See bronzer in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bronzer"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*brundium",
"Reconstruction:Latin/brundium"
],
[
"brandisium",
"brandisium#Latin"
],
[
"bronzo",
"bronzo#Italian"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#French"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
],
[
"*-os",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os#Proto-Indo-European:_athematic"
],
[
"*-yós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-āsios",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-āsios#Proto-Italic:_adjective"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_adjective"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_agent_noun"
],
[
"*-ārijaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz#Proto-Germanic:_noun"
],
[
"*-ārī",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ārī#Proto-West_Germanic:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Old_English:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Middle_English:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_agent_noun"
],
[
"-ier",
"-ier#Old_French:_nouns"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Middle_English:_agentive"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_agent_noun"
],
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_agent_noun"
],
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "bronze<t:to tan skin>",
"4": "-er<pos:agent noun suffix><id:agent noun>",
"id": "cosmetic",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*brundium\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"brandisium\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"bronzo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"bronze\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bronze\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"nom.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Nominalization of\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-āsijos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-eh₂s(i)yós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-eh₂so-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-so-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"athematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-o-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : 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], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ārijaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ārī\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agentive\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":nom\", \"3\" : \"-ārius<id:adjective>\", \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"title\" : \"-ārius\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ier\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"en\", \"pos\" : \"agent noun suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bronzer\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"cosmetic\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"bronzer\" id=\"English:_cosmetic\">\nFrom bronze (“to tan skin”) + -er (agent noun suffix).",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "bronze<t:to tan skin>",
"4": "['-er<pos:', <LINK(['agent noun']){} >, ' suffix><id:agent noun>']",
"id": "cosmetic",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\nFrom bronze (“to tan skin”) + -er (agent noun suffix).",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\nFrom bronze (“to tan skin”) + -er (agent noun suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bronzers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bronzer (plural bronzers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 65",
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"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cosmetics",
"orig": "en:Cosmetics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "spray tan"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
8
]
],
"ref": "1981, Mario Badescu, Mario Badescu's Skin Care Program for Men:",
"text": "Bronzers, you see, contain alcohol, which can't help but be drying to the skin.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
56,
64
]
],
"ref": "1984, Toni Stabile, Everything you want to know about cosmetics:",
"text": "Some men were turning up with their faces covered with \"bronzers\" that made them look jaundiced, mottled terra cotta, or muddy brown.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
26
]
],
"ref": "2025 January 20, Jess Cartner-Morley, “Brimful of menace? Melania strikes sombre note at Trump inauguration”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
"text": "With his signature bronzer, Trump seems to be aiming for a weathered ruggedness, perhaps. He is playing the macho cowboy who just rode into town.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A cosmetic product intended to give the skin a temporary bronzed colour resembling a suntan."
],
"id": "en-bronzer-en-noun-Q4Iy4g7s",
"links": [
[
"cosmetic",
"cosmetic"
],
[
"suntan",
"suntan"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"word": "verbronser"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bronzer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "autobronzant"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Selbstbräuner"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "donnaitheoir"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "bronzer"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bronzeador"
}
]
}
],
"word": "bronzer"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*brundium",
"Reconstruction:Latin/brundium"
],
[
"brandisium",
"brandisium#Latin"
],
[
"bronzo",
"bronzo#Italian"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#French"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"*-yōs",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs"
],
[
"*-izô",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-izô"
],
[
"*-iʀō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-iʀō"
],
[
"*-ōzô",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōzô"
],
[
"*-ōʀō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ōʀō"
],
[
"-ra",
"-ra#Old_English:_comparative"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Middle_English:_comparative"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "bronze",
"4": "-er<pos:comparative suffix><id:comparative>",
"id": "comparative",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Germanic *-izô\nProto-West Germanic *-iʀō\nProto-Germanic *-ōzô\nProto-West Germanic *-ōʀō\nOld English -ra\nMiddle English -ere\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*brundium\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"brandisium\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"bronzo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"bronze\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bronze\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"id\" : \"comparative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"comparative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"comparative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yōs\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-izô\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-iʀō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōzô\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōʀō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ra\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"en\", \"pos\" : \"comparative suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bronzer\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"comparative\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"bronzer\" id=\"English:_comparative\">\nFrom bronze + -er (comparative suffix).",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "bronze",
"4": "-er<pos:comparative suffix><id:comparative>",
"id": "comparative",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Germanic *-izô\nProto-West Germanic *-iʀō\nProto-Germanic *-ōzô\nProto-West Germanic *-ōʀō\nOld English -ra\nMiddle English -ere\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\nFrom bronze + -er (comparative suffix).",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Germanic *-izô\nProto-West Germanic *-iʀō\nProto-Germanic *-ōzô\nProto-West Germanic *-ōʀō\nOld English -ra\nMiddle English -ere\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\nFrom bronze + -er (comparative suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "comparative adjective"
},
"expansion": "bronzer",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "58 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -er (comparative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "more bronze",
"word": "bronze"
}
],
"glosses": [
"comparative form of bronze: more bronze"
],
"id": "en-bronzer-en-adj-8NvhBrl8",
"links": [
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) comparative form of bronze: more bronze"
],
"tags": [
"comparative",
"form-of",
"rare"
]
}
],
"word": "bronzer"
}
{
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"English countable nouns",
"English entries with etymology texts",
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"English entries with etymon",
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"English terms suffixed with -er (comparative)",
