acumen

en-noun

acumen (usually uncountable, plural acumens or acumina)

Borrowed from Latin acūmen (“sharp point”).

The rostrum is the anterior extension of the carapace between the eyes. It ends in a more or less acute tip, or acumen, and may have a lateral spine on each side or bear a longitudinal keel (carina) on the dorsal surface.

c. 1918, University of California, Pamphlets on Biology: Kofoid collection, Volume 1586, page 692:

DIAGNOSIS—Rostrum usually with marginal spines, tubercles, or angles at base of acumen, and rarely with low medina carina.

1981, Horton Holcombe Hobbs, The Crayfishes of Georgia: Issue 318 of Smithsonian contributions to zoology, Smithsonian Institution, page 486:

Variations.—Most specimens examined have concave rostral margins that taper to the acumen and the rostral length is greater than the rostral width.

1993, Biological Society of Washington, Smithsonian Institution, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Volume 106, page 351:

(anatomy) A bony, often sharp, protuberance, especially that of the ischium.


chord

chords (plural)
cord (alternative dated)

Variant of cord, with spelling alteration due to Latin chorda (“cord”), ultimately from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “string of gut, the string of a lyre”). No relation to French accord (“chord”) and its derivations.


superficial

en-adj

superficial (comparative more superficial, superlative most superficial)

more superficial (comparative)
most superficial (superlative)

/ˌsʉː.pəˈfɪʃ.əl/

Borrowing from Late Latin superficiālis (“of or belonging to the surface”), from superficiēs (“top, surface”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

pintapuolinen

not thorough, concerned with the obvious or apparent

superficial muscles

The epidermis is superficial to the subcutis.

The superficial fascia surrounds the body and includes subcutaneous fat; the deep fascia surrounds the musculoskeletal system; the meningeal fascia surrounds the nervous system; the visceral fascia surrounds body cavities and organs.

2018 November 8, Dr. Melina Jampolis, “The real science behind fascia ailments”, in CNN:

(relational) Existing, occurring, or located on the surface.

(anatomy, relational, often with to) Closer to the surface of the body; especially, situated or occurring on the skin or immediately beneath it.


angular

From Middle English angular, anguler, from Latin angulāris, from angulus (“angle, corner”). See angle.

(anatomy) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, and fishes.


vertex

Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin vertex (“whirl, eddy; top, crown, peak, summit”). Doublet of vortex.

der

Mathworld article on vertices of polyhedra

Mathworld article on vertices of polygons

The highest point, top or apex of something.

(anatomy) The highest surface on the skull; the crown of the head.


gland

Late 17th century borrowing from French glande, alteration of Old French glandre, from Latin glandulae (“throat glands, tonsils”), plural of glandula (“a little acorn”), from glāns (“an acorn”) + -ula (diminutive nominal suffix).

gjendër

organ that synthesizes and secretes substance

(zoology) A specialized cell, group of cells, or organ of endothelial origin in the human or animal body that synthesizes a chemical substance, such as hormones or breast milk, and releases it, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).

(anatomy) A structure resembling a gland, especially a lymph node.


anus

First attested in 1658, borrowed from Middle French anus or its etymon Latin ānus (“ring, anus”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂no- (“ring”). See also anal, annular, annelid.

(anatomy) The orifice of the rectum in most mammals, teleost fish, and many invertebrates, through which feces and flatus are ejected.


uterus

→ Czech: uterus

→ Malay: uterus

→ Swahili: uterasi

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-European *-teros
Proto-Indo-European *úderos
Latin uterusbor.
English uterus
From Latin uterus (“womb, belly”), from Proto-Indo-European *úderos (“abdomen, stomach”), from *úd (“out, outward”) + *-eros (contrastive suffix).

af

(anatomy, countable) A reproductive organ of therian mammals in which the young are conceived and develop until birth.

(zoology) A similar part in some non-mammals.


bi-

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin bi-, from Proto-Italic *dwi-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwi-. Doublet of twi- and di-.

noun (m. sg.) + בן שתי + noun (f. pl.) (e.g. בניין בן שתי קומות, "a two-story building")

noun (m. sg.) + בן שתי + noun (m. pl.) (e.g. ספר בן שני חלקים, "a two-part book")

noun (f. sg.) + בת שתי + noun (f. pl.) (e.g. קואליציה בת שתי מפלגות, "a two-party coalition")

noun (f. sg.) + בת שני + noun (m. pl.) (e.g. מערכת בת שני גופים, "a two-body system")

གཉིས་ལྡན (gnyis ldan, literally “having two”)

ཟུང་ལྡན (zung ldan, literally “having a pair”)

གཉིས་མ (gnyis ma, literally “both, double”)

གཉིས་རེ (gnyis re, literally “every two”)

ལྡབ་གཉིས (ldab gnyis, literally “twice”)

biconcave

biballism

(anatomy) Bilateral, on both sides of the body.


septum

septa (plural)
septums (plural)
saeptum (alternative obsolete)
sæptum (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin sēptum (“enclosure, wall, fence”).

väliseinä

(zoology) transverse partition dividing the shell chambers of a mollusc or rhizopod

Deviated septum, a shift from the midline that commonly occurs in normal growth, is present in most adults.

2002, Springhouse, Illustrated Manual of Nursing Practice, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 1158:

Sally got a dagger hung from her septum
O'Malley cut his ears off, but wishes that he kept 'em

2008, Neil Cicierega, “Modify”, in View-Monster, performed by Lemon Demon:

(biology) A wall separating two cavities; a partition.

(anatomy) Ellipsis of nasal septum (“the cartilaginous center wall of the nose separating the two nostrils”).

nasal septum

(anatomy) Either of the two walls that separate the atria or ventricles of the heart into left and right chambers.


sigmoid

en-adj

sigmoid (comparative more sigmoid, superlative most sigmoid)

more sigmoid (comparative)
most sigmoid (superlative)

Borrowing from Ancient Greek σῑγμοειδής (sīgmoeidḗs, “of the shape of sigma”), from σῖγμᾰ (sîgmă, “sigma”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-oid, -like”); Equivalent to sigma + -oid. Compare with French sigmoïde.

af

(anatomy) Relating to the sigmoid colon.


lunate

From Latin lūnātus (“crescent-shaped”), from lūna (“moon”).


semilunar

(anatomy) The lunate bone, or semilunar bone.


median

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-median.wav

Borrowed from Middle French median, from Latin mediānus (“of or pertaining to the middle”, adjective), from medius (“middle”) (see medium), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”). Doublet of mean and mizzen. Cognate with Old English midde, middel (“middle”). More at middle.

der

Why is not our jugular or throat-veine as much at our command as the mediane [translating mediane]?

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 3, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

The Greeks prescribe the median or middle vein to be opened, and so much blood to be taken away as the patient may well spare, and the cut that is made must be wide enough.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 5, member 2:

(anatomy, now rare) A central vein or nerve, especially the median vein or median nerve running through the forearm and arm.


median

(anatomy) Situated in a middle, central, or intermediate part, section, or range of (something).

Cellariiform, the orifices nearly confined to the convex frontal and lateral surfaces; the basal surface with a strong median calcareous keel, almost concealed by a flat membranous epitheca, which covers the whole zoarium […]

1957, Sidney Frederic Harmer, The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, page 1106:

(anatomy, botany) In the middle of an organ, structure etc.; towards the median plane of an organ or limb.


ante-

From Latin ante (“preposition and prefix”); akin to Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí), Sanskrit अन्ति (anti), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳- (and-) (only in compounds): compare answer, along, English ant-, ent- (in compounds). Doublet of anti-.

antecubital


nuke

The organ of amativeness is placed in the nuke of the neck as a protuberance of the cerebellum.

1836 February, T. C., “On Phrenology, Craniology, Organology”, in Daniel K. Whitaker, editor, The Southern Literary Journal, and Monthly Magazine, volume 1, number 6, Charleston, S.C.: Printed by J. S. Burges, […], →OCLC, page 399:

Historically, other words have been used to refer to this place on the body: hattrel, niddick, noddle, noll, nuke, and poll; all have passed out of use.

[2015, Charles Hodgson, Carnal Knowledge: A Navel Gazer's Dictionary of Anatomy, Etymology, and Trivia, →ISBN, page 115:

(anatomy, obsolete) Alternative form of nucha (“spinal cord; nape of the neck”).


big toe

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-big toe.wav

(anatomy) The largest toe (usually) on each human foot (i.e. the toe closest to the other foot when the feet are flat on the ground, side by side, and the legs not crossed) or on a foot of certain other animals.

groottoon

largest of the toes of the foot of a human


media

Learned borrowing from Latin media, the feminine nominative of medius (“middle”, adjective), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). In the sense of a unit of dry measure, via Spanish media. Doublet of medium, medio, and mediate.

(anatomy) The middle layer of the wall of a blood vessel or lymph vessel which is composed of connective and muscular tissue.


visceral

en-adj

visceral (comparative more visceral, superlative most visceral)

more visceral (comparative)
most visceral (superlative)

From Middle French viscéral (modern French viscéral), or from its etymon Medieval Latin viscerālis (“internal”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Viscerālis is derived from Latin viscera (a plural form of vīscus (“internal organ of the body”); further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to rotate, turn”)) + -ālis (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives).
cognates
* Old French visceral (Middle French viscéral, modern French viscéral)
* Italian viscerale
* Spanish visceral

vnitřní

of or relating to, made up of, or positioned among or within, the viscera

(anatomy) Of or relating to, made up of, or positioned among or within, the viscera (“internal organs of the body, especially those contained within the abdominal and thoracic cavities”).

(pathology) Of a disease: involving the viscera.

[…] Christ sends Paracletum, in a more entire, and a more internal, and more visceral sense, a Comforter.

1627 May 23 (date delivered; Gregorian calendar), John Donne, “Sermon XXVI. Preached at St. Paul’s, upon Whitsunday, 1627.”, in Henry Alford, editor, The Works of John Donne, D.D., […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], published 1839, →OCLC, page 532:

Love is of all other the inmoſt and moſt viſcerall affection. And therefore called by the Apoſtle, Bovvels of Love. And vve read of the yearning of Ioſephs bovvels over Benjamin his mothers ſonne, […]

1640, Edward Reynolds, “Of the Effects of Love, Union to the Object, Stay and Immoration of the Mind upon It, Rest in It, Zeale, Strength, and Tendernesse towards It, Condescention unto It, Liquefaction and Languishing for It”, in A Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soule of Man. […], London: […] R[ichard] H[earne and John Norton] for Robert Bostock, […], →OCLC, page 109:

At its visceral core, grief is a stress response. So scientists have explained, and other experts have charted the emotional journey.

2011 February 17, Ann Hulbert, “Joyce Carol Oates’s Widow’s Lament [book review]”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-08:

Of or relating to the viscera or bowels regarded as the origin of a person's emotions; hence (figuratively), relating to or having deep internal feelings or sensibility.

niterný

of or relating to the viscera or bowels regarded as the origin of a person’s emotions; relating to or having deep internal feelings or sensibility

visceral remains

[W]hat sign / Of visceral lightness, coloured to a shade, / May charm the genial gods, and what fair spots / Commend the lung and liver.

