project

en-verb

project (third-person singular simple present projects, present participle projecting, simple past and past participle projected)

projects (present singular third-person)
projecting (participle present)
projected (participle past)
projected (past)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkt/

From Latin prōiectus, perfect passive participle of prōiciō (“throw forth, extend; expel”).

(neuroanatomy) (of a neuron or group of neurons) to have axon(s) extending to and therefore able to influence a remote location


olive

From Middle English olyve, from Old French olive (“olive, olive tree”), from Latin olīva (“olive”), from Etruscan *𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (*eleiva) or Proto-Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *loiwom (compare Old Church Slavonic лои (loi, “tallow”), Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”)). Doublet of oliva. Displaced native Old English eleberġe, literally "oil berry."

(neuroanatomy) An olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata.


nucleus

Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.

coin

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion, cluster of many neuronal bodies where synapsing occurs.

nukleus

neuroanatomy: cluster of many neuronal bodies


pyramid

en-noun

pyramid (countable and uncountable, plural pyramids)

From French pyramide, from Old French piramide, from Latin pȳramis, pȳramidis, from Ancient Greek πῡραμίς (pūramís), possibly from πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”) + ἀμάω (amáō, “reap”) or from Egyptian pr-m-ws (“height of a pyramid”), from pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”). Schenkel and K. Lang proposed hypothetical Coptic *ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲙ (*piram) or *ⲫⲣⲁⲙ (*phram) derived from Egyptian mr via metathesis as a source of πῡραμίς (pūramís) while Schenkel also suggested it being the source of Arabic هرم although the latter is considered far-fetched by Takacs.

der

(neuroanatomy) A medullary pyramid, the medial-most bumps on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata


insula

From Latin insula (“island”). Doublet of isle.

All mammals have insulas that read their body condition, Dr. Craig said.

2007 February 6, Sandra Blakeslee, “A Small Part of the Brain, and Its Profound Effects”, in New York Times:

The insula registers our physical gut feelings, including the sensation of a distended stomach and other inner states like nausea, warmth, a full bladder, and a pounding heart.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 608:

(neuroanatomy) A structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus.

aivosaari

a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus


pons

Borrowed from Latin pōns (“bridge”). Doublet of Pontus.

(neuroanatomy) A band of nerve fibres, from the Latin term pōns Varoliī, within the brain stem.


bulb

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós)bor.
Latin bulbusder.
English bulb
Inherited from Middle English bulb, bolbe, from Latin bulbus (“bulb, onion”), from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

der

not the brightest bulb in the chandelier

medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata#English

(dated, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.


reflex arc

(neuroanatomy, neurophysiology) The neural pathway that mediates a reflex.


hippocampus

en-noun

hippocampus (plural hippocampi or hippocampuses)

hippocampi (plural)
hippocampuses (plural)

From Late Latin hippocampus, from Ancient Greek ἱππόκαμπος (hippókampos, from ῐ̔́ππος (híppos, “horse”) + κάμπος (kámpos, “sea-monster”)). The anatomy sense is so named from its resemblance to the seahorse.

der

The hippocampus is central to the laying down of memories.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 63:

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) A part of the brain located inside the temporal lobe, consisting mainly of grey matter. It is a component of the limbic system and plays a role in memory and emotion.


limbic

From French limbique, from Latin limbus (“edge, border”).

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the limbic system.


amygdala

en-noun

amygdala (plural amygdalas or amygdalae)

Because of its shape, from Latin amygdala (“almond”), from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē, “almond”). Doublet of almond, amygdale, and mandorla.

doublet

Cognitive scientists distinguish between normal risk-assessment decisions, which activate the reward-prediction regions of the brain, and decisions made amid extreme uncertainty, which generate activity in the amygdala.

2009 February 12, David Brooks, “The Worst-Case Scenario”, in New York Times:

medial temporal lobe
medial temporal lobe

(neuroanatomy) Each one of the two regions of the brain, located as a pair in the medial temporal lobe, believed to play a key role in processing emotions, such as fear and pleasure, in both animals and humans.


SN

en-noun

SN (countable and uncountable, plural SNs)

substantia nigra
substantia nigra#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of substantia nigra.


ventral

From French ventral, from Latin ventrālis, from venter (“belly, abdomen”).

(neuroanatomy) On the lower side of the brain.


grey matter

(neuroanatomy) A collection of cell bodies and (usually) dendritic connections, in contrast to white matter.


ventral tegmentum

ventral tegmentum (canonical)
ventral tegmental area (canonical)

(neuroanatomy) A part of the midbrain, close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus, that contains dopamine and serotonin.

(neuroanatomy) The part of the mesencephalon that projects to the nucleus accumbens via the mesolimbic pathway and to the cortex via the mesocortical pathway


ventricle

From late Middle English, from Latin ventriculus (“the belly”), diminutive of venter (“the belly”). Doublet of ventriculus.

Meronyms: fourth ventricle, lateral ventricle, third ventricle

the ventricle of memory

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

(anatomy, zootomy) Any small cavity within a body; a hollow part or organ, especially:

(neuroanatomy) One of four fluid-filled cavities in the brain, that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.


ganglion

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γᾰγγλῐ́ον (ganglíon, “encysted tumour on a tendon or aponeurosis”).

bor

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

[T]he wonderfully diversified instincts, mental powers, and affections of ants are generally known, yet their cerebral ganglia are not so large as the quarter of a small pin's head.

1871, Charles Darwin, “On the Manner of Development of Man from some Lower Form”, in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. […], volume I, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Part I (On the Descent of Man), page 145:

An encapsulated collection of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.

gangli

collection of nerve cell bodies outside the brain

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

central nervous system
central nervous system

Any of certain masses of gray matter in the central nervous system, as the basal ganglia.


centripetal

From New Latin centripetālis coined by Sir Isaac Newton, from Latin centrum (“center”) + petō (“to seek, aim”) + -al. Analysable as centri- + -petal.

(neuroanatomy, of a nerve impulse) Directed towards the central nervous system; afferent.

կենտրոնաձիգ

directed towards the central nervous system


hypothalamus

en-noun

hypothalamus (plural hypothalami or hypothalamuses)

hypothalami (plural)
hypothalamuses (plural)

To avoid catastrophe, the brain has its trusty control centre, the hypothalamus, which tells the body to cool itself by sweating or to warm itself by shivering.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 217:

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) A region of the forebrain located below the thalamus, forming the basal portion of the diencephalon, and functioning to regulate body temperature, some metabolic processes and governing the autonomic nervous system.

hipotalamusi

a region of the brain, below the thalamus


CNS

central nervous system
central nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of central nervous system.


STN

STN (countable and uncountable, plural STNs)

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of subthalamic nucleus.


sympathetic

en-adj

sympathetic (comparative more sympathetic, superlative most sympathetic)

more sympathetic (comparative)
most sympathetic (superlative)

Mid 17th century in the sense “relating to an affinity or paranormal influence”, from Latin sympathēticus. By surface analysis, sympathy + -etic (“pertaining to”); compare pathetic. Displaced native Old English efnþrōwiende.

съчувствен

of, related to, showing, or characterized by sympathy

симпатичен

of a person: attracting the liking of others

Sympathetic innervation involves epinephrine.

It was suggested that adrenaline might act at the junction of sympathetic nerves and the effector organs, and that adrenaline might be released at sympathetic nerve endings.

