breeder

I was wondering if anyone out there could mail me a base for MIT's 'breeder' - the one with 8? puffer trains forming glider-guns. I've seen in in a few books but can't seem to get it working ...

1992 June 17, Bill Sharp, comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

I later implemented an improved version of the algorithms on an Atari STe, this time the goal was to run the breeder, which it did at 2 gen/sec at the stage when the first glider gun has been assembled.

2002 July 23, Owen Rees, “Wolfram and "general 2D simulators"”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

A glider-emitting breeder pattern can probably also be constructed in this rule, which would out-radiate any chaotic pattern by a considerable margin.

2008 May 31, Dave Greene, “Life: B37/S23 - A Chaotic Universe.”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A pattern that exhibits quadratic growth by generating multiple copies of a secondary pattern, each of which then generates multiple copies of a tertiary pattern.


computability logic

(computing, mathematics) a formal theory of computability


bias

en-noun

bias (countable and uncountable, plural biases or biasses)

c. 1520 in the sense "oblique line". As a technical term in the game of bowls c. 1560, whence the figurative use (c. 1570).
From Middle French biais, adverbially ("sideways, askance, against the grain") c. 1250, as a noun ("oblique angle, slant") from the late 16th century.
The French word is likely from Old Occitan biais, itself of obscure origin, most likely from Vulgar Latin *biaxius (“with two axes”).

(statistics) The difference between the expectation of the sample estimator and the true population value, which reduces the representativeness of the estimator by systematically distorting it.

تَحَيُّز

statistics: difference between expectation and true value


media

Learned borrowing from Latin media, the feminine nominative of medius (“middle”, adjective), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). In the sense of a unit of dry measure, via Spanish media. Doublet of medium, medio, and mediate.

(historical) Synonym of cuarto: a half-fanega, a traditional Spanish unit of dry measure equivalent to about 27.8 L


knot theory

(mathematics) A branch of topology dealing with knots.


decimal

Borrowed from Late Latin, Medieval Latin decimalis, from Latin decimus, from decem (“ten”) + adjective suffix -alis.

(arithmetic, computing) Concerning numbers expressed in decimal or mathematical calculations performed using decimal.

десети́чен

concerning numbers expressed in decimal or calculations using decimal


hexadecimal

hexadecimal (countable and uncountable, plural hexadecimals)

1952. hexadeca- + decimal; see the Wikipedia article for more information.

(arithmetic, computing, uncountable) A number system with base sixteen, using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F, most used in computing as a hexadecimal digit can represent four bits, half a standard byte, and thus a single byte can be represented conveniently with two digits.


filter

→ Japanese: フィルター (firutā)

→ Korean: 필터 (pilteo)

From Middle English filtre, from Medieval Latin filtrum (compare also Old French feutre (“felt; filter”)), from Frankish *filtir, from Proto-West Germanic *felt. See felt. Doublet of phin.

The collection of cofinite subsets of ℝ is a filter under inclusion: it includes the intersection of every pair of its members, and includes every superset of every cofinite set.

If (1) the universal set (here, the set of natural numbers) were called a "large" set, (2) the superset of any "large" set were also a "large" set, and (3) the intersection of a pair of "large" sets were also a "large" set, then the set of all "large" sets would form a filter.

partially ordered set
partially ordered set

(mathematics, order theory) A non-empty upper set (of a partially ordered set) which is closed under binary infima (a.k.a. meets).


hyp

hyp (countable and uncountable, plural hyps)


converse

From Latin conversus (“turned around”), past participle of converto (“turn about”).


epoch

From Medieval Latin epocha, from Ancient Greek ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “a check, cessation, stop, pause, epoch of a star, i.e., the point at which it seems to halt after reaching the highest, and generally the place of a star; hence, a historical epoch”), from ἐπέχω (epékhō, “I hold in, check”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, hold”). Doublet of epoche.

der

The neural network was trained over 500 epochs.

For now, let's test and evaluate our GAN by comparing the results from the first epoch with the generated images from the last epoch.

2021, Joe Papa, PyTorch Pocket Reference, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN:

(machine learning) One complete presentation of the training data set to an iterative machine learning algorithm.


fix

en-verb

fix (third-person singular simple present fixes, present participle fixing, simple past and past participle fixt or fixed)

fixes (present singular third-person)
fixing (participle present)
fixt (participle past)
fixt (past)
fixed (participle past)
fixed (past)
fix (infinitive)

→ Dutch: fixen, fiksen

From Middle English fixen, borrowed from Old French *fixer (attested only as ficher, fichier; > English fitch), from fix (“fastened; fixed”), from Latin fīxus (“immovable; steady; stable; fixed”), from fīgō (“to drive in; stick; fasten”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to jab; stick; set”). Related to dig.

der

The function f#58;#92;mathbb#123;R#125;#92;to#92;mathbb#123;R#125;#59;f(x)#58;#61;4x-3 fixes the point 1#92;in#92;mathbb#123;R#125;, since f(1)#61;4(1)-3#61;1.

(transitive, mathematics, semantics) To map (a point or subset) to itself.


sexy

From Latin sex (“six”) + -y, intended as a pun.

Usually or always for masculine referent:

Usually or always for feminine referent:

(73,79) is a sexy prime pair.

(mathematics) Used to describe prime numbers that differ from each other by six.


simplex

en-noun

simplex (plural simplexes or simplices or simplicia)

simplexes (plural)
simplices (plural)
simplicia (plural)

Henri Poincaré
Pieter Hendrik Schoute
Simplex (disambiguation)
simplex

From Latin simplex (“simple”).
In the mathematical sense, apparently first used (in German) in 1902, Pieter Hendrik Schoute, Mehrdimensionale Geometrie, where Schoute first suggests the term Simplicissimum, but then from the next page decides to use simplex "for short". In his pioneering works on algebraic topology, Henri Poincaré had previously introduced the concept, but not the actual term simplex.

linearly independent
linearly independent

(geometry, algebraic topology) An analogue in a space of arbitrary dimensionality of the triangle or tetrahedron; the convex hull of n+1 linearly independent points in n-dimensional space; in other words, the triangle, tetrahedron etc., generalized to an arbitrary number of dimensions.

单纯形

an analogue in any dimension of the triangle or tetrahedron


bun

From Middle English bunne (“wheat cake, bun”), from Anglo-Norman bugne (“bump on the head; fritter”), from Old French bugne (hence French beignet), from Frankish *bungjo (“little clump”), diminutive of *bungu (“lump, clump”), from Proto-Germanic *bungô, *bunkô (“clump, lump, heap, crowd”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ- (“thick, dense, fat”). Cognate with Dutch bonk (“clump, clot, cluster of fruits”). More at bunch.

bolletjie

a small bread roll, often sweetened or spiced

couldn't organise a bun fight in a bakery

Coordinate term: cake

A small bread roll that is sweetened or spiced.

A bread roll that is served with a savoury filling such as a hamburger or hot dog.

Coordinate term: cake

(Northern England, especially Northumbria) Any bread roll.

Senses referring to baked goods.
Any bread roll.

Coordinate term: cake

Senses referring to baked goods.
(Northern England, Ireland) A cupcake.

Senses referring to baked goods.
A cupcake.


bun

From the Revised Romanization of Korean 분 (bun), from Chinese 分 (fèn, “fen”). Doublet of fen.

A Korean unit of length equivalent to about 0.3 cm.


vulgar

en-adj

vulgar (comparative more vulgar or vulgarer, superlative most vulgar or vulgarest)

more vulgar (comparative)
vulgarer (comparative)
most vulgar (superlative)
vulgarest (superlative)

From Middle English vulgare, from Latin vulgāris, from volgus, vulgus (“mob; common folk”), from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥k-. Compare Welsh gwala (“plenty, sufficiency”), Ancient Greek ἁλία (halía, “assembly”), εἰλέω (eiléō, “to compress”), Old Church Slavonic великъ (velikŭ, “great”).

cog

A fraction is vulgar if it has one integer divided by another integer, as long as the integer that's doing the dividing isn't equal to zero.

2022, Mary Jane Sterling, Algebra II All-in-One For Dummies, page 282:


enlarge

en-verb

enlarge (third-person singular simple present enlarges, present participle enlarging, simple past and past participle enlarged)

enlarges (present singular third-person)
enlarging (participle present)
enlarged (participle past)
enlarged (past)

From Middle English enlargen, from Old French enlargier, enlargir. By surface analysis, en- + large.

Knowledge enlarges the mind.

O ye Corinthians, our […] heart is enlarged.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 6:11:

(transitive) To increase the capacity of; to expand; to give free scope or greater scope to; also, to dilate, as with joy, affection, etc.

We are then told of the basilisk killing by staring, and of a mous running round a snake till it rushes into the jaws of death. After copying many such anilities, the author adds only, "but our readers will excuse our enlarging."

1819, The Edinburgh Monthly Review, volume 1, page 707:

I shall enlarge upon the Point.

1663 (indicated as 1664), [Samuel Butler], “The Second Part of Hudibras”, in Hudibras. The First and Second Parts. […], London: […] John Martyn and Henry Herringman, […], published 1678, →OCLC; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1905, →OCLC, page 2:

He began to enlarge on the nature of the ground.

1926, T.E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, New York: Anchor, published 1991, page 167:

(intransitive) To speak or write at length upon or on (some subject); expand; elaborate

the court would not take farther time to adjourn and deliberate, where the term was near spent, unless the parties would consent to enlarge it

1795, Charles Runnington, The History, Principles and Practice […] :

(law) To extend the time allowed for compliance with (an order or rule).


raise

raise (third-person singular simple present raises, present participle raising, simple past and past participle raised)

raises (present singular third-person)
raising (participle present)
raised (participle past)
raised (past)

From Middle English reysen, raisen, reisen, from Old Norse reisa (“to raise”), from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną (“to raise”), causative form of Proto-Germanic *rīsaną (“to rise”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rey- (“to rise, arise”). According to Kroonen (2013), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to stir, rise”).
Cognate with Old English rāsian (“to explore, examine, research”), Old English rīsan (“to seize, carry off”), Old English rǣran (“to raise”). Doublet of rear.

whakahī

Referring to lifting the pitch of a musical note

hāpai

Of lifting an object to a higher elevation

hī

Refers to raising an eyebrow in scepticism

aradan qaldırmaq

(military) to remove or break up (a blockade); to relinquish (a siege), or cause this to be done

raise oneself up by one's own bootstraps

Two raised to the fifth power equals 32.

(arithmetic) To exponentiate, to involute.


surface

From French surface. Doublet of superficies.

(mathematics, geometry) The locus of an equation (especially one with exactly two degrees of freedom) in a more-than-two-dimensional space.