1850, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “Prometheus Bound. From the Greek of Æschylus.”, in Poems. […], new edition, volume I, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 161:

Some areolar tissue free from elastic tissue was next procured from the visceral cavity of a toad, and moderately sized, as well as very small, bits were placed on five leaves.

1875 July 2, Charles Darwin, “The Digestive Power of the Secretion of Drosera”, in Insectivorous Plants, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 102:

I can focus the X-rays first on the screen by means of a special quartz objective which I have devised. Then I take the pictures. Here, you see, are the lungs in slow or rapid respiration. There is the rhythmically beating heart, distinctly pulsating in perfect outline. There is the liver, moving up and down with the diaphragm, the intestines, and the stomach. You can see the bones moving with the limbs, as well as the inner visceral life. All that is hidden to the eye by the flesh is now made visible in striking manner.

1913 August, Arthur B[enjamin] Reeve, “The X-Ray ‘Movies’”, in The Dream Doctor (The Craig Kennedy Series), New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers, published 1914, →OCLC, pages 340–341:


dens

Borrowed from Latin dens (“a tooth”). Doublet of dent and tooth.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-dens.wav

(anatomy) A toothlike process projecting from the anterior end of the centrum of the axis vertebra on which the atlas vertebra rotates.


adduction

en-noun

adduction (countable and uncountable, plural adductions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-adduction.wav

Borrowed from Latin adductio, adductionis, from adducō (“I bring to myself”), from ad + ducō (“I lead”). Compare French adduction. Equivalent to adduct + -tion See adduce.

Coordinate term: circumduction

(anatomy) The action by which the parts of the body are drawn towards its axis


adductor

adductor (plural adductors or adductores)

From Latin adduco. Equivalent to adduct + -or.

The adductor of the eye turns the eye toward the nose.

He has also shown that the adductor muscles of the dactyl are very strong and so arranged as to produce the effect , while the opposing muscles are slender

1908, Addison Emery Verrill, Decapod Crustacea of Bermuda:

(anatomy) A muscle which draws a limb or part of the body toward the middle line of the body, or closes extended parts of the body—opposed to abductor.


reflex arc

(neuroanatomy, neurophysiology) The neural pathway that mediates a reflex.


simplex

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-simplex.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-simplices.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-simplicia.wav

Henri Poincaré
MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
Pieter Hendrik Schoute

The adjective is a learned borrowing from Latin simplex (“plain, simple; single”). The first part, sim-, comes from Proto-Indo-European *sem-, *sm̥- (“one; together”). The second part, -plex, may be from *pleḱ- (“to weave”).
The noun is derived from the adjective. The plural forms simplices and simplicia are learned borrowings from Latin simplicēs (masculine or feminine) and simplicia (neuter), respectively plural forms of simplex.
Noun sense 1 (“generalization of a triangle or tetrahedron to an arbitrary dimension”) was apparently coined by the Dutch mathematician Pieter Hendrik Schoute (1846–1913) as a short version of Simplicissimum in Mehrdimensionale Geometrie (in German, 1902). (In his pioneering works on algebraic topology, the French mathematician Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) had previously introduced the concept, but not the actual term simplex.)

lbor

(anatomy, historical) Of an eye: (supposedly) having pigment on only the posterior surface of the iris and not the anterior surface, and thus appearing blue; this was later found to be inaccurate, as eye colour is due to the amount of pigment in the anterior surface of the iris; also, of eye pigmentation: present only on the posterior surface of the iris; and of a person: having eyes with this form of pigmentation.


ala

Originated 1730–40, borrowed from Latin āla (“wing”). Doublet of aisle.

(anatomy) A wing or winglike anatomic process or part, especially of bone.


placenta

en-noun

placenta (plural placentae or placentas)

Elision for phrases such as New Latin placenta uterī (“womb cake”), placenta uterina (“uterine cake”), from Latin placenta (“flat cake”), because of the flat round shape of the afterbirth.

(anatomy) An organ in most mammals during gestation that supplies food and oxygen to the foetus and passes back waste. It is on the wall of the uterus and links to the foetus through the umbilical cord. It is expelled after birth.


genu

PIE word
 *ǵónu
Borrowed from Latin genu (“knee”).

A knee-like structure, in particular a bend in the corpus callosum of mammals.


skull

skulls (plural)
scull (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English sculle, scolle (also schulle, scholle), probably from a dialectal form of Old Norse skalli (“bald head, skull”), itself probably related to Old English sċealu (“husk”). Compare Scots scull, Danish skal (“skull”) and skalle (“bald head, skull”), Norwegian skalle, Swedish skalle and especially dialectal Swedish skulle.
Alternatively, perhaps from Old Norse skoltr, skolptr (“muzzle, snout”), akin to Icelandic skoltur (“jaw”), dialectal Swedish skult, skulle (“dome, crown of the head, skull”), Middle Dutch scolle, scholle, Middle Low German scholle, schulle (“clod, sod”), and Scots skult, skolt. Compare also Old High German sciula, skiula (“skull”).

He was about to roar when, lying among the black sticks and straw under the cliff, he saw a whole skull—perhaps a cow's skull, a skull, perhaps, with the teeth in it. Sobbing, but absent-mindedly, he ran farther and farther away until he held the skull in his arms.

1922 October 26, Virginia Woolf, chapter 1, in Jacob’s Room, Richmond, London: […] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, →OCLC; republished London: The Hogarth Press, 1960, →OCLC:

(anatomy) The main bones of the head considered as a unit; including the cranium, facial bones, and mandible.


crop

From Middle English crop, croppe, from Old English crop, cropp, croppa (“the head or top of a plant, a sprout or herb, a bunch or cluster of flowers, an ear of corn, the craw of a bird, a kidney”), from Proto-West Germanic *kropp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“body, trunk, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to warp, bend, crawl”).
Cognates
Cognate with Dutch krop (“crop”), German Low German Kropp (“a swelling on the neck, the craw, maw”), German Kropf (“the craw, ear of grain, head of lettuce or cabbage”), Swedish kropp (“body, trunk”), Icelandic kroppur (“a hunch on the body”). Related to crap, doublet of group and croup.

cog

A little bird sat on the edge of her nest;
Her yellow-beaks slept as sound as tops;
That day she had done her very best,
And had filled every one of their little crops.

1871, George MacDonald, “The Early Bird”, in At the Back of the North Wind:

The bird gave a gulp, and I felt the stone pass along its gullet and down into its crop.

1892 [January], A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. VII.—The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle.”, in Geo[rge] Newnes, editor, The Strand Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly, volume III (January to June), number [13], London: George Newnes, Limited, […], page 84, column 2:

As the wildebeest shrinks, the circle of sated birds lounging in the short grass expands. With bulging crops, the vultures settle their heads atop folded wings and slide their nictitating membranes shut.

2015 December, Elizabeth Royte, “Vultures Are Revolting. Here’s Why We Need to Save Them.”, in National Geographic, archived from the original on 2015-12-13:

(anatomy) A pouch-like part of the alimentary tract of some birds (and some other animals), used to store food before digestion or for regurgitation.

حَوْصَلة

part of bird's or other animal's alimentary tract


perineum

perineums (plural)
perinea (plural)
perinaeum (alternative)
perinæum (alternative)

Borrowed from Late Latin perinaeum, from Ancient Greek περίναιον (perínaion, “space between the anus and scrotum”), from Ancient Greek περίνεος, περίνεοι (períneos, períneoi, “male genitals”), itself from earlier Ancient Greek περίς (perís, “penis”) through influence from Ancient Greek πηρίς (pērís, “scrotum”).

der

περίνεος, περίνεοι

He was attacked with complete retention of urine, after a debauch, and six weeks afterwards an abscess formed in the perineum, which eventually burst, leaving a fistulous opening, through which the urine continued to be discharged to the period of his admission into the Hospital.

1827, Guy's Hospital: Case of Fistula in Perineo, Successfully Treated: The Lancet, volume 12, page 61:

The prostate is surrounded by venous plexi and the perineum has a rich blood supply.

2005, Brian J. Moran, “27: Using the perineal pressure applicator device”, in Adam P. Dicker, Gregory S. Merrick, Frank M. Waterman, Richard K. Valicenti, Leonar G. Gomella, editors, Basic and Advanced Techniques in Prostate Brachytherapy, page 251:

The perineum is diamond shaped and stretches from the pubic symphysis to the coccyx.

2011, Ian Lyons, Biomedical Science: Lecture Notes, page 371:

(anatomy) The region between the genitalia and anus.


palpebra

en-noun

palpebra (plural palpebrae or (archaic) palpebræ)

palpebrae (plural)
palpebræ (archaic plural)

Borrowing from Latin palpebra (“an eyelid”). Compare Middle English palpebre.


labyrinthine

en-adj

labyrinthine (comparative more labyrinthine, superlative most labyrinthine)

more labyrinthine (comparative)
most labyrinthine (superlative)

/ˌlæb.əˈɹɪn.θɪn/

/ˌlæb.əˈɹɪnˌθaɪn/

/ˌlæb.əˈɹɪnˌθin/

From labyrinth + -ine from Ancient Greek λᾰβύρῐνθος (lăbúrĭnthos, “a maze”).

der

(anatomy) Relating to the labyrinth of the inner ear.


folium

en-noun

folium (countable and uncountable, plural foliums or folia)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-folium.wav

From Latin folium (“leaf”). Doublet of foil and folio, distantly also with phyllo and phyllon.

The folia of these project considerably beyond the level of the soft cœnenchyma, and produce a very rugose appearance.

1906, John Arthur Thomson, William Dawson Henderson, James J. Simpson, An Account of the Alcyonarians Collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean, page 230:

The folium represents the second largest gross morphologic unit of the human kidney in those protolobes that are undivided and the third largest unit in subdivided protolobes in which the lobes are present.

1988, Gábor Inke, The Protolobar Structure of the Human Kidney, page 375:

The folia are short, free or fused at the tips to form a ring of imperforate umbilical piles.

2018, Marcelle K. Boudaugher-Fadel, Evolution and Geological Significance of Larger Benthic Foraminifera, page 433:

(anatomy) A lobe on a branching structure.

The vermis portion of lobule C₃ remains small, and still consists of only one folium.

1904, The Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Normal and Pathological, page 465:

These diverge so sharptly from each other that they almost form a right angle with the parent stem, and they run parallel to the long axis of the folium, threading their way between the branches of the various dendritic planes of the cells of Purkinje and entering into contact association with them.

1905, Daniel John Cunningham, Text-book of anatomy, page 514:

The cells are flattened in a direction transverse to the long axis of the folium, and thus appear broad in sections carried across the folium, and fusiform in sections parallel to the long axis of the folium.

