"Ch'ing" meaning in English

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  "etymology_text": "From Mandarin 清 (Qīng), Wade–Giles romanization: Chʻing¹.",
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          "ref": "1969, T’ung-tsu C’hü, “Chou and Hsien Government”, in Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1:",
          "text": "In China in the Ch’ing dynasty local government was organized on the same principle at all levels. All administrative units, from the province down to the chou (department) and the hsien (district), which are the focus of our study, were designed and created by the central government which financed their budgets, appointed their officials, and directed and supervised their activities.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1972, Colin P. Mackerras, The Rise of the Peking Opera 1770-1870 (Correspondence Respecting the Disturbances in China), Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 36:",
          "text": "It is striking that the Ch'ing government should consider it necessary to place restriction on the performance of drama and to supervise it so closely. One explanation might be that some officials considered theatrical performances during religious celebrations irreverent. But this does not appear to explain the government's reserve adequately, and we should look more carefully at the restrictions and the reasons for them.",
          "type": "quote"
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        {
          "ref": "1978, Joseph Fletcher, “Ch’ing Inner Asia c. 1800”, in John K. Fairbank, editor, The Cambridge History of China, volume 10, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 94:",
          "text": "Even in easternmost Kham, adjacent to China proper, Ch’ing control was not easily maintained, especially in Chin-ch’uan (rGyal-rong), where the native Bon religion was stronger than in most parts of Tibet, and where the people spoke a Tibetan language that differed substantially from the dialects of Tibet proper.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1990 May 7, Glenn Fowler, “Wai Tan Dies at 99; ITT Executive Was From Royal Family”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-25:",
          "text": "Wai H. Tan, a retired ITT telecommunications executive in the Far East who was born into the royal family of the Ch'ing Dynasty, the last to rule China, died of heart failure Friday at his home in Corvallis, Ore. He was 99 years old.\nMr. Tan was born in Peking (now Beijing), the grandnephew of the Empress Dowager. Before the downfall of the Ch'ing Dynasty in 1911, he was sent by the Imperial Household to be educated in the United States.",
          "type": "quote"
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        {
          "ref": "1998, “Haidian”, in Saul B. Cohen, editor, The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, volume 2, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1213, column 3:",
          "text": "Over 70 significant historic sites are located in the mts., among which are numerous royal gardens and palaces of the Qing (Ch’ing) dynasty (1644-1911) such as the Fragrant Hills, Jade Spring Hills, and Summer Palace.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2002, Jacques Gernet, “The Enlightened Despots”, in A History of Chinese Civilisation, volume II, The Folio Society, →OCLC, page 508:",
          "text": "The Ch’ing also had difficulties in the Chin-ch’uan, a very mountainous region in north-western Szechwan, where the local inhabitants, whose culture was Tibetan, rebelled from 1746-9 onwards.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2003, C.J. Shane, editor, China (The History of Nations), Greenhaven Press, →ISBN, page 67:",
          "text": "In the west there was the army of the Hsiang, the literary name for Hunan, under the energetic leadership of the Hunanese Tseng Kuo-fan (1811-72), who created a navy for operations on the Yangtze, obtained the moral and material help of the Chinese upper classes and financed the war by issues of paper money and by the new internal toll on commercial traffic, the lichin, instituted by the Ch'ing in 1853.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2003, “Hsü Shih-hsien”, in Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 233:",
          "text": "Hsü Shih-hsien [Xu Shixian], 1908–83, was born in T’ai-nan city, Taiwan. Her father, Hsü Huan-ch’ang [Xu Huanchang], was a “cultivated talent” (hsiu-ts’ai) of the former Ch’ing [Qing] dynasty; her mother's name was Ch’en Fu.",
          "type": "quote"
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        {
          "ref": "2009 January 14, Ian Bartholomew, “New Year, traditional ways”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-02-08, Features, page 15:",
          "text": "As a little reminder, the National Palace Museum has set up a small exhibition entitled New Year Paintings of the Ch’ing (Qing) Capital (京華歲朝), which presents 12 works from the Qing Dynasty related in various ways to New Year celebrations.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2014, James Steinberg, Michael E. O'Hanlon, “The Determinants of Chinese Strategy”, in Strategic Reassurance and Resolve: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 36–37:",
