HLAI

HLAI (countable and uncountable, plural HLAIs)

On the other hand, if HLAI leads machines to automate rather than augment human labor, it creates the risk of concentrating wealth and power. And with that concentration comes the peril of being trapped in an equilibrium where those without power have no way to improve their outcomes, a situation I call the Turing Trap.

2022 January 12, Erik Brynjolfsson, “The Turing Trap: The Promise & Peril of Human-Like Artificial Intelligence”, in Stanford Digital Economy Lab:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence#English

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of human-like artificial intelligence.


fünfbein

Equivalent to German fünf (“five”) + Beine (“legs”). Compare German fünfbeinig (“five-legged”).

For quotations using this term, see Citations:fünfbein.

(mathematics, physics) Synonym of pentad


sechsbein

Equivalent to German sechs (“six”) + Beine (“legs”). Compare German sechsbeinig (“six-legged”).

For quotations using this term, see Citations:sechsbein.


siebenbein

Equivalent to German sieben (“seven”) + Beine (“legs”).

For quotations using this term, see Citations:siebenbein.

(mathematics, physics) Synonym of heptad


achtbein

Equivalent to German acht (“eight”) + Beine (“legs”).

The extended siebenbein, or achtbein, v^(a')ᵢ, has unit determinant and is constructed from the siebenbein eᵃᵢ and the 7 scalar fields ϕₘ as follows

1991 August 13, C D Froggatt, H B Nielsen, Origin Of Symmetries, World Scientific, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 59:


neunbein

Equivalent to German neun (“nine”) + Beine (“legs”).

For quotations using this term, see Citations:neunbein.

(mathematics, physics) Synonym of ennead


zehnbein

Equivalent to German zehn (“ten”) + Beine (“legs”).

For quotations using this term, see Citations:zehnbein.

(mathematics, physics) Synonym of decad (group of ten)


elfbein

Equivalent to German elf (“eleven”) + Beine (“legs”).

For quotations using this term, see Citations:elfbein.

(mathematics, physics) Synonym of hendecad


Weierstrass function

en-noun

Weierstrass function (plural Weierstrass functions)

(mathematics) A real-valued function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere.


Peano axiom

Named after Giuseppe Peano, who introduced them.

(mathematics) Any of a set of fundamental axioms describing the natural numbers and their relationships.


TVL

(cryptocurrencies, finance) Initialism of total value locked (“sum of all assets deposited in a protocol”).


proof of burn

Proof of burn is used to destroy (burn) coins. To burn bitcoins means to send those bitcoins to a verifiable yet nonspendable address.

2015, David Lee Kuo Chuen, Handbook of Digital Currency: Bitcoin, Innovation, Financial Instruments, and Big Data, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 47:

The third approach to ensure the integrity of a blockchain is proof of burn, first used by Counterparty. The Counterparty tokens, XCP, were distributed proportionally to everyone who destroyed bitcoins by sending them to an unrecoverable address during the proof-of-burn period in January 2014, see counterparty.io.

2017, David Lee Kuo Chuen, Robert H. Deng, editors, Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, volume 1, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 151:

(cryptocurrencies) A process for verification on a blockchain that requires the destruction (“burning”) of tokens.


digital gold

Moores says part of the currency’s power is in its use as a speculative instrument for trading – a digital gold – but also as a way for companies to make payments more cheaply and perform other functions.

2017 May 15, Simon Usborne, quoting Simon Moore, “Digital gold: why hackers love Bitcoin”, in The Guardian:

If bitcoin was digital gold, Ethereum was digital silver.

2020, Jeff John Roberts, Kings of Crypto, Harvard Business Press, →ISBN:

(finance, cryptocurrencies) A cryptocurrency seen as a safe store of value.


DApp

In this chapter, we will build a full DApp from scratch.

2019, Santiago Palladino, Ethereum for Web Developers, Apress, →ISBN, page 17:

decentralized application
w:decentralized application


multicorrelation

(mathematics) correlation in multiple ways


rounding error

rounding error (countable and uncountable, plural rounding errors)

The rocket's malfunction was down to a rounding error in the mathematics of its trajectory guidance.

In an email, a computer program named Statcheck informed him that a 2013 paper he had published on multiculturalism and prejudice appeared to contain a number of incorrect calculations – which the program had catalogued and then posted on the internet for anyone to see. The problems turned out to be minor – just a few rounding errors – but the experience left Kauff feeling rattled.

2017 February 1, Stephen Buranyi, “The high-tech war on science fraud”, in The Guardian:

(mathematics) The difference between the result of a calculation using exact arithmetic and finite-precision, rounded arithmetic.


Polignac's conjecture

(number theory) The conjecture that, for any positive even number n, there are infinitely many prime gaps of size n.


Romanov's theorem

(number theory) A theorem stating that, given a fixed base b, the set of numbers that are the sum of a prime and a positive integer power of b has a positive lower asymptotic density.


Dickson's conjecture

Introduced by Leonard Eugene Dickson in 1904.

(number theory) The conjecture that, for a finite set of linear forms a₁ + b₁n, a₂ + b₂n, ..., aₖ + bₖn with bᵢ ≥ 1, there are infinitely many positive integers n for which they are all prime, unless there is a congruence condition preventing this.


Elliott-Halberstam conjecture

the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture (canonical)

Named for Peter D. T. A. Elliott and Heini Halberstam, who stated the conjecture in 1968.

arithmetic progression
arithmetic progression

(number theory) A conjecture about the distribution of prime numbers in arithmetic progressions, having many applications in sieve theory.


HODL

en-verb

HODL (third-person singular simple present HODLs, present participle HODLing, simple past and past participle HODLed)

HODLs (present singular third-person)
HODLing (participle present)
HODLed (participle past)
HODLed (past)

Bitcoin, in particular, has always bounced back from previous dips, and investors who HODLed (held on for dear life to their coins, despite falling prices) have ended up with huge capital gains.

2022 May 17, Paul Krugman, “Crashing Crypto: Is This Time Different?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


buy the dip

buy the dip (third-person singular simple present buys the dip, present participle buying the dip, simple past and past participle bought the dip)

buys the dip (present singular third-person)
buying the dip (participle present)
bought the dip (participle past)
bought the dip (past)

Referring to the "dip" (fall) in a stock's market value, which allows an investor to purchase its shares at a cheaper price and possibly earn better gains if the stock rebounds to its previous high.

Many traders are told to “buy the dip and sell the pullback” but not exactly when to execute this. It has been left up to the trader to enter when he or she feels the time is right.

2009, Ken Wood, Trade the Patterns: The Revolutionary Way of Trading the CCI, Traders Press, →ISBN, page 31:

During upward-sloping cycles in the Investment Rate, a long bias with proper diversification should result in positive portfolio returns, without drawn-out setbacks, if investors are willing to buy the dips, especially the big ones, at all times.

2009, Thomas H. Kee, Buy and Hold Is Dead: How to Make Money and Control Risk in Any Market, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 35:

(slang, finance) To purchase a financial asset after its market value drops.


thirder

Coordinate term: halfer

Sleeping Beauty problem
Sleeping Beauty problem

(decision theory) With regard to the Sleeping Beauty problem: one who argues that the probability of heads is 1/3.


Schinzel's hypothesis H

(number theory) A famous open problem in mathematics, the hypothesis stating that, for every finite collection f_1,f_2,…,f_k of non-constant irreducible polynomials over the integers with positive leading coefficients, one of the following conditions holds: (i) there are infinitely many positive integers n such that all of f_1(n),f_2(n),…,f_k(n) are simultaneously prime numbers, or (ii) there is an integer m>1 (called a fixed divisor) which always divides the product f_1(n)f_2(n)⋯f_k(n).


clear the neighborhood

clear the neighborhood (third-person singular simple present clears the neighborhood, present participle clearing the neighborhood, simple past and past participle cleared the neighborhood)

clears the neighborhood (present singular third-person)
clearing the neighborhood (participle present)
cleared the neighborhood (participle past)
cleared the neighborhood (past)

Clearing the neighborhood is one of three necessary criteria for a celestial body to be considered a planet in the Solar System, according to the definition adopted in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union.

(astronomy, of a celestial body) To become gravitationally dominant, such that there are no other bodies of comparable size within its orbit, other than its natural satellites or those otherwise under its gravitational influence.


pursuit curve

(geometry) A geometrical model which simulates the path taken by a pursuer in the course of its pursuit.


inellipse

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-inellipse.wav

(geometry) An ellipse inscribed in a triangle.


radiodrome

Greek ῥᾴδιος rhā́idios 'easier' + δρόμος drómos 'running'. Not related to radio- as in radioactive.

A pursuit curve, in which the thing being pursued is moving at constant velocity.


trisectrix

en-noun

trisectrix (plural trisectrices or trisectrixes)

trisectrices (plural)
trisectrixes (plural)

A type of curve that is useful for trisecting the angle.


hippopede

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἱπποπέδη (hippopédē, “horse fetter”).

bor+

A plane curve defined by the equation (x²+y²)²=cx²+dy², where it is assumed that c>0 and c>d.


coinbase

The transaction that created new Bitcoins would be referred to as the coinbase of each block.

2015, Nathaniel Popper, “Technical Appendix”, in Digital Gold, 1st edition, New York: Harper, →ISBN, →OCLC:

The authors randomly sampled 100 coinbases from the last 20,000 blocks of the blockchain that by the time of the experiment had the highest block-height at 247,054.

2016, Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Bitcoin and Blockchain Security, Artech House, →ISBN, page 92:

Coinbase transactions have nothing to do with the US company of the same name. Coinbase is the required first transaction of every block and is the only transaction allowed to bring bitcoins into existence.

2019, Jimmy Song, Programming Bitcoin: Learn How to Program Bitcoin from Scratch, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN, page 164:

(cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin) The transaction that is automatically created in every Bitcoin block to reward the miner.


UTXO

Since our application maintains a single private key per wallet, all the UTXOs of the user will be referenced to a single public address, […]

2019, Koshik Raj, Foundations of Blockchain: The pathway to cryptocurrencies and decentralized blockchain applications, Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 138:

unspent transaction output
w:unspent transaction output

(cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin) Abbreviation of unspent transaction output.


rank sum

(mathematics) The sum of ranks of members of a sample population


(mathematics) the multiplication sign, ×


cat unit

A unit of measure for chemicals, the dose lethal to a cat.


gigalightyear

(astronomy) A unit of a billion light years.


megalight-year

(astronomy, physics) A unit of a million lightyears.


kilolightyear

(astronomy, physics) A unit of a thousand light years.


antipalindromic

x²-1 is an antipalindromic polynomial.

(mathematics) Being equivalent to the object whose constituents or parameters are reversed in order and mapped by some involution, particularly the inversion operator of a quasigroup.

