tesla

Named after Serbian-American inventor Nikola Tesla.

named-after

In a draft paper, REBCO wiring has been reported to produce magnetic fields over 35 Tesla; the ARC design only needs 20T fields.

2015 August 18, John Timmer, “Small, modular nuke plant proposed—this time for fusion”, in Ars Technica:

magnetic flux density
magnetic flux density

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of magnetic flux density or magnetic inductivity. Symbol: T

ቴስላ

Unit of measurement of magnetic flux density


volt

Named after Italian physicist Alessandro Volta. For the surname, see Italian Volta.

If the volt, ampere and ohm were taken as the absolute units, the practical units would be the ampere, begohm and begavolt, names just as convenient as ampere, coulomb and farad.

1900, Journal of the Franklin Institute, volume 149, page 461:

Each turbogenerator consisted of a steam turbine, powered by 900 psi of superheated steam, that was coupled by a set of reduction gears to a General Electric marine alternating-current generator operating at 1,800 rpm. Each generator had a capacity of 2,000 kilowatts of three-phase power at 450 volts and 60 hertz. The main 450-volt switchboard was energized by the two turbogenerators. The emergency switchboard, in the emergency generator room, was fed from the main switchboard through an electrical tie.

2017 December 12, National Transportation Safety Board, “1.3.5 Electrical Generation and Distribution System”, in Marine Accident Report: Sinking of US Cargo Vessel SS El Faro, Atlantic Ocean, Northeast of Acklins and Crooked Island, Bahamas, October 1, 2015, archived from the original on 2022-05-15, pages 36–37:

International System of Units
International System of Units

potential difference
potential difference

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of electrical potential and electromotive force (voltage); the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere uses one watt of power. Symbol: V


watt

what (Received Pronunciation, wine–whine merger)

Named after Scottish engineer James Watt. For the surname, see Watt.

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of power; the power of a system in which one joule of energy is transferred per second. Symbol: W


weber

Named after the German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of magnetic flux; the flux linking a circuit of one turn that produces an electromotive force of one volt when reduced uniformly to zero in one second. Symbol: Wb.


grain

en-noun

grain (countable and uncountable, plural grains)

From Middle English greyn, grayn, grein, from Old French grain, grein, from Latin grānum (“seed”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (“grain”). Doublet of corn, gram, granum, and grao.

𒊺

harvested seeds of various grass-related food crops

гран

unit of mass notionally based on grain's weight

en:any of various units of mass
en:English grain, 64.79891 mg

(countable) Any of various small units of mass originally notionally based on grain's weight, variously standardized at different places and times, including

The English grain of ¹⁄₅₇₆₀ troy pound or ¹⁄₇₀₀₀ pound avoirdupois, now exactly 64.79891 mg.

en:any of various units of mass
en:quarter-carat as 50 mg

The metric, carat, or pearl grain of ¹⁄₄ carat used for measuring precious stones and pearls, now exactly 50 mg.


beehive

From Middle English beehyve, equivalent to bee + hive.

By the way, what happens to a beehive which is under attack by one or two gliders such as pictured:

1989 December 22, Norbert Roestel, “CA-LETTER”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Alternatively, in many cases the debris can be suppressed by perturbing the debris with a passing spaceship before it stabilizes into the beehive or loaf.

1992 October 22, David Bell, “Spaceships in Conway's Life (Part 6a)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Unfortunately, a beehive (a common six cell still life) was also created close to the block, and its position made it impossible to eliminate with conventional methods using still lifes (anything placed to destroy it would be damaged by earlier activity).

1996 November 16, Paul Callahan, “Still-life glider reflector found”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) In Conway's Game of Life, a particular still life pattern with a rounded appearance.


radius

Borrowed from Latin radius (“ray”). Doublet of ray.

Fatima claims to have visited all the bars within a five-mile radius of her Manhattan apartment.

We start with spherical geometries. The two geometries on spheres of radiuses R₁ and R₂ are obviously identical if R₁ = R₂; moreover, the converse also holds.

1994, Viacheslav V. Nikulin, Igor R. Shafarevich, translated by Miles Reid, Geometries and Groups, Springer, page 194:

The velocity dispersions of early- and late-type galaxies in compact groups change little with groupcentric radius; the radii sampled are less than 100~h#123;-1#125; kpc, smaller than the radii typically sampled by members of massive clusters of galaxies.

2016, Jubee Sohn, Ho Seong Hwang, Margaret J. Geller, Antonaldo Diaferio, Kenneth J. Rines, Myung Gyoon Lee, Gwang-Ho Lee, “Compact Groups of Galaxies with Complete Spectroscopic Redshifts in the Local Universe”, in JKAS, volume 2015:

(geometry) A line segment between any point of a circle or sphere and its center.

This contribution reduces with increasing distance p from the emitting surface element dA, due to conservation of energy, as the wave energy distributed across the spherical wave front remains constant, while the radius increases during ...

1998, Dieter Schuocker, Handbook of the Eurolaser Academy, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 51:

(geometry) The length of this line segment.

полупре́чник m (polupréčnik, literally “semidiameter”)

(graph theory) The minimum eccentricity of any vertex, for a given graph.


analogy

analogy (countable and uncountable, plural analogies)

/əˈnæləd͡ʒi/

From Latin analogia, from Ancient Greek ἀναλογίᾱ (analogíā), from ἀνα- (ana-) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).

(geometry) The proportion or the equality of ratios.


turn

→ Japanese: ターン (tān)

Partly from Anglo-Norman *torn, from Latin turnus, from Ancient Greek τόρνος (tórnos), and partly an action noun from the verb turn.

պտույտ

movement about an axis ending up with the same orientation

360° turn

movement about an axis returning to the original orientation

the first turn of the screw pays all debts

A movement of an object about its own axis in one direction that continues until the object returns to its initial orientation.

(geometry) A unit of plane angle measurement based on this movement.

kierros

geometry: unit of plane angle measurement based on this movement


fathom

From Middle English fathome, fadom, fadme (“unit of length of about six feet; depth of six feet for nautical soundings; (loosely) cubit; ell”) [and other forms], from Old English fæþm, fæþme (“encircling or outstretched arms, bosom, embrace; envelopment; control, grasp, power; fathom (unit of measurement); cubit”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *faþm (“outstretched arms, embrace; fathom (unit of measurement)”), from Proto-Germanic *faþmaz (“outstretched arms, embrace; fathom (unit of measurement)”), from Proto-Indo-European *pet-, *peth₂- (“to spread out; to fly”).
Cognates
* Ancient Greek πέταλος (pétalos, “broad; flat”), πετᾰ́ννῡμῐ (petắnnūmĭ, “to open; to spread out; to be dispersed or scattered”) (whence English petal)
* Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌸𐌰 (faþa, “fench; hedge”)
* Latin pateō (“to extend, increase; to be accessible, attainable, open; to be exposed, vulnerable”)
* Low German fadem, faem (“cubit; thread”)
* Middle Dutch vadem (modern Dutch vaam, vadem (“fathom”))
* Norwegian Bokmål favn (“an embrace; a fathom”)
* Old Frisian fethm (“outstretched arms”)
* Old High German fadam, fadum (“cubit”) (Middle High German vade (“enclosure”), vadem, vaden, modern German Faden (“fathom; filament, thread”))
* Old Norse faþmr (Danish favn (“an embrace; a fathom”), Icelandic faðmur (“an embrace”), Swedish famn (“the arms, bosom; an embrace”))
* Old Welsh etem (“thread”)

nb...

fadam, fadame, fademe, fadim, fadmen, fadome, fadum, fadym, fathem, fathme, fathum, fedme, fethme, feþme, (Southern England) vathym, vedme, vetheym, vethym, veðme, veþum

cog

[T]he ſhipmen deemed that they drew neere to ſome countrey: And ſounded, and found it twentie fathoms: and when they had gone a little further, they ſounded againe, and found it fifteene fathoms.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 27:27–28, column 2:

Full fadom fiue thy Father lies,
Of his bones are Corrall made:
Those are pearles that were his eies,
Nothing of him that doth fade,
But doth suffer a Sea-change
Into someting rich, & strange

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 5, column 1:

(chiefly nautical, historical, US) A man's armspan, generally reckoned to be six feet (about 1.8 metres). Later used to measure the depth of water, but now generally replaced by the metre outside American usage.

dupa

measure of six feet — see also brace, toise


equal sign

A symbol (=) used in mathematics to indicate that two values are the same, and elsewhere in various other ways, such as (formerly) to separate the signature from the content of a telegram.


vanish

en-verb

vanish (third-person singular simple present vanishes, present participle vanishing, simple past and past participle vanished)

vanishes (present singular third-person)
vanishing (participle present)
vanished (participle past)
vanished (past)

Aphetic for obsolete evanish, from Middle English vanyshen, evaneschen, from Old French esvanir, esvaniss- (modern French évanouir), from Vulgar Latin *exvanire (“to vanish, disappear, to fade out”), from Latin evanescere, from vanus (“empty”). Doublet of evanesce.

der

The function f such as f(x)#61;x² vanishes at x#61;0.


borrow

en-verb

borrow (third-person singular simple present borrows, present participle borrowing, simple past and past participle borrowed)

borrows (present singular third-person)
borrowing (participle present)
borrowed (participle past)
borrowed (past)
borrow (infinitive)

carry

the equivalent reverse procedure in the inverse operation of addition

From Middle English borwen, borȝien, Old English borgian (“to borrow, lend, pledge surety for”), from Proto-West Germanic *borgōn, from Proto-Germanic *burgōną (“to pledge, take care of”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care”).
Cognate with Dutch borgen (“to borrow, trust”), German borgen (“to borrow, lend”), Danish borge (“to vouch”). Related to Old English beorgan (“to save, preserve”). More at bury.

cog

(arithmetic) In a subtraction, to deduct (one) from a digit of the minuend and add ten to the following digit, in order that the subtraction of a larger digit in the subtrahend from the digit in the minuend to which ten is added gives a positive result.


amorphous

en-adj

amorphous (comparative more amorphous, superlative most amorphous)

more amorphous (comparative)
most amorphous (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἄμορφος (ámorphos, “without form, shapeless, deformed”) (itself from ἀ- (a-, “without”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “form”) + -ous. By surface analysis, a- + -morphous.

der

(set theory, of a set) Infinite and not the disjoint union of two infinite subsets.


estado

From Spanish estado (“Spanish fathom, state, status”), from Latin stātus (“standing, state, status”). Doublet of state, status, estate, and stade.

doublet

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 1.67 m.


aggregate

en-noun

aggregate (countable and uncountable, plural aggregates)

/ˈæɡ.ɹɪ.ɡət/

From Latin aggregātus, perfect passive participle of aggregō (“I flock together”), from ag- (combining form of ad (“to, toward”)) + gregō (“I flock or group”), from grex (“flock”). Compare gregarious.

(mathematics, obsolete) A set (collection of objects).


event

From Middle French event, from Latin ēventus (“an event, occurrence”), from ēveniō (“to happen, to fall out, to come out”), from ē (“out of, from”), short form of ex + veniō (“come”); related to venture, advent, convent, invent, convene, evene, etc.