          "text": "At its extreme, this type of narrative might justify claims coextensive with the farthest expansion of the Qing/Ch'ing era (1644 through 1911, in its totality). That could in theory include what is now Mongolia and part of Russian Manchuria although to date no Chinese leaders have suggested this as a legitimate objective. Indeed, China's recent history of resolving border disputes with Russia, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam suggests that China values amicable relations with its neighbors over preserving maximalist territorial gains.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2015, Wan-yao (周婉窈) Chou, “Han Homelands and the Immigrant Settler Society”, in Carole Plackitt, Tim Casey, transl., A New Illustrated History of Taiwan, Taipei: SMC Publishing, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 87:",
          "text": "After the Sino-French War of 1883-1885, the Ch’ing court decided to elevate Taiwan from a prefecture (fu) of Fukien Province to a province. Taiwan Province had three fu and one special prefecture (chih-li-chou).",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2020 June 27, Subramanian Swamy, “How India can overtake China in economic growth”, in The Sunday Guardian, archived from the original on 2020-06-28:",
          "text": "There was a continuing loot of India thereafter: first by the sporadic invaders who came after Ghori; then after 1526 by the Mughals who established a kingdom that lasted about three centuries in various parts of India. This enabled China (where was established the Ch’ing dynasty lasting till 1911), which was relatively free of invasions, to get ahead of India in terms of the size of the economy and in its growth of GDP.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022, “Information Guide For 2022-2023 U.S. Fulbright Grantees in Taiwan”, in Foundation for Scholarly Exchange (Fulbright Taiwan), archived from the original on 2022-12-08, page 96:",
          "text": "The Place to go for Chinese studies has a nearly complete of US doctoral dissertations on Chinese studies organizations by year of completion. Has a small collection of US masters theses and dissertations from the Netherlands, France and the UK has photo reproductions of Chinese gazetteers from the Ming and Ch’ing dynasties and reprints of newspapers from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (i.e. 申報、中央日報).",
          "type": "quote"
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      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of Qing"
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      "id": "en-Ch'ing-en-name-8qp9lZhk",
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          "Qing#English"
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        "Encyclopædia Britannica",
        "The Chicago Manual of Style",
        "University of Chicago Press"
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  "word": "Ch'ing"
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  "etymology_text": "From Mandarin 清 (Qīng), Wade–Giles romanization: Chʻing¹.",
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          "ref": "1969, T’ung-tsu C’hü, “Chou and Hsien Government”, in Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1:",
          "text": "In China in the Ch’ing dynasty local government was organized on the same principle at all levels. All administrative units, from the province down to the chou (department) and the hsien (district), which are the focus of our study, were designed and created by the central government which financed their budgets, appointed their officials, and directed and supervised their activities.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1972, Colin P. Mackerras, The Rise of the Peking Opera 1770-1870 (Correspondence Respecting the Disturbances in China), Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 36:",
          "text": "It is striking that the Ch'ing government should consider it necessary to place restriction on the performance of drama and to supervise it so closely. One explanation might be that some officials considered theatrical performances during religious celebrations irreverent. But this does not appear to explain the government's reserve adequately, and we should look more carefully at the restrictions and the reasons for them.",
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          "ref": "1978, Joseph Fletcher, “Ch’ing Inner Asia c. 1800”, in John K. Fairbank, editor, The Cambridge History of China, volume 10, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 94:",
          "text": "Even in easternmost Kham, adjacent to China proper, Ch’ing control was not easily maintained, especially in Chin-ch’uan (rGyal-rong), where the native Bon religion was stronger than in most parts of Tibet, and where the people spoke a Tibetan language that differed substantially from the dialects of Tibet proper.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1990 May 7, Glenn Fowler, “Wai Tan Dies at 99; ITT Executive Was From Royal Family”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-25:",
