R. Burrell, “Primate Dander Allergy of Lesser Bushbaby (Galago): A Case Report”, in D[uane] E. Haines, editor, The Lesser Bushbaby (Galago) as an Animal Model: Selected Topics, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, Inc., →ISBN, page 304:

After separation, the next generation of daughters resumes the photosynthetic fixation (reduction) of carbon, the sequestration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and mineral nutrients (up to a score), and the synthesis of the proteins that will contribute to the generational doubling of biomass. Structures such as flagella, scales, and exoskeleta also have to be reallocated or copied.

2009, Klement Tockner, Gene E[lden] Likens, editors, Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Academic Press, →ISBN:

Drawings supplied with NR's council application show a bridge with an exoskeleton that repeats some of the angles of Hitachi's '800' series trains which LNER and TransPennine Express run through the station.

2024 February 21, Philip Haigh, “Network News: New platforms and bridge to transform Darlington”, in RAIL, number 1003, page 12:

(anatomy) A hard outer structure that provides both structure and protection to creatures such as insects and Crustacea.


intrinsic

en-adj

intrinsic (comparative more intrinsic, superlative most intrinsic)

more intrinsic (comparative)
most intrinsic (superlative)
intrinsick (alternative obsolete)

From Middle French intrinsèque, from Latin intrīnsecus (“on the inside, inwardly”), from *intrim, an assumed adverbial form of inter (“within”) + secus (“by, on the side”).

der

(anatomy, of a body part) Situated, produced, secreted in, or coming from inside an organ, tissue, muscle or member.


foramen ovale

The second point, as urged by Dr. Norman Chevere, "That a closed foramen ovale is not a proof in jurisprudence that a child has lived;" for in this case the occlusion must have existed long before birth.

1846, London Medical Gazette: Or, Journal of Practical Medicine, volume 38, page 1077:

If the blood entering the right atrium from the great veins contains more emboli, some of these may pass into the left atrium by way of the incompletely closed channel at the foramen ovale.

1953, Sylvester Emanuel Gould, Pathology of the Heart, page 267:

Thus in those conditions associated with obstruction to the right side of the heart, such as tricuspid atresia or pulmonary atresia with intactventricular^([sic]) septum, the foramen ovale is necessary to provide systemic blood flow.

2009, Abraham Rudolph, Congenital Diseases of the Heart: Clinical-Physiological Considerations, Third Edition, 2013, page 282:

(medicine, anatomy, embryology) An opening in the septum between the right and left atria of the fetal heart that normally closes after birth.


diastema

en-noun

diastema (plural diastemas or diastemata)

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma, “interval, space between”). Compare diastasis.

der

(zoology, anatomy) A gap between teeth of different types, e.g. incisors and molars, which is a feature of some rodents and ungulates.


alimentary canal

en-noun

alimentary canal (plural alimentary canals)

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The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, and intestines are part of the human alimentary canal.

(anatomy) The organs of a human or other animal through which food passes; the digestive tract.


mesial

Irregular derivation from Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos).

His pale Galilean eyes were upon her mesial groove. Venus Kallipyge. O, the thunder of those loins!

1922 February, James Joyce, Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

(anatomy) Pertaining to the midline of the body.


buccal

buccal surface of the molars

buccal branch of the facial nerve

Obtained buccal epithelium and newly drawn, uncentrifuged blood collected in an EDTA tube were used for analysis of gene expression: a control GAPDH gene and Osteocalcin gene.

2015 August 19, Mansur Rahnama et al., “Analysis of the Influence of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Osteocalcin Gene Expression in Postmenopausal Women”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(anatomy, dentistry, relational) Of, relating to, near, involving, or supplying the cheek.


-ad

From Latin ad (“at”). Coined by British anatomist John Barclay.

coin

tibiad; ulnad


asteriscus

(anatomy) One of the otoliths found in the lagena of many nonmammalian vertebrates.


apophysis

From Ancient Greek ἀπόφυσις (apóphusis, “offshoot”), from ἀπό (apó) + φύω (phúō, “to bring forth”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to exist, to grow”). Equivalent to apo- + -physis.

der

Every bone in the real duck had its representative in the automaton, and its wings were anatomically exact. Every cavity, apophysis, and curvature was imitated, and each bone executed its proper movements.

1836, E. A. Poe, Maelzel's Chess-Player:

In the male each palpal tibia shows a long narrow apophysis on the outerside.

1913, A. Randell Jackson, “On the British Spiders of the Genus Microneta”, in Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, page 128:

(anatomy) A natural outgrowth, swelling or enlargement, usually of an organism; a protuberance on a bone.


canine

From Latin canīnus (“of dogs, dog-like”), from canis (“dog”). Compare French canin.

Then his upper lip may be seen to be raised, especially at the corners, so that his huge canine teeth are exhibited.

1872, Charles Darwin, chapter 10, in Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals:

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to mammalian teeth which are cuspids or fangs.


orthognathous

en-adj

orthognathous (comparative more orthognathous, superlative most orthognathous)

more orthognathous (comparative)
most orthognathous (superlative)


ventral

From French ventral, from Latin ventrālis, from venter (“belly, abdomen”); by surface analysis, ventr- + -al.

(anatomy) On the front side of the human body, or the corresponding surface of an animal, usually the lower surface.

ventral

(anatomy) on the front side of the human body or the according surface of an animal

(anatomy) On or relating to the sole of the foot or the palmar surface of the hand.

ventraalinen

(anatomy) on or relating to the bottom portion of either foot and/or hand

(neuroanatomy) On the lower side of the brain.


sagittal

Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin sagittālis, from sagitta (“an arrow, shaft, bolt”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

(anatomy) Relating to or denoting the suture on top of the skull which runs between the parietal bones in a front to back direction.

(anatomy) Of or in a plane parallel to the median plane, especially that dividing the body into left and right halves.


cavity

Mid 16th century borrowing from Middle French cavité or Late Latin cavitās, from cavus (“hollow, excavated, concave”) + -tās (“-ity”, nominal suffix).

A hole or hollow depression in a solid object.

(anatomy) A hollow area within the body.


pavilion

From Middle English pavilloun, from Anglo-Norman pavilloun, from Latin pāpiliōnem, form of pāpiliō (“butterfly, moth”) (due to resemblance of tent to a butterfly’s wings), of unknown origin. Doublet of papillon.
Cognate to French pavillon (“pavilion”) and papillon (“butterfly”), and similar terms in other Romance languages.

(anatomy) The cartiliginous part of the outer ear; auricle.

(anatomy) The fimbriated extremity of the Fallopian tube.


grey matter

(neuroanatomy) A collection of cell bodies and (usually) dendritic connections, in contrast to white matter.


seminiferous

en-adj

seminiferous (comparative more seminiferous, superlative most seminiferous)

more seminiferous (comparative)
most seminiferous (superlative)

From Late Latin sēminifer (“carrying semen”).

(anatomy) conveying, containing, bearing, or producing semen or seminal fluid


condyle

From French condyle, from Latin condylus, from Ancient Greek κόνδυλος (kóndulos, “knuckle”).

der

“It's the upper condyle of a human femur,” said I.

1927, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place, Norton, published 2005, page 1717:

(anatomy) A smooth prominence on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone.


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).


infratentorial

(anatomy) Below the tentorium cerebelli.


ligament

From Middle English ligament, from Latin ligāmentum, from ligō (“tie, bind”).

It so chanced that at this juncture the decayed ligaments of the skeleton gave way, and the dry bones fell together in a heap, thus causing the dusty wreath of cypress to drop upon the table.

1846, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Christmas Banquet”, in Mosses from an Old Manse:

Her anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) are torn and Vonn has a lateral fracture of the tibial plateau, the upper end of the tibia or shin bone.

2013 February 6, Jen Christiensen, “Vonn’s injury ‘career-delayer,’ not ‘career ender’”, in CNN:

(anatomy) A band of strong tissue that connects bones to other bones.

ligament

band of strong tissue that holds the bones of an animal in position


out of joint

I fell over and put my shoulder out of joint.

Fla[via]. Come, Sir Pergamus, till your horse come, you and I'll go play at shuttle-cock. / Per[gamus]. A match i'faith. I love that sport a' life. Yet my mother charged me not to use it for fear of putting my arm out of joint.

c. 1604–1626, doubtfully attributed to Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, “The Faithful Friends”, in Henry [William] Weber, editor, The Works of Beaumont and Fletcher, in Fourteen Volumes: […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] F[rancis] C[harles] and J[ohn] Rivington; […], published 1812, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii, page 50:


ovary

From New Latin ovarium, from Medieval Latin ovaria (“bird ovary”), from Latin ovum (“egg”). Doublet of ovarium.

The male testicles are homologous to the female ovaries.