If X is a random variable representing the toss of a six-sided die, then its sample space could be denoted as {1,2,3,4,5,6}. Examples of events could be: X=1, X=2, X>5,X̸=4, and X isin 1,3,5.

(probability theory) A set of some of the possible outcomes; a subset of the sample space.

ঘটনা

probability theory: a set of some of the possible outcomes


cylindrical

en-adj

cylindrical (comparative more cylindrical, superlative most cylindrical)

more cylindrical (comparative)
most cylindrical (superlative)

From Latin cylindricus + -al. By surface analysis, cylinder + -ical.

(cartography) Describing a map projection in which meridians are mapped onto vertical lines and parallels of latitude onto horizontal lines.


permutation

en-noun

permutation (countable and uncountable, plural permutations)

/ˌpɜː.mjʉˈtæɪ.ʃən/

[ˌpɜː.mjʉˈtæɪ.ʃn̩]

From Middle English permutacioun, permutacyoun, from Old French permutacïon, promutatïon and Medieval Latin permūtātiōnem, accusative of permūtātiō.
Morphologically permute + -ation

This permutation takes each element to the one following it, with the last mapped back to the first.

(mathematics) A one-to-one mapping from a finite set to itself.

There are six permutations of three elements, e.g. {abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba}.

(mathematics, combinatorics) An ordering of a finite set of distinct elements.


hexagon

From Latin hexagōnum, from Ancient Greek ἑξάγωνον (hexágōnon). By surface analysis, hexa- + -gon.

(geometry) A polygon with six sides and six angles.


octagon

From Latin octagōnon, octōgōnon (“octagon”), and from its etymon Ancient Greek ὀκτάγωνον (oktágōnon, “octagon”), probably from Koine Greek ὀκτάγωνος (oktágōnos, “having eight corners”) + -ον (-on, suffix forming nouns). ὀκτάγωνος is derived from ὀκτᾰ- (oktă-, prefix meaning ‘eight’) (from ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw (“eight”)) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle; corner”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (“knee”)); analysable as octa- + -gon. The English word is cognate with Middle French octogone (modern French octogone), Italian octagono (obsolete), ottagono, Spanish octágono, octógono.
Sense 2 (“arena for mixed martial arts”) refers to its shape.

der

From the Circle deſcribe the Octagon, by taking half the Quadrant of the former for each Side of the latter. [...] [B]y conjoining theſe Points with ſtrait Lines agreeable to the Shape of the Octagon, the whole Work is completed.

1707, Andrea Pozzo, “The Ninety-second Fig. An Octangular Cupola.”, in John James, transl., Rules and Examples of Perspective Proper for Painters and Architects, etc. in English and Latin: […], London: […] Benj[amin] Motte [Sr.], […]; [s]old by John Sturt […], →OCLC:

In like manner it is demonſtrated that one angle of a regular hexagon will be equal to one right angle, and one third part of one right angle; one angle of a regular octagon equal to one right angle and half a right angle; [...]

1752, Euclid, “[Additions to the Fourth Book.] Prop[osition] VII. Probl[em]. To Describe any Regular Polygon upon a Given Right Line, Admitting the Division of a Given Arch of a Circle into any Number of Equal Parts.”, in E[dmund] Stone, transl., Euclid’s Elements of Geometry, the First Six, the Eleventh and Twelfth Books; […], London: […] Tho[mas] Payne, […], →OCLC, book IV, pages 199–200:

Bismuth is the most common of all native metallic substances. It is generally found either in cubes or octagons, or of a dendritical form, or else in thin laminæ investing the ores of other metals, particularly those of cobalt.

1808, William Nicholson, “Ores of Bismuth”, in A Dictionary of Practical and Theoretical Chemistry, […], London: […] Richard Phillips, […], →OCLC, column 2:

The font is an octagon, having at each angle a slender pillar with crockets and finials, and the sides are richly sculptured with angels and animals, the figures holding shields, with various devices; at each corner of the contracting part towards the pedestal, are cherubs heads with expanded wings; and the pedestal, which is an irregular octagon, is ornamented with four non-descript animals, scaled over their breasts; on a moulding round the bottom are several old characters, now illegible.

1810, [James Sargant Storer; John Grieg], “Worlingworth Church, Suffolk”, in Antiquarian and Topographical Cabinet, Containing a Series of Elegant Views of the Most Interesting Objects of Curiosity in Great Britain. […], volume VII, London: […] W. Clarke, […], →OCLC:

The building [the Winter Garden conservatory, Kew Gardens] was to be of five parts—a centre, two small octagons, and two wings connected by the octagons with the centre. The centre and the two octagons were finished, and some expenditure must have been laid out on the wings, as the ground was dug out and foundations in concrete laid for the pillars.

1863 June 1, [Charles William] Selwyn, “Supply—Civil Service Estimates. Supply Considered in Committee.”, in Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, […] (House of Commons), volume CLXXI, London: Published by Cornelius Buck, at the office for “Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates,” […], →OCLC, columns 214–215:

China converted the hard octagons of the Turkoman rugs into circular scrolls or medallions, beautifying them meanwhile with floral character manifestly borrowed from the Persians and yet by no means Persian.

1922 October 28, Roy C. Bennett, “Rug Gift to National Press Club Typifies New China Industry”, in J[ohn] B[enjamin] Powell, editor, The Weekly Review, volume XXII, number 9, Shanghai: Millard Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 299, column 2:

(geometry, also attributively) A polygon with eight sides and eight angles.


arc

→ Irish: arc

→ Maltese: ark

→ Welsh: arc

Inherited from Middle English ark, from Old French arc, from Latin arcus (“a bow, arc, arch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷos (“bow, arrow”). Doublet of arch, arco, and arrow.

(geometry) A continuous part of the circumference of a circle (circular arc) or of another curve.

(mathematics) A continuous mapping from a real interval (typically [0, 1]) into a space.


axis

Borrowed from Latin axis (“axle, axis”) in the 16th century.

A doorknob of whatever roundish shape is effectively a continuum of levers, with the axis of the latching mechanism—known as the spindle—being the fulcrum about which the turning takes place.

2012 March, Henry Petroski, “Opening Doors”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, pages 112–3:

The Earth rotates once a day on its axis

(geometry) An imaginary line around which an object spins (an axis of rotation) or is symmetrically arranged (an axis of symmetry).

(mathematics) A fixed one-dimensional figure, such as a line or arc, with an origin and orientation and such that its points are in one-to-one correspondence with a set of numbers; an axis forms part of the basis of a space or is used to position and locate data in a graph (a coordinate axis)


rhombus

Learned borrowing from Latin rhombus, from Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos, “rhombus, spinning top”). Doublet of rhomb and rhumb.

romb

(geometry) A parallelogram having all sides of equal length.

The rhombus diamond, as one of the suits seen in a deck of playing cards ( or ).


wheel

we'll (one pronunciation along with the wine–whine merger)

From Middle English whel, from Old English hwēol, from Proto-West Germanic *hwehwl, from Proto-Germanic *hwehwlą, *hweulō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷlóm, *kʷékʷlos, *kʷékʷléh₂, reduplication of *kʷel- (“to turn”) and a suffix (literally "(the thing that) turns and turns"). See also West Frisian tsjil, Dutch wiel, Danish hjul; also Tocharian B kokale (“cart, wagon”), Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “cycle, wheel”), Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (caxra), Sanskrit चक्र (cakrá); and Latin colō (“to till, cultivate”), Tocharian A and Tocharian B käl- (“to bear; bring”), Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō, “to come into existence, become”), Old Church Slavonic коло (kolo, “wheel”), Albanian sjell (“to bring, carry, turn around”), Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (caraⁱti, “it circulates”), Sanskrit चरति (cárati, “it moves, wanders”). Doublet of chakra, chakram, charkha, chukker, cycle, and cyclus.

агьежь

a circular device facilitating movement or transportation

peix gros

person with a great deal of power or influence

The real numbers can be extended to a wheel, as can any commutative ring.

(mathematics) A type of algebra where division is always defined, and in particular division by zero is meaningful.


intractable

en-adj

intractable (comparative more intractable, superlative most intractable)

more intractable (comparative)
most intractable (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-intractable.wav

(mathematics) (of a mathematical problem) Not able to be solved in polynomial time; too difficult to attempt to solve.

moeilijk

mathematics: not able to be solved in polynomial time; too difficult to attempt to solve


weak

weak (comparative weaker, superlative weakest)

weaker (comparative)
weakest (superlative)

healthy

antonym(s) of “lacking in force or ability”

potent

antonym(s) of “lacking in taste or potency”

From Middle English weyk, wayk, weik, waik, from Old Norse veikr (“weak”), from Proto-Germanic *waikwaz (“weak, yielded, pliant, bendsome”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to bend, wind”).
Cognate with Old English wāc (“weak, bendsome”), Saterland Frisian wook (“soft, gentle, tender”), West Frisian weak (“soft”), Dutch week (“soft, weak”), German weich (“weak, soft”), Norwegian veik (“weak”), Swedish vek (“weak, pliant”), Icelandic veikur (“bendsome, weak”). Related to Old English wīcan (“to yield”). Doublet of week and wick.

cog

the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak

the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must

(mathematics, logic) Having a narrow range of logical consequences; narrowly applicable. (Often contrasted with a strong statement which implies it.)


flag

en-noun

flag (countable and uncountable, plural flags)

From Middle English flag, flagge (“flag”), further etymology uncertain. Perhaps from or related to early Middle English flage (name for a baby's garment) and Old English flagg, flacg (“cataplasm, poultice, plaster”). Or, perhaps ultimately imitative, or otherwise drawn from Proto-Germanic *flaką (“something flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, broad, plain”), referring to the shape.
Germanic cognates include Saterland Frisian Flaage (“flag”), West Frisian flagge (“flag”), Dutch vlag (“flag”), German Flagge (“flag”), Swedish flagga (“flag”), Danish flag (“flag, ship's flag”). Compare also Middle English flacken (“to flutter, palpitate”), Swedish dialectal flage (“to flutter in the wind”), Old Norse flögra (“to flap about”). Akin to Old High German flogarōn (“to flutter”), Old High German flogezen (“to flutter, flicker”), Middle English flakeren (“to move quickly to and fro”), Old English flacor (“fluttering, flying”). More at flack, flacker.

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

A flag of P is a sequence (F₀, F₁, ..., Fₘ) of faces of P such that dim Fᵢ = i for each i and Fᵢ is a side of Fᵢ₊₁ for each i < m.[…]A regular polytope in X is a polytope P in X whose group of symmetries in <P> acts transitively on its flags.

1994, John Ratcliffe, Foundations of Hyperbolic Manifolds, page 230:

We call P (combinatorially) regular if its automorphism group Γ(P) is transitive on its flags.

2002, Peter McMullen, Egon Schulte, Abstract Regular Polytopes, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications 92, page 31:

Roughly speaking, chiral polytopes have half as many possible automorphisms as have regular polytopes. More technically, the n-polytope P is chiral if it has two orbits of flags under its group Γ(P), with adjacent flags in different orbits.