Of a polynomial, being equivalent to the polynomial with reversed and additively inverted coefficients: ∑ᵢ₌₀ⁿa_ixⁱ is antipalindromic iff ∑ᵢ₌₀ⁿa_ixⁱ=∑ᵢ₌₀ⁿ-a_n-ixⁱ⟺a_i=-a_n-i.

1728#95;#123;10#125; is an antipalindromic number with respect to base 10.

Of a natural number, with respect to base b, being equivalent to the natural number whose digits are reversed and subtracted from b-1: ∑ᵢ₌₀ⁿa_ibⁱ is antipalindromic iff ∑ᵢ₌₀ⁿa_ibⁱ=∑ᵢ₌₀ⁿ(b-1-a_n-i)bⁱ⟺a_i=b-1-a_n-i.


left total

Coordinate term: right total

(set theory, of a binary relation R on A×B) Such that every element of the domain is related to at least one element of the codomain: such that ∀a∈A;;∃b∈B:(a,b)∈R


right total

Coordinate term: left total

(set theory) Of a binary relation, to have every element of the right set occur at least once: ∀b∈B∃a∈A:(a,b)∈R⊆A×B


type theory

en-noun

type theory (usually uncountable, plural type theories)

Coordinate term: set theory

Although it is not generally regarded as the foundation for classical mathematics, set theory being more customary, type theory still has numerous applications, especially in computer science and the theory of programming languages.

2013, Homotopy Type Theory: Univalent Foundations of Mathematics, Univalent Foundations, page 2:

(mathematics, computer science) A branch of mathematical logic and theoretical computer science concerned with types.


eigentheory

The purpose of this section is to introduce the basic terms and concepts connected with eigentheory: eigenvalues, eigenvectors, eigenpairs, eigenspaces, the characteristic polynomial, and the characteristic equation.

2017, James B. Carrell, Groups, Matrices, and Vector Spaces: A Group Theoretic Approach to Linear Algebra, Springer, page 239:

(mathematics, uncountable) The study of eigenvalues, eigenvectors, eigenspaces, eigenbases, eigenpairs etc.


keysigning

(cryptography) The process of digitally signing someone else's public key using one's own.


no free lunch theorem

Derives from the phrase there's no such thing as a free lunch.

(artificial intelligence, computing) A theorem that implies that no single machine learning algorithm is universally the best-performing algorithm for all problems.


minimal prime

(mathematics) A prime number whose digital representation contains no smaller subsequence that is also prime.

Minimal prime (recreational mathematics)


Schwarz-Christoffel mapping

Schwarz-Christoffel mapping (plural Schwarz-Christoffel mappings)

They were introduced independently by Elwin Christoffel in 1867 and Hermann Schwarz in 1869.

(complex analysis, potential theory) A conformal map of the upper half-plane or the complex unit disk onto the interior of a simple polygon; used in minimal surfaces, hyperbolic art, and fluid dynamics.


potential theory

(mathematics) The study of harmonic functions.


truthset

(mathematics, logic) A set of all true values


table-maker's dilemma

Coined by William M. Kahan, in allusion to the construction of mathematical tables.

transcendental function
transcendental function

(mathematics) The problem of the unknown cost of rounding transcendental functions.


krosa

Unadapted borrowing from Sanskrit क्रोश (krośa). Doublet of koss.

ubor

Synonym of gavyuti (“ancient Indian unit of distance”).


dogette

We have two of them [a longhair (about 8lb) and a shorthair (about 5 lb)]., plus a small terrier (about 10lb) and a biiiig dog (lab/doby mix). Both rat-dogs are excitable, but not nasty. It is hard to sit down in my house without a "dogette" wanting to jump in your lap. All they want is to be petted and to sleep in your lap.

1997 November 28, Tim Shurtleff, “Equus caballus (was Arab)”, in rec.equestrian (Usenet), retrieved 2022-03-23:

There is signs saying 'dogs must be kept on leads' though......to which most people ignore.....but I never have mine on the lead but thats up to me so when they come up and my dog really pests there little toy dogette type thing they cant say anything snotty like keep your dog under control cause they know really they shouldn't be there - cheecky buggers.......so I just let my dog do what he wants - funny

2000 January 11, Sandy, “hey - why not explore my horse's field?”, in uk.rec.equestrian (Usenet), retrieved 2022-03-23:

Awww - a dogette. I wonder how much of the weight is the hair? My dog's foot is bigger than that dog ;)

2007 March 19, Tracym, “Re: Internet relationship--wanting to marry”, in alt.visa.us.marriage-based (Usenet), retrieved 2022-03-23:


ultradiscretize

en-verb

ultradiscretize (third-person singular simple present ultradiscretizes, present participle ultradiscretizing, simple past and past participle ultradiscretized)

ultradiscretizes (present singular third-person)
ultradiscretizing (participle present)
ultradiscretized (participle past)
ultradiscretized (past)

(mathematics, transitive) To transform by ultradiscretization.


ultraelliptic

The space-time coordinates of the problem enter the arguments of these functions via ultraelliptic line integrals which are related to a Riemann surface.

2002, Vahe G. Gurzadyan, Robert T. Jantzen, Remo Ruffini, The Ninth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, page 880:

(mathematics) Being or relating to a kind of hyperelliptic line integral involving a polynomial of degree 5 or 6.


trivial solution

en-noun

trivial solution (plural trivial solutions)

(linear algebra) the answer ⃑x=⃑0 to a linear system A⃑x=⃑0


nontrivial solution

nontrivial solution (plural nontrivial solutions)

(linear algebra) any other answers apart from ⃑x=⃑0 to the linear system A⃑x=⃑0, signifying linear dependence of the linear system


integro-

an integro-differential equation

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to integration


octiamond

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-octiamond.wav

(geometry) A polyiamond made up of eight triangles.


cylindroidal

en-adj

cylindroidal (comparative more cylindroidal, superlative most cylindroidal)

more cylindroidal (comparative)
most cylindroidal (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cylindroidal.wav

(geometry) Having the form of a cylindroid.


revi'it

A Talmudic unit equal to a quarter of a log, approximately 100 milliliters.


Hohmann transfer

en-noun

Hohmann transfer (plural Hohmann transfers)

Named after Walter Hohmann, the German engineer who described it.

(astronautics) An elliptical orbit used to transfer a spacecraft between two circular orbits of different altitudes in the same plane, with the periapsis of the orbit being tangent to the smaller circular orbit and its apoapsis being tangent to the larger circular orbit.


quadratic surd

(mathematics) An irrational number that is the solution of a quadratic equation of the form ax²+bx+c=0, where a, b, and c are integers and a ≠ 0.


gas fee

(cryptocurrencies) A fee levied on users of the Ethereum network to compensate for the computing energy required to process and validate transactions.


inverse tangent

inverse tangent (plural inverse tangents)


liquidity pool

(finance) A collection of financial assets consisting of cash and other assets that can be readily converted to cash at close to face value.

(cryptocurrencies) cryptocurrency assets that are kept to facilitate the trading of trading pairs on decentralized exchanges


grand 600-cell

(geometry) A regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,3,5/2}


Kirkman's schoolgirl problem

Proposed by Rev. Thomas Penyngton Kirkman in 1850.

(mathematics) A problem in combinatorics, in which 15 schoolgirls go walking three abreast for seven days in succession, and must be arranged so that no two walk abreast more than once.


Steiner system

Reintroduced by Jakob Steiner (1853), who was unaware of earlier work on the topic.

(mathematics) In combinatorial mathematics, a type of block design, specifically a t-design with λ = 1 and t = 2 or (recently) t ≥ 2.


hyperspheroid

(mathematics) The four-dimensional equivalent of a spheroid


tridecagram

A star polygon that has thirteen vertices.


hyperbolic quaternion

hyperbolic quaternion (plural hyperbolic quaternions)

(mathematics, abstract algebra) A nonassociative algebra over the real numbers with elements of the form: q = a + bi + cj + dk, a,b,c,d {R}


hyperbolic dodecahedron

hyperbolic dodecahedron (plural hyperbolic dodecahedrons)

(hyperbolic geometry) A hyperbolic version of the Euclidean dodecahedron.


great dodecahedron

great dodecahedron (plural great dodecahedra or great dodecahedrons)

great dodecahedra (plural)
great dodecahedrons (plural)

(geometry) A Kepler solid, with the Schläfli symbol {5,5/2}.


great icosahedron

great icosahedron (plural great icosahedra or great icosahedrons)

great icosahedra (plural)
great icosahedrons (plural)

Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra
Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra

(geometry) One of four Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra with Schläfli symbol {3,5⁄2}.


cubo-cube

64 is the cubo-cube of 2.

(mathematics, obsolete) The sixth power of a number.


codual

For a relation P⊆A², the codual relation is defined as Pcd=(x,y)∈A²∣(y,x)̸∈P.

(mathematics, of a relation) complement dual.


coduality

It is easy to check that the operator of coduality induces a one-to-one correspondence bteween the asymmetric relations and the complete relations.

2002, F. Aleskerov, B. Monjardet, Utility Maximization, Choice and Preference, Springer, page 20:

(mathematics) The property of being codual.


cybermind

(science fiction) A computer system capable of conscious thought; a computerized mind, or artificial intelligence.


Ludolph's constant

(mathematics, chiefly historical) Synonym of pi


Zermelo-Fraenkelian

Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory
Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory

(mathematics) Of or relating to Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.


Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory

Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (uncountable)

Named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel.

(mathematics) An axiomatic system that was proposed in the early 20th century in order to formulate a theory of sets free from paradoxes such as Russell's paradox, and became the standard form of axiomatic set theory.

but see teoria mnogości Zermelo-Fraenkel


abnumerable

(mathematics) Not enumerable or denumerable; uncountable.


L.L.M.

(machine learning) Alternative form of LLM (“large language model”)


large language model

large language model (plural large language models)

GPT-3 belongs to a category of deep learning known as a large language model, a complex neural net that has been trained on a titanic data set of text: in GPT-3’s case, roughly 700 gigabytes of data drawn from across the web, including Wikipedia, supplemented with a large collection of text from digitized books. GPT-3 is the most celebrated of the large language models, and the most publicly available, but Google, Meta (formerly known as Facebook) and DeepMind have all developed their own L.L.M.s in recent years.

2022 April 15, Steven Johnson, “A.I. Is Mastering Language. Should We Trust What It Says?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

GPT-2 is a large language model with 1.5 billion parameters, trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages scraped from the internet.

2023, Mohak Agarwal, Generative AI for Entrepreneurs in a Hurry, Notion Press, →ISBN:

Less charitable observers (like this columnist) see two alternative interpretations. One is that it’s an attempt to consolidate OpenAI’s lead over the rest of the industry in large language models (LLMs), because history suggests that regulation often enhances dominance.

2023 May 20, John Naughton, “When the tech boys start asking for new regulations, you know something’s up”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

(machine learning) A type of neural network specialized in language, typically including billions of parameters.


autodifferentiation

The backward() function uses PyTorch's automatic differentiation package, torch.autograd, to differentiate and compute gradients of tensors based on the chain rule. Here's a simple example of autodifferentiation.