1918, Henry Gray, Robert Howden, Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied, page 781:

A cerebellara folium is composed of a central core of white matter covered with a layer of grey matter.

1956, Wilfrid Edward Le Gros Clark, Archibald Durward, The Anatomy of the Nervous System, page 913:

A leaf-like protrusion or lobule on one of the vermes of the cerebellum.


hippocampus

hippocampus (plural hippocampi or hippocampuses)

hippocampi (plural)
hippocampuses (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hippocampus.wav

From Late Latin hippocampus, from Ancient Greek ἱππόκαμπος (hippókampos, from ῐ̔́ππος (hĭ́ppos, “horse”) + κάμπος (kámpos, “sea-monster”)). The anatomy sense is so named from its resemblance to the seahorse.

der

The hippocampus is central to the laying down of memories.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 63:

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) A part of the brain located inside the temporal lobe, consisting mainly of grey matter. It is a component of the limbic system and plays a role in memory and emotion.


pseudopenis

pseudopenes (plural)
pseudo-penis (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudopenis.wav

(anatomy) The enlarged clitoris of the female of various species including spotted hyena, binturong, and lemur.


connective

For connexive, borrowed from Latin connexīvus. Displacement of x by ct in Latin loanwords is very common. Compare connect, connectivum, connection.


vagina

en-noun

vagina (plural vaginas or vaginae or (obsolete) vaginæ)

vaginas (plural)
vaginae (plural)
vaginæ (obsolete plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *wāgīnā
Latin vāgīnalbor.
English vagina
Learned borrowing from Latin vāgīna (“a sheath, scabbard; a covering, sheath, holder”).

lbor

زهگیر sg (zehgir, literally “semen-gatherer”)

The epithelial lining of the vagina consists of many layers of flattened cells. Changes in the condition of these cells during the menstrual cycle can be detected by swabbing the lining and looking at the cells under a microscope.

1991, Richard Evan Jones, Human Reproductive Biology, →ISBN, page 61:

(anatomy) A sex organ leading from the vulval vestibule/urogenital sinus to the cervix of the uterus for copulation and birth in female therian mammals.

(zootomy) A similar part in some invertebrates and non-mammalian amniotes.


trapezium

en-noun

trapezium (plural trapeziums or trapezia)

Recorded since 1570, learned borrowing from Late Latin trapezium, from Ancient Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion, “irregular quadrilateral”, literally “a little table”), diminutive of τράπεζα (trápeza, “table”). Doublet of trapeze.

uder

(anatomy) The trapezium bone of the wrist.


maternal

en-adj

maternal (comparative more maternal, superlative most maternal)

more maternal (comparative)
most maternal (superlative)
maternall (alternative)

PIE word
 *méh₂tēr
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English maternal, maternall, from Middle French maternel (“maternal”) (modern French maternel (“maternal; native”)), or from its etymon Late Latin māternālis (“maternal”), from Latin māternus (“maternal; related to the mother or her side of the family”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship from nouns). Māternus is derived from māter (“mother”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (“mother”)) + -rnus (suffix forming adjectives). The English word is cognate with Italian maternale, materno, Portuguese maternal, materno, Spanish maternal, materno.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

der

The facts which have now been stated warrant, I think, the conclusion, that the human placenta does not consist of two parts, maternal and fœtal, that no cells exist in its substance, and that there is no communication between the uterus and the placenta by large arteries and veins.

1831 November 17, Robert Lee, “III. On the Structure of the Human Placenta, and Its Connexion with the Uterus.”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, part I, London: Printed by Richard Taylor […], published 1832, →OCLC, page 63:

Undernutrition occurs when dietary intake cannot meet nutritional requirements. The synthesis of maternal and fetal tissue or breast milk, and the associated costs of maternal maintenance increase nutrient requirements during pregnancy and lactation.

1991, Barbara Abrams, “Maternal Undernutrition and Reproductive Performance”, in Frank Falkner, editor, Infant and Child Nutrition Worldwide: Issues and Perspectives, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 33:

Chorionic villus samples typically contain a mixture of placental villi and maternally derived decidua. Although specimens are thoroughly washed and inspected under a microscope after collection, some maternal cells may remain and grow in the culture. As a result, two cell lines, one fetal and the other maternal, may be identified. In other cases, the maternal cell line may completely overgrow the culture, thereby leading to diagnostic errors, including incorrect sex determination, and potentially to false-negative diagnoses, although there are no published reports of the latter.

2009, Ronald J. Wapner, Thomas M. Jenkins, Nahla Khalek, “Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Disorders”, in Robert K. Creasy, Robert Resnick, Jay D. Iams, Charles J. Lockwood, Thomas R. Moore, editors, Creasy and Resnicks Maternal–Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice, 6th edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier, →ISBN, pages 253–254:

While the animal–vegetal axis is patterned exclusively by maternal factors, the later developing dorsal–ventral axis depends on formation of the animal–vegetal axis and requires both maternal and zygotic contributions in zebrafish and frogs.

2010, Florence L. Marlow, “Dorsal–Ventral Axis Formation before Zygotic Genome Activation in Zebrafish and Frogs”, in Daniel Kessler, editor, Maternal Control of Development in Vertebrates: My Mother Made Me Do It! (Colloquium Series in Developmental Biology), [San Rafael, Calif.]: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 105:

(anatomy, medicine) Derived from the mother as opposed to the foetus during pregnancy.

anyai

derived from the mother as opposed to the foetus during pregnancy


bosom

bosoms (plural)
bosome (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English bosom, bosum, from Old English bōsm, from Proto-West Germanic *bōsm, from Proto-Germanic *bōsmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to swell, bend, curve”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Bossem, Bousem (“bosom”), West Frisian boezem (“bosom”), Dutch boezem (“bosom”), German Busen (“bosom”). Related also to Albanian buzë (“lip”), Greek βυζί (vyzí, “breast”), Romanian buză (“lip”), Irish bus (“lip”), and Latin bucca (“cheek”).

Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes.[…]She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.

1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

(anatomy, somewhat dated) The breast or chest of a human (or sometimes of another animal).


azygos vein

azygos veins (plural)
azygous vein (alternative nonstandard)

(anatomy) a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava


axial

en-adj

axial (comparative more axial, superlative most axial)

more axial (comparative)
most axial (superlative)
axical (alternative)

the axial skeleton

the axial bones

(anatomy) Belonging to the axis of the body, or to the axis of any appendage or organ


palate

From Middle English palate, from Latin palātum (“roof of the mouth, palate”), perhaps of Etruscan origin.

bor

(anatomy) The roof of the mouth, separating the cavities of the mouth and nose in vertebrates.

(zoology) A part associated with the mouth of certain invertebrates, somewhat analogous to the palate of vertebrates.

(entomology, rare) The hypopharynx of an insect.

(botany) A projection in the throat of certain bilabiate flowers as the snapdragon.

I remember, when he was in Scotland, his praising ‘Gordon's palates’ (a dish of palates at the Honourable Alexander Gordon's) with a warmth of expression which might have done for honour to more important subjects.

1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson, Oxford, page 332:

(cooking, historical) The palate of an animal, as an item of food.


skeleton

skeletons (plural)
skeleta (plural)
sceleton (alternative)

From New Latin sceleton, from Ancient Greek σκελετόν (skeletón), the neuter of σκελετός (skeletós, “dried up, withered, dried body, parched, mummy”), from σκέλλω (skéllō, “dry, dry up, make dry, parch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelh₁- (“to parch, wither”); compare Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”).

der

At the foot of a pretty big pine, and involved in a green creeper, which had even partly lifted some of the smaller bones, a human skeleton lay, with a few shreds of clothing, on the ground.

1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Treasure Hunt—Flint’s Pointer”, in Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC, part VI (Captain Silver), page 263:

(anatomy) The system that provides support to an organism, internal and made up of bones and cartilage in vertebrates, external in some other animals.

аҧсыбаҩ

རུས་ཀྲང (rus krang, literally “standing bones”)

རུས་སྒྲོམ (rus sgrom, literally “bone-stand”)


elevator

→ Hawaiian: ʻeleweka

→ Japanese: エレベーター

→ Korean: 엘리베이터 (ellibeiteo)

/ˈɛləˌveɪtə/

/ˈɛləˌveɪtəɹ/

one's elevator doesn't go all the way to the top

(anatomy) Any muscle that serves to raise a part of the body, such as the leg or the eye.


bladder

bladders (plural)
blather (alternative Scotland)
blether (alternative Scotland)

From Middle English bladdre, bleddre, bladder, bledder, from Old English blæddre, a variant of blǣdre, blēdre (“blister, bladder”), from Proto-West Germanic *blādrā, from Proto-Germanic *blēdrǭ, *bladrǭ (“blister, bladder”).

urogenital sinus - embryological precursor

(anatomy) Specifically, the urinary bladder.


beak

en-noun

beak (countable and uncountable, plural beaks)

beaks (plural)
beck (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English bec, borrowed from Anglo-Norman bec, Old French bec, from Latin beccus, from Gaulish *bekkos, from Proto-Celtic *bekkos (“beak, snout”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bak-, *baḱ- (“pointed stick, peg”). Cognate with Breton beg (“beak”). Compare Saterland Frisian Bäk (“mouth; muzzle; beak”); Dutch bek (“beak; bill; neb”).

cog

A rigid structure projecting from the front of a bird's face, used for pecking, grooming, foraging, carrying items, eating food, etc.

A similar pointed structure forming the nose and mouth of various animals, such as turtles, platypuses, whales, etc.

The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera.

The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve.

The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal.

(botany) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant.


marsupial

en-adj

marsupial (comparative more marsupial, superlative most marsupial)

more marsupial (comparative)
most marsupial (superlative)

From Latin marsupium, marsuppium (“pouch, purse”), from Ancient Greek μαρσύπιον (marsúpion) or μαρσύππιον (marsúppion), variants of μαρσίππιον (marsíppion), diminutive of μάρσιππος (mársippos, “bag, pouch”); with English -al.

der

the marsupial bones

(anatomy) Of or relating to a marsupium.


pre-

From Middle English pre-, borrowed from Latin prae-, from the preposition prae (“before”).

prae- (alternative)
præ- (alternative)
p͛- (alternative)

d'avant

to form adjectives, for example a pre-1960 car - une voiture d'avant 1960;before a number

avant

to form adverbs, for example to go back pre-1960 - retourner avant 1960

Before; physically in front of.
(anatomy) Synonym of anterior.

Before; physically in front of.
Synonym of anterior.


foreskin

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

First use appears c. 1535, from fore- + skin, a loose calque of Latin praeputium. Compare German Vorhaut etc.

In the female genitalia, the clitoral hood is homologous to the foreskin.

And the vncircumcised man-child, whose flesh of his foreskinne is not circumcised, that soule shall be cut off from his people: hee hath broken my couenant.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 17:14:

In primates, the foreskin is present in the genitalia of both sexes and likely has been present for millions of years of evolution.

