develop

en-verb

develop (third-person singular simple present develops, present participle developing, simple past and past participle developed or (archaic, rare) developt)

develops (present singular third-person)
developing (participle present)
developed (participle past)
developed (past)
developt (archaic participle past rare)
developt (archaic past rare)

Borrowed from French développer, from Middle French desveloper, from Old French desveloper, from des- + voloper, veloper, vloper (“to wrap, wrap up”) (compare Italian sviluppare, Old Italian alternative form goluppare (“to wrap”)) from Vulgar Latin *vloppō, *wloppō (“to wrap”) ultimately from Proto-Germanic *wrappaną, *wlappaną (“to wrap, roll up, turn, wind”), from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to turn, bend”) http://www.wordnik.com/words/envelop. Akin to Middle English wlappen (“to wrap, fold”) (Modern English lap (“to wrap, involve, fold”)), Middle English wrappen (“to wrap”), Middle Dutch lappen (“to wrap up, embrace”), dialectal Danish vravle (“to wind, twist”), Middle Low German wrempen (“to wrinkle, scrunch, distort”), Old English wearp (“warp”). The word acquired its modern meaning from the 17th-century belief that an egg contains the animal in miniature and matures by growing larger and shedding its envelopes.

cog

(mathematics) To change the form of (an algebraic expression, etc.) by executing certain indicated operations without changing the value.


telescope

en-verb

telescope (third-person singular simple present telescopes, present participle telescoping, simple past and past participle telescoped)

telescopes (present singular third-person)
telescoping (participle present)
telescoped (participle past)
telescoped (past)

From tele- + -scope.
From Latin tēlescopium, from Ancient Greek τηλεσκόπος (tēleskópos, “far-seeing”), from τῆλε (têle, “afar”) + σκοπέω (skopéō, “I look at”).
Coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei's instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei. Doublet of Telescopium.

der

(transitive, intransitive, mathematics, of a series) To collapse, via cancellation.


recursion

en-noun

recursion (countable and uncountable, plural recursions)

/ɹɪˈkɜː(ɹ)ʒən/

Borrowed from Latin recursiō (“the act of running back or again, return”), from recurrō (“run back; return”), from re- (“back, again”) + currō (“run”).

bor

n! = n × (n − 1)! (for n > 0) or 1 (for n = 0) defines the factorial function using recursion.

However, we have still not achieved our goal of devising a finite set of rules which will generate an infinite set of sentence structures. In order to achieve this goal, we need to allow for the fact that natural languages typically have the property that they allow potentially infinite recursion of particular structures.

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 128:

(mathematics) The act of defining an object (usually a function) in terms of that object itself.


locale

From French local (adj), nominal use of the adjective.

Since every locale is of the form #92;mbox#123;Sub#125;#95;#92;mathcal#123;E#125;(1) [subobjects of the terminal object in #92;mathcal#123;E#125;] for some topos #92;mathcal#123;E#125;, locale theory can be regarded as the fragment of topos theory concerning subobjects of 1. A subobject of 1 is a map 1#92;rightarrow#92;Omega, which can reasonably called a truth value. In that sense, locale theory is the study of truth values.

2011 June 27, Tom Leinster, “An informal introduction to topos theory”, in arXiv.org, Cornell University Library, retrieved 2018-03-21:

partially ordered set
partially ordered set

(mathematics) A partially ordered set with the following additional axiomatic properties: any finite subset of it has a meet, any arbitrary subset of it has a join, and distributivity, which states that a binary meet distributes with respect to an arbitrary join. (Note: locales are just like frames except that the category of locales is opposite to the category of frames.)


recursive

en-adj

recursive (comparative more recursive, superlative most recursive)

more recursive (comparative)
most recursive (superlative)

/ɹɪˈkɜː(ɹ)sɪv/

Learned borrowing from New Latin recursīvus. Equivalent to recurse + -ive

lbor

filtered-popping recursive transition network

(mathematics, not comparable) of an expression, each term of which is determined by applying a formula to preceding terms

rekurzivní

mathematics: of an expression, in which each term is determined by applying a formula to preceding terms


hendecagon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hendecagon.wav

(geometry) A polygon with eleven edges and eleven angles.


caterpillar

/ˈkætəˌpɪlə/

/ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ/

/ˈkætəˌpɪlɚ/

From Middle English catirpel, catirpeller, probably from Old Northern French catepeluse (Modern French chatte + pileuse (“hairy cat”)), from Late Latin catta + pilōsa. The sense "rapacious, extortionate person" arose by association with obsolete piller (“plunderer”).

(mathematics) A set of subtrees of a tree.


powerful

en-adj

powerful (comparative more powerful, superlative most powerful)

more powerful (comparative)
most powerful (superlative)

From Middle English pouerful, powarfull, equivalent to power + -ful.

(mathematics, not comparable) Being a powerful number.


soul

en-noun

soul (countable and uncountable, plural souls)

→ German: Soul

→ Esperanto: soulo

→ French: soul

→ Hungarian: soul

→ Italian: soul

→ Japanese: ソウル

→ Polish: soul

→ Portuguese: soul

→ Romanian: soul

→ Scots: sowel

→ Spanish: soul

From Middle English soule, sowle, saule, sawle, from Old English sāwol (“soul, life, spirit, being”), from Proto-West Germanic *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō (“soul”), of uncertain ultimate origin (see there for further information). Cognate with Scots saul, sowel (“soul”), North Frisian siel, sial (“soul”), Saterland Frisian Seele (“soul”), West Frisian siel (“soul”), Dutch ziel (“soul”), German Seele (“soul”) Scandinavian homonyms seem to have been borrowed from Old Saxon *siala. Modern Danish sjæl, Swedish själ, Norwegian sjel, Icelandic sál, Finnish sielu may have come from Old English sāwol.

inh

(mathematics) A kind of submanifold involved in the soul theorem of Riemannian geometry.


barn

From Middle English barn, bern, bærn, from Old English bearn, bern, contracted forms of Old English berern, bereærn (“barn, granary”), compound of bere (“barley”) and ærn, ræn (“dwelling, barn”), from Proto-West Germanic *raʀn, from Proto-Germanic *razną (compare Old Norse rann), from pre-Germanic *h₁rh̥₁-s-nó-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₁- (“to rest”).
More at rest and barley.
For the use as a unit of surface area, see w:Barn (unit) § Etymology.

der

close the barn door after the horse has bolted

not be able to hit the broad side of a barn

One day I was out in the barn and he drifted in. I was currying the horse and he set down on the wheelbarrow and begun to ask questions.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter XI, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

(agriculture) A building, often found on a farm, used for storage or keeping animals such as cattle.

(nuclear physics) A unit of surface area equal to 10⁻²⁸ square metres.

Maple Leaf Gardens was a grand old barn.

(informal, basketball, ice hockey) An arena.


barn

From Middle English barn, bern, from Old English bearn (“child, son, offspring, progeny”) and Old Norse barn (“child”). Doublet of bairn. Cognate to Frisian bern ("child/children"), Middle Dutch baren (“child”).

(dialect, parts of Northern England) A child.


indefinite

en-adj

indefinite (comparative more indefinite, superlative most indefinite)

more indefinite (comparative)
most indefinite (superlative)

From Late Latin indēfīnītus.
Morphologically in- + definite.

Don't forget to add the +C when calculating indefinite integrals.

(mathematics) Being an integral without specified limits.


comparable

comparable (comparative more comparable, superlative most comparable)

more comparable (comparative)
most comparable (superlative)

From Middle English comparable, from Middle French comparable, from Latin comparābilis. By surface analysis, compare + -able.

Six and forty-two are comparable in the divides order, but six and nine are not.

(mathematics) Constituting a pair in a particular partial order.


interpolation

en-noun

interpolation (countable and uncountable, plural interpolations)

/ɪnˌtɜː(ɹ)pəˈleɪʃən/

From French interpolation, from Latin interpolatio.
Morphologically interpolate + -ion.

(mathematics, sciences) The process of estimating the value of a function at a point from its values at nearby points.

интерполация

math, science: process of estimating the value of a function

(computing) The process of including and processing externally-fetched data in a document or program; see interpolate.

интерполя́ция

computing: process of including and processing externally-fetched data in a document or program


pepper

pepper (countable and uncountable, plural peppers)

Tok Pisin: pepa

→ Hawaiian: pepa

→ Marshallese: pepa

From Middle English peper, piper, from Old English piper, from Proto-West Germanic *pipar, from Latin piper, from an Indo-Aryan source; compare Sanskrit पिप्पलि (pippali, “long pepper”). The name was given to the capsicum fruit because of its unusual spicy taste, not unlike the Old World spice. Cognate with Scots pepar, Saterland Frisian Pieper, West Frisian piper, Dutch peper, German Low German Peper, German Pfeffer, Danish peber, Swedish peppar, Icelandic pipar. Doublet of falafel and peepul.

cog

(cryptography) A randomly-generated value that is added to another value (such as a password) prior to hashing. Unlike a salt, a new one is generated for each value and it is held separately from the value.


chord

Variant of cord, with spelling alteration due to Latin chorda (“cord”), ultimately from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “string of gut, the string of a lyre”). No relation to French accord (“chord”) and its derivations.

der

The simplest method of calculating the radius of a curve in situ is to measure the versine; in railway practice this is done by extending a tape 66 ft. (1 ch.) long in a straight line or chord between two points on the periphery of a curve, and then measuring the maximum distance of the rail from the chord at the centre of the 66 ft. The radius in chains is found by dividing the versine in inches into 99. Thus if a versine measures 3 in., the radius will be 33 ch.

1941 September, “The Why and the Wherefore: Curves”, in Railway Magazine, page 430:

(geometry) A line segment between two points of a curve.

Ctrl-K is the default first key for chords, but you can create chords using any keys that you want.

2005, James Avery, Visual Studio hacks, page 99:

(computing) A keyboard shortcut that involves two or more distinct keypresses, such as Ctrl+M followed by P.

(graph theory) An edge that is not part of a cycle but connects two vertices of the cycle.


interval

From Middle English interval, intervalle, from Old French intervalle, entreval, from Latin intervallum (“space between, interval, distance, interval of time, pause, difference; literally, space between two palisades or walls”), from inter (“between”) + vallum (“palisade, wall”).

com

(mathematics) A connected section of the real line which may be empty or have a length of zero.


dyad

From Ancient Greek δυάς (duás), δυάδ- (duád-) from δύο (dúo, “two”), from Proto-Indo-European *duwó, *duwéh₃ (*dwóh₁). The mathematics sense was coined by American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1884 in the second half of his book Elements of Vector Analysis.