(anatomy) A female reproductive organ, often paired, that produces ova in most animals, and in mammals, secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone.


volar

(anatomy) Pertaining to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot.


toponym

Back-formation from toponymy. By surface analysis, topo + -nym.

(anatomy) The technical designation of any region of an animal.


protraction

en-noun

protraction (countable and uncountable, plural protractions)

(anatomy) An anterior movement on the horizontal plane; The forward movement of the tongue or of a limb.


profunda

(anatomy) A deep-seated artery, as of the arm, neck, or leg.


uvula

uvula (plural uvulae or uvulas or (obsolete) uvulæ)

uvulae (plural)
uvulas (plural)
uvulæ (obsolete plural)

Borrowed from Late Latin ūvula, diminutive of ūva (“grape”).

(anatomy) Ellipsis of palatine uvula, the fleshy appendage that hangs from the back of the soft palate, that closes the nasopharynx during swallowing.

palatine uvula

(anatomy) the slight elevation in the mucous membrane immediately behind the internal urethral orifice of the urinary bladder, caused by the middle lobe of the prostate


maidenhead

maidenhead (countable and uncountable, plural maidenheads)

maidenheads (plural)
maydenhead (alternative)

Ay, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads; take it in what sense thou wilt.

c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:


vestibule

Early 17th century, borrowed from French vestibule (“entrance court”), from Latin vestibulum (“forecourt, entrance court; entrance”), from vestiō (“to dress, clothe, vest”) + -bulum (“place, location”, nominal suffix). Doublet of vestibulum.

նախասրահ

small entrance hall before main hall or lobby

(anatomy) Any of a number of body cavities or channels, serving as or resembling an entrance to another bodily space.

The central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear or the parts (such as the saccule and utricle) of the membranous labyrinth that it contains.

The part of the left ventricle below the aortic orifice.

The incision of the mucosa over the premaxilla is traced a millimetre or two from the furrow that marks the bottom of the barely-defined vestibule.

2001, René Malek, Cleft Lip and Palate: Lesions, Pathophysiology and Primary Treatment, page 79:

The part of the mouth outside the teeth and gums.

She spread her labia further, both sets of lips protecting the vestibule, the delicate area between them.

2021, Leone Ross, This One Sky Day, Faber & Faber Limited, page 318:

vulval vestibule
vulval vestibule#English

Clipping of vulval vestibule: the space in the vulva between the labia minora and into which both the urethra and vagina open.

vulval vestibule

The membrane of the vestibule in this animal is thrown into three folds. The margins of these folds, looking towards the vestibule, are approximated, and, following the law which is now known to regulate the formation of hollow tubes, doubtless unite and coalesce in the next higher species of fish.

1838, Joseph Garland, “Formation of the Ear”, in The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, volume 17, page 333:

The Vestibule (vestibulum nasi). — The paired vestibule may be considered an antechamber to the nasal fossa.

1920, Jacob Parsons Schaeffer, The Nose, Paranasal Sinuses, Nasolacrimal Passageways, and Olfactory Organ in Man: A Genetic, Developmental, and Anatomico-physiological Consideration, page 73:


ridge

ridges (plural)
rig (alternative dialectal)

From Middle English rigge, rygge, (also rig, ryg, rug), from Old English hryċġ (“back, spine, ridge, elevated surface”), from Proto-West Germanic *hrugi, from Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz (“back”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk-, *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).
Cognate with Scots rig (“back, spine, ridge”), North Frisian reg (“back”), West Frisian rêch (“back”), Dutch rug (“back, ridge”), German Rücken (“back, ridge”), Swedish rygg (“back, spine, ridge”), Icelandic hryggur (“spine”). Cognate to Albanian kërrus (“to bend one's back”) and kurriz (“back”).

inh

He thought it was no time to ſtay, / And let the Night too ſteal away, / But in a trice advanced the Knight, / Upon the Bare Ridge, Bolt upright, / And groping out for Ralpho’s Jade, / He found the Saddle too was ſtraid[…]

1677 (indicated as 1678), [Samuel Butler], “[The Third Part of Hudibras]. Canto I.”, in Hudibras. The Third and Last Part. […], London: […] Robert Horne, […], published 1679, →OCLC; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1905, →OCLC, pages 237–238:

(anatomy) The back of any animal; especially the upper or projecting part of the back of a quadruped.


vulva

en-noun

vulva (plural vulvas or vulvae or vulvæ)

vulvas (plural)
vulvae (plural)
vulvæ (plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin vulva, earlier volva (“womb, female sexual organ”), probably from volvō (“to turn, wrap around”). Akin to Sanskrit उल्ब (úlba, “womb”).

labioscrotal swelling - embryological precursors

The wedge-shaped character was the triangle, the archaic Paleolithic sign of the vulva; the pubic triangle was at the end of the phallic stylus.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 22:

Many of the less-sophisticated works are sexual in nature. Among the most common images are stylised vulvas, whole flocks of which appear on some cave walls.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 216:

(anatomy) The external female genitalia of humans and other placental mammals, which includes the clitoris, labia, and vulval vestibule/vulvar opening.

𒊩𒆷

collectively the external female sexual organs


toponymy

toponymy (countable and uncountable, plural toponymies)

toponymies (plural)
toponomy (alternative)

(anatomy) The nomenclature of anatomical regions.


insular

en-adj

insular (comparative more insular, superlative most insular)

more insular (comparative)
most insular (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin insularis (“of or belonging to an island”), from insula (“an island”), perhaps, from in (“in”) + salum (“the main sea”).

bor

(anatomy) Relating to the insula in the brain.


vas deferens

From New Latin vās dēferēns, itself from vās (“vessel, duct”) + dēferēns (“carrying off”, present active participle of dēferō (“to carry off”)).

com

dēferēns<t:carrying off><pos:present active participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">dēferō</i> (“to carry off”)>

(anatomy) The duct in the testicle that carries semen from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.


ventricle

From late Middle English, from Latin ventriculus (“the belly”), diminutive of venter (“the belly”). Doublet of ventriculus.

Meronyms: left ventricle, right ventricle

The muscular ventricles pump blood by contracting their fibers in response to electrical stimulation.

2018, Sandeep Jauhar, Heart: a History, →ISBN, page 47:

(anatomy, zootomy) Any small cavity within a body; a hollow part or organ, especially:

Meronyms: fourth ventricle, lateral ventricle, third ventricle

the ventricle of memory

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

(neuroanatomy) One of four fluid-filled cavities in the brain, that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

[On birds] Where omitting the more general Properties, of having two Ventricles, and picking up stones to conveigh them into their second Ventricle, the Gizzern, (which provision and instinct is a supply for the want of teeth;) […]

1662, Henry More, An Antidote Against Atheism, Book II: A Collection of Several Philosophical Writings of Dr. Henry More, page 72:

(archaic) A ventriculus; especially, a stomach.


ventral tegmentum

ventral tegmentum (canonical)
ventral tegmental area (canonical)

(neuroanatomy) A part of the midbrain, close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus, that contains dopamine and serotonin.

(neuroanatomy) The part of the mesencephalon that projects to the nucleus accumbens via the mesolimbic pathway and to the cortex via the mesocortical pathway


tablature

en-noun

tablature (countable and uncountable, plural tablatures)

tablatures (plural)
tabulature (alternative)

/ˈtæblət͡ʃɜ/

From French, from Italian tavolatura, from Latin tabulatura, from tabula.

(anatomy) A division of the skull into two tables.


umbilical cord

(anatomy) The flexible structure connecting a foetus with the placenta; it transports nourishment to the foetus and removes waste.


umbilicus

umbilicus (plural umbilici or umbilicuses)

Borrowed from Latin umbilīcus (“navel”).


flank

From Late Middle English flanc, from Late Old English flanc (“flank”), from Old French flanc, of Germanic origin, probably Frankish *hlanca, from Proto-Germanic *hlankō (“bend, curve, hip, flank”), from Proto-Germanic *hlankaz (“flexible, sleek, bendsome”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleng- (“to bend”). Akin to Old High German hlanca (“loin”), Middle Low German lanke (“hip joint”) (German lenken (“to bend, turn, lead”)), Old English hlanc (“loose, slender, flaccid, lank”). More at lank.

cog

Holonym: side

(anatomy) The lateral flesh between the last rib and the hip.