1990, Robert D. Martin, Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

the foreskin is a primary sensory part of the penis, containing some of the most sensitive areas of the penis

2010, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Circumcision of infant males:

(anatomy) The nerve-dense, retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the head of the penis in humans and some other mammals.

voorhuid

fold of skin covering the head of the penis

ފިރިހެން ހަށީގެ ބޯ ނިވައިކޮށްދޭ ހަންކޮޅު

clitoral foreskin
clitoral foreskin#English

(anatomy) Ellipsis of clitoral foreskin.


prepuce

prepuces (plural)
præpuce (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English prepuce, prepuse, from Old French prepuce (“foreskin”), from Latin praepūtium (“prepuce, foreskin”), a combination of prae- (“fore-”) + Old Latin pūtos (“penis”).

Jehovah, collector of prepuces, is no more.

But there are a fair number of halfway Jews – you know, those who want God without having to have their prepuces torn off to get him.

1985, Anthony Burgess, Kingdom of the Wicked:

(anatomy) The foreskin, or retractable fold of tissue covering the glans penis.


jugular

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.jʊl.ə/

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.jəl.ɚ/

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.əl.ɚ/

Late 16th century borrowing from Late Latin jugulāris, from jugulum (“the collarbone; the hollow part of the neck above the collarbone; the throat”) + -āris (“-ar, -ary”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to jugulum + -ar.

af

(anatomy, relational) Relating to, or located near, the neck or throat.

(relational) Of or pertaining to the jugular vein.


jugular

jugulars (plural)
jugulary (alternative obsolete)

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.jʊl.ə/

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.jəl.ɚ/

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.əl.ɚ/


capillary

/ˈkæpɪˌlɛɹi/

/ˈkæpɪˌlɛɹi/

/käˈpɪʎä.ɹi/

/käˈpɪʎä.ɾi/

From Latin capillāris (“pertaining to the hair”), from capillus (“the hair, properly of the head”), from caput (“head”).

der

(anatomy) Any of the small blood vessels (from 5 to 10 micrometres/micrometers (μm) in diameter) that connect arteries to veins (They are the smallest blood vessels in the body: they convey blood between the arterioles and venules).

kapilar

any of small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins


costa

Unadapted borrowing from Latin costa (“a rib”). Doublet of coast.


wrist

From Middle English wrist, from Old English wrist, from Proto-West Germanic *wristu, from Proto-Germanic *wristuz (compare Old Frisian wrist, Low German Wrist, German Rist (“back of hand, instep, withers”), Swedish vrist), from Proto-Germanic *wrīþaną (“to twist, turn”). More at writhe.

der

With a flick of the wrist, he threw the frisbee to a team-mate.

(anatomy) The complex joint between forearm bones, carpus, and metacarpals where the hand is attached to the arm; the carpus in a narrow sense.

махъвшIа́

joint where the hand is attached to the arm

carpus

New Latin; see entry for Classical Latin


skullcap

skullcaps (plural)
skull cap (alternative)
skull-cap (alternative)

(anatomy) The calvaria, the top part of the skull, covering the cranial cavity containing the brain.


palatal

en-adj

palatal (comparative more palatal, superlative most palatal)

more palatal (comparative)
most palatal (superlative)


pharyngeal

→ New Latin: pharyngeālis

/fəˈɹɪn.d͡ʒəl/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pharyngeal.wav

From Late Latin pharyngeus + -al, from pharynx (“the pharynx”) + -eus (adjectival suffix).

af

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the pharynx.


hiatus

en-noun

hiatus (countable and uncountable, plural hiatus or hiatuses)

Learned borrowing from Latin hiātus (“opening”) (mid-16th century), from hiō (“stand open, yawn”).

lbor

Hiatus aorticus is an opening in the diaphragm through which aorta and thoracic duct pass.


hip

From Middle English hipe, hupe, from Old English hype, from Proto-Germanic *hupiz (compare Dutch heup, Low German Huop, German Hüfte), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb- (compare Welsh cysgu (“to sleep”), Latin cubāre (“to lie”), Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, “hollow in the hips”), Albanian sup (“shoulder”), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpti, “shoulder”)), from *ḱew- (“to bend”). More at high. The sense "drug addict" derives from addicts lying on their hips while using certain drugs such as opium.

cog

(anatomy) The outward-projecting parts of the pelvis and top of the femur and the overlying tissue.


diaphragm

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/

From Middle English diafragma, Ancient Greek διάφραγμα (diáphragma, “partition”), from διά (diá, “across”) and φράγμα (phrágma, “barrier”), from the verb φράσσω (phrássō). First attested in the late 14th century.

der

(anatomy) In mammals, a sheet of muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen, contracted and relaxed in respiration to draw air into and expel air from the lungs; also called thoracic diaphragm.

diafragmë

anatomy: sheet of muscle separating thorax from abdomen

мембра́на

anatomy: separating membrane or sheet of muscle

(anatomy) Any of various membranes or sheets of muscle or ligament which separate one cavity from another.


temporal

From Middle English, from Middle French timporal, temporal, from Late Latin temporālis, from tempora (“the temples of the head”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of temporalis.

af

(anatomy, relational) Of or situated in the temples of the head or the sides of the skull behind the orbits.


alar

From Latin ala (“wing”) + -ar (adjectival suffix).

(anatomy) of or relating to the armpit; axillary.


patella

From Latin patella (“a small pan or dish, a plate; the kneepan, patella”), diminutive of patina (“a broad shallow dish, pan”). Doublet of paella.

uder

Subluxed patellas, more commonly referred to as slipped stifles, like all inherited factors will continue to cripple a breed as long as breeders continue to mate affected animals.

2004, Ann Seranne, The Joy of Breeding Your Own Show Dog, page 188:

2005, Roger E. Stevenson, 20: Limbs, Roger E. Stevenson, Judith G. Hall, Human Malformations and Related Anomalies, page 920,
Since patella diameter is a feature of continuous variation, the majority of small patellas represent simply the lower extreme of normal anatomic variation.

Both patellae are well preserved for Dolni Věstonice 3 and 13-15, and the left patella remains for Dolni Věstonice 16 (Figures 18.22 to 18.26).

2006, Erik Trinkaus, “18: The Lower Limb Remains”, in Erik Trinkaus, Jiří Svoboda, editors, Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe, page 395:

The patellae may be up to 30° externally rotated at birth. In young children it is considered normal for the patellae to be externally rotated, but by 5 years of age the patellae should face forwards.

2009, P. Tohomson, “14: Assessment of the paediatric patient”, in Ben Yates, editor, Merriman's Assessment of the Lower Limb, page 401:

(anatomy) The sesamoid bone of the knee; the kneecap.


kneecap

(anatomy) The flat, roundish bone in the knee.


acinus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin acinus (“grape, grape-stone”); the histopathologic sense comes figuratively from the fancied resemblance (on microscopy) of acinic cells (acinar cells) to bunches of drupelets, berries, or grapes.

ubor

Their smallest lobules were called acini, a term which has also been used to denote the saccular recesses in the lobules […]

1828, Jones Quain, Quain's elements of anatomy:

(anatomy) One of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland, as the pancreas; also, one of the saccular recesses in the lobules of a racemose gland.

lalůček

one of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland (anatomy)


joint

The noun is from Middle English joynt (attested since the late 13th century), from Old French joint (“joint of the body”) (attested since the 12th century). The adjective (attested since the 15th century) is from Old French jointiz. Both Old French words are from Latin iūnctus, the past participle of iungō. See also join, jugular.
The meaning of "building, establishment", especially in connection with shady activities, appeared in Anglo-Irish by 1821 and entered general American English slang by 1877, especially in the sense of "opium den". The sense "marijuana cigarette" is attested since 1935. The development to meaning "any thing" also happened to the Scots and Memphian form junt and the Mid-Atlantic/Philadelphian form jawn.

verbinding

point of a rigid joint, means of joining in carpentry

(anatomy) Any part of an animalian body where two bones or exoskeleton segments are abutted, in most cases allowing that part of the body to be bent or straightened.


teat

From Middle English tete, from Old French tete (“teat”) (compare French tette), from Frankish *tittā, *tittō, from Proto-Germanic *tittaz (“teat; nipple; breast”), ultimately of expressive origin. Compare Old High German zizza ("teat"; modern German Zitze), whence also Italian zizza (“teat”).
It heavily displaced Old English titt, a cognate of the same origin, which survives as tit, but in more vulgar use. Compare Dutch tiet and German Zitze (“teat”).

onomatopoeic

expressive

gl

"teat"; modern German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Zitze</i>

Milk formed their chief diet, and this they were supposed to imbibe from the witch herself, from a third "teat" which had been made beneath the arm by a nip from the Devil's pincers.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 107:

(anatomy) The projection of a mammary gland from which, on female therian mammals, milk is secreted.


oesophagus

en-noun

oesophagus (plural oesophagi or oesophaguses)

oesophagi (plural)
oesophaguses (plural)
esophagus (alternative)
œsophagus (alternative)

/iːˈsɒfəɡəs/

From Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, “I carry”) + ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate”).

Graham, who lived in Somersham, Cambridgeshire, donated his oesophagus to the MRC cancer unit at Cambridge University, for research.

2013 November 26, John Plunkett, “Rev John Graham, aka crossword setter Araucaria, dies aged 92”, in The Guardian:

(anatomy) The tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.

slukderm

the tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach


lingual

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin linguālis, from lingua (“the tongue; a language, speech”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to lingua + -al. Doublet of lingualis.

af

(anatomy, dentistry, relational) Related to, near, or on the side toward the tongue.

(phonetics) Articulated with the tongue.


epiglottis

en-noun

epiglottis (plural epiglottises or epiglottides)

epiglottises (plural)
epiglottides (plural)

[ˌɛp.ɪˈɡlɑ.ɾɪs]

Borrowed from New Latin epiglōttis, from Ancient Greek ἐπῐγλωττῐ́ς (epĭglōttĭ́s, “valve covering the larynx”), from ἐπῐ- (epĭ-, “upon, over”) + γλωττῐ́ς (glōttĭ́s, “glottis, mouth of the windpipe”); equivalent to epi- (“upon; above”) + glottis.

af

My epiglottis is full of bees!

2004, Top Gear, season 5, episode 9, Jeremy Clarkson (actor):

(anatomy) A cartilaginous organ in the throat of terrestrial vertebrates covering the glottis when swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea, and in Homo sapiens also a speech organ.


glottis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Usmaan (Middle river exports)-glottis.wav

Late 16th century borrowing from New Latin glōttis, from Ancient Greek γλωττῐ́ς (glōttĭ́s, “mouth of the windpipe”), from γλῶττᾰ (glôttă, “tongue”) + -ῐς (-ĭs, feminine noun suffix). Cognates include Latin gula.

af

(anatomy) The opening between the true vocal cords which is located in the larynx and affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.


umbo

en-noun

umbo (plural umbones or umbos or umboes)

umbones (plural)
umbos (plural)
umboes (plural)

Borrowed from Latin umbō (“a shield boss”).