чифт

pair of things standing in particular relation

(mathematics) A tensor of order two and rank one.


alias

From Latin alias (“at another time; at another place, elsewhere, under other circumstances, otherwise”). See else and alien.

bor

(signal processing) An spurious signal generated as a technological artifact.


alias

en-verb

alias (third-person singular simple present aliases, present participle aliasing, simple past and past participle aliased)

aliases (present singular third-person)
aliasing (participle present)
aliased (participle past)
aliased (past)

When the signal frequency reaches half the sampling frequency, there are only two samples per cycle, which is the absolute minimum needed to record a waveform. A higher frequency would cause the digitization system to alias.

1989, Ken C. Pohlmann, The compact disc: a handbook of theory and use, page 22:

Finally, as it is a frequency detection technique, color Doppler US has the potential to alias

1999, Carlo Bartolozzi with Riccardo Lencioni, Liver malignancies: diagnostic and interventional radiology, page 59:

This technique can be used to alias the L1 and L2 bands of the GPS into the baseband

2005, James Bao-yen Tsui, Fundamentals of global positioning system receivers, page 106:

(signal processing, of two signals, transitive, intransitive) To make or become indistinguishable.


gnomon

Borrowed from French gnomon, or directly from its etymon Latin gnōmōn, or directly from its etymon Ancient Greek γνώμων (gnṓmōn, “discerner, interpreter; carpenter’s square; gnomon of a sundial; (geometry) gnomon”), from γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō, “to be aware of; to perceive; to know”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”); the word is thus related to know.
The geometry sense (sense 4) is from the resemblance of the plane figure to a carpenter’s square. Similarly, a gnomon in mathematics (sense 5) is also shaped like a carpenter’s square when depicted pictorially if the figurate numbers are squares.

der

If a Parallelogram be divided into four leſſer ones, by two Lines interſecting each other; and one of theſe Parallelograms be retrench'd, or taken away; the other three will make a Gnomon, ordinarily call'd a Square.

1728, E[phraim] Chambers, “Gnomon”, in Cyclopædia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; […] In Two Volumes, volumes I (A–H), London: […] James and John Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, page 164, column 2:

(geometry) A plane figure formed by removing a parallelogram from a corner of a larger parallelogram.

gnomon

[page 16] The figurate number's gnomon is therefore 1#43;nb in the general case. A trivial family of numbers, those for which b#61;0, might be called linear. […] [page 17] Clearly, a figurate number of rank n is equal to the sum of its first n gnomons, and in particular the sum of the first n odd numbers is equal to n².

1999, Midhat J. Gazalé, “Figurate and m-adic Numbers”, in Gnomon: From Pharaohs to Fractals, Princeton, N.J., Chichester, West Sussex: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, pages 16 and 17:

figurate numbers
figurate number#English

(mathematics, by extension) A number representing the increment between two figurate numbers (“numbers equal to the numbers of dots in geometric figures formed of dots”).


alternate

From Latin alternō (“take turns”), from alternus (“one after another, by turns”), from alter (“other”) + -rnus. See altern, alter.

the alternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc.

(mathematics) Designating the members in a series, which regularly intervene between the members of another series, as the odd or even numbers of the numerals; every other; every second.

střídavý

mathematics: designating the members in a series


alternate

(mathematics) A proportion derived from another proportion by interchanging the means.


alternate

en-verb

alternate (third-person singular simple present alternates, present participle alternating, simple past and past participle alternated)

alternates (present singular third-person)
alternating (participle present)
alternated (participle past)
alternated (past)

This case suggests that the alternation of a polyhedron should be bounded by actual vertex figures and alternated faces. The case of the cube is in agreement with this notion, since the alternated square is nothing.

1932, Harold Scott Macdonald Coxeter, The densities of the regular polytopes, part 2, reprinted in 1995, F. Arthur Sherk, Peter Mcmullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivić Weiss (editors), Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H. S. M. Coxeter, page 54:

(transitive, geometry) To perform an alternation (removal of alternate vertices) on (a polytope or tessellation); to remove vertices (from a face or edge) as part of an alternation.


alternately

[ɔːlˈtɜɹnətlɪ]

(mathematics) By alternation; when, in a proportion, the antecedent term is compared with antecedent, and consequent.


alternation

en-noun

alternation (countable and uncountable, plural alternations)

Latin alternatio; compare French alternation.
Morphologically alternate + -ion

(mathematics) A sequence that alternates between positive and negative values.

(mathematics, proscribed) A permutation.

1932, Harold Scott Macdonald Coxeter, The densities of the regular polytopes, part 2, reprinted in 1995, F. Arthur Sherk, Peter Mcmullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivić Weiss (editors), Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H. S. M. Coxeter, page 54,
This case suggests that the alternation of a polyhedron should be bounded by actual vertex figures and alternated faces. The case of the cube is in agreement with this notion, since the alternated square is nothing.

(geometry) A type of partial truncation of a polygon, polyhedron or tiling in which alternate vertices are removed.


superficial

en-adj

superficial (comparative more superficial, superlative most superficial)

more superficial (comparative)
most superficial (superlative)

Borrowing from Late Latin superficiālis (“of or belonging to the surface”), from superficiēs (“top, surface”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

pintapuolinen

not thorough, concerned with the obvious or apparent

(relational) Existing, occurring, or located on the surface.

superficial muscles

The epidermis is superficial to the subcutis.

(anatomy, relational, often with to) Closer to the surface of the body; especially, situated or occurring on the skin or immediately beneath it.

(rare) Two-dimensional; drawn on a flat surface.

kaksiulotteinen

two-dimensional, drawn on a flat surface

one superficial foot

(British, architecture) Denoting a quantity of a material expressed in terms of area covered rather than linear dimension or volume.


knot

From Middle English knotte, from Old English cnotta, from Proto-West Germanic *knottō, from Proto-Germanic *knuttô, *knudô (“knot”); probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gnod- (“to bind”).
See also Old High German knoto (German Knoten, Dutch knot, Low German Knütte; also Old Norse knútr > Danish knude, Swedish knut, Norwegian knute, Faroese knútur, Icelandic hnútur; also Latin nōdus and its Romance descendants. Doublet of knout, node, and nodus.
* (unit of speed): From the practice of counting the number of knots in the log-line (as it is paid out) in a standard time. Traditionally spaced at one every ¹⁄₁₂₀ of a mile.

A knot can be defined as a non-self-intersecting broken line whose endpoints coincide: when such a knot is constrained to lie in a plane, then it is simply a polygon.

(mathematics) A non-self-intersecting closed curve in (e.g., three-dimensional) space that is an abstraction of a knot (in sense 1 above).


breadth

en-noun

breadth (countable and uncountable, plural breadths)

From Middle English bredthe, alteration (due to nouns ending in -th: length, strength, wrength, etc.) of brede ("breadth"; see bread). Equivalent to broad + -th. Cognate with Scots bredth (“breadth”), Saterland Frisian Bratte (“breadth”), West Frisian breedte (“breadth”), Dutch breedte (“breadth”), German Low German Breddte, Breddt (“breadth”), German Breite (“breadth”), Danish bredde (“breadth”), Norwegian Bokmål bredde (“breadth”), Swedish bredd (“breadth”).

expand one’s breadth of marketing

Scope or range, especially of knowledge or skill.

(graph theory) The length of the longest path between two vertices in a graph.


width

width (countable and uncountable, plural widths)

→ Scots: width, wyth

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From wide + -th, possibly by analogy with Old Norse vídd (“width”), though this is unlikely, as the word is not attested before the end of the 16th century and was historically unknown in Scots and the traditional dialect of Northern England, where one would expect Old Norse influence to be the strongest (these varieties traditionally employed wideness instead). Replaced Middle English wide, wyde (“width”).

The measurement of the extent of something from side to side.

gjerësi

measurement of something from side to side

ширина

piece of fabric measured from side to side

breadth

extent or measure of how broad or wide something is

A piece of material measured along its smaller dimension, especially fabric.

(cricket) The horizontal distance between a batsman and the ball as it passes him.


height

height (countable and uncountable, plural heights)

From Middle English heighte, heiȝþe, from Old English hēahþu, hēhþo, hīehþu (“height”), Proto-West Germanic *hauhiþu, from Proto-Germanic *hauhiþō (compare *hauhaz). Equivalent to high + -th.
Cognates
See also Saterland Frisian Höchte, Hööchte (“height”), West Frisian hichte (“height”), Dutch hoogte (“height”), Middle High German hœhede, hœhte (“height”), Old Norse and Old Norse hæð (“height”) (compare Swedish höjd, Norwegian høyde), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐌰 (hauhiþa, “height”).

The area of a triangle is "a half base times height".

The distance from the base to the top of something.

(geometry) The minimum distance from a vertex of a triangle to (the extension of) the edge opposite, namely along a line perpendicular to the edge.

(mathematics) The amplitude of a sinusoid.

(phonetics) A quality of vowels, indicating the vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth; in practice, the first formant, associated with the height of the tongue.

nyelvállás

phonetics: a quality of vowels, indicating the vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth; in practice, the first formant


discordant

en-adj

discordant (comparative more discordant, superlative most discordant)

more discordant (comparative)
most discordant (superlative)

From Old French descordant, from descorder.


trace

From Middle English trace, traas, from Old French trace (“an outline, track, trace”), from the verb (see below).

der

(geometry) The intersection of a plane of projection, or an original plane, with a coordinate plane.

(mathematics) The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix.

jälki

(mathematics) sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix


sketch

→ German: Sketch

→ Italian: sketch

desc

→ Portuguese: esquete (Brasilian), sketch (European)

→ Turkish: skeç

From Dutch schets or German Skizze, from Italian schizzo, from Latin schedium, from Ancient Greek σχέδιος (skhédios, “made suddenly, off-hand”), from σχεδόν (skhedón, “near, nearby”), from ἔχω (ékhō, “I hold”). Compare scheme.

скеч

brief musical, dramatic or literary work etc.

mathematical structure
mathematical structure

(category theory) A formal specification of a mathematical structure or a data type described in terms of a graph and diagrams (and cones (and cocones)) on it. It can be implemented by means of “models”, which are functors which are graph homomorphisms from the formal specification to categories such that the diagrams become commutative, the cones become limiting (i.e., products), the cocones become colimiting (i.e., sums).


variable

en-adj

variable (comparative more variable, superlative most variable)

more variable (comparative)
most variable (superlative)

Borrowed into Middle English in the 14th century from Old French variable, from Latin variare (“to change”), from varius (“different, various”). Equates to English vary + -able.

(mathematics) Having no fixed quantitative value.

променлив

mathematics: having no fixed quantitative value


variable

Variable (mathematics)
w:Variable (mathematics)

(mathematics) A quantity that may assume any one of a set of values.

variabël

mathematics: a quantity that may assume any one of a set of values

(mathematics) A symbol representing a variable.

variabel

mathematics: a symbol representing a variable


candlepower

en-noun

candlepower (usually uncountable, plural candlepowers)

(dated) A unit of luminous intensity of a light source, equal to 0.981 candelas.