1967, Leslie L. Iversen, The Uptake and Storage of Noradrenaline in Sympathetic Nerves, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 23:

(neuroanatomy, neurology, relational) Relating to or denoting the part of the autonomic nervous system consisting of nerves arising from ganglia near the middle part of the spinal cord, supplying the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands, and balancing the action of the parasympathetic nerves.

交感的

relating to part of the autonomic nervous system


pineal gland

From pineal + gland, from its pine-cone shape.

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A small, pinecone-shaped endocrine gland found near the centre of the brain that produces melatonin.


cerebrum

Inherited from Middle English cerebrum, from Latin cerebrum (“a brain; a skull”); see there for more.

Holonym: forebrain

(neuroanatomy) The principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, which is located in the front area of the skull and divided into two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure. In humans it is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for the integration of complex sensory functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity, and the higher mental functions such as consciousness, thought, reason, emotion, and memory.


central nervous system

en-noun

central nervous system (plural central nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) In vertebrates, that part of the nervous system comprising the brain, brainstem and spinal cord.


autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system (plural autonomic nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) In humans and other vertebrates, the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, intestines and glands. These activities include digestion, respiration, perspiration, metabolism, and the modulation of blood pressure.


peripheral nervous system

peripheral nervous system (plural peripheral nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) The part of the nervous system which is not the central nervous system.


autonomic

(neuroanatomy, neurology) Pertaining to the autonomic nervous system.

autonomiczny

pertaining to the autonomic nervous system


cranial nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the twelve paired nerves that originate from the brainstem or base of the brain instead of the spinal cord.


vagus nerve

Partial translation of New Latin nervus vagus (“wandering nerve”).

der

(neuroanatomy) Either of the tenth pair of cranial nerves which extend from the medulla oblongata down into the abdomen. Branches of these important nerves supply the tongue, larynx, lungs, gut, and heart.


vagus

Borrowing from Latin vagus (“wandering, rambling, strolling”).


cerebellum

en-noun

cerebellum (plural cerebellums or cerebella)

Learned borrowing from Latin cerebellum, diminutive of cerebrum.

Holonym: hindbrain

Although the cerebellum occupies just 10 per cent of the cranial cavity, it has more than half the brain’s neurons.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan, page 61:

(neuroanatomy) Part of the hindbrain in vertebrates. In humans it lies between the brainstem and the back of the cerebrum and is formed of two lateral lobes and a median lobe. It plays an important role in sensory perception, motor output, balance and posture.


sensory

sensory neurons

(neuroanatomy) Conveying nerve impulses from the sense organs to the nerve centers.


cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex (plural cerebral cortices or cerebral cortexes)

cerebral cortices (plural)
cerebral cortexes (plural)

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 200:

(neuroanatomy) The grey, folded, outermost layer of the cerebrum that is responsible for higher brain processes such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory.


thalamus

From Latin thalamus, from Ancient Greek θάλαμος (thálamos, “an inner chamber, a bedroom, a bed”).

der

Holonym: diencephalon

(neuroanatomy) Either of two large, ovoid structures of grey matter within the forebrain that relay sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.


PFC

To quote George W. Bush, within the frontal cortex, it's the PFC that is “the decider.”

2017, Robert Sapolsky, chapter 2, in Behave, Penguin, →ISBN:

prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of prefrontal cortex.


midbrain

When the instinctive and subconscious world of the snake is confronted in initiation, the vital force of the snake rises and floods the second brain, the midbrain, the limbic ring.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 226:

(neuroanatomy) A part of the brain located rostral to the pons and caudal to the thalamus and the basal ganglia, composed of the tectum (dorsal portion) and the tegmentum (ventral portion).


peripheral

en-adj

peripheral (comparative more peripheral, superlative most peripheral)

more peripheral (comparative)
most peripheral (superlative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Ancient Greek περί (perí)
Ancient Greek περῐ- (peri-)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Hellenic *pʰérō
Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō)
Ancient Greek περιφέρω (periphérō)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *-ēs
Ancient Greek -ης (-ēs)
Ancient Greek περιφερής (peripherḗs)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.
Ancient Greek -ια (-ia)
Ancient Greek περιφέρεια (periphéreia)bor.
Latin peripheriabor.
Middle French peripheriebor.
English periphery
Latin -ālisbor.
Old French -albor.
Latin -ālis
Old French -elbor.
Latin -ālisbor.
Middle English -al
English -al
English peripheral
From peripher(y) + -al.

etymon

We have isolated the gene encoding the Schwann cell glycoprotein P0, the major structural protein of the peripheral myelin sheath.

1988 March 1, “Isolation and analysis of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein zero”, in Neuron, →DOI, page 73:

peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system

(neuroanatomy) Related to or located in the peripheral nervous system.


nucleus accumbens

(neuroanatomy) A dopaminergic nucleus found near the most anterior portion of the caudate nucleus.


globus pallidus

From Latin globus pallidus (“pale body”).

(neuroanatomy) The inner part of the lenticular nucleus of the brain.


lateral geniculate nucleus

(neuroanatomy) The nucleus of the thalamus which receives input from the optic tract.


periaqueductal gray

en-noun

periaqueductal gray (plural not attested)

Shortening of periaqueductal gray matter.

The periaqueductal gray contains circuits that control the sensorimotor components of rage.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 601:

(neuroanatomy) The region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain, playing an important role in analgesia.


cerebral aqueduct

cerebral aqueduct (plural cerebral aqueducts)

(neuroanatomy) The channel in the brain which connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. It is surrounded by the periaqueductal gray.


tegmentum

tegmentum (plural tegmentums or tegmenta)

(neuroanatomy) The ventral portion of the midbrain, divided from the tectum by the cerebral aqueduct and the periaqueductal grey

ventral tegmental area
ventral tegmental area

(neuroanatomy) Containing the following nuclei: red nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area


white matter

(neuroanatomy) A region of the central nervous system containing myelinated nerve fibres and no dendrites.


tectum

From Latin tēctum (“roof”), from tegō (“I cover”), cognate with Ancient Greek τέγος (tégos, “roof; any covered room of a house”). Doublet of tect.

(neuroanatomy) The dorsal portion of the midbrain of vertebrates; in mammals, containing the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus


medulla

medulla (plural medullas or medullae or medullæ)

medullas (plural)
medullae (plural)
medullæ (plural)

Borrowed from Latin medulla (“pith, marrow”), perhaps from medius (“middle”).

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.


rhombencephalon

rhombencephalon (plural rhombencephalons or rhombencephala)

rhombencephalons (plural)
rhombencephala (plural)


temporal lobe

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) One of the four major divisions of the cerebrum of the brain, located behind the temples.


cuneus

Borrowed from Latin cuneus. Doublet of coign and coin.

(neuroanatomy) A portion of the occipital lobe of the human brain, involved in visual processing.


commissure

/ˈkɑm.əˌʃʊɹ/

From Latin commissura (“a joining or connecting together”), from commissus (passive perfect participle of committo (“I join, I connect”)) + -ura.

af

passive perfect participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">committo</i> (“I join, I connect”)

(neuroanatomy) A band of nerve tissue connecting the hemispheres of the brain, the two sides of the spinal cord, etc.


medulla oblongata

/məˈdʌlə ˌɒblɒŋˈɡɑːtə/

[məˈdʌlə ˌɔb.lɔŋˈɡɑːtə]

/məˈdulə ˌɑblɑŋˈɡɑtə/

[məˈdʉɫə ˌɑb.ɫɑŋˈɡɑɾə]

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The lower portion of the brainstem.


myelin

en-noun

myelin (countable and uncountable, plural myelins)

From myelo- + -in.
From Ancient Greek μυελός (muelós, “marrow”).