سَطْح

locus of an equation in a more-than-two-dimensional space


chart

→ Japanese: チャート (chāto)

→ Korean: 차트 (chateu)

→ Swahili: chati

→ Welsh: siart

Borrowed from Middle French charte (“card, map”), from Late Latin charta (“paper, card, map”), Latin charta (“papyrus, writing”), from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “papyrus, thin sheet”). See charter, card, carte.

der

differential geometry
differential geometry

coordinate chart
coordinate chart#English

(differential geometry, topology) Synonym of coordinate chart.


homocentric

en-adj

homocentric (comparative more homocentric, superlative most homocentric)

more homocentric (comparative)
most homocentric (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homocentric.wav

Naturally, there exist three kinds of optical beams: parallel, divergent, and convergent (see Fig. 1.1.1). If a beam, either divergent or convergent, has a single point of intersection of all optical rays it is called a homocentric beam (Fig. 1.1.1b,c). An example of a non-homocentric beam is shown in Fig. 1.1.1 d.

2004, Naftaly Menn, “Geometrical Optics in the Paraxial Area”, in Practical Optics, Burlington, MA: Academic Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 3:


cage

→ Zulu: ikheji

From Middle English cage, from Old French cage, from Latin cavea. Doublet of cadge and cavea and related to jail.

(graph theory) A regular graph that has as few vertices as possible for its girth.


entropy

en-noun

entropy (countable and uncountable, plural entropies)

First attested in 1867, as the translation of German Entropie, coined in 1865 by Rudolph Clausius in analogy to Energie (“energy”), replacing the root of Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon, “work”) by Ancient Greek τροπή (tropḗ, “transformation”)).

der

A measure of the disorder present in a system.

(statistics, information theory, countable) A measure of the amount of information and noise present in a signal.

熵

measure of the amount of information in a signal


right triangle

(geometry) A triangle having a right angle as one of its interior angles.

pravoúhlý trojúhelník

a triangle having a right angle as one of its interior angles


right-angled triangle

en-noun

right-angled triangle (plural right-angled triangles)


acute-angled triangle

acute-angled triangle (plural acute-angled triangles)


acute triangle

(geometry) A triangle all of the angles of which are acute.


obtuse-angled triangle

obtuse-angled triangle (plural obtuse-angled triangles)


obtuse triangle

obtuse triangle (plural obtuse triangles)

(geometry) A triangle one of whose angles is obtuse.


mono

Shortenings, ultimately from the prefix mono- (“one, single”).

(category theory) Clipping of monomorphism.


pebble

en-verb

pebble (third-person singular simple present pebbles, present participle pebbling, simple past and past participle pebbled)

pebbles (present singular third-person)
pebbling (participle present)
pebbled (participle past)
pebbled (past)

From Middle English pibel (also in pibleston), from Old English papolstān (“pebble-stone”), from Old English *papol, *pyppel, *pæbbel of unknown origin + Old English stān. Compare Albanian popël.

unk

unknown

(transitive, graph theory) To place a pebble at (a vertex of a graph) according to certain rules, in a pebble game.


fecundity

en-noun

fecundity (usually uncountable, plural fecundities)

From Latin fēcunditās (“fruitfulness, fertility”), from fēcundus, equivalent to fecund + -ity.

плодовитост

rate or capacity of offspring production

In the early days the reviewers compared him to the late Douglas Adams, but then Terry went on to write books as enthusiastically as Douglas avoided writing them, and now, if there is any comparison to be made of anything from the formal rules of a Pratchett novel to the sheer prolific fecundity of the man, it might be to P. G. Wodehouse.

2006, Neil Gaiman, “Neil Gaiman on Terry Pratchett”, in Good Omens, Corgi, page 410:

[I]t would not be very much less absurd for someone to write about New York City after having spent only a few years or a few decades in this metropolis of inexhaustible adventure, of terrifying emotional fecundity, of uncapturable character.

1946, George Johnston, Skyscrapers in the Mist, page 52:


rule

en-noun

rule (countable and uncountable, plural rules)

From Middle English reule, rewle, rule, borrowed from Old French riule, reule, from Latin regula (“straight stick, bar, ruler, pattern”), from regō (“to keep straight, direct, govern, rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent. Doublet of rail, regal, regula, and rigol.

doublet

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V § 613. Habit

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 82. Conformity

a rule for extracting the cube root

(mathematics) A determinate method prescribed for performing any operation and producing a certain result.


into

From Middle English in-to, from Old English intō, equivalent to in + to. Cognate with Scots intae.

enough sense to pound sand into a rathole

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

knock someone into the middle of next week

you can't put the toothpaste back into the tube

Three into two won't go.

24 goes into 48 how many times?

(mathematics) Expressing the operation of division, with the denominator given first. Usually with "goes".

Five into three is fifteen.

w:Oxford English Dictionary#Electronic versions

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(British, archaic, India, mathematics) Expressing the operation of multiplication.

do

taking distinct arguments to distinct values


quiver

From Middle English quiver, from Anglo-Norman quivre, from Old Dutch cocare (source of Dutch koker, and cognate to Old English cocer (“quiver, case”)), from Proto-West Germanic *kokar (“container”), said to be from Hunnic, possibly from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür (“leather vessel for liquids”); see there for more. Replaced early modern cocker, the inherited reflex of that West Germanic word.

դող

shaking or moving with a slight trembling motion


enormous

en-adj

enormous (comparative more enormous, superlative most enormous)

more enormous (comparative)
most enormous (superlative)

From Latin ēnormis. An assimilated form of ex- (“out of”) + norma (“rule, norm”) + -ous.

how apt wee are to receive all impressions, and chiefly the most wicked and enormous.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 12, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

Men would prove wolves and vipers; tigers and dragons mixt in one and the same person to each other. O bless God for this great gift of Princes and Judges to rule the wicked and enormous world and to sway the scepter of righteousness […]

1872, James Pillsbury Lane, Historical Sketches of the First Congregational Church, Bristol, R.I., 1689-1872, page 61:

Protestant Christian people are largely ignorant or indifferent to the wicked and enormous religious claims of Romanism. As a so-called religious organization, Romanism is not only the foe of Protestantism, but […]

1898, Christianity in Earnest, for Church Extension and Saloon Suppression, page 7:

(obsolete) Exceedingly wicked; atrocious or outrageous.


gigantic

gigantic (comparative more gigantic, superlative most gigantic)

more gigantic (comparative)
most gigantic (superlative)

/d͡ʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/

From Ancient Greek γιγαντικός (gigantikós), ultimately from γίγας (gígas, “giant”). According to the Poly-Olbion project coined by Michael Drayton in 1612.

This band is going to be gigantic.

(slang) Excellent; very good or exciting.


tour

From Old French tour, tourn, from the verb torner, tourner.

tor (pour–poor merger, horse–hoarse merger)

taw (pour–poor merger, horse–hoarse merger, non-rhotic)


permute

en-verb

permute (third-person singular simple present permutes, present participle permuting, simple past and past participle permuted)

permutes (present singular third-person)
permuting (participle present)
permuted (participle past)
permuted (past)

From Middle English permuten, from Old French permuter, from Latin permūtāre.

(transitive, mathematics) To make a permutation of.


bijection

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From French bijection, introduced by Nicolas Bourbaki in their treatise Éléments de mathématique.

The present text has defined a set to be finite if and only if there exists a bijection onto a natural number, and infinite if and only if there does not exist any such bijection.

2002, Yves Nievergelt, Foundations of Logic and Mathematics, page 214:

Note in particular that a function is a bijection if and only if it's both an injection and a surjection.

2007, C. J. Date, Logic and Databases: The Roots of Relational Theory, page 167:

The basic idea is that two sets A and B have the same cardinality if there is a bijection from A to B. Since the domain and range of the bijection is not relevant here, we often refer to a bijection from A to B as a bijection between the sets, or a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the sets.

2013, William F. Basener, Topology and Its Applications, unnumbered page:

(set theory) A one-to-one correspondence, a function which is both a surjection and an injection.

Nicolas Bourbaki
bijection
Éléments de mathématique

funció bijectiva

function that is both a surjection and an injection


surjection

/sɜː(ɹ)ˈd͡ʒɛk.ʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-surjection.wav

From French surjection, introduced by Nicolas Bourbaki in their treatise Éléments de mathématique.
Ultimately borrowed from Latin superiectiō (“a throwing over or on; (fig.) an exaggeration, a hyperbole”).

bor

In some special cases, however, the number of surjections A#92;rightarrowB can be identified.

1992, Rowan Garnier, John Taylor, Discrete Mathematics for New Technology, Institute of Physics Publishing, page 220:

Let J#61;#92;cap#95;im#95;i be the (irredundant) primary decomposition of J. We associate to the pair (J,#92;omega) the element #92;textstyle#92;sum#95;i(m#95;i,#92;omega#95;i)#92;inG, where #92;omega#95;i is the equivalence class of surjections from L#47;m#95;iL#92;oplus(A#47;m#95;i)#123;n-1#125; to m#95;i#47;m#95;i² induced by #92;omega.

1999, M. Pavaman Murthy, “A survey of obstruction theory for projective modules of top rank”, in Tsit-Yuen Lam, Andy R. Magid, editors, Algebra, K-theory, Groups, and Education: On the Occasion of Hyman Bass's 65th Birthday, American Mathematical Society, page 168:

In Banach space theory, a mapping u#58;E#92;rightarrowF (between Banach spaces) is called a metric surjection if it is onto and if the associated mapping from E#47;#92;text#123;ker#125;(u) to F is an isometric isomorphism. Moreover, by the classical open mapping theorem, u is a surjection iff the associated mapping from E#47;#92;text#123;ker#125;(u) to F is an isomorphism.

2003, Gilles Pisier, Introduction to Operator Space Theory, Cambridge University Press, page 43:

(set theory) A function for which every element of the codomain is mapped to by some element of the domain; (formally) Any function f:X→Y for which for every y∈Y, there is at least one x∈X such that f(x)=y.

Nicolas Bourbaki
Surjective function
Éléments de mathématique


cyclopean

en-adj

cyclopean (comparative more cyclopean, superlative most cyclopean)

more cyclopean (comparative)
most cyclopean (superlative)

When he wrote the word, / the o's were joined / like eyeglass lenses without / a bridge. Cross-eyed, hypnotic, / they threatened to merge, / become Cyclopean. […]

2001, Sharan Strange, “Looking”, in Ash, Boston: Beacon Press, page 50:

(of an image) Created by combining two images.


position

From Middle English posicioun, from Old French posicion, from Latin positio (“a putting, position”), from ponere, past participle positus (“to put, place”); see ponent. Compare apposition, composition, deposition; see pose.

positio

finance: amount of financial instruments held by someone

emergency position indicating radio beacon

emergency position indicating radio-beacon

emergency position indicating radiobeacon

(arithmetic) A method of solving a problem by one or two suppositions; also called the rule of trial and error.

yritys ja erehdys

arithmetic: method of solving a problem by one or two suppositions


spiral

From Middle French spirale, from Medieval Latin spiralis, from Latin spīra, from Ancient Greek σπεῖρα (speîra, “wreath, coil, twist”).

der

(geometry) A curve that is the locus of a point that rotates about a fixed point while continuously increasing its distance from that point.


parity

en-noun

parity (countable and uncountable, plural parities)

From Middle French parité, from Late Latin paritas, from Latin pār (“equal”). Equivalent to pari- + -ty.

parita

math: classification into one set or the other

Parity is always preserved in such operations.