燭 /烛

former measurement of brightness of a light source


choice

choice (countable and uncountable, plural choices)

From Middle English chois, from Old French chois (“choice”), from choisir (“to choose, perceive”), possibly via assumed Vulgar Latin *causīre (“to choose”), from Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kausjan, “to make a choice, taste, test, choose”), from Proto-Germanic *kauzijaną, from *keusaną (“to choose”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to choose”). Akin to Old High German kiosan (“to choose”), Old English ċēosan (“to choose”), Old Norse kjósa (“to choose”). More at choose.

der

you pays your money and you takes your choice

you pays your nickel and you takes your choice

5. ZF* is the theory obtained from the aforementioned axiomatics (without choice) by adding the Axiom of Inaccessible Cardinals to be explained in the next secion; similarly, we get ZFC*.

2016 July 15, Decio Krause, Jonas R.B. Arenhart, The Logical Foundations of Scientific Theories: Languages, Structures, and Models (Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Mathematics and Physics), Routledge, →ISBN, page 51:

(set theory) Ellipsis of axiom of choice.


angelic

en-adj

angelic (comparative more angelic, superlative most angelic)

more angelic (comparative)
most angelic (superlative)

/ænˈd͡ʒɛlɪk/

From Middle English angelik, aungillik, aungellike, (also angellich, aungellich > English angelly), from Old English anġelīċ, engellīċ, englelīċ, coalescing with Old French angélique, from Latin angelicus, from Ancient Greek ἀγγελικός (angelikós, “of or for a messenger”), from ἄγγελος (ángelos, “angel”). Equivalent to angel + -ic. Doublet of angelique (“plant of the genus Angelica”) and angélique (“plucked bowl lute”).

doublet

(topology) A regular Hausdorff space is said to be angelic if the closure of each relatively countably compact set A is compact and the closure consists of the limits of sequences in A.


yard

en-noun

yard (plural yards or (UK colloquial) yard)

yards (plural)
yard (UK colloquial plural)

rod (unit)
yard
yard (disambiguation)
yard (sailing)
yardland

From Middle English ȝerde, yerd, ȝerd, from Old English ġierd (“branch; rod, staff; measuring stick; yardland”), from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀd, from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz. Cognate with Dutch gard (“twig”), German Gerte and probably related to Latin hasta (“spear”).

ráhno

nautical: tapered timber from which square sails hang

A unit of length equal to 3 feet in the US customary and British imperial systems of measurement, equal to precisely 0.9144 m since 1959 (US) or 1963 (UK).

(informal) Ellipsis of square yard.. a unit of area (common with textiles)


aperture

/ˈæp.ɚˌt͡ʃʊɹ/

/ˈæp.ɚ.t͡ʃɚ/

/ˈæp.ɚˌtjʊɹ/

-æpə(ɹ)tʃʊə(ɹ)

From late Middle English, from Latin apertūra (“an opening”), from aperiō (“to uncover, make or lay bare”) + -tūra (“-ure”, action noun suffix). Doublet of overture.

stralingsvlak

hole restricting the diameter of the lightpath through one plane

апертура

refers to the opening itself, not to the device

If the generatrix makes an angle θ to the axis, then the aperture is 2θ.

(mathematics, rare, of a right circular cone) The maximum angle between the two generatrices.


asymmetric

en-adj

asymmetric (comparative more asymmetric, superlative most asymmetric)

more asymmetric (comparative)
most asymmetric (superlative)

From a- + symmetric, as Ancient Greek ἀσυμμετρία (asummetría, “disproportion, deformity”).

der

(cryptography) Not involving a mutual exchange of keys between the sender and receiver.

(set theory) Of a relation R on a set S: having the property that for any two elements of S (not necessarily distinct), at least one is not related to the other via R.


symmetric

en-adj

symmetric (comparative more symmetric, superlative most symmetric)

more symmetric (comparative)
most symmetric (superlative)

From symmetry + -ic, from Latin symmetria, from Ancient Greek συμμετρία (summetría).

"Is a sibling of" is a symmetric relation.

(set theory) Of a relation R on a set S, such that xRy if and only if yRx for all members x and y of S (that is, if the relation holds between any element and a second, it also holds between the second and the first).

symétrique

of a relation R on a set S, such that xRy if and only if yRx for all members x and y of S

(cryptography) Using the same key (or keys that are trivially related) for both encryption and decryption.


supplementary angles

A = 30° and A′ = 150°, so A and A′ are supplementary angles.

(geometry) A pair of angles that sum to 180 degrees.


complementary angles

Complementary in the sense of completing, i.e. they form a complete right angle.

A = 30° and A′ = 60°, so A and A′ are complementary angles.

(geometry) A pair of angles that sum to a right angle.


cyclic quadrilateral

en-noun

cyclic quadrilateral (plural cyclic quadrilaterals)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cyclic quadrilateral.wav

(geometry) A quadrilateral whose vertices all intersect a single circle.


vertex

Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin vertex (“whirl, eddy; top, crown, peak, summit”). Doublet of vortex.

der

Mathworld article on vertices of polyhedra

Mathworld article on vertices of polygons

(geometry) An angular point of a polygon, polyhedron or higher order polytope.

The common point of the two rays that form an angle.

The point at which an axis meets a curve or surface.

(mathematics) A point on the curve with a local minimum or maximum of curvature.

Coordinate term: plot

(graph theory) One of the elements of a graph joined or not by edges to other vertices.


edge

From Middle English egge, from Old English eċġ, from Proto-West Germanic *aggju, from Proto-Germanic *agjō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).
See also Dutch egge, German Ecke, Swedish egg, Norwegian egg; also Welsh hogi (“to sharpen, hone”), Latin aciēs (“sharp”), acus (“needle”), Latvian ašs, ass (“sharp”), Ancient Greek ἀκίς (akís, “needle”), ἀκμή (akmḗ, “point”), and Persian آس (âs, “grinding stone”)).

(geometry) A one-dimensional face of a polytope. In particular, the joining line between two vertices of a polygon; the place where two faces of a polyhedron meet.

կողմ

(graph theory) A connected pair of vertices in a graph.

aresta

in graph theory: any of the pairs of vertices in a graph

Remember that edge computing refers to data that is processed on edge devices before the result goes to its destination, which could be on a public or private cloud.

2022, Sergio Mendez, Edge Computing Systems with Kubernetes, Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 5:

(computing, often attributive) The point of data production in an organization (the focus of edge computing), as opposed to the cloud.


large

en-noun

large (countable and uncountable, plural larges)

From Middle English large, from Old French large, from Latin larga, feminine of largus (“abundant, plentiful, copious, large, much”), of uncertain ultimate origin; see there for more. Mostly displaced Middle English stoor, stour (“large, great”) (from Old English stōr) and muchel (“large, great”) (from Old English myċel).

cog

Getting a car tricked out like that will cost you 50 large.

"We'll call you anything we want," Dave said. "You owe us eighty-five large, Ace, and what we've got for collateral on that money so far is a shitload of Arm & Hammer baking soda worth about a buck-fifty. We'll call you Hubert J. Motherfucker if we want to."

So send my sister a hundred large, and next time you come down to Jessup it won't be my grill talking at you. My word on that.

2008 January 13, David Simon, “Unconfirmed Reports” (30:16 from the start), in The Wire, season 2, episode 2, spoken by Avon Barksdale:

(slang, plural: large) A thousand dollars/pounds.


bootstrap

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bootstrap.wav

From boot + strap. The sense "pull up (without aid)" comes from the phrase pull oneself up by one's bootstraps.

(statistics) Any method or instance of estimating properties of an estimator (such as its variance) by measuring those properties when sampling from an approximating distribution.


bootstrap

en-verb

bootstrap (third-person singular simple present bootstraps, present participle bootstrapping, simple past and past participle bootstrapped)

bootstraps (present singular third-person)
bootstrapping (participle present)
bootstrapped (participle past)
bootstrapped (past)

(statistics) To employ a bootstrap method.


ceiling

From Middle English celing (“paneling; (bed) cover or hanging”), from celen (“to cover or panel walls”) (from Old French celer (“to conceal”)) + -ing (gerund-forming suffix). By surface analysis, ceil + -ing.

inh

The ceiling of 4.5 is 5; the ceiling of −4.5 is −4.

(mathematics) The smallest integer greater than or equal to a given number.


hobbit

en-noun

hobbit (plural hobbits or (humorous) hobbitses)

hobbits (plural)
hobbitses (humorous plural)

Denham Tracts
Hobbit (word)
J. R. R. Tolkien
The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings
hobbit

Coined in its current sense by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 1930s, featured in the novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Jocularly etymologized by him as from a hypothetical Old English *holbytla (literally “hole-builder”), from hol (“hole”) + bytlan (“to build”) + -a (“-er”). Tolkien was possibly influenced by similar terms for house-sprites (probably from Hob, a hypocoristic form of Robert), or an isolated mention of hobbits (with hobgoblins following immediately afterwards) in a list of sprites and bogies from the 19th-century Denham Tracts.

pseudo-loan

(US, slang, uncommon) A socially unappealing, overly academic student.


membership

en-noun

membership (countable and uncountable, plural memberships)

(mathematics) The fact of being a member of a set.


member

→ Japanese: メンバー (menbā)

→ Korean: 멤버 (membeo)

→ Malay: member

→ Punjabi: ਮੈਂਬਰ (maimbar)

From Middle English membre, from Old French membre, from Latin membrum (“limb, body part”), from Proto-Italic *memzrom, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗms, *mēms-rom (“flesh”). Akin to Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 (mimz, “meat, flesh”), Crimean Gothic menus.
Coexists with native Middle English lim, limb (“member, limb, joint”) (from Old English lim (“limb, joint, main branch”)), and displaced Middle English lith (“limb, joint, member”) (from Old English liþ (“limb, member, join, tip”)).

cog

(mathematics) Either of the two parts of an algebraic equation, connected by the equality sign.

член

math: either of the two parts of an algebraic equation


functional

en-adj

functional (comparative more functional, superlative most functional)

more functional (comparative)
most functional (superlative)

/ˈfʌŋkt͡ʃənəl/

While we assume that phonological subsyllabic units are functional prior to reading skill, we have not ruled out a possible interaction with the writing system.

2002, Ludo Verhoeven, Carsten Elbro, Pieter Reitsma, editors, Precursors of Functional Literacy:

(mathematics) Of or relating to a function or functions.

funktional

of or relating to a function or functions

(computing theory) Having semantics defined purely in terms of mathematical functions, without side-effects.

funkcionální

having semantics defined purely in terms of mathematical functions, without side-effects


functional

/ˈfʌŋkt͡ʃənəl/

An example of a functional is the definite integration of integrable real functions in a real interval.

(mathematics) A function that takes a function as its argument; more precisely, a function whose argument varies in a space of (real or complex valued) functions and whose value belongs to a monodimensional space.

泛函

a function that takes a function as its argument

(mathematics, functional analysis) A scalar-valued linear function on a vector space.

(computing) An object encapsulating a function pointer (or equivalent).

