kurtosis

en-noun

kurtosis (countable and uncountable, plural kurtoses or kurtosises)

/ˌkɜːˈtəʊ.sɪs/

/ˌkɜːˈtəʉ.sɪs/

Coined by English mathematician, biometrician, and eugenicist Karl Pearson c. 1895 (published 1899 in "On certain Properties of the Hypergeometrical Series, and so on the fitting of such series to Observation Polygons in the Theory of Chance", Phil. Mag.).
From Ancient Greek κύρτωσις (kúrtōsis, “a bulging, convexity”), from κυρτός (kurtós, “bulging, convex”).

der

probability distribution
probability distribution

(statistics) A measure of "heaviness of the tails" of a probability distribution, defined as the fourth cumulant divided by the square of the variance of the probability distribution.

(statistics) Excess kurtosis: the difference between a given distribution's kurtosis and the kurtosis of a normal distribution.


entry

en-noun

entry (countable and uncountable, plural entries)

exit

antonym(s) of “doorway that provides a means of entering a building”

Inherited from Middle English entre, from Old French entree (feminine past participle of the verb entrer, Modern French entrée). From Latin intrō. Doublet of entrada and entrée.

The entry in the second row and first column of this matrix is 6.

en:algebraic term at any position in a matrix

(linear algebra) A term at any position in a matrix.


stupendous

en-adj

stupendous (comparative more stupendous, superlative most stupendous)

more stupendous (comparative)
most stupendous (superlative)

First attested from 1547, from Late Latin stupendus (“stunning, amazing”), from the verb stupeō (“(I) am stunned”). Doublet of stupend (which is obsolete), and related to stupor and stupid.

bor

One cannot appreciate how stupendous the Matterhorn is without seeing it.

The entrance to Fonthill—that truly cloud-capt palace, so fantastic and so transitory—was by two stupendous doors, which seemed to defy the strength of giants.

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter V, in Romance and Reality. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 80:

Over the broadest there seemed to spring a cragged and stupendous arch, from which, as from the jaws of hell, gushed the sources of the sudden Phlegethon.

1834, Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, The Last Days of Pompeii:

Astonishingly great or large; huge; enormous.

The renovator created a stupendous new look for our house.

Of stunning excellence or degree; marvelous.


RSA

(cryptography) Initialism of Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (“an encryption algorithm”).


RSI

en-noun

RSI (countable and uncountable, plural RSIs)

relative strength index
relative strength index#English

(finance, cryptocurrencies) Initialism of relative strength index.


nascent

Borrowed from Latin nascēns, nascēntis, present participle of nascor (“I am born”). Doublet of naissant.

Fluxions are very nearly as the Augments of the Fluents, generated in equal, but infinitely ſmall parts of Time ; and to ſpeak exactly, are in the Prime Ratio of the naſcent Augments : but they may be expounded by any Lines that are proportional to ’em.

1710, Sir Isaac Newton, “Quadrature of Curves”, in John Harris, editor, Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining Not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves, volume II, London: Dan. Brown et al., translation of Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos:

(mathematics, obsolete) Describing a quantity of object that is starting to grow from zero or an infinitesimal beginning. Also the creation or identification of an infinitesimal delta.


quism

Most authors speak of a quasi-isomorphism or quism, but Bourbaki's term is more descriptive.

1990, Jan R. Strooker, Homological Questions in Local Algebra, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 5:

Then the composition is a quism and therefore is an acceptable Adams-Hilton model for E.

1992, Kathryn P. Hess, “Twisted tensor products of DGA’s and the Adams-Hilton model for the total space of a fibration”, in Nigel Ray and Spike Walker (editors), Adams Memorial Symposium on Algebraic Topology (proceedings of a July 1990 symposium), Volume I, Cambridge University Press, page 51

By [3], the vertical maps are quisms.

2000, Alex Martsinkofsky, New homological invariants for modules over local rings, II, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, Vol. 153 No. 1

Since ρ₀ is a surjective quism, the Σ-module K is acyclic.

2002, Martin Markl, Steven Shnider, James Stasheff, Operads in Algebra, Topology and Physics, American Mathematical Society, →ISBN, page 201:


enormity

enormity (countable and uncountable, plural enormities)

From Late Middle English ēnorme (“monstrous or unnatural act; enormity”), from Old French énormité (“enormity”), from Latin ēnormitās (“irregularity; enormity”), from ēnōrmis (“irregular, unusual; enormous, immense”) + -itās (suffix forming nouns indicating states of being). Ēnōrmis is derived from e- (a variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘out; away’) + nōrma (“norm, standard”) + -is (Latin suffix forming adjectives from nouns).

der

I am in Amerika! I felt like weeping at the enormity of this fact. Amerika, the fabled, the mythic, the coveted. The knowledge that we had no visas, and therefore would not be allowed to set foot on land, dampened my enthusiasm only a little.

1997, Magda Denes, Castles Burning: A Child’s Life in War:

But the enormity of Clement's vision of papal grandeur only became clear once the public rooms were completed during the years that immediately followed.

2008, Edwin Mullins, The Popes of Avignon: A Century in Exile, New York, N.Y.: BlueBridge, →ISBN, page 103:

[Wayne] Rooney and his team-mates started ponderously, as if sensing the enormity of the occasion, but once [Paul] Scholes began to link with Ryan Giggs in the middle of the park, the visitors increased the tempo with Sunderland struggling to keep up.

2012 May 13, Alistair Magowan, “Sunderland 0–1 Man Utd”, in BBC Sport, archived from the original on 2015-03-13:

(uncountable, sometimes proscribed) Great size; enormousness, hugeness, immenseness.


iterate

en-verb

iterate (third-person singular simple present iterates, present participle iterating, simple past and past participle iterated)

iterates (present singular third-person)
iterating (participle present)
iterated (participle past)
iterated (past)

From Latin iterō (“do it for a second time, repeat”), from iterum (“again”), akin to is (“he, that”).

der

In mathematics, an iterated function is a function which is composed with itself, possibly ad infinitum, in a process called iteration.

(computing, mathematics) To perform or repeat an action on the results of each such prior action.


iterate

An important example of such a semigroup in infinite dimensional Hilbert space is the weak operator closed monothetic semigroup generated by a linear operator with equibounded iterates.

2011, M. A. Kaashoek, T. T. West, Locally Compact Semi-Algebras, page 8:

(mathematics) An n-fold self-composition of a function.

f²(x₀) is the second iterate of x₀ under f.

(mathematics) The image of a certain value under such a function.


resolute

From Latin resolutus (“released”), past participle of resolvō (“I release, I unbind”).

vector resolute

(mathematics) A projection onto an arbitrary vector.


castellano

From Spanish castellano (“Castilian”), from Medieval Latin Castella (“Castile, Land of Fortresses”) + -ānus (“-an: forming adjectives”), from Latin castrum (“fort”) + -ella (“-elle: forming diminutives”). Doublet of Castilian, castellanus, castellan, and chatelain.

doublet

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of mass, equivalent to about 4.8 g.

(historical) A former Spanish coin, notionally equivalent to a castellano of gold.


factorial

The expression #123;#125;#95;nC#95;r means the number of combinations of n things taken r at a time. It is also written #92;binomnr, and is equal to#92;frac#123;n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)#92;cdots#92;cdots(n-r#43;1)#125;#123;r#33;#125;or n#33;#47;r#33;(n-r)#33;, in which r#33; is read "factorial r" and denotes the product of all the integral numbers from 1 to r inclusive.

1916 July, M. Mott-Smith, “The Arithmetical Pyramid of Many Dimensions”, in The Monist, volume 26, number 3, →DOI, page 428:

This playing around with consecutive integers reminded one of the students of factorials, and he asked about products of integers, which I said could be expressed similarly as#92;prod#95;#123;k#61;1#125;ⁿk#61;1#92;cdot 2#92;cdot 3#92;cdotsn.But what does this equal?
Well, of course we can say that it is equal to n factorial and write#92;prod#95;#123;k#61;1#125;ⁿk#61;n#33; and then use our calculators, but inventing a new symbol like 'factorial' feels like an admission of defeat!

2018 September, Colin Foster, “What is the formula for factorial?”, in Mathematics in School, volume 47, number 4, page 40:

(mathematics, combinatorics) The result of multiplying a given number of consecutive integers from 1 to the given number. In equations, it is symbolized by an exclamation mark (!). For example, 5! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 120.


factorial

en-adj

factorial (comparative more factorial, superlative most factorial)

more factorial (comparative)
most factorial (superlative)

I shall denote, as usual, the factorial product of the numbers up to n by n#33;, but I have found it necessary to introduce a separate notation for the products of successive even or odd numbers. I consequently definen#33;#33;#61;n#92;cdot(n-2)#33;#33;.Starting with1#33;#33;#61;1,#92;quad 2#33;#33;#61;2,it follows that, for positive values of n,n#33;#33;#61;n#92;cdotn-2#92;cdotn-4#92;cdots,where the last factor is either 1 or 2, according as n is odd or even.

1903, Arthur Schuster, “On some Definite Integrals, and a New Method of Reducing a Function of Spherical Co-ordintes to a Series of Spherical Harmonics”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, volume 200, →DOI, →JSTOR, page 182:

The definition of addition is an example of definition by induction, sometimes called recursive definition. As another example of this, consider the following inductive definition of the factorial function.
We define n#33; for n#92;in#92;mathbbN by the following two properties,
(i) 1#33; is defined to be 1,
(ii) for all k#92;in#92;mathbbN, we define (k#43;1)#33; to be (k#43;1)#92;timesk#33;.

1995, K. E. Hirst, Numbers, Sequences and Series, Butterworth-Heinemann, →ISBN, page 21:

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to a factor or factorial.


factorial prime

en-noun

factorial prime (plural factorial primes)

(mathematics) A prime number that is one more or one less than a factorial. For example, 7 is a factorial prime, since 3! + 1 = 7.

Fakultätsprimzahl

prime number one more or less than a factorial


transient

en-adj

transient (comparative more transient, superlative most transient)

more transient (comparative)
most transient (superlative)

From Late Latin transiēnt- (for classical transeunt-), stem of transiēns, present participle of transire (“to go over, to pass”).

مُؤَقَّت

passing or disappearing with time; transitory

(mathematics, stochastic processes, of a state) having a positive probability of being left and never being visited again.

transient

mathematics: having positive probability of being left


magnitude

en-noun

magnitude (countable and uncountable, plural magnitudes)

From Latin magnitūdō (“greatness, size”), magnus + -tūdō.

(mathematics) A number, assigned to something, such that it may be compared to others numerically

(mathematics) Of a vector, the norm, most commonly, the two-norm.


two-norm

(mathematics) A measure of length given by "the square root of the squares." Denoted by ||·||₂, the two-norm of a vector ⃑v= is ||⃑v||₂=√. The two norm of an m×m matrix A is defined by max _(⃑v≠⃑0)(||A⃑v||₂)/(||⃑v||₂) where ⃑v is an m-dimensional vector that is not the zero vector.


zero vector

The zero vector of a given vector space is the space's additive identity.

