English Wiktionary data extraction errors and warnings
how/English/noun
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- 1: how/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["American Sign Language terms in nonstandard scripts", "American Sign Language terms with non-redundant manual script codes", "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations", "Eastern Min terms with redundant transliterations", "English 3-letter words", "English adverbs", "English conjunctions", "English countable nouns", "English degree adverbs", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English greetings", "English interjections", "English interrogative adverbs", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms derived from Siouan languages", "English terms derived from Wyandot", "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷ-", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English uncomparable adverbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Iraqi Arabic terms with redundant script codes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Spanish translations", "Requests for translations into Latvian", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Adyghe translations", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Albanian translations", "Terms with American Sign Language translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Antillean Creole translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Cheyenne translations", "Terms with Chichewa translations", "Terms with Chickasaw translations", "Terms with Classical Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dungan translations", "Terms with Dupaningan Agta translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Eastern Mari translations", "Terms with Eastern Min translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Egyptian translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Friulian translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Gothic translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Haitian Creole translations", "Terms with Hakka translations", "Terms with Hanunoo translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hokkien translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Hunsrik translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Interlingua translations", "Terms with Iquito translations", "Terms with Iraqi Arabic translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Isan translations", "Terms with Istriot translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Kapampangan translations", "Terms with Kashubian translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Krymchak translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Lao translations", "Terms with Latgalian translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Low German translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Luhya translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Malayalam translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maore Comorian translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Mauritian Creole translations", "Terms with Mongolian translations", "Terms with Moroccan Arabic translations", "Terms with Mòcheno translations", "Terms with Neapolitan translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Ngarrindjeri translations", "Terms with Ngazidja Comorian translations", "Terms with North Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Old Church Slavonic translations", "Terms with Old English translations", "Terms with Old Irish translations", "Terms with Pashto translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Rapa Nui translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Romansch translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sardinian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Sinhalese translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with South Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swabian translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Tatar translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Turkmen translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Venetan translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Volapük translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with White Hmong translations", "Terms with Wolof translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yucatec Maya translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zealandic translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations"], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*kʷ-"}, "expansion": "", "name": "root"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "how"}, "expansion": "Middle English how", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "hū"}, "expansion": "Old English hū", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*hwō"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hwō", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*hwō", "t": "through what, how"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hwō (“through what, how”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "hoo"}, "expansion": "Scots hoo", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "wo", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian wo (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "hoe", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "West Frisian hoe (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "hoe", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Dutch hoe (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ho"}, "expansion": "Low German ho", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "wie", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "German wie (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "sv", "2": "hur", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Swedish hur (“how”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English how, hou, hu, hwu, from Old English hū, from Proto-West Germanic *hwō, from Proto-Germanic *hwō (“through what, how”), from the same root as hwæt (“who, what”). /hw/ > /h/ due to wh-cluster reduction in Old English; compare who, which underwent this change later, and thus is spelt wh (Middle English spelling of /hw/) but pronounced /h/ (it previously had a different vowel, hence avoided the spelling and sound change in Old English). Vowel change per Great Vowel Shift.\nAkin to Scots hoo, foo (“how”), Saterland Frisian wo (“how”), West Frisian hoe (“how”), Dutch hoe (“how”), Low German ho, wo, wu (“how”), German wie (“how”), Swedish hur (“how”). See who and compare why.", "forms": [{"form": "hows", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "how's", "tags": ["plural"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "+", "2": "how's"}, "expansion": "how (plural hows or how's)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"text": "I am not interested in the why, but in the how.