English Wiktionary data extraction errors and warnings

cotton/English/verb

2: cotton/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms borrowed from Welsh", "English terms derived from Anglo-Norman", "English terms derived from Arabic", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old French", "English terms derived from Old Italian", "English terms derived from Welsh", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English uncomparable adjectives", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (genus)", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (tribe)", "Entries with translation boxes", "Lubuagan Kalinga terms in nonstandard scripts", "Pages with 3 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Hindi translations", "Requests for review of Italian translations", "Requests for translations into Chakma", "Rhymes:English/ɒtən", "Rhymes:English/ɒtən/2 syllables", "Terms with Adja translations", "Terms with Adyghe translations", "Terms with Afar translations", "Terms with Ahom translations", "Terms with Albanian translations", "Terms with Alemannic German translations", "Terms with Amharic translations", "Terms with Amis translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Andalusian Arabic translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aragonese translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Atong (India) translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bakhtiari translations", "Terms with Bambara translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Basque translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bole translations", "Terms with Bouyei translations", "Terms with Breton translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Caló translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Cebuano translations", "Terms with Central Franconian translations", "Terms with Central Huasteca Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Chamicuro translations", "Terms with Chavacano translations", "Terms with Chayuco Mixtec translations", "Terms with Chechen translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Choctaw translations", "Terms with Chuvash translations", "Terms with Cimbrian translations", "Terms with Classical Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Coptic translations", "Terms with Cornish translations", "Terms with Corsican translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Culina translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dhivehi translations", "Terms with Dupaningan Agta translations", "Terms with Dutch Low Saxon translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Dzongkha translations", "Terms with Eastern Maninkakan translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Elfdalian translations", "Terms with Emilian translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Faroese translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with Francisco León Zoque translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Gamale Kham translations", "Terms with Garo translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Gilaki translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Greenlandic translations", "Terms with Guaraní translations", "Terms with Gujarati translations", "Terms with Gulf Arabic translations", "Terms with Hausa translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations", "Terms with Hiligaynon translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Ilocano translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Ingush translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Istriot translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Javanese translations", "Terms with Kambaata translations", "Terms with Kannada translations", "Terms with Karelian translations", "Terms with Kavalan translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khaling translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Khumi Chin translations", "Terms with Knaanic translations", "Terms with Kokborok translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Kui (India) translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Ladin translations", "Terms with Ladino translations", "Terms with Lao translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Laz translations", "Terms with Ligurian translations", "Terms with Lindu translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Livonian translations", "Terms with Livvi translations", "Terms with Low German translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Lubuagan Kalinga translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macanese translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Malayalam translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Manx translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Maranao translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Maricopa translations", "Terms with Marshallese translations", "Terms with Mazanderani translations", "Terms with Middle Armenian translations", "Terms with Middle English translations", "Terms with Middle Korean translations", "Terms with Mon translations", "Terms with Mongolian translations", "Terms with Mwan translations", "Terms with Mòcheno translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Neapolitan translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Newar translations", "Terms with Nivkh translations", "Terms with North Frisian translations", "Terms with Northern Altai translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Northern Puebla Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Nupe translations", "Terms with Nyah Kur translations", "Terms with O'odham translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Odia translations", "Terms with Old Armenian translations", "Terms with Old French translations", "Terms with Old Ruthenian translations", "Terms with Old Spanish translations", "Terms with Ometepec Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Ossetian translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Pali translations", "Terms with Papiamentu translations", "Terms with Pashto translations", "Terms with Pennsylvania German translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Phuthi translations", "Terms with Piedmontese translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Pochutec translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Prakrit translations", "Terms with Punjabi translations", "Terms with Purepecha translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Rohingya translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Romansch translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Santali translations", "Terms with Saurashtra translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Shan translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Sidamo translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swazi translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Talysh translations", "Terms with Tamil translations", "Terms with Tat translations", "Terms with Tatar translations", "Terms with Tausug translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tetelcingo Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Tetum translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tigrinya translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Turkmen translations", "Terms with Tày translations", "Terms with Ubykh translations", "Terms with Udi translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Venetan translations", "Terms with Veps translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Votic translations", "Terms with Võro translations", "Terms with Waray-Waray translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Flemish translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Western Huasteca Nahuatl translations", "Terms with White Hmong translations", "Terms with Wolof translations", "Terms with Xhosa translations", "Terms with Ye'kwana translations", "Terms with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yinbaw Karen translations", "Terms with Yogad translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yup'ik translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "Yinbaw Karen terms in nonstandard scripts", "en:Fibers", "en:Mallow subfamily plants"], "derived": [{"word": "uncottoned"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cotoun"}, "expansion": "Middle English cotoun", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "xno", "3": "cotun"}, "expansion": "Anglo-Norman cotun", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "coton"}, "expansion": "Old French coton", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "roa-oit", "3": "cotone"}, "expansion": "Old Italian cotone", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ar", "3": "قُطُن", "id": "fabr"}, "expansion": "Arabic قُطُن (quṭun)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English cotoun, from Anglo-Norman cotun, Old French coton, from (Genoese) Old Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).", "forms": [{"form": "cottons", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "cottoning", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cotton (third-person singular simple present cottons, present participle cottoning, simple past and past participle cottoned)", "name": "en-verb"}], "hyphenation": ["cot‧ton"], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1838, William Newton, The London Journal of Arts and Sciences, and Repertory of Patent Inventions, page 8:", "text": "Supposing a frame, or set of moulds, as represented at B, to have wicks carried through each mould, or regularly cottoned, and each wick to be held accurately in the centre of the mould by means of the series of nippers shown at fig. 8, the moulds are first taken to the position shown at B 1, figs. 2, 3, and 4, where they are supported in a perpendicular position on the small straight edges or railway d, d, as seen at fig. 3.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1852, George Fergusson Wilson, On the stearic candle manufacture, page 24:", "text": "Each machine has on average 200 moulds, each mould contains 18 bobbins, and each bobbin, when first cottoned, 60 yards of wick, so that supposing all the frames of our seven machines to be fresh cottoned at the same time, we should have above 800 miles of wick in work.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, Edward Spon, Francis N. Spon, George Guillaume André, Spons' Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Commercial products:", "text": "The method of using the machine is as follows: — After having made the connection between the hot and cold water pipes and the machine at K, and having connected the outlet pipe with a drain, the machine is ready for cottoning.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1953, Manufacturing Series - Issues 211-224, page 33:", "text": "First comes bottling, which is done both by machine and by hand. This is followed by cottoning and capping.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1962, Time and Motion Study - Volume 11, page 16:", "text": "Although cottoning is performed by hand, the hand-capping operation is assisted by a mechanical friction wheel, driven through a flexible cable.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1975, Food Engineering - Volume 47, page 94:", "text": "Features of the CM/CCI (Continuous Motion, Close-Coupled Integrated) packaging line segment include control of containers from the bottle feeder through the filling/ cottoning operations and space savings in packaging line lengths.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs", "en:Horticulture"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Chambers's Journal, page 399:", "text": "When a tree is to be cottoned the ends from the cops are brought together and tied in a rough knot, which is hitched to a twig. Then, with the tube held upright, the operator walks round the tree as many times as may be necessary to cover it with lines of cotton, raising the metal tube about three feet after each round.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953 June 25, F. Howard Lancum, “More Nights at a Badgers' Sett”, in Country Life, volume 113, page 2064:", "text": "I went round and quietly cottoned all the nine holes, and next moring I found all the cottons intact.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1965, Amateur Gardening - Volume 82, page 199:", "text": "I planted out over 600 polyanthus plants, and almost without exception the sparrows had the new buds off — after I had both cottoned and sprayed with Jeyes. They also destroyed two rows of brussels sprouts seedlings — again after cottoning and spraying.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, Horticulture Industry, page 142:", "text": "The National Fruit Trials at Brogdale will this year be working in conjunction with Worplesden on cottoning cherry orchards as a method of reducing losses, although it can never entirely prevent damage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "links": [["horticulture", "horticulture"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(horticulture) To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"], "topics": ["agriculture", "business", "horticulture", "lifestyle"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1900, Sessional Papers (British Columbia), page 389:", "text": "The rooms downstairs were cottoned, the doors re-hung, and a counter put in the record office.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1906, Sessional Papers - Volume 40, Issue 1, Part 2, page R-51:", "text": "Robinson, W., Whitehorse: cottoning and papering 10 rooms, hall and staircase, at sergeant's mess, $206;", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1912, National Painters Magazine - Volume 39, page 657:", "text": "Mr. Taylor said he reckoned the cost of cottoning at twelve and one-half cents per yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1864, Honor: Or The Slave-dealer's Daughter, page 151:", "text": "Tar and cotton him,\" said a student from the college, more facetiously, perhaps, more mercifully inclined. \" Think, fellows, what a pretty bird he will be, with cotton for feathers ; — so downy.