(biology) A boss, or rounded elevation, or a corresponding depression, in a palate, disk, or membrane.

(anatomy) An inward projection of the tympanic membrane of the ear.


nasal

en-adj

nasal (comparative more nasal, superlative most nasal)

more nasal (comparative)
most nasal (superlative)

From Middle English, from Medieval Latin nāsālis, from nāsus (“the nose”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of nasalis.

af

Reindeer are well suited to the taiga’s frigid winters. They can maintain a thermogradient between body core and the environment of up to 100 degrees, in part because of insulation provided by their fur, and in part because of counter-current vascular heat exchange systems in their legs and nasal passages.

2013 March, Nancy Langston, “Mining the Boreal North”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, page 98:

(anatomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the nose or to the nasion.


tributary

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-tributary.wav

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English tributarie (“paying tribute”), from Latin tribūtārius, from tribūtum (“tribute”).

inh

The great saphenous vein is a tributary of the femoral vein.

(anatomy) A vein which drains into another vein.


tendon

Borrowed from French tendon or Medieval Latin tendō, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn, “sinew, tendon”), modified by association with the verb tendō (“to stretch”). Compare Middle English thenoun.

der

I hear a wrenching sound of tendons stretching and testing their anchors on the bone.

2016, Ian McEwan, Nutshell, Vintage, page 78:

(anatomy) A tough band of flexible but inelastic fibrous collagen tissue that connects a muscle with its bony attachment and transmits the force which the muscle exerts.


region

From Middle English regioun, from Anglo-Norman regiun, from Latin regiō, from regō. Doublet of regio.

the abdominal regions

(anatomy) A place in or a part of the body in any way indicated.

зона

a place in or a part of the body in any way indicated


inferior

en-adj

inferior (comparative more inferior, superlative most inferior)

more inferior (comparative)
most inferior (superlative)
inferiour (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin īnferior (“lower in situation or place”), comparative of īnferus (“below, underneath”).

bor

(anatomy) Situated further below (another part of the body), a direction that in humans corresponds to caudad.


superior

/sʉːˈpɪə.ɹiː.ə/

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French superiour, from Latin superior (“higher, upper”).

Located above or out; higher in position.

(anatomy, medicine) Located above or higher, a direction that in humans corresponds to cephalad.


lateral

en-adj

lateral (comparative more lateral, superlative most lateral)

more lateral (comparative)
most lateral (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin laterālis (“belonging to the side”), from latus (“the side or flank”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

The medial side of the knee faces the other knee, while the outer side of the knee is lateral.

A fish senses changes in hydrodynamic pressure with its lateral line.

To the side; of or pertaining to the side.

(anatomy, zootomy) Situated on one side or other of the body or of an organ, especially in the region furthest from the median plane.


disk

→ Japanese: ディスク (disuku)

→ Korean: 디스크 (diseukeu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: disk

→ Thai: ดิสก์ (dìt)

→ Turkish: disk

→ Welsh: disg

From Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “a circular plate suited for hurling”), from δικέω (dikéō, “to hurl, to launch”). Doublet of dais, desk, disc, discus, dish, and diskos.


spine

From late Middle English spyne, from Old French espine (French épine) or its source, Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”). Doublet of spina.

der

If you attentively regard almost any quadruped's spine, you will be struck with the resemblance of its vertebrae to a strung necklace of dwarfed skulls.

1851, Herman Melville, chapter 80, in Moby-Dick:

The preposterous altruism too! […] Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXXIV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 266:

(anatomy, zootomy) A series of bones situated at the back from the head to the pelvis of a human, or from the head to the tail of an animal, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen.

Trademark Owners will nevertheless try to dictate how their marks are to be represented, but dictionary publishers with spine can resist such pressure.

2001, Sydney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 409:

रीढ़ की हड्डी

rīṛh kī haḍḍī

رِیڑھ کی ہَڈّی

rīṛh kī haḍḍī


coronary

en-adj

coronary (comparative more coronary, superlative most coronary)

more coronary (comparative)
most coronary (superlative)

From Latin corōnārius, from corōna (“crown”).

(anatomy) Encircling something (like a crown), especially with regard to the arteries or veins of the heart.


coronary

(anatomy, medicine) Any of the coronary vessels; a coronary artery or coronary vein.


trachea

en-noun

trachea (plural tracheae or (obsolete) tracheæ or tracheas)

tracheae (plural)
tracheæ (obsolete plural)
tracheas (plural)

From late Middle English, from Medieval Latin trāchēa (“the windpipe”) (also borrowed as Late Latin trāchīa), from Ancient Greek τρᾱχεῖᾰ ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (trākheîă ărtērĭ́ā, “windpipe, trachea”).

der

τρᾱχεῖᾰ ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ

(anatomy) A thin-walled, cartilaginous tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.


cheek

en-noun

cheek (countable and uncountable, plural cheeks)

From Middle English cheeke, cheke, cheoke, choke, from Old English ċēce, ċēace, ċēoce (“cheek; jaw”), from Proto-West Germanic *kākā, *keukā (“jaw, cheek”), from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ, *keukǭ (“jaw; palate; pharynx”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (“to chew”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Sooke (“cheek”), West Frisian tsjeak (“jaw”), Dutch kaak (“jaw; cheek”), Swedish käke (“jaw; jowl”), Norwegian kjake (“jaw”), Old Norse kók (“mouth; gullet”).

der

There are some shrewd contents in yon same paper, / That steals the colours from Bassanio's cheek: / Some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world / Could turn so much the constitution / Of any constant man. What, worse and worse!— […]

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

(anatomy) The soft skin on each side of the face, below the eyes; the outer surface of the sides of the oral cavity.

(anatomy, informal, usually in the plural) The lower part of the buttocks that is often exposed beneath very brief underwear, swimwear, or extremely short shorts.


ranine

From Latin rānīnus, from rāna (“frog”) + -īnus (“of or pertaining to”).

The tongue is largely supplied by blood vessels, its arteries being branches of the ranine and labial, and its veins emptying into the great linguals which proceed to the external jugular; […]

1842, “Tongue”, in W[illiam] T[homas] Brande, Joseph Cauvin, editors, A Dictionary of Science, Literature, & Art: Comprising the History, Description, and Scientific Principles of Every Branch of Human Knowledge; […], London: […] Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], →OCLC, page 1243, column 1:

The lingual, the ranine, and the lower part of the facial vein, together with the common facial and the anterior and posterior divisions of the temporo-maxillary vein, were full of pus, the external jugular having been removed at the operation.

1898 June 25, “Evelina Hospital for Sick Children. A Case of Alveolar Abscess; Death from Pyæmia in Eight Days; Necropsy. (Under the Care of Dr. F. Willcocks.)”, in The Lancet, number 3904, London, →ISSN, →OCLC, “A Mirror of Hospital Practice, British and Foreign” section, page 1756, column 1:

In the substance of the tongue only two anastomoses take place between the lingual arteries: (a) the ranines communicate at the tip of the tongue; and (b) the dorsales linguæ inosculate around the foramen cæcum.

1914, Charles R[ichard] Whittaker, “Lingual Vessels”, in A Manual of Surgical Anatomy, 2nd edition, Edinburgh: E[dward] & S[tuart] Livingstone […], →OCLC, section III (The Head and Neck), “The Mouth and Pharynx” subsection, page 174:

(anatomy, now rare) A ranine artery or vein.


haw

en-noun

haw (countable and uncountable, plural haws)

Late Middle English (denoting a discharge from the eye), of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to Etymology 2 above, describing a berry.

nictitating membrane
nictitating membrane

(countable, anatomy) The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane.


spaug

From Irish spág (“the paw, limb or claw of an animal”), transferred to humans as pejorative or for club-foot.

bor

Taking off his flat spaugs and the walk.


invert

en-verb

invert (third-person singular simple present inverts, present participle inverting, simple past and past participle inverted)

inverts (present singular third-person)
inverting (participle present)
inverted (participle past)
inverted (past)


aorta

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀορτή (aortḗ, “the arteries springing from the heart”), from ἀορτέω (aortéō), lengthened form of ἀείρω (aeírō, “I lift, raise”).

bor

(anatomy) The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system.


atrium

From Latin ātrium (“entry hall”), from Etruscan.

an atrium of the infundibula of the lungs

(anatomy) A cavity, entrance, or passage.

(anatomy) An upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle. In higher vertebrates, the right atrium receives blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, and the left atrium receives blood from the left and right pulmonary veins.

(anatomy) A microscopic air sac within a pulmonary alveolus.


basal

en-adj

basal (comparative more basal, superlative most basal)

more basal (comparative)
most basal (superlative)

In the spring, basal leaves emerge from a stout taproot.

(anatomy) Associated with the base of an organism or structure.

基底的

associated with the base of an organism or structure


cervix

Borrowed from Latin cervīx (“neck”), see below.

I put my hands on Madeleine's hot cheeks, making a prize cup of my hands and her cervix, and tilted her head to one side.

1979, Clive Sinclair, Hearts of Gold, Penguin, published 1983, page 10:

(anatomy) The necklike portion of an organ or part of the body.


corona

en-noun

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

kruunu

appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona

Is it probable that this depression has arisen from the distorting effect of some form of head dress, similar perhaps to that which is still applied to the heads of infants in various parts of France, as described by Drs. Foville and Lunier? This consists of a neckerchief passed twice round the head from the corona either to the back of the neck, when the resulting deformity (which is that of the Charlcombe skull) is designated annular by Dr. Gosse; or is carried under the chin and jaw, when it is termed bilobed by the same writer.

1863 September, John Thurnam, “XXII.—On Synostosis of the Cranial Bones, Especially the Parietals, Regarded as a Race-character in One Class of Ancient British and in African Skulls”, in G[eorge] Busk et al., editors, The Natural History Review: A Quarterly Journal of Biological Science, number XVIII, London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, […], published April 1865, →OCLC, page 265:

The ophthalmic division supplies sensation from the eyebrows to the coronal suture. The sensory innervation stops at the corona, not at the hairline, and this fact may help one to differentiate a true abnormality from a factitious one, since people who are “faking” sensory loss more often lose sensation at the hairline.

2013, Eric S. Hsu, Charles Argoff, Katherine E. Galluzzi, Raphael J. Leo, Andrew Dubin, “Head Pain: Trigeminal Neuralgia”, in Problem-Based Pain Management, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section 2 (Head Pain), page 27:

(anatomy) An upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body.

A region of the skull located along the coronal suture, at the junction between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones.

päälaki

The solids are derived from the fluids. In the first rudiments of the gelatinous embryo, they gradually commence in their respective situations, and differ infinitely in their degrees of cohesion, from the soft and almost pulpy medullary matter of the brain, to the vitreous substance of the corona of the teeth.

