contour line

(geography) A line on a map through points of equal elevation, often height above sea level.


isogon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-isogon.wav


sextant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sextant.wav

(geometry) One sixth of a circle or disc; a sector with an angle of 60°.


wagon

→ Dutch: wagon

→ French: wagon (see there for further descendants)

→ German: Waggon

→ Japanese: わごん, ワゴン (wagon)

→ Polish: wagon

→ Spanish: vagón

Borrowed from Middle Dutch wagen, from Old Dutch *wagan, from Proto-West Germanic *wagn, from Proto-Germanic *wagnaz (“wagon”), from Proto-Indo-European *woǵʰnos (“wagon, primitive carriage”), from *weǵʰ- (“to transport”). Doublet of wain. Related also to way, weigh.
Sense 8 (“woman of loose morals; obnoxious woman”) is probably a derogatory and jocular reference to a woman being “ridden”, that is, mounted for the purpose of sexual intercourse.
The verb is derived from the noun.

wa

four-wheeled cart for hauling loads — see also cart

(mathematics) A kind of prefix used in de Bruijn notation.


depressed

en-adj

depressed (comparative more depressed, superlative most depressed)

more depressed (comparative)
most depressed (superlative)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

The cubic function x³ + cx + d = 0, where one of the terms has a coefficient of zero, is a depressed cubic.

(mathematics) Reduced to a lower degree or form.


snub

en-adj

snub (comparative more snub, superlative most snub)

more snub (comparative)
most snub (superlative)

From Middle English snubben (also snibben), from Old Norse snubba (“to curse, chide, snub, scold, reprove”), which, like the source of English snip, is probably imitative in some manner. Cognate with Danish snibbe, dialectal Swedish snebba.

onomatopoeic

imitative

(mathematics, of a polyhedron) Derived from a simpler polyhedron by the addition of extra triangular faces.

pullistettu

derived from a simpler polyhedron by the addition of triangular faces


association

en-noun

association (countable and uncountable, plural associations)

/əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

/əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃən/

/əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

From Latin associātiō, from associō (perhaps via French association).
Morphologically associate + -ion
The Philippine sense is a calque of Spanish gremio.

robust association of massive baryonic objects

(statistics) Any relationship between two measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent (but not necessarily causal or a correlation).


zone

→ Korean: 존 (jon)

→ Punjabi: ਜ਼ੋਨ (zon)

From Latin zōna, from Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē, “girdle, belt”).

der

1835, Charles Davies, David Brewster (editors and translators), Adrien-Marie Legendre, Elements of Geometry and Trigonometry, [1794, Eléments de géométrie], page 293,
To find the surface of a spherical zone.
Rule.—Multiply the altitude of the zone by the circumference of a great circle of the sphere, and the product will be the surface (Book VIII. Prop. X. Sch. 1).

A zone of a sphere is the curved surface of a frustum.[…]Determine, correct to 3 significant figures (a) the volume of the frustum of the sphere, (b) the radius of the sphere and (c) the area of the zone formed.

2014, John Bird, Engineering Mathematics, page 183:

(geometry) The curved surface of a frustum of a sphere, the portion of surface of a sphere delimited by parallel planes.

(geometry, loosely, perhaps by meronymy) A frustum of a sphere.


signature

/ˈsɪɡnət͡ʃə(ɹ)/

/ˈsɪɡnɪt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

/ˈsɪɡnət͡ʃɚ/

/ˈsɪɡnɪt͡ʃɚ/

/ˈsɪɡnɪt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

Borrowed from Middle French signature, or from Medieval Latin signātūra, future active periphrastic of verb signāre (“to sign”) from signum (“sign”), + -tūra, feminine of -tūrus, future active periphrastic suffix. Displaced native Old English handseten (literally “hand setting”).

nc

(cryptography) Data attached to a message that guarantees that the message originated from its claimed source.

簽名 /签名

cryptography: data attached to a message that guarantees that the message originated from its claimed source

(mathematics) A tuple specifying the sign of coefficients in any diagonal form of a quadratic form.


arithmetic

/æɹɪθˈmɛtɪk/

From French arithmétique, from Latin arithmēticus, from Ancient Greek ἀριθμητῐκός (arithmētĭkós).

der

List of terms used in arithmetic in English

arithmetic geometry

Moreover, the latest work of Katz, involving the so-called 'Larsen alternative', provides new criteria, of a very arithmetic nature, to (almost) determine the rational monodromy group

2008, Emmanuel Kowalski, The large sieve and its applications: arithmetic geometry, random ..., page 189:

(mathematics) Of, relating to, or using arithmetic; arithmetical.

arithmetic progression

(arithmetic) Of a progression, mean, etc, computed solely using addition.


isthmus

Borrowing from Latin isthmus (“a strip of land between two seas”), from Ancient Greek ῐ̓σθμός (ĭsthmós, “neck, narrow passage”), possibly from εἶμῐ (eîmĭ, “to go”). Cognate to Old Norse eið (“isthmus”).

bor

(graph theory) An edge in a graph whose deletion increases the number of connected components of the graph.


scheme

→ Irish: scéim

→ Malay: skim

Borrowed from Medieval Latin schēma (“figure, form”), from Ancient Greek σχῆμα (skhêma, “form, shape”), from ἔχω (ékhō, “I hold”). Doublet of schema. Compare sketch.

der

locally ringed space
locally ringed space

(mathematics) A mathematical structure that generalizes the notion of an algebraic variety in several ways, such as taking account of multiplicities and allowing "varieties" defined over any commutative ring. Formally, a locally ringed space that admits a covering by open sets, each of which is isomorphic to an affine scheme (i.e. the spectrum of some commutative ring).

esquema

mathematics: structure that enlarges the notion of algebraic variety


brachistochrone

From Ancient Greek βράχιστος (brákhistos, “shortest”) + χρόνος (khrónos, “time”). The term was coined by Johann Bernoulli.

quote-book

2012, Liberzon, Daniel, Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control Theory: A Concise Introduction, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 30:

Let A and B be two fixed points. Then the time it takes a particle to slide under the influence of gravity along some path joining A and B depends on the choice of the path (curve), and hence is a functional. The curve such that the particle takes the least time to go from A to B is called the brachistochrone.

1963, Gelfand, I.M. and S.V. Fomin, Calculus of Variations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., page 3:

(mathematics) A cycloid; the curve of fastest descent between two points.


impute

en-verb

impute (third-person singular simple present imputes, present participle imputing, simple past and past participle imputed)

imputes (present singular third-person)
imputing (participle present)
imputed (participle past)
imputed (past)

Borrowed from Middle French imputer, from Latin imputō (“to bring into the reckoning, charge, impute”).

der

We will use a logistic regression model to impute values of nominal and ordinal variables and a linear regression model to impute values of continuous variables.

2010, Mamdouh Refaat, Data Preparation for Data Mining Using SAS, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 184:

remove observed values and impute

2012, Stef van Buuren, Flexible Imputation of Missing Data, page 263:

(transitive, statistics) To replace missing data with substituted values.


monotone

en-adj

monotone (comparative more monotone, superlative most monotone)

more monotone (comparative)
most monotone (superlative)

From the post-Classical Latin monotonus (“unvarying in tone”) or its etymon the Ancient Greek μονότονος (monótonos, “steady”, “unwavering”); compare cognate adjectives, namely the French monotone, the German monoton, the Italian monotono, and the Spanish monótono, as well as the slightly earlier English noun monotony and adjective monotonical.

The function f(x)#58;#61;x³ is monotone on #92;R, while g(x)#58;#61;x² is not.

(mathematics) Being, or having the salient properties of, a monotone function.


mantissa

en-noun

mantissa (plural mantissas or mantissae)

Borrowed from Latin mantissa, mantīsa, of unknown origin (said by Festus to be a loanword from Etruscan, but it may actually be from Celtic, possibly through Etruscan mediation).

(mathematics) The part of a common logarithm after the decimal point, the fractional part of a logarithm.

mantissa

part of a logarithm after the decimal point

floating-point number
floating-point number

(mathematics, computing) The significand; that part of a floating-point number or number in scientific notation that contains its significant digits.


rig

From ring (“algebraic structure”), omitting the letter n to suggest the lack of negatives. Compare rng (“structure like a ring but lacking a multiplicative identity”).

The set of natural numbers N with the usual operations of addition and multiplication is a rig, but not a ring. The set of integers Z is a ring. For a rig/ring (R,0,+,1,−), the set of polynomials R[x] on a generator x with the usual operations of addition and multiplication is also a rig/ring.

2004, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, volume 39, ACM Press, page 81:

2004, Jerzy Marcinkowski (editor), Computer Science Logic: 18th International Workshop, CSL 2004, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 3210, page 17,
It follows that for each object A its endomorphisms End_C(A) = C(A,A) has the structure of what is now called a rig, that is to say a (commutative) ring without negatives.

(algebra, ring theory) An algebraic structure similar to a ring, but without the requirement that every element have an additive inverse.

semiring

algebraic structure like a ring but without additive inverses


board-foot

A unit of cubic measure for timber, equal to one foot square by one inch thick.


statute mile

The land mile in its various forms, distinguished from the nautical mile.


cubit

From Middle English cubite, from Latin cubitum (“elbow, cubit”). Doublet of cubitus.

Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature?

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 6:27:

The distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger used as an informal unit of length.


British thermal unit

British thermal unit (plural British thermal units)

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at a particular temperature (there are several different precise definitions) and a pressure of one atmosphere.

英熱單位 /英热单位

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at a particular temperature


angstrom

Borrowed from Swedish ångström, named after Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström.

named-after

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation#English

(physics, metrology) A unit of length equal to 10⁻¹⁰ meters (that is, one ten-billionth of a meter), approximately the size of an atom, and denoted by the symbol Å, used especially to measure the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation or distances between atoms.


kink

en-noun

kink (countable and uncountable, plural kinks)

From Dutch kink (“a twist or curl in a rope”), from Proto-Germanic *kenk-, *keng- (“to bend, turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *gengʰ- (“to turn, wind, braid, weave”). Compare Middle Low German kinke (“spiral screw, coil”), Old Norse kikna (“to bend backwards, sink at the knee”), Icelandic kengur (“a bend or bight; a metal crook”). Probably related to kick.

cog

sine-Gordon equation
sine-Gordon equation

(mathematics) A positive 1-soliton solution to the sine-Gordon equation.


bundle

From Middle English bundel, from Middle Dutch bondel or Old English byndele, byndelle (“a binding; tying; fastening with bands”); both from Proto-Germanic *bundil-, derivative of *bundą (“bundle”). Compare also bindle, Dutch bundel, German Bündel.

Meronym: stalk space

(mathematics) Topological space composed of a base space and fibers projected to the base space.


roster

Borrowed from Dutch rooster (“gridiron, table, list”), from Middle Dutch roosten (“to roast”). More at roast.