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1874, Belgravia - Volume 22, page 311:", "text": "The Southerners caught him ; and, as a natural consequence of his capture, he was, after a little preliminary cowhiding and railriding, tarred and cottoned; the soft and downy substance growing in the pod of the cotton plant being in the sunny South the substitute for 'the penal plumes' —as Sydney Smith in humorous euphuism called the feathers wwibh, in combination with a coating of pitch, made up the ignominious livery of an offender whom the Americans delight to dishonour.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, George Augustus Sala, Paris Herself Again in 1878-9 - Volume 1, page 248:", "text": "Tarring and feathering in the Northern States of America, or tarring and cottoning in the South (the last a freak frequently played with Abolitionists prior to the Great Civil War), could have been as nothing, looked upon as a frolic, compared with the racy humours of the Golden House.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "links": [["tar and feather", "tar and feather#English"]], "qualifier": "tar and cotton", "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(tar and cotton) To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1986, W. E. B. Griffin, The Majors, →ISBN, page 52:", "text": "Goddamned fools had cottoned the land, and just worked it to death, destroying the topsoil, so it blew away, and then, when the rains came, gullied it, so that it wasn't worth a damn for anything.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1990, Seymour W. Itzkoff, The Making of the Civilized Mind, page 69:", "text": "Eyes closed, ears cottoned, the mind produces its own interior messages.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1959, Historical Journal - Volume 7, page 42:", "text": "The finishing operations consisted of shearing the nap from the cloth, and frizzing, or cottoning, the surface, by pressing with hot irons.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1968, Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge from Its First Rise:", "text": "When the cloth is thus shorn on one side, it is for the most part cottoned on the other side, which they call the wrong side ; but frizes are cottoned on the \" right side\", for cottoning makes them such.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, The Shrewsbury drapers and the Welsh wool trade in the XVI and XVII centuries:", "text": "The final finishing processes—cottoning and rowing, or raising the nap with teasels and shearing it smooth again—were performed after the Drapers had carried the cloth to Shrewsbury.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Eric Kerridge, Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England, →ISBN, page 19:", "text": "Webs made from them had to be frizzed or cottoned.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2015, Catherine Hall, Nicholas Draper, Keith McClelland, Emancipation and the Remaking of the British Imperial World, →ISBN:", "text": "The 'cotton' was, in fact, a woollen fabric, one whose nap had been teased upwards or 'cottoned'.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To raise a nap, providing with a soft, cottony texture."], "links": [["nap", "nap"], ["soft", "soft"], ["cottony", "cottony"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1854, The Churchman's Monthly Magazine - Volume 1, page 148:", "text": "At this moment he saw the plate cottoning, as he expressed it, to his young friend, Charles Freeland, who sat in the pew at his right. He watched to see what the young merchant would give ; and to his amazement, he saw the young man put in a fifty dollar note!", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1971, Modern Packaging Encyclopedia, page 112:", "text": "Used at medium to thin consistency to avoid stringing or cottoning and to assure proper spreading characteristics.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2001, Quality Assurance in Marketing of Fresh Horticultural Produce:", "text": "However, this variety exhibited cottoning (breaking down of the central portion of the root) starting on the 14th up to the 20th day of storage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To develop a porous, cottony texture."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1970, Western Writers of America, Spurs West, page 111:", "text": "A fair piece ahead, in answering signal cottoned the sky in rhythmic puffs.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1998, George P. Morrill, The Blake Streak: A Tale of War, Mutiny and Love, →ISBN, page 137:", "text": "Choppy waves cottoned the bay.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2000, Elizabeth Stead, The Fishcastle, page 124:", "text": "And he quickly changed the subject as the first of the afternoon clouds cottoned the sky and laid shadows across Marlin Hardwick's rustling, winding, scuttling and bird-calling yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To give the appearance of being dotted with cotton balls."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, The Improvement Era - Volume 40, page 186:", "text": "Fog cottoned the steep, wooded slopes on each side of the lake, and the air was chill and penetrating.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1956, Edwin Gilbert, Native Stone, page 316:", "text": "There was no evidence by Thursday of the snowfall that had thickly cottoned the Taunton area; the town and state plows had scraped the roads clean, and the only sight of snow remaining lay in the drifts and patches on the sheltered, wooded slopes northward.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, Brian Ray, Through the Pale Door: A Novel, page 42:", "text": "Fog cottoned the roads under a sky like rusted tin.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2010, Ali Shaw, The Girl with Glass Feet, →ISBN:", "text": "A mist cottoned the hills inland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2018, Sara Saint James, Trust the Night:", "text": "She got out and began to wade through the blanket of powder which cottoned the ground.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To enshroud with a layer of whiteness."], "links": [["enshroud", "enshroud"], ["whiteness", "whiteness"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1971, Under the Sign of Pisces - Volumes 2-4, page 9:", "text": "Jeanne's house, like Usher's, is a void of great silence and immobility and the \"somnambulistic gardens\" surrounding her house like Usher's tarn \"cottoned the sound from the world.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, John Tytell, Harold Jaffe, Affinities: A Short Story Anthology, →ISBN:", "text": "The violins were muted, the hands were gloved, carpets were unrolled forever under the feet, and the gardens cottoned the sound from the world.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1978, Robert D. Hare, Daisy Schalling, Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research, page 324:", "text": "In the case of the whippingboys, however, the closeness of the relationship was often given a somewhat negative interpretation by the teachers — the parents were over-anxious, 'cottoned' the boy, were overprotective.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1982, Daedalus, page 138:", "text": "Indeed, pragmatism and technicism cottoned the American soul from some of the worst pains of an unmysterious world, although they would later be poor guardians against its encroachment.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To protect from harsh stimuli, coddle, or muffle."], "links": [["protect", "protect"], ["coddle", "coddle"], ["muffle", "muffle"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1912, Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, page 267:", "text": "To oppress one's own workmen, and provide for the workmen of a neighbor — to skin those in charge of one's own interests while cottoning and oiling the residuary product of another's skinnery — that is not very good benevolence, nor very good sense, but it serves in place of both.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1934, The Penrose Annual: Review of the Graphic Arts:", "text": "It was inclined to be scummy in developing, and the consequent vigorous 'cottoning' or rubbing with a swab of absorbent cotton while in the developing sink, which was necessary to open it up, often caused injury to the image.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1969, Book Production Industry - Volume 6; Volume 45, page 78:", "text": "The solution has been to unplug the dots — open up the shadow areas — by re-etching, cottoning, and other handwork.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To rub or burnish with cotton."], "links": [["rub", "rub"], ["burnish", "burnish"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ˈkɒt.ən/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑt.ən/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[ˈkɑʔn̩]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cotton.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg/En-us-cotton.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɒtən"}], "wikipedia": ["cotton"], "word": "cotton"}
1: cotton/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms borrowed from Welsh", "English terms derived from Anglo-Norman", "English terms derived from Arabic", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old French", "English terms derived from Old Italian", "English terms derived from Welsh", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English uncomparable adjectives", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (genus)", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (tribe)", "Entries with translation boxes", "Lubuagan Kalinga terms in nonstandard scripts", "Pages with 3 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Hindi translations", "Requests for review of Italian translations", "Requests for translations into Chakma", "Rhymes:English/ɒtən", "Rhymes:English/ɒtən/2 syllables", "Terms with Adja translations", "Terms with Adyghe translations", "Terms with Afar translations", "Terms with Ahom translations", "Terms with Albanian translations", "Terms with Alemannic German translations", "Terms with Amharic translations", "Terms with Amis translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Andalusian Arabic translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aragonese translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Atong (India) translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bakhtiari translations", "Terms with Bambara translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Basque translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bole translations", "Terms with Bouyei translations", "Terms with Breton translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Caló translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Cebuano translations", "Terms with Central Franconian translations", "Terms with Central Huasteca Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Chamicuro translations", "Terms with Chavacano translations", "Terms with Chayuco Mixtec translations", "Terms with Chechen translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Choctaw translations", "Terms with Chuvash translations", "Terms with Cimbrian translations", "Terms with Classical Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Coptic translations", "Terms with Cornish translations", "Terms with Corsican translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Culina translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dhivehi translations", "Terms with Dupaningan Agta translations", "Terms with Dutch Low Saxon translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Dzongkha translations", "Terms with Eastern Maninkakan translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Elfdalian translations", "Terms with Emilian translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Faroese translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with Francisco León Zoque translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Gamale Kham translations", "Terms with Garo translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Gilaki translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Greenlandic translations", "Terms with 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Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tigrinya translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Turkmen translations", "Terms with Tày translations", "Terms with Ubykh translations", "Terms with Udi translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Venetan translations", "Terms with Veps translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Votic translations", "Terms with Võro translations", "Terms with Waray-Waray translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Flemish translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Western Huasteca Nahuatl translations", "Terms with White Hmong translations", "Terms with Wolof translations", "Terms with Xhosa translations", "Terms with Ye'kwana translations", "Terms with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yinbaw Karen translations", "Terms with Yogad translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yup'ik translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "Yinbaw Karen terms in nonstandard scripts", "en:Fibers", "en:Mallow subfamily plants"], "derived": [{"word": "uncottoned"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cotoun"}, "expansion": "Middle English cotoun", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "xno", "3": "cotun"}, "expansion": "Anglo-Norman cotun", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "coton"}, "expansion": "Old French coton", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "roa-oit", "3": "cotone"}, "expansion": "Old Italian cotone", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ar", "3": "قُطُن", "id": "fabr"}, "expansion": "Arabic قُطُن (quṭun)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English cotoun, from Anglo-Norman cotun, Old French coton, from (Genoese) Old Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).", "forms": [{"form": "cottons", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "cottoning", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cotton (third-person singular simple present cottons, present participle cottoning, simple past and past participle cottoned)", "name": "en-verb"}], "hyphenation": ["cot‧ton"], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1838, William Newton, The London Journal of Arts and Sciences, and Repertory of Patent Inventions, page 8:", "text": "Supposing a frame, or set of moulds, as represented at B, to have wicks carried through each mould, or regularly cottoned, and each wick to be held accurately in the centre of the mould by means of the series of nippers shown at fig. 8, the moulds are first taken to the position shown at B 1, figs. 2, 3, and 4, where they are supported in a perpendicular position on the small straight edges or railway d, d, as seen at fig. 3.