関数オブジェクト

an object encapsulating a function pointer


calculate

en-verb

calculate (third-person singular simple present calculates, present participle calculating, simple past and past participle calculated)

calculates (present singular third-person)
calculating (participle present)
calculated (participle past)
calculated (past)
calculate (infinitive)

Borrowed from Latin calculātus, perfect passive participle of calculō (“I reckon, originally by means of pebbles”), from calculus (“a pebble”). Refer to calculus for origin.

Calculate the square root of 3 to 10 decimal places.

(transitive, mathematics) To determine the value of something or the solution to something by a mathematical process.

llogarit

(transitive) to determine the value or solution of sth.

calcular (used in both standard Catalan and Algherese)

(intransitive, mathematics) To determine values or solutions by a mathematical process; reckon.

حَسَبَ

(intransitive) to determine values or solutions


CRT

en-noun

CRT (countable and uncountable, plural CRTs)

Chinese remainder theorem
Chinese remainder theorem#English

(mathematics) Initialism of Chinese remainder theorem.


FFT

fast Fourier transform
fast Fourier transform#English

(signal processing) Initialism of fast Fourier transform.


tonne

From French tonne. Doublet of ton and tun.

Although loads of up to 900 tonnes could be handled by one of these locomotives, in practice the load is limited to 790 tonnes by drawgear.

1961 February, “Letters to the Editor: Swiss railways”, in Trains Illustrated, page 126:

The metric ton or 'tonne' is accepted as a synonym for the megagramme, and this form Is to be preferred on the grounds of brevity and familiarity in the industry. It may be as well to use the pronunciation 'tunnie' until the risk of confusion with the old ton has passed.

1971, Transactions of the Royal Institute of Naval Arcihtects, volume 113, page 215:

The British Steel Corporation, going metric but realising the possible confusion between a ton and a tonne (1,000 kilograms) has directed its staff to pronounce ‘tonne’ ‘tunnie’.

The tonne rhymes with con (perhaps not in North America!) to distinguish it from the non-SI unit of weight, the ton rhyming with bun.

2002, Richard Chapman, Physics for Geologists, CRC Press, published 2002, →ISBN, page 138:

(outside U.S.) A unit of mass equal to 1000 kilograms.


metric ton

One typical Grecian kiln engorged one thousand muleloads of juniper wood in a single burn. Fifty such kilns would devour six thousand metric tons of trees and brush annually.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion:

(chiefly US) A unit of mass equal to 1000 kilograms, about 2204.6 pounds avoirdupois.


binary

en-adj

binary (comparative more binary, superlative most binary)

more binary (comparative)
most binary (superlative)

From Late Latin bīnārius (“consisting of two”), from Latin bīnī (“two-by-two, pair”). By surface analysis, bin- + -ary.

двайко́вы

being in a state of one of two mutually exclusive conditions such as on or off

(arithmetic, computing) Concerning numbers and calculations using the binary number system.

Division of reals is a binary operation.

(mathematics, programming, computer engineering) Of an operation, function, procedure, or logic gate, taking exactly two operands, arguments, parameters, or inputs; having domain of dimension 2.


binary

en-noun

binary (countable and uncountable, plural binaries)

As our initial exposure to the base 10 number system consisted of learning how to count, it also makes sense that we might begin by learning how to count in binary.

1987, Robert W. McBeth, J. Robert Ferguson, IBM Assembler: An Intuitive Approach, John Wiley, page 5:

(mathematics, computing, uncountable) The bijective base-2 numeral system, which uses only the digits 0 and 1.


equal

en-adj

equal (not generally comparable, comparative more equal, superlative most equal)

more equal (comparative)
most equal (superlative)

From Middle English equal, from Latin aequālis. Doublet of aequalis and egal.

All right angles are equal.

The skipper Mr. Cooke had hired at Far Harbor was a God-fearing man with a luke warm interest in his new billet and employer, and had only been prevailed upon to take charge of the yacht after the offer of an emolument equal to half a year's sea pay of an ensign in the navy.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter X, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

(mathematics, not comparable) Exactly identical, having the same value.


equal

en-verb

equal (third-person singular simple present equals, present participle (Commonwealth) equalling or (US) equaling, simple past and past participle (Commonwealth) equalled or (US) equaled)

equals (present singular third-person)
equalling (Commonwealth participle present)
equaling (US participle present)
equalled (Commonwealth participle past)
equalled (Commonwealth past)
equaled (US participle past)
equaled (US past)

Two plus two equals four.

(mathematics, copulative) To be equal to, to have the same value as; to correspond to.


even

From Middle English even, from Old English efn (“flat; level, even, equal”), from Proto-West Germanic *ebn, from Proto-Germanic *ebnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)em-no- (“equal, straight; flat, level, even”).
Cognate with West Frisian even (“even”), Low German even (“even”), Dutch even (“even, equal, same”), effen, German eben (“even, flat, level”), Danish jævn (“even, flat, smooth”), Swedish jämn (“even, level, smooth”), Icelandic jafn, jamn (“even, equal”), Old Cornish eun (“equal, right”) (attested in Vocabularium Cornicum eun-hinsic (“iustus, i. e., just”)), Old Breton eun (“equal, right”) (attested in Eutychius Glossary eunt (“aequus, i. e., equal”)), Middle Breton effn, Breton eeun, Sanskrit अम्नस् (amnás, “(adverb) just, just now; at once”).
The verb descends from Middle English evenen, from Old English efnan; the adverb from Middle English evene, from Old English efne.
The traditional proposal connecting the Germanic adjective with the root Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym- (Latin imāgō (“picture, image, likeness, copy”), Latin aemulus (“competitor, rival”), Sanskrit यम (yamá, “pair, twin”)) is problematic from a phonological point of view.
For the meaning development compare with Latin aequus (“equal, level, even, flat, horizontal”), Russian ро́вный (róvnyj, “even, level, flat, smooth”), ра́вный (rávnyj, “equal”), по́ровну (pórovnu, “in equal parts”).

e'en

etymology 1: adverb, etymology 2: noun; contraction

So let's see. There are two evens here and three odds.

(mathematics, diminutive) An even number.


describe

en-verb

describe (third-person singular simple present describes, present participle describing, simple past and past participle described)

describes (present singular third-person)
describing (participle present)
described (participle past)
described (past)

From Middle English descriven, from Old French descrivre, from Latin dēscrībō (“I copy off, transcribe, sketch off, describe in painting or writing”), from dē (“off”) + scrībō (“write”); see scribe and shrive. Displaced native Old English āmearcian.

der

The function describes a very complex surface.

(transitive, mathematics) To give rise to a geometrical structure.


expansion

en-noun

expansion (countable and uncountable, plural expansions)

Borrowed from French expansion, from Latin expānsiō. By surface analysis, expand + -sion.

An act, process, or instance of expanding.

(geometry) Stretching of geometric objects with flat sides.


expand

en-verb

expand (third-person singular simple present expands, present participle expanding, simple past and past participle expanded)

expands (present singular third-person)
expanding (participle present)
expanded (participle past)
expanded (past)
expand (infinitive)

contract

antonym(s) of “to change from a smaller form/size to a larger one”

contract

antonym(s) of “to increase the extent, number, volume or scope of”

factor

Recorded in Middle English since 1422 (as expanden, expaunden), from Anglo-Norman espaundre, from Latin expandere (“to spread out”), itself from ex- (“out, outwards”) + pandō (“to spread”). Doublet of spawn.

وَسَّعَ

(transitive) to increase the extent, number, volume or scope of

فَصَّلَ

(transitive) to express at length or in detail

enlarge

You can expand this compact umbrella to cover a large table.

(transitive) To change (something) from a smaller form or size to a larger one; to spread out or lay open.

разширявам се

(transitive) to change from a smaller form/size to a larger one

увеличавам се

(intransitive) to change from a smaller form/size to a larger one

open out

Use the binomial theorem to expand #123;(x#43;1)#125;⁴.

(transitive, algebra) To rewrite (an expression) as a longer, yet equivalent sum of terms.

ontwikkelen

(transitive, algebra) to rewrite as an equivalent sum of terms

The expression #123;(x#43;1)#125;⁴ expands to x⁴#43;4x³#43;6x²#43;4x#43;1.

(intransitive, algebra, of an expression) To become, by rewriting, a longer, yet equivalent sum of terms.

sviluppare

(intransitive, algebra) to become an equivalent sum of terms

Expanding 4#47;7 by 3 gives 12#47;21.

(transitive, arithmetic) To multiply both the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by the same (non-zero) number (which yields a fraction of equal value).

laventaa

(transitive, arithmetic) to multiply the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same number

Many materials expand when heated.

This compact umbrella expands to cover a large table.

(intransitive) To change or grow from smaller to larger in form, number, or size.

(transitive, computing) In a hierarchical list (such as a directory tree or table of contents), to show the subentries of (an entry).


reduce

reduce (third-person singular simple present reduces, present participle reducing, simple past and past participle reduced)

reduces (present singular third-person)
reducing (participle present)
reduced (participle past)
reduced (past)

From Middle English reducen, from Old French reduire, from Latin redūcō (“reduce”); from re- (“back”) + dūcō (“lead”). See duke, and compare with redoubt.

(transitive, mathematics) To simplify an equation or formula without changing its value.

опростявам

math: to simplify an equation or formula without changing its value


evenly divisible

From the concept of dividing a group of objects into subgroups of even (that is, the same) size.

15 is evenly divisible by 3 but 16 isn't.

(arithmetic) Leaving no remainder when divided by.


remainder

dearth

antonym(s) of “a part or parts remaining”

From Middle English remaindre, remeigner, from Anglo-Norman remaindre, with infinitive used as noun.

մնացորդ

mathematics: amount left over after repeatedly subtracting the divisor

17 leaves a remainder of 2 when divided by 3.

11 divided by 2 is 5 remainder 1.

(mathematics) The amount left over after subtracting the divisor as many times as possible from the dividend without producing a negative result. If n (dividend) and d (divisor) are integers, then n can always be expressed in the form n = dq + r, where q (quotient) and r (remainder) are also integers and 0 ≤ r < d.

10 minus 4 leaves a remainder of 6

(mathematics) The number left over after a simple subtraction

մնացորդ

mathematics: number left over after a simple subtraction


evenly

en-adv

evenly (comparative more evenly, superlative most evenly)

more evenly (comparative)
most evenly (superlative)

From Middle English evenly, evenliche, from Old English efenlīċe (“evenly, alike, equally”), equivalent to even + -ly.

inh

12 is evenly divisible by 2, 3, 4 and 6.

(mathematics) In a manner that leaves no remainder.


sigmoid

Borrowing from Ancient Greek σῑγμοειδής (sīgmoeidḗs, “of the shape of sigma”), from σῖγμᾰ (sîgmă, “sigma”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-oid, -like”); Equivalent to sigma + -oid. Compare with French sigmoïde.

af

(archaic) Semi-circular, like the uncial or lunate sigma (similar to English C).