(mathematics) A bracketed list that shows the elements of a set.


roster

en-verb

roster (third-person singular simple present rosters, present participle rostering, simple past and past participle rostered)

rosters (present singular third-person)
rostering (participle present)
rostered (participle past)
rostered (past)

(transitive, mathematics) To show the elements of a set by listing them inside brackets.


coloring

en-noun

coloring (countable and uncountable, plural colorings)

(graph theory) An assignment of a color to each vertex of a graph, usually such that no two vertices connected by an edge are given the same color.


anti

Conversion of the prefix anti- to an adjective.

On one occasion, franchise supporters accused antis of dumping lemons, wet sponges, rolls of ticker tape, bags of water, and garbage pails on innocent suffrage supporters parading outside the anti-suffrage offices.

2002, Thomas Jablonsky, “Female Opposition: The Anti-Suffrage Campaign”, in Jean H. Baker, editor, Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited (Viewpoints on American culture), Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 121:

Antis jumped on this announcement, calling it vote buying and indicative of the hypocrisy of prohibitionists who talked incessantly in the first election about the immorality of the antis' vote-buying efforts.

2012, H. Paul Thompson, Jr., A Most Stirring and Significant Episode: Religion and the Rise and Fall of Prohibition in Black Atlanta, 1865–1887, page 222:

A person opposed to a concept or principle.


surgery

surgery (countable and uncountable, plural surgeries)

/ˈsɜːd͡ʒəɹi/

From Middle English surgerie, from Old French surgerie, from Latin chirurgia, from Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía), from χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”). Doublet of chirurgy.

(topology) The production of a manifold by removing parts of one manifold and replacing them with corresponding parts of others.


catenary

From Late Latin catenaria, in turn from Latin catēna (“chain”). Attested since 1788.

/ˈkætəˌnɛɹi/

(geometry) The curve described by a flexible chain or a rope if it is supported at each end and is acted upon by no other forces than a uniform gravitational force due to its own weight and variations involving additional and non-uniform forces. It is described by the hyperbolic cosine function.


MV

measured variable
measured variable#English

(statistics) Initialism of measured variable.


minus

From Middle English mynus, from Latin minus, neuter form of minor, comparative form of parvus (“small, little”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“few, small”).

Seven minus two is five.

(mathematics) Made less or reduced by (followed by an expression of number or quantity).


minus

On the third day a Master Barnard brings me up a slate full of plusses, minusses, x, y, z’s, and other letters of the alphabet, in a most amiable algebraical confusion.

1835 January, the Sub-Editor [i.e., Edward Howard], “The Life of a Sub-Editor”, in The Metropolitan Magazine, volume XII, number XLV, London: Saunders and Otley, […], page 427:


Twofish

An encryption algorithm, related to the earlier Blowfish, used in modern cryptographic software.


transpose

en-verb

transpose (third-person singular simple present transposes, present participle transposing, simple past and past participle transposed)

transposes (present singular third-person)
transposing (participle present)
transposed (participle past)
transposed (past)

From Middle English transposen, from Old French transposer, from Latin trānspositus, perfect passive participle of trānspōnō (“to put across”), from trāns (“across”) + pōnō (“to put”).

(transitive, algebra) To move (a term) from one side of an algebraic equation to the other, reversing the sign of the term.

пренасям

algebra: to move (a term) to the other side of an equation

(transitive, linear algebra) To rearrange elements in a matrix, by interchanging their respective row and column positional indicators.

transponovat

mathematics: to rearrange elements in a matrix

(transitive, graph theory) To reverse the direction of every edge of (a graph).


transpose

(linear algebra) Created by transposing a specified matrix.

(graph theory) Created by transposing a specified graph.


transpose

(linear algebra) The matrix derived from performing a transpose operation on a given matrix.

(graph theory) A graph whose every edge has had its direction reversed.


transpose

(linear algebra) The process of rearranging elements in a matrix, by interchanging their respective row and column positional indicators.


simple harmonic motion

en-noun

simple harmonic motion (plural simple harmonic motions)

(mathematics, mechanics) oscillating motion (as of a pendulum) in which the acceleration of the oscillator has an equal magnitude but opposite direction to the displacement of it from the equilibrium position.


neglect

en-verb

neglect (third-person singular simple present neglects, present participle neglecting, simple past and past participle neglected)

neglects (present singular third-person)
neglecting (participle present)
neglected (participle past)
neglected (past)

From Middle English neclect, from Latin neglēctus, perfect passive participle of neglegō (“make light of, disregard, not to pick up”), a variant of neclegō, itself from nec (“not”) + legō (“pick up, select”). Recorded since a. 1460, as noun since 1588.

We can neglect this term, as it approaches zero in the limit anyway.

This problem says to neglect air resistance.

(transitive, mathematics) To ignore for the sake of simplifying calculations without significantly affecting accuracy.


frequently

en-adv

frequently (comparative more frequently, superlative most frequently)

more frequently (comparative)
most frequently (superlative)

(mathematics, of a sequence) For infinitely many terms of the sequence.


univalent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-univalent.wav

(complex analysis, of a (holomorphic) function) (Holomorphic and) injective.


multiply

en-verb

multiply (third-person singular simple present multiplies, present participle multiplying, simple past and past participle multiplied)

multiplies (present singular third-person)
multiplying (participle present)
multiplied (participle past)
multiplied (past)

From Old French multiplier, from Latin multiplicō, from multi (“many”) + plicō (“I fold”).
The noun presumably derives from the verb.

when you multiply 3 by 7, you get 21; he multiplied several numbers

(transitive, arithmetic, with by) To perform multiplication on (a number).

shumëzoj

transitive: perform multiplication on (a number)

He had been multiplying, but it occurred to him he needed to resolve the exponents, first.

(intransitive, arithmetic) To perform multiplication.


tremendous

en-adj

tremendous (comparative more tremendous, superlative most tremendous)

more tremendous (comparative)
most tremendous (superlative)

From Latin tremendus (“fearful, terrible”), gerundive of tremō (“to tremble”), + -ous.

This she spoke with so commanding an air, standing with her back to the fire, with one hand behind her, and a pinch of snuff in the other, that I question whether Thalestris, at the head of her Amazons, ever made a more tremendous figure.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:


forcing

en-noun

forcing (countable and uncountable, plural forcings)

(set theory) A technique used to prove the consistency of certain axioms in set theory. See forcing (mathematics).

כפייה

set theory: a technique used to prove the consistency of certain axioms


extrapolate

en-verb

extrapolate (third-person singular simple present extrapolates, present participle extrapolating, simple past and past participle extrapolated)

extrapolates (present singular third-person)
extrapolating (participle present)
extrapolated (participle past)
extrapolated (past)

(transitive, mathematics) To estimate the value of a variable outside a known range from values within that range by assuming that the estimated value follows logically from the known ones

外推

to estimate the value of a variable outside a known range


galactic

en-adj

galactic (comparative more galactic, superlative most galactic)

more galactic (comparative)
most galactic (superlative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γαλακτικός (galaktikós, “milky”), from γάλα (gála, “milk”). Doublet of galactico.

bor

The policies and decisions to be made were neither very complex nor very numerous, since at that time, the needs and priorities in Germany did not involve issues of galactic impact, […]

1998, Mark Lynton, Accidental Journey: A Cambridge Intern's Memory of World War II:

For a fashion journal, there is a more important and more difficult judgement to make: Is the work of such galactic significance as to be eligible to grace the pages of this magnificent journal?

1999, Jonathan Michael Wyndham Slack, Egg & ego: an almost true story of life in the biology lab, page 65:

“Yes, his heart is one of galactic proportions.”

2007, Jeffrey P. Brown, Black Body Radiation and the Ultraviolet Catastrophe, page 128:

The credit crunch became a mess of galactic proportions.

2008, José D. Roncal, José N. Abbo, The Big Gamble: Are You Investing Or Speculating?, page 94:

(figuratively) Enormous (in size or impact).


(indicating emotion): Perhaps borrowed from Japanese ~, 〜, 〰, emphatic form of ー (long vowel mark).

She brought ~10 shirts for a two-day trip.

In case you hadn’t heard, we have another Bravolebrity breakup on our hands. And by that, I mean The Valley stars Jax Taylor and Brittany Cartwright are getting divorced ~six months after announcing their separation.

2024 August 29, Mehera Bonner, “Brittany Cartwright Served Jax Taylor Divorce Papers While They Were Filming ‘The Valley’”, in Cosmopolitan:

(mathematics, Internet slang, text messaging) Approximately.


numeric

From French numérique, from Latin numerus (“number”).

(mathematics) Any number, proper or improper fraction, or incommensurable ratio.


mathematical

en-adj

mathematical (comparative more mathematical, superlative most mathematical)

more mathematical (comparative)
most mathematical (superlative)

/ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl/

General American, weak vowel distinction

/ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl/

/ˌmæθəˈmætəkəl/

From Middle English mathematicalle, mathematical, from Medieval Latin mathēmaticālis.

a mathematical problem

[…]he looked up the uninteresting left road to the fortifications. It was new, long, white, regular, tapering to a vanishing point, like a lesson in perspective. […] Smaller and smaller she waned up the rigid mathematical road, still gazing at the soldier aloft, as Pierston gazed at her.

Although Galileo had designed a pendulum clock, he never actually constructed one. The first pendulum clock was constructed by the Dutch physicist Christian Huygens (1629–1695) in 1657. He also developed the mathematical theory of the pendulum. Newton also studied the motion of a pendulum and experimented with pendulums made of different materials and of different lengths.

1961, Henry Semat, Fundamentals of PHYSICS, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, page 161:

Some poems, echoing the purpose of early poetic treatises on scientific principles, attempt to elucidate the mathematical concepts that underlie prime numbers. Others play with primes’ cultural associations. Still others derive their structure from mathematical patterns involving primes.

2013 July-August, Sarah Glaz, “Ode to Prime Numbers”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:


descent

en-noun

descent (countable and uncountable, plural descents)

From Middle English and Anglo-Norman descente, from Anglo-Norman descendre (“to descend”); see descend. Compare ascent, ascend. Doublet of desant.

(topology) A particular extension of the idea of gluing.


one-to-one

en-adj

one-to-one (comparative more one-to-one, superlative most one-to-one)

more one-to-one (comparative)
most one-to-one (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-one-to-one.wav

(mathematics, of a function) Injective, being an injection: having the property that no two elements of the domain are mapped to the same image.


multiple

From French multiple, itself from Late Latin multiplus.

14, 21 and 70 are multiples of 7

(mathematics) A whole number that can be divided by another number with no remainder.

кратно

a number that may be divided by another number with no remainder


reduction

en-noun

reduction (countable and uncountable, plural reductions)

From Middle English reduccion, a borrowing from Old French reducion, from Latin reductiō, reductiōnem.

(mathematics) The rewriting of an expression into a simpler form.


inclination

inclination (countable and uncountable, plural inclinations)

From Middle English inclinacioun, inclinacyon, from Old French inclination and Latin inclīnātiō.
Morphologically incline + -ation

The astronomer calculated the inclination of the equator or ecliptic of Earth and the orbital planes of each visible heavenly body.