As the result of prolonged action of water upon myelin, bird's-nests-cells are also said to be produced, and we are certain we have seen, as the result of such prolonged action of water, the appearances thus compared.

1868 January, Edmund Montgomery, “On the Formation of so-called Cells in Animal Bodies”, in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, page 203:

This gene controls the production of an insulating sleeve that wraps around neurons. Known as myelin, it is crucial for long-range communication in the brain.

2018 December 13, Carl Zimmer, “Narrower Skulls, Oblong Brains: How Neanderthal DNA Still Shapes Us”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(neuroanatomy) A white, fatty material, composed of lipids and lipoproteins, that surrounds the axons of nerves.


parasympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system (plural parasympathetic nervous systems)

parasympathetic nervous systems (plural)

(neuroanatomy) One of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system, based between the brain and the spinal cord, that slows the heart and relaxes muscles.

副交感神経系

ふくこうかんしんけいけい


cingulate gyrus

cingulate gyrus (plural cingulate gyri or cingulate gyruses)

cingulate gyri (plural)
cingulate gyruses (plural)

(neuroanatomy) A section of the cerebral cortex, belonging to the fornicate gyrus, which arches over the corpus callosum.


fornix

Borrowing from Latin fornix (“an arch, vault”).

(anatomy) An archlike or vaulted structure or fold:

(neuroanatomy) A triangular area of white matter in the mammalian brain beneath the corpus callosum and between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.


corpus callosum

corpus callosum (plural corpora callosa)

(neuroanatomy) In placental mammals, a broad band of nerve fibres that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.


uncus

parahippocampal gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus

uncus gyri parahippocampalis
uncus gyri parahippocampalis

(neuroanatomy) Specifically, the hooked end of the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe; also called the uncinate gyrus or uncus gyri parahippocampalis.


central sulcus

(neuroanatomy) A fissure in the cerebral cortex of primates; it separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe


sympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system (plural sympathetic nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) The part of the autonomic nervous system that raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and dilates the pupils when under stress.


ventral tegmental area

ventral tegmental area (plural ventral tegmental areas)


striatum

(neuroanatomy) The caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus considered as a single structure.


neocortex

neocortex (plural neocortices or neocortexes)

neocortices (plural)
neocortexes (plural)

(neuroanatomy) The top layer of the cerebral hemispheres in the brain of mammals; part of the cerebral cortex.


limbic system

orbitofrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex

(neuroanatomy) Part of the human brain involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional association with memory; includes amygdala, cingulate gyrus, fornicate gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, mammillary body, nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus.


cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid (countable and uncountable, plural cerebrospinal fluids)

interthalamic adhesion
interthalamic adhesion

(neuroanatomy) A bodily fluid filling the third ventricle and surrounding the interthalamic adhesion.


Broca's area

Broca discovered the brainʼs speech centre in the frontal lobe — the first time that anyone had connected an area of the brain to a specific action. The speech centre is still called Brocaʼs area.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 89:

(neuroanatomy) An area of the frontal lobe of the brain associated with the control of speech.


depressor

depressor (plural depressors or (muscle) depressores)

depressors (plural)
depressores (plural)

(neuroanatomy, physiology) A nerve or nerve fiber that decreases the activity or the tone of the organ or the part it innervates, such as lowering the blood pressure.


habenula

Borrowed from Latin habenula, diminutive of habena.

(neuroanatomy) A circumscript mass of cells in the caudal and dorsal aspect of the dorsal thalamus.


brain stem

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and the rest of the forebrain.

جِذْع الدِمَاغ

part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and cerebrum


myelin sheath

(neuroanatomy) An envelope of myelin that surrounds nerve fibres.


parasympathetic

From para- (“beside, adjacent to”) + sympathetic, because some of these nerves run alongside sympathetic nerves.

prefix

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

(neuroanatomy, neurology, relational) Of or relating to the part of the autonomic nervous system that inhibits or opposes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. It consists of nerves arising from the brain and the lower end of the spinal cord and supplying the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands.


subarachnoid space

en-noun

subarachnoid space (plural subarachnoid spaces)

(neuroanatomy) The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, through which the cerebrospinal fluid circulates and major blood vessels pass, and across which extend delicate trabeculae of connective tissue.


arachnoid

Mid 18th century borrowing from New Latin arachnoīdēs, from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρᾰχνοειδής (arakhnoeidḗs, “like a cobweb”), from ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (arákhnē, “spider web”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-oid, -like”). By surface analysis, arachn- + -oid.

der

ᾰ̓ρᾰχνοειδής

af

/əˈɹæk.nɔɪd/

(neuroanatomy) Ellipsis of arachnoid mater..


optic nerve

(neuroanatomy) Each of the second pair of cranial nerves that carry visual information from the retina to the brain.


diencephalon

en-noun

diencephalon (plural diencephalons or diencephala)

diencephalons (plural)
diencephala (plural)

From New Latin diencephalon, from di-, prevocalic form of dia- + encephalon.

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The region of the human brain, specifically the human forebrain, that includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus, the prethalamus or subthalamus, and the pretectum.


forebrain

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the brain, including the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.


encephalon

encephalon (plural encephalons or encephala)

[ɪnˈsɛfəɫn̩]

[ɪnˈsɛfəɫɑn]

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos, “within the head”), from ἐν (en, “in”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”).

lbor

Meronyms: prosencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon; mesencephalon; rhombencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

(neuroanatomy, especially embryologic neuroanatomy) The area of central nervous system that includes all higher nervous centers, enclosed within the skull and continuous with the spinal cord; synonym of brain.


trigeminocerebellar

(neuroanatomy) Of, pertaining to or connecting the trigeminal nerve and the cerebral cortex


hindbrain

(neuroanatomy) The posterior part of the brain, comprising the cerebellum, pons and medulla, the rhombencephalon


neurite

(neuroanatomy) Any projection from the body of a neuron; either a dendrite or an axon

neuriet

any projection from the body of a neuron


ANS

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of autonomic nervous system.


telencephalon

en-noun

telencephalon (plural telencephalons or telencephala)

telencephalons (plural)
telencephala (plural)

From tele-, prevocalic form of teleo- + encephalon.

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the forebrain; the endbrain.


sciatic nerve

His right hand detoured to cover his left shoulder and I kicked him in his mid right thigh, finding, it appeared, his sciatic nerve.

2022, Percival Everett, Dr. No, Influx Press (2023), page 142:

(neuroanatomy) A large nerve that starts in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb.


facial nerve

(neuroanatomy) The seventh (VII) of twelve paired cranial nerves that supply motor fibers especially to the muscles of the face and jaw and sensory and parasympathetic fibers to the tongue, palate, and fauces.


prosencephalon

prosencephalon (plural prosencephalons or prosencephala)

prosencephalons (plural)
prosencephala (plural)

From proso- + encephalon. proso- is from Ancient Greek πρόσω (prósō).