2021, Joe Papa, PyTorch Pocket Reference, page 48:

(mathematics, computing) The automatic differentiation of a function by a computer.


MAE

MAE (countable and uncountable, plural MAEs)

Coordinate term: MSE

mean absolute error
w:mean absolute error

(statistics) Initialism of mean absolute error.


automation bias

automation bias (usually uncountable, plural automation biases)

Coordinate term: automation complacency

The briefing paper also highlights the risk of “automation bias”, whereby police officers become overreliant on the use of analytical tools, undermining their discretion and causing them to disregard other relevant factors.

2019 September 15, Jamie Grierson, “Predictive policing poses discrimination risk, thinktank warns”, in The Guardian:

The propensity for humans to favor suggestions from automated decision-making systems.


multi-armed bandit

multi-armed bandit (plural multi-armed bandits)

From one-armed bandit, by analogy with a gambler at a row of slot machines who has to decide how best to play them.

(probability theory, machine learning) An algorithm that allocates a fixed limited set of resources between competing alternative choices so as to maximize the expected gain, when each choice's properties are only partially known at the time of allocation, and may become better understood as time passes or allocations are made.


Cavalieri's principle

method of indivisibles
method of indivisibles

(geometry) A development of the method of indivisibles, dealing with two-dimensional area or three-dimensional volume based on the intersections of lines or planes surrounding a region. It was an early step toward integral calculus.


King-Armstrong unit

King-Armstrong unit (plural King-Armstrong units)

Named after Canadian biochemist Earl Judson King (1901–1962) and Canadian physician Arthur Riley Armstrong (1904–?).

alkaline phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase

An obsolete measure of alkaline phosphatase concentration in the blood.


FNN

(artificial intelligence, computer science) Abbreviation of Feedforward Neural Network.


assoziation

From German Assoziation. Equivalent to assoziate + -ion.

a) Rohrschach-test
The file "rohrschach" includes gif-files, which could be edited by you. Afterwards the viewer should (could) understand, what you assoziate by viewing the images.
b) Symbols and their significance
The file "signs" includes gif-files. Please describe (textual) your assoziation by inspecting the signs and primary sketches.

1994 February 2, Lux Logis e.V., “HANDSHAKE - looking for artists”, in soc.culture.yugoslavia (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-07:

The sequence in which expressions are evaluated depends on priority-rules and the grouping of the expression. The math-rules of assoziations and Kommutativit„t (don't know the english term) are only true for those operators which are really assoziativ and Kommutativ. If not defined elsewhere, the sequence of evaluation of an expression is undefined.

1995 June 29, Stefan Nobis, “C Set++ Bug?”, in comp.os.os2.programmer.misc (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-07:

Win95 internet program have the nice feature to "link to each other". But in my case I use a different mailer. Where now do I change the assoziation?

1997 January 29, Ralf Koester, “Where change association for eMailer”, in soc.culture.yugoslavia (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-07:

After the placement of an assoziation I'm not able to move the names at the ends of the line to an appropriate position.

2000 December 2, rolf, “UML associations”, in microsoft.public.visio.general (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-07:

How can I cast using an id ? The SerializableFactory::create() creates Barts or Hoomers on the given id using an allways registered creator. The assoziation between ids and loaders is done by a map. The solution could be a template but, how could it look ?

2001 April 19, O.Petzold, “casting by an id”, in comp.lang.c++ (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-07:

I working with TGEC 6.3 and have a problem create an assoziation between 2 interfaces:
1. If I create an assoziation between two interfaces, together establish a attribute in the interface!?!? How is this possible? Of course it is final, but this is realy not what I want to do.
2. I remove the wrong attribute and add a get method to access the assoziated object. But now the assoziation link is gone...
3. I know from TCC 6.2 to add an assoziation between Interfaces (it works in TCC) and like to do the same in TEC:
/*# Interface2 lnkInterface2; */
But this doesn't work...
How I'am be able to do this?

2004 October 6, Dirk Hoffmann, “Assoziation between Interfaces not possible?”, in borland.public.together.edition.eclipse (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-07:

(non-native speakers' English) Misspelling of association.


codetext

To work well, a code must have thousands of plaintext words or phrases with a codetext equivalent for each. Usually, for the sake of manageability, a codetext word is limited to three to five letters or numbers. All the codetexts and their plaintext meanings are listed in a codebook.

1974, The Family Creative Workshop, Plenary Publications International:

The repetitions of the codetext matched those of the proposed plaintext perfectly.[…]The two spent the morning inserting his equivalents into the codetexts, but none stood close enough together in the texts to obtain confirmation through new identifications.

2004, David Kahn, “Yardley’s Triumph”, in The Reader of Gentlemen’s Mail: Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking, New Haven, Conn., London: Yale University Press, page 67:

DNA encryption of images, part 1: Alice uses her library of primers to make codetextᶜ-plaintextᶜ pairs.[…]The result of adding the whole library to the long DNA, letting the copying happen, and then dissociating the copied DNA from the original is that Alice will have a collection of plaintextᶜ-codetextᶜ pairs, the codetextᶜ being photosensitive (the superscript c indicates a strand complementary, so able to bind to the original DNA). Alice then adds her mixture of plaintextᶜ-codetextᶜ pairs to her chip, and the strands will hybridize to the complementary, immobile strands on the chip.

2018, Jamie A. Davies, “Synthetic biology for engineering”, in Synthetic Biology: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, page 82:

(cryptography) An encoded form of a message, as opposed to plaintext.


pairing function

pairing function (plural pairing functions)

(mathematics) A process to uniquely encode two natural numbers into a single natural number.

kokonaislukujen ja kokonaislukuparien välinen bijektio


Dynkin diagram

algebraically closed
algebraically closed

(mathematics) A graph with some edges drawn as double or triple lines, arising in the classification of semisimple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields, in the classification of Weyl groups and other finite reflection groups, and in other contexts.


wallpaper group

wallpaper group (plural wallpaper groups)

(geometry) A mathematical group that classifies two-dimensional repeating patterns based on their symmetries.


automatic differentiation

(mathematics, computing) Exact differentiation of functions represented in program code by inspecting the code (as opposed to mere evaluation) and repeated application of the chain rule.


hexadecahedroid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hexadecahedroid.wav

(geometry) The 16-cell or hexadecachoron.


zero-shot

zero-shot object detection ― detection of objects not in training data

zero-shot translation ― translation between two languages without bilingual data

Ask yourself if there is a way to get a zero-shot solution. If you think that you need external examples to prime the model for your use case, think really hard.

2022, Sandra Kublik, Shubham Saboo, GPT-3, O'Reilly, →ISBN, page 20:

No additional prompts for getting the responses were used, i.e. the data was created with a basic prompt in a zero-shot scenario.

2023 October 30, Herbold et al., “A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, page 4:

(machine learning, attributive) Relating to zero-shot learning; performing without specialized training data.


hodler

Although they were meant to reach the Moon no matter what, cryptocurrencies are also coming a cropper. Even some hardened “hodlers” have been getting cold feet.

2022 May 14, “Tech bubbles are bursting all over the place”, in The Economist, →ISSN:

(cryptocurrencies) A hoarder of cryptocurrency.


μmeter

There is a simple ridge on the leaf of the bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris, ideally 0.5 μmeters high, which acts as a sensor for the pathogen.

2003, Francisco A. Macias, Juan C.G. Galindo, Jose M. G. Molinillo, Allelopathy: Chemistry and Mode of Action of Allelochemicals:

This is the principle of "activated"electrodes [4], in which a support made of an inert inexpensive material is coated with a thin layer (a few μ'''meters of an active generally more expensive compound that is not available anyway in massive form.

2017, Andrzej Wieckowski, Interfacial Electrochemistry: Theory: Experiment, and Applications, page 61:

Tiny ion-selective microelectrode with tip around a μmeter vibrates within seconds in the vicinity of a cell or plant tissue and measures ion concentrations.

2018, Vadim Volkov, Mary J. Beilby, Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport, page 61:

In relation to filter sizing particles are measured in 10-⁶ m = μmeter (μm) = microns.

2019, Erik Trostmann, Water Hydraulics Control Technology:

Spatial sub μmeter resolution in combination with SPR or optical microscopy.

2022, Qiang Wei, Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam, Liming Bian, Cell Mechanoresponse at Cell-Material Interface, page 87:


μsecond

In the 625-line system the line banking period is 12 μ'''seconds, so that the active line time is 52 μseconds.

1991, Jim Slater, Modern Television Systems, page 116:

The transmitter was designed as a linear amplifier with a bandwidth of 5 MHz, allowing (in principle) pulse lengths down to about 30 m, although the final pulse width chosen was about 0.1 to 1 μ'''second.

2016, Wayne K. Hocking, Jürgen Röttger, Robert D. Palmer, Toru Sato, Phillip B. Chilson, Atmospheric Radar: Application and Science of MST Radars in the Earth's Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere, and Weakly Ionized Regions, page 344:

Electrophysiological techniques of two-electrode voltage clamp or patch clamp measure ion currents across membrane of plant cells (protoplasts for patch clamp) under determined applied voltage via the membrane and provide current-voltage curves with resolution up to pA and μseconds (Figures 4 and 5).


bispherical

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bispherical.wav


numberness

It helps children to see that the numberness of a "set" can be represented by a numeral.

1966, Saturday Review, volume 49, page 73:


Alexander horned sphere

Alexander horned sphere (plural Alexander horned spheres)

(topology) A pathological object, a certain embedding of a sphere in three-dimensional Euclidean space, obtained by various modifications of a torus.


Gibbs measure

(statistics) A generalization of the canonical ensemble to infinite systems, giving the probability of a given system being in a given state (or, equivalently, of a given random variable having a given value).


Gibbs state

probability distribution
probability distribution

(statistics) An equilibrium probability distribution which remains invariant under future evolution of the system.


Varignon's theorem

Named after French mathematician Pierre Varignon.

Varignon parallelogram
Varignon parallelogram

(geometry) A statement in Euclidean geometry that deals with the construction of a particular parallelogram (the Varignon parallelogram) from an arbitrary quadrilateral.


diagonal argument

A proof, developed by Georg Cantor, to show that the set of real numbers is uncountably infinite.


flotating point

The drawback is that it's kinda slow; a high bailout value (required to get the range) forces one to use the flotating point algorithm.

1991 June 25, David M. Read, “3D M sets in Fractint: the *real* solution”, in alt.fractals (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

MATHLIB has a problem if e.g. Sin() or, for what it seems, any other MATHLIB function is called repeatedly in a loop. In such cases a register is trashed (the one used for the loop variable) and the loop is terminated prematurely. However, if MATHLIB functions are called one at a time in the middle of the code it all works fine, and even after an huge amount of flotating point calculations (and I mean hours worth of it) the final results are identical to the Xtd DOS program's (also the speed is nearly identical).