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1852, George Fergusson Wilson, On the stearic candle manufacture, page 24:", "text": "Each machine has on average 200 moulds, each mould contains 18 bobbins, and each bobbin, when first cottoned, 60 yards of wick, so that supposing all the frames of our seven machines to be fresh cottoned at the same time, we should have above 800 miles of wick in work.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, Edward Spon, Francis N. Spon, George Guillaume André, Spons' Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Commercial products:", "text": "The method of using the machine is as follows: — After having made the connection between the hot and cold water pipes and the machine at K, and having connected the outlet pipe with a drain, the machine is ready for cottoning.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1953, Manufacturing Series - Issues 211-224, page 33:", "text": "First comes bottling, which is done both by machine and by hand. This is followed by cottoning and capping.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1962, Time and Motion Study - Volume 11, page 16:", "text": "Although cottoning is performed by hand, the hand-capping operation is assisted by a mechanical friction wheel, driven through a flexible cable.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1975, Food Engineering - Volume 47, page 94:", "text": "Features of the CM/CCI (Continuous Motion, Close-Coupled Integrated) packaging line segment include control of containers from the bottle feeder through the filling/ cottoning operations and space savings in packaging line lengths.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs", "en:Horticulture"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Chambers's Journal, page 399:", "text": "When a tree is to be cottoned the ends from the cops are brought together and tied in a rough knot, which is hitched to a twig. Then, with the tube held upright, the operator walks round the tree as many times as may be necessary to cover it with lines of cotton, raising the metal tube about three feet after each round.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953 June 25, F. Howard Lancum, “More Nights at a Badgers' Sett”, in Country Life, volume 113, page 2064:", "text": "I went round and quietly cottoned all the nine holes, and next moring I found all the cottons intact.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1965, Amateur Gardening - Volume 82, page 199:", "text": "I planted out over 600 polyanthus plants, and almost without exception the sparrows had the new buds off — after I had both cottoned and sprayed with Jeyes. They also destroyed two rows of brussels sprouts seedlings — again after cottoning and spraying.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, Horticulture Industry, page 142:", "text": "The National Fruit Trials at Brogdale will this year be working in conjunction with Worplesden on cottoning cherry orchards as a method of reducing losses, although it can never entirely prevent damage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "links": [["horticulture", "horticulture"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(horticulture) To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"], "topics": ["agriculture", "business", "horticulture", "lifestyle"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1900, Sessional Papers (British Columbia), page 389:", "text": "The rooms downstairs were cottoned, the doors re-hung, and a counter put in the record office.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1906, Sessional Papers - Volume 40, Issue 1, Part 2, page R-51:", "text": "Robinson, W., Whitehorse: cottoning and papering 10 rooms, hall and staircase, at sergeant's mess, $206;", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1912, National Painters Magazine - Volume 39, page 657:", "text": "Mr. Taylor said he reckoned the cost of cottoning at twelve and one-half cents per yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1864, Honor: Or The Slave-dealer's Daughter, page 151:", "text": "Tar and cotton him,\" said a student from the college, more facetiously, perhaps, more mercifully inclined. \" Think, fellows, what a pretty bird he will be, with cotton for feathers ; — so downy.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1874, Belgravia - Volume 22, page 311:", "text": "The Southerners caught him ; and, as a natural consequence of his capture, he was, after a little preliminary cowhiding and railriding, tarred and cottoned; the soft and downy substance growing in the pod of the cotton plant being in the sunny South the substitute for 'the penal plumes' —as Sydney Smith in humorous euphuism called the feathers wwibh, in combination with a coating of pitch, made up the ignominious livery of an offender whom the Americans delight to dishonour.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, George Augustus Sala, Paris Herself Again in 1878-9 - Volume 1, page 248:", "text": "Tarring and feathering in the Northern States of America, or tarring and cottoning in the South (the last a freak frequently played with Abolitionists prior to the Great Civil War), could have been as nothing, looked upon as a frolic, compared with the racy humours of the Golden House.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "links": [["tar and feather", "tar and feather#English"]], "qualifier": "tar and cotton", "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(tar and cotton) To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1986, W. E. B. Griffin, The Majors, →ISBN, page 52:", "text": "Goddamned fools had cottoned the land, and just worked it to death, destroying the topsoil, so it blew away, and then, when the rains came, gullied it, so that it wasn't worth a damn for anything.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1990, Seymour W. Itzkoff, The Making of the Civilized Mind, page 69:", "text": "Eyes closed, ears cottoned, the mind produces its own interior messages.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1959, Historical Journal - Volume 7, page 42:", "text": "The finishing operations consisted of shearing the nap from the cloth, and frizzing, or cottoning, the surface, by pressing with hot irons.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1968, Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge from Its First Rise:", "text": "When the cloth is thus shorn on one side, it is for the most part cottoned on the other side, which they call the wrong side ; but frizes are cottoned on the \" right side\", for cottoning makes them such.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, The Shrewsbury drapers and the Welsh wool trade in the XVI and XVII centuries:", "text": "The final finishing processes—cottoning and rowing, or raising the nap with teasels and shearing it smooth again—were performed after the Drapers had carried the cloth to Shrewsbury.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Eric Kerridge, Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England, →ISBN, page 19:", "text": "Webs made from them had to be frizzed or cottoned.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2015, Catherine Hall, Nicholas Draper, Keith McClelland, Emancipation and the Remaking of the British Imperial World, →ISBN:", "text": "The 'cotton' was, in fact, a woollen fabric, one whose nap had been teased upwards or 'cottoned'.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To raise a nap, providing with a soft, cottony texture."], "links": [["nap", "nap"], ["soft", "soft"], ["cottony", "cottony"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1854, The Churchman's Monthly Magazine - Volume 1, page 148:", "text": "At this moment he saw the plate cottoning, as he expressed it, to his young friend, Charles Freeland, who sat in the pew at his right. He watched to see what the young merchant would give ; and to his amazement, he saw the young man put in a fifty dollar note!", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1971, Modern Packaging Encyclopedia, page 112:", "text": "Used at medium to thin consistency to avoid stringing or cottoning and to assure proper spreading characteristics.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2001, Quality Assurance in Marketing of Fresh Horticultural Produce:", "text": "However, this variety exhibited cottoning (breaking down of the central portion of the root) starting on the 14th up to the 20th day of storage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To develop a porous, cottony texture."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1970, Western Writers of America, Spurs West, page 111:", "text": "A fair piece ahead, in answering signal cottoned the sky in rhythmic puffs.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1998, George P. Morrill, The Blake Streak: A Tale of War, Mutiny and Love, →ISBN, page 137:", "text": "Choppy waves cottoned the bay.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2000, Elizabeth Stead, The Fishcastle, page 124:", "text": "And he quickly changed the subject as the first of the afternoon clouds cottoned the sky and laid shadows across Marlin Hardwick's rustling, winding, scuttling and bird-calling yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To give the appearance of being dotted with cotton balls."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, The Improvement Era - Volume 40, page 186:", "text": "Fog cottoned the steep, wooded slopes on each side of the lake, and the air was chill and penetrating.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1956, Edwin Gilbert, Native Stone, page 316:", "text": "There was no evidence by Thursday of the snowfall that had thickly cottoned the Taunton area; the town and state plows had scraped the roads clean, and the only sight of snow remaining lay in the drifts and patches on the sheltered, wooded slopes northward.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, Brian Ray, Through the Pale Door: A Novel, page 42:", "text": "Fog cottoned the roads under a sky like rusted tin.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2010, Ali Shaw, The Girl with Glass Feet, →ISBN:", "text": "A mist cottoned the hills inland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2018, Sara Saint James, Trust the Night:", "text": "She got out and began to wade through the blanket of powder which cottoned the ground.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To enshroud with a layer of whiteness."], "links": [["enshroud", "enshroud"], ["whiteness", "whiteness"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1971, Under the Sign of Pisces - Volumes 2-4, page 9:", "text": "Jeanne's house, like Usher's, is a void of great silence and immobility and the \"somnambulistic gardens\" surrounding her house like Usher's tarn \"cottoned the sound from the world.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, John Tytell, Harold Jaffe, Affinities: A Short Story Anthology, →ISBN:", "text": "The violins were muted, the hands were gloved, carpets were unrolled forever under the feet, and the gardens cottoned the sound from the world.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1978, Robert D. Hare, Daisy Schalling, Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research, page 324:", "text": "In the case of the whippingboys, however, the closeness of the relationship was often given a somewhat negative interpretation by the teachers — the parents were over-anxious, 'cottoned' the boy, were overprotective.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1982, Daedalus, page 138:", "text": "Indeed, pragmatism and technicism cottoned the American soul from some of the worst pains of an unmysterious world, although they would later be poor guardians against its encroachment.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To protect from harsh stimuli, coddle, or muffle."], "links": [["protect", "protect"], ["coddle", "coddle"], ["muffle", "muffle"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1912, Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, page 267:", "text": "To oppress one's own workmen, and provide for the workmen of a neighbor — to skin those in charge of one's own interests while cottoning and oiling the residuary product of another's skinnery — that is not very good benevolence, nor very good sense, but it serves in place of both.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1934, The Penrose Annual: Review of the Graphic Arts:", "text": "It was inclined to be scummy in developing, and the consequent vigorous 'cottoning' or rubbing with a swab of absorbent cotton while in the developing sink, which was necessary to open it up, often caused injury to the image.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1969, Book Production Industry - Volume 6; Volume 45, page 78:", "text": "The solution has been to unplug the dots — open up the shadow areas — by re-etching, cottoning, and other handwork.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To rub or burnish with cotton."], "links": [["rub", "rub"], ["burnish", "burnish"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ˈkɒt.ən/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑt.ən/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[ˈkɑʔn̩]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cotton.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg/En-us-cotton.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɒtən"}], "wikipedia": ["cotton"], "word": "cotton"}