2006, Peter McMullen, Egon Schulte, “Regular and Chiral Polytopes in Low Dimensions”, in Harold Scott Macdonald Coxeter, Chandler Davis, Erich W. Ellers, editors, The Coxeter Legacy: Reflections and Projections, page 91:

(geometry) A sequence of faces of a given polytope, one of each dimension up to that of the polytope (formally, though in practice not always explicitly, including the null face and the polytope itself), such that each face in the sequence is part of the next-higher dimension face.

lippu

geometry: sequence of faces of a polytope

(mathematics, linear algebra) A sequence of subspaces of a vector space, beginning with the null space and ending with the vector space itself, such that each member of the sequence (until the last) is a proper subspace of the next.

lippu

linear algebra: sequence of subspaces of a vector space


atlas

Borrowed from Latin Atlas, from the name of the Ancient Greek mythological figure Ἄτλας (Átlas, “Bearer (of the Heavens)”), from τλῆναι (tlênai, “to suffer”, “to endure”, “to bear”). The sense referring to books of maps comes from the Atlas of Mercator, which he named thus in honor of Atlas, who was supposed to be skillful in astronomy and the doctrine of the sphere. The sense referring to the vertebra reflects that the spine carries the globe of the cranium (the neck carries the head).

differential geometry
differential geometry

(differential geometry, topology) A family of coordinate charts that cover a manifold.

atlas

(differential geometry, topology) family of coordinate maps that cover a manifold


fair

en-adj

fair (comparative fairer, superlative fairest)

fairer (comparative)
fairest (superlative)

→ German: fair

→ Hebrew: פייר

→ Macedonian: фер (fer)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: фер

Latin script: fer

From Middle English fayr, feir, fager, from Old English fæġer (“beautiful”), from Proto-West Germanic *fagr, from Proto-Germanic *fagraz (“suitable, fitting, nice”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to fasten, place”).
Cognate with Scots fayr, fare (“fair”), Danish feir, faver, fager (“fair, pretty”), Norwegian fager (“fair, pretty”), Swedish fager (“fair, pretty”), Icelandic fagur (“beautiful, fair”), Umbrian pacer (“gracious, merciful, kind”), Slovak pekný (“good-looking, handsome, nice”). See also peace.

cog

A fair coin has a 50% chance of landing on heads.

(statistics) Of a coin or die, having equal chance of landing on any side, unbiased.


witch

The noun is from Middle English wicche, from Old English wiċċe (“witch (female), sorceress”) and wiċċa (“witch (male), sorcerer, warlock”), deverbative from wiċċian (“to practice sorcery”), from Proto-Germanic *wikkōną (compare West Frisian wikje, wikke (“to foretell, warn”), German Low German wicken (“to soothsay”), Dutch wikken, wichelen (“to dowse, divine”)), from Proto-Indo-European *wik-néh₂-, derivation of *weyk- (“to consecrate; separate”); akin to Latin victima (“sacrificial victim”), Lithuanian viẽkas (“life-force”), Sanskrit विनक्ति (vinákti, “to set apart, separate out”). Possibly related to wicked; see that entry for more. The verb derives from the noun.

cog

(geometry) A certain curve of the third order, described by Maria Agnesi under the name versiera.


type

→ Japanese: タイプ

→ Korean: 타입 (taip)

From Middle English type (“symbol, figure, emblem”), from Latin typus, from Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “mark, impression, type”), from τύπτω (túptō, “I strike, beat”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-. Related to stupid, stupefy and stop.

tyyppiyksilö

biology: individual representative of its taxonomic group

Logics of the second and higher orders may be regarded as type-theoretic systems.

2011, V.N. Grishin (originator), "Types, theory of", in Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Types,_theory_of&oldid=14150

Categorial grammar is like a combination of context-free grammar and types.

(mathematics) A part of the partition of the object domain of a logical theory (which due to the existence of such partition, would be called a typed theory). (Note: this corresponds to the notion of "data type" in computing theory.)


sort

From Middle English sort, soort, sorte (= Dutch soort, German Sorte, Danish sort, Swedish sort), borrowed from Old French sorte (“class, kind”), from Latin sortem, accusative form of sors (“lot, fate, share, rank, category”).


tea

Semantic loan from Chinese 茶 (chá, “tea”).

sl

A moment, a historical unit of time from China, about the amount of time needed to quickly drink a traditional cup of tea. It is now found in Chinese-language historical fiction.


miner

From mine + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (occupational suffix).

Near-synonyms: mineworker; mineowner

The group of miners were stuck underground after a shaft caved in.

Hui from Lin’an—especially those from the village of Huilong—were famously skilled miners and traveled long distances to work mines throughout the province.

2005, David G. Atwill, “Shades of Islam: The Muslim Yunnanese”, in The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 44:

Manganism has been known about since the 19th century, when miners exposed to ores containing manganese, a silvery metal, began to totter, slur their speech and behave like someone inebriated.

2014 April 21, “Subtle effects”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8884:

Any bird of one of several species of South American ovenbirds in the genus Geositta.

Coordinate term: staker

The move would have probably prevented Kazakhstan-based miners from accessing the bitcoin network.

2022 January 6, “Kazakhstan internet shutdown deals blow to global bitcoin mining operation”, in The Guardian:

(cryptocurrencies) Software or hardware that mines, or creates new units of cryptocurrency.

(cryptocurrencies) A person who mines cryptocurrency.


miner

Any bird of one of four species of Australian endemic honeyeaters in the genus Manorina.


minor

en-adj

minor (comparative more minor, superlative most minor)

more minor (comparative)
most minor (superlative)

antonym(s) of

serious, grave, severe, dangerous, fatal, life-threatening, acute (informal)

From Middle English minor, menor, menour, etc., from Latin minor (“lesser; young; young person”) both directly and via Norman and Middle French menor, menour, etc. Doublet of minus but not mini-. Cognate with minister, minify, Minorca, Menshevik, and possibly minnow. Compare Latin minimum and minuō, Old High German minniro, Cornish minow.

der

Lesser, smaller in importance, size, degree, seriousness, or significance compared to another option, particularly:

(mathematics) Of or related to a minor, a determinate obtained by deleting one or more rows and columns from a matrix.

(graph theory) Including both directed and undirected edges.


minor

byvak

subject of secondary undergraduate study

...the whole of a system of rth minors being zero...

1850, James Joseph Sylvester, London, Edinburgh, & Dublin Philosophical Magazine..., volume 37, page 366:

Let A be a non-zero matrix of rank r over a field. Then A has a non-zero r-minor and all s-minors of A are zero for s > r.

1986, C.W. Norman, Undergraduate Algebra, page 315:

(mathematics) A determinant of a square matrix obtained by deleting one or more rows and columns.

(mathematics, rare, obsolete) Synonym of subtrahend, the amount subtracted from a number.


bracket

From earlier bragget, *bracket, from Middle English *braget, *braket (attested in braket nail), from Old French braguette (“the opening in the fore part of a pair of breeches, one's fly”), a diminutive of Old French brague (“knickers, britches”), from Old Occitan braga, from Latin brāca (“pants”), from Transalpine Gaulish *brāca, from Proto-Germanic *brāks, an early form of Proto-Germanic *brōks (“leggings, breeches, trousers”).

kllapë

generically any of “(”, “)”, “[”, “]”, “{”, “}”, “⟨”, “⟩”, “<”, “>”, etc.

(algebra) A pair of values that represent the smallest and largest elements of a range.


proper

en-adj

proper (comparative more proper, superlative most proper)

more proper (comparative)
most proper (superlative)

From Middle English propre, from Anglo-Norman proper, propre, Old French propre (French: propre), from Latin proprius.

(topology, of a function) Such that the preimage of every compact set is compact.

(topology, of a function) Continuous, mapping closed sets to closed sets, and such that the preimage of every point is compact.

(algebraic geometry, of a morphism of schemes) separated, of finite type, and universally closed.

(algebraic geometry, of a variety over a field k) such that unique morphism from the variety to k is proper (as above).

(mathematical analysis, of a metric space) Such that every closed ball is compact

Suitable.
Such that every closed ball is compact

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

proper subset — proper ideal

(mathematics) Being strictly part of some other thing (not necessarily explicitly mentioned, but of definitional importance), and not being the thing itself.

(mathematics, physics) Eigen-; designating a function or value which is an eigenfunction or eigenvalue.

(set theory, of a class) Not being a set.

Accurate, strictly applied.
Not being a set.


code

en-noun

code (countable and uncountable, plural codes)

desctree

→ Hindi: कूट (kūṭ)
→ Sanskrit: कूट (kūṭa)

→ Japanese: コード (kōdo)

→ Korean: 코드 (kodeu)

From Middle English code (“system of law”), from Old French code (“system of law”), from Latin cōdex, later form of caudex (“the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.”). Doublet of codex.

(cryptography) A cryptographic system using a codebook that converts words or phrases into codewords.


code

en-verb

code (third-person singular simple present codes, present participle coding, simple past and past participle coded)

codes (present singular third-person)
coding (participle present)
coded (participle past)
coded (past)

We should code the messages we send out on Usenet.


carry

carry (third-person singular simple present carries, present participle carrying, simple past and past participle carried)

carries (present singular third-person)
carrying (participle present)
carried (participle past)
carried (past)

borrow

the equivalent reverse procedure in the inverse operation of subtraction

→ Cantonese: carry

From Middle English carrien, from Anglo-Norman carier (modern French charrier); from a derivative of Latin carrus (“four-wheeled baggage wagon”), ultimately of Gaulish origin.

tīhei

on the back but held in place with hands

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

one can't carry two watermelons under one arm

Five and nine are fourteen; carry the one to the tens place.

(transitive, arithmetic) In an addition, to transfer the quantity in excess of what is countable in the units in a column to the column immediately to the left in order to be added there.


random

en-adj

random (comparative more random, superlative most random)

more random (comparative)
most random (superlative)

→ German: random

→ Hungarian: random

From earlier randon, from Middle English randoun, raundon, from Old French randon, from randir (“to run, gallop”) (whence French randonnée (“long walk, hike”)), from Frankish *randiju (“a run, race”) or Old Norse rend (“a run, race”), both from Proto-Germanic *randijō, from *rinnaną (“run”, verb), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)r̥-nw- (“to flow, move, run”). Cognate with Middle Low German uprinden (“to jump up”), Danish rende (“to run”). See run.

cog

Near-synonyms: aleatory, stochastic

The flip of a fair coin is purely random.

The newspaper conducted a random sample of five hundred American teenagers.

The results of the field survey look random by several different measures.

A toss of a loaded die is still random, though biased.

July 18 2012, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Dark Knight Riseshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-dark-knight-rises-review-batman,82624/
Where the Joker preys on our fears of random, irrational acts of terror, Bane has an all-consuming, dictatorial agenda that’s more stable and permanent, a New World Order that’s been planned out with the precision of a military coup.

probability distribution
probability distribution#Noun

(statistics) Involving an outcome which is impossible to predict, but which may be represented by a probability distribution; in the ideal case, involving outcomes which are equally likely.