(mathematics, linear algebra) A vector 0 in a vector space V such that for any v∈V, 0+v=v; a vector whose value in every dimension is zero; i.e., ⃑0=<0,0,…,0>.


norm

From Latin norma (“a carpenter's square, a rule, a pattern, a precept”). Doublet of norma.

norm

math: function that maps vectors to non-negative reals

(philosophy, computer science) A sentence with non-descriptive meaning, such as a command, permission, or prohibition.

(mathematics) A function which satisfies a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize the notion of the length of a vector. Formally, a real-valued function on a vector space, generally denoted v↦|v| or v↦‖v‖, that satisfies the following properties:

given a scalar k, ‖kv‖=|k|·‖v‖, where |k| is the absolute value of k;

given two vectors v,w, ‖v+w‖<‖v‖+‖w‖ (the triangle inequality).

(mathematics) Any of several generalizations of the above: a field norm, ideal norm, etc.

A quaternion algebra (a,b) over ksplits if and only if b is a norm from the field extension k(#92;sqrt#123;a#125;)#47;k, i.e. if and only if there is some x in k(#92;sqrt#123;a#125;) which has field norm exactly equal to b.

(algebra) An element of the image of some (generalized) norm, the element then said to be from the norm in question, or from the structure which gave rise to the norm.


norm

en-verb

norm (third-person singular simple present norms, present participle norming, simple past and past participle normed)

norms (present singular third-person)
norming (participle present)
normed (participle past)
normed (past)

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis) To endow (a vector space, etc.) with a norm.


if and only if

A rectangle is a square if and only if all four of its sides have the same length.

An integer is even if and only if its square is also even.

(logic, mathematics) Is equivalent to; implies and is implied by; is true and false in the same cases as.

тогда́ и то́лько тогда́

, когда́ ...


progression

en-noun

progression (countable and uncountable, plural progressions)

/pɹəˈɡɹɛʃən/

(mathematics) A sequence obtained by adding or multiplying each term by a constant.


interpolate

en-verb

interpolate (third-person singular simple present interpolates, present participle interpolating, simple past and past participle interpolated)

interpolates (present singular third-person)
interpolating (participle present)
interpolated (participle past)
interpolated (past)

From Latin interpolō + -ate (verb-forming suffix). Compare French interpoler.

af

(mathematics) To estimate the value of a function between two tabulated points.


ratio

→ Portuguese: rácio

/ˈɹeɪ.ʃi.əʊ/

/ˈɹeɪ.ʃiˌoʊ/

Borrowed from Latin ratiō. Doublet of ration and reason.

(arithmetic) The relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient).

отношение

arithmetics: relative magnitude of two quantities expressed as quotient


sink

a bathroom sink sink (canonical)
sinks (plural)

From Middle English synken, from Old English sincan, from Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to fall, sink”).
Compare West Frisian sinke, Low German sinken, Dutch zinken, German sinken, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål synke, Swedish sjunka. In the causative sense, it replaced Old English senċan (“make sink”) from Proto-Germanic *sankwijaną.

der

transportation network
transportation network

(graph theory) A destination vertex in a transportation network.

(graph theory) A node in directed graph for which all of its edges go into it; one with no outgoing edges.


cancel

en-verb

cancel (third-person singular simple present cancels, present participle cancelling or (US) canceling, simple past and past participle cancelled or (US) canceled)

cancels (present singular third-person)
cancelling (participle present)
canceling (US participle present)
cancelled (participle past)
cancelled (past)
canceled (US participle past)
canceled (US past)

→ German: canceln

→ Gulf Arabic: كنسل (kansal)

→ Welsh: canslo

From Middle English cancellen, from Anglo-Norman canceler (“to cross out with lines”) (modern French chanceler (“to stagger, sway”)), from Latin cancellō (“to make resemble a lattice”), from cancellus (“a railing or lattice”), diminutive of cancer (“a lattice”).

der

kanzellieren (obsolete or translationese)

Such a 2-handle cancels the 1-handle so the manifold is D⁴.

2003, Gordana Matić, Clint McCrory, Topology and geometry of manifolds, →ISBN, page 182:

(transitive, mathematics) To remove a common factor from both the numerator and denominator of a fraction, or from both sides of an equation.

jakaa molemmat puolet (equation, factor in adessive)


closing

(mathematics) In morphology, the erosion of the dilation of a set.


ramification

en-noun

ramification (countable and uncountable, plural ramifications)

/ɹæmɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌɹæməfəˈkeɪʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ramification.wav

From Middle French ramification, or its source, Latin ramificō.

(mathematics) An arrangement of branches.


working

working (countable and uncountable, plural workings)

From Middle English werking, werkynge, warkynge, worchinge, from Old English wyrċing (“working”), verbal noun of wyrċan (“to work”), equivalent to work + -ing. Cognate with Scots wirking, warking, Dutch werking, German Wirkung.

Be sure to check your working.

(arithmetic) The incidental or subsidiary calculations performed in solving an overall problem.


locus

A circle is the locus of points from which the distance to the center is a given value, the radius.

(mathematics) The set of all points whose coordinates satisfy a given equation or condition.

轨迹

set of all points given by an equation or condition


noble

en-adj

noble (comparative nobler or more noble, superlative noblest or most noble)

nobler (comparative)
more noble (comparative)
noblest (superlative)
most noble (superlative)

From Middle English, from Old French noble, from Latin nōbilis (“knowable, known, well-known, famous, celebrated, high-born, of noble birth, excellent”), from nōscere, gnōscere (“to know”).
False cognate of Arabic نبيل (nabīl). Displaced native Middle English athel, from Old English æþele.

der

(geometry, of a polyhedron) Both isohedral and isogonal.


generate

en-verb

generate (third-person singular simple present generates, present participle generating, simple past and past participle generated)

generates (present singular third-person)
generating (participle present)
generated (participle past)
generated (past)

erase

antonym(s) of “produce as a result of a chemical or physical process”

From Latin generō (“beget, procreate, produce”) + -ate (verb-forming suffix), from genus (“a kind, race, family”, gener- in compounds) + -ō; see genus. Compare Italian generare, French générer (and its older (and now obsolete) English cognate from Middle French, gender (“engender, breed, copulate”)).

af

Rotating a circle generates a sphere.

(transitive, mathematics) To form a figure from a curve or solid.


amoeba

From Ancient Greek ἀμοιβή (amoibḗ, “change”), referring to constantly changing shape of these organisms.

(mathematics) The graph of the real part of the logarithms of a polynomial equation in complex numbers.


CV

en-noun

CV (countable and uncountable, plural CVs)

Abbreviation
* (anime, Japanimation): From Japanese CV (CV), from English character+voice
* (aircraft carrier): Initialism of cruiser (“croiseur”) + French voler (“to fly”).

initialism of

(statistics) Initialism of cross-validation.


grade

→ Japanese: グレード (gurēdo)

→ Swahili: gredi

Borrowed from Middle French grade (“a grade, degree”), from Latin gradus (“a step, pace, degree”), from Proto-Italic *graðus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰradʰ-, *gʰredʰ- (“to walk, go”). Doublet of gradus.
Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍃 (griþs, “step, grade”), Bavarian Gritt (“step, stride”), Lithuanian grìdiju (“to go, wander”).

(geometry) In a linear system of divisors on an n-dimensional variety, the number of free intersection points of n generic divisors.

aste

geometry: number of free intersection points of n generic divisors


ounce

→ Tokelauan: aunehe

From Middle English ounce, unce, from Middle French once, from Latin uncia (“Roman ounce, various similar units”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one”). Doublet of a, one, inch, uncia, onça, onza, oka, ouguiya, and awqiyyah.

doublet

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ounce.wav

an ounce of prevention is better than an ounce of cure

an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure

an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

An avoirdupois ounce, weighing ¹⁄₁₆ of an avoirdupois pound, or 28.349523125 grams.

A troy ounce, weighing ¹⁄₁₂ of a troy pound, or 480 grains, or 31.1034768 grams.

A US fluid ounce, with a volume of ¹⁄₁₆ of a US pint, 1.804688 cubic inches or 29.5735295625 millilitres.

A British imperial fluid ounce, with a volume of ¹⁄₂₀ of an imperial pint, 1.733871 cubic inches or 28.4130625 millilitres.

He didn't feel even an ounce of regret for his actions.

(figurative) Any small amount, a little bit.


ounce

From Middle French once, from Old French lonce (“lynx”), by false division (the l was thought to be the article), from Italian lonza, ultimately from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”). Doublet of onza and lynx.

The ounce, a leopard-like creature, is dreaded for its depredations by the Indians of Brazil.

1911, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 8, page 235:

(cryptozoology) Synonym of onza, a particularly aggressive cougar or jaguarundi in Mexican folklore.


robustify

en-verb

robustify (third-person singular simple present robustifies, present participle robustifying, simple past and past participle robustified)

robustifies (present singular third-person)
robustifying (participle present)
robustified (participle past)
robustified (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-robustify.wav

The UI looks nice, but you'll need to robustify it before it goes into production.

(software, statistics) To make more robust, that is, more tolerant of unexpected events.


bell curve

→ Turkish: çan eğrisi (calque)

All this is enhanced by well-chosen illustrations: the bell curve of Galton and similar frequency-curves,[…]

(probability theory) The bell-shaped curve that is typical of the normal distribution.

Gaussova křivka

bell shaped curve typical of the normal distribution

Gaußkurve

strictly the PDF of a normal distribution


set theory

en-noun

set theory (usually uncountable, plural set theories)

We mentioned previously that certain paradoxes in set theory arose shortly after Cantor's works were published.

1972, Peter W. Zehna, Robert Leo Johnson, Elements of Set Theory, Allyn & Bacon, page 4:

The above argument, known as Russell's Paradox, was discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901. Set theory itself began a few decades earlier with the work of George Cantor.

1984, Robert Goldblatt, Topoi, the categorial analysis of logic, page 9:

The serious study of models of axiomatic set theories depends heavily on methods from mathematical logic which are outside the scope of these Notes.

1994, Yiannis N. Moschovakis, Notes on Set Theory, Springer, page 239:

The one thing that all alternative set theories have in common is the fact that they are alternatives to ZF or ZFC.

2012, M. Randall Holmes, Thomas Forster, Thierry Libert, “Alternative Set Theories”, in Dov M. Gabbay, Akihiro Kanimori, John Woods, editors, Sets and Extensions in the Twentieth Century, North-Holland: Elsevier, page 559:

(mathematics) The mathematical theory of sets.


geometry

geometry (countable and uncountable, plural geometries)

From Middle English gemetry, geometrie, from Old French geometrie (modern French géométrie), from Latin geōmetria, from Ancient Greek γεωμετρία (geōmetría, “geometry, land-survey”), from γεωμέτρης (geōmétrēs, “land measurer”), from γῆ (gê, “earth, land, country”) + -μετρία (-metría, “measurement”), from μέτρον (métron, “a measure”). By surface analysis, geo- + -metry. Doublet of gematria.

der

ANY problem in geometry can easily be reduced to such terms that a knowledge of the lengths of certain straight lines is sufficient for its construction.

