population

Borrowed from Late Latin populatio (“a people, multitude”), as if a noun of action from Classical Latin populus. Doublet of poblacion.

bor+

invånarantal (often expressed as "har X invånare" instead)

This is one of several known "sawtooth" patterns, in which the population is unbounded but does not tend to infinity.

1996 December 16, Dean Hickerson, “What is his name ?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Since unoccupied cells never send a message they never access their neighbors and so if the population of the arena is, say, 20% of the total area then 80% of time no neighbor cells need to be accessed at all leading 1/9th as many array accesses and computation speeds up to 9 times faster per generation.

2003 February 28, fiziwig, “Fast GOL alogrithm that doesn't examine neighbors.”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

End population was 101,764 cells, but with some significant spikes and drops along the way.

2008 May 31, Dave Greene, “Life: B37/S23 - A Chaotic Universe.”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

A count of the number of residents within a political or geographical boundary such as a town, a nation or the world.

(cellular automata) The number of living cells in a pattern.

[…]it is possible it [the Anglo-Saxon race] might stand second to the Scandinavian countries [in average height] if a fair sample of their population were obtained.

1883, Francis Galton et al., “Final Report of the Anthropometric Committee”, in Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, page 269:

(statistics) A group of units (persons, objects, or other items) enumerated in a census or from which a sample is drawn.

總體 /总体

statistics: greater group of units from which a sample can be drawn


neighborhood

en-noun

neighborhood (countable and uncountable, plural neighborhoods)

From an alteration of earlier neighborred (“neighborhood”), from Middle English neȝeburredde, neheborreden, equivalent to neighbor + -red; the term being interpreted as neighbor + -hood. For change in suffix (-red to -hood), compare brotherhood.
Cognates
Dutch nabijheid (common in modern language), Dutch naburigheid (uncommon in modern language).

veïnat

topology: set containing an open set which contains some specified point

vizinhança

topology: set containing an open ball which contains a specified point

A set containing an open set which contains some specified point.

Alternatively: An open set which contains some specified point.

A set containing an open ball which contains a specified point.

Alternatively: An open ball which contains some specified point.

(topology) The infinitesimal open set of all points that may be reached directly from a given point.

lähiympäristö

topology: set of all points that may be reached directly from a given point

(graph theory) The set of all the vertices adjacent to a given vertex.

In fact, it looks at the number of states and the neighborhood of the rule (determined by the filename), and decides whether to make it a lookup-table, or a "computed-function" rule.

1990 July 9, David Hiebeler, “Languages for programming cellular automata”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Universal: Is able to simulate other CA, the neighborhood size may be limited but the number of cell value should be unlimited (big neighborhoods can be transformed into multivalued cells).

2005 September 7, IzI, “reversible universal 1D CA?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

I've seen this space colloqually referred to as MAP (presumably since it maps a 3x3 neighborhood into a future cell state), or more precisely and if you want to be pedantic, since there are a lot of variants of cellular automata: 2D Range-1 Moore neighborhood 2-state (non-totalistic) cellular automata (regular euclidean grid implied, although some people explore toroidal configurations, nonstandard tilings, or arbitrary graphs).

2022 February 11, Mateon1, “Game of Life with real 8 neighbors”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) The set of all cells near a given cell used to determine that cell's state in the next generation.


affinity

affinity (countable and uncountable, plural affinities)

From Middle English affinite, from Old French affinité. Ostensibly equivalent to affine + -ity.

(geometry) An automorphism of affine space.


sign

sign (countable and uncountable, plural signs)

From Middle English signe, sygne, syng, seine, sine, syne, from Old English seġn (“sign; mark; token”) and Old French signe, seing (“sign; mark; signature”); both from Latin signum (“a mark; sign; token”); root uncertain. Doublet of signum. Partially displaced native token.

teken

a fact that shows that something exists or may happen

նշան

any of several specialized non-alphabetic symbols

I got the magnitude right, but the sign was wrong.

(mathematics) Positive or negative polarity, as denoted by the + or - sign.


slope

slope (countable and uncountable, plural slopes)

The slope of this line is 0.5

(mathematics, of a line, with respect to a fixed coordinate system) The ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points lying on the line.