عَشْوَائِيّ

mathematics: of or relating to probability distribution


form

en-noun

form (countable and uncountable, plural forms)

→ Korean: 폼 (pom)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: form

From Middle English forme (“shape, figure, manner, bench, frame, seat, condition, agreement, etc.”), borrowed from Old French forme, from Latin fōrma (“shape, figure, image, outline, plan, mold, frame, case, etc., manner, sort, kind, etc.”).
In sense "division grouping school students" (now dated), derived from public school nomenclature later adopted by state schools. It is sometimes said to be from the sense of "bench", where students of certain ages would sit together, though this is disputed, or alternatively from the sense of "established method of expression or practice".

der

imitation is the sincerest form of flattery


stalk

From Middle English stalke, stelke, stalk, perhaps from Old English *stealc, *stielc, *stealuc, from Proto-West Germanic *staluk, *stalik, from Proto-Germanic *stalukaz, *stalikaz, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *stalô, *staluz (“support, stem, stalk”), from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to place, stand; be stiff; stud, post, trunk, stake, stem, stalk”). Cognate with Old High German *stelh in wazzarstelh (“wagtail”), Danish stilk (“stalk, stem”), Swedish stjälk (“stalk, stem”), Icelandic stilkur (“stalk, stem”).
Related also to Middle English stale (“ladder upright, stalk”), Old English stalu (“wooden upright”), Middle Low German stal, stale (“chair leg”), Old English stela (“stalk”), Dutch steel (“stalk”), German Stiel (“stalk”), Albanian shtalkë (“crossbeam, board used as a door hinge”), Welsh telm (“frond”), Ancient Greek στειλειή (steileiḗ, “beam”), Old Armenian ստեղն (stełn, “trunk, stalk”).

varsi

something resembling the stalk of a plant

(mathematics, sheaf theory) Informally, a construction which generalizes that of the notion of the ring of germs of functions near a point to the context of arbitrary sheaves. Formally, given a sheaf ℱ on a space X, and a point x in X, the direct limit of the sections of F on the open neighborhoods of x ordered by reverse inclusion. See Stalk (sheaf) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


reliable

en-adj

reliable (comparative more reliable, superlative most reliable)

more reliable (comparative)
most reliable (superlative)

/ɹɪˈlaɪəbəl/

(signal processing, of a communication protocol) Such that either a sent packet will reach its destination, even if it requires retransmission, or the sender will be told that it didn't


Monte Carlo

Monte (“mountain”) + Carlo (“Charles/Carl”). Named after Charles III of Monaco.

The probability density of the Bayesian posterior was estimated by Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo, with multiple incrementally heated chains.

2004 July 27, F. Keith Barker et al., “Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation”, in PNAS, page 11040, column 2:

Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo method#English

(statistics) Ellipsis of Monte Carlo method.


pentagon

From Middle French pentagone, from Late Latin pentagōnum, from Ancient Greek πεντάγωνον (pentágōnon), noun use of the neuter of the adjective πεντάγωνος (pentágōnos, “five-angled”), from πέντε (pénte, “five”) + -γωνος (-gōnos, “angled”). Equivalent to penta- + -gon.

Imagine a vast sheet of paper on which straight Lines, Triangles, Squares, Pentagons, Hexagons, and other figures, instead of remaining fixed in their places, move freely about, […]

1884, A Square [pseudonym; Edwin A. Abbott], Flatland […] , London: Seeley & Co., Part I: This World, § 1.— Of the Nature of Flatland, page 3:

(geometry) A polygon with five sides and five angles.

pentagoon

a polygon with five sides and five angles


heptagon

Since 16th century, from Ancient Greek ἑπτάγωνον (heptágōnon), from ἑπτά (heptá, “seven”) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle”). By surface analysis, hepta- + -gon.

A polygon with seven sides and seven angles.


nonagon

(geometry) A polygon with nine sides and nine angles; an enneagon.


enneagon

(geometry) A polygon with nine sides; a nonagon.


decagon

(geometry) A polygon with ten sides and ten angles.


undecagon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-undecagon.wav

(geometry) A polygon with eleven sides and eleven angles.


dodecagon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dodecagon.wav

(geometry) A polygon with twelve edges and twelve angles.


quindecagon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-quindecagon.wav

(geometry) A polygon with fifteen sides and fifteen angles.


hawk

Sranan Tongo: aka

From Middle English hauk, hauke, hawke, havek, from Old English hafoc (“hawk”), from Proto-West Germanic *habuk, from Proto-Germanic *habukaz, controversially derived from a Proto-Indo-European *kopuǵos, perhaps ultimately derived from *keh₂p- (“seize”).
See also West Frisian hauk, German Low German Haavke, Dutch havik, German Habicht, Swedish hök, Danish høg, Norwegian Bokmål hauk, Norwegian Nynorsk hauk, Faroese heykur, Icelandic haukur, Finnish haukka, Estonian haugas; also Latin capys, capus (“bird of prey”), Albanian gabonjë, shkabë (“eagle”), Russian ко́бец (kóbec, “falcon”), Polish kobuz (“Eurasian Hobby”)).

(game theory) An uncooperative or purely selfish participant in an exchange or game, especially when untrusting, acquisitive or treacherous. Refers specifically to the prisoner's dilemma, a.k.a. the Hawk-Dove game.


manifold

From Middle English manifold, from Old English maniġfeald (“manifold, various, varied, complicated, numerous, abundant, plural”), from Proto-Germanic *managafalþaz, equivalent to many + -fold. Cognate with Middle High German manecvalt (“manifold”), Icelandic margfaldr (“multiple”). Compare also German mannigfaltig (“various”), Dutch menigvoudig (“various”), Danish mangefold (“multiple”), Swedish mångfald (“diversity”).

cog

(mathematics) A Hausdorff topological space that looks locally like the "ordinary" Euclidean space ℝⁿ.


raw

en-adj

raw (comparative rawer, superlative rawest)

rawer (comparative)
rawest (superlative)

From Middle English rawe, raw, rau, from Old English hrēaw (“raw, uncooked”), from Proto-West Germanic *hrau, from Proto-Germanic *hrawaz, *hrēwaz (“raw”), from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”).
Cognate with Scots raw (“raw”), Dutch rauw (“raw”), German roh (“raw”), Swedish rå (“raw”), Icelandic hrár (“raw”), Latin crūdus (“raw, bloody, uncooked”), Irish cró (“blood”), Lithuanian kraujas (“blood”), Russian кровь (krovʹ, “blood”). Related also to Old English hrēow, hrēoh (“rough, fierce, wild, angry, disturbed, troubled, sad, stormy, tempestuous”). More at ree.

der

What makes Mexico worrying is not just the raw numbers but the power of the cartels over society.

2010, "Under the volcano", The Economist, 16 Oct 2010

(statistics, of data) Uncorrected, without analysis.

необработен

of data, statistics etc: uncorrected, without analysis


honeycomb

en-noun

honeycomb (countable and uncountable, plural honeycombs)

Alhambra
Oxford English Dictionary
United States Army

The noun is derived from Middle English hony comb, from Old English huniġcamb, from huniġ (“honey”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks (“honey”)) + camb (“comb”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“peg; tooth; row of teeth”)). The English word is analysable as honey + comb. The Oxford English Dictionary posits that the arrangement of several plates of wax “hanging parallel to each other from the roof of the hive suggests a comb with its teeth”. The verb is derived from the noun.

kennosto

something resembling honeycomb in having numerous cells or small holes

hunaja

something resembling honeycomb in sweetness; something desirable or pleasant

(countable, by extension) Something resembling honeycomb (sense 1) in having numerous cells or small holes.

(countable, geometry) A space-filling packing of polytopes in three- or higher-dimensional space.


horsepower

en-noun

horsepower (countable and uncountable, plural horsepowers or horsepower)

horsepowers (plural)
horsepower (plural)

/ˈhɔɹsˌpaʊɚ/

/ˈhɔːsˌpaʊə/

From horse + power: the unit was originally defined as the amount of power that a horse could provide.
Both non-metric and metric units of power were derived from effectively identical measurements of the power a draught horse could sustain over several hours, with the difference in watts solely due to different rounding errors to express that power in round numbers in the original non-SI units (ft·lbf/min and kgf⋅m/s respectively).

In the past, before the widespread adoption of SI units, the work that engines were capable of doing was compared with the work that horses could do – hence the term ‘horsepower’. Various people came up with various equivalencies, but the modern agreed definition is that 1 horsepower is 746 joules per second or 746 watts.

2012 March 22nd, David Blockley, Engineering: A Very Short Introduction (309), Oxford University Press, chapter 2: “The age of gravity – time for work”, page 20

mechanical horsepower
mechanical horsepower

A nonmetric unit of power (symbol hp) with various definitions, for different applications. The most common of them is probably the mechanical horsepower, approximately equal to 745.7 watts.


log

To multiply two numbers, add their logs.


millennial

The adjective is a learned borrowing from Late Latin mīllennium (“millennium”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives; and forming nouns). The English word may be analysed as millennium + -al or milli- (prefix meaning ‘thousand’) + -ennial (suffix meaning ‘years’).
Sense 5 (“of or relating to, or characteristic of, people born in the last two decades of the 20th century”) was coined by the American authors William Strauss (1947–2007) and Neil Howe (born 1951) in their book Generations (1991): see the quotations.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

coinage

Michael Dimock (2019 January 17) “Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins”, in Pew Research Center, archived from the original on 2020-06-01.

semiannual · annual · biennial · triennial · quadrennial · quinquennial

quintennial · sextennial · septennial · octennial · novennial · decennary

decennial · sesquidecennial · centennial · sesquicentennial · bicentennial · tricentennial · quadricentennial · bimillennial · trimillennial · quadrimillennial · decamillennial

the millennial generation

He was suffering from a typical millennial problem: Which is the correct emoji to use?

Boomers played cassettes in their cars and popularized FM radio. Thirteeners love their compact disks. Today's electronics industry is abuzz with talk of the new digital technology that awaits Millennial teenagers.

1991, William Strauss, Neil Howe, “The Past as Prologue”, in Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow and Company, →ISBN, part III (The Future), page 352:

When the staccato, Neptunes-ian single "Boyfriend" was released in March, musical prognosticators were quick to peg the album it portended, Believe, as Justin Bieber's Justified, a grown-and-sexy, R&B-centric departure that evolved millennial teenybopper Justin Timberlake into one of the unifying pop-music figures of the aughts.

2012 June 26, Genevieve Koski, “Justin Bieber: Believe”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 2023-04-05:

Many people, or at least a handful of very loud people, hate to being dubbed Millennial. They see it as derogatory.

2015 August 24, Samantha Sharf, “What is a ‘Millennial’ Anyway? Meet the Man who Coined the Phrase”, in Forbes, New York, N.Y.: Forbes, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-29:

But, while many have jumped to label the astrology boom as another millennial trend, that may not actually be the case.