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1924, Joseph Rickaby, Studies on God and His Creatures, page 102:", "text": "It is an a posteriori argument, evincing the fact, but not the how.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2008 March 21, The New York Times, “Movie Guide and Film Series”, in New York Times:", "text": "A wham-bam caper flick, efficiently directed by Roger Donaldson, that fancifully revisits the mysterious whos and speculative hows of a 1971 London bank heist.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The means by which something is accomplished."], "links": [["means", "means"]]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "hou"}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["UK"]}, {"ipa": "/hæɔ/", "tags": ["General-Australian"]}, {"ipa": "/hæʊ/", "tags": ["Ireland"]}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["Canada", "US"]}, {"ipa": "/hʌʊ/", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"ipa": "[həu̯]", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"audio": "en-uk-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg/En-uk-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg"}, {"audio": "en-us-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-how.ogg/En-us-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/En-us-how.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "'ow"}], "wikipedia": ["how"], "word": "how"}
- 1: how/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English 3-letter words", "English countable nouns", "English degree adverbs", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English greetings", "English interjections", "English interrogative adverbs", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Old Norse", "English terms derived from Siouan languages", "English terms derived from Wyandot", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Italian translations"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "howe"}, "expansion": "Middle English howe", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "hōh", "t": "promontory"}, "expansion": "Old English hōh (“promontory”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "non", "3": "haugr", "t": "a how, mound"}, "expansion": "Old Norse haugr (“a how, mound”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "fro", "2": "höe", "t": "hillock, hill"}, "expansion": "Old French höe (“hillock, hill”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "gem"}, "expansion": "Germanic", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English howe, hough, hogh, partly from Old English hōh (“promontory”), and partly from Old Norse haugr (“a how, mound”). Compare Old French höe (“hillock, hill”), from the same Germanic source.", "forms": [{"form": "hows", "tags": ["plural"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "how (plural hows)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1928, Lewis Spence, Mysteries of Britain, page v. 136:", "text": "Fianlly, as regards the places in which these rites and mysteries may have been held, certain writers believe them to have been the \"Fairy Hills\" or \"howes\" in various parts of Scotland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Jennifer Westwood, Albion, published 1992, page xi. 432:", "text": "The fairy feast inside the howe (and this barrow is hill-sized) reminds one of nothing so much as a tale in the Icelandic Eyrbyggia saga, written in the mid thirteenth century.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An artificial barrow or tumulus; in later folklore, associated with fairies."], "links": [["barrow", "barrow"], ["tumulus", "tumulus"], ["fairies", "fairy"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal) An artificial barrow or tumulus; in later folklore, associated with fairies."], "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"categories": ["English dialectal terms"], "glosses": ["A small hill in northern England."], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal) A small hill in northern England."], "tags": ["dialectal"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "hou"}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["UK"]}, {"ipa": "/hæɔ/", "tags": ["General-Australian"]}, {"ipa": "/hæʊ/", "tags": ["Ireland"]}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["Canada", "US"]}, {"ipa": "/hʌʊ/", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"ipa": "[həu̯]", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"audio": "en-uk-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg/En-uk-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg"}, {"audio": "en-us-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-how.ogg/En-us-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/En-us-how.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "howe"}, {"word": "'ow"}], "wikipedia": ["how"], "word": "how"}
how/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["American Sign Language terms in nonstandard scripts", "American Sign Language terms with non-redundant manual script codes", "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations", "Eastern Min terms with redundant transliterations", "English 3-letter words", "English adverbs", "English conjunctions", "English countable nouns", "English degree adverbs", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English greetings", "English interjections", "English interrogative adverbs", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms derived from Siouan languages", "English terms derived from Wyandot", "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷ-", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English uncomparable adverbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Iraqi Arabic terms with redundant script codes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Spanish translations", "Requests for translations into Latvian", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Adyghe translations", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Albanian translations", "Terms with American Sign Language translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Antillean Creole translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Cheyenne translations", "Terms with Chichewa translations", "Terms with Chickasaw translations", "Terms with Classical Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dungan translations", "Terms with Dupaningan Agta translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Eastern Mari translations", "Terms with Eastern Min translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Egyptian translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Friulian translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Gothic translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Haitian Creole translations", "Terms with Hakka translations", "Terms with Hanunoo translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hokkien translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Hunsrik translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Interlingua translations", "Terms with Iquito translations", "Terms with Iraqi Arabic translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Isan translations", "Terms with Istriot translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Kapampangan translations", "Terms with Kashubian translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Krymchak translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Lao translations", "Terms with Latgalian translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Low German translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Luhya translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Malayalam translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maore Comorian translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Mauritian Creole translations", "Terms with Mongolian translations", "Terms with Moroccan Arabic translations", "Terms with Mòcheno translations", "Terms with Neapolitan translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Ngarrindjeri translations", "Terms with Ngazidja Comorian translations", "Terms with North Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Old Church Slavonic translations", "Terms with Old English translations", "Terms with Old Irish translations", "Terms with Pashto translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Rapa Nui translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Romansch translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sardinian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Sinhalese translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with South Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swabian translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Tatar translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Turkmen translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Venetan translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Volapük translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with White Hmong translations", "Terms with Wolof translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yucatec Maya translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zealandic translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations"], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*kʷ-"}, "expansion": "", "name": "root"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "how"}, "expansion": "Middle English how", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "hū"}, "expansion": "Old English hū", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*hwō"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hwō", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*hwō", "t": "through what, how"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hwō (“through what, how”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "hoo"}, "expansion": "Scots hoo", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "wo", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian wo (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "hoe", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "West Frisian hoe (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "hoe", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Dutch hoe (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ho"}, "expansion": "Low German ho", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "wie", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "German wie (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "sv", "2": "hur", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Swedish hur (“how”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English how, hou, hu, hwu, from Old English hū, from Proto-West Germanic *hwō, from Proto-Germanic *hwō (“through what, how”), from the same root as hwæt (“who, what”). /hw/ > /h/ due to wh-cluster reduction in Old English; compare who, which underwent this change later, and thus is spelt wh (Middle English spelling of /hw/) but pronounced /h/ (it previously had a different vowel, hence avoided the spelling and sound change in Old English). Vowel change per Great Vowel Shift.\nAkin to Scots hoo, foo (“how”), Saterland Frisian wo (“how”), West Frisian hoe (“how”), Dutch hoe (“how”), Low German ho, wo, wu (“how”), German wie (“how”), Swedish hur (“how”). See who and compare why.", "forms": [{"form": "hows", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "how's", "tags": ["plural"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "+", "2": "how's"}, "expansion": "how (plural hows or how's)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"text": "I am not interested in the why, but in the how.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1924, Joseph Rickaby, Studies on God and His Creatures, page 102:", "text": "It is an a posteriori argument, evincing the fact, but not the how.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2008 March 21, The New York Times, “Movie Guide and Film Series”, in New York Times:", "text": "A wham-bam caper flick, efficiently directed by Roger Donaldson, that fancifully revisits the mysterious whos and speculative hows of a 1971 London bank heist.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The means by which something is accomplished."], "links": [["means", "means"]]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "hou"}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["UK"]}, {"ipa": "/hæɔ/", "tags": ["General-Australian"]}, {"ipa": "/hæʊ/", "tags": ["Ireland"]}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["Canada", "US"]}, {"ipa": "/hʌʊ/", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"ipa": "[həu̯]", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"audio": "en-uk-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg/En-uk-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg"}, {"audio": "en-us-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-how.ogg/En-us-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/En-us-how.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "'ow"}], "wikipedia": ["how"], "word": "how"}
how (noun)
how/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["American Sign Language terms in nonstandard scripts", "American Sign Language terms with non-redundant manual script codes", "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations", "Eastern Min terms with redundant transliterations", "English 3-letter words", "English adverbs", "English conjunctions", "English countable nouns", "English degree adverbs", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English greetings", "English interjections", "English interrogative adverbs", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms derived from Siouan languages", "English terms derived from Wyandot", "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷ-", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English uncomparable adverbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Iraqi Arabic terms with redundant script codes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Spanish translations", "Requests for translations into Latvian", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Adyghe