The slope of a parabola increases linearly with x.

(mathematics, of a curve at a given point; sometimes proscribed, see Usage notes) The slope of the line tangent to the curve at the given point.

gradientti

math: slope of the line tangent to a curve at a given point


outlier

(statistics) A value in a statistical sample which does not fit a pattern that describes most other data points; specifically, a value that lies 1.5 IQR beyond the upper or lower quartile.

uitbijter

value outside pattern in a statistical sample


tumble

en-verb

tumble (third-person singular simple present tumbles, present participle tumbling, simple past and past participle tumbled)

tumbles (present singular third-person)
tumbling (participle present)
tumbled (participle past)
tumbled (past)

From Middle English tumblen (“to fall over and over again, tumble”), frequentative of Middle English tumben (“to fall, leap, dance”), from Old English tumbian, from Proto-Germanic *tūmōną (“to turn, rotate”). Cognate with Middle Dutch tumelen (whence Dutch tuimelen), Middle Low German tumelen, tummelen, German taumeln and Danish tumle.

der

Now it’s easy to purchase bitcoins on any number of mainstream markets and “tumble” them so that their point of purchase is obscured.

2019, Brian Merchant, “Click Here to Kill: The dark world of online murder markets”, in Harper’s Magazine, volume 2020, number January:

(cryptocurrencies) To obscure the audit trail of funds by means of a tumbler.


dozen

→ Bengali: ডজন (ḍojon)

⇒ Chinese: 打 (dá)

→ Vietnamese: tá

→ Hindi: दर्जन (darjan)

→ Fiji Hindi: darjan

desctree

⇒ Japanese: ダース (dāsu)
→ Korean: 다스 (daseu)

→ Manx: dussan

→ Maori: taihana

→ Scottish Gaelic: dusan

→ Swahili: dazeni

→ Welsh: dwsin

From Middle English dozen, dozein, doseyne, from Old French dozaine (“a group of twelve”) (Modern French douzaine), from doze (“twelve”) + -aine (“-ish”), from Latin duodecim (“twelve”) (from duo (“two”) + decem (“ten”)) + -ana (“-ish”).

der

Can I have a dozen eggs, please?

I ordered two dozen doughnuts.

There are hundreds of people form each continent in the convenction but only a few dozen came from Africa.

Pack the shirts in dozens, please.

There must have been dozens of examples just on the first page.

There were dozens and dozens of applicants before the job was posted.

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

2012 March, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-06-14, page 128:

(as plural only, always followed by of) A large, unspecified number of, comfortably estimated in small multiples of twelve, thus generally implied to be significantly more than ten or twelve, but less than perhaps one or two hundred; many.

The dozen as a measure for iron ore remained almost completely constant at 12 cwts. during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

1957, H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, page 139:

(metallurgy) An old English measure of ore containing 12 hundredweight.


baker's dozen

en-noun

baker's dozen (plural baker's dozens or bakers' dozens)

baker's dozens (plural)
bakers' dozens (plural)

Possibly from the former practice of bakers adding a thirteenth loaf of bread to a batch of twelve loaves in order to avoid punishment for accidentally selling underweight bread.

[L]et him caſt his Eye upon the laſt Page of that Book, where Mr. Blount has tranſlated a Quotation out of Scaliger de Emend. brought by the Author of the Præadamitæ; now he tranſlates Octingenties octagies, not eight hundred and eighty, but eight hundred and eightſcore; as if the Romans had uſed to reckon by ſcores. He might altogether as well, have made them number by Bakers-Dozens.

1696, William Nicholls, “The Preface to the Reader”, in A Conference with a Theist. Wherein I. Are Shewn the Absurdities in the Pretended Eternity of the World. II. The Difficulties in the Mosaick Creation are Cleared. III. The Lapse of Mankind is Defended, against the Objections of Archæologiæ Philosophicæ, The Oracles of Reason, &c., London: Printed by T[homas] W[arren] for Francis Saunders at the Blue-Anchor in the New-Exchange; and Tho[mas] Bennet at the Half-Moon in St. Paul's Church-Yard, →OCLC:

A Baker's Dozen, Treize dans la Douzaine.

