English Wiktionary data extraction errors and warnings

buff/English/verb

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buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle French", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "derived": [{"word": "buffable"}, {"word": "buff down"}, {"word": "buff out"}, {"word": "buff the muffin"}, {"word": "buff up"}, {"word": "buff wheel"}, {"word": "rebuff"}, {"word": "unbuffed"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "frm", "3": "buffle", "4": "", "5": "buffalo"}, "expansion": "Middle French buffle (“buffalo”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From buffe (“leather”), from Middle French buffle (“buffalo”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 22]], "text": "He was already buffing the car's hubs.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To polish and make shiny by rubbing."], "links": [["polish", "polish"], ["shiny", "shiny"], ["rubbing", "rub"]], "synonyms": [{"word": "wax"}, {"word": "shine"}, {"word": "polish"}, {"word": "furbish"}, {"word": "burnish"}]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "debuff"}, {"word": "nerf"}], "categories": ["English terms with usage examples", "en:Role-playing games", "en:Video games"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[14, 20]], "text": "The enchanter buffed the paladin to prepare him to fight the dragon.", "type": "example"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[32, 38]], "text": "I noticed that the pistols were buffed in the update.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To make a character or an item stronger."], "links": [["video game", "video game"], ["roleplaying game", "roleplaying game"]], "qualifier": "roleplaying games", "raw_glosses": ["(video games, roleplaying games) To make a character or an item stronger."], "topics": ["video-games"]}, {"categories": ["English medical slang", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[15, 21], [160, 167]], "ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:", "text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" [...] They attempted to transfer her to urology by modifying her chart (buffing it) to request urine tests, but the doctors in urology sent (bounced) her back.", "type": "quote"}, {"bold_text_offsets": [[54, 58]], "ref": "2004, Gregory Davis, Pathology and Law, page 121:", "text": "The implication of such an action is an invitation to buff the chart. The medical records department could have prevented the falsification by sending a copy of the chart to the attorney at the same time that they notified the hospital physician of the attorney's request for the chart.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."], "links": [["medical", "medical"], ["slang", "slang"], ["chart", "chart"]], "qualifier": "medical slang", "raw_glosses": ["(medical slang) To modify a medical chart, especially in a dishonest manner."]}, {"glosses": ["To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "links": [["graffiti", "graffiti"], ["slang", "slang"]], "raw_glosses": ["(graffiti slang) To remove graffiti, particularly by someone who is not a graffiti writer."], "tags": ["slang"], "topics": ["arts", "graffiti", "visual-arts"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "translations": [{"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "cāliàng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "擦亮"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "pāoguāng", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "抛光"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "oppoetsen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "kiillottaa"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polieren"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "whakakanapa"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "aumiri"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "polirovátʹ", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "полирова́ть"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "vyleštiť vyblýskať"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "bruñir"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "abrillantar"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "pulimentar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "word": "polera"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "poliruváty", "sense": "to polish and make shiny", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "полірува́ти"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zēngyì", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "增益"}, {"code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "sense": "to make something stronger", "word": "バフ"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 3, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "buffen", "t": "to stutter, stammer"}, "expansion": "Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "byffan", "t": "to mumble, mutter"}, "expansion": "Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”)", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gmw-pro", "3": "*bubjaną"}, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeyH-", "t": "to fear, to be afraid"}, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English buffen (“to stutter, stammer”), from Old English byffan (“to mumble, mutter”), from Proto-West Germanic *bubjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear, to be afraid”). More at bive (“tremble, shake”) and bever.", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English dialectal terms", "English terms with obsolete senses"], "glosses": ["To stammer, stutter"], "links": [["stammer", "stammer"], ["stutter", "stutter"]], "raw_glosses": ["(dialectal or obsolete) To stammer, stutter"], "tags": ["dialectal", "obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

buff (verb) buff/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Old French", "English verbs", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "en:Appearance", "en:Bovines", "en:Browns", "en:Clothing", "en:People", "en:Skin", "en:Tools", "en:Violence", "en:Yellows", "is:Headwear"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "bufer", "4": "", "5": "to cuff, buffet"}, "expansion": "Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”)", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "From Old French bufer (“to cuff, buffet”). See buffet (“a blow”).", "forms": [{"form": "buffs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "buffing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "buffed", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "buff (third-person singular simple present buffs, present participle buffing, simple past and past participle buffed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"bold_text_offsets": [[53, 59]], "ref": "a. 1640, Ben Jonson, The Under-wood, page 277:", "text": "Bravely run Red-hood, / There was a shock, / To have buff’d out the blood / From ought but a block.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To strike."], "links": [["strike", "strike"]]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/bʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/bɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-bluff.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg/En-au-bluff.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-au-bluff.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/bʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}], "wikipedia": ["buff"], "word": "buff"}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-01 using wiktextract (85b9f46 and 1b6da77). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

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