خَاصِرَة

anatomy: flesh between the last rib and the hip


rete

(anatomy) A network of blood vessels or nerves.


peroneal

en-adj

peroneal (comparative more peroneal, superlative most peroneal)

more peroneal (comparative)
most peroneal (superlative)

/ˌpɛː.ɹəˈniː.əl/

Charcot praised Duchenne's work on tabes, and gave the first description of sclerosis and the peroneal type of muscular atrophy.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 526:

(anatomy) Pertaining to the fibula or to the part of the leg containing it, the outside (lateral aspect) of the lower leg (that is, what anatomical terminology calls the leg, from knee to foot).


haemal

From Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).


anvil

From Middle English anfilt, anvelt, anfelt, from late Old English anfilt, anfilte, anfealt, from earlier onfilti (“anvil”), from Proto-West Germanic *anafalt (compare Middle Dutch anvilte, Low German Anfilts, Anefilt, Old High German anafalz), compound of *ana (“on”) + *falt (“beaten”) (compare German falzen (“to groove, fold, welt”), Swedish dialectal filta (“to beat”)), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂-t- (“shaken, beaten”) (compare Middle Irish lethar (“leather”), Latin pellō (“to beat, strike”), Ancient Greek πάλλω (pállō, “to toss, brandish”)), enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to stir, move”). More at felon.

der

(anatomy) The incus bone in the middle ear.


thorax

From Latin thorax, from Ancient Greek θώραξ (thṓrax, “a breastplate, cuirass, corslet”).

Holonyms: torso, trunk < body

Meronym: chest

(anatomy) The region of the mammalian body between the neck and abdomen as well as the cavity containing the heart and lungs.


iliac artery

(anatomy) One of the large arteries supplying blood to the pelvis and legs.


preparation

en-noun

preparation (countable and uncountable, plural preparations)

preparations (plural)
præparation (alternative)

/ˌpɹɛpəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English preparacion, from Middle French preparacion, from Latin praeparatio, praeparationem.
Morphologically prepare + -ation

(anatomy) A part of any animal body preserved as a specimen.


mandible

mandibles (plural)
mandibula (alternative)

From late Middle English, from Late Latin mandibula (“a jaw”), from mandō (“to chew, masticate”) + -bula (instrument noun suffix).

af

The jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone in mammals and fishes.

Either of the upper and lower segments of a bird's beak.

Any of various invertebrate mouthparts serving to hold or bite food materials.

One of the anterior pair of mouthparts of an arthropod, designed for holding and cutting food.


centrum

From Middle English centrum, from Latin centrum. Doublet of centre.

The central body of a vertebra; the solid piece to which the arches and some other parts are or may be attached.

The basis or fundamental portion of one of the cranial segments, regarded as analogous to vertebrae.


furcula

(anatomy) A forked process or structure, generally two-pronged.


centrale

(anatomy) The central, or one of the central, bones of the carpus or tarsus in most vertebrates. In the human tarsus it is represented by the navicular.


cartilaginous

en-adj

cartilaginous (comparative more cartilaginous, superlative most cartilaginous)

more cartilaginous (comparative)
most cartilaginous (superlative)
cartilagenous (alternative)
cartilagineous (alternative)
cartiliginous (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin cartilāginōsus (“full of cartilage, very gristly”), from cartilāgō (“cartilage, gristle”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”); compare French cartilagineux. Equivalent to cartilage + -ous, with modifications made to its morphology.

af

(anatomy) Comprising soft cartilage rather than bone.

Cartilaginous fish such as the angler fish have a skeletal structure made up of cartilage.

[T]here are other Bodies beſides Shells found in the Earth, reſembling the Teeth and Bones of ſome Fiſhes, […] the Vertebres of Thornbacks and other Cartilagineous Fiſhes there found, and ſold for Stones among the Gloſſopetræ, […]

1692, John Ray, “Of Formed Stones, Sea-shells, and Other Marine-like Bodies Found at Great Distances from the Shores?”, in Miscellaneous Discourses Concerning the Dissolution and Changes of the World. […], London: […] Samuel Smith, […], →OCLC, page 109:

(zoology, of a vertebrate animal) Having a skeleton of cartilage.


viscus

From Latin viscus (“any internal organ of the body”), perhaps akin to viscid.

bor

(anatomy) One of the organs, as the brain, heart, or stomach, in the great cavities of the body of an animal; especially used in the plural, and applied to the organs contained in the abdomen.


vas

Borrowed from Latin vās (“vessel”), from 1645–1655. Doublet of vase.

(anatomy) A vessel or duct transporting any bodily fluid, such as blood, lymph, chyle, or semen.


dura mater

en-noun

dura mater (plural durae matres or dura maters)

durae matres (plural)
dura maters (plural)
dura (abbreviation)

First attested c. 1400, borrowing from Medieval Latin dūra māter (literally “firm, strict mother”), ellipsis of dūra māter cerebrī (literally “hard mother of the brain”), calque of Arabic أُمّ الدِّمَاغ الصَفِيقَة (ʔumm al-ddimāḡ aṣ-ṣafīqa, literally “thick mother of the brain”).

clq

أُمّ الدِّمَاغ الصَفِيقَة

Hmm, false membranes are adhering to the arachnoidian layer of the dura mater. I’m directing my gaze into a world of constant visibility. Where does it hurt?

1997, Chris Horrocks, Introducing Foucault, Totem Books; Icon Books, →ISBN, page 53:

(anatomy) The tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the meninges, enveloping the brain and spinal cord.


scroll

From Middle English scrowle, scrolle, from earlier scrowe, scrouwe (influenced by Middle English rolle), from Old French escroe, escrowe, escrouwe (“scroll, strip of parchment”), from Frankish *skrōda (“a shred”), from Proto-Germanic *skraudō, from *skrew- (“to cut; cutting tool”), extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Doublet of shred and escrow.


cornea

en-noun

cornea (plural corneas or corneae or (archaic) corneæ)

corneas (plural)
corneae (plural)
corneæ (archaic plural)

From Latin cornea tela (“horny tissue”), from cornu (“horn”).

Or instead of treating them with the developing solution, the corneæ may be removed to a warm, concentrated solution of tartaric acid and remain there at the temperature of an incubating stove until the gold is fully reduced.

1885, Arthur Bolles Lee, chapter XI, in The Microtomist’s Vade‐Mecum, P. Blakiston, Son & Co, page 93:

In the lateral view (fig. 26) the corneae seemed very flat, their convexity not exceeding that of the bulbi (cornea plana?);

1969, P. P. H. Alkemade, Dysgenesis Mesodermalis of the Iris and the Cornea: A Study of Rieger’s Syndrome and Peter’s Anomaly, page 119:

The corneae were swollen without major infiltrates similar to longstanding disciform edema.

1981, R. Sundmacher, D. Neumann-Haefelin, A. Mattes, K. Cantell, “Connatal Monosymptomatic Corneal Endotheliitis by Cytomegalovirus”, in Herpetic Eye Diseases, J.F. Bergmann Verlag, →ISBN, page 501:

It is well known that in clinical practice the corneae from eyes enucleated for malignant melanoma of posterior choroid are usually utilized for corneal grafting. This research refers to cases of posterior melanomas which extended anteriorly, in which the utilization of the corneae for grafting was doubtful.

1983, A. Loffredo, G. Cennamo, A. De Lellis, A. Sammartino, A. Del Prete, “Echographic Pattern Evaluation of Eyes with Choroid Melanoma for Corneal Graft Utilization”, in Jeffrey S. Hillman, Malcolm M. Le May, editors, Ophthalmic Ultrasonography: Proceedings of the 9th SIDUO Congress, Leeds, U.K. July 20-23, 1982, Dr W. Junk Publishers, Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, →ISBN, page 43:

(anatomy) The transparent layer making up the outermost front part of the eye, covering the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.


transverse

Late Middle English, from Latin trānsversus (“turned across; going or lying across or crosswise”). Doublet of transversal.

der

(anatomy) Made at right angles to the long axis of the body.


sinusoidal

en-adj

sinusoidal (comparative more sinusoidal, superlative most sinusoidal)

more sinusoidal (comparative)
most sinusoidal (superlative)

(anatomy) Relating to any of several channels (the sinusoids) through which venous blood passes in various organs.


DA

en-noun

DA (countable and uncountable, plural DAs or DA's)

descending aorta
descending aorta#English

(anatomy) Initialism of descending aorta.

ductus arteriosus
ductus arteriosus#English

(anatomy) Initialism of ductus arteriosus.


ilium

Borrowed from Latin īlium (“lower abdomen”), from īle (“flank”).

Holonyms: hip bone, os coxae < pelvis

(anatomy) The upper and widest of the three bones that make up each side of the hipbone.

en:portion of small intestine, obsolete spelling of _ileum_

(anatomy, obsolete) The ileum, part of the small intestine (in modern usage, misspelling of ileum).


rib

From Middle English rib, ribbe, from Old English ribb (“rib”), from Proto-West Germanic *ribi, from Proto-Germanic *ribją (“rib, reef”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ- (“arch, ceiling, cover”).
Cognate with Dutch rib (“rib”), Norwegian ribbe (“sparerib”), Norwegian ribben (“rib”), Low German ribbe (“rib”), German Rippe (“rib”), Old Norse rif (“rib, reef”), Serbo-Croatian rèbro (“rib”).
(wife or woman): In reference to the creation of Eve from Adam's rib in the Bible.

