periurachal

Ontario group classified the primary tumor as T1 when a tumor was confined to the submucosa, T2 when a tumor was confined to the muscular wall of the bladder, T3 when a tumor extended into the periurachal or vesical soft tissue, and T4 when a tumor invades adjacent organs, including the abdominal wall.

2015 June 4, Seung Ryeol Lee et al., “The Youngest Korean Case of Urachal Carcinoma”, in Case Reports in Urology, volume 2015, →DOI:


talofibular

McIlroy, the world’s No. 1 golfer and the defending Open champion, said he sustained a “total rupture” of his left anterior talofibular ligament in a “soccer kickabout” with friends in Northern Ireland on Saturday.

2015 July 6, Karen Crouse, “Rory McIlroy Is Hurt Playing Soccer and May Miss British Open”, in New York Times:

(anatomy) Relating to the talus and fibula.


tendomuscular

A 5/0 polypropylene traction suture (Prolene; Ethicon, Dilbeek, Belgium) was placed at the anterolateral edge of the diaphragm prior to standardized resection of 2.0 x 1.0 cm of the lateral tendomuscular part of the diaphragm, approximating ⅓ to ½ of the diaphragm.

2015 July 6, “Diaphragm Repair with a Novel Cross-Linked Collagen Biomaterial in a Growing Rabbit Model”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to a tendon and a muscle


atlantooccipital

atlanto-occipital (alternative)
atlantoccipital (alternative)

Briefly, the rats were chronically implanted with catheters; they were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (75 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg, resp.), were placed in a stereotaxic frame, and underwent surgical procedures that exposed the atlantooccipital membrane by means of an incision in the neck.

2015 June 4, Norma Carrillo-Munguía et al., “Tramadol and Tramadol+Caffeine Synergism in the Rat Formalin Test Are Mediated by Central Opioid and Serotonergic Mechanisms”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(anatomy) Situated between the superior articular facets of the atlas and the condyles of the occipital bone.


craniovertebral

-ɜː(ɹ)tɪbɹəl

Changes in oscillatory CSF flow at the craniovertebral junction were demonstrated on dynamic phase-contrast MRI by Dujovny, et al.

2015, Cara L. Sedney, William Dillen, Terrence Julien, “Clinical spectrum and radiographic features of the syndrome of the trephined”, in Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, volume 6, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the cranium and vertebrae.


retroglossal

Although obstruction may occur at any point in the pharynx, it is most frequently observed in either the retropalatal and/or the retroglossal regions [ 57 ].

2015 July 4, Vilma E. Ortiz, Jean Kwo, “Obesity: physiologic changes and implications for preoperative management”, in BMC Anesthesiology, volume 15, →DOI:


postpetiole

Moreover, the beetle uses a row of scrapers (placed on the proximal abdominal segment) (Fig 1, 1B3 and 1B4 ) rather than the single scraper (placed on the postpetiole, i.e. the third abdominal tergite) used by the ant (Fig 1, 1A3 and 1A4 ).

2015 July 9, “The Pied Piper: A Parasitic Beetle’s Melodies Modulate Ant Behaviours”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy, entomology) The second segment of the pedicel of some ants.


gyrification

Based on these segmentations, cortical descriptors evaluating volume, surface area, thickness, gyrification index, and global mean curvature were computed at both time points, for the whole brain, as well as for the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes separately.

2015 July 11, “Development of Cortical Morphology Evaluated with Longitudinal MR Brain Images of Preterm Infants”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) The formation of gyri (folds) on the surface of the cerebral cortex


hypotympanum

Despite its common application, using a microscope for these procedures is typically accompanied with limited visibility of various middle ear components including the hypotympanum, sinus tympani, and epitympanum, as well as the posterior part of the mesotympanum [2 ,3 ].

2015 July 14, “Diagnostic Performance of Endoscopic and Microscopic Procedures for Identifying Different Middle Ear Structures and Remaining Disease in Patients with Chronic Otitis Media: A Prospective Cohort Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) The lower part of the tympanic cavity (in the middle ear)


mesotympanum

en-noun

mesotympanum (plural mesotympanums or mesotympana)

mesotympanums (plural)
mesotympana (plural)

In addition, the various segments of the mesotympanum, oval window, round window, and Eustachian tube were more visible via endoscopy.

(anatomy) The middle part of the middle ear, medial to the tympanic membrane.


midaxillary

The zero reference point for pressure recordings was set at the level of the right atrium in the midaxillary line (phlebostatic axis).

2015 July 14, “Mutation in BMPR2 Promoter: A ‘Second Hit’ for Manifestation of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension?”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Describing a vertical line on the body downwards from the armpit


ossicular

This pressure on the labyrinthine fluid occasions the periodical vertiginous symptoms as well as the tinnitus, the defective hearing being due to the rigidity of the conducting apparatus and the contraction of the ossicular arch.

1894, The Medical and Surgical Reporter, volume 71, page 538:

Middle ear pathologies were explored with the identical technique, and the status of the ossicular chain was assessed as well.

(anatomy) Related to or composed of ossicles.


occipitomastoid

The practitioner sits behind the participant’s head, contacts participant’s lateral protuberances of the squama occipitalis (medially to the occipitomastoid suture) with the thenar eminence of both hands.

2015 July 13, Wagner Rodrigues Martins et al., “Immediate changes in electroencephalography activity in individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain after cranial osteopathic manipulative treatment: study protocol of a randomized, controlled crossover trial”, in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, volume 15, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting the occipital and mastoid bones


intracranium

The BCV compression with jugular reflux to the intracranium has been accidentally found in patients receiving dynamic brain scintigraphy or brain MR imaging [19 ,20 ,29 ,33 ], with the frequency of this phenomenon estimated at about 0·2% to 0·4% [19 ], and the association between BCV compression to TGA has been previously proposed by our team [19 ].

2015 July 15, “Obstruction of Venous Drainage Linked to Transient Global Amnesia”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


pudenda muliebria

(anatomy, euphemistic) Vagina; female genitals.


glomerulotubular

Consequently, such a glomerulotubular cross-talk theory via TNFα pathway activation and proinflammatory reaction may be a clue to explain our findings.

2015 July 16, “Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor α Receptors Predict the Outcomes of Human IgA Nephropathy: A Prospective Cohort Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the glomerulus and the renal tubules


intraplacental

It has also been evidenced in placental epithelium, where it replicates (especially within intraplacental inflammatory infiltrates) without causing any specific histological lesions.

2015 July 16, “Molecular Characterization of the First Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) Strains Isolated from In Vitro Bovine Embryos production in Argentina”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


supraglottal

Laryngeal examinations almost always reveal diffuse but variably severe supraglottal and glottal erythema and edema.

2015 July 16, “Association between Chronic Laryngitis and Particulate Matter Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2012”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


peridural

In this study, we performed histopathologic assessment of postirradiation changes in the spinal dura mater and peridural tissue in mice.

2015 July 28, “Effects of Radiation on Spinal Dura Mater and Surrounding Tissue in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


subfascial

Indication: anatomic or pathophysiologic indication includes venous diameter within 2–20 mm, reflux time ≥0.5 seconds and distance from the skin ≥5 mm or subfascial location.

2014 December 31, Jin Hyun Joh et al., “Consensus for the Treatment of Varicose Vein with Radiofrequency Ablation”, in Vascular Specialist International, volume 30, →DOI:


choledochoduodenal

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 28 patients in whom a diagnosis was made with ERCP of benign peripapillary choledochoduodenal fistula between January 2009 and August 2014.

2015 May 15, Dong Shao, Jian Ping Chen, “Comparison of endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation with conventional endoscopic sphincterotomy for peripapillary choledochoduodenal fistula with bile duct stones”, in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, volume 8:

(anatomy) Relating to the common bile duct and the duodenum.


intracalvarium

By checking with orbital and intracalvarium MRI, in all the patients hypoplasia of the ocular motor nerves and the extraocular muscles could be shown (Table 1 ).

2015 July 18, “Brain Abnormalities in Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles Type 1: A Multimodal MRI Imaging Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


intracalvarial

/ˌɪn.tɹəˌkælˈvɛəɹi.əl/


coracoacromial

Patients were excluded if they presented any of the following: previous shoulder surgery; pseudoparalysis; insufficiency of the coracoacromial arch (type 2 B in Seebauer's classification); neurological lesions; or insufficiency of the deltoid muscle and the subscapularis muscle.

2015 April 23, Antônio Carlos Tenor Júnior et al., “Low-term results from non-conventional partial arthroplasty for treating rotator cuff arthroplasthy☆”, in Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia, volume 50, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the coracoid process and the acromion.

coracoacromial

relating to the coracoid process and the acromion


talonavicular

Subtalar dislocation can be defined as simultaneous dislocation of both the talonavicular and the talocalcaneal joints without a major fracture of the talus.

2015, Bassir Rida-Allah et al., “Rare case of pure medial subtalar dislocation: Conservative treatment and 32 months follow-up”, in Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock, volume 8, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the talus and the navicular bone.


pontomedullary

The extensive infiltrative T2-hyperintense and contrast-enhanced lesion involved bilateral frontal lobes, both anterior horns of lateral ventricles, the corpus callosum and bilateral basal ganglias combined with leptomeningeal seeding at the pontomedullary junction (Additional file 3 : Figure S1).

2015 July 2, Chan Woo Wee et al., “Evaluation of variability in target volume delineation for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a multi-institutional study from the Korean Radiation Oncology Group”, in Radiation Oncology (London, England), volume 10, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting the pons and the medulla oblongata


endoluminal

From endo- + luminal or endo- + lumen + -al.


tubuloglomerular

Myogenic constriction and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms mediate renal autoregulation; however, intrinsic factors including nitric oxide and agonists for guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs), particularly angiotensin II via the renin-angiotensin system, regulate RBF by modulating renal vascular resistance (RVR) in pre- and post-glomerular arterioles.

2015 July 21, “Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics and Function by RGS2”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the tubules and glomeruli of the kidney


capsuloligamentous

The BND is caused by intra-articular proliferation of the synovia of the PIP joint, which distends the capsuloligamentous apparatus, leading to extension of both MCP and DIP joints associated with a flexion deformity of the PIP joint.

2015 July 8, Umile Giuseppe Longo, Stefano Petrillo, Vincenzo Denaro, “Current Concepts in the Management of Rheumatoid Hand”, in International Journal of Rheumatology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to a capsule and a ligament.


extradigital

Even though glomus tumors are rare incidents and even rarer to see in extradigital locations, a review of literature suggests that these lesions may be more common than they are thought to be.

2015 July 8, Kemal Beksaç et al., “Extradigital Glomus Tumor of Thigh”, in Case Reports in Surgery, volume 2015, →DOI:


pelviabdominal

They may present as vague abdominal pain, acute abdomen, and an asymptomatic pelviabdominal mass, with features of hormonal derangement, or be discovered incidentally on a routine imaging.