Holonym: encephalon


vegetative nervous system

vegetative nervous system (plural vegetative nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) The autonomic nervous system.


cerebral hemisphere

cerebral hemisphere (plural cerebral hemispheres)

(neuroanatomy) One of the two regions of the brain that are delineated by the body's median plane.


fifth cranial nerve

fifth cranial nerve (plural fifth cranial nerves)


trigeminal nerve

trigeminal nerve (plural trigeminal nerves)

Meronyms: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve

(neuroanatomy) Each of the fifth and largest pair of cranial nerves responsible for sensation and motor function in the face and mouth.


trigeminal

From Latin trigeminus (“threefold, triple, triform”) + -al, equivalent to tri- + geminal.

af

trigeminal nerve
trigeminal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Ellipsis of trigeminal nerve..


motor neuron

(neuroanatomy) A neuron located in the central nervous system that projects its axon outside the CNS and directly or indirectly control muscles.


claustrum

Unadapted borrowing from Latin claustrum (“a bolt, bar”). Doublet of cloister.

ubor

For quotations using this term, see Citations:claustrum.

(neuroanatomy) A thin, irregular sheet of grey matter underneath the inner part of the neocortex on both sides of the brains of mammals; its exact function is not understood, but it is believed to facilitate coordination between senses


metencephalon

en-noun

metencephalon (plural metencephalons or metencephala)

metencephalons (plural)
metencephala (plural)

(neuroanatomy) The portion of the embryonic rhombencephalon from which the pons and cerebellum arise.


epithalamus

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon; it includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body.


cingulum

/ˈsɪŋɡjələm/

Borrowed from Latin cingulum (“girdle”), from cingō (“to gird”).

(neuroanatomy) A collection of white matter fibers projecting from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the brain, allowing for communication between components of the limbic system.


pontine

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the pons in the brain stem.


nodulus

Borrowed from Latin nōdulus. Doublet of nodule.

(neuroanatomy) The part of the vestibulocerebellum that is at the end of the vermis


cingulate cortex

cingulate cortex (plural cingulate cortexes)

(neuroanatomy) The medial part of the cortex, between the corpus callosum to the cingulate sulcus


anterior cingulate cortex

anterior cingulate cortex (plural anterior cingulate cortices)

(neuroanatomy) The frontal part of the cingulate cortex

προζωστρίς

the frontal part of the cingulate cortex


monosynaptic

(neuroanatomy) Having, or involving a single synapse


putamen

For calculation of D2 BP, bilateral caudate and putamen ROIs were defined anatomically.

2009 February 6, Fiona McNab et al., “Changes in Cortical Dopamine D1 Receptor Binding Associated with Cognitive Training”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 800–802:

[M]ultilingual speakers have a greater density of grey matter in the area involved in articulation and phonological processes, namely the left putamen.

2019, Albert Costa, translated by John W. Schwieter, The Bilingual Brain, Penguin, published 2021, page 92:

(neuroanatomy) A round structure located at the base of the forebrain, regulating movement and learning.


glossopharyngeal

glossopharyngeal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Ellipsis of glossopharyngeal nerve..


mesolimbic

“The mesocortical, mesolimbic, and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways are what the call the reward pathways, all right? They’re the ones that activate when we’re expecting or receiving a reward.”

2020, Yaa Gyasi, Transcendent Kingdom, Viking (2021), page 154:

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the middle part of the limbic system.

mesolímbico

relating to the middle part of the limbic system


corpus striatum

corpus striatum (plural corpora striata)

(neuroanatomy) The striated mass of white and grey matter in front of the thalamus on each side of the brain


pretectum

(neuroanatomy) A region of neurons between the thalamus and the midbrain.


alveus

Borrowed from Latin alveus (“a hollow, cavity; the channel or bed of a river”).

bor

(neuroanatomy) A thin layer of medullary nerve fibers on the ventricular surface of the hippocampus.


subpallium

The pallium (and especially the archipallium) are more sensitive to the absence of olfactory morphogenetic influences than the subpallium.

1976, P. Clairambault, “33: Development of the Prosencephalon”, in R. Llinás, W. Precht, editors, Frog Neurobiology, Springer, page 941:

2017, C. Watson, A. Mitchelle, L. Puelles, 2.02: A New Mammalian Brain Ontology Based on Developmental Gene Expression, Georg F. Striedter (volume editor), Jon H. Kaas (editor-in-chief), Evolution of Nervous Systems, Volume 1, 2nd Edition, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 60,
The pallium is initially separated from the subpallium on account of its differential molecular identity, which causes pallial neurons to the glutamatergic as a rule, whereas subpallial neurons are GABAergic in various peptidergic flavors, depending on the precise origins (Stühmer et al.,2002).

Channeling of TCAs^([thalamocortical axons]) into the subpallium also relies on early axonal projections between the prethalamus and the subpallium (Feng et al., 2016).

2020, Franck Bielle, Sonia Garel, “20: Neuronal migration of guidepost cells”, in Bin Chen, Kenneth Y. Kwan, editors, Cellular Migration and Formation of Axons and Dendrites, 2nd edition, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 445:

(anatomy, neuroanatomy, biology, neurobiology) A layer of the cerebrum below the pallium.


oculomotor nerve

en-noun

oculomotor nerve (plural oculomotor nerves)

(neuroanatomy) The third of twelve paired cranial nerves, which controls most of the eye's movements and constriction of the pupil and maintains an open eyelid.

動眼神經

the third of twelve paired cranial nerves


UBC

unipolar brush cell
w:unipolar brush cell

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of unipolar brush cell.


abducens nerve

From New Latin nervus abdūcēns (“nerve leading away”).

der

(neuroanatomy) Each of the sixth pair of cranial nerves that are the motor nerves supplying the lateral rectus in the eye.


basal ganglion

(neuroanatomy) Any of a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem.


prefrontal cortex

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the mammalian brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.

aivokuoren etuosa

the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain


myelencephalon

(neuroanatomy) The portion of the brain composed of the medulla oblongata.


endbrain

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the forebrain; the telencephalon.


tuberoinfundibular

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the tuberal and infundibular regions of the brain.


trochlear nerve

en-noun

trochlear nerve (plural trochlear nerves)

superior oblique muscle
superior oblique muscle

(neuroanatomy) Each of the fourth pair of cranial nerves that innervate the superior oblique muscle of the eye with motor fibers.


optic chiasm

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross.


minicolumn

(neuroanatomy) A vertical column of neurons through the cortical layers of the brain.


trochlear

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the trochlear nerve.


trochlear

The two trochlears decussate in the anterior medullary velum.

1949, Herbert Eugene Walter, Leonard Perkins Sayles, Biology of the Vertebrates: A Comparative Study of Man and His Animal Allies, page 741:

At 90° of flexion, the patella enters the condylar fossa, where the contact areas are on both the lateral and medial trochlears of the femur.

2014, Joanne K. Singleton, Robert V. DiGregorio, Carol Green-Hernandez, Primary Care, Second Edition: An Interprofessional Perspective, →ISBN, page 593:

Using three-dimensional printing, they replaced the native trochlear in four cadaveric knees with dysplastic trochlears and then subjected them to squat simulation, open chain extension, and a patella stability test.