ребро

shaping and supporting member in an aircraft wing

On an early winter afternoon, clear but not cold, when the vegetable world was a weird multitude of skeletons through whose ribs the sun shone freely, a gleaming landau came to a pause on the crest of a hill in Wessex.

1882, Thomas Hardy, chapter I, in Two on a Tower. A Romance. [...] In Three Volumes, volume I, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, […], →OCLC, page 1:

(anatomy) Any of a series of long curved bones occurring in 12 pairs in humans and other animals and extending from the spine to or toward the sternum.


compartment

First attested 1564, from Middle French compartiment, from Italian compartimento, from Late Latin compartiri (“to divide with, to share with”), from com- + partiri (“to apportion, to divide, to share”).

(anatomy) A region in the body, delimited by a biological membrane.


labia majora

en-noun

labia majora pl (normally plural, singular labium majus)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-labia majora.wav

A new technology has enabled man to take gardening away from women and turn it into agriculture; the plow is the great phallus that separates the labia majora of the furrows of earth, and the plow is under the majesty of Enki.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 162:

(anatomy, primatology) The two outer rounded folds of adipose tissue that lie on either side of the opening of the vagina.


labia minora

labia minora pl (normally plural, singular labium minus)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-labia minora.wav

The ventral skin of the penis is homologous to the labia minora.

When performed poorly, a labiaplasty — a procedure to reduce the size of the labia minora, and one of the fastest-growing cosmetic surgeries worldwide — can also damage nerves, leading to genital pain and loss of sexual sensation.

2022 October 17, Rachel E. Gross, “Half the World Has a Clitoris. Why Don’t Doctors Study It?”, in The New York Times:

(anatomy) The two inner folds of skin within the cleft of the labia majora.

লেবিয়া মাইনরা

(anatomy) the two inner folds of skin within the cleft of the labia majora

urogenital fold - embryological precursor


genitourinary

(anatomy, medicine) Of or pertaining to the genital and urinary systems of the body, together with their function, disease, etc.

мочапалавы́

relating to the genital and urinary systems


pathetic

en-adj

pathetic (comparative more pathetic, superlative most pathetic)

more pathetic (comparative)
most pathetic (superlative)
pathetick (alternative archaic)
patheticke (alternative obsolete)
pathetique (alternative obsolete)

From Middle French pathétique, from Latin patheticus, from Ancient Greek παθητικός (pathētikós, “subject to feeling, capable of feeling, impassioned”), from παθητός (pathētós, “one who has suffered, subject to suffering”), from πάσχω (páskhō, “to suffer”).


testis

In the Middle Ages, for instance, a recipe for sex stimulation required the putrefied flesh of a human corpse, together with both human and animal testes and ovaries, pimento, and alcohol.

1961, Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs, New York: The Citadel Press, page 14:


armhole

armholes (plural)
arm hole (alternative)
arm-hole (alternative)

From Middle English arme hole, armehole, arm hole, arm-hole, armhole, arm-hool(e), armole, harmehole; equivalent to arm + hole.

armpit

cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder

An aposteme gendred in þe purgynge places, þat is to say, of þe brayne vnder þe eres, of þe herte vnder þe arme holes, of þe lyuer in the schares.

c. 1425, Guy de Chauliac, The Grande Chirurgie, page 154:

Put these ragges and cloutes vnder thine arme holes.

1535, Bible (Coverdale Bible), Jer. 38:12

Armhole is a variant on armpit in the west and east Midlands.

2005 September 7, Birmingham Post, page 9:

(anatomy, now rare Midlands dialect) A human armpit.

(anatomy, rare and obsolete) Similar structures in other animals.


coxa

Borrowed from Latin coxa (“hip”). Doublet of cuisse.

(anatomy) The basal segment of a limb of various arthropods (insects and spiders, for example).


amnion

From Latin amnion (“membrane around a fetus”), from Ancient Greek ἀμνίον (amníon).

lbor

Near-synonym: amniotic sac

He never seemed to mind, and after a while, she no longer felt self-conscious about languishing in the amnion of his office.

2022, Ling Ma, “Office Hours”, in Bliss Montage, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN:

(anatomy) The innermost membrane of the fetal membranes of reptiles, birds, and mammals; the sac in which the embryo is suspended.

سَلى

a fetal membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals — see also amniotic sac


orbicular

en-adj

orbicular (comparative more orbicular, superlative most orbicular)

more orbicular (comparative)
most orbicular (superlative)

From the Late Latin orbiculāris, from Latin orbiculus, diminutive of orbis (“orb”).

(anatomy, not comparable) Of a muscle, surrounding an opening; compare orbicularis.


fundus

PIE word
 *bʰudʰmḗn
From Latin fundus (“bottom”). Doublet of fond and fund.

(anatomy) The large, hollow part of an organ farthest from an opening; especially:

The back, interior part of the eye, accommodating the retina and associated blood vessels, etc.

The uppermost hollow of the stomach, which in humans forms a bulge above where the oesophagus enters the stomach.

The deepest part of a sulcus, such as of the sulci of the human cerebral cortex.


oral cavity

(anatomy) The cavity of the mouth, especially the part of the mouth behind the gums and teeth that is bounded above by the hard and soft palates and below by the tongue and by the mucous membrane connecting it with the inner part of the mandible.


genial

/d͡ʒəˈnaɪəl/

From Ancient Greek γένειον (géneion, “chin”) + -al.


reflection

en-noun

reflection (countable and uncountable, plural reflections)

reflections (plural)
reflexion (alternative)

/ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/

From Middle French reflexion, reflection, and its source Late Latin reflexio, from the participle stem of reflectō. The current spelling is influenced by reflect.

відобра́ження

representative manifestation or outcome of a condition, trend or trait

(anatomy) The folding of a part; a fold.


fissure

From Middle English fissure, from Old French fissure, from Latin fissūra (“a cleft, chink”), from findō (“to cleave, split, divide”) + -tūra (nominal suffix).

af

(anatomy) A groove, deep furrow, elongated cleft or tear between body parts or in the substance of an organ.

(anatomy) A break or slit in tissue usually at the junction of skin and mucous membrane.


articulation

en-noun

articulation (countable and uncountable, plural articulations)

From Middle English articulacioun, from Old French articulacion, from Medieval Latin articulatio. Equivalent to articulate + -ion.

(countable or uncountable) A joint or the collection of joints at which something is articulated, or hinged, for bending.

(anatomy) Such a joint in an animalian body, as for example between bones or between exoskeleton segments.


urethra

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek οὐρήθρα (ourḗthra, “the passage for urine”), from οὐρέω (ouréō, “to make water”). Recorded in English since 1634.

lbor

(anatomy) The tube through which urine exits the body and, in male placental mammals, through which semen is ejaculated.

urogenital sinus - embryological precursor


ganglion

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γᾰγγλῐ́ον (gănglĭ́on, “encysted tumour on a tendon or aponeurosis”).

bor

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

[T]he wonderfully diversified instincts, mental powers, and affections of ants are generally known, yet their cerebral ganglia are not so large as the quarter of a small pin's head.

1871, Charles Darwin, “On the Manner of Development of Man from some Lower Form”, in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. […], volume I, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Part I (On the Descent of Man), page 145:

An encapsulated collection of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.

عُقْدَة عَصَبِيَّة

collection of nerve cell bodies outside the brain

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

central nervous system
central nervous system

Any of certain masses of gray matter in the central nervous system, as the basal ganglia.


petrous

From Middle English, borrowed from Middle French petreux, from Latin petrōsus, from petra, from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra).

(anatomy) Of the dense portion of the temporal bone that protects the inner ear.

на слепоочието

anatomy: of the dense portion of the temporal bone


fibula

en-noun

fibula (plural fibulae or (obsolete) fibulæ or fibulas)

fibulae (plural)
fibulæ (obsolete plural)
fibulas (plural)

Borrowed from Latin fībula (“buckle, clasp, pin”). The bone is so named because the shape it makes with the tibia resembles a clasp, the fibula being the pin.

(anatomy) The smaller of the two bones in the lower leg.


otic

Mid 17th century borrowed from Ancient Greek ὠτῐκός (ōtĭkós, “of or for the ear”), from οὖς (oûs, “ear”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, “-ic”, adjectival suffix).

af

Otic preparations are used to treat infections of the ear canal.