1817, J. Fred. Blumenbach [i.e., Johann Friedrich Blumenbach], “Sect. III. Of the Solids in General, and of the Mucous Web in Particular.”, in John Elliotson, transl., The Institutions of Physiology […], 2nd edition, London: […] Bensley and Son, […], for E. Cox and Son, […], →OCLC, paragraph 17, page 12:

The external (supragingival) portion of the tooth, covered by enamel; the crown.

The first line of injection with a clean 1% solution of cocain, or 2% eucain is began, posterior to the ridge caused by the corona, on the dorsum.

1907, C. H. Shutt, “A New Simple Technique for Circumcision and Some Advantages Gained in Genito-urinary Work—a Practical Demonstration of the Technique”, in Tho[ma]s A. Hopkins, editor, The Medical Fortnightly, St. Louis, Mo.: Fortnightly Press Co., →OCLC, page 233, column 1:

The circumference of the base of the glans penis in human males.

龜頭 /龟头

circumference of the base of the glans penis in human males — see also corona glandis penis


cusp

From Latin cuspis (“a point, spear, pointed end”); first used in astrology. Doublet of cuspid and cuspis.

bor

(anatomy) A flap of a valve of a heart or blood vessel.


distal

en-adj

distal (comparative more distal, superlative most distal)

more distal (comparative)
most distal (superlative)

the distal end of a bone or muscle

(anatomy, geology) Remote from the point of attachment or origin.

периферен

remote from the point of attachment or origin


fovea

en-noun

fovea (plural foveas or foveae or foveæ)

foveas (plural)
foveae (plural)
foveæ (plural)

From Latin fovea (“ditch, pit”). Doublet of foiba.

(anatomy) A slight depression or pit in a bone or organ.

(anatomy) The retinal fovea, or fovea centralis, responsible for sharp central vision.


gall

gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)

From Middle English galle, from Old English ġealla, galla, from Proto-West Germanic *gallā, from Proto-Germanic *gallǭ.
The figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting linguocultural effects of humorism, which governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific medicine.
Related to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ). Also remotely related with yellow.

He shall flee from the iron weapon and the bow of steel shall strike him through. It is drawn and cometh out of the body; yea, the glittering sword cometh out of his gall.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 20:24–25:

(anatomy, archaic, countable) A gallbladder.


hilum

Learned borrowing from Latin hīlum (“a trifle; a spot on a seed”).

lbor

[The pancreas] is a hook-shaped gland, about 15 cm long, that lies transversely across the upper abdomen, with the head in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum[…], extending to the left as the body behind the stomach and ending as the tail lying against the hilum of the spleen.

1998, R[obert] M[atthew] H[ay] McMinn, R. T. Hutchings, B. M. Logan, “Abdomen”, in The Concise Handbook of Human Anatomy, London: Manson Publishing, →ISBN, pages 144–145:

The shadows of the hila on chest X-ray are mainly formed by the pulmonary arteries (PAs) and some of their main branches and the upper pulmonary veins (PVs).

2010, Benoît Ghaye, “Imaging of Hila and Pulmonary Vessels”, in Emmanuel E. Coche, Benoît Ghaye, Johan De Mey, Philippe Duyck, editors, Comparative Interpretation of CT and Standard Radiography of the Chest, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, page 166:

In the large majority of normal patients, the hila appear equal in size on frontal radiographs; comparison of the two hila is helpful in patients with a unilateral abnormality.

2010, W. Richard Webb, Charles B. Higgins, Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Radiology, 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Pa., London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 161:

(anatomy) A depression or fissure through which ducts, nerves, or blood vessels enter and leave a gland or organ.


hymen

From Middle French hymen, from Late Latin hymēn, from Ancient Greek ὑμήν (humḗn, “skin, membrane”).

der

(anatomy) A membrane which completely or partially occludes the vaginal opening in human females.


ileum

(anatomy) The last, and usually the longest, division of the small intestine; the part between the jejunum and large intestine.


iris

irises (plural)
iris (plural)
irides (plural)

From Middle English [Term?], from Latin īris, from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris, “rainbow”). Presuming an earlier form *ϝῖρις (*wîris), possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *w(e)ih₁-ro- (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”). If so, it would be cognate to English wire.

(anatomy) The contractile membrane perforated by the pupil, which adjusts to control the amount of light reaching the retina, and which forms the colored portion of the eye (See Iris (anatomy) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia).


labial

Borrowing from Medieval Latin labiālis (“of or pertaining to the lips”), from labium (“a lip”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to labium + -al.

af

The wound that does not kill Christ is the magical labial wound; it is the seal of the resurrection and an expression of the myth of eternal recurrence.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 109:

(anatomy, zootomy) Of or pertaining to the lips or labia.


lappet

→ Welsh: llabed

In the tender lappet of the eare is supposed to rest the seat of remembrance, which we vse to touch when we mean to take one to beare witnesse of an arrest or other thing done,

1634, Philemon Holland, transl., The History of the World: commonly called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus, London, Book 11, Chapter 45, p. 550:

[…] he ran him in with the spit a little above the navel, towards the right flank, till he pierced the third lappet of his liver,

1653, Thomas Urquhart, transl., The First Book of the Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais, containing five books of the lives, heroick deeds and sayings of Gargantua, and his sonne Pantagruel, London: Richard Baddeley, Book 2, Chapter 14, p. 97:

(obsolete, anatomy) A lobe (division of an organ).


limbic

From French limbique, from Latin limbus (“edge, border”).

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the limbic system.


lobe

From Middle French lobe in early 16th century, from New Latin lobus (“a lobe”), from Ancient Greek λοβός (lobós, “the lobe of the ear or of the liver, the pod of a leguminous plant”).

der

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

(anatomy) A clear division of an organ that can be determined at the gross anatomy level, especially one of the parts of the brain, liver or lung. [from 16th c.]


lobule

lobules (plural)
lobula (alternative)
lobulus (alternative)

(anatomy) A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe.

Diminutive of lobe:
A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe.


medial

en-adj

medial (comparative more medial, superlative most medial)

more medial (comparative)
most medial (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-medial.wav

Borrowed from Latin mediālis (“middle”), from medius (“that is in the middle or midst”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

среден

The medial side of the knee faces the other knee, while the outer side of the knee is lateral.

Her anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) are torn and Vonn has a lateral fracture of the tibial plateau, the upper end of the tibia or shin bone.

2013 February 6, Jen Christiensen, “Vonn’s injury ‘career-delayer,’ not ‘career ender’”, in CNN:

Situated in or near the middle; not at either end.

(anatomy, zootomy) Pertaining to the inside; closer to the median plane of the body or the midline of an organ.

Mönckeberg medial sclerosis

(anatomy) Pertaining to the middle layer of a blood vessel, to its tunica media.


mitral

Treatments for mitral insufficiency include antihypertensives and valvular surgery; today the latter is often minimally invasive and even totally endoscopic.

(anatomy, medicine) Pertaining to the mitral valve.


mucosa

en-noun

mucosa (countable and uncountable, plural mucosae or mucosas)

The substantial genital swelling of [female chimpanzees] during oestrus may facilitate transmission of viruses by making the mucosa more fragile.

2011, Jacques Pepin, “The Source”, in The Origins of AIDS, 1st edition, →ISBN, page 29:


nape

From Middle English nape, naape, of uncertain origin. Possibly from Old French hanap (“goblet”), from Frankish *hnapp, from Proto-Germanic *hnappaz ( > Old English hnæpp, hnæp (“cup, bowl, goblet”)), as there is a hollow at the base of the skull. More at nap.

He was still stroking Radar, long glides of his hand from nape to tail.

2022, Stephen King, chapter 8, in Fairy Tale, page 132:


pleura

From Middle English, borrowed from Medieval Latin pleura.

Meronyms: cervical pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura, parietal pleura, visceral pleura

The lungs […] may be said to be inclosed in separate bags, or to have distinct pleuras.

1856, William Youatt, William Charles Linnaeus Martin, A. Stevens, The Hog (page 120)

(anatomy) Each of a pair of smooth serous membranes which line the thorax and envelop the lungs in humans and other mammals.

плевра

serous membrane that covers the lungs and thorax


scutum

Borrowed from Latin scūtum (“shield”). Doublet of escudo, scudo, scute, and écu.


situs

Borrowed from Latin situs (“position, site”). Doublet of site and sitio.

(anatomy, botany) The position, especially the usual, normal position, of a body part or part of a plant.


soma

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

(anatomy) The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail.


tensor

en-noun

tensor (plural tensors or (muscle) tensores)

Borrowed from New Latin tensor (“that which stretches”), equivalent to tense + -or. Anatomical sense from 1704.
Introduced in the 1840s by William Rowan Hamilton as an algebraic quantity unrelated to the modern notion of tensor.
The contemporary mathematical meaning was introduced (as German Tensor) by Woldemar Voigt (1898) and adopted in English from 1915 (in the context of general relativity), obscuring the earlier Hamiltonian sense. The mathematical object is so named because an early application of tensors was the study of materials stretching under tension. (See, for example, Cauchy stress tensor on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)

pedia

(anatomy) A muscle that tightens or stretches a part, or renders it tense.


thrum

From Middle English thrum, throm (> Anglo-French trome), from Old English *þrum (found in tungeþrum (“ligament of the tongue”)) from Proto-Germanic *þrumą. Cognate with German Trumm, Trümmer and Old Norse thrǫmr (“edge, brim”).

(anatomy) A bundle of minute blood vessels, a plexus.


thymus

From New Latin thymus, from Ancient Greek θύμος (thúmos, “warty excrescence, (also, as used by Galen) thymus gland”).

der

For a very long time the role of the thymus in the body was a complete mystery.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 234:

(anatomy, immunology) Ellipsis of thymus gland (“A ductless gland, consisting mainly of lymphatic tissue, located behind the top of the breastbone. It is most active during puberty, after which it shrinks in size. It plays an important role in the development of the immune system and produces lymphocytes.”).

غُدَّة زَعْتَرِيَّة

ductless gland located behind the breastbone


tibia

Borrowed from Latin tībia (“shin bone, leg”).

bor+

(anatomy) The inner and usually the larger of the two bones of the leg or hind limb below the knee, the shinbone.


tuber

en-noun

tuber (plural tubers or (uncommon, possibly obsolete) tubera)

tubers (plural)
tubera (obsolete plural possibly uncommon)

From Latin tūber (“bump, hump, swelling”).

(anatomy) A rounded, protuberant structure in a human or animal body.

буца

anatomy: rounded, protuberant structure in body


oblique muscle

oblique muscles (plural)
oblique (alternative)
obliquus (alternative)

(anatomy) A muscle acting in a direction oblique to the mesial plane of the body, or to the associated muscles, applied especially to two muscles of the eyeball.


mesial plane

(anatomy) the plane which divides the body of an animal into similar right and left halves


biceps

biceps (plural biceps or bicepses or bicipites)

biceps (plural)
bicepses (plural)
bicipites (plural)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Latin biceps (“double-headed, two-peaked”), from bis (“double”) + caput (“head”). See there for more details.

der

The leg is bent by the action of the flexor muscles situated on the back of the thigh, the chief of these being called the biceps of the leg.