1925, René Descartes, “The Geometry of Rene Descartes”, in David Eugene Smith, Marcia Latham, transl., [1637, La Géométrie], Cosimo Classics, published 2007, page 2:

(mathematics, uncountable) The branch of mathematics dealing with spatial relationships.

1975 [Addison-Wesley], Eugene F. Krause, Taxicab Geometry, 1986, Dover, page 64,
Entire new geometries are also suggested by real-world cities.

Finite geometries were developed in the late nineteenth century, in part to demonstrate and test the axiomatic properties of completeness, consistency, and independence.

2004, Judith Cederberg, A Course in Modern Geometries, Springer, page 1:

Previous theorists have often tried to test whether visual space is best described by a small set of traditional geometries, such as the Euclidean geometry most of us studied in High School or the hyperbolic and spherical geometries introduced by 19ᵗʰ-century mathematicians.

2006, Mark Wagner, The Geometries of Visual Space, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, page ix:

(mathematics, often qualified in combination, countable) A mathematical system that deals with spatial relationships and that is built on a particular set of axioms; a subbranch of geometry which deals with such a system or systems.

(algebraic geometry, countable) A mathematical object comprising representations of a space and of its spatial relationships.


opening

→ Japanese: オープニング (ōpuningu)

From Middle English openyng, openynge, openunge, from Old English openung (“an opening”), from Proto-West Germanic *opanungu, from Proto-Germanic *upanungō (“an opening”), equivalent to open + -ing. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Eepenge, Epenge (“an opening”), West Frisian iepening (“an opening”), Dutch opening (“an opening”), German Öffnung (“an opening”), Danish åbning (“an opening”), Swedish öppning (“an opening”).

/ˈəʊ.pə.nɪŋ/

mathematical morphology
mathematical morphology

(mathematics) In mathematical morphology, the dilation of the erosion of a set.


singular value decomposition

en-noun

singular value decomposition (plural singular value decompositions)

(linear algebra) A particular type of factorisation of a matrix into a product of three matrices, of which the second is a diagonal matrix that has as the entries on its diagonal the singular values of the original matrix.

奇异值分解

linear algebra: type of factorisation of a matrix


concave

en-adj

concave (comparative more concave, superlative most concave)

more concave (comparative)
most concave (superlative)

From Middle English concave, from Old French concave, from Latin concavus.

(geometry, not comparable, of a polygon) Not convex; having at least one internal angle greater than 180 degrees.

(functional analysis, not comparable, of a real-valued function on the reals) Satisfying the property that all segments connecting two points on the function's graph lie below the function.


convex

convex (comparative more convex, superlative most convex)

more convex (comparative)
most convex (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French convexe, from Latin convexus (“arched”).

(functional analysis, not comparable, of a real-valued function on the reals) having an epigraph that is a convex set.

(geometry, not comparable, of a polygon) having no internal angles greater than 180 degrees.

(mathematics, not comparable, of a set in Euclidean space) arranged such that for any two points in the set, a straight line between the two points is contained within the set.


concentric

concentric (comparative more concentric, superlative most concentric)

more concentric (comparative)
most concentric (superlative)

Japanese: コンセント (konsento)

Korean: 콘센트 (konsenteu)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-concentric.wav

From Middle English concentrik, from Middle French concentrique, from Medieval Latin concentricus, from Latin con- (“with, together”) + centrum (“circle, center”). Equivalent to con- + -centric.

Seven huge concentric semi-circular rings of stone surround the northern end, and quite rightly are Grade 2-listed by conservation body Historic England.

2020 August 26, Tim Dunn, “Great railway bores of our time!”, in Rail, page 45:


embedded

embedded (comparative more embedded, superlative most embedded)

more embedded (comparative)
most embedded (superlative)

(algebra, of an associated prime of a module) Not minimal with respect to inclusion (among associated primes), i.e. having a proper sub-ideal which is an associated prime.


precision

en-noun

precision (countable and uncountable, plural precisions)

/pɹɪˈsɪʒ.ən/

[pɹɪˈsɪʒ.n̩]

tarkkuus

the consistency of a number in a linear equation

(mathematics) The number of significant digits to which a value may be measured reliably.

точност

the number of significant digits to which a value may be measured reliably


improbable

en-adj

improbable (comparative more improbable, superlative most improbable)

more improbable (comparative)
most improbable (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French improbable, from im- + probable.

It's highly improbable that aliens abducted you.

Nay, if he be of a proud humour, […] he will not Bate an Ace of abſolute certainty, but however doubtful or improbable the thing is, coming f[r]om him it muſt go for an indiſputable truth.

1674, [Richard Allestree], “Of Positiveness”, in The Government of the Tongue. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: At the Theater, →OCLC, page 197:

Due to the loss of power, it is improbable that we will begin on time.


monotony

From French monotonie, from Late Latin monotonia, from Ancient Greek μονοτονία (monotonía, “sameness of tone, monotony”).

uder

(mathematics) The property of a monotonic function.


posterior

Borrowed from Latin posterior (“that comes or follows after; later, latter”).

bor

(mathematics) The probability that a hypothesis is true (calculated by Bayes' theorem).


derived unit

The derived unit of electrical resistance (ohm) is derived from length, mass, time, and electric current.

(In the SI system of units) Any unit derived from one of the seven base units of length (meter), mass (kilogram), time (second), electric current (ampere), thermodynamic temperature (kelvin), amount of substance (mole) and luminous intensity (candela).

導出單位 /导出单位

any unit derived from one of the seven base units


total

From Middle English total, from Old French total, from Medieval Latin tōtālis, from tōtus (“all, whole, entire”) + -ālis, the former element of unknown origin. Perhaps related to Oscan 𐌕𐌏𐌖𐌕𐌏 (touto, “community, city-state”), Umbrian 𐌕𐌏𐌕𐌀𐌌 (totam, “tribe”, acc.), Old English þēod (“a nation, people, tribe”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”). More at English Dutch, English thede.

cog

The total of 4, 5 and 6 is 15.


total

en-adj

total (comparative more total, superlative most total)

more total (comparative)
most total (superlative)

The Ackermann function is one of the simplest and earliest examples of a total computable function that is not primitive recursive.

(mathematics, of a function) Defined on all possible inputs.

(mathematics, more generally, of a relation R on X × Y) Left total: Such that for every x in X there is a y in Y with x R y.

(mathematics, of a partial order ≤) Such that any two elements are comparable, i.e. for all a and b, either a ≤ b, or b ≤ a.


stable

stable (comparative stabler or more stable, superlative stablest or most stable)

stabler (comparative)
more stable (comparative)
stablest (superlative)
most stable (superlative)

From Middle English stable, from Anglo-Norman stable, stabel, from Latin stabilis (“firm, steadfast”) (itself from stare (“stand”) + -abilis (“able”)). Displaced native Old English staþolfæst.

(commutative algebra, of a filtration (M_n) of a module M over a ring with respect to an ideal (here I but often a,m,p etc.) of that ring) Eventually satisfying the identity IM_n=M_n+1.


composition

en-noun

composition (countable and uncountable, plural compositions)

→ Korean: 컴포지션 (keompojisyeon)

/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/

From Middle English composicioun, borrowed from Old French composicion, from Latin compositiō, compositiōnem.

hyvitys

agreement to pay money in order to clear a liability or obligation

(mathematics) Applying a function to the result of another.

yhdistely

mathematics: applying a function to the result of another


dense

en-adj

dense (comparative denser, superlative densest)

denser (comparative)
densest (superlative)

From Middle French dense, from Latin dēnsus, from Proto-Indo-European *dens- (“thick, dense”).

der

(mathematics, topology) Being a subset of a topological space that approximates the space well. See the Wikipedia article on dense sets for a mathematical definition.


construction

en-noun

construction (countable and uncountable, plural constructions)

→ Mongolian: констракшн (konstrakšn)

From Middle English construccioun, construction, from Old French construction, from Latin cōnstructiō, from cōnstruere.
Morphologically construct + -ion.

(geometry) A geometric figure of arcs and line segments that is drawable with a straightedge and compass.


hoon

Capricornia (novel)
Kelmscott, Western Australia
The Australian National Dictionary
Xavier Herbert

Uncertain; used initially as a general term of abuse. It first appeared in print in Capricornia (1938) by Australian writer Xavier Herbert (1901–1984); in a 1941 letter Herbert stated he had heard the term in his youth.

'You flash hoon,' he went on, 'Kiddin' you're white, eh?[…].'

1938, Xavier Herbert, Capricornia: A Novel, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, →OCLC:

(Australia, New Zealand, slang, derogatory) A worthless person; a hooligan or lout.

When the girls were sick, the hoons would beat the shit out of them and put them back on the street.

2009, Adam Shand, The Skull: Informers, Hit Men and Australia's Toughest Cop, Melbourne: Black Inc., ISBN 978-1-86395-438-9; republished Melbourne, Black Inc., 2010, ISBN 978-1-86395-482-2, page 85

Police have impounded an average of 10 cars a day since hoon laws were introduced by the State Government in June 2006. Hoon related offences include burnouts, doughnuts, drag racing, repeated driving while disqualified and high-level speeding. Offences are detailed in section 84C of the Road Safety Act 1986.

2008 July 30, “Hoon Laws”, in Victoria Police, archived from the original on 2009-05-15:

The hoons piled out of the wreck brimming with righteous road rage, and were settling to the task of beating the shit out of Wozza, Mutton and the hapless wheelman when they discovered the plastic bag.

2009, Damien Broderick, Rory Barnes, I'm Dying Here: A Comedy of Bad Manners, New York, N.Y.: Point Blank, →ISBN, page 29:

[T]here is an overwhelming sense of youth as a social group with nowhere to go and nothing to do. […] Predictably, this has produced a series of strategies among young people through which to counter the boredom and frustration they often experience. One of the more spectacular – and illegal – examples of this is "hooning" (a localized term for dangerous driving) by young males. […] [H]oons transform the quiet, often sleepy streets of neighborhoods on the Gold Coast into playscapes of their own. […] Equally salient in the context of the present discussion is the random night-time appropriation by hoons of particular streets and neighborhoods on the Gold Coast in which to enact the collective rituals that give the hoon culture both internal cohesion and local notoriety.

2012, Sarah Baker, Andy Bennett, Patricia Wise, “Living ‘The Strip’: Negotiating Neighborhood, Community, and Identity on Australia's Gold Coast”, in Chris Richardson, Hans A[rthur] Skott-Myhre, editors, Habitus of the Hood, Bristol, Chicago, Ill.: Intellect, →ISBN, pages 109–110:

(Australia, New Zealand, slang) A person who drives excessively quickly, loudly or irresponsibly; a street drag racer often driving heavily customized cars.

wegpiraat

young man who drives badly or excessively quickly


hoon

Borrowed from Hokkien 分 (hun). Doublet of fen and fan.