2018 March 22, Wilder Davies, “Mercury Is Entering Retrograde Again. This Is Why So Many People Care”, in Time:

We make hits / Two broke millennial men / And we'd do it again

2024, “We Make Hits”, in James Smith (lyrics), Where's My Utopia?, performed by Yard Act:

(by extension, originally US, demography) Often capitalized: of or relating to, or characteristic of, people born in the last two decades of the 20th century from around the early 1980s to the mid 1990s (with 1996 births cited as the last Millennial year), and who reached adulthood early in the third millennium C.E.

millenniaali-

the millennial judgment

VVhereas the very Povver of the Civil Magisſtrate and his ſecurity is hazarded by vvild and hot-ſpirited men, that vvould raiſe a Fifth Monarchie by Bloud and Rapine, and tumble dovvn all Government, […] and that they are the Pioners to level all plain, and break all Government in pieces, that Chriſt, the Fifth Monarch, may perſonally come and begin his Millennial Empire upon Earth; […]

1660, H[enry] More, chapter XVII, in An Explanation of the Grand Mystery of Godliness; […], London: […] J[ames] Flesher, for W[illiam] Morden […], →OCLC, book I, page 204:

This is that illuſtrious Reign of Chriſt in his Millennial Empire of Love, vvhen the Chriſtian life ſhall take place, and Opinions and Perſecutions ſhall be done avvay.

1669, Henry More, “[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ipkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP70 The Preface to the Reader, […]]”, in An Exposition of the Seven Epistles to the Seven Churches; […], London: […] James Flesher, →OCLC:

But their reciprocal, unſelfiſh Aid, / Affords an Emblem of Millennial Love.

1745, [Edward Young], “Night the Ninth and Last. The Consolation. Containing, among Other Things, I. A Moral Survey of the Nocturnal Heavens. II. A Night-Address to the Deity. […]”, in The Complaint: Or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, London: […] [Samuel Richardson] for A[ndrew] Millar […], and R[obert] Dodsley […], published 1750, →OCLC, page 320:

Every tenant was quite sure things would be different when the reins got into his hands—there was to be a millennial abundance of new gates, allowances of lime, and returns of ten per cent.

1859, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], “The Dairy”, in Adam Bede […], volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book first, page 156:

millenarian

(Christianity) Synonym of millenarian (“pertaining to the belief in an impending period of one thousand years of peace and righteousness associated with the Second Coming of Christ and his reign on earth”)


millennial

Someday, Boomers hope, Millennials will build according to great ideals their parents can only envision, act on vital issues their parents can only ponder.

1991, William Strauss, Neil Howe, “The Millennial Cycle”, in Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow and Company, →ISBN, part III (The Future), page 342:

Meet the Millennials, born in or after 1982—the "Babies on Board" of the early [Ronald] Reagan years, the "Have You Hugged Your Child Today?" sixth graders of the early [Bill] Clinton years, the teens of Columbine, and, this year, the much-touted high school Class of 2000, now invading the nation's campuses.

2000 September, Neil Howe, William Strauss, “The Next Great Generation”, in Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, →ISBN, page 4:

When we saw Millennials as kids being raised so differently, we could already make an easy prediction. We had seen this dark to bright contrast in child upbringing before many times in American history, so we already foresaw that by the time you got to 2000 you would see huge changes in people in their late teens and early 20s.

2015 August 24, Samantha Sharf, quoting Neil Howe, “What is a ‘Millennial’ Anyway? Meet the Man who Coined the Phrase”, in Forbes, New York, N.Y.: Forbes, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-29:

In a bumper for a newsmagazine program, a reporter muses: “[It’s] the year of the yuppie, but what is a yuppie?” That’s right, fellow millennials: Not long ago, young people had so much economic opportunity that their generation was defined by its upward mobility.

2020 June 25, Eve Peyser, “In vintage TV ads, a curious fountain of hope (and cheese)”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-20:

(originally US, demography) Often capitalized: a person from the generation born in the last two decades of the 20th century, from around the early 1980s to the mid-1990s and who reached adulthood early in the third millennium C.E., characterized by their familiarity with computer technology and poorer financial prospects than their parents.


decile

Although few people scored high marks, everyone did quite well—the lowest decile was over 50%.

(statistics) Any of the values in a series that divides the distribution of individuals in that series into ten groups of equal frequency.


little

en-adj

little (comparative less or lesser or littler, superlative least or littlest)

less (comparative)
lesser (comparative)
littler (comparative)
least (superlative)
littlest (superlative)

→ Jamaican Creole: likl, likkle

From Middle English litel, from Old English lyttel, lȳtel, from Proto-West Germanic *lūtil, from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz (“tending to stoop, crouched, little”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to bend, bent, small”), equivalent to lout + -le. Cognate with Dutch luttel, regional German lütt and lützel, Saterland Frisian litje, West Frisian lyts, Low German lütt, lüttje. Related also to Old English lūtan (“to bow, bend low”); and perhaps to Old English lytiġ (“deceitful”), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍄𐍃 (liuts, “deceitful”); compare also Icelandic lítill (“little”), Faroese lítil, Swedish liten, Danish liden, lille, Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (leitils), which appear to have a different root vowel. More at lout.

der

a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds

a little from column A and a little from column B

"You are a little, little man," she proclaimed, staring obviously below my waist as she pronounced the second "little." It was almost disappointing. I'd heard that one before, but it still left a new scar each time.

2017, David Russell, Winston Patrick Mystery 2-Book Bundle, page 70:

Small and underdeveloped, particularly (of a male) in the genitals.

Little Steel
smaller steel companies, as contrasted with Big Steel

Little Science
science performed by individuals or small teams, as contrasted with Big Science

(of an industry or other field, or institution(s) therein, often capitalized) Operating on a small scale.


little

en-noun

little (countable and uncountable, plural littles)

I go up for my Little tomorrow.

Short for little go (“type of examination”).


leaf

leaf (countable and uncountable, plural leaves)

Tok Pisin: lip

From Middle English leef, from Old English lēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *laub, from Proto-Germanic *laubą (“leaf”), from Proto-Indo-European *lowbʰ-o-m, from *lewbʰ- (“leaf, rind”)
See also West Frisian leaf, Low German Loov, Dutch loof, German Laub, Danish løv, Swedish löv, Norwegian Nynorsk lauv, Icelandic lauf; also Irish luibh (“herb”), Latin liber (“bast; book”), Lithuanian lúoba (“bark”), Albanian labë (“rind”), Latvian luba (“plank, board”), Russian луб (lub, “bast”).
(Internet slang: Canadian): In reference to the maple leaf as national symbol.

flat-leaf parsley

Petroselinum crispum neapolitanum group; syn. Petroselinum crispum var. neapolitanum

The algorithm pops the stack to obtain a new current node when there are no more children (when it reaches a leaf).

2011, John Mongan, Noah Kindler, Eric Giguère, Programming Interviews Exposed:

(computing, mathematics) In a tree, a node that has no descendants.

blad

computing, mathematics: tree node without descendants


pair of compasses

pair of compasses (plural pairs of compasses)

A tool for drawing accurate circles or circular arcs, or for measuring or transferring lengths, usually consisting of two arms joined with an adjustable hinge at one end; until the middle ages both arms always had metal points at their free ends (this version is now called a divider or pair of dividers), but in recent centuries for a device called a compass or pair of compasses, one arm typically holds a ruling pen, pencil, or some other implement for making marks.


local

en-adj

local (comparative more local, superlative most local)

more local (comparative)
most local (superlative)

From Middle English local, from Late Latin locālis (“belonging to a place”), possibly also via Old French local; ultimately from Latin locus (“a place”).
The ring-theoretic senses derive from Krull, who first referred to Noetherian commutative rings with a unique maximal ideal as "Stellenring" (Stellen (“place”) + ring) in 1938. The term was inspired by algebraic geometry, where local rings encode information about the behavior of curves (surfaces, etc.) at points; hence, describe "local" behavior.

der

A Hausdorff space satisfying local compactness need not be (globally) compact!

(mathematics, not comparable, of a condition or property) Applying to or satisfied by substructures understood as "near points;" in particular:

(topology) Satisfied by at least one open neighborhood of every point.

(topology) Satisfied by arbitrarily small open neighborhoods of every point.

(group theory, of a property of an infinite group) Satisfied by every finitely generated subgroup.

Flatness is a local property.

(mathematics, not comparable, of a condition or property) Detectable from the behavior of substructures understood to be "near points;" in particular:

(algebra, algebraic geometry, of a property P of a ring R (or an R-module M)) Such that the following conditions are equivalent: (1) P holds for R (M); (2) P holds for the localization R_p (M_p) for all prime ideals p of R; (3) P holds for the localization R_m (M_m) for all maximal ideals m of R.

(group theory, of a property of a finite group) Detectable from the behavior of the normalizers of the nontrivial p-subgroups.

(algebra, of a ring) Having a unique maximal (left) ideal.


system

en-noun

system (countable and uncountable, plural systems)

→ Japanese: システム (shisutemu)

Partly borrowed from Middle French sisteme, systeme, partly directly from its etymon Late Latin systēma (“harmony; musical scale; set of celestial objects; set of troops; system”), from Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠνίστημῐ (sŭnístēmĭ, “to combine, organize”) + -μᾰ (-mă, resultative suffix). σῠνίστημῐ is from σῠν- (sŭn-, “with, together”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).
Cognate with Dutch systeem, modern French système, German System, Italian sistema, Portuguese sistema, Spanish sistema. Doublet of systema.

sisteem

The method of solving systems of equations by matrices that we will look at is based on procedures involving equations that we are familiar with from previous mathematics courses. The main idea is to reduce a given system of equations to another simpler system that has the same solutions.

2017, Ken Levasseur, Al Doerr, “More Matrix Algebra”, in Applied Discrete Structures – Part 2: Algebraic Structures: Version 3.3, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, →ISBN, section 12.1.1 (Solutions), page 59:

A group or set of related things that operate together as a complex whole.

(mathematics) A set of equations involving the same variables, which are to be solved simultaneously.

систе́ма

(mathematics) set of equations to be solved simultaneously


eater

From Middle English eter, etere, etter, from Old English etere; equivalent to eat + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (patient suffix) (food suitable for eating).

But there are many queen bee configurations in which the debris is neutralized, including placement of a block or eater near the bee's turnaround point, or placing two queen bees in a line or at right angles in various positions and phases.

1989 October 31, Scott Huddleston, “life: glider guns”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

The eater can also destroy a snail, but changes its phase while doing so.

1997 November 30, David Bell, “Day & Night - An Interesting Variant of Life (part 2/5)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Probably even if it didn't fail catastrophically, any design like this would get stuck in an infinite loop pretty quick, upon hitting its first "cleaner-proof" ash -- an eater pattern that happens to absorb the test reaction without itself being altered.

2009 January 13, Dave Greene, “Ash”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A configuration of cells that appears to consume another configuration by gradually causing it to disappear.


ellipsis

en-noun

ellipsis (countable and uncountable, plural ellipses)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ellipsis, from Ancient Greek ἔλλειψις (élleipsis, “omission”). Doublet of ellipse.

der

The ellipsis in 1, 2, 3, ..., 7, 8 means that the numbers 4, 5, and 6 are not explicitly included, but are considered to be a part of the pattern.

The ellipsis in 0.333... means that the number is a repeating decimal, having threes that go on forever.

CARD: Hey Baby. Thanks for the … last night. Love you!
HAZEL: Wow. I've never despised an ellipsis so much in my life.