2015 July 5, Shaza Ali Mohammed Elhassan, Shabina Khan, Ahmed El-Makki, “Giant Ovarian Cyst Masquerading as Massive Ascites in an 11-Year-Old”, in Case Reports in Pediatrics, volume 2015, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to pelvis and abdomen.


preduodenal

(anatomy) Between the stomach and the duodenum


zygomaticomalar

Mean injection volumes for initial and touch-up treatments combined for the zygomaticomalar region, anteromedial cheek, and submalar region were 2.39 mL (range, 0.1-7.0 mL), 2.12 mL (range, 0.4-5.7 mL), and 2.42 mL (range, 0.2-10.0 mL), respectively.

2015 May 11, Julius Few et al., “A Multicenter, Single-Blind Randomized, Controlled Study of a Volumizing Hyaluronic Acid Filler for Midface Volume Deficit: Patient-Reported Outcomes at 2 Years”, in Aesthetic Surgery Journal, volume 35, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the cheek and cheekbone.


humeroradial

The injured limb was positioned on the surgery table with elbow flexion ranging from 30° to 60° and forearm pronated to expose radial head, humeroradial joint and proximal radioulnar joint.

2015 August 5, Jian Wang et al., “Annular ligament reconstruction by suture anchor for treatment of radial head dislocation in children”, in BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, volume 16, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the humerus and radius.


humeroulnar

Follow-up X-ray examinations demonstrated excellent congruity of both the radio capitellar joints and the humeroulnar.

(anatomy) Relating to the humerus and ulna.


median eminence

median eminence (plural median eminences)

(anatomy) Part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus in the human brain.


lateral malleolus

lateral malleolus (plural lateral malleoli)

lateral malleoli (plural)
external malleolus (alternative)

(anatomy) The prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula.


medial malleolus

medial malleolus (plural medial malleoli)

medial malleoli (plural)
internal malleolus (alternative)

(anatomy) The prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.


ovarian follicle

ovarian follicle (plural ovarian follicles)

(anatomy) A spherical cellular aggregation found in the ovaries, each of them containing a single oocyte, or an immature ovum.


sternomental

Another relevant measurement is the sternomental distance (SMD).

2015 July 30, Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva et al., “Relationships between craniocervical posture and pain-related disability in patients with cervico-craniofacial pain”, in Journal of Pain Research, volume 8, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the sternum and chin.


tibiotalocalcaneal

At an average follow-up of 4 years, 2 of 10 cases had to be converted to tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis because of persistent pain with substantial arthrofibrosis, but not loosening.

2015 July 21, Monika Horisberger et al., “Bone augmentation for revision total ankle arthroplasty with large bone defects”, in Acta Orthopaedica, volume 86, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the tibia, talus, and calcaneus.


intracanal

The main intrinsic factors are pulp hemorrhage, decomposition of pulp, bacteria and their products, tetracycline, pulp necrosis, intracanal medicaments, some endodontic filling materials, and metallic restorations, With the dissemination of blood components into the dentinal tubules caused by pulp extirpation or traumatically induced internal pulp bleeding, blood vessels are broken, promoting blood overflow into the pulp chamber.

2015 July 14, Mohammad E. Rokaya et al., “Evaluation of Extraradicular Diffusion of Hydrogen Peroxide during Intracoronal Bleaching Using Different Bleaching Agents”, in International Journal of Dentistry, volume 2015, →DOI:


portocaval

portocaval anastomosis

portocaval shunt

He divided extrahepatic portocaval shunts into two types: first, end-to-side shunts, where the portal vein (PV) terminates in the inferior vena cava (IVC), and the second, side-to-side shunts in which there is venous communication between a patent PV and the IVC.

2015 July 14, Kalyan Paudel, Eric K. Hoffer, “Transhepatic Embolization of Congenital Intrahepatic Portosystemic Venous Shunts with Associated Aneurysms”, in Case Reports in Medicine, volume 2015, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the portal vein and the vena cava.

portocaval

relating to the portal vein and the vena cava


antimesenteric

A partially ruptured 10 ×8 cm pedunculated mass arising at antimesenteric border of the ileum around 4 feet proximal to ileocaecal region was found ( Fig.

2015 June 3, S Kumar et al., “An unusual cause of hemoperitoneum: case report with review of literature”, in International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, volume 12, →DOI:

(anatomy) Opposite the mesenteric attachment of the intestine


vagosympathetic

Thyroidectomy is generally not recommended for bilateral tumors or when there is tumor invasion into the adjacent structures, including the blood vessels, recurrent laryngeal nerves, vagosympathetic trunk, parathyroid glands, and larynx and trachea [ 1, 11, 15 ].

2015 February 14, Sho FUKUI et al., “Identification and preservation of the parathyroid gland during total thyroidectomy in dogs with bilateral thyroid carcinoma: a report of six cases”, in The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, volume 77, →DOI:

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

(anatomy) Relating to the vagus nerve and the sympathetic nervous system


beta cell

(anatomy) A basophil of the adenohypophysis.

islets of Langerhans
islets of Langerhans

(anatomy) An endocrine cell, located in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, primarily responsible for the storage and release of insulin.

béta-sejt

endocrine cell in the pancreas that stores and releases insulin


pericommissural

Accordingly, cocaine-induced reinstatement of responding was inhibited by baclofen+muscimol inactivation of the pericommissural core, whereas inactivation of the ventromedial shell enhanced it.

2015 July 31, Gerald Zernig, Barbara S. Pinheiro, “Dyadic social interaction inhibits cocaine-conditioned place preference and the associated activation of the accumbens corridor”, in Behavioural Pharmacology, volume 26, →DOI:


rectovestibular

Surgical measures are currently under discussion as a radical treatment for rectovestibular fistula.

2015 June 24, Jun Shinozuka et al., “Neonatal Sweet’s Syndrome Associated with Rectovestibular Fistula with Normal Anus”, in Pediatric Reports, volume 7, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the rectum and the vestibule.


bronchopleural

Recently, a long list of embolic agents, including blood clots, gelatin, silicon rubber plugs, various sponge materials, fibrin glue, metallic coils, have been introduced and the endobronchial vascular occlusion coils for control of a bronchopleural fistula has been reported. 9, 10 In the present case, we attempted to close the fistula tract initially by injecting tissue adhesive glue mixed with radiopaque fluid, which is generally used by interventional radiology field, however, we did not succeed.

2013 May 31, Kun-Moo Choi, Young-Don Kim, Jae-Hong Ahn, “Closure of pancreatoduodenal fistula using vascular occluding coil embolization and fibrin glue injection: a case study”, in Korean Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, volume 17, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting the bronchus and the pleura


prehepatic

Administration of intravenous edoxaban with and without rifampin may have differentiated the prehepatic versus hepatic effects of rifampin on parent and metabolite exposure.

2015 June 12, Jeanne Mendell et al., “The Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Edoxaban in Healthy Adults”, in Clinical Drug Investigation, volume 35, →DOI:

(anatomy, biochemistry) upstream of the liver in the circulation of the hepatic portal system; and thus, before the metabolic effect of the liver.


trabacula

(anatomy) Alternative form of trabecula (“small, dense piece of collagenous tissue”).


oculovestibular

We intubated the mannequin with a 6.0-mm endotracheal tube and provided a flashlight for pupillary reflex assessment, cotton swabs for corneal reflex assessment, an 18-G needle as noxious stimuli to the neck for ciliospinal reflex assessment, a 30-cc syringe with a suction catheter for oculovestibular reflex assessment, and a laryngoscope and suction catheter for gag reflex assessment.

2015 August 12, Takashi Araki et al., “Simulation-based training for determination of brain death by pediatric healthcare providers”, in SpringerPlus, volume 4, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the eye and the vestibule.


trunkal

The gait of a cerebellar patient in the majority of cases is chiefly trunkal. The trunk may go backward, or forward, forward and to one side, or simply to one side.

1923, Nelson loose-leaf living medicine, volume 6, page 438:

A decrease in trunkal shift was noted from preoperative to last follow-up (p = 0.003).

2015 August 14, “Selection of fusion levels using the fulcrum bending radiograph for the management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with alternate level pedicle screw strategy: clinical decision-making and outcomes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the trunk of the body.


colobronchial

Fistulas and sinus tracts are hallmarks of Crohn’s disease, affecting approximately 20–40% of patients [7]. The morphology and anatomic sites of fistulas are protean: enteroenteric, enterocolic, colocolic, enterovesical, enterovaginal, enterocutaneous, anorectal, duodenopancreatic, gastrocolic, colobronchial, and enterospinal [48–54].

1996 July, Richard M. Gore, Emil J. Balthazar, Gary G. Ghahremani, Frank H. Miller, “CT Features of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease”, in American Journal of Roentgenology, volume 167, number 1, →DOI, page 9:

One of these is a case of colobronchial fistula.

2015 July 3, Hayim Gilshtein et al., “Inferior vena cava enteric fistula due to unresected colorectal metastasis”, in World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES, volume 10, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the colon and the bronchi.


buccolabial

Furthermore, consistent with our neurofilament staining, at later embryonic (E13.5 and E14.5) and early postnatal (P0) stages, the zygomatic, temporal, superior buccolabial, inferior buccolabial and marginal mandibular nerve branches of the facial (VII) nerve were observed in controls (Figure 3 e, g, i) and appeared truncated or absent in Nestin - Cre; Shox2 flox/ − mutant animals (Figure 3 f, h, j; arrows).

2015 July 9, Jessica M Rosin, Deborah M Kurrasch, John Cobb, “Shox2 is required for the proper development of the facial motor nucleus and the establishment of the facial nerves”, in BMC Neuroscience, volume 16, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the cheek and the lip.


meningovascular

A better understanding of the pathogenic events leading to dementia in variant TTR meningovascular amyloidosis may lead to novel treatment strategies for this debilitating and fatal disease.

2015 July 10, Jennifer L. Ziskin et al., “Neuropathologic analysis of Tyr69His TTR variant meningovascular amyloidosis with dementia”, in Acta Neuropathologica Communications, volume 3, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the meninges and the (cerebral) blood vessels


cranioorbital

COZ and cranioorbital approaches were utilized in all cases of SOM and included radical resections of the dura and bone involvement.

2015 June 29, Carlos Eduardo da Silva, Paulo Eduardo Peixoto de Freitas, “Large and giant skull base meningiomas: The role of radical surgical removal”, in Surgical Neurology International, volume 6, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the cranium and the orbit of the eye


extracavernous

A hard tumor, with encasement of the internal carotid artery (ICA), received a debulking and partial removal, in the extracavernous portion (Simpson Grade IV).


posterosuperior

The tumor was resected completely, along with the posterosuperior segment of the right hepatic lobe, the right adrenal gland, and a portion of the IVC using partial clamping of the IVC ( Figure 4(a) ).