(anatomy) Of, relating/pertaining to, or located near the ear.


frontal bone

frontal bones (plural)
frontal (alternative)

The face which emerged was not reassuring. It was blunt and grey, the nose springing thick and flat from high on the frontal bone of the forehead, whilst his eyes were narrow slits of dark in a tight bandage of tissue.[…].

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 17, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(anatomy) The bone which forms the front part of the skull and the upper part of the eye sockets and nasal cavity.

(anatomy) Either of the pair of bones from which the frontal bone is formed by fusion in infancy.


parietal bone

From Latin parietalis (“pertaining to walls”), from paries (“wall”) + bone.

uder

(anatomy) Either of two bones that together form the sides and top of the skull.

os parietal

either of two bones at the sides and top of the skull


zygoma

From Ancient Greek ζύγωμα (zúgōma), from ζυγόν (zugón, “yoke”).


maxilla

en-noun

maxilla (plural maxillae or (obsolete) maxillæ or maxillas)

maxillae (plural)
maxillæ (obsolete plural)
maxillas (plural)

From Middle English, from Latin māxilla (“the jawbone, jaw”), diminutive of māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”).

An upper jaw especially of humans and other mammals in which the bony elements are closely fused.

(anatomy) Either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth.


breastbone

breastbones (plural)
breast bone (alternative)

From Middle English brust-bon, brestbon, from Old English brēostbān (“breastbone”), equivalent to breast + bone.

He lapped out of his hand, then sat up in the sunlight, crossing his shins in front of him, and after a time let his woolly head fall on his breastbone.

1899 (please specify the page), Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part:

(anatomy) The central narrow bone in the front of the chest, connecting the collarbone and the top ribs.

borsbeen

the central narrow bone in the front of the chest

છાતીનું હાડકું

chātīnũ hāḍkũ


sternum

Borrowed from New Latin sternum, related to Old English steorn (“forehead”), German Stirn (“forehead”).

The neckline fell into a V, showing the bone of his sternum.

2020, Akwaeke Emezi, The Death of Vivek Oji, Faber & Faber, page 231:

(anatomy) The breastbone, consisting of the manubrium, gladiolus, and xiphoid process.


pelvis

From Latin pēlvis (“basin”), from Old Latin pēluis (“basin”), further etymology uncertain.

Meronyms: hip bone, os coxae; sacrum; coccyx

(anatomy) The large compound bone structure at the base of the spine that supports the legs in hominids.

renal pelvis

(anatomy) A funnel-shaped cavity, especially such a cavity in the kidney into which urine passes towards the ureter.


hipbone

(anatomy) Alternative spelling of hip bone.


centripetal

From New Latin centripetālis coined by Sir Isaac Newton, from Latin centrum (“center”) + petō (“to seek, aim”) + -al. Analysable as centri- + -petal.

(neuroanatomy, of a nerve impulse) Directed towards the central nervous system; afferent.

կենտրոնաձիգ

directed towards the central nervous system


cervical vertebra

cervical vertebra (plural cervical vertebras or cervical vertebrae)

cervical vertebras (plural)
cervical vertebrae (plural)

(anatomy) Any of the seven vertebrae of the neck.


cervical

Borrowing from French cervical, from New Latin cervīcālis, from cervīx (“the neck, nape”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

cervical pain

(anatomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the neck.

cervical cancer

(anatomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the cervix.


cervical

cervical vertebra
cervical vertebra#English

(anatomy) Ellipsis of cervical vertebra.


phalange

Borrowed from Middle French phalange. Doublet of phalanx, planch, plancha, planche, and plank.

doublet

(anatomy) A phalanx ("one of the bones of the finger or toe").


hyoid

Borrowing from French hyoïde, from New Latin hȳoīdēs, from Ancient Greek ῡ̔οειδής (hūoeidḗs, “shaped like the letter "υ"”), from ὖ (û, “the Greek letter upsilon”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-like, -oid”).

af

(anatomy, zootomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the hyoid bone.


hyoid

the vulture, relinquishing its title, surely in natural justice gave me a right to this femur, this curiously distorted hyoid?


hyoid bone

hyoid bones (plural)
hyoid (alternative)
lingual bone (alternative)

(anatomy) A U-shaped bone or complex of bones that is situated between the base of the tongue and the larynx and that supports the tongue, the larynx, and their muscles.


incus

The tympanic cavity is spanned by the three smallest bones in the body: the auditory ossicles[…] These bones, named for their shape, are the malleus (malʹe-us; "hammer"); the incus (ingʹkus; "anvil"); and the stapes (staʹpēz; "stirrup").

2010, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th edition, page 576:

(anatomy) A small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear.


ossicle

Late 16th century, from Latin ossiculum (“little bone, ossicle”) from os (“bone”).

uder

The incus is one of the three auditory ossicles.

(anatomy) A small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear.

слухова́ кі́сточка f (sluxová kístočka, literally “auditory ossicle”)


malleus

From Latin malleus (“hammer, mallet”). Doublet of maul.

A fracture of the malleus handle is a rare traumatic middle ear lesion.

The tympanic cavity is spanned by the three smallest bones in the body: the auditory ossicles[…] These bones, named for their shape, are the malleus (malʹe-us; "hammer"); the incus (ingʹkus; "anvil"); and the stapes (staʹpēz; "stirrup"). The "handle" of the malleus is secured to the eardrum, and the base of the stapes fits into the oval window.

(anatomy) The small hammer-shaped bone of the middle ear.

hamer

the small hammer-shaped bone of the middle ear


stapes

From Medieval Latin stapēs (“stirrup”). Doublet of step.

2010, Elaine Nicpon Marieb, Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th edition, page 576:

(anatomy, zootomy) A small stirrup-shaped innermost ossicle of the middle ear of mammals, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.


metacarpus

(anatomy) The five bones that form the intermediate part of the hand between the fingers and the wrist.


astragalus

From Latin astragalus, from Ancient Greek ἀστράγαλος (astrágalos). Doublet of astragal.


myocardium

en-noun

myocardium (plural myocardiums or myocardia)

From New Latin myocardium, from Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “muscle”) + καρδίᾱ (kardíā, “heart”).

(anatomy, cardiology) The muscular substance of the heart; the middle of the three layers forming the outer wall of the human heart.

miocardi

muscles that surround and power the heart


GI tract

But less complex scopes also pose contamination risks – and they’re used on far more people: Each year in the United States, doctors perform more than 15 million colonoscopies and 7 million endoscopies of the upper GI tract.

2018 August 3, Emily Bazar, “Questions to ask before a colonoscopy to avoid dangerous infections”, in CNN:

(anatomy) Synonym of gastrointestinal tract.


P

(anatomy, medicine) Abbreviation of pulmonary.


tarsus

kitax̂

the part of the foot between the main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus

(anatomy, zootomy) The part between the main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus in terrestrial vertebrates.

(anatomy) A group of small bones in this part of the foot. The seven bones of the human tarsus form the ankle and upper part of the foot.

глезен

any of the seven bones in this part of the foot

On the ledge, the guillemots shuffle awkwardly about on their tarsi, the long bone connecting the ‘ankle’ to the feet.

2020, Tim Ecott, The Land of Maybe, Short Books, published 2021, page 99:

(zootomy) The shank or tarsometatarsus of the leg of a bird or reptile.

(zootomy) The true foot or the fifth joint of the leg of an insect or other arthropod, typically consisting of several small segments and ending in a claw.

(anatomy) A plate of dense connective tissue found in each eyelid, attached to either the superior tarsal muscle (in the upper eyelid) or inferior tarsal muscle (lower eyelid), which aid with sympathetic control.


tarsal

From tarsus + -al, cognate to New Latin tarsālis.

(anatomy, zootomy) Of or relating to the tarsus.

(anatomy) Being or relating to plates of dense connective tissue that serve to stiffen the eyelids.


tarsal

(anatomy, zootomy) Ellipsis of tarsal bone.


tarsal bone

(anatomy) Any of the seven bones of the tarsus.


carpus

From New Latin carpus, from Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “wrist”).

(anatomy) The group of bones that make up the wrist.

китка

the group of bones that make up the wrist


carpal bone

(anatomy) Any of the eight bones of the carpus or wrist.


cuneiform

cuneiforms (plural)
cuniform (alternative)

From French cunéiforme or New Latin cuneifōrmis, from Classical Latin cuneus (“wedge”) + fōrma.