cotton/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms borrowed from Welsh", "English terms derived from Anglo-Norman", "English terms derived from Arabic", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old French", "English terms derived from Old Italian", "English terms derived from Welsh", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English uncomparable adjectives", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (genus)", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (tribe)", "Entries with translation boxes", "Lubuagan Kalinga terms in nonstandard scripts", "Pages with 3 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of 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translations", "Terms with Maranao translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Maricopa translations", "Terms with Marshallese translations", "Terms with Mazanderani translations", "Terms with Middle Armenian translations", "Terms with Middle English translations", "Terms with Middle Korean translations", "Terms with Mon translations", "Terms with Mongolian translations", "Terms with Mwan translations", "Terms with Mòcheno translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Neapolitan translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Newar translations", "Terms with Nivkh translations", "Terms with North Frisian translations", "Terms with Northern Altai translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Northern Puebla Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Nupe translations", "Terms with Nyah Kur translations", "Terms with O'odham translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Odia translations", "Terms with Old Armenian translations", "Terms with Old French translations", "Terms with Old Ruthenian translations", "Terms with Old Spanish translations", "Terms with Ometepec Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Ossetian translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Pali translations", "Terms with Papiamentu translations", "Terms with Pashto translations", "Terms with Pennsylvania German translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Phuthi translations", "Terms with Piedmontese translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Pochutec translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Prakrit translations", "Terms with Punjabi translations", "Terms with Purepecha translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Rohingya translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Romansch translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Santali translations", "Terms with Saurashtra translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Shan translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Sidamo translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swazi translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Talysh translations", "Terms with Tamil translations", "Terms with Tat translations", "Terms with Tatar translations", "Terms with Tausug translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tetelcingo Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Tetum translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tigrinya translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Turkmen translations", "Terms with Tày translations", "Terms with Ubykh translations", "Terms with Udi translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Venetan translations", "Terms with Veps translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Votic translations", "Terms with Võro translations", "Terms with Waray-Waray translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Flemish translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Western Huasteca Nahuatl translations", "Terms with White Hmong translations", "Terms with Wolof translations", "Terms with Xhosa translations", "Terms with Ye'kwana translations", "Terms with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yinbaw Karen translations", "Terms with Yogad translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yup'ik translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "Yinbaw Karen terms in nonstandard scripts", "en:Fibers", "en:Mallow subfamily plants"], "derived": [{"word": "uncottoned"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cotoun"}, "expansion": "Middle English cotoun", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "xno", "3": "cotun"}, "expansion": "Anglo-Norman cotun", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "coton"}, "expansion": "Old French coton", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "roa-oit", "3": "cotone"}, "expansion": "Old Italian cotone", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ar", "3": "قُطُن", "id": "fabr"}, "expansion": "Arabic قُطُن (quṭun)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English cotoun, from Anglo-Norman cotun, Old French coton, from (Genoese) Old Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).", "forms": [{"form": "cottons", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "cottoning", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cotton (third-person singular simple present cottons, present participle cottoning, simple past and past participle cottoned)", "name": "en-verb"}], "hyphenation": ["cot‧ton"], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1838, William Newton, The London Journal of Arts and Sciences, and Repertory of Patent Inventions, page 8:", "text": "Supposing a frame, or set of moulds, as represented at B, to have wicks carried through each mould, or regularly cottoned, and each wick to be held accurately in the centre of the mould by means of the series of nippers shown at fig. 8, the moulds are first taken to the position shown at B 1, figs. 2, 3, and 4, where they are supported in a perpendicular position on the small straight edges or railway d, d, as seen at fig. 3.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1852, George Fergusson Wilson, On the stearic candle manufacture, page 24:", "text": "Each machine has on average 200 moulds, each mould contains 18 bobbins, and each bobbin, when first cottoned, 60 yards of wick, so that supposing all the frames of our seven machines to be fresh cottoned at the same time, we should have above 800 miles of wick in work.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, Edward Spon, Francis N. Spon, George Guillaume André, Spons' Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Commercial products:", "text": "The method of using the machine is as follows: — After having made the connection between the hot and cold water pipes and the machine at K, and having connected the outlet pipe with a drain, the machine is ready for cottoning.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1953, Manufacturing Series - Issues 211-224, page 33:", "text": "First comes bottling, which is done both by machine and by hand. This is followed by cottoning and capping.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1962, Time and Motion Study - Volume 11, page 16:", "text": "Although cottoning is performed by hand, the hand-capping operation is assisted by a mechanical friction wheel, driven through a flexible cable.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1975, Food Engineering - Volume 47, page 94:", "text": "Features of the CM/CCI (Continuous Motion, Close-Coupled Integrated) packaging line segment include control of containers from the bottle feeder through the filling/ cottoning operations and space savings in packaging line lengths.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs", "en:Horticulture"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Chambers's Journal, page 399:", "text": "When a tree is to be cottoned the ends from the cops are brought together and tied in a rough knot, which is hitched to a twig. Then, with the tube held upright, the operator walks round the tree as many times as may be necessary to cover it with lines of cotton, raising the metal tube about three feet after each round.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953 June 25, F. Howard Lancum, “More Nights at a Badgers' Sett”, in Country Life, volume 113, page 2064:", "text": "I went round and quietly cottoned all the nine holes, and next moring I found all the cottons intact.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1965, Amateur Gardening - Volume 82, page 199:", "text": "I planted out over 600 polyanthus plants, and almost without exception the sparrows had the new buds off — after I had both cottoned and sprayed with Jeyes. They also destroyed two rows of brussels sprouts seedlings — again after cottoning and spraying.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, Horticulture Industry, page 142:", "text": "The National Fruit Trials at Brogdale will this year be working in conjunction with Worplesden on cottoning cherry orchards as a method of reducing losses, although it can never entirely prevent damage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "links": [["horticulture", "horticulture"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(horticulture) To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"], "topics": ["agriculture", "business", "horticulture", "lifestyle"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1900, Sessional Papers (British Columbia), page 389:", "text": "The rooms downstairs were cottoned, the doors re-hung, and a counter put in the record office.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1906, Sessional Papers - Volume 40, Issue 1, Part 2, page R-51:", "text": "Robinson, W., Whitehorse: cottoning and papering 10 rooms, hall and staircase, at sergeant's mess, $206;", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1912, National Painters Magazine - Volume 39, page 657:", "text": "Mr. Taylor said he reckoned the cost of cottoning at twelve and one-half cents per yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1864, Honor: Or The Slave-dealer's Daughter, page 151:", "text": "Tar and cotton him,\" said a student from the college, more facetiously, perhaps, more mercifully inclined. \" Think, fellows, what a pretty bird he will be, with cotton for feathers ; — so downy.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1874, Belgravia - Volume 22, page 311:", "text": "The Southerners caught him ; and, as a natural consequence of his capture, he was, after a little preliminary cowhiding and railriding, tarred and cottoned; the soft and downy substance growing in the pod of the cotton plant being in the sunny South the substitute for 'the penal plumes' —as Sydney Smith in humorous euphuism called the feathers wwibh, in combination with a coating of pitch, made up the ignominious livery of an offender whom the Americans delight to dishonour.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, George Augustus Sala, Paris Herself Again in 1878-9 - Volume 1, page 248:", "text": "Tarring and feathering in the Northern States of America, or tarring and cottoning in the South (the last a freak frequently played with Abolitionists prior to the Great Civil War), could have been as nothing, looked upon as a frolic, compared with the racy humours of the Golden House.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "links": [["tar and feather", "tar and feather#English"]], "qualifier": "tar and cotton", "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(tar and cotton) To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1986, W. E. B. Griffin, The Majors, →ISBN, page 52:", "text": "Goddamned fools had cottoned the land, and just worked it to death, destroying the topsoil, so it blew away, and then, when the rains came, gullied it, so that it wasn't worth a damn for anything.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1990, Seymour W. Itzkoff, The Making of the Civilized Mind, page 69:", "text": "Eyes closed, ears cottoned, the mind produces its own interior messages.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1959, Historical Journal - Volume 7, page 42:", "text": "The finishing operations consisted of shearing the nap from the cloth, and frizzing, or cottoning, the surface, by pressing with hot irons.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1968, Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge from Its First Rise:", "text": "When the cloth is thus shorn on one side, it is for the most part cottoned on the other side, which they call the wrong side ; but frizes are cottoned on the \" right side\", for cottoning makes them such.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, The Shrewsbury drapers and the Welsh wool trade in the XVI and XVII centuries:", "text": "The final finishing processes—cottoning and rowing, or raising the nap with teasels and shearing it smooth again—were performed after the Drapers had carried the cloth to Shrewsbury.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Eric Kerridge, Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England, →ISBN, page 19:", "text": "Webs made from them had to be frizzed or cottoned.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2015, Catherine Hall, Nicholas Draper, Keith McClelland, Emancipation and the Remaking of the British Imperial World, →ISBN:", "text": "The 'cotton' was, in fact, a woollen fabric, one whose nap had been teased upwards or 'cottoned'.