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"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Requests for pronunciation in English entries",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"en:Cosmetics"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bronzer"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*brundium",
"Reconstruction:Latin/brundium"
],
[
"brandisium",
"brandisium#Latin"
],
[
"bronzo",
"bronzo#Italian"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#French"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
],
[
"*-os",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os#Proto-Indo-European:_athematic"
],
[
"*-yós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-āsios",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-āsios#Proto-Italic:_adjective"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_adjective"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_agent_noun"
],
[
"*-ārijaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz#Proto-Germanic:_noun"
],
[
"*-ārī",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ārī#Proto-West_Germanic:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Old_English:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Middle_English:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_agent_noun"
],
[
"-ier",
"-ier#Old_French:_nouns"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Middle_English:_agentive"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_agent_noun"
],
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_agent_noun"
],
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "bronze<t:to tan skin>",
"4": "-er<pos:agent noun suffix><id:agent noun>",
"id": "cosmetic",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*brundium\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"brandisium\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"bronzo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"bronze\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bronze\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"nom.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Nominalization of\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-āsijos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-eh₂s(i)yós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-eh₂so-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-so-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"athematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-o-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āsios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"nominalization\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ārijaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ārī\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agentive\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":nom\", \"3\" : \"-ārius<id:adjective>\", \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"title\" : \"-ārius\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ier\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"en\", \"pos\" : \"agent noun suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bronzer\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"cosmetic\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"bronzer\" id=\"English:_cosmetic\">\nFrom bronze (“to tan skin”) + -er (agent noun suffix).",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "bronze<t:to tan skin>",
"4": "['-er<pos:', <LINK(['agent noun']){} >, ' suffix><id:agent noun>']",
"id": "cosmetic",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\nFrom bronze (“to tan skin”) + -er (agent noun suffix).",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\nFrom bronze (“to tan skin”) + -er (agent noun suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bronzers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bronzer (plural bronzers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "spray tan"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
8
]
],
"ref": "1981, Mario Badescu, Mario Badescu's Skin Care Program for Men:",
"text": "Bronzers, you see, contain alcohol, which can't help but be drying to the skin.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
56,
64
]
],
"ref": "1984, Toni Stabile, Everything you want to know about cosmetics:",
"text": "Some men were turning up with their faces covered with \"bronzers\" that made them look jaundiced, mottled terra cotta, or muddy brown.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
26
]
],
"ref": "2025 January 20, Jess Cartner-Morley, “Brimful of menace? Melania strikes sombre note at Trump inauguration”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
"text": "With his signature bronzer, Trump seems to be aiming for a weathered ruggedness, perhaps. He is playing the macho cowboy who just rode into town.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A cosmetic product intended to give the skin a temporary bronzed colour resembling a suntan."
],
"links": [
[
"cosmetic",
"cosmetic"
],
[
"suntan",
"suntan"
]
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"word": "verbronser"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bronzer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "autobronzant"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Selbstbräuner"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "donnaitheoir"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "bronzer"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "cosmetic product",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bronzeador"
}
],
"word": "bronzer"
}
{
"categories": [
"English comparative adjectives",
"English entries with etymology texts",
"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English terms suffixed with -er (comparative)",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Requests for pronunciation in English entries",
"en:Cosmetics"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*brundium",
"Reconstruction:Latin/brundium"
],
[
"brandisium",
"brandisium#Latin"
],
[
"bronzo",
"bronzo#Italian"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#French"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"*-yōs",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs"
],
[
"*-izô",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-izô"
],
[
"*-iʀō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-iʀō"
],
[
"*-ōzô",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōzô"
],
[
"*-ōʀō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ōʀō"
],
[
"-ra",
"-ra#Old_English:_comparative"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Middle_English:_comparative"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "bronze",
"4": "-er<pos:comparative suffix><id:comparative>",
"id": "comparative",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Germanic *-izô\nProto-West Germanic *-iʀō\nProto-Germanic *-ōzô\nProto-West Germanic *-ōʀō\nOld English -ra\nMiddle English -ere\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*brundium\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"brandisium\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"bronzo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"bronze\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bronze\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"id\" : \"comparative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"comparative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"comparative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yōs\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-izô\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-iʀō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōzô\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōʀō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ra\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"en\", \"pos\" : \"comparative suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bronzer\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"comparative\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"bronzer\" id=\"English:_comparative\">\nFrom bronze + -er (comparative suffix).",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "bronze",
"4": "-er<pos:comparative suffix><id:comparative>",
"id": "comparative",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Germanic *-izô\nProto-West Germanic *-iʀō\nProto-Germanic *-ōzô\nProto-West Germanic *-ōʀō\nOld English -ra\nMiddle English -ere\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\nFrom bronze + -er (comparative suffix).",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin *brundium?\nLatin brandisium?\nItalian bronzobor.\nFrench bronzebor.\nEnglish bronze\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Germanic *-izô\nProto-West Germanic *-iʀō\nProto-Germanic *-ōzô\nProto-West Germanic *-ōʀō\nOld English -ra\nMiddle English -ere\nEnglish -er\nEnglish bronzer\nFrom bronze + -er (comparative suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "comparative adjective"
},
"expansion": "bronzer",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English comparative adjectives",
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "more bronze",
"word": "bronze"
}
],
"glosses": [
"comparative form of bronze: more bronze"
],
"links": [
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
],
[
"bronze",
"bronze#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) comparative form of bronze: more bronze"
],
"tags": [
"comparative",
"form-of",
"rare"
]
}
],
"word": "bronzer"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bronzer meaning in English (17.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.