Curved in two directions, like the letter "S", or the Greek ς (sigma); having a serpentine shape.

(mathematics) Exhibiting logistic growth; having a graph that accelerates until it reaches a carrying capacity.

(anatomy) Relating to the sigmoid colon.


sigmoid

If we had the textbook from a hundred years in the future that contains all the simple ideas that actually work, that take so long to identify in practice — the ReLUs instead of sigmoids — for those of us who’ve been following AI for, like, more than the last couple of years and know what I’m taking about there.

2023 June 29th, “AI will kill all of us | Eliezer Yudkowsky interview” (16:12–16:28 from the start), in The David Pakman Show, spoken by Eliezer Yudkowsky, via YouTube:

sigmoid function
sigmoid function#English

(mathematics) Ellipsis of sigmoid function.


average

/ˈæv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle French avarie, from Old French avarie, from Old Italian avaria (which is possibly from Arabic عَوَارِيَّة (ʕawāriyya, “damaged goods”), from عَوَار (ʕawār, “fault, blemish, defect, flaw”), from عَوِرَ (ʕawira, “to lose an eye”)) + English suffix -age.

der

The average of 10, 20 and 24 is (10 + 20 + 24)/3 = 18.

But poverty’s scourge is fiercest below $1.25 (the average of the 15 poorest countries’ own poverty lines, measured in 2005 dollars and adjusted for differences in purchasing power): people below that level live lives that are poor, nasty, brutish and short.

2013 June 1, “Towards the end of poverty”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 11:

measure of central tendency
measure of central tendency

(statistics) Any measure of central tendency, especially any mean, the median, or the mode.


fluent

From Latin fluens (“flowing”), present active participle of fluō (“I flow”).

(mathematics, obsolete) A continuous variable, especially one with respect to time in Newton's Method of Fluxions.


arithmetic mean

en-noun

arithmetic mean (plural arithmetic means)

The arithmetic mean of 3, 6, 2, 3 and 6 is (3#43;6#43;2#43;3#43;6)#92;div 5#61;4.

(statistics, probability) The measure of central tendency of a set of values computed by dividing the sum of the values by their number.


geometric mean

The geometric mean of 2, 4 and 1 is √ = 2

The geometric mean of the arithmetic mean and the harmonic mean is the geometric mean. In symbols: if A(x,y)#61;#123;x#43;y#92;over 2#125;, H(x,y)#61;#123;2xy#92;overx#43;y#125;, and G(x,y)#61;#92;sqrt#123;xy#125;, then G(A(x,y),H(x,y))#61;#92;sqrt#58;Template#58;x#43;y#92;over 2#125;#92;cdot#123;2xy#92;overx#43;y#61;#92;sqrt#123;xy#125;#61;G(x,y).

(mathematics) A measure of central tendency of a set of n values computed by extracting the nth root of the product of the values.


median

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-median.wav

Borrowed from Middle French median, from Latin mediānus (“of or pertaining to the middle”, adjective), from medius (“middle”) (see medium), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”). Doublet of mean and mizzen. Cognate with Old English midde, middel (“middle”). More at middle.

der

(geometry) A line segment joining the vertex of triangle to the midpoint of the opposing side.

медиана

geometry: line segment joining vertex and midpoint of opposing side

probability distribution
probability distribution

(statistics) A number separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, population, or probability distribution. The median of a finite list of numbers can be found by arranging all the observations from lowest value to highest value and picking the middle one (e.g., the median of {3, 3, 5, 9, 11} is 5). If there is an even number of observations, then there is no single middle value; the median is then usually defined to be the mean of the two middle values.


median

(statistics) Having the median as its value.


over

From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo.
Akin to Dutch over, German ober, über, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir, Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar), Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Albanian upri (“group of peasants”), Sanskrit उपरि (upári).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.

عَبْرَ

physical positioning: across or spanning

Two over six equals one over three.


yottagram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10²⁴ grams. Symbol: Yg


zettagram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10²¹ grams. Symbol: Zg


exagram

(rare) (metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10¹⁸ grams. Symbol: Eg


petagram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10¹⁵ grams. Symbol: Pg

An SI unit of mass equal to 10¹⁵ grams. Symbol: Pg
Sometimes used in Carbon Dioxide numbers, it is equivalent to Metric Gigatons (Giga) 10⁹ x (Ton) 10³ x (kg) 10³ = 10¹⁵


teragram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10¹² grams. Symbol: Tg


gigagram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁹ grams. Symbol: Gg


megagram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁶ grams. Symbol: Mg


hectogram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10² grams. Symbol: hg


microgram

All seven cities saw an increase in air pollution during January-May. Readings assessed showed an average concentration of hazardous airborne particles - known as PM2.5 - up by as much as 14.8% in Taiyuan, the provincial capital, and by 16.3% in Shuozhou.[…]
According to the latest data, average rates of PM2.5 in 337 cities nationwide stood at 44 micrograms per cubic meter in the first five months of the year, unchanged from 2018, with 118 cities reaching the national standard of 35 micrograms or below.

2019 June 20, David Stanway, “China coal hub Shanxi slams seven cities for pollution spike in 2019”, in Sherry Jacob-Phillips, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-06-21, Environment:

In the United States, there was a daily mortality increase of 0.79 percent for each 10 micrograms per cubic meter increase in PM 10 and a 1.58 percent increase for each 10 microgram increase in PM 2.5.

2019 August 27, Nicholas Balakar, “The Deadly Toll of Air Pollution”, in The New York Times:

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻⁶ grams. Symbol: μg A unit of mass equal to one millionth of a gram, or 0.000 001 grams.


nanogram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻⁹ grams. Symbol: ng


picogram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻¹² grams. Symbol: pg


femtogram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻¹⁵ grams. Symbol: fg


attogram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻¹⁸ grams. Symbol: ag


zeptogram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻²¹ grams. Symbol: zg


yoctogram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻²⁴ grams. Symbol: yg


inversion

en-noun

inversion (countable and uncountable, plural inversions)

/ɪnˈvɜː.ʃən/

(algebra) An operation on a group, analogous to negation.


transposition

transposition (countable and uncountable, plural transpositions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-transposition.wav

From Middle French transposition, from Medieval Latin transpositio.

(especially mathematics) The act or process of transposing or interchanging.


square root

The square roots of 4 are 2 and −2, the square root of 0 is 0, and the square roots of −4 are 2i and −2i.

In √a̅+̅b̅, the horizontal bar or vinculum is actually a parenthesis that groups a+b. Without it, √a+b might mean b+√a̅ or it might mean √a̅+̅b̅. Nevertheless, the square-root sign without the vinculum is often used[…].

a. 1992, Frederick Mosteller, “Writing about Numbers”, in John C. Bailar III, Frederick Mosteller, editors, Medical Uses of Statistics, second edition, published 1992, page 388:

(mathematics) The number which, when squared, yields another number.

The square root of 4 is 2. No negative real square roots exist. Negative numbers have no real square roots.

principal square root
principal square root

(mathematics) The positive number which, when squared, yields another number; the principal square root.


cube root

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Coordinate term: square root

3 is the cube root of 27.

(mathematics) Of a number or expression, a number or expression the cube of which is equal to the given number or expression.


rooted

en-adj

rooted (comparative more rooted, superlative most rooted)

more rooted (comparative)
most rooted (superlative)

(mathematics, graph theory, of a tree or graph) Having a root.


complex conjugate

en-noun

complex conjugate (plural complex conjugates)

(mathematics) Of a complex number x, the complex number ◌̅x formed by changing the sign of the imaginary part: The complex conjugate of a + bi is a - bi.

مُرَافِق

mathematics: number formed by changing the sign of the imaginary part of a complex number


conjugate

en-verb

conjugate (third-person singular simple present conjugates, present participle conjugating, simple past and past participle conjugated)

conjugates (present singular third-person)
conjugating (participle present)
conjugated (participle past)
conjugated (past)

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/

From the participle stem of Latin coniugō (“to yoke together”), from con- (“with”) + iugō (“to join”).

(mathematics) To multiply on the left by one element and on the right by its inverse.


conjugate

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/

(algebra, of a complex number) A complex conjugate.

(algebra) More generally, any of a set of irrational or complex numbers that are zeros of the same polynomial with integral coefficients.

(algebra, field theory, of an element of an extension field) Given a field extension L / K and an element α ∈ L, any other element β ∈ L that is another root of the minimal polynomial of α over K.


conjugate

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/

(mathematics) Presenting themselves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties; said of quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc.


complex number

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(complex analysis) A number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i denotes the imaginary unit.


imaginary number

en-noun

imaginary number (plural imaginary numbers)

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Carl Friedrich Gauss
Leonhard Euler
René Descartes
imaginary number

The adjective imaginary in this context was first used (as French imaginaire) by René Descartes in 1673, La Geometrie, referring to imaginary numbers in the broad sense, as non-real roots of polynomials. Descartes' usage was derogatory, but the concept later gained acceptance through the work of Leonhard Euler and Carl Friedrich Gauss in the 18th century.

If a#61;0, then x#61;ib is called an imaginary number. The message here is that we must introduce imaginary numbers in order to be able to solve quadratic equations in general.

2008, Donald A. McQuarrie, Mathematics for Physical Chemistry: Opening Doors, University Science Books, page 54:

(complex analysis, strict sense) A number of the form bi, where b is any real number and i denotes the imaginary unit.

(complex analysis, broad sense) A number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and b is nonzero.


imaginary part

(complex analysis) Of a complex number a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, the value b.


real part

(complex analysis) Of a complex number a + bi, the value a.


conjugation

conjugation (countable and uncountable, plural conjugations)

/ˌkɒnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

/ˌkɑnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Latin coniugātiō (“combining, connecting; conjugation”), from coniugō (“join, unite together”). Equivalent to conjugate + -ion.

bor

inner automorphism
inner automorphism#English

(mathematics) A mapping sending x to gxg⁻¹, where g and x are elements of a group; inner automorphism

complex conjugation
complex conjugation#English

(mathematics) A function which negates the non-real part of a complex or hypercomplex number; complex conjugation


real number

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Every integer is a real number, but not vice versa.

A real number can be regarded abstractly as an equivalence class of Cauchy sequences of real numbers.ᵂᴾ

(mathematics) The limit of a convergent sequence of rational numbers, whether the limit is a rational number such as 2, -5, or 2/7 or whether the limit is an irrational number such as the square root of two or the circumference of the circle whose radius is one.


real numbers

(mathematics) The smallest set containing all limits of convergent sequences of rational numbers.


rational numbers

Elementary number theory is concerned with the arithmetic properties of the ring of integers, ℤ, and its field of fractions, the rational numbers, ℚ.

2002, Michael Rosen, Number Theory in Function Fields, page vii:

However, if our ring of interest is the rational numbers ℚ, then we see that[…].