2015 June 18, Hirofumi Sonoda et al., “Complete Surgical Resection of a Leiomyosarcoma Arising from the Inferior Vena Cava”, in Case Reports in Medicine, volume 2015, →DOI:


prepontine

Being congenital in nature, the pathology was deduced to be nerve hypoplasia rather than nerve atrophy. (a) Sagittal and (b) Coronal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showing ectatic aberrant left vertebral artery in the prepontine cistern (a) Axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging image showing anomalous course of the left vertebral artery, with compression and flattening of the left inferior olivary nucleus (black arrow).

2015, Abhishek Jha et al., “Trigeminal hypoplasia due to vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia: A new entity”, in Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences, volume 10, →DOI:


ileocolonic

In summary, the studies reported here provide evidence of decreased LDL cholesterol and increased GLP-1 levels when using elobixibat in patients with dyslipidemia and with CC respectively; these effects are consistent with metabolic effects of BAs in the ileocolonic region in humans.

2015 July 22, Mats Rudling et al., “Specific inhibition of bile acid transport alters plasma lipids and GLP-1”, in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, volume 15, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the ileum and the colon or to the ileocolon


hemidiaphragm

Neuronal cell entry of BoNT/A followed by entry of BoNT/E was further demonstrated by sequentially exposing hemidiaphragm muscle preparations and selectively blocking BoNT/A with 3,4-DAP. This resulted in a recovery similar to BoNT/A and not BoNT/E, confirming sequential cell entry of the toxins [18 ].

2015 July 25, “Botulinum Neurotoxins Can Enter Cultured Neurons Independent of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Either the left or right half of the diaphragm


subpectoral

Transvenous ICD implantation followed institutional standards with device placement either in a left-sided subpectoral or subcutaneous pocket and with the right ventricular lead positioned in the right ventricular apex.

2015 July 25, “ICD Shock, Not Ventricular Fibrillation, Causes Elevation of High Sensitive Troponin T after Defibrillation Threshold Testing—The Prospective, Randomized, Multicentre TropShock-Trial”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


extraluminal

The infection of pancreatic necrosis was presumed when extraluminal gas emerged in the peripancreatic and / or pancreatic tissues on contrast-enhanced CT or when percutaneous fine-needle aspiration was positive for bacteria and / or fungi on Gram stain and culture.

2015 August 20, “The Decrease of Peripheral Blood CD4+ T Cells Indicates Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Severe Acute Pancreatitis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


extraciliary

Additionally, cilia-related proteins have also been found in extraciliary organelles.

2015 May 19, Sandra Habbig, Max Christoph Liebau, “Ciliopathies - from rare inherited cystic kidney diseases to basic cellular function”, in Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics, volume 2, →DOI:


hemiabdomen

The left ectopic kidney was located in the right hemiabdomen with the hilum anteriorly faced.

2015 July 28, Ana Ratola et al., “Crossed Renal Ectopia without Fusion: An Uncommon Cause of Abdominal Mass”, in Case Reports in Nephrology, volume 2015, →DOI:


calcarina

Further, nodes from occipital regions in the anatomical network, indicated by the blue circles (including calcarina, cuneus, precuneus, …), are distantly located from the group of frontal brain areas indicated by the red marks.

2015 July 6, Tiago Simas et al., “An algebraic topological method for multimodal brain networks comparisons”, in Frontiers in Psychology, volume 6, →DOI:

(anatomy) The calcarine sulcus / calcarine fissure


intradiscally

Based on these clinical and histological findings, in combination with the avascular nature of the IVD, we concluded that the hydrogel would be well tolerated when applied intradiscally.

2015 August 20, Nicole Willems et al., “Biocompatibility and intradiscal application of a thermoreversible celecoxib-loaded poly-N-isopropylacrylamide MgFe-layered double hydroxide hydrogel in a canine model”, in Arthritis Research & Therapy, volume 17, →DOI:


intradiscal

We have demonstrated the biocompatibility and safety of a pNIPAAM MgFe-LDH hydrogel via subcutaneous application in mice and via intradiscal administration in a large animal model.


peritendon

(anatomy) The membrane surrounding the tendon.


ileocecum

We demonstrated that OMV-associated PrtV was biologically active by showing altered morphology and detachment of cells when the human ileocecum carcinoma (HCT8) cells were treated with OMVs from the wild type V.

2015 July 30, “Outer Membrane Vesicle-Mediated Export of Processed PrtV Protease from Vibrio cholerae”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


anteromesial

(anatomy, dentistry) Both anterior and mesial


choanal

(anatomy, zoology) Related to the choana


entocarotid

(anatomy) The inner branch of the carotid (artery)


ozadene

From Ancient Greek ὄζω (ózō, “I smell”).

(anatomy) A defensive gland present in some arthropods, which secretes a foul-smelling substance to discourage predators.


centrotemporal

All together, these findings provide additional insight into the neurophysiological mechanisms of epilepitogenisis and cognitive dysfunction associated with BECTS. Introduction Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) (also known as rolandic epilepsy) is the most common form of idiopathic focal epilepsy syndrome in childhood.

2015 July 31, “Local Activity and Causal Connectivity in Children with Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the central and temporal regions of the head (during electroencephalography), or the intersection of the two.


fissurization

fissurization (usually uncountable, plural fissurizations)

(chiefly anatomy) formation of a fissure


annulus of Zinn

Named after Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727–1759), German anatomist and botanist.

(anatomy) A ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the optic nerve at its entrance at the apex of the orbit.


vaginal vault

(anatomy) The expanded region of the vaginal canal at the internal end of the vagina.


centroparietal

The centroparietal positivity facilitated both task types and both transition types, and is consistent with a primary role for facilitating general proactive cognitive control.

2015 August 1, “Functional Roles of Neural Preparatory Processes in a Cued Stroop Task Revealed by Linking Electrophysiology with Behavioral Performance”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) In or from the centre of a parietal region.


endocapillary

Using immunohistochemical analysis, we confirmed that CA1 pyramidal neurons, CA2 pyramidal neurons, motor cortex neurons, and endocapillary cells showed staining for 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-HNE at 8 h after reperfusion following global brain ischemia.

2015 August 1, “The Effects of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitors on Oxidative Stress Markers following Global Brain Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in C57BL/6 Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to an internal capillary, especially to one in a glomerulus of the kidney


TP

TP (countable and uncountable, plural TPs)

transverse process
transverse process#English

(anatomy) Initialism of transverse process.


multipennate

(anatomy) Of a muscle: having the fibers arranged at multiple angles in relation to the axis of force generation.


rostroventrolateral

Of them the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) (located in the rostroventrolateral medulla, RVLM) has been suggested as one of the major brain nuclei sending excitatory (glutamatergic) afferents to LC region [20 ].

2015 August 1, “Direct Facilitatory Role of Paragigantocellularis Neurons in Opiate Withdrawal-Induced Hyperactivity of Rat Locus Coeruleus Neurons: An In Vitro Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Both rostral and ventrolateral


incisive bone

(anatomy) In humans, portion of the maxilla adjacent to the incisors.


extraluminally

One squamous cell carcinoma of the lower trachea with involvement of right main bronchus and invasion extraluminally, its longitudinal involvement was 53.7 mm (Fig 1).

2015 September 3, “Diagnostic Value of Multidetector CT and Its Multiplanar Reformation, Volume Rendering and Virtual Bronchoscopy Postprocessing Techniques for Primary Trachea and Main Bronchus Tumors”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


lamina papyracea

(anatomy) Orbital lamina of ethmoid bone


zygomaticomaxillary

(anatomy) Relating to the zygomatic bone and maxilla.


otoccipital

(anatomy) Relating to the ear and the occiput.


netherlip

From nether- + lip, modelled after lower lip. Compare Old Frisian nitherlippa (“lower lip”), German Niederlippe (“lower lip”).

Looby's face grew pale, and his netherlip began to tremble; the patient was dismayed, and the old gentlewoman concerned and perplexed.

1820, Tobias Smollett, Robert Anderson, The Miscellaneous Works of Tobias Smollett, M.D.:

She smiled. Again her netherlip protruded, curiously, affectionately.

2002, David Grossman, The Book of Intimate Grammar:


haemapodous

(anatomy) Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the haemal side, meaning the great blood vessels are located on the ventral side, as in vertebrates


cingulo-opercular

(anatomy) Relating to the cingulate cortex and the operculum


cleidomastoideus

Its lateral surface for the origins of the sternomastoideus and cleidomastoideus muscles is smooth probably because of the young age of the holotype individual.

2015 August 6, “A New Late Miocene Odobenid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Hokkaido, Japan Suggests Rapid Diversification of Basal Miocene Odobenids”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) A muscle connecting the clavicle and the mastoid process.


cervicobrachial

(anatomy) Relating to the neck and the arm.


extraconal

Subsequent imaging noted a mass lesion arising within the inferolateral aspect of the left orbit, displacing the globe anteromedially and which appeared to lie within the extraconal space […]

2015 August 9, Stephen E. Langabeer et al., “Evading Capture by Residual Disease Monitoring: Extramedullary Manifestation of JAK2 V617F-Positive Primary Myelofibrosis After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation”, in Case Reports in Hematology, volume 2015, →DOI:


extrahepatically

SAA are acute phase proteins in the form of apolipoproteins associated with specific high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and they are expressed extrahepatically in the absence of HDL.

2015 August 4, Saliha Esenboga et al., “CVID Associated with Systemic Amyloidosis”, in Case Reports in Immunology, volume 2015, →DOI:


periauricular

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated residual periauricular subcutaneous ill-defined lesions extending radially from the stylomastoid foramen and subsequent abnormal enhanced lesions in the intratemporal facial nerve from the stylomastoid foramen to the internal auditory canal […]

2015 August 9, Mitsuhiko Nakahira, Naoko Saito, Masashi Sugasawa, “Extratemporal Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumor of Facial Nerve with Coexistent Intratemporal Neurofibroma Mimicking Malignant Intratemporal Extension”, in Case Reports in Otolaryngology, volume 2015, →DOI:


neuroforamen

(anatomy) Either of a pair of spaces each side of a vertebra that allows nerves to pass from the spinal cord to other parts of the body


pseudosylvian

The pseudosylvian sulcus is weakly present, and it is located just above the temporal fossa.

(anatomy) Describing an extension of the lateral sulcus on each hemisphere of the brain


lumbodorsal

(anatomy) related to both lumbar and dorsal regions of the spine


lumboabdominal

(anatomy) related to both lumbar and abdominal regions


lumbovertebral

-ɜː(ɹ)tɪbɹəl


great vessel

(anatomy, mostly plural) Any of the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart, i.e. the superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary arteries and veins, and the aorta.


intraconal

Extraconal and intraconal fat excision was also performed.

2015 September 10, “Effect of Orbital Decompression on Corneal Topography in Patients with Thyroid Ophthalmopathy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


scapulocostal

(anatomy) Relating to the scapula and ribs; applied to a joint formed by an articulation of the anterior scapula and the posterior thoracic rib cage.


scapulothoracic

(anatomy) Relating to the scapula and thorax.


aortocaval

In this study, we observed the heart-kidney interaction in a rat aortocaval fistula (AV) model established at one week post right kidney remove (UNX).