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To raise a nap, providing with a soft, cottony texture."], "links": [["nap", "nap"], ["soft", "soft"], ["cottony", "cottony"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1854, The Churchman's Monthly Magazine - Volume 1, page 148:", "text": "At this moment he saw the plate cottoning, as he expressed it, to his young friend, Charles Freeland, who sat in the pew at his right. He watched to see what the young merchant would give ; and to his amazement, he saw the young man put in a fifty dollar note!", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1971, Modern Packaging Encyclopedia, page 112:", "text": "Used at medium to thin consistency to avoid stringing or cottoning and to assure proper spreading characteristics.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2001, Quality Assurance in Marketing of Fresh Horticultural Produce:", "text": "However, this variety exhibited cottoning (breaking down of the central portion of the root) starting on the 14th up to the 20th day of storage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To develop a porous, cottony texture."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1970, Western Writers of America, Spurs West, page 111:", "text": "A fair piece ahead, in answering signal cottoned the sky in rhythmic puffs.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1998, George P. Morrill, The Blake Streak: A Tale of War, Mutiny and Love, →ISBN, page 137:", "text": "Choppy waves cottoned the bay.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2000, Elizabeth Stead, The Fishcastle, page 124:", "text": "And he quickly changed the subject as the first of the afternoon clouds cottoned the sky and laid shadows across Marlin Hardwick's rustling, winding, scuttling and bird-calling yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To give the appearance of being dotted with cotton balls."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, The Improvement Era - Volume 40, page 186:", "text": "Fog cottoned the steep, wooded slopes on each side of the lake, and the air was chill and penetrating.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1956, Edwin Gilbert, Native Stone, page 316:", "text": "There was no evidence by Thursday of the snowfall that had thickly cottoned the Taunton area; the town and state plows had scraped the roads clean, and the only sight of snow remaining lay in the drifts and patches on the sheltered, wooded slopes northward.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, Brian Ray, Through the Pale Door: A Novel, page 42:", "text": "Fog cottoned the roads under a sky like rusted tin.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2010, Ali Shaw, The Girl with Glass Feet, →ISBN:", "text": "A mist cottoned the hills inland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2018, Sara Saint James, Trust the Night:", "text": "She got out and began to wade through the blanket of powder which cottoned the ground.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To enshroud with a layer of whiteness."], "links": [["enshroud", "enshroud"], ["whiteness", "whiteness"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1971, Under the Sign of Pisces - Volumes 2-4, page 9:", "text": "Jeanne's house, like Usher's, is a void of great silence and immobility and the \"somnambulistic gardens\" surrounding her house like Usher's tarn \"cottoned the sound from the world.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, John Tytell, Harold Jaffe, Affinities: A Short Story Anthology, →ISBN:", "text": "The violins were muted, the hands were gloved, carpets were unrolled forever under the feet, and the gardens cottoned the sound from the world.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1978, Robert D. Hare, Daisy Schalling, Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research, page 324:", "text": "In the case of the whippingboys, however, the closeness of the relationship was often given a somewhat negative interpretation by the teachers — the parents were over-anxious, 'cottoned' the boy, were overprotective.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1982, Daedalus, page 138:", "text": "Indeed, pragmatism and technicism cottoned the American soul from some of the worst pains of an unmysterious world, although they would later be poor guardians against its encroachment.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To protect from harsh stimuli, coddle, or muffle."], "links": [["protect", "protect"], ["coddle", "coddle"], ["muffle", "muffle"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1912, Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, page 267:", "text": "To oppress one's own workmen, and provide for the workmen of a neighbor — to skin those in charge of one's own interests while cottoning and oiling the residuary product of another's skinnery — that is not very good benevolence, nor very good sense, but it serves in place of both.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1934, The Penrose Annual: Review of the Graphic Arts:", "text": "It was inclined to be scummy in developing, and the consequent vigorous 'cottoning' or rubbing with a swab of absorbent cotton while in the developing sink, which was necessary to open it up, often caused injury to the image.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1969, Book Production Industry - Volume 6; Volume 45, page 78:", "text": "The solution has been to unplug the dots — open up the shadow areas — by re-etching, cottoning, and other handwork.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To rub or burnish with cotton."], "links": [["rub", "rub"], ["burnish", "burnish"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ˈkɒt.ən/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑt.ən/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[ˈkɑʔn̩]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cotton.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg/En-us-cotton.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɒtən"}], "wikipedia": ["cotton"], "word": "cotton"}

cotton (verb) cotton/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms borrowed from Welsh", "English terms derived from Anglo-Norman", "English terms derived from Arabic", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old French", "English terms derived from Old Italian", "English terms derived from Welsh", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English uncomparable adjectives", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (genus)", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)", "Entries using missing taxonomic name (tribe)", "Entries with translation boxes", "Lubuagan Kalinga terms in nonstandard scripts", "Pages with 3 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for 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Romansch translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Santali translations", "Terms with Saurashtra translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Shan translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Sidamo translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swazi translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Talysh translations", "Terms with Tamil translations", "Terms with Tat translations", "Terms with Tatar translations", "Terms with Tausug translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tetelcingo Nahuatl translations", "Terms with Tetum translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tigrinya translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Turkmen translations", "Terms with Tày translations", "Terms with Ubykh translations", "Terms with Udi translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Venetan translations", "Terms with Veps translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Votic translations", "Terms with Võro translations", "Terms with Waray-Waray translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Flemish translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Western Huasteca Nahuatl translations", "Terms with White Hmong translations", "Terms with Wolof translations", "Terms with Xhosa translations", "Terms with Ye'kwana translations", "Terms with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yinbaw Karen translations", "Terms with Yogad translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yup'ik translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "Yinbaw Karen terms in nonstandard scripts", "en:Fibers", "en:Mallow subfamily plants"], "derived": [{"word": "uncottoned"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cotoun"}, "expansion": "Middle English cotoun", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "xno", "3": "cotun"}, "expansion": "Anglo-Norman cotun", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "coton"}, "expansion": "Old French coton", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "roa-oit", "3": "cotone"}, "expansion": "Old Italian cotone", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ar", "3": "قُطُن", "id": "fabr"}, "expansion": "Arabic قُطُن (quṭun)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English cotoun, from Anglo-Norman cotun, Old French coton, from (Genoese) Old Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).", "forms": [{"form": "cottons", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "cottoning", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cotton (third-person singular simple present cottons, present participle cottoning, simple past and past participle cottoned)", "name": "en-verb"}], "hyphenation": ["cot‧ton"], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1838, William Newton, The London Journal of Arts and Sciences, and Repertory of Patent Inventions, page 8:", "text": "Supposing a frame, or set of moulds, as represented at B, to have wicks carried through each mould, or regularly cottoned, and each wick to be held accurately in the centre of the mould by means of the series of nippers shown at fig. 8, the moulds are first taken to the position shown at B 1, figs. 2, 3, and 4, where they are supported in a perpendicular position on the small straight edges or railway d, d, as seen at fig. 3.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1852, George Fergusson Wilson, On the stearic candle manufacture, page 24:", "text": "Each machine has on average 200 moulds, each mould contains 18 bobbins, and each bobbin, when first cottoned, 60 yards of wick, so that supposing all the frames of our seven machines to be fresh cottoned at the same time, we should have above 800 miles of wick in work.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, Edward Spon, Francis N. Spon, George Guillaume André, Spons' Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Commercial products:", "text": "The method of using the machine is as follows: — After having made the connection between the hot and cold water pipes and the machine at K, and having connected the outlet pipe with a drain, the machine is ready for cottoning.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1953, Manufacturing Series - Issues 211-224, page 33:", "text": "First comes bottling, which is done both by machine and by hand. This is followed by cottoning and capping.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1962, Time and Motion Study - Volume 11, page 16:", "text": "Although cottoning is performed by hand, the hand-capping operation is assisted by a mechanical friction wheel, driven through a flexible cable.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1975, Food Engineering - Volume 47, page 94:", "text": "Features of the CM/CCI (Continuous Motion, Close-Coupled Integrated) packaging line segment include control of containers from the bottle feeder through the filling/ cottoning operations and space savings in packaging line lengths.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs", "en:Horticulture"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Chambers's Journal, page 399:", "text": "When a tree is to be cottoned the ends from the cops are brought together and tied in a rough knot, which is hitched to a twig. Then, with the tube held upright, the operator walks round the tree as many times as may be necessary to cover it with lines of cotton, raising the metal tube about three feet after each round.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953 June 25, F. Howard Lancum, “More Nights at a Badgers' Sett”, in Country Life, volume 113, page 2064:", "text": "I went round and quietly cottoned all the nine holes, and next moring I found all the cottons intact.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1965, Amateur Gardening - Volume 82, page 199:", "text": "I planted out over 600 polyanthus plants, and almost without exception the sparrows had the new buds off — after I had both cottoned and sprayed with Jeyes. They also destroyed two rows of brussels sprouts seedlings — again after cottoning and spraying.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, Horticulture Industry, page 142:", "text": "The National Fruit Trials at Brogdale will this year be working in conjunction with Worplesden on cottoning cherry orchards as a method of reducing losses, although it can never entirely prevent damage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "links": [["horticulture", "horticulture"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(horticulture) To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"], "topics": ["agriculture", "business", "horticulture", "lifestyle"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1900, Sessional Papers (British Columbia), page 389:", "text": "The rooms downstairs were cottoned, the doors re-hung, and a counter put in the record office.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1906, Sessional Papers - Volume 40, Issue 1, Part 2, page R-51:", "text": "Robinson, W., Whitehorse: cottoning and papering 10 rooms, hall and staircase, at sergeant's mess, $206;", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1912, National Painters Magazine - Volume 39, page 657:", "text": "Mr. Taylor said he reckoned the cost of cottoning at twelve and one-half cents per yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1864, Honor: Or The Slave-dealer's Daughter, page 151:", "text": "Tar and cotton him,\" said a student from the college, more facetiously, perhaps, more mercifully inclined. \" Think, fellows, what a pretty bird he will be, with cotton for feathers ; — so downy.