2004, Ronald S. Irving, Integers, Polynomials, and Rings: A Course in Algebra, page 127:

In the analysis that follows, properties of an ordered quotient field (Birkhoff & MacLane, 1953) are considered, because this chapter is focusing on the rational numbers, a prime example of such a field.

2012, Thomas E. Kieren, “3: Rational and Fractional Numbers: From Quotient Fields to Recursive Understanding”, in Thomas P. Carpenter, Elizabeth Fennema, Thomas A. Romberg, editors, Rational Numbers: An Integration of Research, page 53:

(mathematics) The set of numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of integers, often denoted with the bold letter Q, or the blackboard bold letter ℚ.

rationaaliluvut

set of numbers that can be expressed as a ration of integers


integers

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(mathematics) The set of all integers; the set {... -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ...}.


surreal

Back-formation from surrealism, equivalent to sur- + real.


monoid

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Just like any abstraction, a monoid is useful to the extent we can write useful generic code assuming only the capabilities provided by the abstraction.

2023, Michael Pilquist, Rúnar Bjarnason, Paul Chiusano, Functional programming with Scala, Second edition, Shelter Island: Manning Publications Co, →ISBN:

functional programming
functional programming

(algebra, functional programming) A set which is closed under an associative binary operation, and which contains an element which is an identity for the operation.


identity

en-noun

identity (countable and uncountable, plural identities)

From Middle French identité, from Latin identitās.

The equation (x+y)(x−y) = x²−y² is an algebraic identity. It is true regardless of the values of x and y.

(mathematics) An equation which always holds true regardless of the choice of input variables.

тъждество́

a mathematical equation that holds true irrespective of input elements.

(algebra, computing) Any function which maps all elements of its domain to themselves.

Zero is the identity for the addition of real numbers.

(algebra) An element of an algebraic structure which, when applied to another element under an operation in that structure, yields this second element.


additive identity

additive identity (plural additive identities)

(algebra) An element of an algebraic structure, generally denoted 0, which is an identity for an additive operation (generally denoted +). That is, x + 0 = 0 + x = x for any x in the structure.


additive operation

additive operation (plural additive operations)

(mathematics) An operation, written using the symbol +, that produces the sum of two operands


multiplicative identity

multiplicative identity (plural multiplicative identities)

multiplicative operation
multiplicative operation

(algebra) An element of an algebraic structure, generally denoted 1, which is an identity for a multiplicative operation (generally denoted × or *, or by concatenation).


multiplicative operation

multiplicative operation (plural multiplicative operations)

(mathematics) An operation of an algebraic structure playing a role analogous to multiplication.


octahedron

octahedron (plural octahedra or octahedrons)

From Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”).

(geometry) a polyhedron with eight faces; the regular octahedron has regular triangles as faces and is one of the Platonic solids.


inverse

Recorded since 1440, from Latin inversus, the past participle of invertere (“to invert”), itself from in- (“in, on”) + vertere (“to turn”).

Multiplication is the inverse operation to division.

(mathematics) Having the properties of an inverse; said with reference to any two operations, which, when both are performed in succession upon any quantity, reproduce that quantity.

tərs

(mathematics) having the properties of an inverse

A circle inversion maps a given generalized circle to its inverse generalized circle.

(geometry) That has the property of being an inverse (the result of a circle inversion of a given point or geometrical figure); that is constructed by circle inversion.

(category theory, of a category) Whose every element has an inverse (morphism which is both a left inverse and a right inverse).


inverse

противоположност

opposite of a given due to contrary effects or nature

The inverse of a:b is b:a.

The result of an inversion, particularly:

(mathematics) A ratio etc. in which the antecedents and consequents are switched.

The inverse P‘ of a point P is the point on a ray from the center O through P such that OP × OP‘ = r² or the set of all such points.

(geometry) The result of a circle inversion; the set of all such points; the curve described by such a set.

The additive inverse of x is -x, as x-x=0, as 0 is the additive identity element.

(mathematics) A second element which negates a first; in a binary operation, the element for which the binary operation—when applied to both it and an initially given element—yields the operation's identity element, specifically:

(addition) The negative of a given number.

The multiplicative inverse of x is x⁻¹, as x×x⁻¹=1, as 1 the multiplicative identity element.

(multiplication) One divided by a given number.

The compositional inverse of a function f is f⁻¹, as ff⁻¹= mathit I, as mathit I is the identity function. That is, ∀x,f(f⁻¹(x))= mathit I(x)=x.

(functions) A second function which, when combined with the initially given function, yields as its output any term inputted into the first function.

(category theory) A morphism which is both a left inverse and a right inverse.


Platonic solid

From Platonic + solid, in reference to the Greek philosopher Plato, who in his dialogue Timaeus theorised about a correspondence between these solids and the classical physical elements.

As the names suggest, the groups and their existence are connected to the five Platonic solids. They are in fact the rotation groups of the Platonic solids.

1961, J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions, page 41:

The boat which the gods tell Utnapishtim to build is no ordinary boat but a perfect cube with seven levels; the ark resembles more a Platonic solid from the Timaeus than a seaworthy craft.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 202:

The erroneous number of planets, six, gave him^([Johannes Kepler]) the clue for his model of five Platonic solids (the five regular convex polyhedra) on which he erected the universe.

1993, Aharon Kantorovich, Scientific Discovery: Logic and Tinkering, page 160:

In the 13th and final book, he^([Euclid]) shows how to construct the five Platonic solids, and proves that they are the only regular polyhedra (bodies whose faces are congruent, regular polygons) that exist.

2015, Alexander A. Stepanov, Daniel E. Rose, From Mathematics to Generic Programming, page 44:

(geometry) Any of five convex polyhedra with congruent regular polygonal faces, which have a high degree of symmetry and have been studied since antiquity.

Classical element
Platonic solid
Timaeus (dialogue)


Kepler solid

(geometry) Any of several nonconvex regular polyhedra with regular pentagrammatic faces or vertex figures and which can be obtained by stellation of the dodecahedron or icosahedron.

Johannes Kepler
Kepler–Poinsot polyhedron
great stellated dodecahedron


glider

From Middle English glider, glydare, equivalent to glide + -er.

By the way, what happens to a beehive which is under attack by one or two gliders such as pictured:

1989 December 22, Norbert Roestel, “CA-LETTER”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

I believe it is indeed new -- I've gone back through everything I can find, as far back as the early 90's when Heisenburp devices were first invented, and there don't seem to be any reactions based on a glider suppressing a blinker.

2006 September 28, Dave Greene, “Small Heisenburp device in Conway's Life”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

In Conway's Life interesting effects can be obtained by colliding gliders.

2008, Derek Abbott, Paul C. W. Davies, Arun Kumar Pati, Quantum Aspects Of Life, page 246:

(cellular automata) In the Game of Life, a particular configuration of five cells that recurs periodically at fixed offsets and appears to "walk" across the grid.

It is a reversible rule, and an interesting one. Shortly after I implemented it, Chris and I were watching it run from a small random configuration of vants, when we noticed a structure consisting of 2 vants propagating away from the others -- it is a glider of sorts, consisting of 2 cooperating vants moving along, erasing each others' trail.

1989 June 11, David Hiebeler, comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

I wanted to test some totalistic automaton and the glider with the B024S1 rule, which Ilmari Karonen described.

2003 May 13, Frank Buss, “Totalistic Explorer and squirm”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

By contrast, consider a rule like Seeds (B2/S) that has "gliders" and oscillators and so forth, so theoretically it might support universal computation somehow.

2007 May 12, Dave Greene, “Wanted: 2D CA, "as complex" but "denser" than Life”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(by extension) Any spaceship in a cellular automaton, especially one which exhibits glide reflection.


germ

From Middle French germe, from Latin germen (“bud, seed, embryo”). Doublet of germen.

(mathematics) An equivalence class that includes a specified function defined in an open neighborhood.


trigon

trigon (countable and uncountable, plural trigons)

From Ancient Greek τρίγωνον (trígōnon, “triangle”), neuter substantive of τρίγωνος (trígōnos, “three-sided”), from τρεῖς (treîs, “three”) + γωνία (gōnía, “bend, angle”). Equivalent to tri- + -gon. Doublet of trigone and trigonon.


period

frequency

antonym(s) of “length of time of recurrence of a periodic phenomenon”

/ˈpɪə.ɹɪ.əd/

From Middle English periode, from Middle French periode, from Medieval Latin periodus, from Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos, “circuit, an interval of time, path around”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + ὁδός (hodós, “way”). Displaced native Middle English tide (“interval, period, season”), from Old English tīd (“time, period, season”), as well as Middle English elde (“age, period”), from Old English ieldu (“age, period of time”).

periodike

length of time during which something repeats

(mathematics) The length of an interval over which a periodic function, periodic sequence or repeating decimal repeats; often the least such length.


plus sign

(arithmetic) The symbol + used to denote the operation of addition, to indicate that a number is positive, and so on.


minus sign

(arithmetic) The symbol −, used to denote the operation of subtraction or to indicate that a number is negative.

نَاقَص

symbol used to denote the operation of subtraction and to indicate that a number is negative


punto

From Latin punctum (“point”) via Italian and Spanish punto, from pungō (“to prick, to puncture”). Doublet of point, punctum, and ponto.

(historical) A traditional small Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 0.16 mm.


multiplication sign

en-noun

multiplication sign (plural multiplication signs)

(mathematics) Any symbol (in particular ×, * or ·) used to denote the operation of multiplication.


division sign

(mathematics) Any symbol (in particular ÷, / or : ) used to denote the operation of division.


parameter

[pəˈɹæm.ə.ɾɚ]

From French paramètre, from New Latin parametrum (“parameter”), from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”).

(sciences) A variable that describes a property or characteristic of some system (material, object, event, etc.) or some aspect thereof.

(statistics) Any measured quantity of a statistical population that summarises or describes an aspect of the population.

Coordinate term: feature

The parameter estimation problem considered in this chapter consists of estimating the unknown parameter, ū [a barred v, actually], given N samples of the observation process.

2012, Michael Lemmon, Competitively Inhibited Neural Networks for Adaptive Parameter Estimation, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 74:

Fundamental is the regulation of a for-profit OpenAI. The company initially delayed the launch of its earlier GPT-2, with a mere 1.5bn parameters, because the company fretted over its implications.

2020 August 11, “The Guardian view on artificial intelligence's revolution: learning but not as we know it”, in The Guardian:

(machine learning) A variable of a model that is trained by a machine learning algorithm.

The parameter of the principal axis of a conic section is called the latus rectum.

(geometry) In the ellipse and hyperbola, a third proportional to any diameter and its conjugate, or in the parabola, to any abscissa and the corresponding ordinate.

uniformizing parameter
uniformizing parameter#English

(commutative algebra) Clipping of uniformizing parameter.