2015 August 8, “Aggravated Cardiac Remodeling post Aortocaval Fistula in Unilateral Nephrectomized Rats”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) relating to the aorta and the vena cava


velopharynx

The volume and mean cross-sectional area of nasopharynx, velopharynx and glossopharynx region showed significant difference.

2015 August 8, “Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Upper Airway Morphological Changes in Growing Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion Treated by Protraction Headgear and Rapid Palatal Expansion: A Comparative Research”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) The region of the soft palate and the pharynx


lumbopelvic

This slumped sitting posture may cause strain, instability, or injury in the lumbopelvic region.

2015 August 21, Won-gyu Yoo, “Comparison of the T10 and L4 paraspinal muscle activities over time during continuous computer work”, in Journal of Physical Therapy Science, volume 27, →DOI:

(anatomy) Related to the lumbar region of the spine and to the pelvis.


paravermis

Ventral OMV is active in all subjects besides S05 during this task while activity is also present in dorsal OMV for all subjects besides S03 and S04; slices are through Cb vermis and paravermis only.

2015 August 11, “Single Session Imaging of Cerebellum at 7 Tesla: Obtaining Structure and Function of Multiple Motor Subsystems in Individual Subjects”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) A form of the vermis found in the intermediate zone of the cerebellum


succenturiate

From Latin succentūriō (“to add soldiers to fill up a century; to substitute”).

der

No additional gross placental abnormalities, such as succenturiate lobe, vasa previa, or eccentric cord insertion, were identified in these cases.

2015 August 12, “Efficacy of Intrauterine Bakri Balloon Tamponade in Cesarean Section for Placenta Previa Patients”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Describing a small lobe that is sometimes attached to a placenta


basiepidermal

There are about 1500 tube feet per sea urchin, each comprised of several well-defined layers: an outer epidermis, a basiepidermal nerve plexus, a connective tissue layer and a longitudinal muscle layer lined with ciliated epithelium facing the inner water vascular lumen [13 –15 ].

2015 August 13, “Tissue Regeneration and Biomineralization in Sea Urchins: Role of Notch Signaling and Presence of Stem Cell Markers”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) relating to the base of the epidermis


presinusoidal

Nearly 10% of patients infected by Schistosoma mansoni progress to the most severe form, hepatosplenic (HS) schistosomiasis, which is characterized by periportal fibrosis (PPF), obstruction by eggs of intrahepatic veins, presinusoidal portal hypertension, splenomegaly, hemodynamic and lipid abnormalities, frequently resulting in upper digestive bleeding [3 –5 ].

2015 August 13, “Splenectomy Improves Hemostatic and Liver Functions in Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis Mansoni”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


superolateral

Because only half of the orbital rim is preserved (the inferior, lateral, and superolateral aspects), it is impossible to measure the exact size of the orbit, but the orbital height and width can be estimated (Tables 2 and 3 ; Figs 2 –4 ).

2015 August 20, “Papio Cranium from the Hominin-Bearing Site of Malapa: Implications for the Evolution of Modern Baboon Cranial Morphology and South African Plio-Pleistocene Biochronology”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


precerebral

There was some variability in the codes included in each set, but they generally excluded codes pertaining to occlusion of the precerebral arteries, intracranial haemorrhage other than ICH, late effects of stroke/stroke sequalae, and cerebrovascular disorders stemming from other conditions.

2015 August 21, “Validity of Diagnostic Codes for Acute Stroke in Administrative Databases: A Systematic Review”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


mediofrontal

In addition, the ACC showed functional connectivity with the supplementary motor area/dorsal ACC (SMA/dACC), an area within the dorsal mediofrontal cortex, suggesting that it integrates action monitoring and emotional and cognitive processing in decision-making.

2015 August 25, “Women’s Preference for a Male Acquaintance Enhances Social Reward Processing of Material Goods in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) In the middle of the frontal region


transversarium

The transverse process protrudes between the cranial and caudal openings of the foramen transversarium.

2015 August 25, “The Cervical Osteology of Okapia johnstoni and Giraffa camelopardalis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) A transverse process in a vertebra


arterially

Transmural wedges (4 x 3 x 2 cm) from the right ventricular wall were dissected, canulated and perfused arterially with cardioplegic solution.

2015 September 17, “Molecular Cloning and Functional Expression of the Equine K + Channel K V 11.1 (Ether à Go-Go-Related/KCNH2 Gene) and the Regulatory Subunit KCNE2 from Equine Myocardium”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) In terms of or by means of the arteries.


trichorhinophalangeal

Doctor Giedeon described several children with what he called the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome because they had involvement of hair, which was sparse and thin and did not grow well, because they had involvement of their phalanges with peculiar cone-shaped epiphyses, and because they had in common a physiognomy characterized by what he called a pear-shaped nose […]

1969, Daniel Bergsma, The First Conference on the Clinical Delineation of Birth Defects: Special lectures, March of Dimes:

In the case of the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, gene deletions can cause the disease, which may not be detected by analysis of the panel.

2015 September 19, “Use of Targeted Exome Sequencing for Molecular Diagnosis of Skeletal Disorders”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 and the more severe type 3 are autosomal dominant disorders (OMIM #190350 and #190351), arising from mutation of a putative transcription factor (TRPS1).

2015, Ross E Petty, Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology:

Langer-Giedion syndrome
Langer-Giedion syndrome#English

(anatomy) Relating to the hair, nose, and phalanges (finger or toe bones); applied to Langer-Giedion syndrome.


transmurally

At 24 and 72 hours, elevated numbers of CD45-IR cells were prominent transmurally through the layers of the colon wall in TNBS-only (B I-B II) and UCM-treated (E I-E II) cross sections.

2015 September 24, “Neuroprotective Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy in Acute Stages of TNBS-Induced Colitis in Guinea-Pigs”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Passing through the wall of an organ or any other bodily structure.


intrasellar

The rapid increase in the intrasellar contents and intrasellar pressure usually presents as sudden onset of headache.

2015 September 26, “Incidence of Pituitary Apoplexy and Its Risk Factors in Chinese People: A Database Study of Patients with Pituitary Adenoma”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


intrascrotal

Spermatoceles are intrascrotal cysts containing sperm that derive from the small tubules of the epididymis.

Triorchidism has been the most commonly reported manifestation, with the supernumerary testis or testes most frequently intrascrotal and less than 10% residing intraabdominally [2],[7].

2013 January 7, Chloe B. Wilcox, Rachel D'Cruz, Andrew J.A. Holland, “Polyorchism in association with an undescended testis and testicular atrophy: Report of a unique case and review of the literature”, in Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports, volume 1, number 1, →DOI, page e7:


cephalosomatic

In medical terms, it would be a cephalosomatic anastomosis, the first of its kind.

2015 October 3, Tom Lamont, “'I'll do the first human head transplant'”, in The Guardian:

(anatomy) Relating to the head and the rest of the body


sublaterodorsal

Other reports have shown that a missing excitatory pathway of hypocretin neurons to sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus, one of regional areas inferred to be associated with RWA, might be associated with the formation of RWA in narcolepsy[43 ].

2015 September 1, “Polysomnographic Assessment of Sleep Comorbidities in Drug-Naïve Narcolepsy-Spectrum Disorders—A Japanese Cross-Sectional Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


parasymphysis

In general, the most common sites of mandibular fracture are the condyle and angle (especially in the presence of an impacted or semi-erupted third molar), mental foramen or body, parasymphysis, and any part of the dental alveolus.

2015 September 4, “Clinical Features and Treatment Modes of Mandibular Fracture at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Hospital, Japan”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) The point at which both halves of the mandible are fused together


platycoelous

The platycoelous centra are not keeled ventrally and are slightly dorsoventrally compressed at mid-length, so that in transverse section the centrum has a more oval outline.

2015 September 10, “Anatomy of the Enigmatic Reptile Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949 (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Triassic of Germany and Its Relevance for the Origin of Sauria”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Flat at the anterior and concave at the posterior end; said of the centra of the vertebrae of some dinosaurs.


posterolaterodorsal

A, occipital region in posterolaterodorsal view.


subadjacent

Interestingly, the iridophores, which are neurally controlled structural reflectors [21 ,22 ] that lie subadjacent to the chromatophore layer [3 ,23 ], do not bind any of the antibodies we used.

2015 September 10, “An Unexpected Diversity of Photoreceptor Classes in the Longfin Squid, Doryteuthis pealeii”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


subcapital

Main experiments were performed using bone marrow obtained from the femoral head at the time of surgery for total hip replacement of seven patients with osteoarthritis (six males and one female. Median age 77 years, range [59–82]) and six healthy donors suffering traumatic subcapital fracture (one male and five females. Median age 82 years, range [64–92]), OA diagnosis was established according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria.

2015 September 10, “Altered Expression of Wnt Signaling Pathway Components in Osteogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis Patients”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Beneath the head of a long bone (especially the femur).


subthecodont

Tooth implantation is subthecodont as μCT images show that the teeth sit in shallow sockets (but see below).

(anatomy, of teeth) Located in shallow sockets


musculotendon

Researchers suggest that the Achilles tendon, plantar fascia, anterior talo-fibular ligament of the specific musculotendon, and ligamentous structures are more susceptible to severe injury risks in badminton than in other sports because of the unique and repetitive movements, such as frequent stop-and-go maneuvers, required in a badminton game [18 ].

2015 September 15, “Characteristics of Plantar Loads in Maximum Forward Lunge Tasks in Badminton”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) A tendon together with its attached muscle.


subpetrosal

To avoid injury to the subpetrosal sinuses, the width of the penetration of the clivus in the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus should be limited within 10.36±0.45 mm from the mid-sagittal line in the plane passing through the lowest, central point of the SF; less than 10.76±0.43mm from the mid-sagittal line, in the plane passing through the aperture of the sphenoid sinus; and 10.55±0.45 mm from the mid-sagittal line.

2015 September 15, “Safe Corridor to Access Clivus for Endoscopic Trans-Sphenoidal Surgery: A Radiological and Anatomical Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Beneath the petrous part of the temporal bone


pericalcarine

The thalamus seed mask used in this study corresponds to the Thalamus-Proper parcellation in the Desikan-Killiany Atlas while the visual cortex target mask was obtained by merging the pericalcarine, cuneus, lateraloccipital, lingual and precuneus parcellations.

2015 September 17, “Improved Framework for Tractography Reconstruction of the Optic Radiation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Surrounding the calcar of the brain


mesocardium

However, in quail, increased VEGF signalling causes endocardial cell hyperplasia in the dorsal mesocardium region and affects heart development.