1995 September 7, Bengt-Inge DalenbŠck, “TopSpeed-Borland-Windows-DLLs”, in comp.lang.modula2 (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

This makes Java (even with a native compiler) essentially useless for any flotating point applicatations, numerics, games, etc etc etc. Of course, this was last time I checked. Sun might have seen the light since then.

2000 September 2, Ian McCulloch, “Performance in comparison to Java”, in comp.lang.c++.moderated (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-05:

(nonstandard and non-native speakers' English) Misconstruction of floating point.


GCA

greatest common ancestor
greatest common ancestor#English

(graph theory) Initialism of greatest common ancestor.


ramified forcing

axiom of constructibility
axiom of constructibility

partially ordered set
partially ordered set

(set theory) The original form of forcing, starting with a model M of set theory in which the axiom of constructibility, V = L, holds, and then building up a larger model M[G] of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory by adding a generic subset G of a partially ordered set to M, imitating Kurt Gödel's constructible hierarchy.


cyclic number

(mathematics) An integer for which cyclic permutations of the digits are successive integer multiples of the number.

syklinen luku

Euler's totient function
Euler's totient function

(group theory) A natural number n such that n and φ(n) (that is, Euler's totient function) are coprime.


XXXS

extra extra extra small
extra extra extra small#English

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra extra extra small (the manufactured size or an item of that size).


XXXS

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra extra extra small (of the manufactured size).


XXXXL

extra extra extra extra large
extra extra extra extra large#English

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra extra extra extra large (the manufactured size or an item of that size).


XXXXL

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra extra extra extra large (of the manufactured size).


extra small

extra small (countable and uncountable, plural extra smalls)

(uncountable) One of several sizes to which an item may be manufactured.

(countable) An item labelled or denoted as being that size.

(countable) One who fits an item of that size.


extra small

(especially clothing) That is extra small (the manufactured size).


extra extra small

(especially clothing) That is extra extra small (the manufactured size).


extra extra extra small

en-adj

extra extra extra small (not comparable)

(especially clothing) That is extra extra extra small (the manufactured size).


extra extra large

(especially clothing) That is extra extra large (the manufactured size).


extra extra extra large

extra extra extra large (not comparable)

(especially clothing) That is extra extra extra large (the manufactured size).


planigon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-planigon.wav

(geometry) A convex polygon that can fill the plane with only copies of itself.


global minimum

en-noun

global minimum (plural global minimums or global minima)

global minimums (plural)
global minima (plural)

x#92;mapsto(x²-4)² has its global minima at -2 and 2.

(mathematics) An element in a function's domain where the function assumes its lowest value.


global maximum

global maximum (plural global maximums or global maxima)

global maximums (plural)
global maxima (plural)

x#92;mapsto-(x²-4)² has its global maxima at -2 and 2.

(mathematics) An element in a function's domain where the function assumes its highest value.


unit disk

A set of points on a plane whose distance from a given point is less than or equal to one.


NLG

NLG (countable and uncountable, plural NLGs)

Coordinate term: NLU

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

natural language generation
w:natural language generation

(uncountable, artificial intelligence) Initialism of natural language generation.


%age

2) His shooting %age goes up about .015 in the playoffs; that'll increase after last series' numbers are figured in.
3) His rebounding (won't be true this season), free-throw %age (won't be true this season), blocks, and assists/game go up in the playoffs.

1995 May 9, The Smoker You Drink, the Player You Get, “Rockets' Chances Against Phoenix”, in rec.sport.basketball.pro (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-18:

Ann's free-throw %age using her old method is 60%. Using a new method she makes 9 of her first 10 attempts. Is the new method better than the old? (Hint: "advanced statistical formula must be used.")

1996 March 29, Michael Zarlenga, “12th grade math standards”, in alt.politics.clinton (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-18:

His career free-throw %age is higher than Wilt Chamberlain's

1996 April 4, Ted Roberts, “ORLANDO: This Team Makes Me Sick!!!!”, in alt.sports.basketball.nba.orlando-magic (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-18:

2001 June 24, David Spera, “Makes with high %age of manuals?”, in rec.autos.driving (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-18:

2006 February 20, Declan Shanaghy, “[hylafax-users] high %age of international faxes fail”, in fa.hylafax (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-18:


surjective function

surjective function (plural surjective functions)


Kruskal's tree theorem

The theorem was conjectured by Andrew Vázsonyi and proved by Joseph Kruskal (1960).

(mathematics) A theorem stating that the set of finite trees over a well-quasi-ordered set of labels is itself well-quasi-ordered under homeomorphic embedding.


primorial prime

primorial prime (plural primorial primes)

(mathematics) A prime number that is one more or one less than a primorial. For example, 31 is a primorial prime, since 6# + 1 = 31.


>Actually, if you can find TN #31 in the Technical Notes Stack 3.1, you will have had to run into an actual dogcow (Clarus) saying !fooM. Gee, wonder where that might be?
Yours truly found it, and it was not that hard. I must say that the choice of encryption algorithm was extremely clever, however. You will never get it from the script unless you are fluent in ebg13, so you might as well try to solve it the right way!

1989 September 15, Earle R. Horton, “Moofing Dogcows!”, in comp.sys.mac (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-26:

Back in the old days, when people cared about decency on the Internet, it was decided that to keep people from seeing dirty words questionable material would be encoded in EBG-13. Nowadays it's just a technological quirk, however, unless by some freak of nature the CDA turns out to be constitutional, in which case we'll be seeing a lot more of SHPX and FUVG.

1997 March 11, David F Lynch, “alt.discordia and nightsweats”, in alt.sex.cthulhu (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-26:

[Warning: text ahead encoded in EBG13 to protect the innocent. No actual UI was emitted in the production of this mini-rant.]

2001 November 16, Garrett Wollman, “Forced into recovery”, in alt.sysadmin.recovery (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-26:

This is getting silly. Many monks can read EBG13 without pressing buttons, and EBGisms are part of the monastic culture [1].

2002 October 23, c...@nospam.netunix.com, “Proposed addition to FAQ.”, in alt.sysadmin.recovery (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-26:

>You yourself raised the encryption issue and certainly therefore know also that encryption keys used in firms etc. must be managed.
That's the job of the IT people. The executives know nothing about it, and lack the skills to evaluate the strength of an encryption algorithm (heck, many of them can't decode EBG13, never mind something stronger).

2012 September 10, Moe Trin, “Measures against malware propagation”, in comp.security.firewalls (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-26:

Sure hope they can spill/spell/whatever better'n this. Doesn't read rite, even in ebg13.

2016 May 22, Dennis Davis, “Re:Nicked from El Swear”, in uk.rec.sheds (Usenet), retrieved 2022-06-26:


observational error

observational error (plural observational errors)

(statistics) The difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value.


Szpiro's conjecture

Named for Lucien Szpiro, who formulated it in the 1980s.

(number theory) A conjecture relating to the conductor and the discriminant of an elliptic curve, equivalent in a slightly modified form to the abc conjecture.


Brocard's problem

It was posed by Henri Brocard in a pair of articles in 1876 and 1885.

(mathematics) The problem of finding integer values of n and m for which n!+1=m², where n! is the factorial.


Brocard's conjecture

(number theory) The conjecture that there are at least four prime numbers between (pₙ)² and (pₙ₊₁)², where pₙ is the nth prime number, for every n ≥ 2.


NLU

NLU (countable and uncountable, plural NLUs)

Coordinate term: NLG

natural-language understanding
w:natural-language understanding

(uncountable, artificial intelligence) Initialism of natural-language understanding.


NMT

NMT (countable and uncountable, plural NMTs)

Such wonderful guidance assists models in specific tasks such as NMT, which is a many-to-many task.

2021, Savas Yildirim, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Mastering Transformers […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 26:

neural machine translation
w:neural machine translation

(machine learning) Initialism of neural machine translation.


NLI

natural-language interpretation
w:natural-language understanding

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of natural-language interpretation.


point-free

Hence, what are the (hopefully natural) conditions under which they do hold? All this calls for studying the point-free separation.

2021, Jorge Picado, Aleš Pultr, Separation in Point-Free Topology, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page xii:

(mathematics) Synonym of pointless (“without points”)


Coppersmith method

Coppersmith's attack
Coppersmith's attack

(mathematics, cryptography) A method of finding small integer zeros of univariate or bivariate polynomials modulo a given integer. It forms the basis of Coppersmith's attack.


Coppersmith's attack

(mathematics, cryptography) A kind of cryptographic attack on the RSA cryptosystem, based on the Coppersmith method.


coreachable

Further, non coreachable nodes are qualified as forbidden. The loop terminates when all forbidden markings (those initially declared and those newly identified) are processed.

2013, Marcello La Rosa, Pnina Soffer, Business Process Management Workshops: BPM 2012 International Workshops, Tallinn, Estonia, September 3, 2012, Revised Papers, page 118:

Two cycles are coreachable if there exists a path from any of them to the other one.

2018, Cezar Câmpeanu, Implementation and Application of Automata: 23rd International Conference, CIAA 2018, Charlottetown, PE, Canada, July 30 – August 2, 2018, Proceedings, page 77:

(graph theory) Mutually reachable, that is, for any two nodes n1 and n2, they are coreachable iff n1 is reachable from n2 and n2 is reachable from n1.


nonintersector

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nonintersector.wav

(geometry) That which is not an intersector.


inpaint

en-verb

inpaint (third-person singular simple present inpaints, present participle inpainting, simple past and past participle inpainted)

inpaints (present singular third-person)
inpainting (participle present)
inpainted (participle past)
inpainted (past)

The philosophy behind Bayesian inpainting is quite simple and intuitive (see Figure 1): the way we human inpainters inpaint an incomplete picture mostly relies on two factors— […]

2012, Tony F. Chan, Yunqing Huang, Tao Tang, Recent Progress in Computational and Applied PDES, page 75:

To reconstruct missing or damaged portions of images by interpolation of surrounding areas.


Party B

(cryptography) Synonym of Bob (“placeholder”)


Party A

(cryptography) Synonym of Alice (“placeholder”)


prealgebraic

(mathematics) Of or relating to a prealgebra.


gametype

Many varieties of gametype exist and are in use in popular and obscure games – but as we explore the issue of virtual worlds, it's only really the gametypes that use some form of 'interactive fiction' that concern us.

2011, Woody Evans, Information Dynamics in Virtual Worlds: Gaming and Beyond, page 27:

For each parameter value of a we distinguish four different gametypes. The setup of the experiment was designed in such a way that each player played four times each of the four possible gametypes (H,H), (H,L), (L,H), and (L,L), […]

2012, Bettina Kuon, Two-Person Bargaining Experiments with Incomplete Information, page 65:


khahoon

(historical) A unit of volume used in India until 1920 consisting of 1280 raik totalling 1.7616 m².


square degree

(geometry) A unit of solid angle equal to π²/32400 steradian


Sylow theorem

Named after the Norwegian mathematician Peter Ludwig Sylow.