translations", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Albanian translations", "Terms with American Sign Language translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Antillean Creole translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Cheyenne translations", "Terms with Chichewa translations", "Terms with Chickasaw translations", "Terms with Classical Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dungan translations", "Terms with Dupaningan Agta translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Eastern Mari translations", "Terms with Eastern Min translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Egyptian translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Friulian translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Gothic translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Haitian Creole translations", "Terms with Hakka translations", "Terms with Hanunoo translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hokkien translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Hunsrik translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Interlingua translations", "Terms with Iquito translations", "Terms with Iraqi Arabic translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Isan translations", "Terms with Istriot translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Kapampangan translations", "Terms with Kashubian translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Krymchak translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Lao translations", "Terms with Latgalian translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Low German translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Luhya translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Malayalam translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maore Comorian translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Mauritian Creole translations", "Terms with Mongolian translations", "Terms with Moroccan Arabic translations", "Terms with Mòcheno translations", "Terms with Neapolitan translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Ngarrindjeri translations", "Terms with Ngazidja Comorian translations", "Terms with North Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Old Church Slavonic translations", "Terms with Old English translations", "Terms with Old Irish translations", "Terms with Pashto translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Rapa Nui translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Romansch translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sardinian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Sinhalese translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with South Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swabian translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Tatar translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Turkmen translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Venetan translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Volapük translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with White Hmong translations", "Terms with Wolof translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yucatec Maya translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zealandic translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations"], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*kʷ-"}, "expansion": "", "name": "root"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "how"}, "expansion": "Middle English how", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "hū"}, "expansion": "Old English hū", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*hwō"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hwō", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*hwō", "t": "through what, how"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hwō (“through what, how”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "hoo"}, "expansion": "Scots hoo", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "wo", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian wo (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "hoe", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "West Frisian hoe (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "hoe", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Dutch hoe (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ho"}, "expansion": "Low German ho", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "wie", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "German wie (“how”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "sv", "2": "hur", "3": "", "4": "how"}, "expansion": "Swedish hur (“how”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English how, hou, hu, hwu, from Old English hū, from Proto-West Germanic *hwō, from Proto-Germanic *hwō (“through what, how”), from the same root as hwæt (“who, what”). /hw/ > /h/ due to wh-cluster reduction in Old English; compare who, which underwent this change later, and thus is spelt wh (Middle English spelling of /hw/) but pronounced /h/ (it previously had a different vowel, hence avoided the spelling and sound change in Old English). Vowel change per Great Vowel Shift.\nAkin to Scots hoo, foo (“how”), Saterland Frisian wo (“how”), West Frisian hoe (“how”), Dutch hoe (“how”), Low German ho, wo, wu (“how”), German wie (“how”), Swedish hur (“how”). See who and compare why.", "forms": [{"form": "hows", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "how's", "tags": ["plural"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "+", "2": "how's"}, "expansion": "how (plural hows or how's)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"text": "I am not interested in the why, but in the how.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1924, Joseph Rickaby, Studies on God and His Creatures, page 102:", "text": "It is an a posteriori argument, evincing the fact, but not the how.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2008 March 21, The New York Times, “Movie Guide and Film Series”, in New York Times:", "text": "A wham-bam caper flick, efficiently directed by Roger Donaldson, that fancifully revisits the mysterious whos and speculative hows of a 1971 London bank heist.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The means by which something is accomplished."], "links": [["means", "means"]]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "hou"}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["UK"]}, {"ipa": "/hæɔ/", "tags": ["General-Australian"]}, {"ipa": "/hæʊ/", "tags": ["Ireland"]}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["Canada", "US"]}, {"ipa": "/hʌʊ/", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"ipa": "[həu̯]", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"audio": "en-uk-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg/En-uk-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg"}, {"audio": "en-us-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-how.ogg/En-us-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/En-us-how.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "'ow"}], "wikipedia": ["how"], "word": "how"}