2017, W. Norman Scott, Insall & Scott Surgery of the Knee, 6th edition, →ISBN, page 917:

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A trochlear muscle or nerve.


amygdalar

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the amygdala


trigeminus

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from Latin trigeminus (“threefold, triple, triform”), clipping of nervus trigeminus (“triple nerve”).

clipping

(neuroanatomy) Alternative form of trigeminal nerve.


tuber cinereum

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The part of the hypothalamus to which the pituitary gland is attached


SNS

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of sympathetic nervous system.


sylvian fissure

en-noun

sylvian fissure (plural sylvian fissures)

(neuroanatomy) A fissure in the brain which divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below.


accessory nerve

accessory nerve (plural accessory nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of a pair of motor nerves that are the 11th cranial nerve of higher vertebrates, arise from the medulla oblongata and the upper part of the spinal cord, controlling the pharynx and the muscles of the upper chest, back and shoulders.


mesocephalon

(neuroanatomy, archaic) The pons; pons Varolii.

(neuroanatomy, archaic) The mesencephalon


aqueductal

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the cerebral aqueduct.


SMA

SMA (countable and uncountable, plural SMAs)

To simplify a bit, once having decided, the PFC passes the decision on to the rest of the frontal cortex, which passes it to the premotor cortex, then to the SMA and, a few steps later, on to your muscles.

2023, Robert M. Sapolsky, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

supplementary motor area
supplementary motor area#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of supplementary motor area.


metathalamus

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus.


olfactory nerve

olfactory nerve (plural olfactory nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of the first of twelve paired cranial nerves which arise in the olfactory neurosensory cells of the nasal mucous membrane and carries information of the sense of smell from the nasal cavity to the brain.


DRN

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of dorsal raphe nucleus.


VTA

ventral tegmental area
ventral tegmental area#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of ventral tegmental area.


Meckel's ganglion

Meckel's ganglion (plural Meckel's ganglia)

Named after German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel (1781–1833).

named-after

pterygopalatine ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of pterygopalatine ganglion.


smell-brain

This system is a fairly old part of the brain and one that humans share with many other vertebrates; in reptiles, it is known as the rhinencephalon, or “smell-brain,” because it reacts primarily to signals of odor.

1992, Sandra Ackerman, Discovering the Brain:

(neuroanatomy) The part of the brain involved with smelling.


caudate nucleus

(neuroanatomy) a nucleus within each hemisphere of the brain, sitting astride the thalamus and located near the center of the brain.


granule cell

(neuroanatomy) Any of several unrelated types of small neurons in various parts of the brain which have very small cell bodies.

顆粒細胞

any of several unrelated types of small neurons


'tweenbrain

Deep within the brain is a biologically ancient section called the diencephalon or tweenbrain.

The brainstem constituents include the medulla oblongata, pons varolii, midbrain, and tweenbrain.

2007, Robb S. Rehberg, Sports Emergency Care: A Team Approach:

(neuroanatomy) The region of the human brain, specifically the human forebrain, that includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus, the prethalamus or subthalamus, and the pretectum.


end-foot

(neuroanatomy) the enlarged end of a nerve fiber that terminates adjacent to the dendrite of another nerve cell; a terminal button.


LGN

lateral geniculate nucleus
lateral geniculate nucleus#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of lateral geniculate nucleus.


periaqueduct

Abdominal surgery increased c-Fos in the prelimbic, cingulate and insular cortexes, and autonomic nuclei, such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, hypothalamic supraoptic (SON), paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-W), lateral periaqueduct gray (PAG), lateral parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).

2015 October 1, “Patterns of Brain Activation and Meal Reduction Induced by Abdominal Surgery in Mice and Modulation by Rikkunshito”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(neuroanatomy) The area surrounding the cerebral aqueduct


corona radiata

en-noun

corona radiata (plural coronae radiatae)

(neuroanatomy) A group of radiating white matter tracts originating from the internal capsule.

放射冠

radiating white matter tracts from the internal capsule


glossopharyngeal nerve

glossopharyngeal nerve (plural glossopharyngeal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of the ninth pair of cranial nerves which are mixed nerves that exit the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla oblongata, carry afferent sensory and efferent motor information, and supply the pharynx, posterior tongue, and parotid gland.


arcuate fasciculus

arcuate fasciculus (plural arcuate fasciculi)

A partially Anglicised borrowing of the New Latin fasciculus arcuātus.

(neuroanatomy) A bundle of axons that forms part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus.


Heschl's gyrus

Named after Austrian anatomist Richard L. Heschl (1824–1881).

The study by Penagos et al. (2004) concluded that only lateral Heschl's gyrus was sensitive to changes in pitch salience, supporting the notion that a pitch center exists in this region of auditory cortex.

2010, David R. Moore, Paul Albert Fuchs, Adrian Rees, The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: The Auditory Brain, →ISBN:

In a study conducted with Spanish-Catalan bilinguals […] it was observed that the volume of the left Heschl's gyrus was greater than in monolingual speakers, both for grey and white matter.

2019, Albert Costa, translated by John W. Schwieter, The Bilingual Brain, Penguin, published 2021, page 93:

(neuroanatomy) A convolution of the cortex found in the lateral sulcus on the temporal lobe, and which is the first cortical structure to process incoming auditory information.


cochlear nerve

Coordinate term: vestibular nerve

(neuroanatomy) A nerve that arises in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea and carries auditory sensory information from the organ of Corti directly to the brain.


rhomboid fossa

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A rhombus-shaped depression that is the anterior part of the fourth ventricle of the brain


vestibulocochlear nerve

vestibulocochlear nerve (plural vestibulocochlear nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Each of the eighth pair of cranial nerves, transmitting sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the organs of hearing and balance in the inner ear to the brain.

前庭耳蜗神经

qiántíng ěrwō shénjīng, (Taiwan) qiántíng ěrguā shénjīng


hypoglossal nerve

hypoglossal nerve (plural hypoglossal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of the 12th and final pair of cranial nerves which are motor nerves arising from the medulla oblongata and supplying muscles of the tongue in higher vertebrates.


PSNS

parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of parasympathetic nervous system.


PRR

parietal reach region
w:parietal reach region

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of parietal reach region.


pathetic nerve

(archaic, neuroanatomy) The trochlear nerve.


geniculate ganglion

geniculate ganglion (plural geniculate ganglions)

(neuroanatomy) A small reddish ganglion consisting of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells located at the sharp backward angle of the facial nerve.


hypoglossus

Borrowed from New Latin hypoglōssus, clipping of nervus hypoglōssus (“hypoglossal nerve”).

clipping

hypoglossal nerve
hypoglossal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Alternative form of hypoglossal nerve.


frontolimbic

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the front of the limbic system


metacoel

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The caudal part of the fourth ventricle of the brain.