(mathematics) Any of a collection of theorems of finite group theory that give detailed information about the number of subgroups of fixed order that a given finite group contains.


footroom

Coordinate term: headroom

[…] the difference between signal-to-noise ratio and overload reserve (headroom) as well as noise (safety) margin (footroom).

2000, Wolfgang Ahnert, Frank Steffen, Sound Reinforcement Engineering: Fundamentals and Practice, page 177:

To accommodate footroom, the number representation must allow negative numbers.

2012, Charles Poynton, Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces, page 45:

Footroom – the range of code values in the blacks of an image that encompass the variations in grain or noise.

2017, Steve Wright, Digital Compositing for Film and Video:

(signal processing) Extra bandwidth for lower-than-expected values.


preprimitive

(mathematics) Of a variety: not itself primitive, but whose proper subvarieties are all primitive.


trustlet

(computing, cryptography) A trusted process or application in certain types of secure system.


impossible event

en-noun

impossible event (plural impossible events)

(probability theory) An event that contains no possible outcomes and thus cannot possibly occur; an empty set.


certain event

Measure 0 is assigned to an impossible event, and measure 1 is assigned to a certain (sure) event. A certain event is denoted as #92;Omega; an impossible event, as #92;empty.

1995, Michael Pecht, Product Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability Handbook, CRC Press, page 17:

Hence the event A#95;1#92;capA#95;2#92;cap#92;dots#92;capA#95;k will be a certain event too, i.e. P(A#95;1#92;capA#95;2#92;cap#92;dots#92;capA#95;k)#61;1.

2002, Andrew G. Bronevich, Alexander N. Karkishchenko, “The structure of fuzzy measure families induced by upper and lower probabilities”, in Carlo Bertoluzza, María Á. Gil, Dan A. Ralescu, editors, Statistical Modeling, Analysis and Management of Fuzzy Data, Springer, page 165:

In probability theory, events are sets with a non-negative length that is at most one, since we assume that the sample space #92;Omega is the certain event and should be assigned the largest length, i.e., 1 (probability 100%).

2018, Athanasios Christou Micheas, Theory of Stochastic Objects, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press / Chapman & Hall), unnumbered page:

(probability theory) An event that contains all of the possible outcomes and thus is known a priori to be certain to occur;

An event that contains all of the possible outcomes and thus is known a priori to be certain to occur;
(more formally) the entire sample space (which by definition has measure 1 and probability 1); said sample space with the exclusion of, at most, a set of measure 0 (thus retaining measure 1).


sample point

(probability theory) A point in the sample space representing some concrete non-decomposable result of an individual experiment.


Gingerbreadman map

Gingerbreadman map (plural Gingerbreadman maps)

From its shape, resembling a gingerbread man.

(mathematics) In dynamical systems theory, a chaotic two-dimensional map given by the piecewise linear transformation


13th Gen

Coined by William Strauss and Neil Howe, from being the 13th generation since American independence according to their analysis of generational cycles in the US (Strauss-Howe generational theory).


tricuspal

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tricuspal.wav

(geometry, dentistry) Consisting of, or relating to, three cusps.


Bézout's theorem

(mathematics) A statement in algebraic geometry concerning the number of common zeros of n polynomials in n indeterminates. In its original form, the theorem states that in general the number of common zeros equals the product of the degrees of the polynomials.


one-shot learning

(machine learning) An object categorization problem, mainly in computer vision, involving the classification of objects based on one, or only a few, examples.


few-shot learning

(machine learning) An object categorization problem, mainly in computer vision, involving the classification of objects based on only a few examples.


zero-shot learning

(machine learning) A problem setup in machine learning, where, at test time, a learner observes samples from classes that were not observed during training and attempts to predict the class that they belong to, typically based on auxiliary information.


jeu de taquin

From French jeu de taquin (“15 puzzle”, literally “teasing game”).

bor

equivalence relation
equivalence relation

(combinatorics) A construction that defines an equivalence relation on the set of skew standard Young tableaux.


plus mark

In the left top window, identified as "News Server" you will see the name of all the news groups your server's news feed carries. At the very left of that window are folder icons, if there are subgroups within that folder. If there is a plus mark to the left of the icon, it means there are groups within that folder that you might want to look at. Click on the plus mark to list the subgroups, click on the minus sign to close that folder.

1996 August 15, J Gerber, “News Groups”, in news.newusers.questions (Usenet), retrieved 2022-08-15:

As you probably know, one of the new things in Access 2000 is a Subdatasheet, a grid that shows up when you click on a plus mark next to each record of the table that is in 1-1 or 1-many relationship with table(s). The examples of the pictures taken can be found at http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Palms/9151/ac_slike.zip and now please look at picture 1.jpg
Picture one shows a price list. So, there are groups of products, products themselves and packages of the products. The relation is Groups->Products->Packages. The picture shows packages of the second product in the first group that showed up when the user clicked a plus mark.
The problem can be seen in picture 2.jpg when going to the new group (group no. 3) the packages of the second product of this group are visible even though the user didn't open them by clicking on the plus mark. I think that the best thing would be to remember the state of each datasheet or to collapse all when going to another group.

1999 August 3, this"@sezampro.yu mire, “SubDataSheet problem”, in microsoft.public.access.forms (Usenet), retrieved 2022-08-15:

A machine for drawing/cutting an ellipse is basically a plus mark shaped groove in wood or plastic and a bar with two adjustable points and a holder for a marker/cutter at the end. The distances from the marker/cutter to the first point and from the first pointer to the second determine the size of the ellipse. Keeping the points in the grooves of the plus mark takes practice.

2002 January 11, Mike Firth, “Oval Cutter”, in rec.crafts.glass (Usenet), retrieved 2022-08-15:

Ok.. try this.. your commas, quotation marks, plus marks, etc are all messed up.

2002 May 2, Mike Flynn, “[PHP-WIN] window.open and php...”, in php.windows (Usenet), retrieved 2022-08-15:

Jim,
Open up your address book in OE under the "Tools" menu. In the address book, click on View and make sure there is a check mark next to Folders and Groups. You should be seeing a list on the left side of the address book with at least "Shared Contacts" and Identity contacts. If you click on Identity contacts you should see the name of your group in the list on the right. If there is a plus mark next to your identity contacts on the left, click the plus and you should see the groups drop down under that folder.

2002 June 27, Spider, “In OE: inserting email addresses”, in 24hoursupport.helpdesk (Usenet), retrieved 2022-08-15:


teachable agent

en-noun

teachable agent (plural teachable agents)

An artificial intelligence used at a university that simulates a pupil or learner, to help promote students' understanding of metacognitive skills.


pattern recognition

The recognition of patterns and regularities in raw data.


Little's law

The theorem was proposed by John Little.

(probability theory) A theorem which states that the long-term average number L of customers in a stationary system is equal to the long-term average effective arrival rate λ multiplied by the average time W that a customer spends in the system.


sun-synchronous orbit

sun-synchronous orbit (plural sun-synchronous orbits)

(astrodynamics) A nearly polar orbit in which a satellite passes over the surface of a planet maintaining the same local mean solar time.


heliosynchronous orbit

heliosynchronous orbit (plural heliosynchronous orbits)

sun-synchronous orbit
sun-synchronous orbit

(astrodynamics) A sun-synchronous orbit.


jeu de taquin equivalent

en-adj

jeu de taquin equivalent (not comparable)

(combinatorics) Of tableaux: able to be transformed into each other by a sequence of jeu de taquin slides.


jeu de taquin slide

en-noun

jeu de taquin slide (plural jeu de taquin slides)

(combinatorics) A transformation that moves around the numbers in a tableau according to the jeu de taquin construction, used to determine whether tableaux are equivalent.


umbral moonshine

(mathematics) A mysterious connection between Niemeier lattices and Ramanujan's mock theta functions; a generalization of the Mathieu moonshine phenomenon connecting representations of the Mathieu group M24 with K3 surfaces.


root system

(mathematics) A configuration of vectors in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties, fundamental in the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras.


Niemeier lattice

Niemeier lattice (plural Niemeier lattices)

After mathematician Hans-Volker Niemeier, who classified them in 1973.

(mathematics) Any of the 24 positive definite even unimodular lattices of rank 24.


Leech lattice

After mathematician John Leech, who discovered it in 1967.

(mathematics) An even unimodular lattice Λ₂₄ in 24-dimensional Euclidean space, which is one of the best models for the problem of finding the maximum possible kissing number for n-dimensional spheres in (n + 1)-dimensional Euclidean space.


kissing number

(geometry) For a given space, the maximum number of non-overlapping unit spheres that can be arranged in that space such that they each touch a common unit sphere.


orange pill

en-verb

orange pill (third-person singular simple present orange pills, present participle orange pilling, simple past and past participle orange pilled)

orange pills (present singular third-person)
orange pilling (participle present)
orange pilled (participle past)
orange pilled (past)

Influenced by red pill, in reference to the orange color of the respective logos.
(urbanism): After the orange-colored logo of the YouTube channel Not Just Bikes.

The goal of orange pilling someone has nothing to do with drugs. It is the notion that bitcoin will inevitably become the global reserve asset, while converting people to believe in the bitcoin standard.

2021 October 12, Dawdu M. Amantanah, “Taking The Orange Pill: A Theory Or Reality?”, in Bitcoin Magazine, archived from the original on 2023-11-03:

"Hola, amigos! Are you having a good time?" The president spoke in accented but clear English. The president showed off his Bitcoin fluency, dropping references to Satoshi, mining, cold storage, and orange-pilled. Then he made the big announcement.

2022, John Turnure, Crypto Kingdom, Jota Press, page 118:

I suggested she wait for her sister to show curiosity about bitcoin before attempting to orange-pill her.

2022 August 26, Mark Maraia, “What Does It Mean To Orange-Pill Someone?”, in Bitcoin Magazine, archived from the original on 2023-07-14:

This is evident with Sam, who has been exposed to Bitcoin throughout her entire life. ¶ She even accidentally orange-pilled her own school teacher.

2023 July 5, Ciaran Lyons, “Should you 'orange pill' children? The case for Bitcoin kids books”, in Cointelegraph, archived from the original on 2023-08-01:

(transitive, slang) To convince someone to invest in Bitcoin.


Faketoshi

(cryptocurrencies slang) Someone who falsely claims to be Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin.


Coxeter matrix

en-noun

Coxeter matrix (plural Coxeter matrixes)

(mathematics) The n×n symmetric matrix with entries m_ij, which can be conveniently encoded by a Coxeter diagram.


Coxeter graph

Named after Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter.