2006, Danielle Corsetto, Girls with Slingshots: 114:

(typography, mathematics) A mark consisting of multiple full stops (with or without spaces), used to indicate omitted, missing, or illegible words; or (in mathematics) that a pattern continues.


focus

en-noun

focus (countable and uncountable, plural foci or focuses or focusses)

foci (plural)
focuses (plural)
focusses (plural)

Borrowed from Latin focus (“hearth, fireplace”); see there for more. Doublet of fuel.
Kepler introduced the term into mathematics and the sciences in describing elliptical orbits of planets (quote from Nicholas Mee) :
"One of the interesting properties of an ellipse is that if there were a light bulb at one focus, then all the light that it emits would reflect off the ellipse and converge at the other focus. This is why Kepler originally used the name focus for these points."

bor+

(countable, geometry) A point of a conic at which rays reflected from a curve or surface converge.


formula

en-noun

formula (countable and uncountable, plural formulae or formulas or formulæ)

formulae (plural)
formulas (plural)
formulæ (plural)

Irish: foirmle

Scottish Gaelic: foirmle

Borrowed from Latin formula (“a small pattern or mold, form, rule, principle, method, formula”), diminutive of forma (“a form”); see form.

bor+

x=(-b±√)/(2a) is a formula for finding the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0.

(mathematics) Any mathematical rule expressed symbolically.


medium

Borrowed from Latin medium, neuter of medius (“middle”), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). Compare middle. Doublet of mid, medio, media, and mediate.

doublet

(countable, logic) The mean or middle term of a syllogism, that by which the extremes are brought into connection.


parenthesis

en-noun

parenthesis (countable and uncountable, plural parentheses)

/pəˈɹɛnθəsɪs/

Learned borrowing from Late Latin parenthesis (“addition of a letter to a syllable in a word”), itself borrowed from Ancient Greek παρένθεσις (parénthesis, “insertion”).

der

(mathematics, logic) Such brackets as used to clarify expressions by grouping those terms affected by a common operator, or to enclose the components of a vector or the elements of a matrix.

փակագծեր

(mathematics, logic) brackets used to clarify expressions by grouping terms affected by a common operator


series

en-noun

series (plural series or (obsolete) serieses)

series (plural)
serieses (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: シリーズ (shirīzu)

→ Korean: 시리즈 (sirijeu)

→ Burmese: စီးရီး (ci:ri:)

Attested from the 1610s; borrowed from Latin seriēs, from serere (“to join together, bind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together, to line up”). Related to desert, insert, sermon, and sorcerer.

مُتَسَلْسِلَة

in analysis: sum of the terms of a sequence

The harmonic series has been much studied.

(mathematics) The sequence of partial sums ∑ᵢ₌₁ⁿa_i of a given sequence aᵢ.


synthesis

en-noun

synthesis (countable and uncountable, plural syntheses)

From Latin synthesis, from Ancient Greek σύνθεσις (súnthesis, “a putting together; composition”), from συντίθημι (suntíthēmi, “put together, combine”), from συν- (sun-, “together”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “set, place”). Doublet of sandhi.

der

(signal processing) Creation of a complex waveform by summation of simpler waveforms.


tableau

Unadapted borrowing from French tableau, from Old French tablel (“a surface which is used primarily for painting”).

For the tableau shown, there are three distinct procedures (one for each standard Young tableau of shape (2,1,1) with entries 1, 2, 3, and 4) for obtaining a Young tableau.

1994, Lynne M. Butler, Subgroup Lattices and Symmetric Functions, American Mathematical Society, →ISBN, page 92:

(mathematics) A two-dimensional array or table of data, usually numbers, of various specific kinds.


thesis

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Johann Gottlieb Fichte

From Late Middle English thesis (“lowering of the voice”) and also borrowed directly from its etymon Latin thesis (“proposition, thesis; lowering of the voice”), from Ancient Greek θέσῐς (thésĭs, “arrangement, placement, setting; conclusion, position, thesis; lowering of the voice”), from τῐ́θημῐ (tĭ́thēmĭ, “to place, put, set; to put down in writing; to consider as, regard”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to place, put”)) + -σῐς (-sĭs, suffix forming abstract nouns or nouns of action, process, or result). The English word is a doublet of deed.
Sense 1.1 (“proposition or statement supported by arguments”) is adopted from antithesis. Sense 1.4 (“initial stage of reasoning”) was first used by the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), and later applied to the dialectical method of his countryman, the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831).
The plural form theses is borrowed from Latin thesēs, from Ancient Greek θέσεις (théseis).

der

Senses relating to logic, rhetoric, etc.

(mathematics, computer science) A conjecture, especially one too vague to be formally stated or verified but useful as a working convention.


sum

From Mongolian сум (sum), from Manchu ᠨᡳᡵᡠ (niru, “a large arrow, militia company, district”). Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *sumun (“arrow”).

A type of administrative district used in China, Mongolia, and Russia. In Mongolia, a sum is smaller than a province. In China, it is only used in Inner Mongolia, where it is equivalent to a township.


sagitta

en-noun

sagitta (plural sagittas or (arrowworm) sagittae)

/səˈd͡ʒɪt.ə/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sagitta.wav

Borrowing from Latin sagitta (“an arrow, shaft, bolt”).

(geometry) The distance from a point in a curve to the chord; also, the versed sine of an arc; so called from its resemblance to an arrow resting on the bow and string.


pattern

From earlier patten, paterne, from Middle English patron (“patron; example”), from Old French patron, from Medieval Latin patrōnus (“patron”). Doublet of padrone, patron, Patronus, and patroon.

skemo

intelligible arrangement which has a mathematical, geometric, statistical etc. relationship

For example, at one point it claims that in order to view a pattern capable of reproduction and evolution, one would need a computer with a screen the size of the solar system, and the pattern would be so sparse anyway as to be almost unobservable.

1989 May 6, Alan Hensel, “Looking for Life Newsletter”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

The state of the pattern after 1.25 * 10^12 generations is here:

2010 March 20, Adam Goucher, “What is CA for?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

The isotropy means all patterns behave the same regardless of orientation in space, they can be flipped or rotated without changing their behavior.

2022 February 11, Mateon1, “Game of Life with real 8 neighbors”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A configuration of cells in a cellular automaton universe.


diamond

en-noun

diamond (countable and uncountable, plural diamonds)

From Middle English dyamaunt, from Old French diamant, from Late Latin diamās, from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμᾱς (adámās, “diamond”). Doublet of adamant. The printing sense is a calque of Dutch diamant, used by Dirck Voskens who first cut it around 1700; compare pearl, ruby (“size of type between pearl and nonpareil”).

der

(geometry) A rhombus, especially when oriented so that its longer axis is vertical.

(geometry) The polyiamond made up of two triangles.


envelope

PIE word
 *h₁én
From French enveloppe. The engineering sense is derived from flight envelope. The verb is from the noun.

(geometry) A mathematical curve, surface, or higher-dimensional object that is the tangent to a given family of lines, curves, surfaces, or higher-dimensional objects.

vaippa

geometry: object that is the tangent to a family of objects


libra

libras (plural)
librae (plural)
contexts (Roman)

From Latin lībra (“pound”), partially via Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese libra. Doublet of lira, livre, libbre, liter, rottol, and arratel.

doublet

Ancient Roman units of measurement#Weight

pound

Portuguese contexts, but more often used for the arratel

(historical) Synonym of pound, a notional pound of silver as a money of account, especially in medieval contexts.


cyberspace

en-noun

cyberspace (countable and uncountable, plural cyberspaces)

Blend of cybernetics + space, equivalent to cyber- + space, coined by American-Canadian speculative fiction writer William Gibson in his short story collection Burning Chrome (1982) and popularized in his novel Neuromancer (1984).

coin

Meanwhile, the pioneers of the computer-mediated communication networks collectively referred to as cyberspace are not willing to wait. Employing whatever tools they can find, they are constantly pushing the techno-cultural envelope. Life in cyberspace is often conducted in primitive, frontier conditions, but it is a life which, at its best, is more egalitarian than elitist, and more decentralized than hierarchical.

1993 March, Mitch Kapor, “Where Is the Digital Highway Really Heading?”, in Wired Magazine:

However, some have accused cyberspace of provoking a dangerous collapse in the old order of civilised society. The shift in the balance of power online has given rise to a more powerful concern: the rise of the uncivil web.

2012 April 19, Josh Halliday, “Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, in The Guardian:

If, as we knew with increasing certainty, Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, and others were contesting us in cyberspace, it was time to fight back.

2020 June 23, John Bolton, The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 175:

“We call on all states, including China, to uphold their international commitments and obligations and to act responsibly in the international system, including in cyberspace,” according to a statement from NATO.

2021 July 19, Zolan Kanno-Youngs, David E. Sanger, quoting NATO, “U.S. Formally Accuses China of Hacking Microsoft”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(by extension, somewhat dated) The Internet as a whole.


ton

→ Tokelauan: tone, tane

Variant of tun (“cask”), influenced by Old French tonne (“ton”).

ton

various units of mass notionally equivalent to a tun

Any of various units of mass, originally notionally equal to the contents of a tun, particularly:

The short ton of 2000 pounds (about 907 kg), 20 hundredweights of 100 pounds avoirdupois each.

Any of various units of volume, originally notionally equal to the contents of a tun, particularly:

The measurement ton of (US) 40 or (UK) 42 cubic feet (about 1.1 or 1.2 m³).

The register ton of 100 cubic feet (about 2.83 m³).

(colloquial, chiefly UK) Synonym of hundred, particularly

Synonym of hundred, particularly
100 pounds sterling.


value

en-noun

value (countable and uncountable, plural values)

From Middle English valew, value, from Old French value, feminine past participle of valoir, from Latin valēre (“be strong, be worth”), from Proto-Italic *walēō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong”).

der

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V § 812a. Value

The exact value of pi cannot be represented in decimal notation.

(mathematics, physics) Any definite numerical quantity or other mathematical object, determined by being measured, computed, or otherwise defined.

մեծություն

numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed


batman

Batman (unit)
Edward Ardizzone
Imperial War Museum

From Ottoman Turkish بطمان (batman). Cognate with Chagatai [script needed] (bātmān).

Euery bateman [in Bagdad] maketh 7. pound and 5. ounces English waight.

1583 July 20, J. Newbery, letter in Richard Hakluyt's The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, p. 209

A Batman is fiue and fiftie pound weight English.

1614, Samuel Purchas, Purchas His Pilgrimage, page 544:

Their weights [in Khiva] are the great batman equal to 18 lb. russian, and the lesser batman 9¼.

1753, G. Thompson & al. in Jonas Hanway's Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea, Vol. I, p. 351

At Smyrna, the cantaro, or kintal, contains 45 okes, or 100 rottoli. The batman is 6 okes, or 2400 drachms; and the oke is 400 drachms, and the rottolo = 180 drachms. The cantaro of 45 okes weighs 123 lbs. 4 oz. avoirdupois; and, therefore, the oke is = 2 lbs. 11 oz. 13 drs. avoirdupois.