PAG

periaqueductal gray
periaqueductal gray#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of periaqueductal gray.


supplementary motor area

en-noun

supplementary motor area (plural supplementary motor areas)

primary motor cortex
primary motor cortex

(neuroanatomy) A part of the primate cerebral cortex that contributes to the control of movement, located on the midline surface of the brain hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex leg representation.


sensory neuron

(neuroanatomy) A neuron that transmits nerve impulses from a sense organ towards the central nervous system.


mesencephalic aqueduct

mesencephalic aqueduct (plural mesencephalic aqueducts)

cerebral aqueduct
cerebral aqueduct#English


insulostriatal

(neuroanatomy) insular and striatal: relating to the brain's insula and striatum, especially their connectivity, both normal and abnormal.


autonomic ganglion

autonomic ganglion (plural autonomic ganglia)

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) A cluster of nerve cell bodies (a ganglion) in the autonomic nervous system.


dorsal root

(neuroanatomy) The one of the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes dorsally to the spinal cord and consists of sensory fibers


spinal ganglion

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve.


dorsal root ganglion

dorsal root ganglion (plural dorsal root ganglia)


spinal nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the 31 paired nerves that originate from the spinal cord.


longitudinal fissure

longitudinal fissure (plural longitudinal fissures)

(neuroanatomy) A fissure in the cerebral cortex of primates; it separates the two hemispheres


gyrus rectus

longitudinal fissure
longitudinal fissure

(neuroanatomy) a gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain, adjacent to the longitudinal fissure


somatodentritic

(neuroanatomy) Alternative form of somatodendritic


third ventricle

third ventricle (plural third ventricles)

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) One of the four connected ventricles of the mammalian brain


fourth ventricle

fourth ventricle (plural fourth ventricles)

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) One of the four ventricles of the human brain


superior olivary complex

superior olivary complex (plural superior olivary complexes)

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) A collection of brainstem nuclei involved in hearing.


ansa cervicalis

ansa cervicalis (plural ansae cervicales)

Borrowed from New Latin ānsa cervīcālis (“neck handle”).

bor

(neuroanatomy) A nerve loop from the upper cervical nerves that accompanies the hypoglossal nerve and innervates the infrahyoid muscles.


auriculotemporal nerve

en-noun

auriculotemporal nerve (plural auriculotemporal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) The branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the skin of the external ear and temporal region and autonomic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland.


chorda tympani

chorda tympani (plural chordae tympanorum)

Borrowed from New Latin chorda tympanī (“cord of the tympanum”).

bor

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the facial nerve that traverses the middle ear cavity and the infratemporal fossa and supplies autonomic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular glands and sensory fibers to the anterior part of the tongue.


ciliary ganglion

en-noun

ciliary ganglion (plural ciliary ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) A small autonomic ganglion on the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve receiving preganglionic fibers from the oculomotor nerve and sending postganglionic fibers to the ciliary muscle and to the iris sphincter.


cervical plexus

cervical plexus (plural cervical plexuses)

(neuroanatomy) A plexus formed by the anterior divisions of the four upper cervical nerves.


inferior alveolar nerve

inferior alveolar nerve (plural inferior alveolar nerves)

Coordinate term: superior alveolar nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the mandibular nerve that passes through the mandibular canal to the mental foramen giving off various branches along the way to the teeth of the lower jaw and finally to the skin of the chin and the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.


alveolar nerve

Meronyms: superior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the nerves supplying the dental alveoli.


superior alveolar nerve

superior alveolar nerve (plural superior alveolar nerves)

Meronyms: anterior superior alveolar nerve, middle superior alveolar nerve

Coordinate term: inferior alveolar nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the branches of the maxillary nerve or of the infraorbital nerve that supply the teeth and gums of the upper jaw.


lesser petrosal nerve

lesser petrosal nerve (plural lesser petrosal nerves)

glossopharyngeal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

(neuroanatomy) The continuation of the tympanic nerve beyond the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve that passes into the cranial cavity through the petrous part of the temporal bone and out again to terminate in the otic ganglion which it supplies with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.


petrosal nerve

Meronyms: deep petrosal nerve, greater petrosal nerve, lesser petrosal nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of several small nerves passing through foramina in the petrous portion of the temporal bone.


greater petrosal nerve

greater petrosal nerve (plural greater petrosal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) A mixed nerve that contains mostly sensory and some parasympathetic fibers, arises in the geniculate ganglion, joins with the deep petrosal nerve at the entrance of the pterygoid canal to form the Vidian nerve, and as part of this nerve sends sensory fibers to the soft palate with some to the Eustachian tube and sends parasympathetic fibers forming the motor root of the pterygopalatine ganglion.


deep petrosal nerve

deep petrosal nerve (plural deep petrosal nerves)

greater petrosal nerve
greater petrosal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A sympathetic nerve that originates in the carotid plexus, passes through the cartilage of the Eustachian tube, joins with the greater petrosal nerve at the entrance of the pterygoid canal to form the Vidian nerve, and as part of this nerve passes through the pterygopalatine ganglion without forming synapses to be distributed to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and palate.


deep temporal nerve

deep temporal nerve (plural deep temporal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Either of two motor branches of the mandibular nerve on each side of the body that are distributed to the temporalis.


inferior laryngeal nerve

inferior laryngeal nerve (plural inferior laryngeal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Any of the terminal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

recurrent laryngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of recurrent laryngeal nerve.


laryngeal nerve

laryngeal nerve (plural laryngeal nerves)

Meronyms: superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve

(neuroanatomy) Either of two branches of the vagus nerve supplying the larynx.


superior laryngeal nerve

superior laryngeal nerve (plural superior laryngeal nerves)

Meronyms: external laryngeal nerve, internal laryngeal nerve

Coordinate term: recurrent laryngeal nerve

(neuroanatomy) One of two branches of the vagus nerve that arises from the ganglion of the vagus situated below the jugular foramen in front of the transverse processes of the first two cervical vertebrae and that passes down the neck to supply the cricothyroid muscle.


recurrent laryngeal nerve

recurrent laryngeal nerve (plural recurrent laryngeal nerves)

(neuroanatomy) One of two branches of the vagus nerve that arises below the larynx, loops under the subclavian artery on the right side and under the arch of the aorta on the left, and returns upward to the larynx to supply all the muscles of the thyroid except the cricothyroid muscle.


nasal nerve

nasociliary nerve
nasociliary nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of nasociliary nerve.


lacrimal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A small branch of the ophthalmic nerve that enters the lacrimal gland with the lacrimal artery and supplies the lacrimal gland and the adjacent conjunctiva and the skin of the upper eyelid.


frontal nerve

Meronyms: supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplying the forehead, scalp, and adjoining parts.


nasociliary nerve

nasociliary nerve (plural nasociliary nerves)

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the ophthalmic nerve distributed in part to the ciliary ganglion and in part to the mucous membrane and skin of the nose.


ophthalmic nerve

ophthalmic nerve (plural ophthalmic nerves)

Meronyms: frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, nasociliary nerve

(neuroanatomy) One of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supply sensory fibers to the lacrimal gland, eyelids, ciliary muscle, nose, forehead, and adjoining parts.


occipital nerve

occipital nerve (plural occipital nerves)

Meronyms: greater occipital nerve, lesser occipital nerve

(neuroanatomy) Either of two nerves that arise mostly from the second cervical nerve.


lesser occipital nerve

lesser occipital nerve (plural lesser occipital nerves)

Coordinate term: greater occipital nerve

(neuroanatomy) A nerve arising from the second cervical nerve or from the loop between the second and third cervical nerves and innervating the scalp especially in the lateral area of the head behind the ear.


pterygopalatine ganglion

pterygopalatine ganglion (plural pterygopalatine ganglia)

pterygopalatine fossa
pterygopalatine fossa

(neuroanatomy) An autonomic ganglion of the maxillary nerve that is situated in the pterygopalatine fossa and that receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve and sends postganglionic fibers to the nasal mucosa, palate, pharynx, and orbit.


greater occipital nerve

greater occipital nerve (plural greater occipital nerves)

Coordinate term: lesser occipital nerve

(neuroanatomy) The medial branch of the second cervical nerve that innervates the scalp at the top of the head.


palatine nerve

Meronyms: greater palatine nerve, lesser palatine nerve

pterygopalatine ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion

(neuroanatomy) Any of several nerves arising from the pterygopalatine ganglion and supplying the roof of the mouth, parts of the nose, and adjoining parts.