(graph theory) A 3-regular graph with 28 vertices and 42 edges, one of the 13 known cubic distance-regular graphs.


fractional number

fractional number (plural fractional numbers)

(arithmetic) A fraction, such as 1/2 or 3/5.


random neural network

random neural network (plural random neural networks)

(machine learning) A mathematical representation of an interconnected network of neurons or cells which exchange spiking signals.


recursive neural network

recursive neural network (plural recursive neural networks)

(artificial intelligence) A kind of deep neural network created by applying the same set of weights recursively over a structured input, to produce a structured prediction over variable-size input structures.


hot wallet

cryptocurrency wallet
cryptocurrency wallet

(cryptocurrencies) A cryptocurrency wallet which has its private key stored on the network so that it can be used for frequent transactions.


Pappian

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a Pappian plane

Pappus's hexagon theorem
Pappus's hexagon theorem

(geometry) For which Pappus's hexagon theorem is valid.


ring-theoretic

(mathematics) Of or relating to ring theory.


coefficient of alienation

coefficient of alienation (plural coefficients of alienation)

(statistics) A numerical measure of the lack of relationship between variables.


coefficient of determination

coefficient of determination (plural coefficients of determination)

independent variable
independent variable

(statistics) The proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s), providing a measure of how well the observed outcomes are replicated by a model.


Catalan's constant

Named after French and Belgian mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan.

Dirichlet beta function
Dirichlet beta function

(mathematics) The number G=β(2)=∑ₙ₌₀ ᪲((-1)ⁿ)/((2n+1)²)=1/(1²)-1/(3²)+1/(5²)-1/(7²)+1/(9²)-⋯, where β is the Dirichlet beta function, with a value of approximately 0.915965594177…


Wall-Sun-Sun prime

Wall-Sun-Sun prime (plural Wall-Sun-Sun primes)

Named after American mathematician Donald Dines Wall and Chinese mathematicians Sun Zhihong and Sun Zhiwei, who have all contributed to the study of such primes.

Wall-Sun-Sun primes are conjectured to exist, but no example has yet been found.

Not a single Wall-Sun-Sun prime 5lt;plt;1.6#92;times 10#123;12#125; exists [McIntosh 1995]. Carry out a search for Wall-Sun-Sun primes somewhere above this limit.

1996, Richard E. Crandall, Topics in Advanced Scientific Computation, Springer, page 113:

Crandall et al. called in [56] such a prime number p satisfying p²#92;vertF#95;#123;p-(#92;fracp 5)#125; a Wall–Sun–Sun prime. There is no known example of a Wall–Sun–Sun prime and the congruence F#95;#123;p-(#92;fracp 5)#125;#92;equiv 0#92;pmod#123;p²#125;, can only be checked through explicit powering computations.

2020, Dorin Andrica, Ovidiu Bagdasar, Recurrent Sequences, Springer, page 88:

(number theory) A (hypothetical) prime number p such that p² divides F_π(p), where F_n is the Fibonacci sequence and π(p) is the pth Pisano period (the period length of the Fibonacci sequence reduced modulo p).

Donald Dines Wall
Sun Zhihong
Sun Zhiwei
Wall–Sun–Sun prime

nombre premier de Wall-Sun-Sun

conjectured prime number of a certain type


icositrigon

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(geometry) A polygon with 23 sides and 23 angles.


GEV

(statistics) Initialism of generalized extreme value.


Reynolds operator

Reynolds operator (plural Reynolds operators)

They were introduced into fluid dynamics by Osbourne Reynolds (1895) and named by J. Kampé de Fériet (1934, 1935, 1949).

(mathematics) A mathematical operator given by averaging something over a group action, satisfying a set of properties called Reynolds rules, and having applications in fluid dynamics and invariant theory.


Capelli's identity

(mathematics) An analog of the formula det(AB) = det(A) det(B), for certain matrices with noncommuting entries, related to the representation theory of the Lie algebra glₙ. It can be used to relate an invariant ƒ to the invariant Ωƒ, where Ω is Cayley's Ω process.


Cartesian square

Cartesian square (plural Cartesian squares)

(set theory) For a set X, the Cartesian product X² = X × X.


rank of apparition

rank of apparition (plural ranks of apparition)

Let (W#95;n) be an EDS^([Elliptic Divisibility Sequence]) associated to an elliptic curve E#47;K and a nonzero point P#92;inE(K) of finite order. Let r#92;ge 2 be the smallest index such that W#95;r#61;0. (The number r is called the rank of apparition of the sequence.)
[…]
Suppose that K is a finite field and that the rank of apparition r of (W#95;n) is at least 4.

1986, Joseph H. Silverman, The Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves, Springer, page 114:

1996, D. L. Wells, Residue Counts Modulo Three for the Fibonacci Triangle, G. E. Bergum, Andreas N. Philippou, Alwyn F. Horadam (editors), Applications of Fibonacci Numbers, Kluwer Academic, Softcover reprint, page 535,
A similar identification between Pascal's Triangle modulo p and the Fibonacci Triangle modulo p can be made for primes p which have the length of the period equal to twice their rank of apparition in the Fibonacci Sequence.

Indeed, as shown in [18, Theorem 4.27], there exist sequences #92;#123;U#95;n#92;#125; and primes p for which p has three ranks of apparition. In the previous section, we showed that if p#61;2, then p has no more than two ranks of apparition in #92;#123;U#95;n#92;#125;.

2013, E. L. Roettger, H. C. Williams, R. K. Guy, “Some Extensions of the Lucas Functions”, in Jonathan M. Borwein, Igor Shparlinski, Wadim Zudilin, editors, Number Theory and Related Fields, Springer, page 303:

divisibility sequence
divisibility sequence

(number theory) Given a positive integer m and a divisibility sequence Sₖ, the smallest index k such that Sₖ is divisible by m;

Given a positive integer m and a divisibility sequence Sₖ, the smallest index k such that Sₖ is divisible by m;
such an index for some generalisation of the concept (for example to allow multiple ranks of apparition for a given m).


hypersolid

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(geometry) A solid that extends into hyperspace, having more than three dimensions.


hyperprism

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hyperprism.wav

(geometry) A prism that extends into hyperspace, having more than three dimensions.


hypertetrahedron

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hypertetrahedron.wav

(geometry) An analog of a tetrahedron that extends into hyperspace, having more than three dimensions.


rational root theorem

The rational root theorem states that if the rational number p#47;q is a root of the polynomial equation a#95;nxⁿ#43;a#95;#123;n-1#125;x#123;n-1#125;#43;#92;cdots#43;a#95;0#61;0, with a#95;0,#92;ldotsa#95;n#92;in#92;mathbb#123;Z#125;, then p#92;verta#95;0 and q#92;verta#95;n.

is irreducible over Q [x].

2015, Marlow Anderson, Todd Feil, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), 3rd Edition, page 50, Use the Rational Root Theorem 5.6 to argue that x³+x+7

We demonstrate how to use the rational root theorem to prove the irrationality of many numbers.

2017, Martin H. Weissman, An Illustrated Theory of Numbers, American Mathematical Society, page 84:

The rational root theorem has you create a list of possible rational roots using the lead coefficient and constant in the polynomial equation.

2018, Mary Jane Sterling, Pre-Calculus For Dummies, Wiley, page 85:

(algebra) A theorem which states a constraint on rational solutions of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients.


misproof

misproof (countable and uncountable, plural misproofs)

Only a misproof of Nöebling [66] (for any m) ensued in the 1930's.

1977, Robion C. Kirby, Laurence C. Siebenmann, Foundational Essays on Topological Manifolds, Smoothings, and Triangulations., volume 88, page 308:

This is what applied mathematics should be about; not the fallacious misproofs of Stoke's theorem or the relentless linearisation of the nonlinear that put me off applied mathematics for 15 years.

1983 May 12, David Cohen, “Developing psychological thought”, in New Scientist, volume 98, number 1357, page 391:

The three basic theorems of three-manifold topology -- Dehn's Lemma, the Loop Theorem, and the Sphere Theorem -- were proved in 1957 by Papakyriakopoulos. (Dehn stated his result in 1910, but gave a misproof.)

2012, D. S. Freed, K. K. Uhlenbeck, Instantons and Four-Manifolds, page 15:

(countable, mathematics) A mathematical proof that contains logical errors.


Singmaster's conjecture

Named after the British mathematician David Singmaster, who proposed it in 1971.

(mathematics) A conjecture in combinatorial number theory, stating that there is a finite upper bound on the multiplicities of entries in Pascal's triangle (other than the number 1, which appears infinitely many times).


Cramér's conjecture

Formulated by the Swedish mathematician Harald Cramér in 1936.

(number theory) An estimate for the size of gaps between consecutive prime numbers, stating that p_n+1-p_n=O(( log p_n)²), where pₙ denotes the nth prime number, O is big O notation, and log is the natural logarithm.


Sendov's conjecture

Named after Bulgarian mathematician Blagovest Sendov.

(mathematics) A conjecture concerning the relationship between the locations of roots and critical points of a polynomial function of a complex variable. It states that for a polynomial f(z)=(z-r_1)⋯(z-r_n), qquad (n>2) with all roots r₁, ..., rₙ inside the closed unit disk |z| ≤ 1, each of the n roots is at a distance no more than 1 from at least one critical point.


Ilieff's conjecture

Named after L. Ilieff, to whom the work was popularly misattributed.

Sendov's conjecture
Sendov's conjecture#English

(mathematics) Synonym of Sendov's conjecture


Fuglede's conjecture

Proposed by Danish mathematician Bent Fuglede in 1974

(mathematics) The conjecture that every domain of ℝᵈ (i.e. subset of ℝᵈ with positive finite Lebesgue measure) is a spectral set if and only if it tiles ℝᵈ by translation.


hailstone number

hailstone number (plural hailstone numbers)

The numbers are likened to hailstones because they "bounce" up and down before settling.

(mathematics, informal, mostly plural) Any number appearing in a sequence described by the Collatz conjecture.


SVD

SVD (countable and uncountable, plural SVDs)

singular value decomposition
singular value decomposition#English

(linear algebra) Initialism of singular value decomposition.


oblique pyramid

oblique pyramid (plural oblique pyramids)

(geometry) A nonright pyramid, where the apex is not centered over the base.


oblique reflection

oblique reflection (plural oblique reflections)

(geometry) In Euclidean geometry, an ordinary reflection not requiring that the reflection be performed using perpendiculars.


horsepower-hour

(electricity) A unit of energy equal to the amount of work a horse is capable of delivering during an hour.


Green-Tao theorem

Proved by Ben Green and Terence Tao in 2004.

arithmetic progression
arithmetic progression

(number theory) A theorem stating that the sequence of prime numbers contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions.


Freiman's theorem

The result is due to Gregory Freiman (1964, 1966).

additive combinatorics
additive combinatorics

(mathematics) In additive combinatorics, a central result that indicates the approximate structure of sets whose sumset is small. It roughly states that if |A+A|/|A| is small, then A can be contained in a small generalized arithmetic progression.


powerlike

(mathematics, uncommon) Of or resembling power or the use of power.


s-t cut

(graph theory) A cut that requires the source and the sink to be in different subsets, and its cut-set only consisting of edges going from the source's side to the sink's side.


flow network

(graph theory) A directed graph where each edge has a capacity and each edge receives a flow.