Senses related to classification into two sets.

(mathematics, countable) A set with the property of having all of its elements belonging to one of two disjoint subsets, especially a set of integers split in subsets of even and odd elements.

четност

math: set whose elements all belong to one of exactly two disjoint subsets

The particles' parities can switch at random.

(mathematics, countable) The classification of an element of a set with parity into one of the two sets.


folium

folium (countable and uncountable, plural foliums or folia)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-folium.wav

From Latin folium (“leaf”). Doublet of foil and folio, distantly also with phyllo and phyllon.

These circular cubics are Newton's defective hyperbolae, with a diameter, species 39, 41, 45; the ampullate cubic represents the folium of the unipartite quartic, and the ampaniform the bipartite quartic.

1881, Henry M. Jeffery, “On Bicircular Quartics, with a Triple and Double Focus, and Three Single Foci, all of them Collinear.”, in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, volume 12, page 22:

I have argued that the real threat the Unruh effect poses to fundamental partical interpretation lies in its suggestion that physically reasonable states outrun the folium of any single irreducible Fock space representation.

2011, Laura Ruetsche, Interpreting Quantum Theories, page 222:

(geometry) A curve of the third order, consisting of two infinite branches having a common asymptote. The curve has a double point, and a leaf-shaped loop.


evolution

evolution (countable and uncountable, plural evolutions)

extinction

antonym(s) of “survival through adaptation”

/ɛvəˈlʉːʃən/

Borrowed from Latin ēvolūtiō, ēvolūtiōnis (“the act of unrolling, unfolding or opening (of a book)”), from ēvolūtus, perfect passive participle of ēvolvō (“unroll, unfold”), from ex + volvō (“roll”).

تَطَوُّر

general: a gradual process of development

(geometry) The opening out of a curve; now more generally, the gradual transformation of a curve by a change of the conditions generating it.

(mathematics, now chiefly historical) The extraction of a root from a given power.

извличане

mathematics: the extraction of a root from a quantity


transform

en-verb

transform (third-person singular simple present transforms, present participle transforming, simple past and past participle transformed)

transforms (present singular third-person)
transforming (participle present)
transformed (participle past)
transformed (past)

From Middle English transformen, from Old French transformer, from Latin transformo, transformare, from trans (“across”, preposition) + forma (“form”).

(transitive, mathematics) To subject to a transformation; to change into another form without altering the value.

превръщам

in mathematics: subject to a transformation


transform

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis) An operation (often an integration) that converts one function into another.

(geology, seismology) A transform fault.


transformation

en-noun

transformation (countable and uncountable, plural transformations)

Borrowed from Middle French, from Ecclesiastical Latin trānsfōrmātiō.
Morphologically transform + -ation

(mathematics) The replacement of the variables in an algebraic expression by their values in terms of another set of variables; a mapping of one space onto another or onto itself; a function that changes the position or direction of the axes of a coordinate system.


iff

A rectangle is a square iff all four of its sides have the same length.

(mathematics, logic) Short for if and only if.


belong

en-verb

belong (third-person singular simple present belongs, present participle belonging, simple past and past participle belonged)

belongs (present singular third-person)
belonging (participle present)
belonged (participle past)
belonged (past)

⇒ Chinese Pidgin English: belong

→ Jersey Dutch: belânge

→ Tok Pisin: bilong

From Middle English belongen, bilongen, from Middle English be- + longen (“to be fitting, be suitable”), from Old English langian (“to pertain to, suit”), equivalent to be- + long (“to belong”). Compare Saterland Frisian beloangje (“to attain, reach, meet”), Dutch belangen (“to concern”), German belangen (“to sue, concern”).

cog

Suppose x belongs to #92;mathbb#123;R#125;… (written x∈ℝ)

(intransitive, set theory) (followed by to) To be an element of (a set). The symbol ∈ means belongs to.


block

→ Dutch: block

→ German: Block

→ Irish: bloc

→ Manx: block

→ Maori: poraka

→ Norwegian: blokk

→ Polish: blok

desctree

→ Russian: блок (blok)
→ Armenian: բլոկ (blok)
→ Yakut: блок (blok)

→ Spanish: block

→ Vietnamese: lốc

From Middle English blok (“log, stump, solid piece”), from Old French bloc (“log, block”), from Middle Dutch blok (“treetrunk”), from Old Dutch *blok (“log”), from Proto-West Germanic *blokk, from Proto-Germanic *blukką (“beam, log”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“thick plank, beam, pile, prop”). Cognate with Old Frisian blok, Old Saxon blok, Old High German bloh, bloc (“block”), Old English bolca (“gangway of a ship, plank”), Old Norse bǫlkr (“divider, partition”). More at balk. See also bloc, bulk.

طَابُوقَة

substantial often approximately cuboid piece

թաղամաս

group of buildings demarcated by streets

But there are many queen bee configurations in which the debris is neutralized, including placement of a block or eater near the bee's turnaround point, or placing two queen bees in a line or at right angles in various positions and phases.

1989 October 31, Scott Huddleston, “life: glider guns”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Perhaps the simplest puffer known is the following period 20 puffer based on the period 20 spaceship, which creates blocks.

1997 November 30, David Bell, “Day & Night - An Interesting Variant of Life (part 5/5)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Blocks have a couple of unusual properties: they are cleanly destroyed by an incoming glider on any one of six adjacent paths, and none of the possible collisions include any output gliders, so you can't get chain reactions.

2005 February 23, Dave Greene, “exist glider gun able of reconstruction in Life?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

A substantial, often approximately cuboid, piece of any substance.

(cellular automata) In Conway's Game of Life, a still life consisting of four living cells arranged in a two-by-two square.

блок

residential building consisting of flats

A logical extent or region; a grouping or apportionment of like things treated together as a unit.

(cryptography) A fixed-length group of bits making up part of a message.

lohko

cryptography: fixed-length group of bits making up part of a message


incident

Recorded since 1412, from Middle French incident, from Latin incidens, the present active participle of incidō (“to happen, befall”), itself from in- (“on”) + -cidō, the combining form of cadō (“to fall”).

The second inequality follows from the fact that all the edges incident with a fixed vertex separate [an arbitrary graph] G.

2005, Reinhard Diestel, Graph Theory - Electronic Edition, 3rd edition, page 12:

If there is only one ideal point U and only one ideal line u, then either (i) every point in u is incident with a line in U, or else (ii) no point in u is incident with any line of U.

1968, Peter Dembowski, Finite Geometries, page 315:

(mathematics) In a relation of incidence


character

en-noun

character (countable and uncountable, plural characters)

→ Scottish Gaelic: caractar

From Middle English caracter, from Old French caractere, from Latin character, from Ancient Greek χαρακτήρ (kharaktḗr, “type, nature, character”), from χαράσσω (kharássō, “I engrave”). Doublet of charakter.

der

(countable, mathematics) An assignment of complex numbers to each element of a group, in particular a finite abelian group.


replete

en-adj

replete (comparative more replete, superlative most replete)

more replete (comparative)
most replete (superlative)

From Middle English replete (adjective) and repleten (verb), from Old French replet, from Latin repletus.

(category theory, of a subcategory S of C) Isomorphism-closed: Inheriting all the isomorphisms of C. Formally: such that for any isomorphism f in C, if f 's source is in S, then f and f 's target is also in S.


eccentric

From Middle French excentrique, from Medieval Latin eccentricus, from Ancient Greek ἔκκεντρος (ékkentros, “not having the earth as the center of an orbit”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) + κέντρον (kéntron, “point”). Equivalent to ex- + -centric.

der

(geometry, astronomy) A circle not having the same centre as another.


coordinate

/kəʊˈɔːdɪnɪt/

From Medieval Latin coordinātus, past participle of coordinare (“arrange together”), from Latin co- (“together”) + ordinare (“arrange”), equivalent to co- + ordinate. See ordain and ordinate.

Give me your coordinates and we'll come and rescue you.

(mathematics, cartography, astronomy) A number representing the position of a point along a line, arc, or similar one-dimensional figure.

koördinaat

mathematics, cartography: a number representing the position of a point along a line, arc, or similar one-dimensional figure


girth

en-noun

girth (countable and uncountable, plural girths)

From Middle English girth, gerth, gyrth, from Old Norse gjǫrð, from Proto-Germanic *gerdō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- (“to encircle, enclose; belt”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 (gairda), Icelandic gjörð. Also related to German Gurt, English gird, Albanian ngërthej (“to tie, bind, fasten”).

cog

(graph theory) The length of the shortest cycle in a graph.


circumference

From Latin circumferentia, from circum (“around”) + ferō (“I carry”). Displaced native Old English ymbgang.

(geometry) The line that bounds a circle or other two-dimensional figure.

مُحِيط

line that bounds a circle or other two-dimensional object

(graph theory) The length of the longest cycle of a graph.


circumference

en-verb

circumference (third-person singular simple present circumferences, present participle circumferencing, simple past and past participle circumferenced)

circumferences (present singular third-person)
circumferencing (participle present)
circumferenced (participle past)
circumferenced (past)

Nor is the vigour of this great body included only in itself, or circumferenced by its surface

1650, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica: […], 2nd edition, London: […] A[braham] Miller, for Edw[ard] Dod and Nath[aniel] Ekins, […], →OCLC:

(obsolete, transitive) To include in a circular space; to bound.


embiggen

embiggen (third-person singular simple present embiggens, present participle embiggening, simple past and past participle embiggened)

embiggens (present singular third-person)
embiggening (participle present)
embiggened (participle past)
embiggened (past)

From em- + biggen or big + em- -en, possibly analogous to belittle. The morphology parallels that of enlarge (en- + large) or embolden (em- + bold + -en).
The verb's first recorded use is in an 1884 edition of the British journal Notes and Queries: A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. by C. A. Ward (see quotation below).
The word’s current popularity follows its deployment as an intentionally ungainly form by television writer David X. Cohen for The Simpsons episode “Lisa the Iconoclast” in 1996.

Are there not, however, barbarous verbs in all languages? ἀλλ’ ἐμεγάλυνεν αυτοὺς ὁ λαός, but the people magnified them, to make great or embiggen, if we may invent an English parallel as ugly. After all, use is nearly everything.

1884, C.A. Ward, “New Verbs”, in Notes and Queries: A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc, volume 10, page 135:

A noble spirit embiggens the smallest man.

1996, “Lisa the Iconoclast”, in The Simpsons, season 7, episode 3F13, spoken by Jebediah Springfield (Harry Shearer):

[Page 24] For large P, the three-form fluxes are dilute, and the gradient of the Myers potential encouraging an anti-D3 to embiggen is very mild.
[Page 26] While in both cases for P anti-D3-branes the probe approximation is clearly not good, in the set up of this paper we could argue that there is a competing effect which can overcome the desire of the anti-D3s to embiggen, namely their attraction towards the wrapped D5s.