2015 September 19, “TBX1 Represses Vegfr2 Gene Expression and Enhances the Cardiac Fate of VEGFR2+ Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) The structure of splanchnic mesoderm that supports the embryonic heart in the pericardial cavity. In the adult, it refers to any one of two tube-like prolongations of the epicardium. One encloses the aorta and pulmonary trunk and the second all pulmonary veins.


paristhmion

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παρίσθμιον (parísthmion), from παρά (pará, “beside”) + ἰσθμός (isthmós, “neck, throat”).


intrabrachial

The sample size calculation was based on the following assumptions: in previous studies from our own group, we found that the vasodilator response to the intrabrachial administration of adenosine averages 2.8±0.6, 4.4±1.0, 9.0±1.7 ml/min per dl of forearm volume for 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 μg/min/dl, respectively (mean±SEM, n = 8).

2015 October 29, “Ticagrelor Does Not Inhibit Adenosine Transport at Relevant Concentrations: A Randomized Cross-Over Study in Healthy Subjects In Vivo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


manubriosternal

(anatomy) Relating to the manubrium and sternum.


beige fat

From being a color between brown and white, closer to white.

(anatomy, physiology) A form of brown fat which can function akin to white fat under normal circumstances, but can function as brown fat under cold conditions.


end-foot

(neuroanatomy) the enlarged end of a nerve fiber that terminates adjacent to the dendrite of another nerve cell; a terminal button.


venously

(anatomy, medicine) In terms of, or by means of, the vein.


chordamesoderm

(anatomy) The axial mesoderm, which lies along the central axis under the neural tube and gives rise to the notochord.


LGN

lateral geniculate nucleus
lateral geniculate nucleus#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of lateral geniculate nucleus.


dactylion

Two measurements were taken: 1) the sitting height (SitH1), measured as the vertical distance from the vertex of the head to the floor; 2) the vertical grip reach from a seated position (SitH2), measured as the maximal distance from the tip of the dactylion III to the floor, with the upper arms extended overhead as much as possible (Fig 3).

2015 November 26, “Physique and Performance of Young Wheelchair Basketball Players in Relation with Classification”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


endocortical

Histological measurements of the endocortical bone of the femur also began two visual fields below the growth plate and were continued to the diaphysis, with the diaphysis defined as the midway point between the ends of the femur.

2015 September 23, “Osteocytes, not Osteoblasts or Lining Cells, are the Main Source of the RANKL Required for Osteoclast Formation in Remodeling Bone”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) On the inside of the cortex (especially of bone)


Jacob's membrane

en-noun

Jacob's membrane (plural Jacob's membranes)

(anatomy) A layer of rod cells and cone cells in the retina of the human eye.


periesophageal

CTV was defined as GTV plus a 2.0–5.0 cm craniocaudal margin with a 0.8–1.0 cm lateral margin and the areas at risk for elective nodal regions (such as lower cervical, periesophageal, mediastinal and perigastric LNs).

2015 December 5, “Feasibility of Elective Nodal Irradiation (ENI) and Involved Field Irradiation (IFI) in Radiotherapy for the Elderly Patients (Aged ≥ 70 Years) with Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis from a Single Institute”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


periaqueduct

Abdominal surgery increased c-Fos in the prelimbic, cingulate and insular cortexes, and autonomic nuclei, such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, hypothalamic supraoptic (SON), paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-W), lateral periaqueduct gray (PAG), lateral parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).

2015 October 1, “Patterns of Brain Activation and Meal Reduction Induced by Abdominal Surgery in Mice and Modulation by Rikkunshito”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(neuroanatomy) The area surrounding the cerebral aqueduct


cervicocephalic

The ostrich neck was delivered to us decapitated and severed from the rest of the body, thus any anterior (i.e., cervicocephalic) or posterior (i.e., cervicothoracic) air sac diverticula were not present, resulting in incomplete and partially damaged air sacs and their diverticula on the anteriormost and posteriormost ends of the neck.

2015 December 10, “Osteological and Soft-Tissue Evidence for Pneumatization in the Cervical Column of the Ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) and Observations on the Vertebral Columns of Non-Volant, Semi-Volant and Semi-Aquatic Birds”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the neck and head.


periskeletal

Starting at approximately one month of age and continuing for the next two years, the scleral ossicles of SF elongate via unilateral periskeletal ossification and fuse to form a continuous bony ring that eventually covers 90% or more of the circumference of the eye, while the sclera of CF remain cartilaginous, stop growing, and eventually form a cyst around the degenerating eye.

2015 December 10, “Complex Evolutionary and Genetic Patterns Characterize the Loss of Scleral Ossification in the Blind Cavefish Astyanax mexicanus”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


pericryptal

Microdissection was performed using the Leica LMD 6000 microdissector, to obtain the whole crypts, including pericryptal areas, for each sample.

2015 December 10, “Celiac Disease Histopathology Recapitulates Hedgehog Downregulation, Consistent with Wound Healing Processes Activation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Around the crypts (small pits or cavities in the body).


oralmost

(anatomy) Located furthest in the oral direction.


corticogeniculate

(anatomy) Going from the cortex to the geniculate nucleus.


geniculocortical

(anatomy) Going from the geniculate nucleus to the cortex.


frontomedial

It was also shown that gene expression in the rat brain, although similar, differs between cortical regions, with 30 genes found to be enriched in the frontomedial cortex [51 ,52 ].

2015 October 3, “The Effects of Different Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Protocols on Cortical Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) In the front, near the midline


midsutural

Data suggest slight decreases in markers of proliferation in the periosteal and midsutural areas analyzed.

2015 October 3, “Effects of Citalopram on Sutural and Calvarial Cell Processes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


prelaryngeal

Central lymph nodes were divided into three or four subgroups in some articles: ipsilateral paratracheal, pretracheal, contralateral paratracheal, and prelaryngeal.

2015 October 3, “Risk Factors for Central Lymph Node Metastasis in CN0 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


pretracheal

2015 October 3, Wei Sun, Xiabin Lan, Hao Zhang, Wenwu Dong, Zhihong Wang, Liang He, Ting Zhang, Siming Liu, “Risk Factors for Central Lymph Node Metastasis in CN0 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, in PLOS One, volume 10, number 10, →DOI:

(anatomy, relational) Anterior to the trachea.


Hoffa's fat pad

Hoffa's fat pad (plural Hoffa's fat pads)

(anatomy) A cylindrical piece of fat that is situated under and behind the patella bone within the knee.


frontolateral

Through a frontolateral hole in the skull, a no. 4 Fogarty catheter (Edwards Lifesciences Co, Irvine, USA) was placed in the epidural space and slowly inflated (0.16 ml/min) with saline using a syringe pump (Terufusion, Termo Co, Tokyo, Japan).

2015 October 6, “Anti-Apoptotic Effects of 3,3’,5-Triiodo-L-Thyronine in the Liver of Brain-Dead Rats”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


peristernal

These authors also observed increased proportions of 18:1 in peristernal adipose tissue of starved reindeer calves.

2015 December 18, “Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle, Adipose Tissue and Liver from Muskoxen ( Ovibos moschatus ) Living in West Greenland”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


orbitocerebral

Although more gracile, it is clearly homologous to the orbitocerebral vein that is present in some sauropods like Diplodocus longus ([42 ]: fig. 6.9) and Camarasaurus lentus ([42 ]: fig. 6.8).

2015 October 8, “A New Titanosaurian Braincase from the Cretaceous “Lo Hueco” Locality in Spain Sheds Light on Neuroanatomical Evolution within Titanosauria”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the orbit of the eye and the brain


parasphenoidal

Abbreviations: BP, basipterygoid process; BT, basal tuber; CP, capitate process; CA, crista antotica; CO, crista otosphenoidea; CT, crista tuberalis; FM, foramen magnum; OC, occipital condyle; OF, olfactory fenestra; OR, orbital recess; PP, paroccipital process; PSR, parasphenoidal rostrum; PTF, posttemporal fenestra; SNC, sagittal nuchal crest; STF, supratemporal fenestra; TNC, transverse nuchal crest; V, trigeminal foramen.

(anatomy) Relating to the parasphenoid (bone)


subcondylar

However, in that taxon the surface of the basioccipital between the occipital condyle and the basal tubera is not excavated as in MCCM-HUE-1667 and lacks the subcondylar recess or foramen.


palpebronasal

(anatomy) Relating to the nose and the eyelids.


hemiliver

If this were so, he argues the left hemiliver would be deprived of depatotrophic factors, thought to come principally from the pancreas.

1987, Roderick N. M. MacSween, Pathology of the Liver, page 12:

The main portal scissura (Cantle's line), which divides the liver into left and right hemilivers, lies along a line 75° from the horizontal plane opened to the left of the ex vivo liver, beginning at the IVC.

2004, James L. Abbruzzese, Gastrointestinal Oncology:

In addition, the diseased hemiliver acts as a transitory auxiliary liver that assists the growing FLR in metabolic, synthetic and detoxifying functions for the first and critical week after liver partition.

2015 December 24, “ALPPS Procedure for Extended Liver Resections: A Single Centre Experience and a Systematic Review”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


trachelo-

Representing the Ancient Greek τράχηλος (trákhēlos, “neck”).

der

trachelacromial, trachelobranchiate, trachelo-bregmatic, tracheloclavicular, trachelomastoid, tracheloccipital, tracheloscapular

(chiefly anatomy) neck or neck-like structure

neck (structure connecting the head to the thorax)

tracheloplasty, trachelorrhaphy, trachelotomy

neck or neck-like structure
cervix uteri


didactylism

(anatomy) The condition of having only two fingers on a hand, or only two toes on a foot.


perichord

(anatomy, rare) A membranous sheath around the notochord.


faciobrachial

Seven patients (17.1%) presented with faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS), and all patients had anti-LGI1 antibodies.

2016 January 16, “Effect of Immunotherapy on Seizure Outcome in Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Prospective Observational Registry Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


amygdalocortical

(anatomy) Relating to the amygdala and the cerebral cortex.


hallical

(anatomy) Relating to the hallux, or big toe.


intratrabecular

Two main hypotheses aim to explain the mechanism of facilitation of the aqueous outflow by ALT: one hypothesis postulates that mechanical contraction of the trabecular meshwork by thermal energy opens the intratrabecular space, whereas the other one assumes that cellular activation of the trabecular meshwork causes remodeling of the extracellular matrix.

2016 January 26, “The Effect of Laser Trabeculoplasty on Posture-Induced Intraocular Pressure Changes in Patients with Open Angle Glaucoma”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


odontostyle

(anatomy) A protrusible, hollow, needle-like tooth found in nematodes, used to puncture and empty food items.


rectus femoris

en-noun

rectus femoris (plural recti femorum or recti femoris)

recti femorum (plural)
recti femoris (plural)

(anatomy) A fusiform muscle, one of the four quadriceps muscles, situated in the middle of the front of the thigh.


temporoorbital

After passing rostrally into the dorsotemporal fossa, the stapedial artery becomes the temporoorbital artery (temporal artery of Oelrich [52 ]).