cervical nerve

(neuroanatomy) One of the spinal nerves of the cervical region of which there are eight on each side in most mammals including humans.


stellate ganglion

stellate ganglion (plural stellate ganglia)

inferior cervical ganglion
inferior cervical ganglion

(neuroanatomy) A composite ganglion formed by fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic chain of a vertebrate animal.


lumbar ganglion

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) Any of the small ganglia of the lumbar part of the sympathetic nervous system.


thoracic ganglion

thoracic ganglion (plural thoracic ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) Any of the ganglia of the sympathetic chain in the thoracic region that occur in 12 or fewer pairs.


infraorbital nerve

infraorbital nerve (plural infraorbital nerves)

Coordinate term: zygomatic nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the maxillary nerve that divides into branches distributed to the skin of the upper part of the cheek, the upper lip, and the lower eyelid.


cervical ganglion

cervical ganglion (plural cervical ganglia)

Meronyms: superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, inferior cervical ganglion

(neuroanatomy) Any of three sympathetic ganglia on each side of the neck.


inferior cervical ganglion

inferior cervical ganglion (plural inferior cervical ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion that is located between the base of the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra and the fifth rib and is usually partly or completely fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form the stellate ganglion.


superior cervical ganglion

superior cervical ganglion (plural superior cervical ganglia)

internal carotid artery
internal carotid artery

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion at the top of the sympathetic chain that lies between the internal carotid artery and the second and third cervical vertebrae and that sends postganglionic fibers to the heart, larynx, and pharynx, and to the head.


middle cervical ganglion

middle cervical ganglion (plural middle cervical ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion at the level of the cricoid cartilage that is the smallest of the cervical ganglia, that varies in its presence or absence, size, form, and position, and that sends fibers to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves.


zygomatic nerve

zygomatic nerve (plural zygomatic nerves)

Meronyms: zygomaticofacial nerve, zygomaticotemporal nerve

Coordinate term: infraorbital nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the maxillary nerve that divides into a facial branch supplying the skin of the prominent part of the cheek and a temporal branch supplying the skin of the anterior temporal region.


maxillary nerve

maxillary nerve (plural maxillary nerves)

(neuroanatomy) The one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the skin areas of the middle part of the face, the upper jaw and its teeth, and the mucous membranes of the palate, nasal cavities, and nasopharynx.


pterygoid nerve

pterygoid nerve (plural pterygoid nerves)

Meronyms: lateral pterygoid nerve, medial pterygoid nerve

(neuroanatomy) Either of two branches of the mandibular nerve.


lingual nerve

(neuroanatomy, zootomy) A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior two thirds of the tongue and the floor of the mouth and responds to stimuli of pressure, touch, and temperature.


lateral pterygoid nerve

lateral pterygoid nerve (plural lateral pterygoid nerves)

lateral pterygoid muscle
lateral pterygoid muscle

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the mandibular nerve that is distributed to the lateral pterygoid muscle.


mandibular nerve

mandibular nerve (plural mandibular nerves)

(neuroanatomy) The one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and the lower teeth and supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication.


internal carotid plexus

internal carotid plexus (plural internal carotid plexuses)

(neuroanatomy) A network of nerves of the sympathetic nervous system surrounding the internal carotid artery.


medial pterygoid nerve

medial pterygoid nerve (plural medial pterygoid nerves)

medial pterygoid muscle
medial pterygoid muscle

tensor veli palatini
tensor veli palatini

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the mandibular nerve that is distributed to the medial pterygoid muscle, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini.


short ciliary nerve

short ciliary nerve (plural short ciliary nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Any of 6 to 10 delicate nerve filaments of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and general sensory function that arise in the ciliary ganglion and innervate the smooth muscles and tunics of the eye.


long ciliary nerve

long ciliary nerve (plural long ciliary nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Any of two or three nerves that are given off by the nasociliary nerve as it crosses the optic nerve, pass through the posterior part of the sclera, and run forward between the sclera and the choroid to be distributed to the iris and cornea.


mental nerve

inferior alveolar nerve
inferior alveolar nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the inferior alveolar nerve that emerges from the bone of the mandible near the mental protuberance and divides into branches which are distributed to the skin of the chin and to the skin and mucous membranes of the lower lip.


nasopalatine nerve

nasopalatine nerve (plural nasopalatine nerves)

sphenopalatine foramen
sphenopalatine foramen

(neuroanatomy) A parasympathetic and sensory nerve that arises in the pterygopalatine ganglion, passes through the sphenopalatine foramen, across the roof of the nasal cavity to the nasal septum, and obliquely downward to and through the incisive canal, and innervates especially the glands and mucosa of the nasal septum and the anterior part of the hard palate.


nerve of the pterygoid canal

nerve of the pterygoid canal (plural nerves of the pterygoid canals)

(neuroanatomy) A nerve formed by the union of the greater petrosal and the deep petrosal nerves that passes forward through the pterygoid canal in the sphenoid bone and joins the pterygopalatine ganglion.


Vidian nerve

nerve of the pterygoid canal
nerve of the pterygoid canal#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of nerve of the pterygoid canal.


intermediate nerve

intermediate nerve (plural intermediate nerves)

nervus intermedius
nervus intermedius#English

(neuroanatomy) Direct translation form of nervus intermedius.


nerve of Wrisberg

nerve of Wrisberg (plural nerves of Wrisberg)

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of nervus intermedius.

(neuroanatomy) A small nerve of the upper arm arising from the brachial plexus and distributed especially to the skin of the medial side.


nervus intermedius

nervus intermedius (plural nervi intermedii)

Borrowed from New Latin nervus intermedius (“intermediate nerve”).

bor

(neuroanatomy) The branch of the facial nerve that contains sensory and parasympathetic fibers and that supplies the anterior tongue and parts of the palate and fauces.


glossopalatine nerve

en-noun

glossopalatine nerve (plural glossopalatine nerves)


pharyngeal plexus

pharyngeal plexus (plural pharyngeal plexuses)

(neuroanatomy) A plexus formed by branches of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and sympathetic nerves supplying the muscles and mucous membrane of the pharynx and adjoining parts.


ciliary nerve

Meronyms: long ciliary nerve, short ciliary nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the nerves supplying the iris, ciliary body, cornea, and adjacent parts.

睫狀神經

nerve supplying iris, ciliary body, and cornea


spiral ganglion

(neuroanatomy) A mass of bipolar cell bodies occurring in the modiolus of the organ of Corti and giving off axons which comprise the cochlear nerve.

螺旋神經節

mass of bipolar cell bodies in the Corti organ


submandibular ganglion

submandibular ganglion (plural submandibular ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) An autonomic ganglion that is situated on the hyoglossus muscle above the deep part of the submandibular gland, receives preganglionic fibers from the facial nerve by way of the chorda tympani, and sends postganglionic fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands.

下颌下神经节

xiàhéxià shénjīngjié, (Taiwan) xiàgéxià shénjīngjié

颌下神经节

héxià shénjīngjié, (Taiwan) géxià shénjīngjié


supraclavicular nerve

supraclavicular nerve (plural supraclavicular nerves)

(neuroanatomy) Any of three nerves that are descending branches of the cervical plexus arising from the third and fourth cervical nerves and that supply the skin over the upper chest and shoulder.


supratrochlear nerve

supratrochlear nerve (plural supratrochlear nerves)

Coordinate term: supraorbital nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the frontal nerve supplying the skin of the forehead and the upper eyelid.


supraorbital nerve

supraorbital nerve (plural supraorbital nerves)

Coordinate term: supratrochlear nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the frontal nerve supplying the forehead, scalp, cranial periosteum, and adjacent parts.