This abovementioned Chandoo or prepared opium for smoking is retailed by them [the East India Company] at 5 pice per hoon, equal to 8000 Spanish dollars per chest, and on the opposite or Queda shore the hoon is sold at 6 pice or 9,600 dollars, […]

1838, N[athaniel] Wallich, “XVII.—A Few Brief Notices on the State of the Population of Prince of Wales' Island, and of the Price at which Opium is Retailed in that Colony”, in Transactions of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, volume I, Calcutta: Re-printed at the Baptist Mission Press, Circular Road, →OCLC, page 57:

Visited in company with the agent of the Opium farmer 4 Opium shops, found them filled with Chinese except one which had in addition 7 Malays and natives of India. Amongst these were 3 tailors; one woman 30 years old, was there smoking her pipe,—she had been in the habit of doing so for 3 years at the rate of 3 hoons daily,—before she commenced the habit of smoking had children but none since,—thinks that it is owing to the bad habit,—would like much to give up but is frightened.

1848 January, R. Little, “On the Habitual Use of Opium in Singapore”, in J[ames] R[ichardson] Logan, editor, The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, volume II, number I, Singapore: Printed at the Mission Press, →OCLC, page 23:

Examined thirty-one men. Their average consumption was six hoons. The greatest daily consumption by one man was fifteen hoons; the smallest, two. The average number of years they had been addicted to the smoking of opium was seven years and some odd months.

1860, A chaplain in H. M. Indian Service [pseudonym; James Aberigh Mackay], “An Explanation of the Peiho Massacre”, in From London to Lucknow: With Memoranda of Mutinies, Marches, Flights, Fights, and Conversations. To which is Added, An Opium-smuggler's Explanation of the Peiho Massacre. By a Chaplain in H. M. Indian Service. In Two Volumes, volume II, London: James Nisbet & Co., 21 Berners Street, →OCLC, page 553:

Chinese Catty = 1.33 lb (605 g) / = 16 Tahil (liang or tael). / 1 Tahil = 10 Chee (chandu measures) / = 100 Hoon (fen).

1999, Carl A. Trocki, “Weights and Measures”, in Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade 1750–1950, Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page x:

The average smoker used only four hoons, leaving him 36 hoons, nearly half an ounce, to sell on the black market.

2005, Derek Mackay, “Retail Monopoly”, in Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Hunt for Opium, London: The Radcliffe Press, →ISBN, page 141:

(historical) A unit of weight (about 0.378125 of a gram, or 0.0133 of an ounce) used to measure opium in British-controlled parts of Asia; a candareen.


hoon

Borrowed from Hindi हून (hūn, “pagoda, a gold coin of Southern India”), from Sanskrit हून (hūna, “a kind of gold coin from a particular kingdom”).

derived

The plaintiff in his plaint states, that the first and second defendants' elder brother, Soobbiya Shetty, on the 8th Ashweeja Bahoola of the year Veya, mortgaged to him, for 2½ hoons, his two slaves, viz. a female Dher, named Honnoo, and a male Pardeshey, together with their offspring, and made them over to him; that while they were in his possession, Soobba Shetty died, and the first and the second defendants succeeding to his (Soobba Shetty's) property, they further executed a document to him for hoons 4-8-12, on account of a balance against themselves of rice, &c., making a total mortgage on the slaves of hoons 7-3-12.

1835 July 29, “Decree Passed by the Barcoor Moonsif, in Original Cause, No. 126 of 1835, on the 29th July 1835: Hossamunay Manddawanna Shetty, residing in the Hondady Village, and Brumawhar Mogany, in the Barcoor Talook, versus Sheevy Shetty, his younger brother, Honniya, both nephews of Hossamunay Pomma Shetty, and younger brothers of Soobbiya Shetty, residing in the said Hondady Village, and Bennaycoodra Krooshna Shetty”, in Slavery (East Indies). Return to an Order of the Honourable The House of Commons Dated 22 April 1841;—for, Copy of the Despatch from the Governor-General of India in Council to the Court of Directors of the East India Company, Dated the 8th Day of February 1841 (No. 3), with the Report from the Indian Law Commissioners, dated the 15th Day of January 1841, and its Appendix Enclosed in that Despatch, on the Subject of Slavery in the East Indies, [London]: Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, published 26 April 1841, →OCLC, appendix IX, page 505:

(India, historical) A pagoda, a type of gold coin.


hyper-

From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”) (English over), from *upo (“under, below”) (whence English up). Doublet of over-, super-, and sur-.

der

hyper- → hyperspace

Used to create forms that are found beyond the root.

(mathematics, physics) existing in more than three spatial dimensions


parallelogram

/ˌpæ.ɹəˈlɛl.əˌɡɹæm/

From Latin parallelogrammum, from Ancient Greek παράλληλος (parállēlos, “parallel”) + γραμμή (grammḗ, “line”).

uder

(geometry) A convex quadrilateral in which each pair of opposite edges are parallel and of equal length.


swastika

en-noun

swastika (countable and uncountable, plural swastikas)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्वस्तिक (svastika), from सु- (su-, “good, well”) + अस्ति (asti), a verbal abstract of the root of the verb "to be", स्वस्ति (svasti) thus meaning "well-being" — and the diminutive suffix क (ka); hence "little thing associated with well-being", corresponding roughly to "lucky charm". First attestation in English in 1871, a Sanskritism that replaced the Grecian term gammadion. From 1932 onwards it often referred specifically to the version used by the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (also called the "hooked cross", or German Hakenkreuz).

sauwastika

left-facing; symbolizing the night or the tantric aspects of Kali

This was signed by Dana Da, who added pentacles and pentagrams, and a crux ansata, and half-a-dozen swastikas, and a Triple Tau to his name, just to show that he was all he laid claim to be.

1888, Rudyard Kipling, “The Sending of Dana Da”, in In Black and White, Folio Society, published 2005, pages 423–4:

It is clear from archaeological finds that they enjoyed wearing Christian crosses, though they might enliven these with such symbols as the Indian swastika which Buddhists had brought them.

2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin, published 2010, page 270:

(countable) A cross with arms of equal length all bent halfway along at a 90° angle to the right or to the left, used as a religious symbol by various ancient and modern civilizations, but now mainly seen and used in the West (with arms angled to the right) as a symbol of Nazism and fascism.

swastika

a cross with arms of equal length all bent halfway along at a 90° angle


terminator

[ˈtɜː.mɪ.næɪ.ɾə]

* Partly from post-classical Latin terminator (5th century), from Latin terminō; partly from terminate + -or.
* (android that kills humans): After the 1984 film The Terminator.

(computing) A text character or string that serves to mark the end of a document or transmission.

(biochemistry) A DNA sequence that causes RNA transcription to cease and an mRNA transcript to break off.

(electronics) An electrical device that absorbs reflection at the end of a transmission line.

Opposite of natural monsters there are technological monsters such as terminators, cyborgs, and robocops—all of which undermine dichotomies between the artificial and the organic, the prosthetic and the natural.

2010, Tyson E. Lewis, Richard Kahn, Education Out of Bounds, page 1:

(science fiction) An intelligent android created to destroy humans.


terminate

en-adj

terminate (comparative more terminate, superlative most terminate)

more terminate (comparative)
most terminate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin terminātus, past participle of terminō (“I set bounds to, bound, limit, end, close, terminate”), from terminus (“a bound, limit, end”); see term, terminus. Doublet of termine.

One third is a recurring decimal, but one half is a terminate decimal.

(mathematics) Expressible in a finite number of terms; (of a decimal) not recurring or infinite.

véges

mathematics: expressible in a finite number of terms; (of a decimal) not recurring or infinite


perimeter

[pəˈɹɪm.ɪ.ɾɚ]

[pəˈɹɪm.ɪ.ɾə(ɹ)]

From Latin perimetros, Ancient Greek περίμετρος (perímetros). Equivalent to peri- + meter.

(mathematics) The sum of the distance of all the lengths of the sides of an object.

مُحِيط

(mathematics) The length of such a boundary.


involve

en-verb

involve (third-person singular simple present involves, present participle involving, simple past and past participle involved)

involves (present singular third-person)
involving (participle present)
involved (participle past)
involved (past)
involve (infinitive)

PIE word
 *h₁én
From Late Middle English involven (“to cloud; to encumber; to envelop, surround; to ponder (something); (reflexive) to concern (oneself) with something”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French involver, envoudre, or from its etymon Latin involvere, the present active infinitive of Latin involvō (“to roll to or upon something; to roll about; to coil or curl up; to cover; to envelop, wrap up; to overwhelm”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside, within’) + volvō (“to roll; to tumble”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; to wind (turn coils)”)).

ampleksi

to have (something) as a component or a related part — see also comprise, include

liittyä (part as a subject, whole in the illative, but the word order is still usually the same as in English)

намесвам

to cause or engage (someone or something) to become connected or implicated, or to participate, in some activity or situation

a quantity involved to the third or fourth power

Subtract the power from the given quantity, and divide the first term of the remainder, by the first term of the root involved to the next inferiour power, and multiplied by the index of the given power; the quotient will be the next term of the root.

1814, Jeremiah Day, “Evolution of Compound Quantities”, in An Introduction to Algebra, Being the First Part of a Course of Mathematics, […], New Haven, Conn.: Howe & Deforest; Oliver Steele, printer, →OCLC, article 484, page 242:

(mathematics) To multiply (a number) by itself a given number of times; to raise to any assigned power.

qüvvətə yüksəltmək

to multiply (a number) by itself a given number of times


blinker

нагла́зник m usually plural: нагла́зники

The following for example, doesn't work because the spark at the top is actually a blinker, and doesn't die. Without the blinker, this object is known as an OWSS (overweight spaceship).

1992 August 13, David Bell, “Spaceships in Conway's Life (Part 1)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

3 live cells together can yield either a blinker or a block, so these will be the most common objects formed "out of the void".

1994 May 13, Louis Howell, “Louis Howell's question of block clearing in life (simple solution)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

As Hickerson points out, a glider aimed at a faraway blinker or preblock has only 8 cells, but can be arranged to run as long as you want.

2008 January 8, Dave Greene, “Evolutionary factor in Conway's life”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) In Conway's Game of Life, an arrangement of three cells in a row that switches between horizontal and vertical orientations in each generation.


proportional

en-adj

proportional (comparative more proportional, superlative most proportional)

more proportional (comparative)
most proportional (superlative)

For example, according to the gas laws, pressure is directly proportional to temperature: the quotient derived from pressure (numerator) and temperature (denominator) will be constant; however, pressure is inversely proportional to volume, meaning that the product between volume and pressure will be constant.

2012, David Ben-Chaim, Ratio and Proportion, page 34:

(mathematics) At a constant ratio (to). Two magnitudes (numbers) are said to be proportional if the second varies in a direct relation arithmetically to the first. Symbol: ∝.


proportional

It is almost superfluous to remark that the numbers attached to the elements of compounds are those of the proportionals in which they combine […]

1828, William Thomas Brande, Tables in Illustration of the Theory of Definite Proportionals, page xiii:

(mathematics, geometry, archaic) A proportion.


boomer

(UK) A Eurasian bittern (subfamily Botaurinae).


correspondence

en-noun

correspondence (countable and uncountable, plural correspondences)

From Middle English correspondence, from Latin correspondentia. By surface analysis, correspond + -ence.