2015 October 15, “Vascular Patterns in Iguanas and Other Squamates: Blood Vessels and Sites of Thermal Exchange”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the temple and the orbit of the eye


pyelo-

From Ancient Greek πύελος (púelos, “pelvis, wash basin”).

uder

(anatomy, medicine, surgery) Forms terms relating to the renal pelvis, such as pyelonephritis, pyelography, and others.


extracerebellar

/ˌɛkstɹəˌsɛɹəˈbɛlɚ/


vermal

Faux Latin, from a supposed *vermalis, whereas Latin vermiculātus. From vermis + -al.


pyelocaliceal

A recent Chinese study has also demonstrated that males and patients with pyelocaliceal tumors are at higher risk of advanced tumor stage than females and those with ureteral tumors, respectively [12 ].

2015 October 16, “Concurrent Preoperative Presence of Hydronephrosis and Flank Pain Independently Predicts Worse Outcome of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the renal pelvis and the calices


hyperdivergent

The hyperdivergent facial morphology may play a role in the development of TMJOA. The stability of the TMJ disc depends on the integrity of the joint ligaments and the forces applied over the TMJ. Hyperdivergent facial morphology is prone to disc displacement because of the poor reciprocal fitting of the articular surfaces, that is, less contact area is observed between condylar head and glenoid fossa compared with hypodivergent facial morphology [27 ].

2015 October 17, “Cephalometric Analysis of the Facial Skeletal Morphology of Female Patients Exhibiting Skeletal Class II Deformity with and without Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthrosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


intrasuprasellar

In regards to the postoperative CSF leakage, we reported an overall 6.9% rate, with 10% of cases occurring in extended approaches and 5.3% in standard approaches; all these lesions were intrasuprasellar cysts and all underwent a total removal.

2015 October 17, “Endoscopic Endonasal Approach in the Management of Rathke’s Cleft Cysts”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


nasomaxillary

The reduced condylar growth may enhance the development of N-Me from nasomaxillary complex growth and dentoalveolar development [25 ].

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting, the nasal bone and the upper jaw


metathalamic

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the metathalamus.


sacropelvic

(anatomy) Relating to the sacrum and pelvis.


presupplementary

The optodes were positioned using a custom-made cap that covered the right and left PFC, presupplementary motor area (preSMA), supplementary motor area (SMA), dorsal premotor cortex (PMC), and sensorimotor cortex (SMC).

2015 October 21, “Changes in Cerebral Hemodynamics during Complex Motor Learning by Character Entry into Touch-Screen Terminals”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) In front of the supplementary motor area of the brain


cleithral

As none of the ovicells were observed to be closed by the operculum, presumably because they were empty and the opercula were resting on the primary orifice rim, the ovicell closure type is subcleithral rather than cleithral [51 ], at least in some species of the genus.

2015 October 22, “Diversity and Systematics of Schizomavella Species (Bryozoa: Bitectiporidae) from the Bathyal NE Atlantic”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to, or having, a cleithrum.


lenticulostriate

The adjacent region included the operculum, lenticulostriate nucleus, extreme capsule, and claustrum, whereas the remote region involved other areas within the MCA territory except for those assigned to the adjacent region.

2015 October 22, “Cardioembolism and Involvement of the Insular Cortex in Patients with Ischemic Stroke”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the lentiform nucleus and the striatum

lenticuloestriado

relating to the lentiform nucleus and the striatum

lenticulostriate infarction

(anatomy) Relating to the lenticulostriate arteries (a group of small arteries arising at the commencement of the middle cerebral artery) or the territory supplied by those arteries.


meniscofemoral

On the other hand, the lateral meniscus is attached to the joint capsule by the meniscofemoral ligaments, popliteal tendon, popliteo-meniscal fascicle, and arcuate complex.

2015 October 22, “Comparison of Medial and Lateral Meniscus Root Tears”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting a meniscus and a femur (of femoral condyle).


ventroposterior

The expression of Sema3A in the posterior and ventroposterior regions of the tectum has been postulated to channel RGC axons into the tectum [40 ], and ectopic application of FGF2 or heparin sulfates culminates in mistargeting of RGC axons [41 ,42 ].

2015 October 22, “NF-Protocadherin Regulates Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Behaviour in the Developing Visual System”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


rhomboideum

(anatomy) The ligament that joins the sternal end of the clavicle with the cartilage of the first rib.


SVC

superior vena cava
superior vena cava#English

(anatomy) Initialism of superior vena cava.


place cell

(neuroscience, anatomy) A type of pyramidal neuron within the hippocampus that becomes active when an animal enters a particular place in its environment (known as the place field).


papillomacular

On the other hand, the correlation between sensitivity and mRNFLT was relatively low in the papillomacular bundle region within the central 5.8°, even after adjustment for RGC displacement.

2015 October 28, “Retinal Thickness and the Structure/Function Relationship in the Eyes of Older Adults with Glaucoma”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the papilla and macula of the eye.


thalamostriate

There were few veins of thalamus draining into TSV. Inthe transverse view, we also found small deep medullary veinswhich anastomose the tributaries of thalamostriate vein with the superficial medullary veins (Fig 4c and 4d ).

2015 October 28, “Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging of the Anatomic Variation of Thalamostriate Vein and Its Tributaries”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting the corpus striatum and the thalamus.

talamoestriado

relating to the corpus striatum and the thalamus


perithymic

In this context, we have previously shown the presence of LLMC in the perithymic adipose tissue and capsular region, as well as inside the thymic parenchyma, expressing the CCR5 chemokine receptor [18 ].

2015 October 29, “Lipid-Laden Multilocular Cells in the Aging Thymus Are Phenotypically Heterogeneous”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


dorsobasal

Furthermore, atelectasis in the dorsobasal and caudal areas of the lungs has been described because of limited pulmonary inflation and recruitment.

2016 February 6, “Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction in a Porcine Model: Effects of Intra-Abdominal Hypertension. A Preliminary Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


sacrovaginal

(anatomy) Relating to the sacrum and vagina.


pubourethral

(anatomy) Relating to the pubis and urethra.


pubovaginal

(anatomy) Relating to the pubis and vagina.


petrosquamous

(anatomy) Relating to the petrous and squamous parts of the temporal bone.


petrotympanic

(anatomy) Relating to the petrous part of the temporal bone and to the tympanic cavity


squamotympanic

(anatomy) Relating to the squamous part of the temporal bone and to the tympanic cavity.


tympanic cavity

en-noun

tympanic cavity (plural tympanic cavities)

(anatomy) A small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear.


postsinusoidal

Using this catheter, the pressure gradient from the intrahepatic site (lobar venous pressure) to the post-hepatic venous site reflects the vascular tone at the postsinusoidal hepatic venous 'sphincters'.

1996, Takashi Shimazu, Liver Innervation and the Neural Control of Hepatic Function, page 242:

For estimation of volumetric blood flow, red blood cell (RBC) velocity and the respective vessel diameters were measured within 7–10 individual sinusoids and 5 postsinusoidal venules per animal [7 ].

2015 November 3, “Portal Hyperperfusion after Extended Hepatectomy Does Not Induce a Hepatic Arterial Buffer Response (HABR) but Impairs Mitochondrial Redox State and Hepatocellular Oxygenation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


premammillary

Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, not only directly stimulates the release of gonadotropin from the anterior pituitary gland, but it also stimulates the hypothalamic ventral premammillary neurons to release glutamate, which activates GnRH neurons [16 ].

2015 November 6, “A Significant Increase in the Incidence of Central Precocious Puberty among Korean Girls from 2004 to 2010”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) In front of the mammillary body


apicocardiac

Protected specimen brush (PSB) samples were collected from the segmental bronchus serving the right apical (RA) lobe, the first ventral diaphragmatic (RVD1) segment of the right caudal diaphragmatic lobe, and the left cardiac (LC) segment of the apicocardiac lobe (Fig 1 ).

2015 November 7, “Lung Microbiota Changes Associated with Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection and the Impact of Intravenous Colistimethate Sodium”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Located at the apex of the heart


bihippocampal

In the anterior-posterior commissure orientation, bilateral ROIs were drawn in the caudate nucleus (caput), anterior and posterior part of the putamen, thalamus (each drawn in three consecutive planes), and midbrain; and in the bihippocampal orientation, in the superior and middle temporal gyrus (as well as in their isolated leading parts), inferior temporal gyrus, temporal pole (in three consecutive planes), inferior parietal lobule (in two planes), parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus.

2015 November 7, “Reduced D2/D3 Receptor Binding of Extrastriatal and Striatal Regions in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) relating to both hippocampi of the brain


radiculoplexus

(anatomy) A complex of nerves in the lumbosacral root


vastus externus

The bullet didn't go deep—one muscle, vastus externus, was grazed.

1994, Constance Garnet, transl., edited by Elizabeth Cheresh Allen, Fathers and Sons, translation of Отцы и дети (Ottsy i dety) by Ivan Turgenev, published 1862, →ISBN, page 165:

(anatomy) The vastus lateralis muscle; the largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a group of thigh muscles.


vastus lateralis

vastus lateralis (plural vastus laterales)

(anatomy) The largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a group of thigh muscles. Situated on the outside of the front of the thigh.


quadriceps femoris

quadriceps femoris (plural quadriceps femores)

Ellipsis of musculus quadriceps femoris.

(anatomy) A group of four thigh muscles, including the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis muscles.


chimpanzoid

en-adj

chimpanzoid (comparative more chimpanzoid, superlative most chimpanzoid)

more chimpanzoid (comparative)
most chimpanzoid (superlative)

a chimpanzoid nasal bone

(anatomy) Resembling (that of) a chimpanzee.


orangoid

orangoid (comparative more orangoid, superlative most orangoid)

more orangoid (comparative)
most orangoid (superlative)

(anatomy) Resembling (that of) an orangutan.


gorilloid

gorilloid (comparative more gorilloid, superlative most gorilloid)

more gorilloid (comparative)
most gorilloid (superlative)

(anatomy) Resembling (that of) a gorilla.


precoronal

For EVD placement in surgical environment, the catheter is introduced through a precoronal burr hole into the ventricle.

2015 November 11, “From the Skin to the Brain: Pathophysiology of Colonization and Infection of External Ventricular Drain, a Prospective Observational Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) In the front of the coronal plane


transtympanic

Hospital admissions or surgery was chosen as a proxy for a (diagnosed) disease and included long-term hospitalizations and major surgery, but also and especially day-care admissions such as insertion of transtympanic tubes at a middle ear effusion.

2015 November 11, “Why Wait? Early Determinants of School Dropout in Preventive Pediatric Primary Care”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Across or through the tympanum


common bile duct

en-noun

common bile duct (plural common bile ducts)

(anatomy) The bile duct downstream of the confluence of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It discharges bile into the duodenum.


coronion

coronions (plural)
koronion (alternative)

It has been demonstrated that practically every patient under a general anaesthetic has traces of blood below the larynx, while in almost 50 per cent of the cases this strain extends to the coronion.

1924, Texas State Journal of Medicine - Volume 19, page 353:

Common to both subtypes are, to mention this briefly, a low, padded forehead ; rather pronounced coronions ; and a small mouth with curved, fairly fleshy lips.