-gon

From Ancient Greek γωνία (gōnía, “corner, angle”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (“knee”).

bor

A pentagon has five sides.

a 17-gon

(geometry) Forms the names of plane figures containing a given number of angles, and thus bounded by that number of line segments (polygons). If the number is large enough, it can take the hyphenated suffix directly.


-hedron

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From Ancient Greek ἕδρα (hédra, “face of a geometrical solid”).

der

(geometry) Forms the names of solid figures bounded by a certain number of planes (polyhedra).


orbifold

Blend of orbit + manifold. Named by William Thurston.

(topology) A topological space in which every small enough neighborhood is homeomorphic to a quotient of real space by the action of a finite group.


hectare

Borrowed from French hectare, formed from Ancient Greek ἑκατόν (hekatón, “hundred”) + are, equivalent to hect- + are.

uder

With careful planning almost anyone can turn the dream of owning a small farm or a few hectares of country land into a reality.

1997, “Buying a Rural Property”, in Back to Basics, Surry Hills, NSW: Reader's Digest (Australia) Pty Limited, page 10:

One hectare (about 2.5 acres) of forest cleared and converted to ranchland or crops produces a piece of land worth, on average, $200 to $500.

2007 June 16, William Powers, Glenn Hurowitz, “Home on the Rainforest”, in The New York Times:

Last year 1m square metres of plant-covered roofing was built in France, as much as in the US, and 10 times more than in Germany, the pioneer in this field. In Paris 22 hectares of roof have been planted, out of a potential total of 80 hectares.

2013 May 10, Audrey Garric, “Urban canopies let nature bloom”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 22, page 30:

A unit of surface area (symbol ㏊) equal to 100 ares (that is, 10,000 square metres, one hundredth of a square kilometre, or approximately 2.5 acres), used for measuring the areas of geographical features such as land and bodies of water.


liter

(American spelling) Alternative form of litre, one cubic decimeter.


bar chart

A graph in the form of boxes of different heights, with each box representing a different value or category of data, and the heights representing frequencies.


cyber-

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(Internet) Relating to the Internet or cyberspace, or to computers more generally.


perfect number

Calque of Latin numerus perfectus, with this use of perfectus itself a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τέλειος (téleios).

The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, so 6 is a perfect number.

The factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28, and 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28, so 28 is a perfect number.

(number theory) A number that is the sum of all of its divisors except itself.

nombre perfecte

a number that is the sum of all of its divisors except itself


excessive number

en-noun

excessive number (plural excessive numbers)


deficient number

deficient number (plural deficient numbers)

The factors of 22 are 1, 2 and 11 and 22, and 1 + 2 + 11 = 14, which is less than 22, so 22 is a deficient number.

(number theory) A number that is greater than the sum of all of its divisors except itself.


defective number

defective number (plural defective numbers)


furlong

furlong (plural furlongs or (archaic) furlong)

furlongs (plural)
furlong (archaic plural)

PIE word
 *dlongʰos
From Middle English furlong, forlong (“unit of distance about one-eighth of a mile; quantity of land equal to one square furlong; racetrack for foot races; foot race”) [and other forms], from Old English furlang, furlung, from furh (“a furrow”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig; to open; to rip up”) + lang (“long”, adjective) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos (“long”)), originally the typical length of a furrow in an average field.

nb...

ferlong, forelang, forelange, forelong, forelonge, forlang, forlange, forlonge, fourlonge, furelang, furelange, furelonge, furlang, furlange, furleng, furlonge, furlung, furowlong, (rare) furʒlong

inh

stadion

(historical) Synonym of stadion (“a Greek unit of distance based on standardized footraces, equivalent to about 185.4 metres”)


component

Borrowed from Latin compōnēns, compōnēntis, present participle of compōnō (“assemble, put together”).

bor+

(graph theory) A connected subgraph that is not part of any larger connected subgraph.


heterogeneous

en-adj

heterogeneous (comparative more heterogeneous, superlative most heterogeneous)

more heterogeneous (comparative)
most heterogeneous (superlative)

From Medieval Latin heterogeneus, from Ancient Greek ἑτερογενής (heterogenḗs, “of different kinds”), from ἕτερος (héteros, “other, another, different”) + γένος (génos, “kind”). Compare hetero- and -ous.

der

(mathematics) Incommensurable because of different kinds.


defect

From Middle French defaicte, from Latin defectus (“a failure, lack”), from deficere (“to fail, lack, literally 'undo'”), from past participle defectus, from de- (“priv.”) + facere (“to do”).

(mathematics) A part by which a figure or quantity is wanting or deficient.


combination

en-noun

combination (countable and uncountable, plural combinations)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English combinacioun, combynacyoun, from Old French combination, from Late Latin combīnātiō.
Morphologically combine + -ation

These guidelines should be followed in combination with those given last week.

She took a dangerous combination of alcohol and heroin.

The act of combining, the state of being combined or the result of combining.

The combination to their safe was the date of birth of their first child.

A sequence of numbers or letters used to open a combination lock.

комбинация

sequence of numbers or letters for a combination lock

(mathematics) One or more elements selected from a set without regard to the order of selection.

комбинация

one or more elements selected without regard of the order

An association or alliance of people for some common purpose.

A rapid sequence of punches or strikes in boxing or other combat sports.


astronomical unit

astronomical unit (plural astronomical units)

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Now this big quarter of a Jupiter mass planet is in an orbit about Zeta 2 Reticuli which lasts 18.9 days and has a Semi-Major Axis of 0.14 Astronomical Unit (AU). For comparison Mercury has a Semi-Major Axis of 0.387 AU equal to 36 million miles and Earth has a Semi-Major Axis of 1.00 AU equal to 92.9 million miles. Now if we assume that this newly discovered planet, which we will name Reticulum 1 in accordance with Bob Lazar’s convention, is the closest one to Zeta 2 Reticuli (it’s hard to imagine a closer one), then following Bode’s Law (the law which states each planet is about twice the distance from it’s sun as its inner neighbor) Reticulum 2 should be at 0.28 AU, Reticulum 3 should be at 0.56 AU and, INTERESTINGLY, Reticulum 4 would be at 1.12 AU in between the Earth’s 1.00 AU and Mars’s 1.52 AU, well within the “life-zone” of a G class star!

2000 April 10, Joe LeSearne, “Zeta 2 Reticuli : Home System Of The Greys?”, in http://www.gravitywarpdrive.com/, retrieved 2012-08-05:

Gagarin Station is the largest deep space station built by humanity, a "Bernal Sphere" designed with a 500-meter-diameter habitable area. It was constructed beyond Pluto, nearly 80 Astronomical Units (12 billion kilometers) from Sol. Moving crew and materials to this location bankrupted most of the backers.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Stations: Gagarin Station Codex entry:

(astronomy) 149,597,870,700 metres, the approximate mean distance from the Earth to the Sun (the semi-major axis of Earth's orbit), (symbol AU), used to measure distances in the solar system.


atomic

(order theory, of a partially ordered set with a least element 0) Such that for every element b>0 there exists an atom a such that b≥a>0.


tablespoon

1995 May 22, Salad Recipes, New York, page 51,
Heat 2 tablespoons olive oil in a nonstick skillet until hot and quickly saute the goat-cheese buttons on both sides until brown.

In Australia, 1 tablespoon equals 20 ml, and there are 4 teaspoons in the Australian tablespoon.

2003, Better Homes and Gardens, Biggest Book of Bread Machine Recipes, page 416:

2006, Tempted: 150 Very Wicked Desserts, Murdoch Books, UK, copyright page,
If you are using a 15 ml (3 teaspoon) tablespoon, for most recipes the difference will not be noticeable.

2012, James Armstrong, Kellee Hollyman, General, Organic, and Biochemistry: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning, US, page 27,
The problem gives us a number of tablespoons of cooking oil and asks us to convert this amount into milliliters. We are also told that one tablespoon equals 3 teaspoons, but this is a relationship between two units, not an actual measurement.

(cooking) A unit of volume, the value of which varies regionally; in the US: three teaspoons or one half fluid ounce or roughly 15 ml; in Britain and Canada: exactly 15 ml; in Russia 18 ml; in Australia: four teaspoons or 20 ml.


teaspoon

A unit of measure, equivalent to one-third of a tablespoon or roughly five milliliters.


chessboard

(topology) A mathematical construction based on this pattern of squares


yottasecond

Trades Descriptions Act... "always on" presumably means 100.00 % uptime for the rest of infinity with nary a yottasecond's downtime.

2000 October 31, Joe Harrison <joe.harrison@ANT15P4M.teamware.co.uk>, “Re: Bt openworld limitations .. post `em here”, in uk.telecom.broadband (Usenet), message-ID <8tms8c$2arb$1@news.icl.se>:

Basically, I want yottaseconds and yoctoyears calculated with the same datatype for normal time.

2009 February 20, Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, “Re: r25445 - docs/Perl6/Spec/S32-setting-library”, in perl.perl6.language (Usenet), message-ID <20090220171124.GA18585@wall.org>:

12.7 furlongs per fortnight in parsecs per yottasecond

2009 April 3, <timewarp2008@yahoo.com>, “Re: The first rule of marriage”, in soc.religion.quaker,alt.stupidity (Usenet), message-ID <3ff2d63e-89dd-4c2d-bf14-995ec7088b92@y13g2000yqn.googlegroups.com>:

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10²⁴ seconds. Symbol: Ys


zettasecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10²¹ seconds. Symbol: Zs


exasecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10¹⁸ seconds. Symbol: Es


petasecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10¹⁵ seconds. Symbol: Ps


terasecond

The solar system has been in existence for about 150000 teraseconds and may well remain in existence without major change for 500000 additional teraseconds.

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10¹² seconds. Symbol: Ts


gigasecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁹ seconds. Symbol: Gs


megasecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁶ seconds. Symbol: Ms


kilosecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10³ seconds. Symbol: ks


decisecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻¹ seconds. Symbol: ds


centisecond

From centi- + second, modelled on French centiseconde.

A unit of time equal to 0.01 seconds and with symbol cs.


microsecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻⁶ seconds. Symbol: μs It is commonly represented with symbol µs.


femtosecond

Sheldon Cooper: My hair is growing at the rate of 4.6 yoctometers per femtosecond.

2012, Mark Cendrowski, The Big Bang Theory, Season 5, Episode 18, "The Werewolf Transformation"

The observation and manipulation of electron dynamics in matter call for attosecond light pulses, routinely available from high-order harmonic generation driven by few-femtosecond lasers.

2017, D. E. Rivas, A. Borot, D. E. Cardenas, G. Marcus, X. Gu, D. Herrmann, J. Xu, J. Tan, D. Kormin, G. Ma, W. Dallari, G. D. Tsakiris, I. B. Földes, S.-w. Chou, M. Weidman, B. Bergues, T. Wittmann, H. Schröder, P. Tzallas, D. Charalambidis, O. Razskazovskaya, V. Pervak, F. Krausz, L. Veisz, “Next Generation Driver for Attosecond and Laser-plasma Physics”, in Scientific Reports, volume 7, →DOI:

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻¹⁵ seconds. Symbol: fs


attosecond

I can think at the speed of light, I can perceive events that last for less than an attosecond, I can run faster than time. What do I see when I run across the country, Superman? I see everything. And everyone.