Artillery must take account of a weapon's precise inclination.

(geometry) The angle of intersection of a reference plane


ecliptic

Borrowed from Latin eclīptica. So named because an eclipse can occur only when the Moon lies on this plane.

(geometry) A great circle drawn on a terrestrial globe, used for illustrating and solving astronomical problems.


geometric progression

geometric progression (plural geometric progressions)

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis) A sequence in which each term except the first is obtained from the previous by multiplying it by a constant value, known as the common ratio of the geometric progression.


gross

en-adj

gross (comparative grosser or more gross, superlative grossest or most gross)

grosser (comparative)
more gross (comparative)
grossest (superlative)
most gross (superlative)

From Middle English gross (“whole, entire; flagrant, monstrous”), from Old French gros (“big, thick, large, stout”), from Late Latin grossus (“thick in diameter, coarse”), and Medieval Latin grossus (“great, big”), influenced by Old High German grōz (“big, thick, coarse”), from Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“large, great, thick, coarse grained, unrefined”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to rub, to stroke, to grind”).
Cognate with French grossier (“gross”). See also French dialectal grôt, groût (“large”) (Berry) and grô (“large”) (Burgundy), Catalan gros (“big”), Dutch groot (“big, large”), German groß (“large”), English great.

der

gross anatomy

We are accustomed to look for the gross and immediate effect and to ignore all else. Unless this appears promptly and in such obvious form that it cannot be ignored, we deny the existence of hazard.

1962, Rachel Carson, chapter 12, in Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 190:

(sciences, pathology) Seen without a microscope (usually for a tissue or an organ); at a large scale; not detailed.

The flowers of Rubens are gross and rude […]

1860, John Ruskin, chapter 10, in Modern Painters […], volume V, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, , § 5:

He scorned my wholesome kennel fare, toothing out dainties and leaving the grosser portions to be finished by the other dogs.

1944, Emily Carr, “Lorenzo Was Registered”, in The House of All Sorts:

(of a product) Lacking refinement; not of high quality.


gross

en-noun

gross (countable and uncountable, plural gross or grosses)


tropical

en-adj

tropical (comparative more tropical, superlative most tropical)

more tropical (comparative)
most tropical (superlative)

(mathematics) Pertaining to tropical geometry.


cyclic

cyclic (comparative more cyclic, superlative most cyclic)

more cyclic (comparative)
most cyclic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek κυκλικός (kuklikós). Possibly from cycle + -ic.

(mathematics, of a group) Being generated by only one element.

(geometry, of a polygon) Able to be inscribed in a circle.


triple point

The number of the distinguished edges whose orientations point towards the triple point is exactly one, or exactly two.

1998, J. Scott Carter, Masahico Saito, Knotted Surfaces and Their Diagrams, →ISBN, page 162:

A cubic surface with a triple point (a cubic cone) may or may not be rational.

2007, Rida T Farouki, Pythagorean-Hodograph Curves: Algebra and Geometry Inseparable, →ISBN:

(mathematics) A point where a curve or surface intersects itself along three arcs.


spindle

From Middle English spyndel, spindle, spyndylle, from Old English spindle, spindel, alteration of earlier spinel, spinil, spinl (“spindle”), from Proto-West Germanic *spinnilu (“spindle”), equivalent to spin + -le. Cognate with Scots spindil, spinnell (“spindle”), Dutch spindel ("spindle"; < Middle Dutch spille, spinle), German Spindel (“spindle”), Danish spindel (“spindle”), Swedish spindel (“spindle”).

gloss

(geometry) A solid generated by the revolution of a curved line about its base or double ordinate or chord.


incircle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-incircle.wav

To construct the incircle of ΔABC, we need the center of the circle and a pass-through point.

2003, Clark Kimberling, Geometry in Action: A Discovery Approach Using the Geometer's Sketchpad, page 16:

Having constructed K, the incircle of the quadrilateral can be easily constructed since it is tangent to BA and BC.

2005, István Reiman, International Mathematical Olympiad: 1959-1975, page 51:

For example, in Figure 4.2a only two edges of the polygon are tangent to the incircle. The other four edges do not even touch the incircle, but their extensions, shown by dotted lines, are tangent to the incircle.

2012, Tom M. Apostol, Mamikon A. Mnatsakanian, New Horizons in Geometry, Mathematical Association of America, page 106:

(geometry) A circle within a polygon, especially a triangle, that is tangent to each side.

вписана окръжност

the circle within a polygon that is tangent to each side


decilitre

When the boy was admitted, Carter said, the haemoglobin count was 8.3 grams per decilitre.

2014, Ian McEwan, The Children Act, Penguin Random House (2018), page 66:

(metrology) An SI unit of fluid equal to 10⁻¹ liters. Symbol: dl.


mina

Borrowed from Latin mina, from Ancient Greek μνᾶ (mnâ, “mna”). Compare maneh, from Biblical Hebrew מָנֶה (māne), as well as maund.

What then of the actual fine of thirty minae Socrates proposes? Thirty minae was a large sum, “the equivalent of approximately eight-and-one-half years′ wages," according to one recent estimate (Brickhouse and Smith 1988, 227); enough to buy a library of three thousand philosophy books, if the price of Anaxogoras′ book is any guide (26d6-e2).

1989, C. D. C Reeve, Socrates in the Apology: An Essay on Plato′s Apology of Socrates, page 174:

(historical) A monetary unit of ancient Greece and the Middle East, originally equivalent to the weight of a mina of silver.


conversion

en-noun

conversion (countable and uncountable, plural conversions)

From Middle English conversion, conversioun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman conversion, from Latin conversiō, from convertō.

обръщане

the act of having converted something or someone

המרת דת

to replace one religious faith with another

the conversion of equations; the conversion of proportions

(mathematics) A change or reduction of the form or value of a proposition.


pie chart

From its circular shape, resembling a circular pie, of which portions are typically divided by radial cuts.

A pictorial graph in the shape of a circle, with segments representing related proportions


gill

From Middle English gille, from Old French gille (“a wine measure”), from Medieval Latin gillo (“earthenware jar”).

der

(dated, US) A unit of measure equal to 4 US fluid ounces (half a cup, a quarter of a US pint), approximately 118 milliliters.


hull

From Middle English holle, hoole (“hull, hold of a ship, ship”), of uncertain origin. Possibly a variant and special use of Etymology 1 above, conformed to hull. Alternatively, a variant of Middle English hole, hoole, holle (“hiding place, lair, den, shelter, compartment”, literally “hole, hollow”), related to Middle Dutch and Dutch hol (“hole, ship's cargo hold”). More at hole.

The orthogonal convex hull of an orthogonal polygon is the smallest orthogonally convex polygon that encloses the original polygon.

holomorphically convex hull; affine hull; injective hull

(mathematics, geometry, of a set A) The smallest set that possesses a particular property (such as convexity) and contains every point of A; slightly more formally, the intersection of all sets which possess the specified property and of which A is a subset.


paucity

en-noun

paucity (countable and uncountable, plural paucities)

From Middle English paucete, paucite, paucyte, partly from Middle French paucité and partly from its etymon, Latin paucitās (“a small number, fewness, scarcity”), from paucus (“few, little”). Related to few.

der

But when I had crossed the threshold, I was astonished at the paucity of facts to be gleaned from the inmates themselves.

1915, Anna Katharine Green, The Golden Slipper, problem 7:

This paucity of trains helps to explain why electrification is not planned between Paris and Belfort.

1963 January, “Beyond the Channel: France”, in Modern Railways, page 60:

Your tax refund might be late, owing to a paucity of number crunchers.

2006 July 13, Po Bronson, Ashley Merryman, “Uncle Sam Wants You”, in Time, archived from the original on 2009-10-10:

I have always argued that despite my opposition to rail privatisation, I should be grateful that John Major won the 1992 election on a platform to sell off the railways, as otherwise my column would have disappeared given the paucity of things to write about.

2024 January 10, Christian Wolmar, “A time for change? ... just as it was back in issue 262”, in RAIL, number 1000, page 60:

It cannot be denied it [the chameleon] is (if not the moſt of any) a very abſtemious animall, and ſuch as by reaſon of its frigidity, paucity of bloud, and latitancy in the winter (about which time the obſervations are often made) will long ſubſist without a viſible ſuſtentation.

1650, Thomas Browne, “Of the Cameleon”, in Pseudodoxia Epidemica: […], 2nd edition, London: […] A[braham] Miller, for Edw[ard] Dod and Nath[aniel] Ekins, […], →OCLC, 3rd book, page 133:

Now came shipwrecks and life in open boats, with the usual paucity of food.

Here is where the paucity of our language is made manifest.

1915, Gene Stratton-Porter, chapter 12, in Michael O'Halloran:

Genteel America was handicapped by meagerness of soul, thinness of temper, paucity of talent.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 407:

There are also texts that present more lengthy lists, of between ten and thirty examples, and in doing so include some less common terms. But, on the whole, there is at present a paucity of information about these terms.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 2:

A smallness in size or amount that is insufficient; meagerness, dearth.


square metre

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A floor 4 metres square contains 16 square metres.

As towns continue to grow, replanting vegetation has become a form of urban utopia and green roofs are spreading fast. Last year 1m square metres of plant-covered roofing was built in France, as much as in the US, and 10 times more than in Germany, the pioneer in this field.

2013 May 10, Audrey Garric, “Urban canopies let nature bloom”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 22, page 30:

A standard unit of area, regardless of its shape, equal to the area of a square whose sides are one metre long (that is, an area one meter square) Symbol: m²


spacefiller

Spacefiller patterns might possibly even be within reach of current search programs; these would have much more predictable (and higher) growth rates from the start.

2008 May 31, Dave Greene, “Life: B37/S23 - A Chaotic Universe.”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Other things that can be built (I see no reason why not) are a self-replicator, quadratically growing spacefiller, programmable computer/constructor, self-growing prime number sieve.

2009 December 16, Mark Jeronimus, “WireWorld Extendable 3”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A pattern that grows quadratically by filling space with still life.


perplexity

en-noun

perplexity (countable and uncountable, plural perplexities)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-perplexity.wav

From Middle English perplexite, borrowed from Middle French perplexité or post-classical Latin perplexitās, from perplexus (“entangled”). By surface analysis, perplex + -ity.

probability distribution
probability distribution

(information theory) A measure of how well a probability distribution or model predicts a sample.


cross section

(mathematics, statistics) A sample meant to be representative of a whole population.

представителна извадка

(mathematics, statistics) representative sample


petal

From Ancient Greek πέταλον (pétalon), from πέταλος (pétalos, “broad, flat”), from Proto-Hellenic *pétalos, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out”), whence Latin pandō and Proto-Germanic *faþmaz (“embrace”) (English fathom).

der

(geometry) A lobe of a rose (geometric shape).


vigesimal

From Latin vīcēsimus (“twentieth”) (from *vīcēnssos, from Proto-Indo-European *wi(h₁)ḱm̥ttós, with the -imus ending of decimus (“tenth”)) + -al (suffix forming an adjective). Compare Latin vīgintī (“twenty”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wih₁ḱm̥ti, from *dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti(h₁), *dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti (“two tens; two decades”).