The jaw of Callithrix, by contrast, shows a less aggressive coronion and a condylar pivot which lies nearer to the occlusal plane, reflecting the marmosets' greater emphasis on exudate-gouging, although not to Cebuella's extreme.

2009, Susan M. Ford, Leila M. Porter, Lesa C. Davis, The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation, →ISBN:

(anatomy) The tip of the coronoid process of the mandible.


simian crease

So called because it resembles the usual condition of non-human simians.

(anatomy, pathology) A crease that extends across the palm of the human hand, formed by the fusion of the two palmar creases, found especially in people with Down syndrome.


velo-

From Latin vēlum (“cloth, sail, velum”).

(anatomy) Pertaining to a velum, usually the velum palatinum (soft palate, palatum molle)


extramotor

Nonetheless, the underlying pathology manifests beyond motoneuron degeneration, affecting also widespread extramotor areas.

2015 November 12, “Eye Movement Deficits Are Consistent with a Staging Model of pTDP-43 Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


paraquadratic

Because the posterior margin of the quadratojugal and the interpreted presence of a paraquadratic foramen are variable within Brachylophosaurus (see Quadrate and Quadratojugal descriptions and comparisons below), this character is not here considered an autapomorphy, and has been excluded from the emended diagnosis.

2015 November 12, “A New Brachylophosaurin Hadrosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) with an Intermediate Nasal Crest from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Northcentral Montana”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Over the quadrate or the quadratojugal


postquadratic

The postquadratic process in MOR 2919, Acristavus (MOR 1155), and Brachylophosaurus (MOR 1071-7-7-98-86) is more mediolaterally compressed than in Maiasaura or Prosaurolophus.

(anatomy) Behind the quadrate or the quadratojugal


prequadratic

The prequadratic processes of MOR 2919, Acristavus (MOR 1155), and Brachylophosaurus (MOR 1071-7-7-98-86, MOR 1071-7-13-99-87-H) are strongly anteroposteriorly compressed.

(anatomy) In front of the quadrate or the quadratojugal


ventrocranial

A hook-like process along the ventrocranial margin of the centrum resembles a cranially placed and well-developed hypapophysis like that present caudally in the cervicals of the drepanosauromorphs [46 ].

2015 November 12, “A Reappraisal of the Purported Gastric Pellet with Pterosaurian Bones from the Upper Triassic of Italy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the front of the cranium


utriculoampullar

(anatomy) Relating to the utricle and ampulla of the ear.


placentogenesis

(anatomy) The process of development of a placenta.


mediocaudal

The trochanter is a low, thick S-shaped ridge along the mediocaudal edge of the shaft.

2015 November 13, “Hadrosauroid Dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of the Sultanate of Oman”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) In the middle of a caudal region


epineurially

(anatomy) In an epineurial manner; involving the epineurium.


medialward

en-adj

medialward (comparative more medialward, superlative most medialward)

more medialward (comparative)
most medialward (superlative)

(anatomy) Occurring or situated in a medial direction.


medialwards

medialwards (comparative more medialwards, superlative most medialwards)

more medialwards (comparative)
most medialwards (superlative)


hyoidal

(anatomy, zootomy, relational) Synonym of hyoid.


femorotibialis

For example, the comparatively reduced femoral trochanter and patella of UNSM 20030 would limit the area available for the attachment of several muscles (i.e., the lateral and medial obturatorius, medial and cranial iliotrochantericus, medial femorotibialis, and medial gastrocnemius) crucial to orienting the hindlimb for the power stroke and providing propulsive force during diving, thus possibly limiting the speed of Fumicollis hoffmani.

2015 November 19, “Identification of a New Hesperornithiform from the Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk and Implications for Ecologic Diversity among Early Diving Birds”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


obturatorius

For example, the comparatively reduced femoral trochanter and patella of UNSM 20030 would limit the area available for the attachment of several muscles (i.e., the lateral and medial obturatorius, medial and cranial iliotrochantericus, medial femorotibialis, and medial gastrocnemius) crucial to orienting the hindlimb for the power stroke and providing propulsive force during diving [12 ], thus possibly limiting the speed of Fumicollis hoffmani.


SMV

en-noun

SMV (countable and uncountable, plural SMVs)

superior mesenteric vein
w:superior mesenteric vein

(anatomy) Initialism of superior mesenteric vein.


necrocyte

(anatomy, very rare) A single dead cell, either part of a protective dead cell layer, or a component of an unwanted condition.


staphyle

Via Latin staphylē f from Ancient Greek σταφυλή (staphulḗ).


parazygosphenal

(anatomy) In relation to foramina on vertebrae.


colonogenic

(medicine, anatomy) Forming the tissues of the colon


magnotrapezoid

The articular facets for the unciform and the magnotrapezoid occupy nearly identical portions of the distal articular surface (Fig 5Q and 5R ).

2015 December 3, “Systematics and Evolution of the Miocene Three-Horned Palaeomerycid Ruminants (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) The larger of a set of trapezoid bones


hepatoenteric

(anatomy) Relating to the liver and the intestine


rhinion

Since the skin is thinner at the rhinion, a slight protrusion of the underlying bony cartilaginous framework should be maintained at the rhinion in order to create a straight external dorsal profile.

2009, Fred J. Stucker, Rhinology and Facial Plastic Surgery:

(anatomy) The lower end of the suture between the nasal bones.


retrocecal

The fact that a retrocecal position of the appendix demands special consideration, and may mislead the operator who is not upon his guard, was first noticed, to the best of my knowledge, by C. B. Nancrede, of Ann Arbor, Michigan (Med. News, 1888, vol. 52, p. 570).

1905, Howard Atwood Kelly, The Vermiform Appendix and Its Diseases:


retropharynx

Because they stimulate the retropharynx and promote gagging, oral airways must not be used in alert patients or in those with intact gag reflexes.

2012, John J. Marini, Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials:

(anatomy) The posterior part of the pharynx.


reniculus

Each reniculus is like a small individual kidney with its own cortex, medulla, and calyx, and the duct from each small unit joins with others to form the ureter.

2015, Annalisa Berta, Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology:

(anatomy, cetology) One of the lobules of the kidney, especially in whales.


endarterial

(anatomy) Within an artery; relating to the intima of an artery.


vomerobasilar

(anatomy) Relating to the vomer bone and the base of the skull.


enterocutaneous

enterocutaneous fistulas

Fistulas and sinus tracts are hallmarks of Crohn’s disease, affecting approximately 20–40% of patients [7]. The morphology and anatomic sites of fistulas are protean: enteroenteric, enterocolic, colocolic, enterovesical, enterovaginal, enterocutaneous, anorectal, duodenopancreatic, gastrocolic, colobronchial, and enterospinal [48–54].

1996 July, Richard M. Gore, Emil J. Balthazar, Gary G. Ghahremani, Frank H. Miller, “CT Features of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease”, in American Journal of Roentgenology, volume 167, number 1, →DOI, page 9:

Internal fistulas included all fistulas from the bowel to other organs, such as entero-enteric, enterocutaneous, enterovesical, and enterourinary fistulas, except perianal fistulas.

2015 December 9, “Clinical Factors and Disease Course Related to Diagnostic Delay in Korean Crohn’s Disease Patients: Results from the CONNECT Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting, the bowel and the skin.


postbulbar

Duodenal GISTs mostly originate from postbulbar duodenal segments [21 ], which can be different from duodenal adenocarcinomas as the latter mostly arise from duodenal bulbs and appear as annular lesions at the site of the periampullary [7 ].

2015 December 9, “Small Bowel Stromal Tumors: Different Clinicopathologic and Computed Tomography Features in Various Anatomic Sites”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


obliquolateral

Posterior to every neural spine is a deep and narrow excavation that is directed anteriorly within the spine, forming a triangular 3D shape with obliquolateral sides (the sides are directed medially).

2015 December 10, “Osteological and Soft-Tissue Evidence for Pneumatization in the Cervical Column of the Ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) and Observations on the Vertebral Columns of Non-Volant, Semi-Volant and Semi-Aquatic Birds”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


obliquotransverse

Note the obliquotransverse muscle (M.


myal

the myal side of the myoneural junction


nose bridge

nose bridges (plural)
nosebridge (alternative)

(anatomy) The upper, bony part of the human nose, overlying the nasal bones.


nosebridge

(anatomy) Alternative form of nose bridge.


sacrocostal

The distal end of the sacrodorsal rib is fused to the sacrocostal yoke.

2015 December 17, “A New Sail-Backed Styracosternan (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the sacrum and the ribs


sacrodorsal

Abbreviations: k, ventral keel; ns, neural spine; pre, prezygapophysis; sd, sacrodorsal vertebra; sdr, sacrodorsal rib; sr, sacral ribs; sy, sacral yoke; s5, sacral vertebra 5; tp, transverse process.

(anatomy) Relating to the sacrum and the back


pericolorectal

The tumor invaded through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal fat tissues.

2015 December 18, “Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Rearrangement in Digestive Tract Cancer: Implication for Targeted Therapy in Chinese Population”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Surrounding the colon and rectum


eurygnathism

(anatomy) The condition of having a wide jaw.


inferosuperior

Each column was compressed in the inferosuperior direction between two plates at the speed of 1%/min on Instron 3366 10 kN Dual Column Testing Systems (Instron, High Massachusetts, USA).

2015 December 29, “Correlation between Parameters of Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound and Hip Structural Analysis in Osteoporotic Fracture Patients”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


chorioamnion

On the other hand, C57BL/6 mice infected with Pg strain W83 exhibit pathology that is more consistent with HC and HCF such as disruption of the integrity of the chorioamnion, chorioamnionitis, and spontaneous preterm birth [22 ].

2016 January 6, “Porphyromonas gingivalis within Placental Villous Mesenchyme and Umbilical Cord Stroma Is Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcome”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) The chorion and amnion considered as a single entity


interarytenoid

/ˌɪn.tɚˌæɹ.əˈtiˌnɔɪd/

Caudally adjacent, the small, trapezoid-shaped, interarytenoid cartilage was intercalated between the medial processes of the left and right arytenoid cartilages.

2016 January 6, Roland Frey, Ilya A. Volodin, Guido Fritsch, Elena V. Volodina, “Potential Sources of High Frequency and Biphonic Vocalization in the Dhole (Cuon alpinus)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Between the arytenoid cartilages.


centroparietally

(anatomy) With regard to the centroparietal region.


centrotemporally

(anatomy) With regard to the centrotemporal region.


epithelially

(anatomy) In relation to the epithelium.


intraorganic

Coakley presents experimental evidence that various organs can be benefited by intraorganic medication.

1903, New England Medical Monthly and the Prescription, Volume 22:


prochoanitic

The primary constriction is followed by a sudden change from a retrochoanitic to prochoanitic septal neck in the first half of the second whorl.