(anatomy) A wedge-shaped bone, especially a cuneiform bone.


cuneiform bone

(anatomy) Any one of three wedge-shaped bones of the foot.


navicular bone

(anatomy) One of the tarsal bones of the foot or one of the carpal bones of the wrist.


navicular

Borrowed from Middle French naviculaire, itself borrowed from Late Latin nāviculāris (“boat shaped”), from Latin nāvicula, diminutive of nāvis (“ship”), from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us.


scaphoid

From Latin scaphoides, from Ancient Greek σκᾰφοειδής (skăphoeidḗs, “like a bowl, hollow”), from σκᾰ́φη (skắphē, “boat, trough, bowl”).


scaphoid bone

(anatomy) One of the carpal bones of the wrist.


lateral cuneiform bone

en-noun

lateral cuneiform bone (plural lateral cuneiform bones)

(anatomy) One of the three cuneiform bones of the foot.


medial cuneiform bone

medial cuneiform bone (plural medial cuneiform bones)

(anatomy) One of the cuneiform bones of the foot.


capitate

From Latin capitātus (“having a head”), from caput (“head”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix). The noun comes from the clipping of capitate bone.

1913 Henry Gray: Anatomy Descriptive and Applied
The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the centre of the wrist. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is received into the concavity formed by the navicular and lunate; a constricted portion or neck; and below this, the body. The superior surface is round, smooth, and articulates with the lunate.

(anatomy) Having a distinct globular tip.


capitate

(anatomy) The capitate bone of the wrist.


zygomatic

From zygoma + -tic. Doublet of zygomaticus.

They show (1) the left orbit and zygomatic arch of President Kennedy magnified from Zapruder frame 230

1970, J. G. Ballard, The Atrocity Exhibition, page 27:

(anatomy, relational) Of, relating to, or located in the area of the zygomatic bone or zygomatic arch.


ethmoid

Borrowing from French ethmoïde, from Ancient Greek ἠθμοειδής (ēthmoeidḗs, “like a strainer, perforated”), from ἠθμός (ēthmós, “strainer, sieve”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-form, -like”).

af

(anatomy) A light spongy cubical bone at the root of the nose, forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits and having many perforations through which the olfactory nerves pass to the nose.


ethmoid

(anatomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the ethmoid bone.


scapula

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-scapula.wav

(anatomy) Either of the two large, flat, bones forming the back of the shoulder.


ischium

17th century, from Latin ischium, from Ancient Greek ἰσχίον (iskhíon, “hip joint”).

uder

And he still carried, after five or six years, and though he dressed it in a mirror night and morning, on his right ischium a running sore of traumatic origin.

1953, Samuel Beckett, Watt, [Paris]: Olympia Press, →OCLC:

(anatomy) The lowest of the three bones that make up each side of the pelvis.


sphenoid

From New Latin sphenoides, from Ancient Greek σφηνοειδής (sphēnoeidḗs, “wedge-shaped”), from σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-form, -like”).

af

(anatomy) Of or relating to the sphenoid bone which forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain. It has two pairs of broad lateral ‘wings’ and a number of other projections, and contains two air-filled sinuses.


vomer bone

(anatomy) The small thin bone that forms part of the septum between the nostrils.


vomer

(anatomy) The vomer bone; the small thin bone that forms part of the septum between the nostrils.


innominate bone

en-noun

innominate bone (plural innominate bones)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-innominate bone.wav


os coxae

ossa coxae (plural)
os coxæ (alternative)

From Latin os (“bone”) and coxa (“hip”).


sacrum

From Latin os sacrum (“holy bone”), a calque of Ancient Greek ἱερὸν ὀστέον (hieròn ostéon). Apparently so called either because the sacrum was the part of the animal offered in sacrifice or because of a putative belief that it is where a person's soul resides. A third explanation is that the term is a translation of Ancient Greek ἱερόν (hierón), which has two meanings: “holy, sacred”, and “big” — big being a more appropriate description of the sacrum — but compare.

der

ἱερὸν ὀστέον

(anatomy) A large triangular bone at the base of the spine, located between the two ilia (wings of the pelvis) and formed from vertebrae that fuse in adulthood.


sacral vertebra

en-noun

sacral vertebra (plural sacral vertebrae)

(anatomy) Any of the five vertebra that are fused to form the sacrum.


sacral

en-adj

sacral (comparative more sacral, superlative most sacral)

more sacral (comparative)
most sacral (superlative)

From Modern Latin sacralis, from Latin sacrum (“sacred, holy”) + -alis.


shinbone

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-shinbone.wav

From Middle English schinboon, schineboon, from Old English sċinbān (“shin, shinbone”), from Proto-West Germanic *skinubain, from Proto-Germanic *skinōbainą, equivalent to shin + bone. Cognate with Dutch scheenbeen (“shinbone”), German Schienbein (“shinbone”), Danish skinneben (“shin, shinbone”), Swedish skenben (“shinbone”).

(anatomy) The inner and usually the larger of the two bones of the leg or hind limb below the knee

قَصَبَة

inner bone of the hind limb below the knee


lumbar vertebra

en-noun

lumbar vertebra (plural lumbar vertebrae)

(anatomy) Any of the five vertebrae in the loin or lower back region of the spine.


thoracic vertebra

thoracic vertebra (plural thoracic vertebrae or thoracic vertebras)

thoracic vertebrae (plural)
thoracic vertebras (plural)

(anatomy) Any of the twelve vertebrae in the chest region of the spine.


thoracic

From Ancient Greek θωρακικός (thōrakikós, “suffering in the chest, of the thorax”), from θώραξ (thṓrax, “thorax”).

der

Those wings were powered by massive thoracic muscles—muscles no longer needed by a flightless queen.

2016, Justin O. Schmidt, The Sting of the Wild, Johns Hopkins University Press,, →ISBN, page 106:


triquetral bone

en-noun

triquetral bone (plural triquetral bones)

(anatomy) One of the carpal bones of the wrist.


triquetrum

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-triquetrum.wav


intermediate phalange

intermediate phalange (plural intermediate phalanges)

intermediate phalanges (plural)
intermediate phalanx (alternative)

(anatomy) Any of the phalanx bones in the middle of the fingers or toes; middle phalange


pisiform bone

(anatomy) A small knobbly, pea-shaped sesamoid bone of the wrist.


nasal bone

nasal bones (plural)
nasal (alternative)

(anatomy, zootomy) Either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes which lie in front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity.


nasal cavity

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nasal cavity.wav

(anatomy) In higher vertebrates, a large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.


nasal fossa

(anatomy) Either lateral half of the nasal cavity.


nasal concha

(anatomy) Any one of the three thin bony plates on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.


inferior nasal concha

inferior nasal concha (plural inferior nasal conchae)

(anatomy) The largest of the three nasal conchae located within the nasal cavity.

cornet inferior

The largest of the three nasal concha located within the nasal cavity


turbinate

en-adj

turbinate (comparative more turbinate, superlative most turbinate)

more turbinate (comparative)
most turbinate (superlative)

(anatomy) Of, or relating to, the turbinate bone.


turbinate bone

(anatomy) A scrolled spongy bone of the nasal cavity.


turbinal

turbinal (comparative more turbinal, superlative most turbinal)

more turbinal (comparative)
most turbinal (superlative)

(anatomy) Rolled in a spiral; scroll-like; turbinate; applied to the thin, plicated, bony or cartilaginous plates which support the olfactory and mucous membranes of the nasal chambers.


incisive

incisive (comparative more incisive, superlative most incisive)

more incisive (comparative)
most incisive (superlative)

Late Middle English (in the sense “cutting, penetrating”), borrowed from Medieval Latin incīsīvus, from incīdō (“to cut in, cut through”) + -īvus (“-ive”, adjectival suffix). Compare Middle French incisif.

af

the incisive bones, the premaxillaries

(anatomy, relational) Of or relating to the incisors.


uncinate

From Latin uncīnātus, from uncīnus (“hook, barb”).

(anatomy) Hooked in form; possessing a hook.


capsule

Borrowed from French capsule, from Latin capsula, diminutive of capsa (“box”).

(anatomy) A tough, fibrous layer surrounding an organ such as the kidney or liver

(anatomy) A membrane that surrounds the eyeball


membranous

en-adj

membranous (comparative more membranous, superlative most membranous)

more membranous (comparative)
most membranous (superlative)
membraneous (alternative)

From Middle French membraneux; equivalent to membrane + -ous.