To go on by hands and feet to 20, and thence to reckon by twenties, is a vigesimal notation. Now though in the larger proportion of known languages, no distinct mention of fingers and toes, hands and feet, is observable in the numerals themselves, yet the very schemes of quinary, decimal and vigesimal notation remain to vouch for such hand-and-foot counting having been the original method on which they were founded.

1871, Edward B[urnett] Tylor, “The Art of Counting”, in Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. … In Two Volumes, volume I, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC, page 236:

The most remarkable vigesimal scale of numeration is that of the Mexicans. The decimal scale is adopted as far as twenty; that is to say, after ten the primitive digits are repeated, but from twenty onwards the numbers are taken by twenties. Thus 34 is canlahhutukal, literally fourteen and twenty.

1875, James A[llanson] Picton, “On the Origin and History of the Numerals”, in Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, volume XXIX, London: Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer; Liverpool: D. Marples & Co. Limited, Lord Street, →OCLC, page 87:

With regard to the Danish numeral-words founded on the vigesimal system of numeration, it must be admitted that here the explanation fails which has been given for the divergence of the forms representing 70, 80 and 90 from the forms representing the lower numerals of 10 in the case of some other languages, since in the present case the forms for 50 and 60 also depart from the decimal system; […]

1923, Melius de Villiers, “Aryan Numeral-words”, in The Numeral-words: Their Origin, Meaning, History and Lesson, London: H. F. & G. Witherby, 326 High Holborn, London, W.C.; Cape Town; Johannesburg; Port Elizabeth: Juta & Co., →OCLC, page 93:

[I]t is not known whether they [the Maya] progressed beyond a "vigesimal point" to negative powers of 20, i.e. to vigesimal fractions.

1970, Petr Beckmann, “The Belt”, in A History of π (Pi), Boulder, Colo.: The Golem Press, →ISBN; republished New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press, 1971, →ISBN, page 34:


valuation

en-noun

valuation (countable and uncountable, plural valuations)

From Middle French valuation, noun of action from valuer, from Old French valoir.

(algebra) A measure of size or multiplicity.

(measure theory, domain theory) A map from the class of open sets of a topological space to the set of positive real numbers including infinity.


focal point

(game theory) A solution that people will tend to use in the absence of communication, because it seems natural, special, or relevant.


persistent

en-adj

persistent (comparative more persistent, superlative most persistent)

more persistent (comparative)
most persistent (superlative)

From Latin persistentem, present participle of persistō (“continue steadfastly”). By surface analysis, persist + -ent.

(mathematics) Describing a fractal process that has a positive Brown function

(mathematics, stochastic processes, of a state) non-transient.


discretize

en-verb

discretize (third-person singular simple present discretizes, present participle discretizing, simple past and past participle discretized)

discretizes (present singular third-person)
discretizing (participle present)
discretized (participle past)
discretized (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-discretize.wav

(transitive, mathematics, computing) To convert (a continuous space) into an equivalent discrete space, often for the purposes of easier calculation.

discretiseren

convert continuous space into discrete space


insist

insist (third-person singular simple present insists, present participle insisting, simple past and past participle insisted)

insists (present singular third-person)
insisting (participle present)
insisted (participle past)
insisted (past)

Partly from Middle French insister, from Latin īnsistere; and partly from a back-formation from insistence.

Angles likewise which insist on the Diameter, are all Right Angles.

1709, Venturus Mandey, Synopsis Mathematica Universalis:

(obsolete, chiefly geometry) To stand (on); to rest (upon); to lean (upon).


bazillion

1939. Variation of zillion. See + -illion.

I second the need for a bazillion dollars. 'twould be nice. :-)

2000 February 19, Shad Laws, “Re: I Need A Bazillion Dollars”, in rec.autos.makers.vw.aircooled (Usenet):

I wouldn't sleep with him in a bazillion years, but I'm not scared of him.

2001, Colin Harrison, Afterburn, St. Martin's Press, published 2001, →ISBN, page 278:

I have a bazillion of these kernel messages showing up in my logs...

2003 January 9, ukla, “Bazillion kernel messages?”, in sol.lists.freebsd.questions (Usenet):

(slang, mathematics, hyperbolic) An unspecified large number (of).


overlap

overlap (third-person singular simple present overlaps, present participle overlapping, simple past and past participle overlapped)

overlaps (present singular third-person)
overlapping (participle present)
overlapped (participle past)
overlapped (past)

From over- + lap.
Cognate with Dutch overlap.

The set (all men) overlaps the set (vegetarians).

(mathematics) Of sets: to have some elements in common.

overlappen

(used of sets) to have some elements in common


psephology

From psepho- (“pebble”) + -ology (“study of”), drawing on the various definitions of Ancient Greek ψῆφος (psêphos, “pebble used for reckoning; pebble used for casting a vote”). The sense relating to elections was coined in 1948 by Frank Hardie.

der

Let us first see how the matter of this letter-numbering or psephology stands generally. The authors think that both the Greek and Hebrew method derive from a common source. But there is no proof of this; indeed the weak point in the whole of this exposition is that they entirely neglect the historical side of the matter and give no references.

1917, The Quest – Volume 8, Part 2, page 698:

The numbers 99, 88, and 22 seem to belong to some system of mystic psephology, Or gematria as the Kabbalists afterwards called it.

1924, George Robert Stow Mead, Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book, Together with Studies on John and Christian Origins, the Slavonic Josephus' Account of John and Jesus and the Fourth Gospel Proem, →ISBN:

What I want to point out here is that there is a considerable breadth of numerological practices, ranging from psephology/gematria through to practices close to mathematical physics which are deemed to be too much driven by mathematical or aesthetic considerations.

2013, Andrew Gregory, The Presocratics and the Supernatural, →ISBN:

An ancient Greek method of numerology, similar to gematria.


orthodrome

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-orthodrome.wav

Coordinate term: rhumb line (loxodrome)

(geometry) A great circle, or part of one.


orthogon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-orthogon.wav

(trigonometry) A multi-dimensional figure in which all sides result in a right-angle, typically surpassing the restrictions of 3 dimensions.


partial

en-adj

partial (comparative more partial, superlative most partial)

more partial (comparative)
most partial (superlative)

From Middle English partiall, parcial, from Old French parcial (“biased or particular”), from Late Latin partiālis (“of or pertaining to a part”), from Latin pars (“part”).

der

partial differential
partial differential

(mathematics) of or relating to a partial derivative or partial differential


partial

(mathematics) A partial derivative: a derivative with respect to one independent variable of a function in multiple variables while holding the other variables constant.


partial

en-verb

partial (third-person singular simple present partials, present participle partialing or partialling, simple past and past participle partialed or partialled)

partials (present singular third-person)
partialing (participle present)
partialling (participle present)
partialed (participle past)
partialed (past)
partialled (participle past)
partialled (past)

(statistics, transitive) To take the partial regression coefficient.


recurring

en-adjective

recurring (comparative more recurring, superlative most recurring)

more recurring (comparative)
most recurring (superlative)

Every rational number can be written as either a terminating decimal or a recurring decimal.

(mathematics, not comparable) Of a decimal: having a set of digits that is repeated indefinitely.

periòdic

math:having a set of digits that is repeated indefinitely


orthogonalization

en-noun

orthogonalization (countable and uncountable, plural orthogonalizations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-orthogonalization.wav

(mathematics) The process of converting a set of functions or vectors into orthogonal ones.


orthonormal

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-orthonormal.wav

(functional analysis, geometry, linear algebra) Of a set of vectors, both orthogonal and normalized.

linear transformation
linear transformation

(functional analysis, geometry, linear algebra) Of a linear transformation: that preserves both angles and lengths.


MLM

(statistics) Initialism of multi-level model or multi-level modeling.


even money

It's even money that it will rain today.

(idiomatic) By extension, an event that is somewhat likely to happen, but far from inevitable.


deficiency

deficiency (countable and uncountable, plural deficiencies)

From deficient + -cy. Compare Latin dēficientia.

(geometry) The amount by which the number of double points on a curve is short of the maximum for curves of the same degree.

(geometry) The codimension of a linear system in the corresponding complete linear system.


deficient

en-adj

deficient (comparative more deficient, superlative most deficient)

more deficient (comparative)
most deficient (superlative)

From Latin deficiens, present participle of deficere (“to lack, fail, be wanting”); see defect.

(mathematics) Of a number n, Having the sum of divisors σ(n)<2n, or, equivalently, the sum of proper divisors (or aliquot sum) s(n)<n.


mining

en-noun

mining (countable and uncountable, plural minings)

→ Russian: ма́йнинг (májning)

Kazakhstan became last year the world’s second-largest centre for bitcoin mining after the United States, according to the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, after China clamped down on crypto mining activity.

2022 January 6, “Kazakhstan internet shutdown deals blow to global bitcoin mining operation”, in The Guardian:

(cryptocurrencies) Creation of new units of cryptocurrency by validating transactions and demonstrating proof of work.


verification

verification (countable and uncountable, plural verifications)

/ˌvɛɹəfɪˈkeɪʃən/

From Middle French vérification, from Medieval Latin verificatio.

(mathematics) The operation of testing the equation of a problem, to see whether it truly expresses the conditions of the problem.


distribute

en-verb

distribute (third-person singular simple present distributes, present participle distributing, simple past and past participle distributed)

distributes (present singular third-person)
distributing (participle present)
distributed (participle past)
distributed (past)
distribute (infinitive)

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Latin distributus, past participle of distribuere (“to divide, distribute”), from dis- (“apart”) + tribuere (“to give, impart”); see tribute.

(intransitive, mathematics) To be distributive.


cybernetic

en-adj

cybernetic (comparative more cybernetic, superlative most cybernetic)

more cybernetic (comparative)
most cybernetic (superlative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κυβερνητικός (kubernētikós, “good at steering, good pilot”), from κυβερνητική τέχνη (kubernētikḗ tékhnē, “the pilot’s art”), from Ancient Greek κυβερνισμός (kubernismós), κυβέρνησις (kubérnēsis, “steering, pilotage, guiding”), from κυβερνάω (kubernáō, “to steer, to drive, to guide, to act as a pilot”) (which is also ultimately the root of govern). The term first recorded in English in 1948.

bor+

κυβερνητικός

Of or relating to cybernetics—the mathematical study of communication and control in living organisms or machines.