2016 January 14, “Paleobiology of the Latest Tithonian (Late Jurassic) Ammonite Salinites grossicostatum Inferred from Internal and External Shell Parameters”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


retrochoanitic

The latter is retrochoanitic during the earliest ontogenetic stages (Fig 4A 2 ) and becomes prochoanitic (Fig 6B ) at D≈1.8 mm, after approximately 18 septa and in the first half of the second whorl (in CPC-1214).


urethral bulb

corpus spongiosum
corpus spongiosum#English

(anatomy) The enlarged proximal part of the corpus spongiosum.


corpus spongiosum

corpus spongiosum (plural corpora spongiosa)

(anatomy) The mass of spongy erectile tissue surrounding the urethra within the penis or clitoris.

virtsaputken paisuvainen

the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the urethra


megacapillary

(anatomy) A very wide capillary (typically greater than 15 μm)


palaeothalamus

From palaeo- + thalamus. Said to be older in evolutionary terms than other parts of the organ.

This is equally true of the basic feelings of hunger and fear which have their seat in the palaeothalamus, and of the reactions which these feelings entail.

1925, Francis Xavier Dercum, The physiology of mind:

(anatomy, obsolete) The anterior and central part of the thalamus.


penicillus

From Latin pēniculus, a diminutive pēnis.

(anatomy) One of the tufts of fine twigs into which the arteries of the spleen subdivide.


maxillojugal

(anatomy) Relating to the maxilla and the zygoma.


bronchium

From New Latin bronchium, singular of Latin bronchia, from Ancient Greek βρογχία (bronkhía)

(anatomy, usually in the plural) A bronchial tube; a subdivision of the bronchus.


semilunar valve

semilunar valve (plural semilunar valves)

(anatomy) Either of the two crescent-shaped valves in the heart that prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles.


pleurostoma

From pleuro- (“lateral”) + Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

af

(entomology, anatomy) Part of the subgenal area above the mandible of an insect


subgena

(zoology, anatomy) The subgenal area of an insect.


iliopectineal

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting the ilium and the pecten (pubic bone)


acrotrichium

From acro- (“the tip”) + + θρίξ (thríx, “hair”, stem form τριχ- (trikh-)) + -ium.

(anatomy) The distal part of the infundibular epidermis that traverses the surface epidermis.


labiomedial

In the y-dimension, the lower edge was at a similar position relative to bottom edge of the lip that tended to land about the labiomedial crease, when it was visible.

2016 February 6, “Differences in Looking at Own- and Other-Race Faces Are Subtle and Analysis-Dependent: An Account of Discrepant Reports”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


subanal

Most of the major phenotypical variations (position of the ambitus, periproct and development of the subanal fasciole) among the populations can be linked to differences in their host sediments.

2016 February 6, “Ecophenotypic Variation and Developmental Instability in the Late Cretaceous Echinoid Micraster brevis (Irregularia; Spatangoida)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


inferomedial

Changes were predominantly observed at those regions predicted to receive high loads during walking (including the inferomedial cortex and the calcar femorale regions).

2016 February 10, “The Effects on the Femoral Cortex of a 24 Month Treatment Compared to an 18 Month Treatment with Teriparatide: A Multi-Trial Retrospective Analysis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


polyphalange

Some birds had four toes, but the anterior-most toe had an extra phalanx that was termed the polyphalange, and was considered a variation of polydactyly in the analyses of the present study.

2016 February 10, “Parallel Evolution of Polydactyly Traits in Chinese and European Chickens”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


gliovascular

Contact mechanism may resulted in the post-MTBI cortical hypoperfusion due to direct damage and disrupted integrity of the neuron and gliovascular unit with initiation of the coagulation cascade resulting in CBF reduction [29, 30 ].

2016 February 13, “Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Study in the Patients with Subacute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to blood vessels of the brain


postpetiolar

(anatomy, entomology) Of or pertaining to the postpetiole


space of Destot

en-noun

space of Destot (plural spaces of Destot)

Named for scientist Étienne Destot (1864-1918).

It has been referred to by the French as the "space of Destot" (Barbet, 1948) and will be termed here the "medial intercarpal space".

O'Rahilly, Ronan (1953 May) “Epitriquetrum, Hypotriquetrum, and Lunatoriquetrum”, in Acta Radiologica, volume os-39, number 5, →DOI, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, retrieved 2017-01-19, page 401

(anatomy) The space in the wrist bounded by the hamate, capitate, triquetral and lunate bones.


afterbrain

From after- + brain, a loan-translation of the German Nachhirn.

Below the hindbrain, in the vicinity of the afterbrain, the spinal furrow does not close, and there remains here an open passage-way to the contiguous lower portion.

1904, Leonard Landois, Albert Philson Brubaker, Text-book of Human Physiology:

From the evolutionary standpoint, the afterbrain will never develop if the forebrain makes all of the decisions.

1961, Analog Science Fact, Science Fiction - Volume 68

[...] Ehrlingarns call the “afterbrain”. It is where telepathy and telekinesis are controlled. Telepaths have that organ greafly enlarged. In fact, some of them have trouble with it pinching off nerve impulses between the body and the cerebrum.

The division in the fore-, middle- and afterbrain is based on the development of the human brain during the embryogenesis.

2012, Victoria Wells, G. R. Foxall, Handbook of Developments in Consumer Behaviour:

(anatomy) A posterior subdivision of the hindbrain; the myelencephalon.


pudendal cleft

(anatomy) The cleft between the labia majora.


supracephalic

There is a typical complement of 9 large supracephalic head scales that includes 2 internasals, 2 prefrontals, 2 supraoculars, 1 frontal, and 2 parietals.

1989, Jonathan A. Campbell, William W. Lamar, The venomous reptiles of Latin America, page 90:


pallidocortical

Like canonical GP cells, pallidocortical cell types are innervated by iSPNs and dSPNs of the dorsal striatum and glutamatergic inputs from STN. Thus GP neurons are positioned to respond to the major BG pathways and coordinate activity throughout the brain using synaptic inhibition[31 ,32 ].

2016 February 24, “Globus Pallidus Externus Neurons Expressing parvalbumin Interconnect the Subthalamic Nucleus and Striatal Interneurons”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to the globus pallidus and the cerebral cortex


pallidostriatal

Retrograde labeling identifies ~17% of pallidostriatal neurons as PV +, at least a subset of which also innervate the STN and SNr. Optogenetic experiments in acute brain slices demonstrate that the PV + pallidostriatal axons make potent inhibitory synapses on low threshold spiking (LTS) and fast-spiking interneurons (FS) in the striatum, but rarely on spiny projection neurons (SPNs).

(anatomy) Relating to the globus pallidus and the striatum


pallidosubthalamic

This molecular framework has focused on the canonical pallidostriatal and pallidosubthalamic projections.

(anatomy) Relating to the globus pallidus and the subthalamus


zygoneure

The cells of the nerve roots (cellules radiculaires, von Gehuchten), could be called rhizoneures, the columnar cells (cellules des cordons), aromeures; commissural cells (cellules des voies courtes) would be zygoneures; long-path cells like those of the pyramidal tract (cellules des voies longues) would be maerodromic neures, from Gr. μακρς, δρόμος, long course.

Zygoneures lie mostly within the cerebro spinal axis, some cells of the sympathetic system offering an exception.

1896, New York Medical Journal, volume 63, page 374:

The absence of a zygoneure, which is characteristic for the majority of Rissoidea, can be considered a consequence of decreased body measurements and results in a centralization of the nervous system.

1976, The Soviet Journal of Marine Biology, page 164:

(anatomy, obsolete) A neuron that connects to other nerve cells.


retinomotor

(anatomy) Relating to movement of the retina.


musculoelastic

(anatomy) Composed of muscular and elastic tissue.


paleospinothalamic

(anatomy) Of or related to the primitive transmission system for diffuse pain.


neospinothalamic

(anatomy) Of or related to the primitive transmission system for sharp, localized pain.


medicerebral

(anatomy) Relating to the central part of the cerebrum.


medicerebellar

(anatomy) Relating to the central part of the cerebellum.


midoccipital

(anatomy) Relating to the central portion of the occiput.


mentoposterior

(anatomy) Having the chin facing posteriorly or posterolaterally.


mesoarium

(anatomy) A peritoneal fold supporting the ovary and its blood vessels and nerves as the mesentery does the intestine; the mesovarium.


pelvic tilt

(anatomy) orientation of the pelvis in respect to the thighs and the rest of the body


anterior commissure

anterior commissure (plural anterior commissures)

(anatomy) A bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix.


chordae tendineae

chordae tendineae pl (normally plural, singular chorda tendinea)

Borrowed from New Latin chordae tendineae (literally “tendinous (tendon-like) cords”), from Latin chordae (plural of chorda (“cord, rope”)) + New Latin tendineae (plural of tendinea (“tendinous”), from Medieval Latin tendō (“tendon”)).

bor+

(anatomy) The cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart.


Wharton's jelly

Named after the English physician Thomas Wharton (1614–1673), who first described it in his 1656 publication Adenographia.

(anatomy) The soft, pulpy connective tissue that constitutes the matrix of the umbilical cord.


periinsular

They founda higher peak activation in the periinsular parieto-temporal cortex in low theta range (4-6Hz) for patients.

2016 February 26, “Electroencephalographic Patterns in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review of the Literature”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


periaxonal

An essential step in Schwann cell myelination, therefore, is formation and maintenance of physical contact between the Schwann cell periaxonal membrane and axolemma.

1992, Russell E. Martenson, Myelin, page 426:

The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood but it seems that oligodendrocytes might provide the axons with metabolites across the soma and cytoplasm near the periaxonal space underneath the myelin sheath.

2016 March 5, “Microstructure and Cerebral Blood Flow within White Matter of the Human Brain: A TBSS Analysis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Surrounding an axon (of a nerve).


tergosternal

Analysis of the dorso-ventral muscle bundles suggested muscle degeneration in the tergosternal muscles (indirect with levator muscles) (Fig 7D).

2016 March 5, “Transgenic Drosophila for Investigating DUX4 and FRG1, Two Genes Associated with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy) Relating to, or connecting the tergite and sternite.


mesion

(anatomy) Synonym of meson (the mesial plane dividing the body into similar right and left halves)


mesoduodenum

(anatomy) The mesentery of the duodenum.


metagaster

(anatomy, archaic) The secondary and permanent intestinal canal in the embryo, derived from the protogaster.


metagastrula

(anatomy, archaic) A gastrula with a cleavage differing from that of the standard type.


temporal muscle

en-noun

temporal muscle (plural temporal muscles)


termatic

the termatic artery


thenad

This articulation of the metacarpal bone of the thumb is luxated either thenad or anconad of the os trapezium; when thenad, there is a prominence in the palm of the hand, the finger is extended anconad, and cannot be inflected thenad; when luxated anconad, there is a projection on the anconal aspect of the wrist, the thumb is inflected thenad, and cannot be extended.

1823, John Lizars, A System of Anatomical Plates of the Human Body, volume 1:

(anatomy) Toward the outer side of the palm of the hand.