1819, Abraham Rees, The Cyclopaedia, Vol. XXX, s.v. "Rottolo"

6107. Turkish Weights. The Turkish Chequi is 11⅓ ounces avoirdupois...
1 Batman = 6 Okas
1 Oka = 4 Chequi

1900, William B. Dick, Encyclopedia of Practical Receipts and Processes, page 530:

(historical units of measure) A Turkish unit of weight varying by location, time, and item from 2–8 okas (about 2.5–10 kg).


direct

en-adj

direct (comparative more direct, superlative most direct)

more direct (comparative)
most direct (superlative)

/daɪ̯əˈɹɛkt/

Borrowed from Latin dīrectus, perfect passive participle of dīrigō (“straighten, direct”), from dis- (“asunder, in pieces, apart, in two”) + regō (“make straight, rule”). Compare dress. Doublet of derecho.
For the meaning development compare with Russian напра́вить (naprávitʹ, “to direct, to turn, to aim, to level, to point”), отпра́вить (otprávitʹ, “to send, to dispatch, to forward”) connected with пра́вить (právitʹ, “to govern, to rule, to drive, to steer”).

m+

law of the excluded middle
law of the excluded middle

(mathematics, logic, of a proof) Not employing the law of the excluded middle or argument by contradiction.


moment

en-noun

moment (countable and uncountable, plural moments)

From Middle English moment, from Old French moment, from Latin mōmentum. Doublet of momentum and movement.

(mathematics) An infinitesimal change in a varying quantity; an increment or decrement.

If the points represent mass, then the zeroth moment is the total mass, the first moment divided by the total mass is the center of mass, and the second moment is the rotational inertia.

(mathematics) A quantitative measure of the shape of a set of points.


monotonic

From Ancient Greek μονότονος (monótonos, “monotone”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic”), equivalent to monotone + -ic.

suffix

Of or using the Greek system of diacritics which discards the breathings and employs a single accent to indicate stress. It replaced polytonic system in 1982.

μονοτονικός

of or using the Greek system of diacritics which discards the breathings and employs a single accent to indicate stress

independent variable
independent variable

(mathematics) Of a function: that either never decreases or never increases as its independent variable increases.

monoton

mathematics: never decreasing or increasing as its independent variable increases

The Same Spade talk-alike, super-cynical heroine of the piece is named Emma Victor, and there's no end to her rapid-fire, monotonic, street-smart patter.

1988 December 11, Georgia Cotrell, “A Lezbeen Sam Spade”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 22, page 8:


gradian

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-gradian.wav

(geometry, trigonometry) A unit of angle equal to 0.9 degree, so that there are 100 gradians in a right angle.


vinculum

From Latin vinculum (“bond, link”), from vinciō (“bind, fetter, tie”) + -ulum.

(arithmetic, obsolete) Any symbol used to group some of the terms in an expression, indicating that that part of the calculation should be done before other parts, or that the Roman numeral underneath should be multiplied by 1,000.

(arithmetic) A horizontal line over the top of some of the terms in an expression, indicating that that part of the calculation is to be done before other parts.

(arithmetic) Specifically, the horizontal line between the numerator and denominator in a fraction.


bulk

en-noun

bulk (countable and uncountable, plural bulks)

From Middle English bulk, bolke (“a heap, cargo, hold; heap; bulge”), borrowed from Old Norse búlki (“the freight or the cargo of a ship”), from Proto-Germanic *bulkô (“beam, pile, heap”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“beam, pile, prop”). Compare Icelandic búlkast (“to be bulky”), Swedish dialectal bulk (“a bunch”), Danish bulk (“bump, knob”).
Conflated with Middle English bouk (“belly, trunk”).

der

(bodybuilding) Excess body mass, especially muscle.


spanner

Japanese: スパナ (supana)

Korean: 스패너 (seupaeneo)

Malay: sepana

(graph theory) A (usually sparse) graph whose shortest path distances approximate those in a dense graph or other metric space.


statistics

From German Statistik, from New Latin statisticum (“of the state”) and Italian statista (“statesman, politician”), compare English statist. Statistik introduced by Gottfried Achenwall (1749), originally designated the analysis of data about the state.

Statistics is the only mathematical field required for many social sciences.

As for statistics, the foundations include, on any interpretation of which I have ever heard, the foundations of probability, as controversial a subject as one could name. As in other sciences, controversies over the foundations of statistics reflect themselves to some extent in everyday practice, nut not nearly so catastrophically as one might imagine.[…]It is hard to judge, however, to what extent the relative calm of modern statistics is due to its domination by a vigorous school relatively well agreed within itself about the foundations.

1972, Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, Dover, page 1:

2004, David C. LeBlanc, Statistics: Concepts and Applications for Science, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, page 61,
The application of statistics in the process of science can be divided into three parts: (1) obtaining data (experiment and sampling design), (2) summarizing and describing data (exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics), and (3) using data from samples and experiments to make estimates and test competing hypotheses about the universe (inferential statistics).

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

2012 January, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-11-14, page 23:

A discipline, principally within applied mathematics, concerned with the systematic study of the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.

આંકડાશાસ્ત્ર

ā̃kaḍāśāstra


surd

First attested in the mid 16th century from Latin surdus (“deaf, mute”), used in mathematics for “irrational,” reflecting ἄλογος (álogos, “irrational, speechless”) as found in Euclid, apparently transmitted via Arabic جِذْر أَصَمّ (jiḏr ʔaṣamm, “deaf root”). The phonetic sense, “voiceless,” emerged in the 18th century. Doublet of surdo.

جِذْر أَصَمّ

(arithmetic) An irrational number, especially one expressed using the √ symbol.


surd

en-adj

surd (comparative more surd, superlative most surd)

more surd (comparative)
most surd (superlative)

der

جِذْر أَصَمّ

a surd expression or quantity; a surd number

(mathematics) Involving surds, or irrational numbers; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers.


empty

en-adj

empty (comparative emptier, superlative emptiest)

emptier (comparative)
emptiest (superlative)

From Middle English emty, amty, from Old English ǣmtiġ, ǣmettiġ (“vacant, empty, free, idle, unmarried”, literally “without must or obligation, leisurely”), from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out”) + Proto-Germanic *mōtijô, *mōtô (“must, obligation, need”), *mōtiþô (“ability, accommodation”), from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“measure; to acquire, possess, be in command”). Related to Old English ġeǣmtigian (“to empty”), ǣmetta (“leisure”), mōtan (“can, to be allowed”). More at mote, meet.
The interconsonantal excrescent p is a euphonic insertion dating from Middle English.

der

(computing, programming, mathematics) Containing no elements (as of a string, array, or set), opposed to being null (having no valid value).


ja

From the Revised Romanization of Korean 자 (ja).

(Korean units of measure) Synonym of Korean foot: a traditional unit of length equivalent to about 30.3 cm.


ky

(metrology) Symbol for kiloyear, an SI unit of time equal to 10³ years.


similar

en-adj

similar (comparative more similar, superlative most similar)

more similar (comparative)
most similar (superlative)

From French similaire, from Medieval Latin similaris, extended from Latin similis (“like”); akin to simul (“together”).

(mathematics) Having the same shape, in particular, having corresponding angles equal and corresponding line segments proportional.

նման

of geometric figures, having the same shape

(mathematics, linear algebra) Of two square matrices; being such that a conjugation sends one matrix to the other.


centaur

From Latin centaurus, from Ancient Greek κένταυρος (kéntauros), from Κένταυρος (Kéntauros, “a member of a savage race from Thessaly”).

The first—termed “cyborgs” by the authors—intertwined with the AI, moulding, checking and refining its responses, while the second—“centaurs”—divided labour, handing off more AI-suited subtasks while focussing on their own areas of expertise.

2023 November 11, John Burn-Murdoch, “Generative AI and white-collar jobs: reasons to be wary”, in FT Weekend, The FT View, page 8:

Programming has not yet gone the way of chess. But the centaurs have arrived. GPT-4 on its own is, for the moment, a worse programmer than I am. Ben is much worse. But Ben plus GPT-4 is a dangerous thing.

2023 November 13, James Somers, “A Coder Considers the Waning Days of the Craft”, in The New Yorker, →ISSN:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(by extension, artificial intelligence) A human and an AI who work together.


arch

From Middle English arch, arche, from Old French arche (“an arch”), a feminine form of arc, from Latin arcus (“a bow, arc, arch”). Doublet of arc and arco. Displaced native Old English bīeġels.

(archaic, geometry) An arc; a part of a curve.


mode

From Old French mode (masculine), from Latin modus (“measure, due measure, rhythm, melody”). Doublet of modus.

tila

mathematics, physics: state of a system represented by an eigenfunction of that system

(statistics) The most frequently occurring value in a distribution.

مِنْوَال

statistics: the most frequently occurring value in a distribution

(mathematics, physics) A state of a system that is represented by an eigenfunction of that system.

common-mode

differential-mode

normal mode of vibration

(especially engineering) A state related to signals or vibrations


iso

en-noun

iso (countable and uncountable, plural isos)

(category theory) Clipping of isomorphism.


IP

IP (countable and uncountable, plural IPs)

initial permutation
initial permutation#English

(cryptography) Initialism of initial permutation.


kip

1760–70, probably related to Danish kippe (“dive, hovel, cheap inn”) and Middle Low German kiffe (“hovel”). From the same distant Germanic root as cove.

I’m just going for my afternoon kip.

(informal, chiefly UK, Ireland, Commonwealth) Sleep, snooze, nap, forty winks, doze.


kip

1910–15, Americanism, abbreviated from kilo + pound.

(rare, nonstandard) A unit of mass equal to 1000 avoirdupois pounds.


kip

(gymnastics) A basic skill or maneuver in artistic gymnastics on the uneven bars, parallel bars, high bar and still rings used, for example, as a way of mounting the bar in a front support position, or achieving a handstand from a hanging position. In its basic form, the legs are swung forward and upward by bending the hips, then suddenly down again, which gives the upward impulse to the body.

kippi

gymnastics: move or maneuver from below the equipment to above it


entire

From Middle English entere, enter, borrowed from Anglo-Norman entier, from Latin integrum, accusative of integer (“whole”), from Proto-Italic *əntagros (“untouched”). Doublet of entier and integer.

(complex analysis, of a complex function) Complex-differentiable on all of ℂ.

analyyttinen

complex analysis: differentiable everywhere


worm

From Middle English worm, werm, wurm, wirm, from Old English wyrm (“worm, snake”), from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis, possibly from *wer- (“to turn”). Doublet of vermin and wyrm, the latter of which is a fairly recent borrowing directly from the Old English.
(computing): First computer usage by John Brunner in his 1975 book The Shockwave Rider.
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Dutch worm, West Frisian wjirm, German Wurm, Swedish orm (“snake”), Norwegian Nynorsk orm (“earthworm or snake”), Danish orm and Yiddish וואָרעם (vorem).
Indo-European cognates include Latin vermis (“worm”), Lithuanian var̃mas (“insect, midge”), Albanian rrime (“rainworm”), Ancient Greek ῥόμος (rhómos, “woodworm”).