кібернеты́чны

relating to the mathematical study of control


cybernetics

Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine

From Ancient Greek κυβερνήτης (kubernḗtēs, “steersman”), from κυβερνάω (kubernáō, “I steer, drive, guide, act as a pilot”) (whence English govern). The term is attested since at least 1948 in the book Cybernetics by Norbert Wiener, influenced by the cognate term and doublet governor, the name of an early control device proposed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1868. Note also the 1830s French cybernétique (“the art of governing”). Also doublet of Kubernetes.

cog

The theory/science of communication and control in living organisms or machines.


concurrent

en-adj

concurrent (comparative more concurrent, superlative most concurrent)

more concurrent (comparative)
most concurrent (superlative)

/kəŋˈkʌɹənt/

/kɒŋˈkʌɹənt/

/kəŋˈkɝɹənt/

From Middle English concurrent, from Old French concurrent, from Latin concurrēns, present active participle of concurrō (“happen at the same time”), from con- (“with”) + currō (“run”).


iso-

From Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”).


covering

en-noun

covering (countable and uncountable, plural coverings)

From Middle English coverynge, -inge, keverynge, -inge [verbal noun of coveren, keveren (“to cover”)]; or, verbal noun from cover (verb) + -ing.

(topology, of a given open set U) A collection of sets U_i such that their union contains U; such a collection with the additional property that every U_i is open; such a collection with the additional property that every U_i is contained in U.

(topology) A special kind of map that establishes a relationship between two topological spaces in the sense that, under the action of the map, the one looks locally like several copies of the second: Formally, a continuous map π:E→X between topological spaces such that there exists, for every point x in X, a discrete space D_x and an open neighborhood U of x such that π⁻¹(U)= displaystyle ⨆_(d∈D_x)V_d and π|_(V_d):V_d→U is a homeomorphism for every d∈D_x. See Covering space on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


carat

From Middle French carat, from Italian carato, from Arabic قِيرَاط (qīrāṭ, “carat, similarly small units such as inches”), from Ancient Greek κεράτιον (kerátion, “hornlet, carob seed”), from κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -ιον (-ion, diminutive suffix). Doublet of quilate.

quilate

historical Iberian and Latin American contexts

Meronym: grain

A metric unit of mass equal to exactly 200 mg, chiefly used for measuring precious stones and pearls.

(historical) Any of several small units of mass used for measuring precious stones and pearls, equivalent to 189–212 mg.


terminating

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-terminating.wav

(mathematics) Of a decimal: having a finite number of digits.


assassin

Assassin (disambiguation)
Nicolas Bourbaki

From either French assassin or Italian assassino, from Arabic أَسَاسِيِّين (ʔasāsiyyīn, “people who are faithful to the foundation [of the faith]”) and the folkloric etymology Arabic حَشَّاشِين (ḥaššāšīn, “hashish users; low-lives”).
The mathematical sense was introduced by Bourbaki, playing on the notation operatorname Ass(M) and the fact that an associated prime is the annihilator of an element, and so is said to kill that element.

أَسَاسِيِّين

people who are faithful to the foundation 􂀿of the faith􂁀

(algebra, somewhat humorous) An associated prime of a module.


octagonal

The sundials range in shape from octagonal to the usual round. Prices range from $75 to $375.

1985 April 4, Daryln Brewer, “HELPFUL HARDWARE; AN ARRAY OF SUNDIALS”, in The New York Times:

(geometry) Shaped like an octagon, in having eight sides and eight angles.


mutually exclusive

(logic, probability theory) Describing multiple events or propositions such that the occurrence of any one implies the nonoccurrence of all other events or propositions. Boolean function of NOR logic gate

узаемавыключа́льны

describing multiple events being such that the occurrence of any one implies the nonoccurrence of all others


burning

(cryptocurrencies) purposefully remove certain number of coins in circulation, by sending it to a public address where the private keys cannot be obtained (called burn address, eater address or black hole), usually should be available on the blockchain for anyone to review such a transaction. It’s a one-way address with no ability to reverse the transaction or withdraw the coins. For all practical purposes, the asset no longer exists (it has been “burned”). The act of burning effectively removes tokens from the available supply.


ogee

From Middle English *ogeve, egeve, egeove, from Old French œgive, ogive, augive, from Late Latin augiva, of uncertain origin; compare Late Latin ogis (“a support, prop”), Latin augeō (“to increase, strengthen”), Spanish auge (“highest point of power or fortune, apogee”). Doublet of ogive.


apothem

From Ancient Greek ἀπόθεμα (apóthema, “deposit”), from ἀπό (apó, “off, away”) + θέμα (théma, “that which is laid down”).

uder

(geometry) The perpendicular distance from the center of a circle to a chord of the same circle.

apoteema

(geometry) The distance from the center of a regular polygon perpendicular to one of its sides (a special case of the above).

апотема

the distance from the center of a polygon to a side


WWWWW

(humorous, mathematics) Abbreviation of which was what we wanted.

W⁵

punningly interpreting WWWWW as mathematical notation for the product of five Ws


deviation ratio

en-noun

deviation ratio (plural deviation ratios)

(signal processing) The ratio of maximum permitted frequency deviation, σₘₐₓ to the maximum permitted modulating frequency, fiₘₐₓ.


-plex

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--plex.wav

(mathematics) ten to the power of the number, as in googolplex.


Möbius strip

August Ferdinand Möbius
Johann Benedict Listing
Möbius strip

Named after August Ferdinand Möbius (1790–1868), one of two German mathematicians—the other being Johann Benedict Listing (1808–1882)—who independently discovered the strip at the same time (1858).

Like a mind moving on a Möbius strip of events, one's consciousness goes over the same territory again and again without ever becoming aware of the nature of awareness.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, page 8:

1991, Theoni Pappas, More Joy of Mathematics, Wide World Publishing, page 117,
B. F. Goodrich Co. has a patent for a Möbius strip conveyor belt. It lasts longer since the wear and tear is spread uniformly over the entire surface.

A geometrical model of electron (positron) structure is presented based upon an object of two linked loops obtained by cutting a Möbius strip asymmetrically.

1992, Speculations in Science and Technology, Volume 15, Elsevier Sequoia, page 221:

Proust's novel grew and deepened into over 3,000 pages of everything and nothing: a Möbius strip of profundity twisting into mundanity, mundanity twisting into profundity.

2013 November 16, Patrick McGuinness, “Who's afraid of Marcel Proust?”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review), page R20:

(topology) A one-sided surface formed by identifying two opposite edges of a square in opposite senses;

A one-sided surface formed by identifying two opposite edges of a square in opposite senses;
a narrow strip given a half twist and joined at the ends, forming a three-dimensional embedding of said surface.


optimal

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence) Describing a search algorithm that always returns the best result.


systole

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-systole.wav

Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek συστολή (sustolḗ), from συστέλλω (sustéllō, “to contract”), from σύν (sún, “together”) + στέλλω (stéllō, “to send”).

(mathematics) The shortest noncontractible loop on a compact metric space.


oracle

From Middle English oracle, from Old French oracle m, from Latin ōrāculum n.

For example, an oracle may send temperature data reported by the National Weather Service or report the daily LIBOR rate to a smart contract.

2020, Daniel T. Stabile, Kimberly A. Prior, Andrew M. Hinkes, “Smart Contracts”, in Digital Assets and Blockchain Technology, Edward Elgar Publishing, →ISBN, page 223:

(cryptocurrencies) A third-party service that provides smart contracts with information from the outside world.


orientation

orientation (countable and uncountable, plural orientations)

→ Japanese: オリエンテーション (orientēshon)

→ Korean: 오리엔테이션 (orienteisyeon)

/ˌɔɹiɛnˈteɪʃən/

From French orientation. By surface analysis, orient + -ation.

differential geometry
differential geometry

(mathematical analysis, differential geometry, countable) The choice of which ordered bases are "positively" oriented and which are "negatively" oriented on a real vector space.

(analytic geometry, topology, countable) The designation of a parametrised curve as "positively" or "negatively" oriented; the analogous description of a surface or hypersurface.


missing

The treatment of missings is a problem in statistical software.

1997, S. Klinke, Data Structures for Computational Statistics, page 27:

Patterns of missings across the whole data set are readily visible, but also patterns which only apply to small subgroups of cases.

2002, David J. Hand, Niall M. Adams, Richard J. Bolton, Pattern Detection and Discovery:


oscillator

Meronym: rotor

He has turned up a number of new oscillators of periods 2,3,4,5,6, & 8.

1989 October 26, Richard Schroeppel, “Some recent Life results”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Two track segments, each of which realizes the same transformation in a different number of generations are particularly useful for obtaining oscillator periods.

1996 December 16, Paul Callahan, “Need help in finding topic for research project”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Synthesis of spaceship flotillas is even more complicated than synthesis of oscillators, since spaceships are like oscillators that move[…]

2010, Andrew Adamatzky, Game of Life Cellular Automata, page 126:

(cellular automata) A pattern that returns to its original state, in the same orientation and position, after a finite number of generations.


ri

From the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean 리 (ri), from Mandarin Chinese 里 (lǐ).

(music) The solfeggio syllable used to indicate the sharp of the second note of a major scale, enharmonic to me.


gauche

en-adj

gauche (comparative more gauche, superlative most gauche)

more gauche (comparative)
most gauche (superlative)

adroit

antonym(s) of “lacking in social graces”

Borrowed from French gauche (“left, awkward”), from gauchir (“to veer, turn”), from Old French gaucher (“to trample, walk clumsily”), from Frankish *walkan (“to full, trample”), from Proto-Germanic *walkaną (“to full, roll up”). Akin to Old High German walchan (“to knead”), Old English wealcian (“to roll up, curl”) and English walk, Old Norse valka (“to drag about”). More at walk.

cog

(mathematics, archaic) Skewed, not plane.


intersect

en-verb

intersect (third-person singular simple present intersects, present participle intersecting, simple past and past participle intersected)

intersects (present singular third-person)
intersecting (participle present)
intersected (participle past)
intersected (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-intersect.wav

From Latin intersecare (“to cut between, cut off”), from inter (“between”) + secare (“to cut”).

der

(mathematics) Of two sets, to have at least one element in common.


keyring

(cryptography) A set of data holding linked encryption keys.

密鑰環 /密钥环

cryptography: set of data holding linked keys


kilowatt

And one California kilowatt equals 3 East Coast KWs. And—as everybody knows that—we, on the East Coast, are the only legal ones.

1974, CQ: The Radio Amateurs' Journal, volume 30, number 1, page 36:

Each turbogenerator consisted of a steam turbine, powered by 900 psi of superheated steam, that was coupled by a set of reduction gears to a General Electric marine alternating-current generator operating at 1,800 rpm. Each generator had a capacity of 2,000 kilowatts of three-phase power at 450 volts and 60 hertz. The main 450-volt switchboard was energized by the two turbogenerators. The emergency switchboard, in the emergency generator room, was fed from the main switchboard through an electrical tie.

2017 December 12, National Transportation Safety Board, “1.3.5 Electrical Generation and Distribution System”, in Marine Accident Report: Sinking of US Cargo Vessel SS El Faro, Atlantic Ocean, Northeast of Acklins and Crooked Island, Bahamas, October 1, 2015, archived from the original on 2022-05-15, pages 36–37:


ith

(mathematics) Occurring at position i in a sequence.


convergence

en-noun

convergence (countable and uncountable, plural convergences)

From converge + -ence (after Latin convergentia).