Congruity or similarity between different things, people, etc:


conic section

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-conic section.wav

(geometry) Any of the four distinct shapes that are the intersections of a cone with a plane, namely the circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.


cone

From Middle English cone (“corner, angle”) and conoun (“cone”), from Medieval Latin cōnus, cōnon (“cone, wedge, peak”), from Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos, “cone, spinning top, pine cone”). Reinforced by Middle French cone, from the same Graeco-Latin source.

der

surface of revolution
surface of revolution

(geometry) A surface of revolution formed by rotating a segment of a line around another line that intersects the first line.

(geometry) A solid of revolution formed by rotating a triangle around one of its altitudes.

(topology) A space formed by taking the direct product of a given space with a closed interval and identifying all of one end to a point.

A cone is an object (the apex) and a natural transformation from a constant functor (whose image is the apex of the cone and its identity morphism) to a diagram functor. Its components are projections from the apex to the objects of the diagram and it has a “naturality triangle” for each morphism in the diagram. (A “naturality triangle” is just a naturality square which is degenerate at its apex side.)

(category theory) An object V together with an arrow going from V to each object of a diagram such that for any arrow A in the diagram, the pair of arrows from V which subtend A also commute with it. (Then V can be said to be the cone’s vertex and the diagram which the cone subtends can be said to be its base.)


ellipse

From French ellipse. Doublet of ellipsis.

(geometry) A closed curve, the locus of a point such that the sum of the distances from that point to two other fixed points (called the foci of the ellipse) is constant; equivalently, the conic section that is the intersection of a cone with a plane that does not intersect the base of the cone.


parabola

en-noun

parabola (plural parabolas or parabolae or parabolæ)

parabolas (plural)
parabolae (plural)
parabolæ (plural)

Borrowed from New Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ), from παραβάλλω (parabállō, “I set side by side”), from παρά (pará, “beside”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw”). Doublet of parable, parole, and palaver.

(geometry) The conic section formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane parallel to a tangent plane to the cone; the locus of points equidistant from a fixed point (the focus) and line (the directrix).


associate

(algebra) One of a pair of elements of an integral domain (or a ring) such that the two elements are divisible by each other (or, equivalently, such that each one can be expressed as the product of the other with a unit).


associate

en-verb

associate (third-person singular simple present associates, present participle associating, simple past and past participle associated)

associates (present singular third-person)
associating (participle present)
associated (participle past)
associated (past)

/əˈsəʊʃieɪt/

/əˈsəʊʃi.ət/


helix

From Latin helix, from Ancient Greek ἕλιξ (hélix, “something twisted or spiral”).

der

(mathematics) A curve on the surface of a cylinder or cone such that its angle to a plane perpendicular to the axis is constant; the three-dimensional curve seen in a screw or a spiral staircase.


MDC

modification detection code
w:Modification Detection Code

(cryptography) Initialism of modification detection code.


deg

en-noun

deg (countable and uncountable, plural degs)

(mathematics, countable) Abbreviation of degree.


three-dimensional

en-adj

three-dimensional (not generally comparable, comparative more three-dimensional, superlative most three-dimensional)

more three-dimensional (comparative)
most three-dimensional (superlative)

A good novel needs three-dimensional characters.


two-dimensional

a two-dimensional character in a play

Not creating the illusion of depth; lacking detail or believability.


PDF

en-noun

PDF (countable and uncountable, plural PDFs)

Translingual: .pdf

probability density function
probability density function

(probability theory) Alternative letter-case form of pdf (“probability density function”)


corner

→ German: Corner

→ Japanese: コーナー (kōnā)

From Middle English corner, from Anglo-Norman cornere (compare Old French cornier, corniere (“corner”)), from Old French corne (“corner, angle”, literally “a horn, projecting point”), from Vulgar Latin *corna (“horn”), from Latin cornua, plural of cornū (“projecting point, end, horn”). The sense of "angle, corner" in Old French is not found in Latin or other Romance languages. It was possibly calqued from Frankish *hurnijā (“corner, angle”), which is similar to, and derived from *hurn, the Frankish word for "horn". Displaced native cognate Middle English hirn, herne, from Old English hyrne, from Proto-Germanic *hurnijǭ (“little horn, hook, angle, corner”), whence modern English hirn (“nook, corner”), itself related to horn.

nurkka

business: interest that is sufficient for price manipulation

Herbert bruised his shin on the corner of the coffee table.

The point where two converging lines meet; an angle, either external or internal.

The projection into space of an angle in a solid object.

връх

projection into space of an angular solid

The pitch was just off the corner, low and outside.

(heading) Relating to the playing field.

(baseball) One of the four vertices of the strike zone.


corner

en-verb

corner (third-person singular simple present corners, present participle cornering, simple past and past participle cornered)

corners (present singular third-person)
cornering (participle present)
cornered (participle past)
cornered (past)

The cat had cornered a cricket between the sofa and the television stand.

In Juazeiro do Norte, demonstrators cornered the mayor inside a bank for hours and called for his impeachment, while thousands of others protested teachers’ salaries.

2013 June 18, Simon Romero, “Protests Widen as Brazilians Chide Leaders”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-06-21:

(transitive) To drive (someone or something) into a corner or other confined space.

As the stock car driver cornered the last turn, he lost control and spun out.

(automotive, transitive) To turn a corner or drive around a curve.

That BMW corners well, but the suspension is too stiff.

(automotive, intransitive) To handle while moving around a corner in a road or otherwise turning.


mil

An angular mil, a unit of angular measurement equal to ¹⁄₆₄₀₀ of a complete circle. At 1000 metres one mil subtends about one metre (0.98 m). Also ¹⁄₆₀₀₀ and ¹⁄₆₃₀₀ are used in other countries.


proposition

en-noun

proposition (countable and uncountable, plural propositions)

/ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/

From Middle English proposicioun, from Old French proposicion, from Latin prōpositiō, from the verb prōponō.

väite

math: assertion which can be considered true or false

(countable, mathematics) An assertion so formulated that it can be considered true or false.

(countable, mathematics) An assertion which is provably true, but not important enough to be called a theorem.

命題 /命题

an assertion which is provably true, but not important enough to be a theorem


amenable

en-adj

amenable (comparative more amenable, superlative most amenable)

more amenable (comparative)
most amenable (superlative)

From French as if *amenable, from amener (“to bring or lead, fetch in or to”), from a- + mener (“to lead, conduct”), from Late Latin mināre (“to drive”), Latin deponent minārī (“to threaten, menace”).

(mathematics, of a group) Being a locally compact topological group carrying a kind of averaging operation on bounded functions that is invariant under translation by group elements.


yield

en-verb

yield (third-person singular simple present yields, present participle yielding, simple past yielded or (obsolete) yold, past participle yielded or (obsolete) yolden)

yields (present singular third-person)
yielding (participle present)
yielded (past)
yold (obsolete past)
yielded (participle past)
yolden (obsolete participle past)

Verb from Middle English yielden, yelden, ȝelden (“to yield, pay”), from Old English ġieldan (“to pay”), from Proto-West Germanic *geldan, from Proto-Germanic *geldaną (“to pay”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots yield (“to yield”), North Frisian jilden (“to pay”), Saterland Frisian Saterland Frisian jäilde (“to be valid; matter; count; be worth”), West Frisian jilde (“to pay”), Low German Low German gellen, Dutch gelden (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), German gelten (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), Icelandic gjalda (“to pay, yield, give”), Danish gælde (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), Norwegian Bokmål gjelde.
Noun from Middle English ȝeld, from Old English ġield, from Proto-West Germanic *geld, from Proto-Germanic *geldą (“reward, gift, money”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian jild, Dutch geld, Low German and German Geld, Danish gæld, Swedish gäld, Icelandic gjald. See also geld.

inh

to end all resistance because of loss of hope

because of helplessness and extreme weakness

Adding 3 and 4 yields a result of 7.

To give as a result or outcome; to produce or render.


oval

From Late Latin ovalis, from ovum; cognate with French and Italian ovale, Dutch ovaal. From 1570.

An elongated round shape resembling an egg or ellipse.

(mathematics) In a projective plane, a set of points such that no three are collinear and there is a unique tangent line at each point.


modulus

Learned borrowing from Latin modulus. Doublet of module and mold.

(mathematics) The base with respect to which a congruence is computed.

系数

(mathematics) The absolute value of a complex number.


arc-

From Latin arcus (“bow, arc”), as they represent an angle or arc. Compare etymology of arch.

arc-sine (British), arcsine (US)

arctan

inverse trigonometric function
inverse trigonometric function#English

(mathematics) Used to form the names of inverse trigonometric functions, and the symbols for these functions.

inverse hyperbolic function
inverse hyperbolic function#English

(mathematics, sometimes proscribed) Alternative form of ar- used to form the names of inverse hyperbolic functions, and the symbols for these functions.

arkusz-

forms the names of inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions


subduction

en-noun

subduction (countable and uncountable, plural subductions)

From Latin subductiō, from subdūcere (“to draw from under or below”).

Accordingly, a diffeological principal S¹-bundle over a diffeological space X is a subduction π : P → X and a smooth map τ satisfying the same conditions; see [30] for a thorough discussion.

2012, Konrad Waldorp, “A construction of string 2-group models using a transgression-regression technique”, in Clara L. Aldana, Maxim Braverman, Bruno Iochum, Carolina Neira Jiménez, editors, Analysis, Geometry, and Quantum Field Theory, American Mathematical Society, page 107:

Subductions (art. 1.46) express a global behavior of some surjections. As we localized the notion of induction and then obtained the notion of local induction (art. 2.15), the notion of subduction can be localized, or refined, as well, and leads to the concept of local subduction. Exercise 61, p. 60, illustrates the case where a subduction is not everywhere a local subduction.

2013, Patrick Iglesias-Zemmour, Diffeology, American Mathematical Society, page 59:

(mathematics, mathematical analysis) A surjection between diffeological spaces such that the target is identified as the pushforward of the source.


whisker

Middle English wisker, whisk (verb) + -er

(statistics) A graphic element that shows the maxima and minima in a box plot.

Whisker

a graphic element that shows the maxima and minima in a box plot


uncertainty

uncertainty (countable and uncountable, plural uncertainties)

From Middle English uncerteynte; equivalent to un- + certainty or uncertain + -ty.

(uncountable, mathematics) A parameter that measures the dispersion of a range of measured values.

погре́шность

mathematics: a parameter that measures the dispersion


idempotent

Latin roots, idem (“same”) + potent (“having power”) – literally, “having the same power”. Coined in 1870 by American mathematician Benjamin Peirce in the context of algebra.

A projection operator is idempotent.

(mathematics, computing) (said of a function) Such that, when performed multiple times on the same subject, it has no further effect on its subject after the first time it is performed.

冪等 /幂等

mathematics: an action which, when performed multiple time, has no further effect on its subject after the first time it is performed

Every finite semigroup has an idempotent element.