Given the scales on which technology has operated in the first quarter of the 21st century, from lasers that flash for just a few attoseconds to the total amount of digital data in the world pushing past 160 zettabytes, it feels as if we may have let things lie for too long. I don't know if the future will have quettabit computer networks or rontometer-scale wormholes, but I'm pretty sure the large and small of it will be hella weird.

2023 January 10, Adam Rogers, “Move over, megatons”, in Business Insider:

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻¹⁸ seconds. Symbol: as


zeptosecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻²¹ seconds. Symbol: zs


yoctosecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻²⁴ seconds. Symbol: ys


finite

en-adj

finite (comparative more finite, superlative most finite)

more finite (comparative)
most finite (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English fynyte, finit, from Latin fīnītus, perfect passive participle of fīniō (“I finish; I terminate”), from fīnis (“boundary”). The word displaced Old English ġeendodlīċ.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

(ring theory, of a module (or algebra) over a ring) finitely generated (as a module).


infinite

infinite (comparative more infinite, superlative most infinite)

more infinite (comparative)
most infinite (superlative)

From Middle English infinite, from Old French infinit and Latin infīnītus, from in- (“not”) + fīnis (“end”) + the perfect passive participle ending -itus. Doublet of infinito. Displaced native Old English unġeendodlīċ.

(mathematics) Greater than any positive quantity or magnitude; limitless.

oneindig

greater than any positive quantity or magnitude

For any infinite set, there is a 1-1 correspondence between it and at least one of its proper subsets. For example, there is a 1-1 correspondence between the set of natural numbers and the set of squares of natural numbers, which is a proper subset of the set of natural numbers.

2009, Brandon C. Look, “Symbolic Logic II, Lecture 2: Set Theory”, in www.uky.edu/~look, archived from the original on 2018-06-19:

(set theory, of a set) Having infinitely many elements.


light year

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

2012 January, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-11-14, page 23:

(astronomy) A unit of length (abbreviation ly; equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres (10¹⁶ metres)) equal to the distance light travels in one Julian year; used to measure extremely large distances.


object

From Old French object, from Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”), from obiectus, perfect passive participle of obiciō (“I throw against”), from ob- (“against”) + iaciō (“I throw”), as a calque of Ancient Greek ἀντικείμενον (antikeímenon). Doublet of objectum and objet.

der

ἀντικείμενον

massive astronomical compact halo object

massive astrophysical compact halo object

Similarly, there is a category whose objects are groups and whose arrows are the homomorphisms from one group to another.

(category theory) An instance of one of the two kinds of entities that form a category, the other kind being the arrows (also called morphisms).

objektum

category theory: instance of a kind of entities forming a category


dependent variable

en-noun

dependent variable (plural dependent variables)

In the equation z = x² + y, z is the dependent variable.

(algebra) In an equation, the variable whose value depends on one or more variables in the equation.


independent variable

independent variable (plural independent variables)

Coordinate term: dependent variable

In the equation z = x² + y, x and y are the independent variables.

(algebra) In an equation, any variable whose value is not dependent on any other in the equation.

Coordinate term: dependent variable

(sciences) The variable that is changed or manipulated in a series of experiments.


dedo

From Spanish and Portuguese dedo (“digit, finger”), from Old Spanish and Old Galician-Portuguese dedo, from Latin digitus, from Proto-Indo-European *deyǵ- (“to show, to point out”).

der

(historical) A traditional short Spanish unit of length, usually about equal to 1.75 cm.


eigen-

Borrowed from German eigen (“own”). Many of the compounds represent partial translations from German, e.g. eigenvalue from German Eigenwert. Doublet of own.

(linear algebra) Forms terms pertaining to or related to eigenvectors, eigenvalues; especially for naming mathematical objects which are not affected by a given linear transformation except for by scalar multiplication.


fingerprint

/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌpɹɪnt/

asymmetric cryptography
asymmetric cryptography

(cryptography) A unique identification for a public key in asymmetric cryptography.

بَصْمَة

unique identification for public key in asymmetric cryptosystem


radical

en-adj

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

more radical (comparative)
most radical (superlative)

derivative

antonym(s) of “linguistics, in reference to words”

Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

der

a radical quantity; a radical sign

(mathematics) Relating to a radix or mathematical root.


radical

radicale

ring theory: ideal of elements of a ring sharing a certain given property

(arithmetic) A root (of a number or quantity).

корен

arithmetic: root (of a number or quantity)

(algebra, commutative algebra, ring theory, of an ideal) Given an ideal I in a commutative ring R, another ideal, denoted Rad(I) or √, such that an element x ∈ R is in Rad(I) if, for some positive integer n, xⁿ ∈ I; equivalently, the intersection of all prime ideals containing I.

commutative algebra; ring theory; commutative algebra; ring theory

radicale

ring theory: intersection of prime ideals containing a given ideal

(algebra, ring theory, of a ring) Given a ring R, an ideal containing elements of R that share a property considered, in some sense, "not good".

(algebra, ring theory, of a module) The intersection of maximal submodules of a given module.

(number theory) The product of the distinct prime factors of a given positive integer.

radicale

number theory: product of the distinct prime factors of a given positive integer


complement

en-noun

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

(astronomy, geometry) An angle which, together with a given angle, makes a right angle.

komplementti

The complement of the odd numbers is the even numbers, relative to the natural numbers.

(set theory) Given two sets, the set containing one set's elements that are not members of the other set (whether a relative complement or an absolute complement).

The complement of 01100101#95;2 is 10011010#95;2.

diminished radix complement
diminished radix complement

(computing, mathematics) The diminished radix complement of a number; the nines' complement of a decimal number; the ones' complement of a binary number.

The complement of 01100101#95;2 is 10011011#95;2.

(computing, mathematics) The radix complement of a number; the two's complement of a binary number.

The complement of −123 is 123.

(computing, mathematics) The numeric complement of a number.


chromatic

en-adj

chromatic (not generally comparable, comparative more chromatic, superlative most chromatic)

more chromatic (comparative)
most chromatic (superlative)

Borrowed from French chromatique (“chromatic”) or directly from its etymon Latin chrōmaticus, from Ancient Greek χρωματικός (khrōmatikós, “relating to colour; one of the three types of tetrachord in Greek music”), from χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour; pigment; chromatic scale in music; music”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind; to rub; to stroke; to remove”), perhaps in the sense of the grinding of pigments) + -τῐκός (-tĭkós, suffix forming adjectives); analysable as chroma + -tic.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-chromatic.wav

(not comparable, graph theory) Relating to colorings of graphs.

Uses relating to colour
Relating to colorings of graphs.


cap

Inherited from Middle English cappe, from Old English cæppe, from Proto-West Germanic *kappā (“covering, hood, mantle”), from Late Latin cappa, itself from Latin caput. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *káput- and Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“head”). Doublet of cape, chape, and cope.

nalli

small amount of explosive used as detonator

(geometry) A portion of a spherical or other convex surface.


square foot

In 1973, we built a new factory in Tahsi in Taoyuan County, which occupied an area of 600,000 square feet.

2002, Huang Chin-shing, Business as a Vocation: The Autobiography of Wu Ho-Su, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 110:

At No. 3 Staunton Street in the city’s SoHo district, the roughly 1,300 square-foot ground floor was once used as a parking space for a Ferrari.

2023 March 22, Christy Choi, “Hong Kong’s New Kids on the Block”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-22, Art & Design:

A unit of area, regardless of its shape, equal to the area of a square whose sides are one foot long.

平方英尺

unit of area equal to that of a square of one foot each side


square yard

A unit of area (abbreviation sq yd or sq. yd.) equal to the area of a square the sides of which are one yard long (i.e. 3 feet by 3 feet or 9 square feet).


cubic centimeter

en-noun

cubic centimeter (plural cubic centimeters)

cubic centimetre
cubic centimetre#English


square inch

A unit of area equal to the area of a square the sides of which are each one inch long.


cubic curve

a_30x³+a_21x²ʸ+a_12xy²+a_03y³+a_20x²+a_11xy+a_02y²+a_10x+a_01y+a_00=0.

(mathematics) A plane curve defined by an equation whose highest degree is 3. Formally, the set of solutions to an equation of the form


cubic centimetre

cubic centimetre (plural cubic centimetres)

A unit of volume equal to that of a cube having sides each one centimetre in length, equal to 10⁻⁶ cubic metres and 1 millilitre. Commonly used in fluid measure and for engine sizes.


term

From Middle English terme, borrowed from Old French terme, from Latin terminus (“a bound, boundary, limit, end; in Medieval Latin, also a time, period, word, covenant, etc.”).
Doublet of terminus and termon. Old English had termen, from the same source.

член

one of the addends in a sum or in another mathematical operation

A line is the term of a superficies, and a superficies is the term of a solid.

(geometry, archaic) A point, line, or superficies that limits.

All the terms of this sum cancel out.

One only term is odd in ( 12; 3; 4 ).

(mathematics) Any value (variable or constant) or expression separated from another term by a space or an appropriate character, in an overall expression or table.


cubic metre

Meronyms: cubic centimetre, cubic decimetre, cubic foot, cubic inch, cubic yard

A unit of volume equal to that of a cube having sides each one metre in length. Symbol: ㎥.


aristocrat

/ˈæɹɪstəˌkɹæt/

/əˈɹɪstəˌkɹæt/

From French aristocrate (“aristocrat”), attested once in the 16th century but recoined in the Revolutionary era, from aristocratie (“aristocracy”), from Medieval Latin aristocratia, from Ancient Greek ἀριστοκρατία (aristokratía), from ἄριστος (áristos, “best”) (compare Old English ar) + κράτος (krátos, “rule”). By surface analysis, aristo- + -crat.

ἀριστοκρατία

Coordinate term: patristocrat

(cryptography) A cipher in which the original punctuation and spacing are retained.


congruence

en-noun

congruence (countable and uncountable, plural congruences)

/ˈkɒŋ.ɡɹʊ.əns/

/ˈkɔŋ.ɡɹʉ.əns/

From Middle English congruence, from Latin congruentia (“agreement”), from congruēns, present active participle of congruō (“meet together, agree”).

համաձայնություն

the quality of agreeing or corresponding

(mathematics, number theory) A relation between two numbers indicating they give the same remainder when divided by some given number.

kongruence

number theory, relation indicating two numbers give the same remainder when divided by some number

(mathematics, geometry) The quality of being isometric — roughly, the same measure and shape.

全等

geometry, quality of being roughly the same size and shape

(mathematics, linear algebra) Matrix similarity by an orthogonal matrix.

kongruenssi

linear algebra, matrix similarity by an orthogonal matrix