          "text": "Wai H. Tan, a retired ITT telecommunications executive in the Far East who was born into the royal family of the Ch'ing Dynasty, the last to rule China, died of heart failure Friday at his home in Corvallis, Ore. He was 99 years old.\nMr. Tan was born in Peking (now Beijing), the grandnephew of the Empress Dowager. Before the downfall of the Ch'ing Dynasty in 1911, he was sent by the Imperial Household to be educated in the United States.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1998, “Haidian”, in Saul B. Cohen, editor, The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, volume 2, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1213, column 3:",
          "text": "Over 70 significant historic sites are located in the mts., among which are numerous royal gardens and palaces of the Qing (Ch’ing) dynasty (1644-1911) such as the Fragrant Hills, Jade Spring Hills, and Summer Palace.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2002, Jacques Gernet, “The Enlightened Despots”, in A History of Chinese Civilisation, volume II, The Folio Society, →OCLC, page 508:",
          "text": "The Ch’ing also had difficulties in the Chin-ch’uan, a very mountainous region in north-western Szechwan, where the local inhabitants, whose culture was Tibetan, rebelled from 1746-9 onwards.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2003, C.J. Shane, editor, China (The History of Nations), Greenhaven Press, →ISBN, page 67:",
          "text": "In the west there was the army of the Hsiang, the literary name for Hunan, under the energetic leadership of the Hunanese Tseng Kuo-fan (1811-72), who created a navy for operations on the Yangtze, obtained the moral and material help of the Chinese upper classes and financed the war by issues of paper money and by the new internal toll on commercial traffic, the lichin, instituted by the Ch'ing in 1853.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2003, “Hsü Shih-hsien”, in Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 233:",
          "text": "Hsü Shih-hsien [Xu Shixian], 1908–83, was born in T’ai-nan city, Taiwan. Her father, Hsü Huan-ch’ang [Xu Huanchang], was a “cultivated talent” (hsiu-ts’ai) of the former Ch’ing [Qing] dynasty; her mother's name was Ch’en Fu.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2009 January 14, Ian Bartholomew, “New Year, traditional ways”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-02-08, Features, page 15:",
          "text": "As a little reminder, the National Palace Museum has set up a small exhibition entitled New Year Paintings of the Ch’ing (Qing) Capital (京華歲朝), which presents 12 works from the Qing Dynasty related in various ways to New Year celebrations.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2014, James Steinberg, Michael E. O'Hanlon, “The Determinants of Chinese Strategy”, in Strategic Reassurance and Resolve: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 36–37:",
          "text": "At its extreme, this type of narrative might justify claims coextensive with the farthest expansion of the Qing/Ch'ing era (1644 through 1911, in its totality). That could in theory include what is now Mongolia and part of Russian Manchuria although to date no Chinese leaders have suggested this as a legitimate objective. Indeed, China's recent history of resolving border disputes with Russia, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam suggests that China values amicable relations with its neighbors over preserving maximalist territorial gains.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2015, Wan-yao (周婉窈) Chou, “Han Homelands and the Immigrant Settler Society”, in Carole Plackitt, Tim Casey, transl., A New Illustrated History of Taiwan, Taipei: SMC Publishing, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 87:",
          "text": "After the Sino-French War of 1883-1885, the Ch’ing court decided to elevate Taiwan from a prefecture (fu) of Fukien Province to a province. Taiwan Province had three fu and one special prefecture (chih-li-chou).",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2020 June 27, Subramanian Swamy, “How India can overtake China in economic growth”, in The Sunday Guardian, archived from the original on 2020-06-28:",
          "text": "There was a continuing loot of India thereafter: first by the sporadic invaders who came after Ghori; then after 1526 by the Mughals who established a kingdom that lasted about three centuries in various parts of India. This enabled China (where was established the Ch’ing dynasty lasting till 1911), which was relatively free of invasions, to get ahead of India in terms of the size of the economy and in its growth of GDP.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022, “Information Guide For 2022-2023 U.S. Fulbright Grantees in Taiwan”, in Foundation for Scholarly Exchange (Fulbright Taiwan), archived from the original on 2022-12-08, page 96:",
          "text": "The Place to go for Chinese studies has a nearly complete of US doctoral dissertations on Chinese studies organizations by year of completion. Has a small collection of US masters theses and dissertations from the Netherlands, France and the UK has photo reproductions of Chinese gazetteers from the Ming and Ch’ing dynasties and reprints of newspapers from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (i.e. 申報、中央日報).",
          "type": "quote"
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  "word": "Ch'ing"
}