2007 January 23, Riccardo Argurio, Matteo Bertolini, Sebastián Franco, Shamit Kachru, “Gauge/gravity duality and meta-stable dynamical supersymmetry breaking”, in Journal of High Energy Physics, pages 24, 26:

As I joyfully embiggen myself into the vague silhouette of Chewbacca, I have time to reflect on just what it is about big hair that I find so elementally appealing.

2012 4 Feb, Caitlin Moran, “Hair: a big issue”, in The Times:

Train stations: how busy is yours? Victoria Station in 1927. Click image to embiggen.

2013 May 19, “Every train station in Britain listed and mapped: find out how busy each one is”, in The Guardian, picture caption:

You can hide enemies, stack them up high, embiggen them with a Super Mushroom, hide coins in pipes, and so much more!

2019, 1:24 from the start, in Super Mario Maker 2 Direct 5.15.2019 (Nintendo Direct), Nintendo:

(nonstandard, usually humorous, ergative) To enlarge; to make or become bigger.

David X. Cohen
Lisa the Iconoclast
Notes and Queries
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
The Simpsons


tesseract

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tesseract.wav

From tessara- (“four-”) + Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktís, “ray”).

af

Hence the cube determined by these axes is the face of the tesseract which we now have before us.

1906, Charles Howard Hinton, The Fourth Dimension, S. Sonnenschein & Company, page 239:

[…]then it would trace out a higher cube, or tesseract, and each of the six surrounding cubes, carried on in the same motion, would trace tesseracts also,[…].

1910, Henry Parker Manning, The Fourth Dimension Simply Explained, Munn, Incorporated, page 93:

(mathematics, geometry) The four-dimensional analogue of a cube; a 4D polytope bounded by eight cubes (analogously to the way a cube is bounded by six squares).


positive

en-adj

positive (comparative more positive, superlative most positive)

more positive (comparative)
most positive (superlative)

From Old French positif, from Latin positivus, from the past participle stem of ponere (“to place”). Compare posit.

(mathematics) Of number, greater than zero.


polytope

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-polytope.wav

From German Polytop, equivalent to poly- (“many”) + -tope (“surface”). Coined by Hoppe in 1882 and introduced to English by Alicia Boole Stott.

As is well known, the theory of linear inequalities is closely related to the study of convex polytopes.

1964, Victor Klee, On the Number of Vertices of a Convex Polytope: Canadian Journal of Mathematics, volume XVI, number 4, page 701:

This polytope is mapped into a Cartesian force polytope (resp. torque polytope) in the Cartesian space. Such a polytope represents the exact force (resp. torque) that can be produced on the vehicle main body.

1998, F. Pierrot, M. Benoit, P. Dauchez, “SamoS: A Pythagorean Solution for Omnidirectional Underwater Vehicles”, in Jadran Lenar I, Manfred L. Husty, editors, Advances in Robot Kinematics: Analysis and Control, page 220:

Verify the Hirsch conjecture for the 3-cube, 4-cube and any other polytope that takes your fancy.
The Steinitz theorem is a very satisfactory understanding of the graphs of three-dimensional polytopes.

2006, Rekha R. Thomas, Lectures in Geometric Combinatorics, page 27:

(geometry) A finite region of n-dimensional space bounded by hyperplanes (a geometric shape with flat sides, existing in any number of dimensions); the geometrical entity represented by the general term of the infinite sequence "point, line, polygon, polyhedron, ...".


hypercube

(geometry) A geometric figure in four or more dimensions, which is analogous to a cube in three dimensions. Specifically, the n-dimensional equivalent of a cube for any non-negative integer n.

(geometry) Such a figure in four dimensions; a tesseract.


four-dimensional

(algebraic geometry) Having four dimensions; being measurable along four mutually perpendicular axes.


n-dimensional

(mathematics) Having an arbitrary number of dimensions.


Brobdingnagian

Brobdingnagian (comparative more Brobdingnagian, superlative most Brobdingnagian)

more Brobdingnagian (comparative)
most Brobdingnagian (superlative)

/ˌbɹɒbdɪŋˈnaɡɪən/

When, at the head-centre, the lady demonstrator, armed with a Brobdingnagian whalebone needle, threaded with a bright red cord, executed herringboned fantasias on a canvas frame resembling a violin stand, it all looked easy enough.

1899, I[srael] Zangwill, “The Keeper of Conscience”, in “They that Walk in Darkness”: Ghetto Tragedies, Philadelphia, Pa.: The Jewish Publication Society of America, →OCLC, section VII, page 289:

The two men followed Madame de Vaurigard into a square hall, hung with tapestries and lit by two candles of a Brobdingnagian species Mellin had heretofore seen only in cathedrals.

1907, Booth Tarkington, “Glamour”, in His Own People:

Again I stress the matter of sheer scale: the teachers were enormous compared to us and this lent a Brobdingnagian aspect to the scene.

2010, Christopher Hitchens, Hitch-22, Atlantic 2011, page 52:

Once a week, a train pulls out of Aberdeen station at 08.20 and heads south. There’s no great fanfare, no particular sense of occasion, and the train itself is only five coaches long. However, everything else about this service is Brobdingnagian.

2022 March 22, Dixe Wills, “Aberdeen to Penzance: the spectacular sights of Britain’s longest train journey”, in The Guardian:

(figurative) Enormous, huge, far larger than is customary for such a thing.


transversal

From Middle French transversal, from Medieval Latin trānsversālis, from Latin trānsversus.

Let l and m be two hyperparallel lines. All the transversals to l and m that form congruent corresponding angles with l and m lie in a pencil.

2012, G. E. Martin, The Foundations of Geometry and the Non-Euclidean Plane, page 357:

A line which traverses or intersects any system of other lines transversely.

(geometry) A line intersecting a pair of parallel lines.

(mathematics) A set containing one member from each of a collection of disjoint sets.


trapezium

en-noun

trapezium (plural trapeziums or trapezia)

Recorded since 1570, learned borrowing from Late Latin trapezium, from Ancient Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion, “irregular quadrilateral”, literally “a little table”), diminutive of τράπεζα (trápeza, “table”). Doublet of trapeze.

uder

(geometry, British, Australia, New Zealand) A quadrilateral with two sides parallel.

(restrictively) A quadrilateral with two sides parallel and two sides non-parallel.

(geometry, US, dated) A four-sided polygon with no parallel sides and no sides equal; a simple convex irregular quadrilateral.

شِبْهُ مُنْحَرِفٍ

polygon with no parallel sides and no equal sides

trapezoid

four-sided polygon with two parallel sides

trapezoid

four-sided polygon with no sides parallel and no equal sides

(anatomy) The trapezium bone of the wrist.

A region on the ventral side of the brain, either just back of the pons Varolii, or, as in man, covered by the posterior extension of its transverse fibers.


tumbler

The Department of Justice said it has arrested a Russian-Swedish national who allegedly operated a long-running cryptocurrency laundering site. According to a news release from the DOJ, Roman Sterlingov ran Bitcoin Fog, a cryptocurrency tumbler or “mixer”— which hides a cryptocurrency’s source by mixing it with other funds.

2021 April 29, Kim Lyons, “Feds arrest founder of bitcoin ‘mixer’ they say laundered $335 million over ten years”, in The Verge:

(cryptocurrencies) A service that mixes potentially identifiable or 'tainted' cryptocurrency funds with others, so as to obscure the audit trail; used for money laundering.


octic

Unfortunately, an analogous attack on the octic polynomial becomes exceedingly complicated.

1999, William Dunham, Euler: The Master of Us All, Mathematical Association of America, published 1999, page 116:

(mathematics) Of the eighth degree or order.


octic

(mathematics) A quantic of the eighth degree.


olf

A unit measuring the strength of an olfactory pollution source as detected by an average adult in typical conditions.


omer

From Biblical Hebrew עומר / עֹמֶר ('ómer, “sheaf”).

...that Omer which was every mans daily portion of Manna, is computed to have bin more then might have well suffic'd the heartiest feeder thrice as many meals.

And it came to pass, that on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for one man: and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses.

(historical units of measure) A former small Hebrew unit of dry volume equal to about 2.3 L or 2.1 quarts.

(Judaism) The sheaf of barley offered on the second day of Passover.


omer

(Judaism) The counting of the omer, that is, the period of 49 days between Passover and Shavuot.


pad

1554, "bundle of straw to lie on", probably from Low German or West Flemish pad (“sole of the foot”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pent- (“to pass”), which would make it related to both path and find.

unk

probably

(cryptography) A random key (originally written on a disposable pad) of the same length as the plaintext.


perverse

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-perverse.wav

From Middle English perverse, pervers, from Old French pervers, from Latin perversum (“thoroughly turned”), past participle of pervertere, from per- (“thoroughly”) + vertere (“to turn”).

If two antipodal points move continuously on the sphere, they trace out what are called symmetric figures. These figures have corresponding elements equal, and are equal in area, but are not in general superposable. The one is, in fact, the perverse of the other.

1884, Robert Edgar Allardice, Spherical Geometry:

(geometry) A chiral opposite of something; a mirror image with opposite handedness.


phase

From New Latin phasis, from Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis, “an appearance”), from φάω (pháō, “to shine”); compare phantasm and see face.

vaihe

rugby union: period of play between breakdowns

(mathematics) The counterclockwise angle from the positive half of the real number line to the vector pointing to a complex number on an Argand diagram of the complex plane, which has the positive real line pointing right and the positive imaginary number line pointing up.


quotient

Dividing 12 by 4 yields a quotient of 3.

(arithmetic) The number (either a fraction or an integer) resulting from the division of one number by another.

(mathematics) By analogy, the result of any process that is the inverse of multiplication as defined for any mathematical entities other than numbers.

коефицие́нт

result of inverse of multiplication defined for non-numerical mathematical entities


impossible

possible

antonym(s) of “not able to be done or happen”

From Middle English impossible, equivalent to im- + possible.

impossible quantities, or imaginary numbers


unit interval

(mathematics) the interval [0,1], that is the set of all real numbers x such that zero is less than or equal to x and x is less than or equal to one

The unit interval of a signal with a baud rate of 1,000 Bd is 1 millisecond.

symbol duration time
symbol duration time

(telecommunications) symbol duration time.


acutangular

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-acutangular.wav


trajectory

/tɹəˈd͡ʒɛktəɹi/

From New Latin trāiectōria f (“trajectory”) (used by Newton), the feminine of trāiectōrius (“of or pertaining to throwing across”), from Latin trāiectus (“thrown over or across”), past participle of trāiciō, from trans- (“across, beyond”) (see trans-) + iaciō (“to throw”) (from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁- (“to throw, impel”)). Middle French and Middle English had trajectorie (“end of a funnel”), from Latin trāiectōrium.