how/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English 3-letter words", "English countable nouns", "English degree adverbs", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English greetings", "English interjections", "English interrogative adverbs", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Old Norse", "English terms derived from Siouan languages", "English terms derived from Wyandot", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Italian translations"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "howe"}, "expansion": "Middle English howe", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "hōh", "t": "promontory"}, "expansion": "Old English hōh (“promontory”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "non", "3": "haugr", "t": "a how, mound"}, "expansion": "Old Norse haugr (“a how, mound”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "fro", "2": "höe", "t": "hillock, hill"}, "expansion": "Old French höe (“hillock, hill”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "gem"}, "expansion": "Germanic", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English howe, hough, hogh, partly from Old English hōh (“promontory”), and partly from Old Norse haugr (“a how, mound”). Compare Old French höe (“hillock, hill”), from the same Germanic source.", "forms": [{"form": "hows", "tags": ["plural"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "how (plural hows)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1928, Lewis Spence, Mysteries of Britain, page v. 136:", "text": "Fianlly, as regards the places in which these rites and mysteries may have been held, certain writers believe them to have been the \"Fairy Hills\" or \"howes\" in various parts of Scotland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Jennifer Westwood, Albion, published 1992, page xi. 432:", "text": "The fairy feast inside the howe (and this barrow is hill-sized) reminds one of nothing so much as a tale in the Icelandic Eyrbyggia saga, written in the mid thirteenth century.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An artificial barrow or tumulus; in later folklore, associated with fairies."], "links": [["barrow", "barrow"], ["tumulus", "tumulus"], ["fairies", "fairy"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal) An artificial barrow or tumulus; in later folklore, associated with fairies."], "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"categories": ["English dialectal terms"], "glosses": ["A small hill in northern England."], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal) A small hill in northern England."], "tags": ["dialectal"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "hou"}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["UK"]}, {"ipa": "/hæɔ/", "tags": ["General-Australian"]}, {"ipa": "/hæʊ/", "tags": ["Ireland"]}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["Canada", "US"]}, {"ipa": "/hʌʊ/", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"ipa": "[həu̯]", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"audio": "en-uk-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg/En-uk-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg"}, {"audio": "en-us-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-how.ogg/En-us-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/En-us-how.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "howe"}, {"word": "'ow"}], "wikipedia": ["how"], "word": "how"}
how (noun)
how/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English 3-letter words", "English countable nouns", "English degree adverbs", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English greetings", "English interjections", "English interrogative adverbs", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Old Norse", "English terms derived from Siouan languages", "English terms derived from Wyandot", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Italian translations"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "howe"}, "expansion": "Middle English howe", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "hōh", "t": "promontory"}, "expansion": "Old English hōh (“promontory”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "non", "3": "haugr", "t": "a how, mound"}, "expansion": "Old Norse haugr (“a how, mound”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "fro", "2": "höe", "t": "hillock, hill"}, "expansion": "Old French höe (“hillock, hill”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "gem"}, "expansion": "Germanic", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English howe, hough, hogh, partly from Old English hōh (“promontory”), and partly from Old Norse haugr (“a how, mound”). Compare Old French höe (“hillock, hill”), from the same Germanic source.", "forms": [{"form": "hows", "tags": ["plural"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "how (plural hows)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1928, Lewis Spence, Mysteries of Britain, page v. 136:", "text": "Fianlly, as regards the places in which these rites and mysteries may have been held, certain writers believe them to have been the \"Fairy Hills\" or \"howes\" in various parts of Scotland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Jennifer Westwood, Albion, published 1992, page xi. 432:", "text": "The fairy feast inside the howe (and this barrow is hill-sized) reminds one of nothing so much as a tale in the Icelandic Eyrbyggia saga, written in the mid thirteenth century.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An artificial barrow or tumulus; in later folklore, associated with fairies."], "links": [["barrow", "barrow"], ["tumulus", "tumulus"], ["fairies", "fairy"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal) An artificial barrow or tumulus; in later folklore, associated with fairies."], "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"categories": ["English dialectal terms"], "glosses": ["A small hill in northern England."], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal) A small hill in northern England."], "tags": ["dialectal"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "hou"}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["UK"]}, {"ipa": "/hæɔ/", "tags": ["General-Australian"]}, {"ipa": "/hæʊ/", "tags": ["Ireland"]}, {"ipa": "/haʊ/", "tags": ["Canada", "US"]}, {"ipa": "/hʌʊ/", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"ipa": "[həu̯]", "tags": ["dialectal"]}, {"audio": "en-uk-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg/En-uk-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/En-uk-how.ogg"}, {"audio": "en-us-how.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-how.ogg/En-us-how.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/En-us-how.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "howe"}, {"word": "'ow"}], "wikipedia": ["how"], "word": "how"}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (1c4b89b and 9dbd323).
The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.