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1874, Belgravia - Volume 22, page 311:", "text": "The Southerners caught him ; and, as a natural consequence of his capture, he was, after a little preliminary cowhiding and railriding, tarred and cottoned; the soft and downy substance growing in the pod of the cotton plant being in the sunny South the substitute for 'the penal plumes' —as Sydney Smith in humorous euphuism called the feathers wwibh, in combination with a coating of pitch, made up the ignominious livery of an offender whom the Americans delight to dishonour.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, George Augustus Sala, Paris Herself Again in 1878-9 - Volume 1, page 248:", "text": "Tarring and feathering in the Northern States of America, or tarring and cottoning in the South (the last a freak frequently played with Abolitionists prior to the Great Civil War), could have been as nothing, looked upon as a frolic, compared with the racy humours of the Golden House.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "links": [["tar and feather", "tar and feather#English"]], "qualifier": "tar and cotton", "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(tar and cotton) To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1986, W. E. B. Griffin, The Majors, →ISBN, page 52:", "text": "Goddamned fools had cottoned the land, and just worked it to death, destroying the topsoil, so it blew away, and then, when the rains came, gullied it, so that it wasn't worth a damn for anything.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1990, Seymour W. Itzkoff, The Making of the Civilized Mind, page 69:", "text": "Eyes closed, ears cottoned, the mind produces its own interior messages.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1959, Historical Journal - Volume 7, page 42:", "text": "The finishing operations consisted of shearing the nap from the cloth, and frizzing, or cottoning, the surface, by pressing with hot irons.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1968, Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge from Its First Rise:", "text": "When the cloth is thus shorn on one side, it is for the most part cottoned on the other side, which they call the wrong side ; but frizes are cottoned on the \" right side\", for cottoning makes them such.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, The Shrewsbury drapers and the Welsh wool trade in the XVI and XVII centuries:", "text": "The final finishing processes—cottoning and rowing, or raising the nap with teasels and shearing it smooth again—were performed after the Drapers had carried the cloth to Shrewsbury.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Eric Kerridge, Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England, →ISBN, page 19:", "text": "Webs made from them had to be frizzed or cottoned.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2015, Catherine Hall, Nicholas Draper, Keith McClelland, Emancipation and the Remaking of the British Imperial World, →ISBN:", "text": "The 'cotton' was, in fact, a woollen fabric, one whose nap had been teased upwards or 'cottoned'.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To raise a nap, providing with a soft, cottony texture."], "links": [["nap", "nap"], ["soft", "soft"], ["cottony", "cottony"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1854, The Churchman's Monthly Magazine - Volume 1, page 148:", "text": "At this moment he saw the plate cottoning, as he expressed it, to his young friend, Charles Freeland, who sat in the pew at his right. He watched to see what the young merchant would give ; and to his amazement, he saw the young man put in a fifty dollar note!", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1971, Modern Packaging Encyclopedia, page 112:", "text": "Used at medium to thin consistency to avoid stringing or cottoning and to assure proper spreading characteristics.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2001, Quality Assurance in Marketing of Fresh Horticultural Produce:", "text": "However, this variety exhibited cottoning (breaking down of the central portion of the root) starting on the 14th up to the 20th day of storage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To develop a porous, cottony texture."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1970, Western Writers of America, Spurs West, page 111:", "text": "A fair piece ahead, in answering signal cottoned the sky in rhythmic puffs.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1998, George P. Morrill, The Blake Streak: A Tale of War, Mutiny and Love, →ISBN, page 137:", "text": "Choppy waves cottoned the bay.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2000, Elizabeth Stead, The Fishcastle, page 124:", "text": "And he quickly changed the subject as the first of the afternoon clouds cottoned the sky and laid shadows across Marlin Hardwick's rustling, winding, scuttling and bird-calling yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To give the appearance of being dotted with cotton balls."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, The Improvement Era - Volume 40, page 186:", "text": "Fog cottoned the steep, wooded slopes on each side of the lake, and the air was chill and penetrating.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1956, Edwin Gilbert, Native Stone, page 316:", "text": "There was no evidence by Thursday of the snowfall that had thickly cottoned the Taunton area; the town and state plows had scraped the roads clean, and the only sight of snow remaining lay in the drifts and patches on the sheltered, wooded slopes northward.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, Brian Ray, Through the Pale Door: A Novel, page 42:", "text": "Fog cottoned the roads under a sky like rusted tin.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2010, Ali Shaw, The Girl with Glass Feet, →ISBN:", "text": "A mist cottoned the hills inland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2018, Sara Saint James, Trust the Night:", "text": "She got out and began to wade through the blanket of powder which cottoned the ground.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To enshroud with a layer of whiteness."], "links": [["enshroud", "enshroud"], ["whiteness", "whiteness"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1971, Under the Sign of Pisces - Volumes 2-4, page 9:", "text": "Jeanne's house, like Usher's, is a void of great silence and immobility and the \"somnambulistic gardens\" surrounding her house like Usher's tarn \"cottoned the sound from the world.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, John Tytell, Harold Jaffe, Affinities: A Short Story Anthology, →ISBN:", "text": "The violins were muted, the hands were gloved, carpets were unrolled forever under the feet, and the gardens cottoned the sound from the world.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1978, Robert D. Hare, Daisy Schalling, Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research, page 324:", "text": "In the case of the whippingboys, however, the closeness of the relationship was often given a somewhat negative interpretation by the teachers — the parents were over-anxious, 'cottoned' the boy, were overprotective.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1982, Daedalus, page 138:", "text": "Indeed, pragmatism and technicism cottoned the American soul from some of the worst pains of an unmysterious world, although they would later be poor guardians against its encroachment.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To protect from harsh stimuli, coddle, or muffle."], "links": [["protect", "protect"], ["coddle", "coddle"], ["muffle", "muffle"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1912, Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, page 267:", "text": "To oppress one's own workmen, and provide for the workmen of a neighbor — to skin those in charge of one's own interests while cottoning and oiling the residuary product of another's skinnery — that is not very good benevolence, nor very good sense, but it serves in place of both.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1934, The Penrose Annual: Review of the Graphic Arts:", "text": "It was inclined to be scummy in developing, and the consequent vigorous 'cottoning' or rubbing with a swab of absorbent cotton while in the developing sink, which was necessary to open it up, often caused injury to the image.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1969, Book Production Industry - Volume 6; Volume 45, page 78:", "text": "The solution has been to unplug the dots — open up the shadow areas — by re-etching, cottoning, and other handwork.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To rub or burnish with cotton."], "links": [["rub", "rub"], ["burnish", "burnish"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ˈkɒt.ən/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑt.ən/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[ˈkɑʔn̩]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cotton.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg/En-us-cotton.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɒtən"}], "wikipedia": ["cotton"], "word": "cotton"}

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with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yinbaw Karen translations", "Terms with Yogad translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yup'ik translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "Yinbaw Karen terms in nonstandard scripts", "en:Fibers", "en:Mallow subfamily plants"], "derived": [{"word": "uncottoned"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cotoun"}, "expansion": "Middle English cotoun", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "xno", "3": "cotun"}, "expansion": "Anglo-Norman cotun", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "coton"}, "expansion": "Old French coton", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "roa-oit", "3": "cotone"}, "expansion": "Old Italian cotone", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ar", "3": "قُطُن", "id": "fabr"}, "expansion": "Arabic قُطُن (quṭun)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English cotoun, from Anglo-Norman cotun, Old French coton, from (Genoese) Old Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).", "forms": [{"form": "cottons", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "cottoning", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cotton (third-person singular simple present cottons, present participle cottoning, simple past and past participle cottoned)", "name": "en-verb"}], "hyphenation": ["cot‧ton"], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1838, William Newton, The London Journal of Arts and Sciences, and Repertory of Patent Inventions, page 8:", "text": "Supposing a frame, or set of moulds, as represented at B, to have wicks carried through each mould, or regularly cottoned, and each wick to be held accurately in the centre of the mould by means of the series of nippers shown at fig. 8, the moulds are first taken to the position shown at B 1, figs. 2, 3, and 4, where they are supported in a perpendicular position on the small straight edges or railway d, d, as seen at fig. 3.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1852, George Fergusson Wilson, On the stearic candle manufacture, page 24:", "text": "Each machine has on average 200 moulds, each mould contains 18 bobbins, and each bobbin, when first cottoned, 60 yards of wick, so that supposing all the frames of our seven machines to be fresh cottoned at the same time, we should have above 800 miles of wick in work.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, Edward Spon, Francis N. Spon, George Guillaume André, Spons' Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Commercial products:", "text": "The method of using the machine is as follows: — After having made the connection between the hot and cold water pipes and the machine at K, and having connected the outlet pipe with a drain, the machine is ready for cottoning.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1953, Manufacturing Series - Issues 211-224, page 33:", "text": "First comes bottling, which is done both by machine and by hand. This is followed by cottoning and capping.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1962, Time and Motion Study - Volume 11, page 16:", "text": "Although cottoning is performed by hand, the hand-capping operation is assisted by a mechanical friction wheel, driven through a flexible cable.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1975, Food Engineering - Volume 47, page 94:", "text": "Features of the CM/CCI (Continuous Motion, Close-Coupled Integrated) packaging line segment include control of containers from the bottle feeder through the filling/ cottoning operations and space savings in packaging line lengths.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs", "en:Horticulture"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Chambers's Journal, page 399:", "text": "When a tree is to be cottoned the ends from the cops are brought together and tied in a rough knot, which is hitched to a twig. Then, with the tube held upright, the operator walks round the tree as many times as may be necessary to cover it with lines of cotton, raising the metal tube about three feet after each round.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953 June 25, F. Howard Lancum, “More Nights at a Badgers' Sett”, in Country Life, volume 113, page 2064:", "text": "I went round and quietly cottoned all the nine holes, and next moring I found all the cottons intact.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1965, Amateur Gardening - Volume 82, page 199:", "text": "I planted out over 600 polyanthus plants, and almost without exception the sparrows had the new buds off — after I had both cottoned and sprayed with Jeyes. They also destroyed two rows of brussels sprouts seedlings — again after cottoning and spraying.