眶上神经

kuàngshàng shénjīng, (Taiwan) kuāngshàng shénjīng


fifth nerve

trigeminal nerve
trigeminal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of trigeminal nerve.


sensory root

(neuroanatomy) A nerve root containing only sensory fibers.


gasserian ganglion

gasserian ganglion (plural gasserian ganglia)

trigeminal ganglion
trigeminal ganglion#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of trigeminal ganglion.


trigeminal ganglion

trigeminal ganglion (plural trigeminal ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) A large flattened sensory root ganglion of the trigeminal nerve that lies within the skull and behind the orbit.


semilunar ganglion

semilunar ganglion (plural semilunar ganglia)


petrosal ganglion

petrosal ganglion (plural petrosal ganglia)

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of inferior ganglion.


Jacobson nerve

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of tympanic nerve.


carotid plexus

carotid plexus (plural carotid plexuses or carotid plexus)

carotid plexuses (plural)
carotid plexus (plural)

internal carotid plexus
internal carotid plexus#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of internal carotid plexus.


inferior ganglion

inferior ganglion (plural inferior ganglia)

glossopharyngeal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

(neuroanatomy) The lower and larger of the two sensory ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

(neuroanatomy) The lower of the two ganglia of the vagus nerve that forms a swelling just beyond the exit of the nerve from the jugular foramen.


tympanic plexus

tympanic plexus (plural tympanic plexuses or tympanic plexus)

tympanic plexuses (plural)
tympanic plexus (plural)

lesser petrosal nerve
lesser petrosal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A nerve plexus of the middle ear that is formed by the tympanic nerve and two or three filaments from the carotid plexus, sends fibers to the mucous membranes of the middle ear, the eustachian tube, and the mastoid cells, and gives off the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion.


tympanic nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve arising from the petrosal ganglion and entering the middle ear where it takes part in forming the tympanic plexus.


otic ganglion

auriculotemporal nerve
auriculotemporal nerve

(neuroanatomy, zootomy) A small parasympathetic ganglion that is associated with the mandibular nerve, situated near the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone, receives preganglionic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve by way of the lesser petrosal nerve, and sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland by way of the auriculotemporal nerve.


tenth cranial nerve

tenth cranial nerve (plural tenth cranial nerves)


pneumogastric nerve

pneumogastric nerve (plural pneumogastric nerves)


eighth nerve

vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of vestibulocochlear nerve.


eighth cranial nerve

eighth cranial nerve (plural eighth cranial nerves)


vestibular nerve

vestibular nerve (plural vestibular nerves)

Coordinate term: cochlear nerve

vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that consists of bipolar neurons with cell bodies collected in the vestibular ganglion, with peripheral processes passing to the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule, and with central processes passing to the vestibular nuclei of the medulla oblongata.


vestibular nucleus

vestibular nucleus (plural vestibular nuclei)

Meronyms: inferior vestibular nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus, superior vestibular nucleus

(neuroanatomy) Any of four nuclei in the medulla oblongata on each side of the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain in which fibers of the vestibular nerve terminate.


vestibular ganglion

vestibular ganglion (plural vestibular ganglia)

internal auditory canal
internal auditory canal

(neuroanatomy) A sensory ganglion in the trunk of the vestibular nerve in the internal auditory canal that contains cell bodies supplying nerve fibers comprising the vestibular nerve.


zygomaticotemporal nerve

zygomaticotemporal nerve (plural zygomaticotemporal nerves)

Coordinate term: zygomaticofacial nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the zygomatic nerve that supplies the skin of the anterior temporal region.


zygomaticofacial nerve

zygomaticofacial nerve (plural zygomaticofacial nerves)

Coordinate term: zygomaticotemporal nerve

(neuroanatomy) A branch of the zygomatic nerve that supplies the skin of the prominent part of the cheek.


central canal

(neuroanatomy) A minute canal running through the gray matter of the whole length of the spinal cord and continuous anteriorly with the ventricles of the brain.

中央管

canal through the gray matter of the spinal cord


angular gyrus

(neuroanatomy) A region of the brain, lying mainly in the anterolateral region of the parietal lobe, involved in transferring visual information to Wernicke's area and in various linguistic, cognitive, and other functions.


raphe pallidus

FIGURE 4. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion induced by microinjection of the stable TRH analog, RX 77368, into the raphe pallidus in urethane-anesthetized rats.

1991, Yvette Taché, David L. Wingate, Brain-Gut Interactions, CRC Press, page 175:

The raphe pallidus is located medial and ventral to the inferior olivary nuclear complex.

2013, Ken W. S. Ashwell, “5: Peripheral nervous system, spinal cord, brainstem and cerebellum”, in Ken Ashwell, editor, Neurobiology of Monotremes, CSIRO Publishing, page 91:

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) One of a cluster of nuclei (the raphe nuclei) found in the brain stem.


lentiform nucleus

lentiform nucleus (plural lentiform nuclei or lentiform nucleuses)

lentiform nuclei (plural)
lentiform nucleuses (plural)


lenticular nucleus

lenticular nucleus (plural lenticular nuclei or lenticular nucleuses)

lenticular nuclei (plural)
lenticular nucleuses (plural)

(neuroanatomy) Either one of two parts —one on each hemisphere— of the basal ganglia, which is roughly lens-shaped and having two parts which would correspond to two sides of a biconvex lens: the putamen and the globus pallidus (which face outboard and inboard, as it were, respectively).


dorsal striatum

dorsal striatum (plural dorsal striatums)

(neuroanatomy) The backward part of the corpus striatum. It consists (in each hemisphere) of the lenticular nucleus and the caudate nucleus; these are adjacent to each other (at one end of the latter, with the rest of the latter also curving around the former).


interthalamic adhesion

interthalamic adhesion (plural interthalamic adhesions)

(neuroanatomy) A sort of bridge connecting the pair of thalami. It is quite short since the thalami are quite close to each other (and to the median plane between them).


ventral striatum

ventral striatum (plural ventral striatums or ventral striata)

ventral striatums (plural)
ventral striata (plural)

(neuroanatomy) The forward part of the corpus striatum, made up of four separate parts, two per hemisphere: the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle.


HIPP

(neuroanatomy) Abbreviation of hippocampus.


NAcc

nucleus accumbens
nucleus accumbens#English

(neuroanatomy) Acronym of nucleus accumbens.


mesolimbic pathway

mesolimbic pathway (plural mesolimbic pathways)

ventral tegmental area
ventral tegmental area

(neuroanatomy) A collection of dopaminergic neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the ventral striatum.


reward system

(neuroanatomy) A group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience, associative learning, and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).


posterior cingulate cortex

posterior cingulate cortex (plural posterior cingulate cortices)

(neuroanatomy) The hind part of the cingulate cortex: it controls mind-wandering and rumination.


orbitofrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex (countable and uncountable, plural orbitofrontal cortices or orbitofrontal cortexes)

orbitofrontal cortices (plural)
orbitofrontal cortexes (plural)

(neuroanatomy) A prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive process of decision making.