(cybernetics) The ordered set of intermediate states assumed by a dynamical system as a result of time evolution.


giant

/ˈd͡ʒʌɪ.ənt/

[ˈd͡ʒəɪ̯(ə)nt]

From Middle English geaunt, geant, from Old French geant, gaiant (Modern French géant) from Vulgar Latin *gagās, gagant-, from Latin gigās, gigant-, from Ancient Greek γίγας (gígas, “giant”) Cognate to giga- (“1,000,000,000”). Displaced native Old English ent. Compare Modern English ent (“giant tree-man”).

(computing) An Ethernet packet that exceeds the medium's maximum packet size of 1,518 bytes.


part

desc

→ Cantonese: part (paat¹), parts (paat¹ si²) (from the plural noun form)

→ Japanese: パート (pāto), パーツ (pātsu) (from the plural noun form)

From Middle English part, from Old English part (“part”) and Old French part (“part”); both from Latin partem, accusative of pars (“piece, portion, share, side, party, faction, role, character, lot, fate, task, lesson, part, member”), from Proto-Indo-European *par-, *per- (“to sell, exchange”). Akin to Latin portiō (“a portion, part”), parāre (“to make ready, prepare”). Displaced Middle English del, dele (“part”) (from Old English dǣl (“part, distribution”) > Modern English deal (“portion; amount”)), Middle English dale, dole (“part, portion”) (from Old English dāl (“portion”) > Modern English dole), Middle English sliver (“part, portion”) (from Middle English sliven (“to cut, cleave”), from Old English (tō)slifan (“to split”)).

noncog

3 is a part of 12.

A portion; a component.
(mathematics, dated) A factor.


axle

From Middle English axil, in turn a combination of Old English eax and Old Norse ǫxull.

Axle in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

the Sun’s axle


axiom

Oxford University Museum of Natural History

From Middle French axiome in the 15th century, from Latin axiōma (“axiom; principle”), from Ancient Greek ἀξίωμα (axíōma, “that which is thought to fit, a requisite, that which a pupil is required to know beforehand, a self-evident principle”), from ἀξιόω (axióō, “to think fit or worthy, to require, to demand”), from ἄξιος (áxios, “fit, worthy”, literally “weighing as much as; of like value”), from ἄγω (ágō, “to weigh (down)”).

der

[…] Geometry, an excellent Logic, as you obſerve, where the definitions are clear, where the Poſtulata cannot be refuſed, nor the Axioms denied; […]

1734 April 10, “Philalethes Cantabrigiensis” [pseudonym; James Jurin], Geometry No Friend to Infidelity: Or, A Defence of Sir Isaac Newton and the British Mathematicians, in a Letter to the Author of The Analyst, London: Printed for T. Cooper at the Globe in Ivy-Lane, →OCLC, page 28:

The axioms read as follows. For every composable pair f and g the composite f#92;circg goes from the domain of g to the codomain of f. For each object A the identity arrow 1#95;A goes from A to A. Composing any arrow with an identity arrow (supposing that the two are composable) gives the original arrow. And composition is associative.

1992, Colin McLarty, “Rudimentary Structures in a Category”, in Elementary Categories, Elementary Toposes (Oxford Logic Guides; 21), Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 13:

(logic, mathematics, proof theory) A fundamental assumption that serves as a basis for deduction of theorems; a postulate (sometimes distinguished from postulates as being universally applicable, whereas postulates are particular to a certain science or context).


axiomatic

en-adj

axiomatic (comparative more axiomatic, superlative most axiomatic)

more axiomatic (comparative)
most axiomatic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀξιωμᾰτικός (axiōmătikós, “employing logical propositions”), from ἀξίωμα (axíōma, “self-evident principle”) + -ικός (-ikós, “of or pertaining to, -ic”).

af

of or pertaining to, <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">-ic</i>

(mathematics) Relating to or containing axioms. [from 19th c.]


axial

(ornithology) A flight feather that appears between the primaries and secondaries on some birds.


avoirdupois

en-noun

avoirdupois (usually uncountable, plural avoirdupoises)

/ˌævədəˈpɔɪz/

/ˌævɚdəˈpɔɪz/

From Middle English avoir de pois, aver de peis, haburdy poyse, haburdepays, haburdepeyse, from Old French aveir + de + peis (“asset of weight”), influenced by Middle French avoir + du + pois; compare French poids (“weight”).

It seems humanly reasonable that the three of us can woman-handle a mere man of your elderly and insulting avoirdupois.

1915, Jack London, The Little Lady of the Big House:

The detective sergeant, who was called Munro, more than made up for Cullen's advance in the avoirdupois department. Lean to the point of emaciation, Munro was also a paragon of contemporary fashion. He was clad in a hideous brown suit […]


adj.

(mathematics, high school) Abbreviation of adjacent.


unitary

confederal

antonym(s) of “that concentrates power in a single body”

unitary group

group whose elements are unitary matrices or operators

(mathematics, of an algebra) That contains an identity element.

The eigenvectors of an orthogonal or unitary operator, corresponding to different eigenvalues, are orthogonal.

1997, P. K. Suetin, Alexandra I. Kostrikin, Yuri I. Manin, translated by M. E. Alferieff, Linear Algebra and Geometry, page 137:

In essence we are looking for some way to average the individual unitary matrices Uₖ. But a linear combination of unitary matrices does not remain unitary.

2002, M. Klajman, J. A. Chambers, “A Novel Approximate Joint Diagonalization Algorithm”, in J. G. McWhirter, I. K. Proudler, editors, Mathematics in Signal Processing V, page 71:

We then repeat the same procedure to the (d − 1) × (d − 1) block unitary matrix using (d − 2) two-level unitary matrices.

2008, Mikio Nakahara, Tetsuo Ohmi, Quantum Computing: From Linear Algebra to Physical Realizations, page 84:

(mathematics, linear algebra, mathematical analysis, of a matrix or operator) Whose inverse is equal to its adjoint.


unitary

1980, Michael Reed, Barry Simon, Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics, Volume 1: Functional Analysis, Revised and Expanded Edition page 243,
Since ergodicity and mixing are expressible in terms of the induced Koopman unitaries they are not additional invariants.

Can unitaries in a unital C*-algebra with real rank zero be approximated by unitaries with finite spectrum?

2001, Huaxin Lin, An Introduction to the Classification of Amenable C*-Algebras, page 170:

(mathematics) A unitary matrix or operator.


y-axis

independent variable
independent variable

(algebraic geometry) The axis on a graph that is usually drawn from bottom to top and usually shows the range of values of variable dependent on one other variable, or the second of two independent variables.


z-axis

(algebraic geometry) The axis on a graph of at least three dimensions that is usually drawn vertically and usually shows the range of values of a variable dependent on two other variables or the third independent variable.

z-as

axis on a graph that is usually drawn vertically


nome

The sense "term" is from French -nôme, second element of binôme etc., again from Ancient Greek νομός (nomós) here in its sense "division". The name of the special function may be identical or may be an independent borrowing from the Greek.

(mathematics, obsolete) A term in an algebraic expression.

(mathematics) A special function with which elliptic functions and modular forms can be described.


sup

of supremum and of words beginning with super-

Values for the sup W statistic in excess of the 5 percent critical value (2.75 for booms and 2.77 for slumps) indicate rejection of the null hypothesis of no change in the dureation of booms and slumps in real commodity prices.

2001, Mr. Paul Cashin, Mr. C. John McDermott, The Long-Run Behavior of Commodity Prices, →ISBN:

For a wide class of connected open sets U, not necessarily simply connected, one proves the existence of a harmonic function on U having given boundary value (satisfying suitable integrability conditions) by taking the sup of the subharmonic functions having this boundary value.

2003 -, Serge Lang -, Complex Analysis, →ISBN, page 271:


vara

Borrowed from Spanish and Portuguese vara (“rod”), from Latin vāra (“fork”).

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 83.7 cm.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of length, equivalent to about 1.1 m.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of area, equivalent to about 0.7 m².


mathematics

→ Malay: matematik

desc

→ Scottish Gaelic: matamataig, matamataic

→ Welsh: mathemateg

1580s; From mathematic (noun) + -ics, from Middle English mathematique, methametik, matematik, matamatik, from Old French mathematique, from Latin mathēmatica (“mathematics”), from Ancient Greek μαθηματικός (mathēmatikós, “on the matter of that which is learned”), from μάθημα (máthēma, “knowledge, study, learning”). Displaced native Old English rīmcræft.

der

My mathematics is always improving.

A person's ability to count, calculate, and use different systems of mathematics at differing levels.


maths

The conventional “commonsense” view now is that girls are conditioned both by family and teachers to believe that maths is a subject at which males excel, and that they believe they cannot be expected to comprehend its subtleties — so they don′t.

1980 August 21, “Girls can do maths as well as boys”, in New Scientist, page 586:

At age 10, Ian was based with the Grade 6 students but was allowed to take maths with Grade 10 – a four-year grade advancement.

2004, Miraca U.M. Gross, Exceptionally Gifted Children, page 229:

Most people who are forced to use maths have little idea what it is really about.

2011, Clifford Matthews, IMechE Engineers′ Databook, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, page 40:

(Commonwealth, rarely Canada) Clipping of mathematics.


math

en-noun

math (countable and uncountable, plural maths)

Clarke stumbled into music by way of a high school course he took to raise his grades. "Music was a bird course. I had more interest in math, science, and women", he divulged.

2002 October 26, Nathalie Younglai, “Conducting without boundaries”, in Guelph Mercury, page C3:

(informal, uncountable, Canada, US, Philippines) Clipping of mathematics.


hoof

From Middle English hoof, hof, from Old English hōf, from Proto-Germanic *hōfaz (compare West Frisian hoef, Dutch hoef, German Huf, Danish hov, Norwegian hov, Swedish hov), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoph₂ós (compare Sanskrit शफ (śaphá, “hoof, claw”), Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬀 (safa, “hoof”), possibly Czech, Polish kopyto).


skeleton

From New Latin sceleton, from Ancient Greek σκελετόν (skeletón), the neuter of σκελετός (skeletós, “dried up, withered, dried body, parched, mummy”), from σκέλλω (skéllō, “dry, dry up, make dry, parch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelh₁- (“to parch, wither”); compare Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”).

der

(geometry) The vertices and edges of a polyhedron, taken collectively.

luuranko

geometry: vertices and edges of a polyhedron


arithmetic series

en-noun

arithmetic series (plural arithmetic series)

arithmetic progression
arithmetic progression

(mathematical analysis) The sum of the terms in an arithmetic progression.

aritmetická řada

the sum of the terms in an arithmetic progression


geometric series

geometric series (plural geometric series)

geometric progression
geometric progression

(mathematical analysis) Any infinite series whose terms are in geometric progression; any series of the form a+ar+ar²+ar³⋯=a∑ᵢ₌₀ ᪲rⁱ.

等比级数

infinite series of terms in geometric progression


range

Japanese: レンジ (renji)

Korean: 레인지 (reinji)

From Middle English rengen, from Old French rengier (“to range, to rank, to order,”), from the noun renc, reng, ranc, rang (“a rank, row”), from Frankish *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring, circle, curve”). Doublet of ring.

der

(mathematics) The set of values (points) which a function can obtain.