(mathematics) The process or property of approaching some limiting value; typically of an infinite series.

сходимост

the process of approaching some limiting value


orthonormalize

en-verb

orthonormalize (third-person singular simple present orthonormalizes, present participle orthonormalizing, simple past and past participle orthonormalized)

orthonormalizes (present singular third-person)
orthonormalizing (participle present)
orthonormalized (participle past)
orthonormalized (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-orthonormalize.wav

(mathematics) To make a set of vectors both orthogonal and normalized.

ortonormalisoida

make a set of vectors orthogonal and normalized


keyserver

public key cryptography
public key cryptography

(cryptography) In public key cryptography, the server that stores and distributes the public key files.


trivial

en-adj

trivial (comparative more trivial, superlative most trivial)

more trivial (comparative)
most trivial (superlative)

PIE word
 *tréyes
* From Latin triviālis (“appropriate to the street-corner, commonplace, vulgar”), from trivium (“place where three roads meet”). Compare trivium, trivia.
* From the distinction between trivium (“the lower division of the liberal arts; grammar, logic and rhetoric”) and quadrivium (“the higher division of the seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages, composed of geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, and music”).

трывія́льны

(mathematics) of being the simplest possible case

(mathematics) Of, relating to, or being the simplest possible case.

(algebra, of an algebraic structure or ideal thereof) Containing only one element; having an underlying set which is a singleton.


baby boomer

The baby boomers, Americans born between 1946 and 1961, are increasingly discovering that the cohorts with whom they crowded into maternity wards, elementary schools, colleges and entry-level jobs are now clogging the fast track to the top as well, demographers say.

1982 January 10, Thomas L. Friedman, “The Baby Boom Comes of Age”, in New York Times:

(sometimes capitalized) A person born in the postwar years (generally considered in the United States and other Allied countries as between 1946 and the early 1960s), when there was a marked increase in birthrates throughout the Western world following the return of servicemen at the end of World War II.

第二次世界大戰後生育高峰期出生的人 /第二次世界大战后生育高峰期出生的人

dì èr cì shìjiè dàzhàn hòu shēngyù gāofēngqī chūshēng de rén

čelovék, rodívšijsja v períod demografíčeskovo vzrýva

челове́к, роди́вшийся в пери́од демографи́ческого взры́ва


lemniscate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lemniscate.wav

From Latin lēmniscātus (“decorated with ribbons”).

uder

lemniscate of Bernoulli
lemniscate of Bernoulli

(mathematics) The lemniscate of Bernoulli

lemniscaat

mathematics: figure-of-eight closed curve

(mathematics) Any of a variety of quartic functions producing similar figure-of-eight closed curves.


solid angle

(geometry) The three-dimensional analog of an angle, equivalent to the area of that portion of the surface of a unit sphere that it subtends.


polycontexturality

Gotthard Gunther coined the term. His school of second-order cybernetics is the foundation of polycontextural logic.

(philosophy) A school of thought regarding subjectivity, involving a large number of contexts and viewpoints that cannot be reconciled.


encryption

en-noun

encryption (usually uncountable, plural encryptions)

/ɪnˈkɹɪpʃən/

/ɛnˈkɹɪpʃən/

/ɪŋˈkɹɪpʃən/

(cryptography) The process of obscuring information to make it unreadable without special knowledge, key files, or passwords.

As ZT() can only test whether a single ciphertext is an encryption of zero, it cannot work when there are more than one ciphertext to test.

2005, Kun Peng, Colin Boyd, Ed Dawson, Byoungcheon Lee, An Efficient And Verifiable Solution To The Millionaire Problem:

(cryptography) A ciphertext, a cryptogram, an encrypted value. Usually used with the preposition "of" followed by the value that is hidden in it.


public key

Coordinate term: private key

asymmetric cryptography
asymmetric cryptography

(cryptography) One of the two keys used in asymmetric cryptography, which is published to others.

clau pública

the public one of the two keys used in asymmetric cryptography


waveform

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-waveform.wav

independent variable
independent variable

(mathematics) The shape of a wave function represented by a graph showing some dependent variable as function of an independent variable.


semicircle

(soccer) An arc whose center is the penalty spot, extending from the top of the penalty area.


semicircular

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-semicircular.wav

In the shape of half of a circle or a semicircle.


weakening

weakening (countable and uncountable, plural weakenings)

(uncountable, mathematics) A structural principle of mathematical logic that states that the hypotheses of any derived fact may be freely extended with additional assumptions.


congruent

en-adj

congruent (comparative more congruent, superlative most congruent)

more congruent (comparative)
most congruent (superlative)

/ˈkɔŋ.ɡɹʉ.ənt/

From Middle English congruent, from Latin congruēns, present active participle of congruō (“meet together, agree”).

(mathematics) Having a difference divisible by a modulus.

(mathematics) Coinciding exactly when superimposed.

(algebra) Satisfying a congruence relation.


congruency

en-noun

congruency (countable and uncountable, plural congruencies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-congruency.wav

(mathematics) The state of being congruent


converge

en-verb

converge (third-person singular simple present converges, present participle converging, simple past and past participle converged)

converges (present singular third-person)
converging (participle present)
converged (participle past)
converged (past)

/kənˈvɜːd͡ʒ/

From Latin convergere, from con- (“together”) + vergere (“to bend”).

(intransitive, mathematics) (said of a sequence or series) To have a (finite, proper) limit.


diverge

diverge (third-person singular simple present diverges, present participle diverging, simple past and past participle diverged)

diverges (present singular third-person)
diverging (participle present)
diverged (participle past)
diverged (past)

/daɪˈvɜːd͡ʒ/

/dɑɪˈvɜːd͡ʒ/

From Medieval Latin dīvergō (“bend away from, go in a different direction”), from Latin dī- + vergō (“bend”).

der

The sequence x#95;n#61;n² diverges to infinity: that is, it increases without bound.

(intransitive, mathematics, of a sequence, series, or function) Not to converge: to have no limit, or no finite limit.

series; or function; series; or function


well-founded

en-adj

well-founded (comparative more well-founded, superlative most well-founded)

more well-founded (comparative)
most well-founded (superlative)

(mathematics) Of a binary relation: such that every non-empty subset of the relation's domain has a minimal element with respect to the relation.


whiten

en-verb

whiten (third-person singular simple present whitens, present participle whitening, simple past and past participle whitened)

whitens (present singular third-person)
whitening (participle present)
whitened (participle past)
whitened (past)

From Middle English whitenen, whitnen, from Old Norse hvítna (“to whiten”), from Proto-Germanic *hwītnōną (“to whiten, become white”), from Proto-Indo-European *kwind-, *kwint- (“bright”), equivalent to white + -en. Cognate with Icelandic hvítna (“to whiten”), Swedish vitna, hvitna (“to whiten”), Danish hvidne (“to whiten”). Compare Old English hwītian (“to whiten, become white, be white, make white”).

cog

(cryptography) To increase the security of an iterated block cipher by steps that combine the data with portions of the key.


successor

predecessor

person or thing that immediately follows another

From Anglo-Norman successour, from Latin successor.

A limit ordinal is not the successor of any ordinal.

(arithmetic, set theory) The integer, ordinal number or cardinal number immediately following another.

seuraaja

integer or cardinal immediately following another


whopper

I’d gone out pike fishing, bless you, never thinking of a trout, and when I saw that whopper on the end of my line, blest if it didn’t quite take me aback. Well, you see, he weighed twenty-six pound.

1889, Jerome K. Jerome, chapter 17, in Three Men in a Boat […] :

I’ve just run down from Ulster County to look at the town, bein’ that the hayin’s over with. Gosh! but it’s a whopper. I thought Poughkeepsie was some punkins; but this here town is five times as big.

1910, O. Henry [pseudonym; William Sydney Porter], “The Poet and the Peasant”, in Strictly Business:

There's a storm blowing up, Sylvester—a 'whopper', speaking in the vernacular of the peasantry.

1939, Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, Edgar Allan Woolf, The Wizard of Oz:


whopping

Is she doing a tango? A buck and wing? A soulful modern ballet? No, Joan Crawford is having a whopping good time learning judo, the Japanese art of self-defense, for her new movie, The Caretakers. Joan plays a nurse who uses judo holds to subdue unruly patients in a mental hospital.

1962 September 28, “Shall We Dance? Thud!”, in Life, volume 53, number 13, Chicago, Ill.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 57:

Doss and I run the house, cooking dinner—whopping great pots of stew and rice, sewing and darning clothes, ironing, bathing the kids, blacking the grate, scrubbing the doorstep, running errands.

2000, James Riordan, When the Guns Fall Silent, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

(colloquial) Exceedingly, extremely, very.


blow up

en-verb

blow up (third-person singular simple present blows up, present participle blowing up, simple past blew up, past participle blown up)

blows up (present singular third-person)
blowing up (participle present)
blew up (past)
blown up (participle past)

From Middle English blow up, blowe up, dissimilated forms of earlier Middle English upblowen (> English upblow), equivalent to blow + up. Compare West Frisian opblaze (“to blow up, inflate”), Dutch opblazen (“to blow up, inflate”), German aufblähen and aufblasen (“to blow up, inflate”), Swedish blåsa upp (“to blow up, inflate”), Icelandic blása upp (“to blow up, inflate”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ufblēsan, “to blow or puff up”).

cog

Blow up the picture to get a better look at their faces.

The quantity 1/x blows up as x approaches zero.

And these loops have a tendency to blow up, to borrow more and more energy by becoming smaller and smaller, eventually borrowing an infinite amount of energy. When a calculation returns an infinite answer, this usually means something has gone badly wrong.

2016, Gavin Hesketh, The Particle Zoo: The Search for the Fundamental Nature of Reality, Quercus Editions Ltd, pages 222–223:

(intransitive, mathematics, said of a function) To increase without bound as a function argument or parameter approaches a certain value; to tend toward infinity; to approach infinity as a limit.

(intransitive, cycling) To succumb to oxygen debt and lose the ability to maintain pace in a race.

I am the man
 So I’m sitting in the VIP
with my mains
We twisted up some Crip
but I am ready to dip
to the telly with my relly
cuz these fuckin git up chicks keep blowin up my celly.

2007, “Fucc & Git Up”, in DZ (lyrics), Sleepless City Livin, performed by DZ ft. Gangsta Nutt, from 1:59:

Don't let them sabotage a possible good thing by blowing up your phone while you're in the middle of a hot date with nonsense like, “Jason keeps asking for a Popsicle before bed. Do you think it's okay that I give him one?”

2009, RM Johnson, Why Men Fear Marriage: The Surprising Truth Behind Why So Many Men Can't Commit, →ISBN:

Dad sure knew how to kill a mood. He had blown up my phone all day, ensuring that I didn't back out of our agreement.