Every group has a unique idempotent element: namely, its identity element.

(mathematics) (said of an element of an algebraic structure with a binary operation, such as a group or semigroup) Such that, when it operates on itself, the result is equal to itself.

冪等 /幂等

mathematics: Said of an element of an algebraic structure with a binary operation: that when the element operates on itself, the result is equal to itself

Since the AND logical operator is commutative, associative, and idempotent, it distributes with respect to itself.

(mathematics) (said of a binary operation) Such that all of the distinct elements it can operate on are idempotent (in the sense given just above).

idempotentti

Said of a binary operation: that all of the distinct elements it can operate on are idempotent

(mathematics) (said of an algebraic structure) Having an idempotent operation (in the sense given above).


radiant

From Middle English radyant, from Latin radiāns, radiantis, present participle of radiāre (“to emit rays or beams”).

(geometry) A straight line proceeding from a given point, or fixed pole, about which it is conceived to revolve.


oscillation

oscillation (countable and uncountable, plural oscillations)

/ˌɑː.səˈleɪ.ʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-عُثمان (Middle river exports)-oscillation.wav

From French oscillation, from Latin oscillatio, from Latin oscillo.

(mathematics) (of a function) defined for each point x in the domain of the function by inf diam(f(U))∣Uisaneighborhoodofx, and describes the difference (possibly ∞) between the limit superior and limit inferior of the function near that point.


prediction

/pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/

Learned borrowing from Latin praedictiō, praedictiōnis; equivalent to predict + -ion. Compare the Germanic equivalents forespeaking, foretale, foretelling.

lbor

(statistics) A probability estimation based on statistical methods.


excess

en-noun

excess (countable and uncountable, plural excesses)

From Middle English exces (“excess, ecstasy”), from Old French exces, from Latin excessus (“a going out, loss of self-possession”), from excedere, excessum (“to go out, go beyond”). See exceed.

der

(geometry) Spherical excess, the amount by which the sum of the three angles of a spherical triangle exceeds two right angles. The spherical excess is proportional to the area of the triangle.


canonical

en-adj

canonical (comparative more canonical, superlative most canonical)

more canonical (comparative)
most canonical (superlative)

(mathematics, computing) In canonical form.

It turns out that ordered pairs can be defined in set theory, e.g. as
 (x,y)#58;#61;#92;#123;#92;#123;x,y#92;#125;,y#92;#125;.
 Note that in no sense is such a definition canonical.

2011 July 2, Samson Abramsky with Nikos Tzevelekos, “Introduction to Categories and Categorical Logic”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), page 19:

(mathematics) Distinguished among entities of its kind, so that it can be picked out in a way that does not depend on any arbitrary choices.


oblong

From Middle English oblong, oblonge, borrowed from Latin oblongus.

Jessamy looked round her in a puzzled way, but there was nothing to see but the pale oblong of what looked like a star-pierced sky behind the bars of the nursery window.

1967, Barbara Sleigh, Jessamy, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, published 1993, →ISBN, page 88:

A rectangle with length and width that are different.

An ellipse with minor and major axes that are different.


oblong

en-verb

oblong (third-person singular simple present oblongs, present participle oblonging, simple past and past participle oblonged)

oblongs (present singular third-person)
oblonging (participle present)
oblonged (participle past)
oblonged (past)

[…]; by John Denmans hom lot on the north sid the front by a salt crek the reare to the comon which hom lot with all the upland oblonging to it conteining to about fourtie acers more or lese with about one acer & half of salt medo liing before the said house[…]

1670, John Bull, signed sealed and delivered in the psents of Antony Waters [/] Rachell (X) Waters; republished as “Town Minutes”, in Town Minutes of Newtown: 1656-1688 (Transcriptions of Early Town Records of New York; […]), volume 1, New York, N.Y.: The Historical Records Survey, 1940 June, pages 181–182:

That the Gilbert tract, according to his opinion and the law, ought to have been oblonged up the creek. That by oblonging it across the creek, it afforded Elijah Robertson, who superintended the surveying, an opportunity of laying a warrant not located there, for himself, and thereby takes 5,000 acres.

1818, John Haywood, “Childress versus Holland. Whyte, Judge, delivered the opinion of himself and Judge Roane.”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Court of Errors and Appeals of the State of Tennessee, from the Year 1816 to 1817, volume III, Knoxville, Tenn.: […] Heiskell & Brown, page 276:

To extend so as to form an oblong shape.

A. Why, by dropping them off of cars or dropping them off of trucks or some way it would oblong them .

1928, New York Supreme Court, page 2149:

His silhouette: broad shoulders, big legs, a square face oblonged by a crest of thick hair and almost lantern jaw.

2006, Nancy Zafris, Lucky Strike, page 165:

And there were suddenly berries where there had been none before, bright red and bright blue, all with a careless water drop oblonging their form.

2008, Gary D. Schmidt, Trouble, New York, N.Y.: Clarion Books, →ISBN, page 287:

[…] the venue (a private country club nestled in the woods outside Cincinnati, with a dance hall whose ceilings went straight to the moon), to the ice cubes (truly cubed, not oblonged or crushed, and king-sized cubes for the bourbon rocks),


spheroid

en-adj

spheroid (comparative more spheroid, superlative most spheroid)

more spheroid (comparative)
most spheroid (superlative)

Of a shape similar to a squashed sphere.


spheroid

UFOs are reported as being either oblate (saucer-shaped) or prolate (cigar-shaped) spheroids.

A solid of revolution generated by rotating an ellipse about its major (prolate), or minor (oblate) axis.


solid of revolution

en-noun

solid of revolution (plural solids of revolution)

A cylinder is a solid of revolution generated by rotating a rectangle about one of its axes.

A solid produced by taking a particular two-dimensional curve and rotating it through 360° about an axis. The curve will sweep out a surface, and the region inside the surface defines a solid.

omdrejningslegeme

solid produced rotating a two-dimensional curve through 360° about an axis


measly

en-adj

measly (comparative measlier, superlative measliest)

measlier (comparative)
measliest (superlative)

From measle (“singular of measles”) + -y; the word measle is either from Middle Dutch masel (“a blister filled with blood; a pustule, a skin blemish”), or Middle Low German masel (“a red skin blemish”), from Proto-Germanic *masuraz (“a knot or scar in wood; a knarl”), from *mas-, *mēs- (“a spot; a sore; a scar”), from Proto-Indo-European *mos- (“a skin sore”).

suffix

singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">measles</i>

der

For one whole day's work all I was given was twenty measly pounds.

The visiting tourists eagerly forked over a measly two dollars per group to their guides as payment for their services. This amount was measly sum to the givers, but a princely sum to the takers.

2004, Richard Rizun, Ora, Trafford Publishing, →ISBN:

So it wasn't a hotel, as I said in my novel, just a measly motel. But to me it was like the First measly motel, and I remember laughing about the things I was saying straight from my unconscious to both his and God's ear.

2010, Marylee Daniel Mitcham, Blacktime Song by Rosalie Wolfe, Strategic Book Publishing, →ISBN, page 127:

(figuratively, informal) Small (especially contemptibly small) in amount.


nominal

→ Afrikaans: nominaal

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From the Middle English nominalle (“of nouns”), borrowed from Latin nōminālis (“of names”), from nōmen (“name”).

(statistics, of a variable) Having values whose order is insignificant.

nominální

statistics: having values whose order is insignificant


demographic

/ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/

An individual person's characteristic, encoded for the purposes of statistical analysis.

demograafia

a statistic grouping of people by their characteristics


demographics

/dɛməˈɡɹæfɪks/

Every museum has to wrestle with the differing interests and needs of the varied demographics of its visitors - and none more so than the LTM [London Transport Museum], with its mix of tourists (both domestic and foreign) seeking an 'experience', transport enthusiasts indulging their passion, and families looking for education and entertainment for their children.

2020 June 3, Sam Mullins discusses with Stefanie Foster, “LTM: a new chapter begins at 40”, in Rail, page 53:

The characteristics of human populations for purposes of social studies.


onto

From on + to, after into. Compare Saterland Frisian antou (“up to”).

The exponential function maps the set of real numbers onto the set of positive real numbers.

(mathematics) Being an onto function with a codomain of (see below).


onto

Considered as a function on the real numbers, the exponential function is not onto, as it never takes on values less than or equal to zero.

(mathematics, of a function) Attaining each of the values in its codomain; having its image equal to its codomain.


catastrophe

en-noun

catastrophe (countable and uncountable, plural catastrophes)

From Ancient Greek καταστροφή (katastrophḗ), from καταστρέφω (katastréphō, “I overturn”), from κατά (katá, “down, against”) + στρέφω (stréphō, “I turn”).

(mathematics) A type of bifurcation, where a system shifts between two stable states.


times

Four times five is twenty.

One times one is one.


times

en-verb

times (third-person singular simple present timeses, present participle timesing, simple past and past participle timesed)

timeses (present singular third-person)
timesing (participle present)
timesed (participle past)
timesed (past)

I've taken the calories and the amount of food . . . and it's 410 calories per portion timesed by 6 portions which ^([sic]) the answer was 2460 calories...

1994, Harvey Mellar, Learning with artificial worlds: computer-based modelling in the curriculum:

A student as junior as Year 4 informed me that he made a forward estimate of cheeses in 100 trials by 'timesing both numbers by 10' […]

1995, Mathematical Association, The Australian mathematics teacher, Volumes 51-53:

Alex: Yeah - if you're timesing that distance there by this height, it will disappear.

1998, Psychology of mathematics education, Volume 2:

[…] when the denominator was timesed by three, the same had to be done to the numerator; and so on.

1998, W. M. Roth, Designing Communities, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 31:


similitude

en-noun

similitude (countable and uncountable, plural similitudes)

From Old French similitude. By surface analysis, similar + -itude.

(countable, geometry) A similarity: a transformation of Euclidean space that preserves angles and the ratios of distances.


excision

excision (countable and uncountable, plural excisions)

From Middle French excision, from Latin excīsiō.

(topology) The fact that, under certain hypotheses, the homology of a space relative to a subspace is unchanged by the identification of a subspace of the latter to a point.


related

en-adj

related (comparative more related, superlative most related)

more related (comparative)
most related (superlative)


uniform

uniform (comparative more uniform, superlative most uniform)

more uniform (comparative)
most uniform (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French uniforme, from Latin uniformis.

(mathematics) with speed of convergence not depending on choice of function argument; as in uniform continuity, uniform convergence

(geometry) (of a polyhedron) That is isogonal and whose faces are regular polygons; (of an n-dimensional (n>3) polytope) that is isogonal and whose bounding (n-1)-dimensional facets are uniform polytopes.