[1702, [Abel] Boyer, “A Baker’s Dozen”, in Dictionnaire Royal, François et Anglois. Le Francois Tiré des Dictionnaires de Richelet, Furetiere, Tachard, de l’Academie Françoise, & des Remarques de Vaugelas, Menage & Bouhours. Divisé en Deux Parties [Royal Dictionary, French and English. The French Taken from the Dictionaries of Richelet, Furetiere, Tachard, the French Academy, & the Remarks of Vaugelas, Menage & Bouhours. Divided into Two Parts], volume I, The Hague: Chez Adrian Moetjens, Marchand Libraire près la Cour, à la Librairie Françoise, →OCLC:

What! though by accident we've loſt / Of provinces a baker's dozen; / More bleſſings has our King produc'd, / By our good Queen his German couſin—

1787 August, “Irregular Ode on His Majesty’s Birth Day”, in The Gentleman’s and London Magazine: Or, Monthly Chronologer, Dublin: Printed by John Exshaw, →OCLC, page 439, column 2:

Maffæus [Maffeo Vegio] seems to have thought that the liberal mind of Virgil could never have been satisfied with giving his readers less than a baker's dozen for their money, and therefore he added a thirteenth to the numbers of the Æneid, such as he imagined the Mantuan would himself have written if he had lived to perfect his own design.

1808 December, “Art. V. Poems, by Mary Leadbeater, (late Shackleton,) to which is Prefixed Her Translation of the 13th Book of the Æneid; with the Latin Original, Written in the 15th Century, by Maffæus. 8vo. pp. 419. 8s. Boards. Dublin, Keene; London, Longman and Co. &c. 1808.”, in The Monthly Review; or Literary Journal, Enlarged, volume LVII, London: Sold by T[homas] Becket, bookseller, in Pall Mall, →OCLC, page 372:

Well, what do you think I'll give you? Why, fourteen kisses, and that's a baker's dozen you know; and so no more at present, from yours till I'm married, […] [I]n the disposal of her baker's dozens, she is admonished not to be profuse; and, moveover, not to be any body's till she is married, not even her well-wisher's.

[1823 July 5, “The Petition of a Baker’s Daughter”, in The Adventurer of the Nineteenth Century, volume XIII, London: Printed for Knight and Lacey. And sold by Henry Holloway, →OCLC, page 196, column 2:

When some half dozen of bakers' dozens of constables are to be created, is it not very tiresome that a magistrate shall sit in an easy arm chair, in a snug room, and before a roaring fire, whilst the oath is read to each, and whilst each kisses the book, until the moisture of their breath has saturated with damp, the sheep or calf skin in which the book is packed up? There is something very tedious and unpleasant in all this, and great praise is due to the steward of Squire Screw, for having invented the means by which such annoying forms may be set aside.

[1839], chapter I, in The Factory Lad. Or, The Life of Simon Smike; Exemplifying the Horrors of White Slavery, London: Printed and published by Thomas White, 59, Wych Street, Strand, →OCLC, page 10, column 1:

"[…] But the police have an idea that I committed—" / "What—for the love of Mike?" / "Murder!" / "Good heavens!" / "And that isn't all, Bob. They've a couple of bakers' dozens of witnesses, all cocked and primed to swear to it!"

1921 April 16, Achmed Abdullah, “Framed at the Benefactor’s Club”, in Detective Story Magazine; republished in Fear and Other Stories from the Pulps, [Holicong, Pa.?]: Wildside Press, 2005, →ISBN, chapter IV (In His Pocket), page 104:

Around the thirteenth century, bakes began to add an extra loaf to every dozen. They did not want to be accused of cheating their customers. So 13 items has become known as a baker's dozen. […] Today, some bakers still bake bread in "baker's dozens."