(statistics) The length of the smallest interval which contains all the data in a sample; the difference between the largest and smallest observations in the sample.

مَدَى

statistics: difference between largest and smallest observation


apoapsis

en-noun

apoapsis (plural apoapsides or apoapsises or apoapses)

apoapsides (plural)
apoapsises (plural)
apoapses (plural)

(astronomy) The point of a body's elliptical orbit about the system's centre of mass where the distance between the body and the centre of mass is at its maximum.


periapsis

periapsis (plural periapsides or periapsises or periapses)

periapsides (plural)
periapsises (plural)
periapses (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-periapsis.wav

1983, Richard O. Fimmel, Laurence Colin, Eric Burgess, Pioneer Venus, NASA SP-461, page 109,
Figure 5-19. Sun-Venus-Orbiter geometry illustrates how the periapsis moves around the planet during the Venusian sidereal year to sample day and night hemispheres. Because the planet rotates in a retrograde direction, it takes more than one Venusian sidereal year for periapsis to move over all longitudes of the planet (as explained in text).

We don't always want to burn near periapsis. Suppose we want to change the height at periapsis. The most efficient place to change the radius of periapsis is at apoapsis. Consider applying #92;Deltav at some other point in the orbit. In this case both periapsis and apoapsis will change. If we apply the #92;Deltav tangentially at apoapsis, all of the #92;Deltav will go into changing periapsis, and vice versa.

2001, D. A. Vallado, Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications, Springer, page 325:

2004, R. S. Saunders, et al., Mars Odyssey Mission, C. T. Russell (editor), 2001 Mars Odyssey, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 34,
The main aerobraking phase began once the point of the spacecraft's periapsis had been lowered to within 110 km above the Martian surface.

(astronomy, astrophysics) The point of a body's (elliptical) orbit in a 2-body gravitational system such that the distance between the two bodies (measured from their respective centres of mass) is at its minimum.


determinant

1966 [Allyn & Bacon], Howard Whitley Eves, Elementary Matrix Theory, 1980, Dover, Unabridged corrected republication, page 165,
The determinant of a square matrix A_(n) is a function (actually a polynomial function) of the elements a_ij of A.

1990, Assem S. Deif, Advanced Matrix Theory for Scientists and Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (Abacus Press), 2nd Edition, page 18,
Show that the determinant of a Hermitian matrix is real and that of a skew-Hermitian matrix is imaginary.

Using this definition, we derive the basic properties of a determinant that are useful in its evaluation. In particular, it is shown how the calculation of a determinant can be reduced to the calculation of determinants of lower order.

2009, Richard A. Brualdi, Dragoš Cvetkoviċ, A Combinatorial Approach to Matrix Theory and Its Applications, Taylor & Francis (CRC / Chapman & Hall), page 63:

transformation matrix
transformation matrix

(linear algebra) A scalar that encodes certain characteristics of a given transformation matrix; the unique scalar function over square matrices which is distributive over matrix multiplication, multilinear in the rows and columns, and takes the value 1 for the unit matrix; abbreviated as: det.

детерминанта

scalar that encodes certain characteristics of a square matrix


eigenvalue

From eigen- + value, a partial calque of German Eigenwert.

The eigenvalues #92;lambda of a square transformation matrix #92;mathrm#123;M#125; may be found by solving #92;det(#92;mathrm#123;M#125;-#92;lambda#92;mathrm#123;I#125;)#61;0.

In the extension, one associates eigenvalues, sets of scalars, with arrays of matrices by considering the singularity of linear combinations of the matrices in the various rows, involving the same coefficients in each case. Attention to this area was called in the early 1920's by R. D. Carmichael, who pointed out in addition the enormous variety of mixed eigenvalue problems with several parameters.

1972, F. V. Atkinson, Multiparameter Eigenvalue Problems, Volume I: Matrices and Compact Operators, Academic Press, page x:

For many quantum-mechanical problems it is important to investigate the change of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions with the continuous change of one or more parameters. The case in which one knows the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for two special values of the parameters, and is interested in the region in between is particularly interesting.

2000, John von Neumann, E. Wigner, “On the Behaviour of Eigenvalues in Adiabatic Processes”, in Hinne Hettema, transl., edited by Hinne Hettema, Quantum Chemistry: Classic Scientific Papers, World Scientific, published 1929, page 25:

Problems that require an investigation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions arise in connection with numerous topics in mechanics, the theory of vibrations and stability, hydrodynamics, elasticity, acoustics, electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, etc.

2005, Leonid D. Akulenko, Sergei V. Nesterov, High-Precision Methods in Eigenvalue Problems and Their Applications, CRC Press (Chapman & Hall), page 1:

(linear algebra) A scalar, λ, such that there exists a non-zero vector x (a corresponding eigenvector) for which the image of x under a given linear operator A is equal to the image of x under multiplication by λ; i.e. Ax=λx.


eigenvector

David Hilbert
Hermann von Helmholtz
eigenvector

From eigen- + vector, a partial calque of German Eigenvektor.
The prefix eigen- (also used in eigenvalue) was first used in 1904, by David Hilbert, and was possibly inspired by a related usage by Hermann von Helmholtz.

linear transformation
linear transformation

(linear algebra) A vector that is not rotated under a particular linear transformation; a left or right eigenvector depending on context; (more formally) given a linear transformation A, a vector x such that Ax=λx [or xA=λx] for some scalar λ (called the eigenvalue).

本徵向量 /本征向量

vector not rotated by linear transformation


discriminant

(algebra) An expression that gives information about the roots of a polynomial; for example, the expression D = b² - 4ac determines whether the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 are real and distinct (D > 0), real and equal (D = 0) or complex (D < 0).

(geometry) The invariant (on the vector space of forms of degree d in n variables) that vanishes exactly when the corresponding hypersurface in Pⁿ⁻¹ is singular.


asymptote

circa 1650, from Ancient Greek ἀσύμπτωτη (asúmptōtē), the feminine of Apollonius Pergaeus' (circa 200 BC) Ancient Greek adjective ἀσύμπτωτος (asúmptōtos, “not falling together”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + συν- (sun-, “together”) + πτωτός (ptōtós, “fallen”).

af

The King rushed forward with all his cruel coordinates and mean values, stumbled into a dark forest of roots and logarithms, had to backtrack, then encountered the beast on a field of irrational numbers (F₁) and smote it so grievously that it fell two decimal places and lost an epsilon, but the beast slid around an asymptote and hid in an n-dimensional orthogonal phase space, underwent expansion and came out, fuming factorially, and fell upon the King and hurt him passing sore.

1974, Stanisław Lem, translated by Michael Kandel, The Cyberiad:

(mathematical analysis) A straight line which a curve approaches arbitrarily closely as it goes to infinity. The limit of the curve; its tangent "at infinity".

asintota

a straight line which a curve approaches arbitrarily closely


asymptote

en-verb

asymptote (third-person singular simple present asymptotes, present participle asymptoting, simple past and past participle asymptoted)

asymptotes (present singular third-person)
asymptoting (participle present)
asymptoted (participle past)
asymptoted (past)

2006: Neil deGrasse Tyson, The Perimeter of Ignorance
As you become more scientific, yes, the religiosity drops off, but it asymptotes.

(mathematical analysis) To approach, but never quite touch, a straight line, as something goes to infinity.


Cartesian coordinate

en-noun

Cartesian coordinate (plural Cartesian coordinates)

(geometry) The coordinates of a point measured from an origin along a horizontal axis from left to right (the x-axis) and along a vertical axis from bottom to top (the y-axis). This can be extended to three-dimensions by the z-axis perpendicular to the x- and y-axes.


rectangular coordinates

rectangular coordinates pl (plural only)

Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian coordinates

(mathematics, less common) Cartesian coordinates.


polar coordinates

polar coordinates pl (normally plural, singular polar coordinate)

(mathematics) The coordinates of a point in a plane, measured as its Cartesian distance from the origin and the angle measured counterclockwise from the x-axis to a line joining the point to the origin.

(mathematics) A system of coordinates using such measurements to indicate position.

(mathematics) The coordinates of a point in three-dimensional space, measured as its Cartesian distance from the origin, the angle measured from the z-axis to a line joining the point to the origin, and the angle measured counterclockwise from the x-axis to this line.


Cartesian coordinates

perpendicular distance
perpendicular distance

(algebraic geometry) The coordinates of a point measured as its perpendicular distance to the right of a vertical axis (the y-axis) and its perpendicular distance above a horizontal axis (the x-axis).


Euclidean distance

Euclidean distance (countable and uncountable, plural Euclidean distances)

euklidinen etäisyys

(geometry) The distance between two points defined as the square root of the sum of the squares of the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the points; for example, in two-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the Euclidean distance between two points a = (aₓ, a_y) and b = (bₓ, b_y) is defined as:

The distance between two points defined as the square root of the sum of the squares of the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the points; for example, in two-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the Euclidean distance between two points a = (aₓ, a_y) and b = (bₓ, b_y) is defined as:
 d( textbf a, textbf b)=√


Cartesian distance

Cartesian distance (plural Cartesian distances)

(algebraic geometry) Euclidean distance.


equation

From Old French, from Latin aequātiō (“an equalizing”).
Morphologically equate + -ion

(mathematics) An assertion that two expressions are equal, expressed by writing the two expressions separated by an equal sign; in mathematical problems, equations describe various essential aspects of the problem, each of which contributes to the resolution of the problem in part.


dot

From Middle English *dot, dotte, from Old English dott (“a dot, point”), from Proto-West Germanic *dott, from Proto-Germanic *duttaz (“wisp”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Dot, Dotte (“a clump”), Dutch dot (“lump, knot, clod”), Low German Dutte (“a plug”), dialectal Swedish dott (“a little heap, bunch, clump”).

cog

(mathematics) A symbol used for separating the fractional part of a decimal number from the whole part, for indicating multiplication or a scalar product, or for various other purposes.


diameter

From Old French diametre (French diamètre), from Latin diametrus, from Ancient Greek διάμετρος (diámetros) (γραμμή (grammḗ)) (diametros grammē, “line measuring across”), from διά (diá, “across”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”). By surface analysis, dia- + -meter.

(geometry) Any straight line between two points on the circumference of a circle that passes through the centre/center of the circle; a chord that passes through the center of the circle.

In cases without good face contact, the diameter of the toolholder at the front of the flange or the tool itself should not be any larger than the gage diameter of the toolholder shank from a bending stiffness viewpoint.

2005, David A. Stephenson, John S. Agapiou, Metal Cutting Theory and Practice, page 280:

Viable non-malformed singleton pregnancies were selected for cerebellar measurements; transcerebellar diameter, (TCD), left and right cerebellar diameters (LCD, RCD).