2011, Jaime Reed, Living Violet, →ISBN, page 67:

Not knowing the whereabouts of his daughter, Tavon blew up her phone without once getting a response.

2012, Chris Hicks, Ebony Chronicles of Elevation, volume 1, →ISBN, page 181:

He has never officially said that we are in a relationship, but he blows up my phone night and day, always wanting to know where I am.

2013, Michelle McKinney Hammond, The Real Deal on Love and Men, →ISBN:

“Danny Cipriani is blowing up my phone saying: ‘I’m going to sue you’,” she said, shortly before announcing her willingness to go to prison over the issue.

2014 September 11, Alexis Petridis, quoting Kelly Brook, “A freedom fighter for our time: Kelly Brook will not be silenced over Danny Cipriani”, in The Guardian:

They're blowing up our phones, asking where we are / Just say we're almost there; we ain't even in the car

2015, Kacey Musgraves, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

(transitive, slang, said of a device or machine) To overwhelm through unexpectedly high demand, activity, usage, traffic volume, etc.

(especially) (said of a cell phone, pager, or other personal communication device) To bombard with a large number of calls, texts, or notifications, to the point of rendering temporarily unusable or exasperating the recipient.

Halfway home, and my pager's still blowin' up

1992, Ice Cube (lyrics and music), “It Was A Good Day”, in The Predator:

(intransitive, slang, said of a device or machine) To be overwhelmed by unexpectedly high demand, usage, activity, traffic volume, etc.

(especially) (said of a cell phone, pager, or other personal communication device) To receive a large number of calls, texts, or notifications, to the point of being rendered temporarily unusable or exasperating the recipient.


obround

(geometry) A plane shape consisting of two semicircles connected by parallel lines tangent to their endpoints.


confirmation bias

en-noun

confirmation bias (usually uncountable, plural confirmation biases)

Days after this interview, on 12 February this year, fighting broke out between US troops and pro-Assad forces just outside Qamishli. Confirmation bias is rarely so fast, or so unnervingly accurate.

2020 February 26, Will Dunn, “William Gibson on the apocalypse: “it’s been happening for at least 100 years””, in New Statesman:

(psychology) A cognitive bias towards confirmation of the hypothesis under study; a psychological tendency to look for and accept information which supports one's values and worldview and reject that which conflicts with it.


virtually

en-adv

virtually (comparative more virtually, superlative most virtually)

more virtually (comparative)
most virtually (superlative)

[ˈvɝt͡ʃuəɫi]

From Middle English vertually; equivalent to virtual + -ly.

In this case W has a diagram with 2 vertices and one edge labelled ∞, and is therefore the infinite dihedral group. Thus W is virtually ℤ.

1998, Daryl Cooper, D. D. Long, A. W. Reid, “Infinite Coxeter Groups are Virtually Indicable”, in Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, volume 41, page 309:

In this paper, we are mainly concerned with homogeneity in the class of finitely generated virtually free groups, i.e. finitely generated groups with a free subgroup of finite index.

2018, Simon André, “Virtually free groups are almost homogeneous”, in arXiv, section 1:

(algebra) Of a subgroup of finite index.

Another class of small manifolds consists of those that are not virtually Haken (a manifold is virtually Haken if it is finitely covered by a Haken manifold).

2002, Steven Boyer, “Dehn surgery on knots” (chapter 4), in R.J. Daverman, R.B. Sher, editors, Handbook of Geometric Topology, page 206:

We call a hyperplane Y in a VH-complex X virtually clean if there exists a finite-sheeted covering map p : X̂ → X and a connected component Y ⊆ p⁻¹Y such that the hyperplane Ŷ of X̂ is clean.

2017, Martin R. Bridson, Henry Wilton, “Hyperbolic Geometry and Geometric Group Theory”, in Advanced Studies in Pure Mathematics, volume 73, page 40:

(topology) Of a covering space of finite degree.


degenerate

en-adj

degenerate (comparative more degenerate, superlative most degenerate)

more degenerate (comparative)
most degenerate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin dēgenerātus. See -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more.

lbor

/dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/

/dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹeɪt/

A degenerate circle, having radius zero, consists of a single point.

We now apply the geometrical construction explained in the appendix to the degenerate triangle ABC.

1921, A. Hay, “Phase Transformation and Phase Balancing”, in Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, volume 4, page 102:

(mathematics) Qualitatively different, usually simpler, than typical objects of its class.

вы́рожденный

qualitatively different, usually simpler, than typical objects of its class

linearly independent
linearly independent

(mathematics, of an eigenvalue) Having multiple different (linearly independent) eigenvectors.


resolution

en-noun

resolution (countable and uncountable, plural resolutions)

/ˌɹɛzəˈluːʃ(ə)n/

Recorded since 1412, as Middle English resolucioun (“dissolution”), either from Anglo-Norman resolucion or directly from Latin resolūtiō (“a loosening, solution”), from resolvō (“I loosen”), itself from the intensive prefix re- + solvō (“I loosen”).

der

Coordinate term: determination

Near-synonyms: evaluation, calculation

the resolution of an equation

(mathematics) The act or process of resolving: solving.


reflexive

From Medieval Latin reflexīvus, from Latin reflexus.

"Equals" is a reflexive relation, as it holds for all possible x; "not less" is non-reflexive because it is true only for some x and y, "unequal" is irreflexive, as it never holds between x and itself.

(mathematics) Of a relation R on a set S, such that xRx for all members x of S (that is, the relation holds between any element of the set and itself).


nook

From Middle English noke, nok (“nook, corner, angle”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Old English hnoc, hnocc (“hook, angle”), from Proto-Germanic *hnukkaz, *hnukkô (“a bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *knewg- (“to turn, press”), from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to pinch, press, bend”).
If so, then also related to Scots nok (“small hook”), Norwegian dialectal nok, nokke (“hook, angle, bent object”), Danish nok (“hook”), Swedish nock (“ridge”), Faroese nokki (“crook”), Icelandic hnokki (“hook”), Dutch nok (“ridge”) or Dutch hoek (“corner”), Low German Nocke (“tip”), Old Norse hnúka (“to bend, crouch”), Old English ġehnycned (“drawn, pinched, wrinkled”). Also cognate with Scots neuk, nuk (“corner, angle of a square, angular object”).

cog

You must note, that two Fardells of Land make a Nooke of Land, and two Nookes make halfe a Yard of Land.

a. 1634, W. Noye, The Complete Lawyer, section 57:

Nook, an old legal term for 12+¹⁄₂ acres of land; still in use at Alston.

1903, English Dialectical Dictionary, volume IV, page 295:

They poured their wine by the aume or the fust, and cut their cloth by the goad—not to be confused with the gawd, which was a measure of steel. Their nook was not cosy; it covered 20 acres.

(historical) An English unit of land area, originally ¹⁄₄ of a yardland but later 12+¹⁄₂ or 20 acres.

virgate

unit of area; An English unit of land area, originally ¹⁄₄ of a yardland but later 12+¹⁄₂ or 20 acres.

acre

various fractions & for further subdivisions


latent

From Middle English latent, latente, from Old French latent, from Latin latēns, present participle of lateō (“lie hidden”).

These kinds of latents define the invariant dispositional properties enabling prediction and control of the external environment. Finally, there are the latents that underlie manifestation as relationships of power, as cause to effect, condition to occurrence, or dependent variable to independent variable.

1975, Rudolph J. Rummel, Understanding Conflict and War, →ISBN:

That is, the observed covariance between indicator y₁ and y₃ would mirror the understandable causal behavior of the corresponding underlying latents.

2007, William Outhwaite, Stephen Turner, The SAGE Handbook of Social Science Methodology, →ISBN, page 166:

If one were to compute the reproduced covariances among the latents of the structural model, they might be different from the covariances obtained between the same number of latents in the measurement model.

2009, Stanley A. Mulaik, Linear Causal Modeling with Structural Equations, →ISBN, page 209:

(statistics) An underlying cause that can be inferred from statistical correlations; factor.


constraint

en-noun

constraint (countable and uncountable, plural constraints)

From Middle English constreynt, constreynte, from Old French constreinte, past participle of constreindre (“to constrain”), from Latin cōnstringō (corresponding to the past participle cōnstrictus).

optimization problem
optimization problem

(mathematics) A condition that a solution to an optimization problem must satisfy.


recall

recall (countable and uncountable, plural recalls)

From re- + call, probably modelled on Latin revocāre, French rappeler, English withcall.

precision and recall

(information retrieval, machine learning) The fraction of (all) relevant material that is returned by a search.

information retrieval; machine learning; information retrieval; machine learning


intercept

en-verb

intercept (third-person singular simple present intercepts, present participle intercepting, simple past and past participle intercepted)

intercepts (present singular third-person)
intercepting (participle present)
intercepted (participle past)
intercepted (past)

Borrowed from Latin interceptum, past participle of intercipiō.

(transitive, mathematics) To take or comprehend between.


intercept

the y intercept ― point at which a line crosses the y-axis

Because the horizontal-axis intercept occurs when y=0 and the vertical-axis intercept occurs when x=0, we can find the intercepts algebraically.

2012, Alice Kaseberg, Greg Cripe, Peter Wildman, Introductory Algebra: Everyday Explorations, page 278:

(algebraic geometry) The coordinate of the point at which a curve intersects an axis.


geodesic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-geodesic.wav

(geometry) The shortest curve between two points on a specific surface.

geodèsica

mathematics: the shortest line between two points on a specific surface

(spherical geometry) A segment of a great circle.

(mathematics, sciences) A course allowing the parallel-transport of vectors along a course that causes tangent vectors to remain tangent vectors throughout that course (a straight curve, a line that is straight).


curvilinear

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-curvilinear.wav

From curve + -i- + linear, compare curve, linear.

In early art rectilinear decoration marks an advance on curvilinear, which, in the long ages before pottery was thought of, would naturally be associated with the fibrous baskets that served as vessels.

1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 52:


substantial

en-adj

substantial (comparative more substantial, superlative most substantial)

more substantial (comparative)
most substantial (superlative)

He inherited a substantial amount of money from his uncle.

A substantial number of people went to the event.

Large in size, quantity, or value; ample; significant.


imputation

en-noun

imputation (countable and uncountable, plural imputations)

From Middle French imputation, from Latin imputatio.

(statistics) The process of replacing missing data with substituted values.

(game theory) A distribution that is efficient and individually rational.


evaluate

en-verb

evaluate (third-person singular simple present evaluates, present participle evaluating, simple past and past participle evaluated)

evaluates (present singular third-person)
evaluating (participle present)
evaluated (participle past)
evaluated (past)

Evaluate this integral.

(transitive, mathematics, computing) To compute or determine the value of (an expression).

Since element (15.1) evaluates to an element of the center in any alternative algebra, (15.1) has to evaluate to a scalar multiple of the identity element of the Cayley-Dickson algebra.