(anatomy, zoology) Having the qualities of, or pertaining to, a membrane.


lacrimal bone

(anatomy) The smallest and most fragile bone of the face, situated near the eye.


lachrymal

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lachrymālis, from lachryma (“a tear”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of lacrimal.

af

lacrimal (alternative)
lacrymal (alternative)

(anatomy) Alternative spelling of lacrimal.


lachrymal

lachrymals (plural)
lacrimal (alternative)
lacrymal (alternative)


palatine bone

palatine bones (plural)
palatine (alternative)
os palatinum (alternative)

(anatomy) Either of a pair of bones that are situated behind and between the maxillae, in humans are of extremely irregular form, and make up parts of the eye socket, the nasal cavity, and the hard palate.

os palatí

either of a pair of bones that are situated behind and between the maxillae, in humans are of extremely irregular form, and make up parts of the eye socket, the nasal cavity, and the hard palate


lacrimal

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lacrimālis, from lacrima (“a tear”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of lachrymal.

lachrymal (alternative)
lacrymal (alternative)

(anatomy) Of or relating to tears or the tear-secreting organs.


lacrimal

lacrimals (plural)
lachrymal (alternative)
lacrymal (alternative)


palatine

Borrowing from French palatin, from New Latin palātīnus, from palātum (“the palate”) + -īnus (“-ine”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to palate + -ine.

They strive to astonish the most sophisticated taste, the only applause they seek is the thick sound of the satisfied tongue clapping the palatine papillae.

1979, Clive Sinclair, Hearts of Gold, Penguin, published 1983, page 10:

(anatomy) Of or relating to the palate or to a palatine bone.

顎的 /颚的

relating to the palate or the palatine bone


rotula

Learned borrowing from Latin rotula. Doublet of role and roll.


vertebral

-ɜː(ɹ)tɪbɹəl

хрыбе́тны

of or relating to a vertebra or the spine

(anatomy) Of or relating to a vertebra or the spine.


myology

/mʌɪˈɒlədʒi/

Examination of the myology of the Comephoridae, an endemic fish family in Lake Baikal, has revealed their morphological peculiarities.

2000, M. Yabe, V. G. Sideleva, “Myological peculiarities of the comephoridae: an endeimc fish taxon in Lake Baikal (Pisces: Teleostei)”, in K. Minoura, editor, Lake Baikal: A Mirror in Time and Space for Understanding Global Change Processes, page 306:

Given this, there is an urgent need for detailed compared behavioural and anatomical studies of dasyurids, especially focused on osteology, myology and arthrology.

2003, Christian de Muizon, Christine Argot, “Chapter 4: Comparative anatomy of the Tiupampa didelphimorphs; an approach to locomotory habits of early marsupials”, in Menna Jones, Mike Archer, Chris Dickman, editors, Predators with Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials, page 61:

He greets me as if I'd been waiting all my life to learn the secrets of Bovine Myology and Muscle Profiling.

2008, Betty Harper Fussell, Raising Steaks: The Life and Times of American Beef, page 210:

(anatomy) The physiological study of muscles.


epistropheus

The union of the atlas and epistropheus is described in this section because (1) there is often a direct communication between the synovial cavity of the transverse epistropic and the occipito-atlantal joints; (2) the rotatory movements of the head take place around the dens (odontoid process); and (3) important ligaments from the dens pass over the atlas to the occiput.

1914, Human Anatomy: A Complete Systematic Treatise, page 215:

(anatomy) The second cervical vertebra of the spine which forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the atlas), which carries the head, rotates.


sesamoid bone

(anatomy) A small bone embedded within a tendon, typically found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint.


sesamoid

There are also at least two examples of more complex ectopic digits. The first is in the aye-aye, a Madagascan lemur, which has a distinct pseudothumb on its forelimb consisting of a bony part that is an expanded radial sesamoid and a dense cartilaginous extension (Hartstone-Rose et al., 2019).

2021, Jonathan Bard, Evolution: The Origins and Mechanisms of Diversity, page 257:

(anatomy) A sesamoid bone or sesamoid cartilage.


splanchnology

These various organs, with those composing the respiratory and genitourinary apparatus, have received the name of viscera, and the term splanchnology is often given to that branch of anatomy devoted to their study.

1887, Auguste Chauveau, The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, page 326:

(anatomy, obsolete) The scientific study of the viscera.


bronchiole

(anatomy) Any of the small cartilage-less branches of a bronchus.


caput

kaput (for pronunciation with stress on second syllable)

Learned borrowing from Latin caput (“the head”). Doublet of cape, capo, chef, and chief, and distantly of head and Howth.

lbor

(anatomy) A knob-like protuberance or capitulum.


cutaneous

From New Latin *cutaneus, from Latin cutis (“skin”).

(anatomy, zoology) Of, relating to, existing on, or affecting the exterior skin, especially the cutis.


cutis

I was once, I remember, called to a patient who had received a violent contusion in his tibia, by which the exterior cutis was lacerated, so that there was a profuse sanguinary discharge […]

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

The cutis measures in thickness from a quarter of a line to a line and a half (a line is one-twelfth of an inch).

1883, Alfred Swaine Taylor, Thomas Stevenson, The principles and practice of medical jurisprudence:

(anatomy) The true skin or dermis, underlying the epidermis.


corium

(anatomy) The layer of skin between the epidermis and the subcutaneous tissues; the dermis.

verinahka

(anatomy) The deep layer of mucous membranes beneath the epithelium.


hypodermis

en-noun

hypodermis (plural hypodermes or hypodermises)

hypodermes (plural)
hypodermises (plural)
hypoderm (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hypodermis.wav

(anatomy) A subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue containing fat cells, lying beneath the dermis.


epithelium

epithelium (countable and uncountable, plural epitheliums or epithelia)

/ˌɛpɪˈθiːlɪəm/

the passenger's roving eyes paused for a moment as he listened inwardly to a nether itch, which he supposed to be (correctly, thank Log) only a minor irritation of the epithelium.

1969, Vladimir Nabokov, Ada or Ardor, Penguin, published 2011, page 25:

The sap of this species was able to cause loss of corneal epithelium 16 h after direct exposure to the sap in a 60-year-old male.

2014 May 30, Victor Kuete, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 505:

(anatomy) A membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells which forms the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs: internally including the lining of vessels and other small cavities, and externally being the skin.


endothelium

From endo- + -thelium, as in epithelium.

(anatomy) A thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines the heart, serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels.


arteriole

From French artériole, from Latin arteriola, from Latin artēria.

(anatomy) One of the small branches of an artery, especially one that connects with capillaries.


rectum

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-rectum.wav

Borrowed from New Latin rectum, clipping of Latin rectum intestinum (literally “the straight intestine”), rectum, neuter of rectus (“straight”). See right.

der

(anatomy) The terminal part of the large intestine through which feces pass after exiting the colon, but before leaving the body through the anus or cloaca.


mastoid

Borrowed from New Latin mastoīdēs, from Ancient Greek μᾰστοειδής (măstoeidḗs, “like a breast”), from μᾰστός (măstós, “a woman's breast”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-like, -oid”).

af

(anatomy) Being the process of the temporal bone behind the ear.

(zootomy) Being any of several bony elements that occupy a similar position in the skull of lower vertebrates.

(anatomy) Of or relating to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.


mastoid process

en-noun

mastoid process (plural mastoid processes)

(anatomy) The conical, nipplelike projection of the petrous part of the temporal bone, that is situated behind the ear in humans and many other vertebrates, and serves as a site of muscle attachment.


birth canal

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-birth canal.wav

(anatomy, sometimes euphemistic) The combined vagina and cervix, when the cervix dilates during birth to form a continuous tube with the vagina.


duodenum

From Medieval Latin duodēnum digitōrum (“space of twelve digits”) in reference to its length, from duodēnī (“twelve each”) + digitōrum, genitive plural of digitus (“finger; toe; digit”).

der

From the Stomacke to the very Fundament, are produced the Guts or Inteſtina, which ſerue a little to alter and diſtribute the Chilus, and convey away the excrements. They are divided into ſmall and great, by reason of their ſite and ſubſtance, ſlender or thicker. The ſlender is Duodenum or whole gut, which is next to the ſtomacke, ſome twelue inches long (ſaith Fuſchius.)

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Dißimilar Parts”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 1, member 2, subsection 4, page 17:

The Inteſtina tenuia were burnt in many places, but not quite through any where, excepting two or three. […] The length of that which is commonly call'd the Duodenum, was about 4½ Foot.

1682, A[llan] M[ullen], An Anatomical Account of the Elephant Accidentally Burnt in Dublin, on Fryday, June 17. in the Year 1681. Sent in a Letter to Sir Will[iam] Petty, Fellow of the Royal Society. Together with a Relation of New Anatomical Observations in the Eyes of Animals: Communicated in another Letter to the Honourable R[obert] Boyle, Esq.; Fellow of the Same Society, London: Printed for Sam[uel] Smith, bookseller, at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's Church-Yard, →OCLC, page 19:

The duodenum receives the chyme from the stomach, and has generally been believed to accomplish the second digestion, or the conversion of chyme into chyle. In the duodenum it meets with the bile, pancreatic and intestinal fluids, loses its acid properties, and becomes alkaline, probably by the agency of the soda of the bile; […]

1840, Daniel Oliver, “Nutritive Functions”, in First Lines of Physiology; Designed for the Use of Students of Medicine, 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by Herman Hooker, Corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets, →OCLC, page 251:

The duodena open into a common pouch just below the entrance of the gall-ducts. The intestine was single from the confluence of the duodena to the termination of the jejunum.