LP

en-noun

LP (countable and uncountable, plural LPs)

linear programming
linear programming#English

(mathematics) Abbreviation of linear programming.


adapter

→ Japanese: アダプター (adaputā)

مُوَائِم

device to allow compatibility (in general)

пре́ходник

device allowing plug to fit in an outlet of different type

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(machine learning, artificial intelligence) A collection of low-rank matrices which, when added to a base model, produces a fine-tuned model; a LoRA.

machine learning; artificial intelligence; machine learning; artificial intelligence


connectivity

connectivity (countable and uncountable, plural connectivities)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-connectivity.wav

(countable, mathematics) In a graph, a measure of concatenated adjacency (the number of ways that points are connected to each other)

konnektiivisuus

mathematics: measure of number of ways that points are connected to each other


coherent

en-adj

coherent (comparative more coherent, superlative most coherent)

more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

From Middle French coherent, from Latin cohaērēns, from co- + haereō. By surface analysis, cohere + -ent.

(mathematics, sheaf theory, of a sheaf) Belonging to a specific class of sheaves having particularly manageable properties closely linked to the geometrical properties of the underlying space. See Coherent sheaf on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

(topology, of a topology 𝒯 on a set T with respect to a family C_a of subsets of T) In a technical sense, determined by the (topology of) the subsets. Formally, Such that 𝒯 is the finest topology on T for which the inclusion maps ιₐ:C_a→T are continuous, where each C_a is considered with its subspace topology.

(algebra, of a module) Finitely generated and such that all finitely generated submodules are finitely presented.

(algebra, of a ring) Such that every finitely generated (left) ideal is finitely presented.


wavefunction

The interpretation of the wavefunction was one of the thorny issues facing the early pioneers of quantum theory.

2011, Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw, The Quantum World, Allen Lane, published 2011, page 41:

(physics) A mathematical function that describes the propagation of the quantum mechanical wave associated with a particle (or system of particles), related to the probability of finding the particle in a particular region of space.


Hilbert space

en-noun

Hilbert space (countable and uncountable, plural Hilbert spaces)

Named after German mathematician David Hilbert (1862–1943).

named-after

(functional analysis) A generalized Euclidean space in which mathematical functions take the place of points; crucial to the understanding of quantum mechanics and other applications.


vector space

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-vector space.wav

A vector space is a set of vectors which can be linearly combined.

Each vector space has a basis and dimension.

scalar multiplication
scalar multiplication

(algebra, geometry, topology) A set of elements called vectors, together with some field and operations called addition (mapping two vectors to a vector) and scalar multiplication (mapping a vector and an element in the field to a vector), satisfying a list of constraints; equivalently, a module over a field.


elementary

en-adj

elementary (comparative more elementary, superlative most elementary)

more elementary (comparative)
most elementary (superlative)

From Middle English elementare, from Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”) + -ārius (adjective-forming suffix). Cognate with French élémentaire. By surface analysis, element + -ary.

general linear group
general linear group

(sciences) Fundamental: serving as a building block for more complicated structures or processes.

(mathematics, of a square matrix) Which performs a row or column operation on another matrix when the two are multiplied; see Elementary matrix on Wikipedia.Wikipedia (Such matrices are called "elementary" because they generate the general linear group).

Elementary symmetric polynomial
w:Elementary symmetric polynomial

(mathematics, of a symmetric polynomial) Arising from Vieta's formulas; see Elementary symmetric polynomial on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

(mathematics, of an argument or proof) Straightforward, employing only basic techniques; not requiring substantial knowledge (of some particular domain, object, etc.).

(number theory, of an argument or proof, mostly historical outside the phrase "Elementary number theory") Making no use of complex analysis.


mathematical economics

(economics, mathematics) A sub-field of economics which aims at expressing economic theories with mathematical formulae.


hinge

From Middle English henge, from Old English *henġ (“hinge”), compare Old English henġe- in henġeclif (“overhanging cliff”), Old English henġen (“hanging; that upon which a thing is hung”), from Proto-West Germanic *hangiju. Akin to Scots heenge (“hinge”), Saterland Frisian Hänge (“hinge”), Dutch heng (“door handle”), Low German henge (“a hook, hinge, handle”), Middle Dutch henghe, hanghe (“a hook, hinge, handle”), Scots hingel (“any attachment by which something is hung or fastened”), Dutch hengel (“hook”), geheng (“hinge”), hengsel (“handle”), Danish hængsel (“hinge”), dialectal German Hängel (“hook, joint”), German Henkel (“handle, hook”), Old English hōn (“to hang”), hangian (“to cause to hang, hang up”). More at hang.

cog

(statistics) The median of the upper or lower half of a batch, sample, or probability distribution.


compact

en-adj

compact (comparative more compact or compacter, superlative most compact or compactest)

more compact (comparative)
compacter (comparative)
most compact (superlative)
compactest (superlative)

From Middle French compact, from Latin compāctus, perfect passive participle of compingō (“join together”), from com- (“together”) + pangō (“fasten”), from Proto-Indo-European *pag- (“to fasten”).

massive compact halo object

massive and compact halo object, massive astronomical compact halo object, massive astrophysical compact halo object

sequentially compact
sequentially compact

(topology, not comparable) Of a topological space:

Such that every open cover has a finite subcover. In a metric space, this is equivalent to being sequentially compact. In metric spaces with the Heine-Borel property, this is equivalent to being closed and bounded.

Compact in the above sense and moreover Hausdorff.


nomogram

/ˈnɒ.məˌɡɹæm/

/ˈnəʊ.mə.ɡɹæm/

/ˈnɑ.məˌɡɹæm/

/ˈnoʊ.məˌɡɹæm/

Formed as nom- + -o- + -gram, by analogy with French nomogramme.

Cravalho et al. compared the agreement in obstruction measurements by the AG nomogram, passive urethral resistance relation (PURR), and the micturitional urethral pressure profile (MUPP) [20 ].

2015 October 28, “Simple Modification of the Bladder Outlet Obstruction Index for Better Prediction of Endoscopically-Proven Prostatic Obstruction: A Preliminary Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(mathematics) A diagram in which the relationship between three variables is represented by a straight line or curve for each variable; the value of the third variable corresponding to particular values of the first two is obtained by drawing a straight line through the points on the first two curves that represent particular values of the first two variables and noting the point at which the line intersects the third line or curve.


duality

en-noun

duality (countable and uncountable, plural dualities)

(mathematics, physics) The mathematical equivalence of two seemingly different theoretical descriptions of a physical system.


atomic orbital

(quantum mechanics, physical chemistry) A mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus.


construct

en-verb

construct (third-person singular simple present constructs, present participle constructing, simple past and past participle constructed)

constructs (present singular third-person)
constructing (participle present)
constructed (participle past)
constructed (past)

Borrowed from Latin cōnstrūctus, from cōnstruō (“to heap together”), from com- (“together”) + struō (“I heap up, pile”). Doublet of construe.

Construct a circle that touches each vertex of the given triangle.

(transitive, geometry) To draw (a geometric figure) by following precise specifications and using geometric tools and techniques.


travelling salesman problem

(mathematics, UK, Canada) The problem in combinatorial optimization in which, given a number of cities and the costs of travelling from one to the other, it is required to determine the cheapest route that visits each city once and then returns to the initial city.

MathWorld article on the travelling salesman problem


pluperfect

Shortening of plusquamperfect, from Latin plusquamperfectum (“more than perfect”), from plus (“more”) + quam (“than”) + perfectum, neuter singular of perfectus (“achieved; finished; perfected”).

bor

pluperfect graph theorem
pluperfect graph theorem#English

(mathematics) Relating to a certain type of graph, complying with the theorem (pluperfect graph theorem) discovered by D. R. Fulkerson in 1970.


clopen

A subset of a metric space is clopen iff it is both closed and open. A metric space is called zero-dimensional iff there is a base for the open sets consisting of clopen sets.

1990, Gerald A Edgar, Measure, Topology, and Fractal Geometry, page 80:

1999, S. J. Dilworth, On the extensibility of certain homeomorphisms and linear isometries, Krzysztof Jarosz (editor), Function Spaces: Proceedings of the Third Conference on Function Spaces, American Mathematical Society, Contemporary Mathematics, Volume 232, page 124,
FACT 1. Disjoint closed subsets of ℕN may be separated by disjoint clopen sets.

Theorem 3. 1) Every two disjoint closed sets in a totally disconnected compact space #92;mathfrak#123;Q#125; are separated by disjoint clopen sets.
2) Every algebra of clopen sets which separates the points of a totally disconnected compact space contains all clopen sets.

2002, D. A. Vladimirov, Boolean Algebras in Analysis, page 133:

(topology, of a set in a topological space) Both open and closed.


clutter

en-noun

clutter (countable and uncountable, plural clutters)

From Middle English cloteren (“to form clots; coagulate; heap on”), from clot (“clot”), equivalent to clot + -er (frequentative suffix). Compare Welsh cludair (“heap, pile”), cludeirio (“to heap”).


subset

proper subset

subset that is strictly less than the given other set

The set of integers is a subset of the set of real numbers.

The set #92;lbracea,b#92;rbrace is a both a subset and a proper subset of #92;lbracea,b,c#92;rbrace while the set #92;lbracea,b,c#92;rbrace is a subset of #92;lbracea,b,c#92;rbrace but not a proper subset of #92;lbracea,b,c#92;rbrace.

1963, David B. MacNeil, Modern Mathematics for the Practical Man, David Van Nostrand, Republished as 2013, David B. MacNeil, Fundamentals of Modern Mathematics: A Practical Review, Dover, page 3,
In the foregoing example, the set D of the first four letters of the alphabet, was a subset of the set A of all the letters of the alphabet, because A includes all the members of D.

Let A be a subset of the topological space X and take x#92;inX.

1997, Wolfgang Filter, K. Weber, Integration Theory, Chapman & Hall, page 5:

We say that a set S has a finite partition into subsets S#95;1,#92;dots,S#95;n, if S#61;S#95;i#92;cup#92;dots#92;cupS#95;n, where the subsets are pairwise disjoint, that is, S#95;i#92;capS#95;j#61;#92;empty, if i#92;nej. (We do not require that the subsets be nonempty.)

2007, Judith D. Sally, Paul J. Sally, Jr., Roots to Research: A Vertical Development of Mathematical Problems, American Mathematical Society, page 280:

(set theory, of a set S) A set A such that every element of A is also an element of S.

подмножество

set whose elements are within another given set


folklore

en-noun

folklore (countable and uncountable, plural folklores)

→ Catalan: folklore

→ Danish: folklore

→ Esperanto: folkloro

desctree

→ French: folklore
→ Romanian: folclor n
→ Turkish: folklor

→ Galician: folclore

→ German: Folklore

→ Hebrew: פוֹלְקְלוֹר (folklór)

→ Hungarian: folklór

→ Italian: folclore

→ Polish: folklor

→ Portuguese: folclore

→ Russian: фолькло́р (folʹklór)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: фо̀лкло̄р

Latin script: fòlklōr

desc

→ Spanish: folclore, folclor, folklore, folklor

→ Swedish: folklore

→ Yiddish: פֿאָלקלאָר (folklor)

From folk + lore, coined by British writer William Thoms in 1846 to replace terms such as "popular antiquities". Thoms imitated German terms such as Volklehre (“people's customs”) and Volksüberlieferung (“popular tradition”). Compare also Old English folclar (“popular instruction; homily”) and West Frisian folkloare (“folklore”).

noncog

(mathematics, slang) The collective of proofs or techniques which are widely known among mathematicians, but have never been formally published.


chiral

From Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + -al.

suf

In the close vicinity of a chiral nanostructure, the circular dichroism of a biomolecule could be greatly enhanced, due to the interaction with the local superchiral fields.