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, Horticulture Industry, page 142:", "text": "The National Fruit Trials at Brogdale will this year be working in conjunction with Worplesden on cottoning cherry orchards as a method of reducing losses, although it can never entirely prevent damage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "links": [["horticulture", "horticulture"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(horticulture) To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"], "topics": ["agriculture", "business", "horticulture", "lifestyle"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1900, Sessional Papers (British Columbia), page 389:", "text": "The rooms downstairs were cottoned, the doors re-hung, and a counter put in the record office.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1906, Sessional Papers - Volume 40, Issue 1, Part 2, page R-51:", "text": "Robinson, W., Whitehorse: cottoning and papering 10 rooms, hall and staircase, at sergeant's mess, $206;", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1912, National Painters Magazine - Volume 39, page 657:", "text": "Mr. Taylor said he reckoned the cost of cottoning at twelve and one-half cents per yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1864, Honor: Or The Slave-dealer's Daughter, page 151:", "text": "Tar and cotton him,\" said a student from the college, more facetiously, perhaps, more mercifully inclined. \" Think, fellows, what a pretty bird he will be, with cotton for feathers ; — so downy.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1874, Belgravia - Volume 22, page 311:", "text": "The Southerners caught him ; and, as a natural consequence of his capture, he was, after a little preliminary cowhiding and railriding, tarred and cottoned; the soft and downy substance growing in the pod of the cotton plant being in the sunny South the substitute for 'the penal plumes' —as Sydney Smith in humorous euphuism called the feathers wwibh, in combination with a coating of pitch, made up the ignominious livery of an offender whom the Americans delight to dishonour.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, George Augustus Sala, Paris Herself Again in 1878-9 - Volume 1, page 248:", "text": "Tarring and feathering in the Northern States of America, or tarring and cottoning in the South (the last a freak frequently played with Abolitionists prior to the Great Civil War), could have been as nothing, looked upon as a frolic, compared with the racy humours of the Golden House.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "links": [["tar and feather", "tar and feather#English"]], "qualifier": "tar and cotton", "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(tar and cotton) To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1986, W. E. B. Griffin, The Majors, →ISBN, page 52:", "text": "Goddamned fools had cottoned the land, and just worked it to death, destroying the topsoil, so it blew away, and then, when the rains came, gullied it, so that it wasn't worth a damn for anything.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1990, Seymour W. Itzkoff, The Making of the Civilized Mind, page 69:", "text": "Eyes closed, ears cottoned, the mind produces its own interior messages.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1959, Historical Journal - Volume 7, page 42:", "text": "The finishing operations consisted of shearing the nap from the cloth, and frizzing, or cottoning, the surface, by pressing with hot irons.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1968, Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge from Its First Rise:", "text": "When the cloth is thus shorn on one side, it is for the most part cottoned on the other side, which they call the wrong side ; but frizes are cottoned on the \" right side\", for cottoning makes them such.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, The Shrewsbury drapers and the Welsh wool trade in the XVI and XVII centuries:", "text": "The final finishing processes—cottoning and rowing, or raising the nap with teasels and shearing it smooth again—were performed after the Drapers had carried the cloth to Shrewsbury.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Eric Kerridge, Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England, →ISBN, page 19:", "text": "Webs made from them had to be frizzed or cottoned.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2015, Catherine Hall, Nicholas Draper, Keith McClelland, Emancipation and the Remaking of the British Imperial World, →ISBN:", "text": "The 'cotton' was, in fact, a woollen fabric, one whose nap had been teased upwards or 'cottoned'.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To raise a nap, providing with a soft, cottony texture."], "links": [["nap", "nap"], ["soft", "soft"], ["cottony", "cottony"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1854, The Churchman's Monthly Magazine - Volume 1, page 148:", "text": "At this moment he saw the plate cottoning, as he expressed it, to his young friend, Charles Freeland, who sat in the pew at his right. He watched to see what the young merchant would give ; and to his amazement, he saw the young man put in a fifty dollar note!", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1971, Modern Packaging Encyclopedia, page 112:", "text": "Used at medium to thin consistency to avoid stringing or cottoning and to assure proper spreading characteristics.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2001, Quality Assurance in Marketing of Fresh Horticultural Produce:", "text": "However, this variety exhibited cottoning (breaking down of the central portion of the root) starting on the 14th up to the 20th day of storage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To develop a porous, cottony texture."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1970, Western Writers of America, Spurs West, page 111:", "text": "A fair piece ahead, in answering signal cottoned the sky in rhythmic puffs.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1998, George P. Morrill, The Blake Streak: A Tale of War, Mutiny and Love, →ISBN, page 137:", "text": "Choppy waves cottoned the bay.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2000, Elizabeth Stead, The Fishcastle, page 124:", "text": "And he quickly changed the subject as the first of the afternoon clouds cottoned the sky and laid shadows across Marlin Hardwick's rustling, winding, scuttling and bird-calling yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To give the appearance of being dotted with cotton balls."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, The Improvement Era - Volume 40, page 186:", "text": "Fog cottoned the steep, wooded slopes on each side of the lake, and the air was chill and penetrating.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1956, Edwin Gilbert, Native Stone, page 316:", "text": "There was no evidence by Thursday of the snowfall that had thickly cottoned the Taunton area; the town and state plows had scraped the roads clean, and the only sight of snow remaining lay in the drifts and patches on the sheltered, wooded slopes northward.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, Brian Ray, Through the Pale Door: A Novel, page 42:", "text": "Fog cottoned the roads under a sky like rusted tin.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2010, Ali Shaw, The Girl with Glass Feet, →ISBN:", "text": "A mist cottoned the hills inland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2018, Sara Saint James, Trust the Night:", "text": "She got out and began to wade through the blanket of powder which cottoned the ground.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To enshroud with a layer of whiteness."], "links": [["enshroud", "enshroud"], ["whiteness", "whiteness"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1971, Under the Sign of Pisces - Volumes 2-4, page 9:", "text": "Jeanne's house, like Usher's, is a void of great silence and immobility and the \"somnambulistic gardens\" surrounding her house like Usher's tarn \"cottoned the sound from the world.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, John Tytell, Harold Jaffe, Affinities: A Short Story Anthology, →ISBN:", "text": "The violins were muted, the hands were gloved, carpets were unrolled forever under the feet, and the gardens cottoned the sound from the world.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1978, Robert D. Hare, Daisy Schalling, Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research, page 324:", "text": "In the case of the whippingboys, however, the closeness of the relationship was often given a somewhat negative interpretation by the teachers — the parents were over-anxious, 'cottoned' the boy, were overprotective.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1982, Daedalus, page 138:", "text": "Indeed, pragmatism and technicism cottoned the American soul from some of the worst pains of an unmysterious world, although they would later be poor guardians against its encroachment.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To protect from harsh stimuli, coddle, or muffle."], "links": [["protect", "protect"], ["coddle", "coddle"], ["muffle", "muffle"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1912, Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, page 267:", "text": "To oppress one's own workmen, and provide for the workmen of a neighbor — to skin those in charge of one's own interests while cottoning and oiling the residuary product of another's skinnery — that is not very good benevolence, nor very good sense, but it serves in place of both.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1934, The Penrose Annual: Review of the Graphic Arts:", "text": "It was inclined to be scummy in developing, and the consequent vigorous 'cottoning' or rubbing with a swab of absorbent cotton while in the developing sink, which was necessary to open it up, often caused injury to the image.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1969, Book Production Industry - Volume 6; Volume 45, page 78:", "text": "The solution has been to unplug the dots — open up the shadow areas — by re-etching, cottoning, and other handwork.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To rub or burnish with cotton."], "links": [["rub", "rub"], ["burnish", "burnish"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ˈkɒt.ən/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑt.ən/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[ˈkɑʔn̩]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cotton.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg/En-us-cotton.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɒtən"}], "wikipedia": ["cotton"], "word": "cotton"}

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translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tigrinya translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Turkmen translations", "Terms with Tày translations", "Terms with Ubykh translations", "Terms with Udi translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Venetan translations", "Terms with Veps translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Votic translations", "Terms with Võro translations", "Terms with Waray-Waray translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Flemish translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Western Huasteca Nahuatl translations", "Terms with White Hmong translations", "Terms with Wolof translations", "Terms with Xhosa translations", "Terms with Ye'kwana translations", "Terms with Yiddish translations", "Terms with Yinbaw Karen translations", "Terms with Yogad translations", "Terms with Yoruba translations", "Terms with Yup'ik translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zhuang translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "Yinbaw Karen terms in nonstandard scripts", "en:Fibers", "en:Mallow subfamily plants"], "derived": [{"word": "uncottoned"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cotoun"}, "expansion": "Middle English cotoun", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "xno", "3": "cotun"}, "expansion": "Anglo-Norman cotun", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "coton"}, "expansion": "Old French coton", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "roa-oit", "3": "cotone"}, "expansion": "Old Italian cotone", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ar", "3": "قُطُن", "id": "fabr"}, "expansion": "Arabic قُطُن (quṭun)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English cotoun, from Anglo-Norman cotun, Old French coton, from (Genoese) Old Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).", "forms": [{"form": "cottons", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "cottoning", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "cottoned", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cotton (third-person singular simple present cottons, present participle cottoning, simple past and past participle cottoned)", "name": "en-verb"}], "hyphenation": ["cot‧ton"], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1838, William Newton, The London Journal of Arts and Sciences, and Repertory of Patent Inventions, page 8:", "text": "Supposing a frame, or set of moulds, as represented at B, to have wicks carried through each mould, or regularly cottoned, and each wick to be held accurately in the centre of the mould by means of the series of nippers shown at fig. 8, the moulds are first taken to the position shown at B 1, figs. 2, 3, and 4, where they are supported in a perpendicular position on the small straight edges or railway d, d, as seen at fig. 3.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1852, George Fergusson Wilson, On the stearic candle manufacture, page 24:", "text": "Each machine has on average 200 moulds, each mould contains 18 bobbins, and each bobbin, when first cottoned, 60 yards of wick, so that supposing all the frames of our seven machines to be fresh cottoned at the same time, we should have above 800 miles of wick in work.