α-cut

(mathematics, fuzzy logic) An approach to transforming a fuzzy membership function into a basic belief assignment.


maximum cut

(graph theory) A cut whose size is at least the size of any other cut; a partition of the graph's vertices into two complementary sets S and T, such that the number of edges between S and T is as large as possible.


minimum cut

(graph theory) A cut that is minimal in some metric.


Hales-Jewett theorem

Named after Alfred W. Hales and Robert I. Jewett.

(mathematics) A fundamental combinatorial result of Ramsey theory, concerning the degree to which high-dimensional objects must necessarily exhibit some combinatorial structure, and cannot be completely random.


homomorphic encryption

homomorphic encryption (usually uncountable, plural homomorphic encryptions)

In 2010, Nigel P. Smart and Frederik Vercauteren presented a fully homomorphic encryption scheme with smaller key and ciphertext sizes.

2014, Xun Yi, Russell Paulet, Elisa Bertino, Homomorphic Encryption and Applications, Springer, →ISBN, page 50:

As mentioned before, homomorphic encryption is adopted in our auction design. Homomorphic encryption is used when there is a requirement to perform certain operations while the inputs are not disclosed.

2020, Haya Shajaiah, Ahmed Abdelhadi, Charles Clancy, Performance and Security for the Internet of Things […] , McGraw Hill, →ISBN, page 101:

(cryptography) A form of encryption that permits users to perform computations on its encrypted data without first decrypting it.


Pólya's conjecture

Posited in 1919 by the Hungarian mathematician George Pólya.

(number theory) The conjecture (disproved in 1958) that at least half of the natural numbers smaller than any given number have an odd number of prime factors.


van der Waerden's theorem

Named after the Dutch mathematician B. L. van der Waerden.

(mathematics) In Ramsey theory, a theorem stating that, for any given positive integers r and k, there is some number N such that if the integers {1, 2, ..., N} are colored, each with one of r different colors, then there are at least k integers in arithmetic progression whose elements are of the same color.


Hardy-Littlewood circle method

the Hardy-Littlewood circle method (canonical)

Named after G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood, who developed the technique.

(number theory) A method used to compute the residues about zero for the generating function of a series, as part of proving asymptotic behaviour of the series.


Waring's problem

The problem was proposed in 1770 by Edward Waring.

(number theory) The problem of whether each natural number k has an associated positive integer s such that every natural number is the sum of at most s natural numbers raised to the power k.


Keller's conjecture

The conjecture was introduced by Ott-Heinrich Keller (1930).

(geometry) The conjecture that, in any tiling of n-dimensional Euclidean space by identical hypercubes, there are two hypercubes that share an entire (n − 1)-dimensional face with each other.


Keller graph

(geometry) Any of a certain family of graphs related to Keller's conjecture, such that the vertices of the Keller graph of dimension n are the 4ⁿ elements (m₁,...,mₙ) where each m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and two vertices are joined by an edge if they differ in at least two coordinates and differ by exactly two in at least one coordinate.


Li's criterion

Named after Xian-Jin Li, who presented it in 1997.

(mathematics) A particular statement about the positivity of a certain sequence that is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis.


Gauss-Lucas theorem

Named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Félix Lucas.

(complex analysis) A theorem that gives a geometric relation between the roots of a polynomial P and the roots of its derivative P′. It states that the roots of P′ all lie within the convex hull of the roots of P.


POAP

POAPs have emerged as a new way of keeping an immutable record of your life experiences, including virtual and in-person events.

2022 February 22, Mason Marcobello, “POAPs: What Is a Proof of Attendance Protocol?”, in Coindesk:

(cryptocurrencies) Acronym of proof of attendance protocol.


focaloid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-focaloid.wav

(geometry) A shell bounded by two concentric, confocal ellipses (in two dimensions) or ellipsoids (in three dimensions).


Generation Zer

The other day, Jann Wenner was talking about his generation. To him, the common notion that millennials and generation Zers have beefs with baby boomers like him – from their assumptions about the primacy of their music to their culpability in climate change – doesn’t fly.

2022 September 16, Jim Farber, “Jann Wenner on Rolling Stone: ‘Some reviews were just insufferably nasty’”, in The Guardian:


The bare and grassy Elk Mountain 12er stands to the north, contrasted by ragged 13ers to the east rising above Mayflower Gulch, an impressive lineup including Crystal, Atlantic and Pacific Peaks, Fletcher Mountain and Drift Peak.

2022 August 2, Joe LaFleur, “CT Series: Kokomo Pass area delivers on alpine expanses with bonus fall colors”, in Pikes Peak Courier:

Alternative form of thirteener (“mountain with an elevation of at least 13,000 feet”).

thirteener

Yet the worst aspect of this “bust” nomer, and why 13ers resent it, is how it plants today's 25-year-olds squarely where they don't want to be: in the shadow of the “boom[.]”

1991, William Strauss, Neil Howe, Generations, Quill, →ISBN, page 324:

Alternative form of thirteener (“Gen-Xer”).


Gen Y

If you are a member of Gen Y, you probably feel right at home working with computers and digital media.

2008, Dianne Bender, Design Portfolios: Moving from Traditional to Digital, Fairchild Books, →ISBN, page 40:

Since "entitlement" has been a word consistently used to describe the attitude Millennials bring with them, this chapter explains why this perception of Gen Y is rampant and what being entitled means to them.

2013, Diane E. Spiegel, The Gen Y Handbook: Applying Relationship Leadership to Engage Millennials, SelectBooks, →ISBN:

According to [Mark] McCrindle, “Gen Alpha will likely stay in education longer, start their earning years later and so stay at home with their parents later than even their predecessors, Gen Z and Gen Y.[…]”

2022, Tim Elmore, A New Kind of Diversity: Making the Different Generations on Your Team a Competitive Advantage, Maxwell Leadership, →ISBN, pages 271–272:


Gen Y

Gen Ys grew up in a media-saturated postmodern world where technology was pervasive.

2013, Pierre Benckendorff, Gianna Moscardo, “Generational cohorts and ecotourism”, in Roy Ballantyne, Jan Packer, editors, International Handbook on Ecotourism, Edward Elgar Publishing, →ISBN, page 141:

Growing up, Gen Ys were bombarded with messages, more than any other generation. Due to the 24/7 nature of news and information and with their tech savvy skills and links into social media, they are connected and move forward with high expectations.

Due to the low unemployment rate in Australia and New Zealand and the high demand for skilled workers, many organisations are going out of their way to employ Gen Ys.

2015, Stephen P. Robbins, Rolf Bergman, Ian Stagg, Mary Coulter, Management, Pearson Australia, →ISBN, page 558:


negativity bias

negativity bias (countable and uncountable, plural negativity biases)

Just as there’s evidence for a positivity effect though, so too is there research suggesting the existence of a negativity bias.

2015 January 16, Pete Etchells, “Declinism: is the world actually getting worse?”, in The Guardian:

The notion that things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state than neutral or positive things.


shortlex

a shortlex normal form

(mathematics, often attributive) A total ordering for finite sequences of objects that can themselves be totally ordered. Sequences are primarily sorted by cardinality (length) with the shortest sequences first, and sequences of the same length are sorted into lexicographic order.


stable marriage problem

stable marriage problem (plural stable marriage problems)

(mathematics, economics, computer science) The problem of finding a stable matching between two equal-sized sets of elements, given an ordering of preferences for each element.


yottaparsec

(astronomy) An astronomical unit of distance equal to 10²⁴ parsecs.


Gumbel distribution

Gumbel distribution (plural Gumbel distributions)

Named after Emil Julius Gumbel (1891–1966), who described the distribution.

(probability theory, statistics) A model of the distribution of the maximum (or the minimum) of a number of samples of various distributions.


centipede game

(game theory) An extensive form game in which two players take turns choosing either to take a slightly larger share of an increasing pot, or to pass the pot to the other player. The payoffs are arranged so that if one passes the pot to one's opponent and the opponent takes the pot on the next round, one receives slightly less than if one had taken the pot on this round, but after an additional switch the potential payoff will be higher. Therefore, although at each round a player has an incentive to take the pot, it would be better for them to wait.


Champernowne constant

Named after economist and mathematician D. G. Champernowne, who published it as an undergraduate in 1933.

(mathematics) A transcendental real constant, denoted by C₁₀, whose decimal expansion has important properties.


Copeland-Erdős constant

Named after Arthur Herbert Copeland and Paul Erdős, who published a related proof in 1946.

(mathematics) An irrational constant that is the concatenation of "0." with the base-10 representations of the prime numbers in order, i.e. approximately 0.235711131719232931374143...


Champernowne word

Champernowne constant
Champernowne constant

(mathematics) The sequence of digits obtained by writing the Champernowne constant in base 10 and juxtaposing the digits.


rooted tree

(graph theory) A tree in which one vertex has been designated as the root.


magic constant

magic constant (countable and uncountable, plural magic constants)

(mathematics, number theory) The sum of numbers in any row, column, or diagonal of a magic square.


inflectional tangent

inflectional tangent (plural inflectional tangents)

differential geometry
differential geometry

(differential calculus, differential geometry) A tangent to a curve at a point of inflection.

differential calculus; differential geometry; differential calculus; differential geometry


linear regression

linear regression (plural linear regressions)

(statistics) A linear equation for deriving a single predicted value from one or more known explanatory values.


pandiagonal magic square

pandiagonal magic square (plural pandiagonal magic squares)

recreational mathematics
recreational mathematics

(number theory, recreational mathematics) A magic square with the additional property that the broken diagonals also summate to the magic constant.


broken diagonal

broken diagonal (plural broken diagonals)

(mathematics, number theory) In the theory of magic squares, a set of n cells forming two parallel diagonal lines in the square.


most-perfect magic square

most-perfect magic square (plural most-perfect magic squares)

(number theory, recreational mathematics) A magic square of order n containing the numbers 1 to n² and where each 2 × 2 subsquare sums to 2s, where s = n² + 1, and all pairs of integers distant n/2 along a (major) diagonal sum to s.


prime reciprocal magic square

prime reciprocal magic square (plural prime reciprocal magic squares)

(number theory, recreational mathematics) A magic square using the decimal digits of the reciprocal of a prime number.


multimagic square

multimagic square (plural multimagic squares)

(number theory, recreational mathematics) A magic square that remains magic even if all its numbers are replaced by their kth powers for 1 ≤ k ≤ P.


bimagic square

(number theory, mathematics) A magic square that remains magic when all of its numbers are replaced by their squares.


trimagic square

trimagic square (plural trimagic squares)

(number theory, recreational mathematics) A magic square that remains magic when all of its numbers are replaced by their cubes.


antidiagonally

(mathematics) In an antidiagonal manner.


petahash

(computing, cryptocurrencies) 10¹⁵ hashes.