1901, Michael Foster, Lewis E. Shore, Physiology for Beginners, page 73:


cancellation

en-noun

cancellation (countable and uncountable, plural cancellations)

cancellations (plural)
cancelation (alternative)

From Latin cancellātiō, from cancellō + -tiō.

194?, Columbia University. School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Principles of Radiodontia
Spongy bone is composed of cancellated areas appearing as a fine, interlacing network. These cancellated spaces are irregular both in size and shape. The normal cancellation is rather large […]

(anatomy) The property of being cancellate.


communication

communication (countable and uncountable, plural communications)

→ Japanese: コミュニケーション (komyunikēshon)

Inherited from Middle English comunicacioun, communicacion (“discussion, association”), from Old French communicacion, from Latin commūnicātiōnem, accusative singular of commūnicātiō (“imparting, communicating”), from commūnicō (“I share, I impart”).
Morphologically communicate + -ion.

inh+

...and here a free communication had been established between the aorta and the vena cava.

1855, William Stokes, The Diseases of the Heart and the Aorta Page 617

(anatomy) A connection between two tissues, organs, or cavities.


crest

From Middle English creste, from Old French creste (modern French crête) and perhaps continuing Old English cræsta (“crest, tuft, plume”); both ultimately from Vulgar Latin *cresta, from Latin crista. Doublet of crista.
The informal meaning “design, logo” (sense 11) stems from a misinterpretation of the heraldic sense 4, which specifically refers to the object placed on top of the helm.

inh

(anatomy) A ridge along the surface of a bone.

harja

anatomy: ridge along the surface of a bone


disc

discs (plural)
disk (alternative US mainly)

From French disque, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disk, quoit, platter”). Doublet of dais, desk, discus, dish, disk, and diskos.


fascia

en-noun

fascia (plural fascias or fasciae or fasciæ)

fascias (plural)
fasciae (plural)
fasciæ (plural)

Borrowed from Latin fascia (“a band, bandage, swathe”). Related to fascēs (“bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade projecting”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“bundle, band”). Cognate with fajita, fess, and fascism.

der

The deepest layer of cervical fascia consists of two main subdivisions: the alar and prevertebral fasciae.

2006, Dennis E. McDonnell, Steven J. Harrison, “10: Retropharyngeal Approach to the Occipitocervical Junction”, in Richard G. Fessler, Laligam N. Sekhar, editors, Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques: Spine and Peripheral Nerves, Thieme Medical Publishers, page 89:

Close-up of the fascia surrounding a muscle in an unembalmed cadaver.

2017, David Lesondak, Fascia: What it is and Why it Matters, Handspring Publishing, page 3, Figure 1.1

2017, Andrea Pasini, Antonio Stecco, Carla Stecco, 19: Fascial Anatomy of the Viscera, Torsten Liem, Paolo Tozzi, Anthony Chila (editors), Fascia in the Osteopathic Field, Handspring Publishing, page 173,
This is evidence that the insertional fasciae are the ones that provide the connections between internal fasciae and muscular fascia, and between the different organs. The same pattern can be applied to the fasciae that surround the glands.

The superficial fascia surrounds the body and includes subcutaneous fat; the deep fascia surrounds the musculoskeletal system; the meningeal fascia surrounds the nervous system; the visceral fascia surrounds body cavities and organs.

2018 November 8, Dr. Melina Jampolis, “The real science behind fascia ailments”, in CNN:

(anatomy) The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing muscles and organs; an aponeurosis.


glans

Learned borrowing from Latin glāns (“acorn”).

حَشَفَة

(anatomy) A structure at the extremity of the penis and of the clitoris in humans and other mammals.

Ellipsis of glans penis or penile glans.

glans clitoridis
glans clitoridis#English

Ellipsis of glans clitoridis or clitoral glans.


implantation

en-noun

implantation (countable and uncountable, plural implantations)

Borrowed from Middle French implantation.

bor+

(anatomy) The way in which an organ, bone, muscle etc. becomes inserted into its set place.

имплантация

anatomy: way an organ becomes inserted into its place


innervation

en-noun

innervation (countable and uncountable, plural innervations)

/ɪˌnɝˈveɪ.ʃən/

(anatomy, zoology):
The act of innervating or stimulating.

Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, and the functions of the various organs.

The distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts.


mound

From earlier meaning "hedge, fence", from Middle English mound, mund (“protection, boundary, raised earthen rampart”), from Old English mund (“hand, hand of protection, protector, guardianship”), from Proto-West Germanic *mundu, from Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand”), *munduz (“protection, patron”), from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂-nt-éh₂ (“the beckoning one”), from *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”).
Cognate with Old Frisian mund (“guardianship”), Old High German munt (“hand, protection”) (German Mündel (“ward”), Vormund (“a guardian”)), Old Norse mund (“hand”) (Icelandic mund), Middle Dutch mond (“protection”), and possibly Latin manus (“hand”), Ancient Greek μάρη (márē, “hand”).

cog

(obsolete, anatomy, measurement, figuratively) A hand.


triceps

From Latin trīceps (“triple-headed”), from trēs (“three”) + caput (“head”). See there for more details.

(anatomy) Any muscle having three heads.

Kickbacks work the triceps muscle at the back of your arm. Exercising these muscles helps eliminate arm jiggle.

2010, Christina T. Loguidice, Bill Loguidice, Wii Fitness For Dummies:

(anatomy) Specifically, the triceps brachii.


secondary

en-adj

secondary (not generally comparable, comparative more secondary, superlative most secondary)

more secondary (comparative)
most secondary (superlative)

From Middle English secundarie, from Latin secundārius (“of the second class or quality”), from secundus (whence the English second) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary), equivalent to second + -ary; compare the French secondaire, the Italian secondario, the Occitan secundari, the Portuguese secundario, and the Spanish secundario.

der

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
secondary

(anatomy) Pertaining to the second joint of the wing of a bird.


trapeze

From French trapèze, from Latin trapezium. Doublet of trapezium.

[…] the distance between the top of the flexor retinaculum and an imaginary line drawn between the trapeze and the hamate.

2013, World Health Organization, Manual of Diagnostic Ultrasound, volume 2, page 463:


articulate

en-verb

articulate (third-person singular simple present articulates, present participle articulating, simple past and past participle articulated)

articulates (present singular third-person)
articulating (participle present)
articulated (participle past)
articulated (past)

The adjective is first attested in 1531, the verb in 1551; borrowed from Latin articulātus (“distinct, articulated, jointed”), perfect passive participle of articulō, see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3). Regular participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.

bor+

The lower jaw articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joint.

(anatomy, intransitive) to form a joint or connect by joints


gluteus maximus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-gluteus maximus.wav

To power our forward motion, we have a distinctly gigantic muscle in our buttocks, the gluteus maximus.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 205:

(anatomy) The largest of the muscles of each buttock.

臀大肌

the largest of the muscles of each buttock


auricular

/ɔːˈɹɪk.jʊl.ə/

Late Middle English, borrowed from Late Latin auriculāris, from auricula (“the external ear; the ear”) + -āris (“-ar”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to auricle + -ar. Doublet of auricularis.
The finger is so called because it can be readily introduced into the ear passage.

af

The auricular nerves were damaged.

(relational) Of or pertaining to the ear.

(anatomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the sense of hearing.

слухавы́

of or pertaining to the sense of hearing

(anatomy, relational) Pertaining to the auricles of the heart.


leech-finger

leech-fingers (plural)
leechfinger (alternative)
leech finger (alternative)
leach-finger (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English leche fingir, læchefinger, from Old English lǣċefinger (“fourth finger, leech-finger”), equivalent to leech (“physician”) + finger. Compare Old Norse lǽknisfingr (“leech-finger”), Icelandic læknisfingur. According to medieval belief, a nerve or artery ran from this digit to the heart. It gave the finger a prominent role in medical lore and practice. Doctors would use it when applying treatments, for example.

inh

Sing three Our Fathers on your leechfinger, and write around the sore.

1973, Godfried Storms, Anglo-Saxon magic:

The Leech finger has Coll on it, the sage Hazel, who is the master physician, and is surmounted by Saille, the Willow of enchantment.

2005, Kisma Reidling, Faery Initiations:

Similarly, the other wound item above it, for an unknown swelling (uncufrum swyle) involves singing the Pater Noster thrice over 'your leechfinger' (ðine læcefinger, the middle finger) and writing the Latin formula around the sore as well as speaking it.

2006, Catherine E. Karkov, Sarah Larratt Keefer, Karen Louise Jolly, The Place of the Cross in Anglo-Saxon England:

For some, simply to stroke the ring finger over a wound was enough to heal it and it eventually became known as the healing finger or the leech finger. In parts of Europe it is still used today as the only finger suitable for scratching the skin.

This same document tells us that this same finger was once called the "physician finger," from the Latin digitits medicus, and that it was also called the "leech finger," since doctors were known as "leeches" before they were called "physicians.

2007, Charles Hodgson, Carnal Knowledge:

The fourth finger has a strange anatomical property that gives it both its ancient and modern names: the leech finger and the ring finger.

(anatomy, obsolete) The finger next to the little finger; ring-finger.


origin

/ˈɒɹ.ɪ.d͡ʒɪn/

/ˈɒɹ.ə.d͡ʒən/

/ˈɔɹ.ɪ.d͡ʒɪn/

/ˈɑɹ.ɪ.d͡ʒɪn/

From Middle English origine, origyne, from Old French origine, orine, ourine, from Latin origo (“beginning, source, birth, origin”), from orior (“to rise”); see orient. Doublet of origo.

der

language analysis for the determination of origin

(anatomy) The proximal end of attachment of a muscle to a bone that will not be moved by the action of that muscle.


ulna

From Latin ulna (“elbow”). Doublet of ell.

(anatomy) The bone of the forearm that extends from the elbow to the wrist on the side opposite to the thumb, corresponding to the fibula of the hind limb. Also, the corresponding bone in the forelimb of any vertebrate.


acondylous

From ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κόνδυλος (kóndulos, “joint”).


hyaline

en-noun

hyaline (countable and uncountable, plural hyalines)

From Latin hyalinus, from Koine Greek ὑάλινος (huálinos), from ὕαλος (húalos, “glass”).

(zoology, anatomy) A clear translucent substance in tissues.


DMV

(anatomy) Initialism of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.


zygapophysis

/ˌzaɪɡəˈpɒfɪsɪs/

Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zugón, “yoke”) + apophysis.

(anatomy) One of the articular processes of a vertebra, of which there are usually four, two superior and two inferior.


amygdala

amygdala (plural amygdalas or amygdalae)

Named because of its shape. Learned borrowing from Latin amygdala (“almond”), from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē, “almond”). Doublet of almond, amygdale, and mandorla.

dbt

There is experimental evidence showing that cortisol restrains the intensity and duration of the emergency reaction to stress, and catecholamines have been shown to enhance emotional memory in the amygdala (see subsection on "Noradrenaline"). Thus, individuals lacking cortisol would overstore traumatic memories .