2016, S. Hamed Shams Mousavi, Sajanlal R. Panikkanvalappil, Mostafa A. El-Sayed, Ali A. Eftekhar, Ali Adibi, “Large Enhancement of Circular Dichroism Using an Embossed Chiral Metamaterial”, in arXiv:

(geometry, physical chemistry) that exhibits chirality; as in the left-handed and right-handed versions of a helix, or a molecule with L- and D- stereoisomers.


relationship

/ɹɪˈleɪ.ʃənˌʃɪp/

[ɹɪˈleɪ.ʃn̩ˌʃɪp]

Policing the relationship between government and business in a free society is difficult. Businesspeople have every right to lobby governments, and civil servants to take jobs in the private sector.

2013 August 10, Schumpeter, “Cronies and capitols”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

(mathematics) The links between the x-values and y-values of ordered pairs of numbers especially coordinates.

отноше́ние

the connection between ordered pairs of numbers in mathematics


faithful

en-adj

faithful (comparative more faithful, superlative most faithful)

more faithful (comparative)
most faithful (superlative)

From Middle English feithful, equivalent to faith + -ful.

(mathematics) Injective in specific contexts, e.g. of representations in representation or functors in category theory.

(ring theory, of a module) Whose annihilator is zero.


spacetime

en-noun

spacetime (countable and uncountable, plural spacetimes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-spacetime.wav

From space + time, as a calque of German Raumzeit, introduced in this sense by Hermann Minkowski. First appears in print c. 1893 in the Philosophical Review.

An event is a point in spacetime, specified by the coordinates x, y, z, and t.

(uncountable, physics) The four-dimensional continuum of the three spatial dimensions plus time.


effective

en-adj

effective (comparative more effective, superlative most effective)

more effective (comparative)
most effective (superlative)

From French effectif, from Latin effectīvus (“productive; effective”), from efficiō (“I make; I bring about”), equivalent to effect + -ive.

der

(geometry, of a cycle or divisor) Having no negative coefficients.

(algebra, of a group action) Such that no group element acts trivially.


isotope

en-verb

isotope (third-person singular simple present isotopes, present participle isotoping, simple past and past participle isotoped)

isotopes (present singular third-person)
isotoping (participle present)
isotoped (participle past)
isotoped (past)

(topology, transitive) To define or demonstrate an isotopy of (one map with another).


exponential

In base-10 exponential form, 1,000,000 is written as 10⁶.

If not otherwise specified, "the" exponential function is normally understood to mean eˣ.

(mathematics) Expressed in terms of an exponent (power of a base), the base often being 10 or e.

There were two deaths on Monday, four on Tuesday, and eight on Wednesday. The rate of increase seems exponential.

... Students apply the definition of slope to various representations of growth functions to discover differences between exponential and constant rate of growth.

2013, Yvelyne Germain-McCarthy, Bringing the NCTM Standards to Life: Best Practices, High School, page 101:

(mathematics) Characterised by a rate of change that is proportional to the value of the varying quantity, or, equivalently, by a doubling or halving over successive fixed intervals of time or other parameter, described as exponential growth or exponential decay.


exponential

independent variable
independent variable

(mathematics) Any function that has an exponent as an independent variable.


exponent

From Latin expōnēns, present participle of expōnō (“to expose; to exhibit, display, set out; to explain”), from ex- (“out, away”) + pōnō (“to lay, place, put”).

(mathematics) The number by which a value (called the base) is said to be raised to a power in exponentiation: for example, the 3 in 2³=8.

أُسّ

(in mathematics) the power to which something is raised

A Power that hath neither the Signs #43; or - before it, is look'd upon as Affirmative, and if it be preceded by a Number that contains the Root ſought and its Exponent may be commenſured by the Exponent of the Root; namely for the Square Root by 2, for the Cube by 3, &c. it will contain the Root ſought.

1711, [Jacques Ozanam], “Abridgement of Algebra. Chapter I. Of Monomes.”, in Daniel Hilman, transl., M. Ozanam's Introduction to the Mathematicks or His Algebra: Wherein the Rudiments of that Most Useful Science are Made Plain to a Mean Capacity. Done out of French, London: Printed for R. Sare at Gray's-Inn-Gate in Holborn, →OCLC, problem IV (“To Divide a Quantity by a Quantity”), page 9:

And univerſally the Exponent of the m Power, is m times the Exponent of the Root, and the Exponent of the m-Root (or #92;frac#123;1#125;#123;m#125; Power) is #92;frac#123;1#125;#123;m#125; times the Exponent of the Root.

1717, Philip Ronayne, “Of the Indices, or Exponents of Powers”, in A Treatise of Algebra in Two Books: The First Treating of the Arithmetical, and the Second of the Geometrical Part, book I, part V, London: Printed for W[illiam] Innys at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's Church-Yard, →OCLC, page 69:

The notation by which the root is expressed, is the mark #92;sqrt#123;#125; called a radical, placed over the letter, with an exponent to the left indicating the order of the root.

1845, Dionysius Lardner, “Algebra”, in Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose, Henry John Rose, editors, Encyclopædia Metropolitana; or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, on an Original Plan: Comprising the Twofold Advantage of a Philosophical and an Alphabetical Arrangement, with Appropriate Engravings, volume I (Pure Sciences, volume 1), London: B. Fellowes [et al.], →OCLC, page 534:

(mathematics, obsolete) The degree to which the root of a radicand is found, for example, the 2 in ^(2])√=b.


exponential growth

en-noun

exponential growth (usually uncountable, plural exponential growths)

(mathematics) The growth in the value of a quantity in which the rate of growth is proportional to the instantaneous value of the quantity; for example, when the value has doubled, the rate of increase will also have doubled. The rate may be positive or negative.

(by extension, proscribed) Very rapid growth.


exponentially

en-adv

exponentially (comparative more exponentially, superlative most exponentially)

more exponentially (comparative)
most exponentially (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-exponentially.wav

But every known algorithm for this problem requires a number of steps that increases exponentially as n increases.

1992, Clark Glymour, Thinking Things Through: An Introduction to Philosophical Issues and Achievements, MIT Press, published 1997, →ISBN, page 333:

Therefore, if absorption causes an attenuation of the oscillation amplitude, the temperature must decrease exponentially with increasing thickness.

2000, Shuji Nakamura et al., The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story, Second Revised and Enlarged Edition, Springer, →ISBN, page 69:

It can be readily derived from Eqs. 6.26 and 6.32 that the field generated by these incident evanescent waves inside the slab do ^([sic]) not decay away exponentially from the upper interface, but increases exponentially as y decreases.

2008, Henri Benisty et al., Photonic Crystals: Towards Nanoscale Photonic Devices, Second Edition, Springer, →ISBN, page 216:

(mathematics, sciences) In an exponential manner.


meridian

The noun is derived from Late Middle English meridian, meridien (“midday, noon; position of the sun at noon; the south; longitude of a place; (astronomy) celestial meridian”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman meridien (“midday”), Middle French meridien (“midday; the south; terrestrial meridian; (astronomy) celestial meridian”) (modern French méridien), and Old French meridiane, meridiiene, and from their etymon Latin merīdiānum (“midday; position of the sun at noon; the south”), a noun use of the neuter form of merīdiānus (“relating to midday; southern”); see further at etymology 1.
Sense 1.1 (“celestial meridian”) is ultimately modelled after Latin merīdiāna līnea (“meridian line”). Sense 5.2 (“midday rest; siesta”) is modelled after Late Latin meridiana (“midday; midday rest”), probably short for Latin merīdiāna hōra (“midday time”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

meridene, meridiane, meridien, meridyan, meridyen, merydien, merydyen,

cog

(mathematics) A line passing through the poles of any sphere; a notional line on the surface of a curved or round body (in particular, an eyeball).

meridiano

line passing through the poles of any sphere; notional line on the surface of a curved or round body


great circle

(geometry) A circle defined as the intersection of the surface of a sphere and a plane which passes through the centre of the sphere.


great circle route

en-noun

great circle route (plural great circle routes)

A route, taken by intercontinental aircraft for instance, which is the shortest distance between two destinations on the surface of the Earth; an arc of a great circle.


outfit

→ Dutch: outfit

→ German: Outfit

→ Italian: outfit

→ Portuguese: outfit

→ Serbo-Croatian: outfit

→ Spanish: outfit

Variant of earlier out-fit, from fit out. Equivalent to out- + fit.


normally

en-adv

normally (comparative more normally, superlative most normally)

more normally (comparative)
most normally (superlative)

(mathematics, statistics) In the manner of a variable with a Gaussian distribution.


poise

en-verb

poise (third-person singular simple present poises, present participle poising, simple past and past participle poised)

poises (present singular third-person)
poising (participle present)
poised (participle past)
poised (past)

From Middle English poys, poyse, from Anglo-Norman pois, Middle French pois (“weight”) and Anglo-Norman poise, Middle French poise (“measure of weight”), from Latin pēnsāre (“to ponder, weight, think”).

der

(obsolete) To be of a given weight; to weigh.


probability theory

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-probability theory.wav

(mathematics) The mathematical study of probability (the likelihood of occurrence of random events in order to predict the behavior of defined systems).


hypergeometric distribution

en-noun

hypergeometric distribution (plural hypergeometric distributions)

The hypergeometric distribution differs from the binomial distribution in that the random sample of n items is selected from a finite population of N items. With the hypergeometric distribution, there is no replacement. If N is large in respect to n (N>10n), the binomial distribution is a good approximation to the hypergeometric distribution.

2002, Bryan Dodson, Dennis Nolan, Reliability Engineering Handbook, QA Publishing, page 57:

2013, Alexandr A. Borovkov, unspecified translator, Probability Theory, [2009, Alexandr A. Borovkov, Teoriya Veroyatnostei, Knizhnyi dom Librokom, 5th Edition], Springer, page 1,
Sampling without replacement from a large population is considered, and convergence of the emerging hypergeometric distributions to the binomial one is formally proved.

Knowing that the asymptotic form approaches that of a hypergeometric distribution is not all that helpful since this is a complicated function.[…]To demonstrate analytically what the figure suggests graphically, it is better to work directly with the probability function (2.1.7) than with a moment generating function or a characteristic function, neither of which is easily calculable or useful in the case of a hypergeometric distribution.

2014, Mark P. Silverman, A Certain Uncertainty: Nature's Random Ways, Cambridge University Press, page 99:

probability distribution
probability distribution

(probability theory, statistics) A discrete probability distribution that describes the probability of k "successes" in a sequence of n draws without replacement from a finite population.


isopleth

From iso- + Ancient Greek πλῆθος (plêthos, “a great number”).

der

A line drawn on a map through all points having the same value of some measurable quantity.

isopleet

line through all points having the same value