See Wigner crystal in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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"etymology_text": "Named after Hungarian-American physicist, Eugene Wigner, who predicted the crystalline state in 1934.",
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"ref": "2012, Janusz Jacak, Ryszard Gonczarek, Lucjan Jacak, Ireneus Jóźwiak, Application of Braid Groups in 2D Hall System Physics, World Scientific, page 46:",
"text": "The Wigner crystal, or the electron crystal [Wigner (1934)], corresponds to the crystallization of the electron liquid, where the size of the packet that corresponds to the particle localization is smaller than the average distance between particles.",
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"text": "2013, Yehuda B. Band, Yshai Avishai, Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Nanotechnology and Information Science, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 816,\n3D Wigner crystals have not been observed experimentally. In addition to the difficulties in achieving low density, a Wigner crystal, once created, is not stable against various perturbations."
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"ref": "2015, Wolfgang Demtröder, Laser Spectroscopy 2: Experimental Techniques, 5th edition, Springer, page 531:",
"text": "If several ions are trapped in an ion trap and are cooled by optical sideband cooling, a \"phase transition\" may occur at the temperature T#95;C where the ions arrange into a stable, spatially symmetric configuration like a crystal [1235—1238]. The distances between these ions in this Wigner crystal are about 10³-10⁴ times larger than those in an ordinary ion crystal such as NaCl. Wigner crystals of electrons, where the electrons are located at certain regular positions in an external field, were first proposed by E. Wigner in 1934.",
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"(condensed matter physics) A solid crystalline phase of electrons that forms when the electron density is sufficiently low."
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"text": "The Wigner crystal, or the electron crystal [Wigner (1934)], corresponds to the crystallization of the electron liquid, where the size of the packet that corresponds to the particle localization is smaller than the average distance between particles.",
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"text": "2013, Yehuda B. Band, Yshai Avishai, Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Nanotechnology and Information Science, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 816,\n3D Wigner crystals have not been observed experimentally. In addition to the difficulties in achieving low density, a Wigner crystal, once created, is not stable against various perturbations."
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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