2006, Marcus Lira Brandão, Frederico Guilherme Graeff, Neurobiology of Mental Disorders, page 36:

Cognitive scientists distinguish between normal risk-assessment decisions, which activate the reward-prediction regions of the brain, and decisions made amid extreme uncertainty, which generate activity in the amygdala.

2009 February 12, David Brooks, “The Worst-Case Scenario”, in The New York Times:

medial temporal lobe
medial temporal lobe

(neuroanatomy) Each one of the two regions of the brain, located as a pair in the medial temporal lobe, believed to play a key role in processing emotions, such as fear and pleasure, in both animals and humans.


GC

en-noun

GC (countable and uncountable, plural GCs)

(anatomy) Initialism of germinal center.


adenography

(anatomy, archaic) The division of anatomy describing the glands


adenoid

/ˈæd.əˌnɔɪd/

Late 19th century borrowing from French adénoïde, from New Latin adenoīdēs, from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓δενοειδής (ădenoeidḗs, “glandular”), from ᾰ̓δήν (ădḗn, “gland”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-oid, -like”); equivalent to aden- + -oid. The noun is derived from ellipsis of tumeur adénoïde (“glandular tumor”).

ellipsis

(anatomy, usually in the plural) Such a mass when not abnormally enlarged, covered by ciliated epithelium and located in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx at the back of the throat behind the uvula.


adenotomy

(anatomy, surgery) Dissection of, or incision into, a gland or glands.


supercilium

Borrowed from Latin supercilium (“eyebrow; brow, ridge; pride, arrogance”).

bor

(anatomy, rare) The eyebrow (arch of hair above each eye).

(anatomy) The overhanging margin of a bony cavity (as of the acetabulum).

(zoology) A superciliary marking or structure, especially in a bird.


mentum

Learned borrowing from Latin mentum (“the chin”). Doublet of menton.


aqueduct

aqueducts (plural)
aquaeduct (alternative)
aquæduct (alternative archaic)

Adapted borrowing from Latin aquaeductus (“conveyance of water”), from aqua (“water”) + dūcō (“I lead”, “I bring”); compare the French aqueduc.

bor

(anatomy) A structure conveying fluid, such as the cerebral aqueduct or vestibular aqueduct.

csatorna

anatomy: a structure conveying fluid, such as the cerebral aqueduct or vestibular aqueduct


gamba

Learned borrowing from Latin gamba (“leg”); compare gambol. Doublet of gam, gamb, jamb, and jambe.

lbor

(anatomy) The metacarpus or metatarsus of ruminants, etc.


carpal

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-carpal.wav

(anatomy) Any of the eight bones of the wrist (carpus).


humerus

From Late Latin humerus, from umerus. Cognate with Spanish hombro (“shoulder”).

Jojo was fine, however—well, she had a fractured humerus and needed to stay overnight, but it could’ve been a lot worse.

2022, N. K. Jemisin, The World We Make, Orbit, page 76:


clavicle

clavicles (plural)
clavicula (alternative)

Borrowed from Middle French clavicule, from Latin clāvicula (“a small key”), diminutive of clāvis (“a key”).

Mr. Trump then used his free hand to lunge towards Bobby Engel, and, when Mr. Ornato had recounted the story to me, he had motioned towards his clavicles.

2022 June 28, Cassidy Hutchinson, 0:47 from the start, in Secret Service officials: Agents willing to dispute Trump SUV incident under oath, CNN:

And you worked a lot too. You were thin from biking around all day; your protruding clavicles collected rainwater.

2022, Ling Ma, “Yeti Lovemaking”, in Bliss Montage, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN:

(anatomy) The collarbone; the prominent bone at the top of the chest between the shoulder and the neck connecting the shoulder and the breastbone.


fasciculus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin fasciculus. Doublet of fascicle.

ubor

(anatomy) A small bundle of nerve, muscle or tendon fibers.


spleen

en-noun

spleen (countable and uncountable, plural spleens)

Tok Pisin: splin

→ French: spleen

→ German: Spleen

→ Ido: spleno

→ Polish: splin, spleen

→ Romanian: spleen

→ Spanish: esplín

→ Swedish: spleen

From Middle English splene, splen, from Anglo-Norman espleen and Old French esplein, esplen, from Latin splēn (“milt”), from Ancient Greek σπλήν (splḗn, “the spleen”). Doublet of lien. Partially displaced the native English term milt.

der

(anatomy, immunology) In vertebrates, including humans, a ductless vascular gland, located in the left upper abdomen near the stomach, which destroys old red blood cells, removes debris from the bloodstream, acts as a reservoir of blood, and produces lymphocytes.


ASIS

anterior superior iliac spine
w:anterior superior iliac spine

(anatomy) Initialism of anterior superior iliac spine.


SN

en-noun

SN (countable and uncountable, plural SNs)

substantia nigra
substantia nigra#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of substantia nigra.


upper arm

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-upper arm.wav

(anatomy) The section of an arm from the elbow to the shoulder.


pedicel

From Late Latin pedīcellus, diminutive of pedīculus (“foot-stalk or pedicle of a fruit or leaf”), diminutive of pēs (“foot”).

(anatomy) A stalk-shaped body part; an anatomical part that resembles a stem or stalk.


grinder

From Middle English grinder, grindere, from Old English grindere (“one or that which grinds; grinder”), equivalent to grind + -er.


dissect

en-verb

dissect (third-person singular simple present dissects, present participle dissecting, simple past and past participle dissected)

dissects (present singular third-person)
dissecting (participle present)
dissected (participle past)
dissected (past)

Borrowed from Latin dissectus past participle of dissecare (“to cut asunder, cut up”), from dis- (“asunder”) + secare (“to cut”); see section.

Now dissect the triceps away from its attachment on the humerus.

(transitive, anatomy, surgery) To separate muscles, organs, etc. without cutting into them or disrupting their architecture.

irrottaa

to separate muscles, organs, and so on without cutting or disrupting


areolar

en-adj

areolar (comparative more areolar, superlative most areolar)

more areolar (comparative)
most areolar (superlative)

Although this may be caused by erroneous preoperative markings, areolar diameter differences are usually caused by skin tension differences between the breasts after wound closure.

2016, Onelio Garcia Jr., “Management of Asymmetry After Breast Reduction”, in Dennis C. Hammond, editor, Clinics in Plastic Surgery, Vol. 43, No. 2: Complications in Breast Reduction, Elsevier, page 377:

areolar tissue

2012, James W. Fleshman Jr., Open Total Proctocolectomy and Ileal Pouch, James W. Fleshman, Elisa H Birnbaum, Steven R Hunt, Matthew G Mutch, Ira J Kodner, Bashar Safar, Atlas of Surgical Techniques for Colon, Rectum and Anus, Elsevier (Elsevier Saunders), page 130,
At the level of the sacral promontory, an areolar tissue plane begins behind the superior hemorrhoidal artery (Figure 9-3A and B).

(anatomy) Characterised by areolae (intercellular spaces).


ramification

en-noun

ramification (countable and uncountable, plural ramifications)

/ɹæmɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌɹæməfəˈkeɪʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ramification.wav

From Middle French ramification, or its source, Medieval Latin rāmificātiō.

The character of trees may be studied to advantage […] in winter, when the forms of the ramification can be seen in the naked boughs […]

1829, Lincoln Phelps, Familiar Lectures on Botany, page 179:

From the left chamber or ventricle of the strong muscular mass, the heart, a large tube arises, called the aorta; and by a continued division or ramification, opens a way for the bright scarlet blood to the very minutest part of the living frame […]

1856, Neil Arnott, Isaac Hayes, Elements of Physics, pages 414–5:

[…]we may be sure that Becky and Briggs looked out those august names in the Peerage, and followed the noble races up through all the ramifications of the family tree.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter XLVIII, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

“You live in a different world to me, Mr. Overton—a sweeter and healthier one. My ramifications stretch out into many sections of society, but never, I am happy to say, into amateur sport, which is the best and soundest thing in England.[…]

1904 August, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter”, in The Return of Sherlock Holmes, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., published February 1905, →OCLC:

Quite unexpectedly an idea popped into Tarzan's head. In following out the many ramifications of the dictionary definition of God he had come upon the word create—“to cause to come into existence; to form out of nothing.”

1919, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “The God of Tarzan”, in Jungle Tales of Tarzan, pages 92–93:

(botany, anatomy, also figurative) A branching-out, the act or result of developing branches; specifically the divergence of the stem and limbs of a plant into smaller ones, or of similar developments in blood vessels, anatomical structures etc.


digestive tract

digestive tract (plural digestive tracts)

(anatomy) A system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.

消化道

a system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food


gastrointestinal tract

gastrointestinal tract (plural gastrointestinal tracts)

(anatomy) The digestive tract of any of many animals, including humans, that have stomach(s) and intestine(s).


fillet

From Middle English filet, vylette, felet, filette, flette, from Old French filet, diminutive of fil (“thread”), from Latin fīlum (“thread”).

(anatomy) A fascia; a band of fibres; applied especially to certain bands of white matter in the brain.


shoulder

shoulders (plural)
shouder (alternative dialectal)

From Middle English schuldre, sholder, shulder, schulder, from Old English sculdra, sculdor (“shoulder”), from Proto-West Germanic *skuldru (“shoulder”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *skelduz (“shield”), see shield. Cognate with Old Frisian skuldere (“shoulder”) (West Frisian skouder (“shoulder”)), Middle Low German scholder (“shoulder”), Low German Schuller, Schulder (“shoulder”), Dutch schouder (“shoulder”), German Schulter (“shoulder”).

inh

you can't put an old head on young shoulders

The part of an animal's body between the base of the neck and forearm socket.

(anatomy) The joint between the arm and the torso, sometimes including the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments.


CV

Abbreviation
* (anime, Japanimation): From Japanese CV (CV), from English character+voice
* (aircraft carrier): Initialism of cruiser (“croiseur”) + French voler (“to fly”).

initialism

CV angle

(anatomy, medicine) Initialism of costovertebral.


podium

Borrowed from Latin podium, from Ancient Greek πόδιον (pódion, “base”), a diminutive of πούς (poús, “foot”). Doublet of pew.


caul

cauls (plural)
call (alternative)
cawl (alternative)

From Middle English calle, kelle, kalle, kolle (“caul, net, basket”), from Old English cāwl, cāul, cēawl, cēaul (“basket, container, net, sieve”), of uncertain origin. Reinforced by Old French cale (“close-fitting cap”), possibly a borrowing of the Old English term above, or alternatively related to Old French calotte (“headdress”), from Italian callotta, from Latin calautica (“type of female headdress which fell down over the shoulders”), itself of unknown origin. Cognate with Scots kell (“caul”).

ncog

(anatomy, obsolete except in specific senses) A membrane.