See stonify in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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"2": ":af",
"3": "stone",
"4": "-ify",
"text": "+",
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *steh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *steyh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *stoyh₂nos\nProto-Germanic *stainaz\nProto-West Germanic *stain\nOld English stān\nMiddle English ston\nEnglish stone\nLatin -i-\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.\nProto-Italic *-fakāō\nLatin -ficō\nLatin -ificāreder.\nOld French -ifierbor.\nMiddle English -ifien\nEnglish -ify\nEnglish stonify\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*stainaz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*stain\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"stān\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"ston\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"stone\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"-ificāre\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-i-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"connecting vowel\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"-ify\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"do\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dʰeh₁-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-fakāō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ficō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ificō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ifier\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ifien\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ify\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"stonify\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"stonify\">\nFrom stone + -ify.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *steh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *steyh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *stoyh₂nos\nProto-Germanic *stainaz\nProto-West Germanic *stain\nOld English stān\nMiddle English ston\nEnglish stone\nLatin -i-\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.\nProto-Italic *-fakāō\nLatin -ficō\nLatin -ificāreder.\nOld French -ifierbor.\nMiddle English -ifien\nEnglish -ify\nEnglish stonify\nFrom stone + -ify.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stonifies",
"tags": [
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"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stonifying",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonified",
"tags": [
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"past"
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},
{
"form": "stonified",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stonify (third-person singular simple present stonifies, present participle stonifying, simple past and past participle stonified)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "stone"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "stonily"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "freeze"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 36 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To petrify (as a mineral, to harden)."
],
"id": "en-stonify-en-verb-EMbJI8zm",
"links": [
[
"petrify",
"petrify"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) To petrify (as a mineral, to harden)."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 43 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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"parents": [],
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{
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"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 54 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ify",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 48 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "18 63 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 67 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 57 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stone, to turn to stone; to cause (something or someone) to become stone, to turn (something) to stone."
],
"id": "en-stonify-en-verb-GEbkP645",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone#Noun"
],
[
"stone",
"stone#Noun"
],
[
"cause",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"stone",
"stone#Noun"
],
[
"stone",
"stone#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive, dated) To become stone, to turn to stone; to cause (something or someone) to become stone, to turn (something) to stone."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive",
"dated"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 36 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To immobilize."
],
"id": "en-stonify-en-verb-1ec2dh~m",
"links": [
[
"immobilize",
"immobilize"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To immobilize."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"word": "stonify"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English links with manual fragments",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steyh₂-",
"English terms suffixed with -ify",
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"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "stone",
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"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *steh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *steyh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *stoyh₂nos\nProto-Germanic *stainaz\nProto-West Germanic *stain\nOld English stān\nMiddle English ston\nEnglish stone\nLatin -i-\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.\nProto-Italic *-fakāō\nLatin -ficō\nLatin -ificāreder.\nOld French -ifierbor.\nMiddle English -ifien\nEnglish -ify\nEnglish stonify\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*stainaz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*stain\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"stān\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"ston\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"stone\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"-ificāre\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-i-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"connecting vowel\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"-ify\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"do\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dʰeh₁-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-fakāō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ficō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ificō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ifier\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ifien\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ify\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"stonify\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"stonify\">\nFrom stone + -ify.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *steh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *steyh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *stoyh₂nos\nProto-Germanic *stainaz\nProto-West Germanic *stain\nOld English stān\nMiddle English ston\nEnglish stone\nLatin -i-\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.\nProto-Italic *-fakāō\nLatin -ficō\nLatin -ificāreder.\nOld French -ifierbor.\nMiddle English -ifien\nEnglish -ify\nEnglish stonify\nFrom stone + -ify.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stonifies",
"tags": [
"present",
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"third-person"
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},
{
"form": "stonifying",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "stonified",
"tags": [
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{
"form": "stonified",
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}
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"name": "en-verb"
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
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"word": "stone"
},
{
"word": "stonily"
},
{
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "freeze"
}
],
"senses": [
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"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To petrify (as a mineral, to harden)."
],
"links": [
[
"petrify",
"petrify"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) To petrify (as a mineral, to harden)."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English dated terms",
"English intransitive verbs",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To become stone, to turn to stone; to cause (something or someone) to become stone, to turn (something) to stone."
],
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[
"stone",
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],
[
"stone",
"stone#Noun"
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"cause#Verb"
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[
"stone",
"stone#Noun"
],
[
"stone",
"stone#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive, dated) To become stone, to turn to stone; to cause (something or someone) to become stone, to turn (something) to stone."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive",
"dated"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To immobilize."
],
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[
"immobilize",
"immobilize"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To immobilize."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"word": "stonify"
}
Download raw JSONL data for stonify meaning in English (5.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (e79dea5 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.