Nintendo generation

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Nintendo generation.

The generation that came of age playing Nintendo video games in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.


Pell number

(mathematics, number theory) An infinite sequence of integers that comprises the denominators of the closest rational approximations to the square root of 2.


exact cover

A finite set #92;#123;S(#92;alpha#95;i,#92;beta#95;i)#92;vert 1#92;lei#92;lem#92;#125; is called an (eventual) exact cover if every (sufficiently large) positive integer occurs in exactly one S(#92;alpha#95;i,#92;beta#95;i). If #92;#123;S(#92;alpha#95;i,#92;beta#95;i)#92;#125;#95;#123;i#61;1#125;ᵐ is an eventual exact cover, then #92;textstyle#92;sum#95;#123;i#61;1#125;ᵐ#123;#92;alpha#95;i#123;-1

2000, R. Tijdeman, “Exact covers of balanced sequences and Fraenkel's conjecture”, in F. Halter-Koch, Robert F. Tichy, editors, Algebraic Number Theory and Diophantine Analysis: Proceedings of the International Conference, Walter de Gruyter, page 468:

2011, R. Lu, S. Liu, J. Zhang, Searching for Doubly Self-orthogonal Latin Squares, Jimmy Lee (editor), Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming: 17th International Conference CP 2011, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 6876, page 542,
It is straightforward to use clique algorithms to construct a (partial) solution of a given combinatorial problem which is represented as a set system. If the solution of the combinatorial problem corresponds to the exact cover of the set system, a substantially more efficient algorithm can be utilized because of this property.

(topology, combinatorics) Given a collection S of subsets of a set X, a subcollection S^* of S such that each element of X is contained in exactly one subset in S^*.

exakte Überdeckung

Collection of subsets such that each element of the original set is contained in exactly one subset


parallel transport

parallel transport (countable and uncountable, plural parallel transports)

(geometry) A way of transporting geometrical data along smooth curves in a manifold.


iGen

From i- + Gen(eration), from having grown up with the internet and in particular smartphones. Popularized by American psychologist Jean Twenge in her book iGen (2017).

You should have heard some of the alternatives. According to MTV, other potential names included the Plurals, the Navigators, the Regenerators, iGen, ReGen and the Homeland Generation.

2015 December 2, “The Founders, the Plurals, iGen or ReGen – what should we call the post-millennials?”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(uncommon) Clipping of iGeneration; synonym of Generation Z.


Generation K

Coined by British economist and author Noreena Hertz in 2015. The K stands for Katniss Everdeen, a character in the young-adult novel The Hunger Games (2008).

coin

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Generation K.

A demographic cohort identified in 2015, consisting of 13- to 20-year-olds who are relatively anxious, intent on being unique, and concerned about inequality.


Star of Lakshmi

"Lakshmi" from the Hindu god Lakshmi and the "star" word in the noun denotes the octagram.

(geometry) A special octagram, a regular compound polygon, represented by Schläfli symbol {8/2} or 2{4}, made from two congruent squares with the same center at 45° angles.


Weaire-Phelan structure

en-noun

Weaire-Phelan structure (plural Weaire-Phelan structures)

Named after Denis Weaire and Robert Phelan, who in 1993 found that this structure was a better solution to the Kelvin problem of tiling space by equal-volume cells of minimum surface area than the previous best-known solution, the Kelvin structure.

(geometry) A three-dimensional structure representing an idealized foam of equal-sized bubbles, with two different shapes.


Boerdijk-Coxeter helix

Named after H. S. M. Coxeter and A. H. Boerdijk.

(geometry) A linear stacking of regular tetrahedra, arranged so that the edges of the complex that belong to only one tetrahedron form three intertwined helices.


Kakeya set

Named after Japanese mathematician Sōichi Kakeya.

(mathematics) A set of points in Euclidean space that contains a unit line segment in every direction.

Kakeya needle set
Kakeya needle set#English

(mathematics) Synonym of Kakeya needle set


Besicovitch set

Besicovitch set (plural Besicovitch sets)

Named after Russian mathematician Abram Besicovitch.

(mathematics) Synonym of Kakeya set (“set of points in Euclidean space that contains a unit line segment in every direction”)


SFT

sparse Fourier transform
w:sparse Fourier transform

(mathematics) Initialism of sparse Fourier transform.

I also show in the paper that LLMs are easily steerable into target locations of the political spectrum via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) requiring only modest compute and customized data, suggesting the critical role of SFT to imprint political preferences onto LLMs.

2024 February 2, David Rozado, “The Political Preferences of LLMs”, in Rozado’s Visual Analytics:

(machine learning) Initialism of supervised fine-tuning.


STFT

short-time Fourier transform
w:short-time Fourier transform

(mathematics) Initialism of short-time Fourier transform.


DPV

delegated path validation
w:delegated path validation

(cryptography) Initialism of delegated path validation.


Tschirnhausen cubic

Tschirnhausen cubic (plural Tschirnhausen cubics)

Named after Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708), German mathematician, physicist, physician, and philosopher. The name was first used in a 1900 paper by R. C. Archibald.

(geometry) A plane curve defined, in its left-opening form, by the polar equation r=a sec ³(θ/3) where sec is the secant function.


Dyck language

(mathematics, formal languages) The set of Dyck words; a balanced string of square brackets.


deepfakery

Bad cops are using deepfakery in order to help convict bad guys, just as bad guys are using deepfakery to help convict good guys, leaving us to ponder more angles than you might expect going into the show. “The Capture” is frightening, a little brainy, and damning of those who refuse to recognize deepfakery for the crisis it has become.

2020 August 14, Matthew Gilbert, “Watch ‘The Capture,’ but don’t believe your eyes”, in The Boston Globe:

Skistimas has also performed as Five Times August, whose Twitter account he used last week to get the goofiness started. I am not going to link to it. He posted a video supposedly showing Biden deepfakery. It has been viewed 1.4 million times.

2022 August 2, Tim Rogers, “No, There Are Not 10 Joe Bidens”, in D Magazine:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence) The creation and use of deepfakes, often with malicious intent.


youth bulge

A particular demographic challenge, widespread across India but particularly concentrated in poorer northern states, is that of the “youth bulge”. The median age of an Indian is 29 and the country is grappling with a vast, ambitious and increasingly restless young population, the majority of whom are unskilled, and for whom there are not enough schools, universities, training programmes and most of all, not enough jobs.

2022 November 14, Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “India faces deepening demographic divide as it prepares to overtake China as the world’s most populous country”, in The Guardian:

(demography) A demographic pattern where a high proportion of the population (of a country etc.) consists of children and young adults (usually between around 15 to 25 years of age).


median age

In 2020, the median age of the United States population was 38.5 years.

(demography) The age that divides a population (of a country etc.) into two numerically equivalent groups.


Hausdorff distance

Hausdorff distance (plural Hausdorff distances)

A few researchers have recently considered the use of the Hausdorff distance for hand-drawn pattern recognition [3, 26].

2010, Joaquim Jorge, Faramarz Samavati, editors, Sketch-based Interfaces and Modeling, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 142:

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

Hausdorff metric
Hausdorff metric#English

(mathematical analysis) Synonym of Hausdorff metric


attrition bias

attrition bias (countable and uncountable, plural attrition biases or attrition biasses)

attrition biases (plural)
attrition biasses (plural)

statistical analysis
statistical analysis

A type of selection bias in statistical analysis, caused by loss of participants (attrition) in the course of a study; the subjects that do not run into completion of the study may differ systematically of those who do.


differintegral

fractional derivative
fractional derivative

(mathematics, fractional calculus) Any type of mathematical operator which combines the properties of the fractional derivative and the fractional integral.


symbol pushing

The fact that we eventually reach a formulation free from logic (in terms of functional analysis) does not invalidate the use of logical tools: in fact the simplest way to prove termination (i.e. nilpotency) will always be standard logical manipulation, "symbol pushing"; but the existence of a model for this symbol pushing obviously brings in new methods, insights, etc.

1989, R. Ferro, Logic Colloquium '88, Elsevier Science, →ISBN, page 223:

Other mathematicians abhor visual proofs and only recognize 'symbol pushing'. Ideally, that would lead to a mathematics that would be fully independent of the human mind, and be simply the (uninterpreted!) output of a Turing machine.

2015, The Oxford Handbook of Perceptual Organization, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 47:

Now, before going any further, and to help convince you that this isn't all just "symbol pushing," let me show you an application of Fourier series that often occurs in mathematical physics.

2021, Paul J. Nahin, How to Fall Slower Than Gravity, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 129:

(mathematics, somewhat derogatory) The practice of solving mathematical problems by manipulating symbols (as in algebra) rather than through visual or intuitive understanding.


symbol-pushing

Reasoning by equivalence is essentially a symbol-pushing technique, which reduces algebraic reasoning to a mechanical calculation. There is nothing pejorative in describing this activity as symbol-pushing or as mechanical: in some senses this automation is liberating.

1995, Proof Technology in Mathematics Research and Teaching, Springer International Publishing, →ISBN, page 314:

Perhaps no mechanistic symbol-pushing system could ever produce behavior that matched that of humans—after all, not all kinds of mechanisms can be used to produce all kinds of results.

1999, Max Hailperin, Barbara Kaiser, Karl Knight, Concrete Abstractions, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 203:

Personally I think I would have to accept any computer that were to pass the Turing Test as intelligent. Human use of language is so intricate and so laden with meaning that I don't believe this test could ever be passed without real understanding of what is being said. I tend to doubt, however, that any traditional rule-following, symbol-pushing computer will ever pass the test.

2018, David J. Eck, The Most Complex Machine, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 427:

(mathematics, somewhat derogatory) Using symbol pushing; solving mathematical problems by manipulating symbols (as in algebra) rather than through visual or intuitive understanding.


symbol pusher

That is to say, in both cases we have in mind an intended model or structure for our theory. We are not in the position of mere "symbol pushers."

1985, Jerry R. Hobbs, Robert C. Moore, Formal Theories of the Commonsense World, Ablex Pub., →ISBN, page 444:

[…] it is clear that the symbol pusher does not understand Chinese at all; he is only following meaningless instructions. Because computer models, particularly of the symbolic variety, are merely manipulating symbols, and hence understand nothing about what they are doing, they are poor models.

2003, Thomas R. Shultz, Computational Developmental Psychology, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 227:

While known today as a theoretician, Einstein was not just a symbol pusher; the physics of D appears in much detail in his papers on Brownian motion.

2009, Paul J. Nahin, Mrs. Perkins's Electric Quilt, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 282:

(mathematics, somewhat derogatory) Someone who engages in symbol pushing; someone solving mathematical problems by manipulating symbols (as in algebra) rather than through visual or intuitive understanding.


tangent line

(differential geometry) Synonym of tangent (“straight line touching a curve at a single point without crossing it there”).