1872, B[enjamin] Thompson Lowne, Descriptive Catalogue of the Teratological Series in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, London: Printed for the College, and Sold by R[obert] Hardwicke, 192 Piccadilly, →OCLC, series II (Abnormal Conditions Affecting the Axis in Animals), class II (Duplicity), subseries VI (In Mammals), subclass II (Homologous Union), page 27, preparation 115:

Duodenums were dissected out, fixed and photographed.

2013, “Retinaldehyde”, in Q. Ashton Acton, editor, Retinoids—Advances in Research and Application, Atlanta, Ga.: ScholarlyEditions, published 2013, →ISBN, page 36:

(anatomy) The first part of the small intestine, starting at the lower end of the stomach and extending to the jejunum.


pylorus

From Latin pylōrus, from Ancient Greek πυλωρός (pulōrós, “gatekeeper”).

(anatomy, biology) In vertebrates, including humans, a zone at the lower end of the stomach that leads to and opens into the duodenum.

pyloric sphincter

stomach part that opens into the duodenum


mamilla

mamillae (plural)
mammilla (alternative)

(anatomy) The small projection of a mammary gland; a nipple.


neurohypophysis

antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone

(anatomy) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin.


pituitary gland

en-noun

pituitary gland (plural pituitary glands)

(anatomy) An endocrine gland, about the size of a pea, that sits in a small, bony cavity at the base of the brain whose secretions control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation.

الغُدَّة النُخَامِيَّة

an endocrine gland, about the size of a pea, that sits in a small, bony cavity at the base of the brain whose secretions control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism and maturation


hypophysis

From Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + φύσις (phúsis, “nature”), from φύω (phúō, “to bring forth”).

CHAPTER VI / THE DISEASES OF THE HYPOPHYSIS [PITUITARY GLAND]

1915 - Wilhelm Falta, (trans. Milton Kayton Meyers) The Ductless Glandular Diseases, P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OCLC 4634141, page 231


adenohypophysis

(anatomy) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, producing and secreting several peptide hormones that regulate many physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction.

adenohipòfisi

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland


hypothalamus

hypothalamus (plural hypothalami or hypothalamuses)

hypothalami (plural)
hypothalamuses (plural)

To avoid catastrophe, the brain has its trusty control centre, the hypothalamus, which tells the body to cool itself by sweating or to warm itself by shivering.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 217:

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) A region of the forebrain located below the thalamus, forming the basal portion of the diencephalon, and functioning to regulate body temperature, some metabolic processes and governing the autonomic nervous system.

hipotalamusi

a region of the brain, below the thalamus


pituitary

1610s, from Latin pītuītārius (“mucous”), from pītuīta (“clammy moisture, phlegm, mucus, slime”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *peyH- (“to be fat, swell”). Taken as the name for the gland because it was believed that it channeled mucus to the nose. As a noun by 1899.

der

(anatomy) Of or relating to the pituitary gland.


pituitary

(anatomy) The pituitary gland together with the pituitary stalk.


nephros

Borrowed from Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós, “kidney”).


vesica

Learned borrowing from Latin vēsīca (“bladder”).

lbor

(anatomy) A bladder, especially the urinary bladder or the gall bladder.


urinary bladder

en-noun

urinary bladder (plural urinary bladders)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-urinary bladder.wav

(anatomy) An elastic, muscular sac situated in the pelvic cavity, into which urine from the kidneys is temporarily stored prior to disposal by urination. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra.


gall bladder

gall bladders (plural)
gallbladder (alternative)
gall-bladder (alternative)

Giraffes, oddly, sometimes have gall bladders and sometimes donʼt.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 178:

(anatomy) A pear-shaped organ that stores bile from the liver, until the body needs it for the digestion and absorption of fats in the duodenum.


epididymis

epididymis (plural epididymides or epididymises)

epididymides (plural)
epididymises (plural)

From Ancient Greek ἐπιδιδυμίς (epididumís), from ἐπί (epí, “upon, over”) + δίδυμος (dídumos, “twin; testicle”).

Most men, I daresay, have never heard of their epididymis.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 332:

(anatomy) A narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens, where sperm are stored during maturation.


GU

GU — Had polyuria (large volumes every hour) yesterday; incontinent when paramedics arrived

2009, Amy S. Nicholas, Holly S. Divine, “Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Ketoacidosis”, in Terry L. Schinghammer, Julia M. Koehler, editors, Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A Patient-Focused Approach, 7th edition, McGraw Hill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 79:

(anatomy, medicine) Abbreviation of genitourinary.


areola

areola (plural areolas or areolae or areolæ)

areolas (plural)
areolae (plural)
areolæ (plural)

/ˌæ.ɹiˈəʊ.lə/

Borrowed from Latin āreola (“small vacant space, garden”), diminutive of ārea. Doublet of areole.

bor

Working with the Personal Genome Project, she has collected measurements and images of the areolas of 150 people so far. One initial finding is that the diameter of the areola seems unrelated to the number of areola glands — the small bumps in the skin surrounding the nipple.

2014 April 28, Albert Sun, “From Volunteers, a DNA Database”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(anatomy) The circular, darkly pigmented area surrounding a nipple; the areola mammae.

(by extension, anatomy) Any small circular area that is different from its immediate environment, such as the colored ring around the pupil of the eye (iris) or an inflamed region surrounding a pimple.

The tubes or elongated spaces of which we have spoken, are not distended with any fluid, but are merely moistened in the same way as the areolas of ordinary areolar tissue.

1847, The Medico-Chirurgical Review, volume 51, page 329:

(anatomy) Any of the small spaces throughout areolar connective tissue.


otic bone

/ˈəʊtɪk bəʊn/

The otic bones include the tympanic bulla, the periotic, and the three auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes).


RV

RVs (plural)
RV's (plural)
R.V. (alternative)
R.V. (alternative)
R. V. (alternative)
R/V (alternative)
r.v. (alternative)

(anatomy, medicine) Initialism of right ventricle.


EC

en-noun

EC (countable and uncountable, plural ECs)

entorhinal cortex
entorhinal cortex#English

(anatomy) Initialism of entorhinal cortex.


urinary tract

(anatomy) The continuous system involved in the production and excretion of urine; the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.


ureter

/jʊəˈɹiːtə(ɹ)/

(anatomy) Either of the two long, narrow ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

ujëhollërrjedhës

narrow duct that carries urine from the kidneys


uropod

/ˈjʊəɹəˌpɒd/

(anatomy) either of the two posterior abdominal appendages of the lobster, shrimp and some other crustaceans.


meatus

Learned borrowing from Latin meātus (“a going, passing; a way, path, passage”).

lbor

The urinary meatus is the opening of the urethra, situated on the glans penis in males, and in the vulva in females.

The illness. It came out of nowhere. His breathing all of a sudden started hurting the back of his throat. Then that overfull heat in various cranial meatus.

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 60:

The vibrissae are coarse hairs whose follicles are located just within the nasal meatus.

2012, David W. Kennedy, Peter H. Hwang, editors, Rhinology: Diseases of the Nose, Sinuses, and Skull Base, Thieme, →ISBN:

(anatomy) A tubular opening or passage leading to the interior of the body.

(anatomy) Ellipsis of acoustic meatus, the passage leading into the ear.


CNS

central nervous system
central nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of central nervous system.


CHD

common hepatic duct
common hepatic duct#English

(anatomy) Initialism of common hepatic duct.


caecum

caecums (plural)
caeca (plural)
cæcum (alternative)
cecum (alternative US)

Borrowed from Latin caecum (“invisible, hidden”), clipping of intestīnum caecum (“blind gut”), translation of Ancient Greek τῠφλὸν ἔντερον (tŭphlòn énteron).

der

τῠφλὸν ἔντερον

After a preliminary course in anatomy it was found that caecum and transverse colon also provided excellent sites for excitation.

1970, J. G. Ballard, The Atrocity Exhibition:

(anatomy) A cavity open at one end (such as the blind end of a duct), especially a blind pouch connected to the large intestine between the ileum and the colon.


jejunum

Borrowed from Latin iēiūnum, neuter of iēiūnus.

(anatomy) The central of the three divisions of the small intestine which lies between the duodenum and the ileum


gingiva

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɪvə/

/d͡ʒɪnˈd͡ʒaɪvə/

(anatomy) The gum, consisting of the tissue surrounding the roots of the teeth and covering the jawbone.