2015 October 23, “Periconception Maternal Folate Status and Human Embryonic Cerebellum Growth Trajectories: The Rotterdam Predict Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(geometry) The maximum distance between any two points in a metric space.

(graph theory) The maximum eccentricity over all vertices in a graph.


perturbation

en-noun

perturbation (countable and uncountable, plural perturbations)

Borrowed from Middle French perturbation, from Old French perturbacion, from Latin perturbatio.

Natures that haue much Heat, and great and violent deſires and Perturbations, are not ripe for Action, till they haue paſſed the Meridian of their yeares: As it was with Iulius Cæſar, and Septimius Seuerus.

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Youth and Age. XLII.”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC, pages 247–248:

(countable) A small change in a physical system, or more broadly any definable system (such as a biological or economic system)

perturbo

a small change in a physical system or any definable system


catty

“Give me your slingshot, and I'll let you have it back after school this afternoon,” she said firmly. […] I stuck the 'catty' into my back pocket and ran outside to meet the others.

2009, Sheldon Arensen, The Carjackers, page 43:

You could also keep a tennis ball and a frog, or a catapult and a frog, but not all three together. I know because I tried it. The frog got a bit squashed between the ball and the handle of the catty.

2017, David Cooper, Christiaan Barnard: The Surgeon Who Dared:


fang

From an abbreviation of fangtooth, from Middle English *fangtooth, *fengtooth, from Old English fengtōþ (“canine tooth”, literally “snag-tooth, catch-tooth”). Cognate with German Fangzahn (“fang”, literally “catch-tooth”) and Dutch vangtand.

cog

(mathematics) Either of the two factors that make a number a vampire number.


half-pint

A unit of volume used for liquids equal to half of a pint.


gallon

→ Cebuano: galon

→ Czech: galon

→ Portuguese: galão

→ Serbo-Croatian: galon

→ Swahili: galoni

→ Turkish: galon

From Middle English gallon, galoun, galun, from Old Northern French galun, galon (“liquid measure”) (compare Old French jalon), from Late Latin galum, galus (“measure of wine”), from Vulgar Latin *galla (“vessel”), possibly from Gaulish [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“goblet”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κύλιξ (kúlix, “cup”), Sanskrit कलश (kalaśa, “jar, pitcher; measure of liquid”). Related to Old French gille (“wine measure”) (from Medieval Latin gillō (“earthenware jar”)), Old French jale (“bowl”), Old French jaloie (“measure of capacity”).

(US) one-eighth of a U.S. bushel or approximately 4.405 liters for dry goods (a "U.S. dry gallon").


conjecture

en-noun

conjecture (countable and uncountable, plural conjectures)

/kənˈd͡ʒɛk.t͡ʃɚ/

From Old French, from Latin coniectūra (“a guess”), from coniectus, perfect passive participle of cōniciō (“throw or cast together; guess”), from con- (“together”) + iaciō (“throw, hurl”); see jet. Compare adjective, eject, inject, project, reject, subject, object, trajectory.

Zarankiewicz's crossing number conjecture

(mathematics, linguistics) A statement likely to be true based on available evidence, but which has not been formally proven.


stake

en-verb

stake (third-person singular simple present stakes, present participle staking, simple past and past participle staked)

stakes (present singular third-person)
staking (participle present)
staked (participle past)
staked (past)

From Middle English stake, from Old English staca (“pin, tack, stake”), from Proto-Germanic *stakô (“stake”), from Proto-Indo-European *stog-, *steg- (“stake”). Cognate with Scots stak, staik, Saterland Frisian Stak, West Frisian staak, Dutch staak, Low German Stake, Norwegian stake.

Any peer can participate in the mining process by staking coins in order to validate a new transaction. To become a miner, there are two options; you can stake your coins to be used by a trustworthy node […], or you can submit a full node to be selected as a miner.

2019, Elad Elrom, “Blockchain Basics”, in The Blockchain Developer […] , Apress, →ISBN, page 23:

(cryptocurrencies) To deposit and risk a considerable amount of cryptocurrency in order to participate in the proof of stake process of verification.


proof

en-noun

proof (countable and uncountable, plural proofs)

→ Russian: пруф (pruf), пру́фы (prúfy)

desc

⇒ Russian: пруфли́нк (pruflínk, literally “proof + link”)

From Middle English proof, from Old French prove, from Late Latin proba (“a proof”), from Latin probō (“to prove”); see prove; compare also the doublet probe.

the proof of the pudding is in the eating

(countable, logic, mathematics) A sequence of statements consisting of axioms, assumptions, statements already demonstrated in another proof, and statements that logically follow from previous statements in the sequence, and which concludes with a statement that is the object of the proof.

(countable, mathematics) A process for testing the accuracy of an operation performed. Compare prove, transitive verb, 5.


applied mathematics

Coordinate term: pure mathematics

(mathematics) Mathematics used to solve problems in other sciences such as physics, engineering or electronics.


Alice

From Middle English Alice, from Old French Alys, Alice, from Old High German Adalheidis, proposed to derive from Proto-Germanic *aþalaz (“noble”) + *haiduz (“character”). Doublet of Adelaide.

af

Alice sends the message, "I am Alice," to Bob. Bob chooses a nonce, N and sends it to Alice. Alice encrypts the nonce using Alice and Bob's symmetric secret key, K#95;#123;A-B#125;, and sends the encrypted nonce, K#95;#123;A-B#125;(N) back to Bob.

1978, V.S. Bagad, I.A. Dhotre, Computer Networks, Technical Publications, →ISBN:

Alice opens her lantern, Bob opens his the instant he sees Alice's, and Alice notes the time T that passes between the moment she opens hers and the moment she sees the light returning to her from Bob's.

2009, N. David Mermin, It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 19:

(cryptography, physics) The person or system that sends a message to another person or system conventionally known as Bob.


oblique

From Middle French oblique, from Latin oblīquus (also spelled oblīcus) (“slanting, sideways, indirect, envious”).


kite

The noun is from Middle English kyte, kīte, kete (“a kite endemic to Europe, especially the red kite (Milvus milvus)”), from Old English cȳta (“kite; bittern”), from Proto-West Germanic *kūtijō, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *kūts (“bird of prey”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH-d- (“to cry, screech”). The English word is cognate with Scots kyt, kyte (“kite; bird of prey”), Middle High German kiuzelīn, kützlīn (“owling”) (modern German Kauz (“owl”)). Possibly a doublet of coot.
Sense 3 (“lightweight toy”) is from the fact that it hovers in the air like the bird.
The verb is derived from the noun.

leko

military aviation, slang: aircraft — see also aircraft

leija

sailing, slang: spinnaker — see also spinnaker

But she said, "if this was a kite, he didn't realize that you don't have the float time of the old days," which made check-kiting easier.

1991 May 21, Alex Barnum, “Suspect named in kiting case”, in San Jose Mercury News, San Jose, Calif.: Mercury Herald Co., →OCLC, page 8E:

(banking, slang) A blank cheque; a fraudulent cheque, such as one issued even though there are insufficient funds to honour it, or one that has been altered without authorization.

The advantages which are alleged to belong to the district system [of banking] are the following:— […] as each bank will have an agent in London, the bills they draw will thus have two parties as securities, and the public will have a pledge that there is no excessive issue in the form of kites or accommodation bills.

1871, James W. Gilbart, “Section XI. The Administration of Joint-stock Banks, with an Inquiry into the Causes of Their Failures.”, in The Principles and Practice of Banking, new edition, London: Bell & Daldy, […], →OCLC, part I (Of Practical Banking), pages 324–325:

accommodation bill
accommodation bill#English

(finance, slang) An accommodation bill (“a bill of exchange endorsed by a reputable third party acting as a guarantor, as a favour and without compensation”).

Four-sided figures without parallel sides include trapezoids and kites.

A kite is a quadrilateral with exactly two pairs of adjacent congruent sides. Note that a parallelogram has opposite congruent sides, whereas the congruent sides of kites are adjacent. Therefore, a kite is also a parallelogram only when both pairs of adjacent congruent sides of the kite are congruent to each other, making the kite a rhombus.

2011, W. Michael Kelley, “Quadrilaterals”, in The Humongous Book of Geometry Problems: Translated for People Who Don’t Speak Math!!, New York, N.Y.: Alpha Books, →ISBN, page 216:

(geometry) A polygon resembling the shape of a traditional toy kite (sense 3): a quadrilateral having two pairs of edges of equal length, the edges of each pair touching each other at one end.

鷂形 /鹞形

geometry: a polygon resembling the shape of a traditional toy kite; a quadrilateral having two pairs of edges of equal length, the edges of each pair touching each other at one end


kite

en-verb

kite (third-person singular simple present kites, present participle kiting, simple past and past participle kited)

kites (present singular third-person)
kiting (participle present)
kited (participle past)
kited (past)

извисявам

to cause (something) to move upwards rapidly

He was convicted of kiting checks and sentenced to two years in prison.

“An affair of honour!” said O’Flaherty, squaring himself. He smelt powder in everything.
 “More like an affair of dishonour,” said Toole, buttoning his coat. “He’s been ‘kiting’ all over the town. Nutter can distrain for his rent to-morrow, and Cluffe called him outside the bar to speak with him; put that and that together, sir.”

1863, J[oseph] Sheridan Le Fanu, “In Which Dr. Sturk Tries This Way and That for a Reprieve on the Eve of Execution”, in The House by the Church-yard. […], volume II, London: Tinsley, Brothers, […], →OCLC, pages 65–66:

The fame and money brought in by Only in America meant no more name changes, no need to kite checks, and no sneaking past the landlord.

2015, Kimberly Marlowe Hartnett, “Scandal and Resurrection”, in Carolina Israelite: How Harry Golden Made Us Care about Jews, the South, and Civil Rights, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN, page 163:

(transitive, intransitive, banking, slang) To write or present (a cheque) on an account with insufficient funds, either to defraud or expecting that funds will become available by the time the cheque clears.


nontotient

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nontotient.wav

Euler's totient function
Euler's totient function

(mathematics) An integer that is never a value of Euler's totient function.


Euler's totient function

Named after Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783).

named-after

(number theory) The function that calculates the total number of integers below a given integer that are coprime to it.


demonstration

en-noun

demonstration (countable and uncountable, plural demonstrations)

→ Dutch: demonstratie (semantic loan)

→ German: Demonstration (semantic loan)

desc

→ Japanese: デモンストレーション (demonsutorēshon)

From Middle English demonstracioun, from Old French demonstration, from Latin demonstrationem, from demonstrare (“show or explain”), from de- (“of or concerning”) + monstrare (“show”).
Morphologically demonstrate + -ion

He read the proposition. […] So he reads the demonstration of it, which referred him back to such a proposition,; which proposition he read.

a. 1697, John Aubrey, Brief Lives, s.v. Thomas Hobbes

If, then, proof from the basic truth is more accurate than proof not so derived, demonstration which depends more closely on it is more accurate than demonstration which is less closely dependent.