шнек

something helical, especially the thread of a screw

(mathematics) A strip of linked tiles sharing parallel edges in a tiling.


seed

en-noun

seed (countable and uncountable, plural seeds)

From Middle English seed, sede, side, from Old English sēd, sǣd (“seed, that which is sown”), from Proto-West Germanic *sād, from Proto-Germanic *sēdą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow, throw”).
Cognate with West Frisian sied (“seed”), Dutch zaad (“seed”), Low German Saad (“seed”), German Saat (“sowing; seed”), Icelandic sæði (“seed”), Danish sæd (“seed”), Swedish säd (“seed”), Latin satiō (“seeding, time of sowing, season”). More at sow.

alkutilanne

initial state, condition or position of a process

If you use the same seed you will get exactly the same pattern of numbers.

As suggested in [3], space can be saved by using a deterministic pseudo random number generator (PRNG) and storing only the seed of that PRNG.

2009, Daniel J. Bernstein, Johannes Buchmann, Erik Dahmen, editors, Post-Quantum Cryptography, Springer, →ISBN, page 44:

Seeds are Minecraft's way of generating terrain. Each biome you spawn in is determined by the seed. With a custom seed, you can have a desert biome right next to a mesa biome.

2015, Jesse Stay, Thomas Stay, Jacob Cordeiro, Minecraft For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 242:

pseudorandom number generator
pseudorandom number generator

(countable) The initial state, condition or position of a changing, growing or developing process; the ultimate precursor in a defined chain of precursors.

(cryptography) The initialization state of a pseudorandom number generator or similar system. (seed number)


root

en-noun

root (countable and uncountable, plural roots)

→ Irish: rúta

From Middle English rote, root, roote (“the underground part of a plant”), from late Old English rōt, from Old Norse rót (Icelandic rót), from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”); Doublet of wort, radish, and radix.

the love of money is the root of all evil

The cube root of 27 is 3.

(arithmetic) Of a number or expression, a number which, when raised to a specified power, yields the specified number or expression.

wortel

arithmetic: number or expression which when raised to a power gives the specified number or expression

Multiply by root 2.

1899, Dante Gabriel Rossetti (transl.), The New Life (La Vita Nuova) of Dante Alighieri, Siddall edition, page 122.
The number three is the root of the number nine; […] being multiplied merely by itself, it produceth nine, as we manifestly perceive that three times three are nine.

(arithmetic) A square root (understood if no power is specified; in which case, "the root of" is often abbreviated to "root").

Holonym: kernel

(mathematical analysis) A zero (of an equation).

(graph theory, computing) The single node of a tree that has no parent.

rod

graph theory: node in a tree that has no parent


functional root

functional root (plural functional roots)

x²+1 is the functional 2nd root of x⁴+2x²+2.

(mathematics) A function which, when applied a given number of times, equals another given function.


lattice

→ Japanese: ラティス (ratisu)

From Middle English latis, from Middle French lattis (“lathing”), from Old French lattis, from latte (“a lath”), from Frankish *lattā, *lattu (“a lath”), from Proto-Germanic *lattǭ, *lattō, *laþþō (“board; plank; ledge”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)latn-, *(s)lat- (“beam; log”). Cognate with Old High German latta (“lath”), (German Latte), Old English lætt (“lath”), Middle Low German lāde (“plank, counter, sales counter”), German Laden (“shop”). More at lath.

cog

(mathematics, algebra) In any of several technical senses, a substructure with properties analogous to those the set of points with integer coordinates bears in relation to the full Euclidian space these points are contained in.

(group theory) A discrete subgroup of Rⁿ which is isomorphic to Zⁿ (considered as an additive group) and which spans the real vector space Rⁿ.

(topology, Lie theory, generalizing sense 5.1) A discrete subgroup L of a given locally compact group G whose quotient space G/L has finite invariant measure.

Lie theory; generalizing sense 5.1; Lie theory; generalizing sense 5.1

(algebra, ring theory, generalizing sense 5.1, with respect to a vector space V over a field F which is the field of fractions of an integral domain R in F) A finitely generated R-submodule of V which spans V over F. (In this case the submodule is called an R-lattice'').

ring theory; generalizing sense 5.1; ring theory; generalizing sense 5.1

partially ordered set
partially ordered set

(mathematics, order theory) A partially ordered set in which every pair of elements has a unique supremum and a unique infimum.


walk

From Middle English walk, walke, walc, from Old English *wealc (as in Old English wealcspinl) and ġewealc (“a rolling motion, attack”), from Proto-Germanic *walką. Cognate with Icelandic válk (“a rolling around, a tossing to and fro, trouble, distress”).

(graph theory) A sequence of alternating vertices and edges, where each edge's endpoints are the preceding and following vertices in the sequence. Compare path, trail.

kulku

graph theory: a sequence of alternating vertices and edges


countable

[ˈkʰãʊ̯̃n.(ɾ)ə.bɫ̩]

From Middle English countable, equivalent to count (“to enumerate”) + -able.

可數 /可数

math: having a bijection with a subset of the natural numbers

en:either finite or countably infinite, in mathematics

(mathematics, of a set) Finite or countably infinite; having a one-to-one correspondence (bijection) with a subset of the natural numbers.

(mathematics, of a set) Countably infinite; having a bijection with the natural numbers.

numeroituva

math: having a bijection with the natural numbers


countable

[ˈkʰãʊ̯̃n.(ɾ)ə.bɫ̩]


natural numbers

en-noun

natural numbers pl (normally plural, singular natural number)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-natural numbers.wav

(mathematics) The set of positive integers, {1, 2, 3, ...}.

(mathematics, computer science) The set of non-negative integers, {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.


natural number

عدد طبيعي

positive integer or non-negative integer

(mathematics) A positive integer {1, 2, 3, ...}.

A careful derivation of the arithmetic properties of the natural numbers #92;mathbb#123;N#125;, using induction, was done by G. Peano (1858–1932). It is a lot of fun, but we will not pursue any of it here.

2007, Mark Bridger, REAL ANALYSIS: A Constructive Approach, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, page 3:

(mathematics) A non-negative integer {0, 1, 2, ...}.


opposite

From Old French oposite, from Latin oppositus, perfect passive participle of oppōnō (“I oppose”). Compare oppose.


cup

→ Farefare: kɔpɩ

→ Hebrew: קאפ (kap)

→ Japanese: カップ (kappu)

desc

→ Kashubian: kopsa (Canada, United States)

→ Korean: 컵 (keop)

→ Maori: kapu

Inherited from Middle English cuppe, coppe, from the merger of Old English cuppe (“cup”) and Old English copp (“cup, vessel”).
Old English cuppe is a borrowing from Late Latin cuppa, itself of obscure origin, but probably from earlier Latin cūpa (“tub, cask”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“a hollow”). Old English copp, however, is from Proto-West Germanic *kopp (“round object, bowl, vessel, knoll, summit, crown of the head”), from Proto-Germanic *kuppaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve, arch”) (whence also obsolete English cop (“top, summit, crown of the head”), German Kopf (“top, head”)).
The Middle English word was further reinforced by Anglo-Norman cupe and Old French cope, coupe, from Latin cuppa. Compare also Saterland Frisian Kop (“cup”), West Frisian kop (“cup”), Dutch kop (“cup”), German Low German Koppke, Köppke (“cup”), Danish kop (“cup”), Swedish kopp (“cup”). Doublet of coupe, hive, and keeve.

unk

obscure

cog

that and a dollar will get you a cup of coffee

that and a nickel will buy you a cup of coffee

that and twenty-five cents will get you a cup of coffee

there's many a slip between the cup and the lip

there's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip

(US) A US unit of liquid measure equal to 8 fluid ounces (¹⁄₁₆ of a US gallon; 236.5882365 mL) or 240 mL.

(Canada) A Canadian unit of measure equal to 8 imperial ounces (¹⁄₂₀ imperial gallon; 227.3 mL) or 250 mL.

(Australia, New Zealand) A metric unit of measure equal to 250 mL.

Coordinate term: cap

(mathematics) The symbol ∪ denoting union and similar operations.


allegory

en-noun

allegory (countable and uncountable, plural allegories)

/ˈæl.ɪˌɡɔː.ɹi/

/ˈæl.əˌɡɔɹ.i/

From Middle English allegorie, from Old French allegorie, from Latin allēgoria, from Ancient Greek ἀλληγορία (allēgoría), from ἄλλος (állos, “other”) + ἀγορεύω (agoreúō, “I speak”).

(mathematics, category theory) A category that retains some of the structure of the category of binary relations between sets, representing a high-level generalisation of that category.


dependent

en-adj

dependent (comparative more dependent, superlative most dependent)

more dependent (comparative)
most dependent (superlative)

From Middle English dependaunt, dependent, from Middle French dependant (present participle of dependre (“to depend”)) and Latin dēpendēns (present participle of dēpendeō (“to depend”)). By surface analysis, depend + -ent.

The formula for finding the probability of one event followed by a dependent event is written P(A, B) = P(A) × P(B/A) where P(B/A) is read “the probability of B given A.”

1994, Kathryn Stout, Maximum Math, page 217:

Within the GMM framework, the distribution of returns conditional on the market return can be both serially dependent and conditionally heteroscedastic.

2005, Alejandro Balbás, Rosario Romera, Esther Ruiz, Recent Advances in Applied Probability, Springer, page 49:

Is it possible to find events A, B of Ω so that A and B are independent? The answer to this simple and interesting problem is no. A probability space (Ω,Σ,P) is called a “dependent probability space” if there are no nontrivial independent events in Ω, (Ω,Σ,P) is called an independent space otherwise.

2006, M.M. Rao, Randall J. Swift, Probability Theory with Applications (Second Edition), Springer, page 87:

(statistics) Having a probability that is affected by the outcome of a separate event.


diagonal

/daɪˈæɡənəl/

/dɑɪˈæɡ.ə.nəl/

From Middle French diagonal, from Latin diagōnālis, from Ancient Greek διαγώνιος (diagṓnios, “from angle to angle”), from διά (diá, “across”) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle”).

der

(geometry) Joining two nonadjacent vertices (of a polygon or polyhedron).

مَائِل

geometry: joining two nonadjacent vertices


diagonal

backslash

antonym(s) of “oblique punctuation mark”

/daɪˈæɡənəl/

/dɑɪˈæɡ.ə.nəl/

диагонал

something forming or resembling a diagonal line

(geometry) A line joining non-adjacent vertices of a polygon.

Anything forming or resembling such a line, particularly:

(geometry) A line or plane at an oblique angle to another.


source

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English sours, from Old French sorse (“rise, beginning, spring, source”), from sors, past participle of sordre, sourdre, from Latin surgō (“to rise”), which is composed of sub- (“up from below”) + regō (“lead, rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-. See surge.

der

(graph theory) A node in a directed graph whose edges all go out from it; one with no entering edges.

Coordinate term: target

(mathematics, category theory) The domain of a function; the object which a morphism points from.


development

en-noun

development (countable and uncountable, plural developments)

From French développement, from Old French desvelopemens (“unrolling”). By surface analysis, develop + -ment. First attested in 1756.

(mathematics) The expression of a function in the form of a series.