2006, Lev Sabinin, Larissa Sbitneva, Ivan Shestakov, Non-Associative Algebra and Its Applications, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 201:

In one type of such an integral, the integrand is only the probability density function, and the integral evaluates to a probability, which of course is a scalar.

2007, James E. Gentle, Matrix Algebra: Theory, Computations, and Applications in Statistics, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 165:

(intransitive, computing, mathematics) To return or have a specific value.


groin

From earlier grine, from Middle English grinde, grynde, from Old English grynde (“abyss”) (perhaps also "depression, hollow"), probably related to Proto-Germanic *grunduz; see ground. Later altered under the influence of loin.

(geometry) The surface formed by two such vaults.


Gödel's incompleteness theorem

en-proper noun

Gödel's incompleteness theorem (plural Gödel's incompleteness theorems)

Gödel's incompleteness theorems (plural)

(logic, mathematics) Either of two theorems in mathematical logic that demonstrate the inherent limitations of every formal axiomatic system containing basic arithmetic.


variance

en-noun

variance (countable and uncountable, plural variances)

From Middle English variance, variaunce, equivalent to vary + -ance, from Old French variance or directly from Anglo-Latin variaunce, veriaunce, wariaunce; all from Latin variantia.

(statistics) The second central moment in probability.

bariantza

second central moment in probability (statistics)


theorem

/ˈθiː.ə.ɹəm/

From Middle French théorème, from Late Latin theōrēma, from Ancient Greek θεώρημα (theṓrēma, “speculation, proposition to be proved”) (Euclid), from θεωρέω (theōréō, “I look at, view, consider, examine”), from θεωρός (theōrós, “spectator”), from θέα (théa, “a view”) + ὁράω (horáō, “I see, look”). See also theory, and theater.

der

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 454. Topic

(mathematics) A mathematical statement of some importance that has been proven to be true. Minor theorems are often called propositions. Theorems which are not very interesting in themselves but are an essential part of a bigger theorem's proof are called lemmas.

Fermat's Last Theorem was known thus long before it was proved in the 1990s.

(mathematics, colloquial, nonstandard) A mathematical statement that is expected to be true.


projection

en-noun

projection (countable and uncountable, plural projections)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/

From either the Middle French projection or its etymon, the Classical Latin prōiectiō (stem: prōiectiōn-), from prōiciō, equivalent to project + -ion. Compare the Modern French projection, the German Projektion, and the Italian proiezione.

(geometry) An image of an object on a surface of fewer dimensions.

проекция

geometry: image of an object on a surface of fewer dimensions

(linear algebra) An idempotent linear transformation which maps vectors from a vector space onto a subspace.

projektio

linear algebra: idempotent linear transformation from a vector space onto a subspace

(mathematics) A transformation which extracts a fragment of a mathematical object.

projektio

mathematics: transformation extracting a fragment of an object

(category theory) A morphism from a categorical product to one of its (two) components.


virgate

Borrowed from Latin virgāta, from Old English ġeardland, "yard" compared to "virga" as a measuring rod. Doublet of vergée.

(historical) The yardland: an obsolete English land measure usually comprising ¹⁄₄ of a hide and notionally equal to 30 acres.


cluster

→ Catalan: clúster

→ French: cluster

→ German: Cluster

→ Italian: cluster

→ Japanese: クラスター (kurasutā)

→ Portuguese: cluster

→ Russian: кла́стер (kláster)

→ Spanish: clúster, cluster

→ Swedish: kluster

High Performance Computing Center, Stuttgart

The noun is derived from Middle English cluster (“bunch, cluster, spray; compact body or mass, ball”) [and other forms], from Old English cluster, clyster (“cluster, bunch, branch”), from Proto-Germanic *klas-, *klus- (“to clump, lump together”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up; to clench; to amass”)) + *-þrą (suffix forming nouns denoting an instrument or tool). The English word is probably a doublet of clot.
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
* Dutch klister (“cluster”) (dialectal)
* Icelandic klasi (“cluster; bunch of grapes”)
* Low German Kluuster (“cluster”)
* Swedish kluster (“cluster”)

nb...

closter, clostre, clouster, clowster, clustre, clustyr

բույլ

statistically significant
statistically significant

A bunch or group of several discrete items that are close to each other.

(statistics) In cluster analysis: a subset of a population whose members are similar enough to each other and distinct from others as to be considered a separate group; also, such a grouping in a set of observed data that is statistically significant.

shluk

subset of a population whose members are sufficiently similar to each other and distinct from others as to be considered a separate group; such a grouping in a set of observed data that is statistically significant


ambient

en-adj

ambient (comparative more ambient, superlative most ambient)

more ambient (comparative)
most ambient (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-ambient.wav

From Latin ambiēns (“going around”), from ambiō (“go around”).

These, then, are characterizations of the system of natural numbers within an ambient set theory. And they seem to work, in the sense that in a sufficiently strong set theory it can be shown that Peano's axioms have (up to isomorphism) a unique model (cf. Rem. 6.1.8).

1996, Moshe Machover, Set Theory, Logic and Their Limitations, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 282:

As much of the work in determinacy must proceed without AC, ZF serves as the ambient theory for this section, and uses of AC will be explicitly noted, reversing the usual procedure.

2008, Akihiro Kanamori, The Higher Infinite: Large Cardinals in Set Theory from Their Beginnings, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 369:

A point in the manifold is classically represented by a vector in the ambient space.

2011, Henry W. Haslach Jr., Maximum Dissipation Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and its Geometric Structure, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 163:

(mathematics) Containing objects or describing a setting that one is interested in.


prime factor

Hence, the prime factors of 100 are 1, 2, 2, 5, 5, and 1 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 100. From the above illustration, we derive the following rule for finding all the prime factors of any composite number.

1847, James Robinson, The American Arithmetic, John P. Jewett & Co., page 91:

Theorem 5.5 Dickman's Theorem. The probability of a number N chosen at random having a prime factor between N#92;alpha and N#123;#92;alpha(1#43;#92;delta)#125; is approximately #61;#92;delta, independent of the magnitude of #92;alpha, if #92;delta is small.

1994, Hans Riesel, Prime Numbers and Computer Methods for Factorization, Springer, page 161:

If any subset of the set of prime factors of a be taken, then the product of the elements of this subset is a factor of a.
For example, 12 is a factor of 60 and the set of prime factors of 12 is {2, 2, 3}, which is a subset of {2, 2, 3, 5}, which is the set of prime factors of 60.

2003, Gary R. Jensen, Arithmetic for Teachers: With Applications and Topics from Geometry, American Mathematical Society, page 180:

(number theory) A factor of a given integer which is also a prime number.


non-negative

Distances are non-negative.

(mathematics) Of an element of a partially ordered ring, either positive or zero; not negative; greater than or equal to zero.

For all x∈D, f(x)>0

(mathematics) Of a function, functional, etc. which has non-negative values over a particular domain D.


aleph-null

From its mathematical symbol ℵ₀, from א, aleph, the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

(set theory) The first of the transfinite cardinal numbers; corresponds to the number of natural numbers.


zero-sum game

Dalio is right, but somewhat self-serving. If hedge-fund managers are playing a zero-sum game, what is their social utility? […] Can it really be in America’s interest to have so much of its young talent playing a zero-sum game?

2011 July 18, John Cassidy, “Mastering the Machine”, in The New Yorker, →ISSN:

A zero-sum game, as its name suggests, is one in which, whatever the outcome, the payoffs to the players add up to zero, which means that what one player gains, the other(s) must necessarily lose.

2013, Andrew M. Colman, Game Theory and its Applications: In the Social and Biological Sciences, Psychology Press, →ISBN, page 55:

Listen, I know it's been hard / You know it’s no different for me / We’re less than a zero-sum game now / And baby, we both know that's not how it's supposed to be

2014, “The Writing's On the Wall”, in Hungry Ghosts, performed by OK Go:

He said turning a lab-created animal into a wild population would be an “enormous challenge”, but the financial support for de-extinction research should not be seen as a “zero sum game”.

2022 August 16, Adam Morton, “De-extinction: scientists are planning the multimillion-dollar resurrection of the Tasmanian tiger”, in The Guardian:

On the flight home after their first talks, a deflated Merkel concluded that Trump “looked at everything like the real estate developer he was before he entered politics” – as a zero-sum game.

2024 November 21, Deborah Cole, “Merkel: I mistook Trump for ‘someone completely normal’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(game theory) A game (or a similar political or economic system) in which the gains of some players must equal the losses of others.

零和博弈

system in which one player's winnings must equal losses of others


umbilical

umbilical (comparative more umbilical, superlative most umbilical)

more umbilical (comparative)
most umbilical (superlative)

Formed from Latin umbilicus (“navel”) + the suffix -al. By surface analysis, umbilic- + -al.

(mathematics) Such that the curvatures of normal sections are all equal to each other.


periodic

/ˌpɪɹiˈɒdɪk/

/ˌpɪɹiˈɑdɪk/

From French périodique, from Medieval Latin periodicus (“cyclical”), from Latin periodus (“complete sentence, period, circuit”), from Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos, “cycle, period of time”). By surface analysis, period + -ic.

der

(mathematics, stochastic processes, of a state) For which any return to it must occur in multiples of k time steps, for some k>1.


umbilicus

en-noun

umbilicus (plural umbilici or umbilicuses)

Borrowed from Latin umbilīcus (“navel”).

(geometry, obsolete) One of the foci of an ellipse or other curve.

A sphere may be osculatory to the surface in every direction at an umbilicus.

(geometry) A point of a surface at which the curvatures of the normal sections are all equal to each other.


homoscedasticity

homoscedasticity (usually uncountable, plural homoscedasticities)

Before analysis, homoscedasticities of sample variances were assessed by Cochran's C and Bartlett's Box tests.

1989, AW Storey, “The freshwater mussel, Westralunio carteri Iredale, as a biological monitor of organochlorine pesticides”, in Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, volume 40, number 6, page 587:

Unlike OLS^([Ordinary Least Squares]) regression, logistic regression does not assume linearity of relationship between dependent and independent variables; does not require normally distributed variables; does not assume homoscedasticity; and in general has less stringent requirements.

2010, Min Gyo Koo, Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia, footnote, page 46:

Preliminarily, the weak homoscedasticity of the two classes has been tested:[…].

2010, Francesca Greselin, Salvatore Ingrassia, “Weakly Homoscedastic Constraints for Mixtures of t-Distributions”, in Andreas Fink, Berthold Lausen, Wilfried Seidel, Alfred Ultsch, editors, Advances in Data Analysis, Data Handling and Business Intelligence, Springer, page 225:

Thus, Glejser's test also rejects the hypothesis of homoscedasticity.

2013, Chandan Mukherjee, Howard White, Marc Wuyts, Econometrics and Data Analysis for Developing Countries, page 264:

(statistics) A property of a set of random variables such that each variable has the same finite variance.


nth

(mathematics) Occurring at position n in a sequence.


nth

(mathematics) The item at position n in a sequence.


var

var (countable and uncountable, plural vars)