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, Edward Spon, Francis N. Spon, George Guillaume André, Spons' Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Commercial products:", "text": "The method of using the machine is as follows: — After having made the connection between the hot and cold water pipes and the machine at K, and having connected the outlet pipe with a drain, the machine is ready for cottoning.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To supply with a cotton wick."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1953, Manufacturing Series - Issues 211-224, page 33:", "text": "First comes bottling, which is done both by machine and by hand. This is followed by cottoning and capping.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1962, Time and Motion Study - Volume 11, page 16:", "text": "Although cottoning is performed by hand, the hand-capping operation is assisted by a mechanical friction wheel, driven through a flexible cable.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1975, Food Engineering - Volume 47, page 94:", "text": "Features of the CM/CCI (Continuous Motion, Close-Coupled Integrated) packaging line segment include control of containers from the bottle feeder through the filling/ cottoning operations and space savings in packaging line lengths.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To fill with a wad of cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs", "en:Horticulture"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Chambers's Journal, page 399:", "text": "When a tree is to be cottoned the ends from the cops are brought together and tied in a rough knot, which is hitched to a twig. Then, with the tube held upright, the operator walks round the tree as many times as may be necessary to cover it with lines of cotton, raising the metal tube about three feet after each round.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953 June 25, F. Howard Lancum, “More Nights at a Badgers' Sett”, in Country Life, volume 113, page 2064:", "text": "I went round and quietly cottoned all the nine holes, and next moring I found all the cottons intact.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1965, Amateur Gardening - Volume 82, page 199:", "text": "I planted out over 600 polyanthus plants, and almost without exception the sparrows had the new buds off — after I had both cottoned and sprayed with Jeyes. They also destroyed two rows of brussels sprouts seedlings — again after cottoning and spraying.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, Horticulture Industry, page 142:", "text": "The National Fruit Trials at Brogdale will this year be working in conjunction with Worplesden on cottoning cherry orchards as a method of reducing losses, although it can never entirely prevent damage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "links": [["horticulture", "horticulture"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(horticulture) To wrap with a protective layer of cotton fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"], "topics": ["agriculture", "business", "horticulture", "lifestyle"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1900, Sessional Papers (British Columbia), page 389:", "text": "The rooms downstairs were cottoned, the doors re-hung, and a counter put in the record office.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1906, Sessional Papers - Volume 40, Issue 1, Part 2, page R-51:", "text": "Robinson, W., Whitehorse: cottoning and papering 10 rooms, hall and staircase, at sergeant's mess, $206;", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1912, National Painters Magazine - Volume 39, page 657:", "text": "Mr. Taylor said he reckoned the cost of cottoning at twelve and one-half cents per yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "To cover walls with fabric."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1864, Honor: Or The Slave-dealer's Daughter, page 151:", "text": "Tar and cotton him,\" said a student from the college, more facetiously, perhaps, more mercifully inclined. \" Think, fellows, what a pretty bird he will be, with cotton for feathers ; — so downy.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1874, Belgravia - Volume 22, page 311:", "text": "The Southerners caught him ; and, as a natural consequence of his capture, he was, after a little preliminary cowhiding and railriding, tarred and cottoned; the soft and downy substance growing in the pod of the cotton plant being in the sunny South the substitute for 'the penal plumes' —as Sydney Smith in humorous euphuism called the feathers wwibh, in combination with a coating of pitch, made up the ignominious livery of an offender whom the Americans delight to dishonour.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1880, George Augustus Sala, Paris Herself Again in 1878-9 - Volume 1, page 248:", "text": "Tarring and feathering in the Northern States of America, or tarring and cottoning in the South (the last a freak frequently played with Abolitionists prior to the Great Civil War), could have been as nothing, looked upon as a frolic, compared with the racy humours of the Golden House.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton.", "To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "links": [["tar and feather", "tar and feather#English"]], "qualifier": "tar and cotton", "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton.", "(tar and cotton) To cover with cotton bolls over a layer of tar (analogous to tar and feather )"], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"ref": "1986, W. E. B. Griffin, The Majors, →ISBN, page 52:", "text": "Goddamned fools had cottoned the land, and just worked it to death, destroying the topsoil, so it blew away, and then, when the rains came, gullied it, so that it wasn't worth a damn for anything.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1990, Seymour W. Itzkoff, The Making of the Civilized Mind, page 69:", "text": "Eyes closed, ears cottoned, the mind produces its own interior messages.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To provide with cotton."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To provide with cotton."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1959, Historical Journal - Volume 7, page 42:", "text": "The finishing operations consisted of shearing the nap from the cloth, and frizzing, or cottoning, the surface, by pressing with hot irons.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1968, Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge from Its First Rise:", "text": "When the cloth is thus shorn on one side, it is for the most part cottoned on the other side, which they call the wrong side ; but frizes are cottoned on the \" right side\", for cottoning makes them such.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1953, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, The Shrewsbury drapers and the Welsh wool trade in the XVI and XVII centuries:", "text": "The final finishing processes—cottoning and rowing, or raising the nap with teasels and shearing it smooth again—were performed after the Drapers had carried the cloth to Shrewsbury.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1985, Eric Kerridge, Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England, →ISBN, page 19:", "text": "Webs made from them had to be frizzed or cottoned.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2015, Catherine Hall, Nicholas Draper, Keith McClelland, Emancipation and the Remaking of the British Imperial World, →ISBN:", "text": "The 'cotton' was, in fact, a woollen fabric, one whose nap had been teased upwards or 'cottoned'.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To raise a nap, providing with a soft, cottony texture."], "links": [["nap", "nap"], ["soft", "soft"], ["cottony", "cottony"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1854, The Churchman's Monthly Magazine - Volume 1, page 148:", "text": "At this moment he saw the plate cottoning, as he expressed it, to his young friend, Charles Freeland, who sat in the pew at his right. He watched to see what the young merchant would give ; and to his amazement, he saw the young man put in a fifty dollar note!", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1971, Modern Packaging Encyclopedia, page 112:", "text": "Used at medium to thin consistency to avoid stringing or cottoning and to assure proper spreading characteristics.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2001, Quality Assurance in Marketing of Fresh Horticultural Produce:", "text": "However, this variety exhibited cottoning (breaking down of the central portion of the root) starting on the 14th up to the 20th day of storage.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To develop a porous, cottony texture."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1970, Western Writers of America, Spurs West, page 111:", "text": "A fair piece ahead, in answering signal cottoned the sky in rhythmic puffs.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1998, George P. Morrill, The Blake Streak: A Tale of War, Mutiny and Love, →ISBN, page 137:", "text": "Choppy waves cottoned the bay.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2000, Elizabeth Stead, The Fishcastle, page 124:", "text": "And he quickly changed the subject as the first of the afternoon clouds cottoned the sky and laid shadows across Marlin Hardwick's rustling, winding, scuttling and bird-calling yard.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To give the appearance of being dotted with cotton balls."]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1937, Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, The Improvement Era - Volume 40, page 186:", "text": "Fog cottoned the steep, wooded slopes on each side of the lake, and the air was chill and penetrating.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1956, Edwin Gilbert, Native Stone, page 316:", "text": "There was no evidence by Thursday of the snowfall that had thickly cottoned the Taunton area; the town and state plows had scraped the roads clean, and the only sight of snow remaining lay in the drifts and patches on the sheltered, wooded slopes northward.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, Brian Ray, Through the Pale Door: A Novel, page 42:", "text": "Fog cottoned the roads under a sky like rusted tin.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2010, Ali Shaw, The Girl with Glass Feet, →ISBN:", "text": "A mist cottoned the hills inland.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2018, Sara Saint James, Trust the Night:", "text": "She got out and began to wade through the blanket of powder which cottoned the ground.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To make or become cotton-like", "To enshroud with a layer of whiteness."], "links": [["enshroud", "enshroud"], ["whiteness", "whiteness"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1971, Under the Sign of Pisces - Volumes 2-4, page 9:", "text": "Jeanne's house, like Usher's, is a void of great silence and immobility and the \"somnambulistic gardens\" surrounding her house like Usher's tarn \"cottoned the sound from the world.\"", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1976, John Tytell, Harold Jaffe, Affinities: A Short Story Anthology, →ISBN:", "text": "The violins were muted, the hands were gloved, carpets were unrolled forever under the feet, and the gardens cottoned the sound from the world.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1978, Robert D. Hare, Daisy Schalling, Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research, page 324:", "text": "In the case of the whippingboys, however, the closeness of the relationship was often given a somewhat negative interpretation by the teachers — the parents were over-anxious, 'cottoned' the boy, were overprotective.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1982, Daedalus, page 138:", "text": "Indeed, pragmatism and technicism cottoned the American soul from some of the worst pains of an unmysterious world, although they would later be poor guardians against its encroachment.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To protect from harsh stimuli, coddle, or muffle."], "links": [["protect", "protect"], ["coddle", "coddle"], ["muffle", "muffle"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1912, Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, page 267:", "text": "To oppress one's own workmen, and provide for the workmen of a neighbor — to skin those in charge of one's own interests while cottoning and oiling the residuary product of another's skinnery — that is not very good benevolence, nor very good sense, but it serves in place of both.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1934, The Penrose Annual: Review of the Graphic Arts:", "text": "It was inclined to be scummy in developing, and the consequent vigorous 'cottoning' or rubbing with a swab of absorbent cotton while in the developing sink, which was necessary to open it up, often caused injury to the image.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1969, Book Production Industry - Volume 6; Volume 45, page 78:", "text": "The solution has been to unplug the dots — open up the shadow areas — by re-etching, cottoning, and other handwork.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To rub or burnish with cotton."], "links": [["rub", "rub"], ["burnish", "burnish"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ˈkɒt.ən/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑt.ən/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[ˈkɑʔn̩]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cotton.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg/En-us-cotton.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/En-us-cotton.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɒtən"}], "wikipedia": ["cotton"], "word": "cotton"}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (1c4b89b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

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