2021 September 21, Aristotle, The Complete Works of Aristotle. Illustrated: Logic, Universal Physics, Human Physics, Animal Physics, Metaphysics, Ethics and Politics and other, Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing:


section

From Middle English seccioun, from Old French section, from Latin sectiō (“cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation of diseased parts of the body, etc.”), from sectus, past participle of secāre (“to cut”). More at saw.

разрэ́з

surgery: incision or the act of making an incision

A cross-section (image that shows an object as if cut along a plane).

(topology) A function that generalizes the notion of the graph of a function; formally, a continuous right inverse to the projection map of a fiber bundle.

(generalizing the topology sense, algebra, category theory) A right inverse of a morphism in some category

(US, Canada, law and land surveying) Synonym of square mile, a unit of land area, especially in the contexts of Canadian surveys and American land grants and legal property descriptions.

acre (1

square mile when described as a 'section'


foil

en-verb

foil (third-person singular simple present foils, present participle foiling, simple past and past participle foiled)

foils (present singular third-person)
foiling (participle present)
foiled (participle past)
foiled (past)

From mnemonic acronym FOIL (“First Outside Inside Last”).

(mathematics) To expand a product of two or more algebraic expressions, typically binomials.

uitwerken

to expand a product of two or more algebraic expressions, typically binomials


frame

→ Korean: 프레임 (peureim)

→ Swahili: fremu

From Middle English frame (“profit, benefit, advantage; a structure composed according to a plan”), from the verb (above) and also from Old Norse frami (“advantage, fame, bravery, efficiency, privilege, honor”); and frame (“a framework or structure of any kind”) which is of uncertain origin. The latter is usually regarded as a derivative of former; however, compare the rare Anglo-Norman and Old French frame, fraine (“frame, framework”), itself of uncertain origin, which might be a borrowing from the English, from the Norse, or even possibly ultimately from Frankish *hramu (“frame”) related to Dutch raam (“window frame”).

der

(mathematics) A complete lattice in which meets distribute over arbitrary joins.


boundary

From bound + -ary, Old French, from Latin.

(topology) (of a set) the set of points in the closure of a set S, not belonging to the interior of that set

邊界 /边界

(topology) the set of points in the closure, not belonging to the interior


integral

en-adj

integral (comparative more integral, superlative most integral)

more integral (comparative)
most integral (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French integral, from Medieval Latin integrālis, from Latin integer (“entire”); see integer.

(mathematics) Of, pertaining to, or being an integer.

تَكَامُل

math: of, pertaining to, or being an integer

(mathematics) Relating to integration (“the process of finding the integral [noun] of a function”).

(algebra, commutative algebra, of a ring element in a ring B relative to a subring A) Being the root of some monic polynomial in A.


integral

The integral of a univariate real-valued function is the area under its curve; but be warned! Not all functions are integrable!

(mathematics) One of the two fundamental operations of calculus (the other being differentiation), whereby a function's displacement, area, volume, or other qualities arising from the study of infinitesimal change are quantified, usually defined as a limiting process on a sequence of partial sums. Denoted using a long s: ∫, or a variant thereof.

(specifically) Any of several analytic formalizations of this operation: the Riemann integral, the Lebesgue integral, etc.

The integral of #92;frac#123;1#125;#123;x#125; on #91;#92;frac#123;1#125;#123;2#125;,1#93; is #92;ln(2), but the integral of the same function on (0,1#93; diverges. In notation, #92;int#95;#92;frac#123;1#125;#123;2#125;¹#92;frac#123;1#125;#123;x#125;dx#61;#92;ln(2), but #92;int#95;0¹#92;frac#123;1#125;#123;x#125;dx#61;#92;infty.

Stokes' theorem relates the integral over a surface of the curl of a vector field to a line integral around the boundary of that surface: #92;int#95;S#92;nabla#92;times#92;mathbf#123;F#125;#92;cdotd#92;mathbf#123;S#125;#61;#92;int#95;#123;#92;partialS#125;#92;mathbf#123;F#125;#92;cdotd#92;mathbf#123;r#125;,.

(mathematics) A definite integral: the result of the application of such an operation onto a function and a suitable subset of the function's domain: either a number or positive or negative infinity. In the former case, the integral is said to be finite or to converge; in the latter, the integral is said to diverge. In notation, the domain of integration is indicated either below the sign, or, if it is an interval, with its endpoints as sub- and super-scripts, and the function being integrated forming part of the integrand (or, generally, differential form) appearing in front of the integral sign.

The integral of x² is #92;frac#123;x³#125;#123;3#125; plus a constant.

(mathematics) An indefinite integral: the result of the application of such an operation onto a function together with an indefinite domain, yielding a function; a function's antiderivative;

(mathematics, historical or obsolete) The fluent of a given fluxion in Newtonian calculus.


creative

creative (comparative more creative, superlative most creative)

more creative (comparative)
most creative (superlative)

Borrowed from Late Latin creativus, from Latin creō. Equivalent to create + -ive. Displaced native Old English orþanclīċ.

a creative set

(set theory) A type of set of natural numbers, related to mathematical logic.


normal

normal (comparative normaler or more normal, superlative normalest or most normal)

normaler (comparative)
more normal (comparative)
normalest (superlative)
most normal (superlative)

From Latin normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square; later: according to a rule”), from nōrma (“carpenter's square”), of uncertain origin; doublet of normale. The earliest meaning of the word in English was "perpendicular; forming a right angle" like something normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square”), but by Late Latin normālis had also come to mean "according to a rule", from which modern English senses of the word derive: in the 1800s, as people began to quantitatively study things like height, weight and blood pressure, the usual or most common values came to be called "normal", and by extension values regarded as healthy or desirable came to be called "normal" regardless of their usuality.

der

A number whose individual digits in a given base representation follow a uniform distribution is said to be simply normal.

A number that is normal for every base b ≥ 2 is said to be absolutely normal.

uniform distribution
uniform distribution

According to norms or rules or to a regular pattern.

(mathematics) Adhering to or being what is considered natural or regular in a particular field or context:

(number theory, of a real number) In whose representation in a given base b ≥ 2, for every positive integer n, the bⁿ possible strings of n digits follow a uniform distribution.

(algebra, of a subgroup) With cosets which form a group.

(algebra, of a field extension of a field K) Which is the splitting field of a family of polynomials in K.

(probability theory, statistics, of a distribution) Which has a very specific bell curve shape; that is or has the qualities of a normal distribution.

(probability theory, statistics, of a random variable, etc.) Which has a normal distribution; which is associated with a random variable that has a normal distribution.

(complex analysis, of a family of continuous functions) Which is pre-compact.

(set theory, of a function from the ordinals to the ordinals) Which is strictly monotonically increasing and continuous with respect to the order topology.

(linear algebra, of a matrix) Which commutes with its conjugate transpose.

(functional analysis, of a Hilbert space operator) Which commutes with its adjoint.

(category theory) Being (as a morphism) or containing (as a category) only normal epimorphism(s) or monomorphism(s), that is, those which are the kernel or cokernel of some morphism, respectively.

(topology, of a topology or topological space) In which disjoint closed sets can be separated by disjoint neighborhoods.

(commutative algebra, of a domain) Integrally closed: equal its own integral closure in its field of fractions.

(commutative algebra, of a ring) Such that all of its localizations at prime ideals are integrally closed domains.

(algebraic geometry, of a variety or scheme) Such that the local ring at every point is an integrally closed domain.

The interior normal vector of a perfect sphere always point toward the center, and the exterior normal vector directly away, and both are always collinear with the ray whose tip ends at the point of intersection, which is the intersection of all three sets of points.

(geometry) Perpendicular to a tangent of a curve or tangent plane of a surface.


normal

en-noun

normal (countable and uncountable, plural normals)

(geometry, countable) A line or vector that is perpendicular to another line, surface, or plane.

նորմալ

mathematics: a line perpendicular to another


tot

Borrowed from Scots tot, a shortened form of totum (“small child; tot”), of uncertain origin, perhaps shortened from totter (“to move in an unsteady way”),
Compare tottle, also Old Norse tottr (“name of a dwarf”), Swedish tutte (“small child”), Danish tommeltot (“little child”).


diopter

From Latin dioptra, from Ancient Greek διόπτρα (dióptra).

A unit of measure of the power of a lens or mirror, equal to the reciprocal of its focal length in meters. Myopia is diagnosed and measured in diopters.

The dioptre adjustment mechanism of a pair of binoculars or of a camera viewfinder.

(photography, dated) A lens element attached to the front of a photographic lens to shorten the lens's minimum focus distance; also called a "close-up filter".

(obsolete) Any lens system, such as a telescope.

(obsolete) An instrument for drawing the skull by projections.


rank

rank (countable and uncountable, plural ranks)

From Middle English rank (“line, row”), from Old French ranc, rang, reng (“line, row, rank”) (Modern French rang), from Frankish *hring (“ring”), from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“something bent or curved”).
Akin to Old High German (h)ring, Old Frisian hring, Old English hring, hrincg (“ring”), Old Norse hringr (“ring, circle, queue, sword; ship”). Doublet of ring and rink.

cog

(mathematics) The dimensionality of an array (computing) or tensor.

(linear algebra) The maximal number of linearly independent columns (or rows) of a matrix.

rang

linearly independent
linearly independent

(algebra) The maximum quantity of D-linearly independent elements of a module (over an integral domain D).

(mathematics) The size of any basis of a given matroid.


tame

en-adj

tame (comparative tamer, superlative tamest)

tamer (comparative)
tamest (superlative)

From Middle English tame, tome, weak inflection forms of Middle English tam, tom, from Old English tam, tom (“domesticated, tame”), from Proto-West Germanic *tam (“tame”), from Proto-Germanic *tamaz (“brought into the home, tame”), from Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (“to tame, dominate”).
Cognate with Scots tam, tame (“tame”), Saterland Frisian tom (“tame”), West Frisian tam (“tame”), Dutch tam (“tame”), Low German Low German tamm, tahm (“tame”), German zahm (“tame”), Danish tam (“tame”), Swedish tam (“tame”), Icelandic tamur (“tame”).
The verb is from Middle English tamen, temen, temien, from Old English temian (“to tame”), from Proto-West Germanic *tammjan, from Proto-Germanic *tamjaną (“to tame”).

inh

(mathematics, of a knot) Capable of being represented as a finite closed polygonal chain.


selection

en-noun

selection (countable and uncountable, plural selections)

From Latin sēlēctiō (“the act of choosing out, selection”), from sēlēctus, perfect passive participle of sēligō (“choose out, select”), from sē- (“apart”) + legō (“gather, select”).

der

(algebra) A unary operation that denotes a subset of a relation.


support

en-noun

support (countable and uncountable, plural supports)

From Middle English support, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French support. Displaced Old English wraþu.

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

(mathematics) in relation to a function, the set of points where the function is not zero; the closure of that set.

drager

(commutative algebra, of a module M over a commutative ring R) The set of all prime ideals of R such that the localization of M at the prime is nonzero, denoted operatorname SuppM