2009, Tony Hyland, “A Baker’s Dozen”, in The Bread Book: Multiplying and Dividing (Mathematics Readers, Number and Operations; level 4), Huntington Beach, Calif.: Teacher Created Materials, →ISBN, pages 22–23:

(idiomatic) Thirteen; a group of thirteen.


loaf

→ Bengali: লোফ (lōph)

→ Marshallese: ļoob

→ Norwegian Bokmål: loff

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: loff

→ Scottish Gaelic: lofa

* From Middle English lof, laf, from Old English hlāf (“bread, loaf of bread”), from Proto-West Germanic *hlaib, from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz (“bread, loaf”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to Old English hlifian (“to stand out prominently, tower up”). Cognate with Scots laif (“loaf”), German Laib (“loaf”), Swedish lev (“loaf”), Russian хлеб (xleb, “bread, loaf”), Polish chleb (“bread”); as a borrowing, Finnish leipä (“bread”), Estonian leib (“black bread”). Doublet of chleb and khleb.
* (brain or head): Rhyming slang, shortened from "loaf of bread".

cog

It runs for 17331 generations before stabilizing as 136 blinkers, 109 blocks, 65 beehives, 18 loaves, 18 boats, 7 ships, 4 tubs, 3 ponds, 2 toads, and 40 gliders.

1989 November 20, Dean Hickerson, “Life: glider gun origin”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Running a LWSS into it can produce various debris. One of these reactions produces a loaf. When the loaf is properly hit with other LWSSs, it can be pulled backwards.

1992 September 10, David Bell, “Spaceships in Conway's Life (Part 3b)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

I am looking for the smallest ancestor of the following four loaf pattern in Conway's Game of Life:

1998 January 27, Ian Osgood, “Life: looking for smallest ancestor of a quad-loaf”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A particular still life configuration with seven living cells.


solve

en-verb

solve (third-person singular simple present solves, present participle solving, simple past and past participle solved)

solves (present singular third-person)
solving (participle present)
solved (participle past)
solved (past)

From Middle English solven, from Latin solvō.

(mathematics) To find the values of variables that satisfy a system of equations and/or inequalities.

(mathematics) To algebraically manipulate an equation or inequality into a form that isolates a chosen variable on one side, so that the other side consists of an expression that may be used to generate solutions.

решавам

to use a mathematical process or operation


resolve

resolve (third-person singular simple present resolves, present participle resolving, simple past and past participle resolved)

resolves (present singular third-person)
resolving (participle present)
resolved (participle past)
resolved (past)

From Middle English resolven, from Old French resolver, a learned borrowing of Latin resolvō (“loosen, thaw, melt, resolve”), equivalent to re- + solve. Piecewise doublet of re-solve.

sulattaa

to melt; to dissolve; to liquefy or soften

(mathematics, archaic, transitive) To solve (an equation, etc.).


formation

en-noun

formation (countable and uncountable, plural formations)

/fɔːˈmeɪʃən/

/fɔɹˈmeɪʃən/

/foːˈmæɪʃən/

From Middle English formacioun, formation, borrowed from Old French formacion, from Latin fōrmātiō, from fōrmō (“form”, verb); see form as verb.
Morphologically form + -ation

(category theory) A structure made of two categories, two functors from the first to the second category, and a transformation from one of the functors to the other.


concomitant

First attested 1607; from Middle French concomitant, from Latin concomitāns, the present participle of concomitor (“I accompany”), from con- (“together”) + comitor (“I accompany”), from comes (“companion”).

(algebra) An invariant homogeneous polynomial in the coefficients of a form, a covariant variable, and a contravariant variable.


rack

From Middle English rakke, rekke, from Middle Dutch rac, recke, rec (Dutch rek), see rekken.

(algebra) A set with a distributive binary operation whose result is unique.


bin

From Middle English bynne, from Old English binn (“crib, manger”), from Proto-West Germanic *binnu, *binnā, from Gaulish benna (“four-wheeled cart; caisson”) (compare Old Irish buinne, Welsh ben (“cart”), Old Breton benn (“caisson”)). Cognate with West Frisian bin (“wicker basket”), Middle Dutch benne (“basket”), whence modern Dutch ben (“wicker basket”), German Benne (“wheelbarrow”).

der

(statistics) Any of the discrete intervals in a histogram, etc


bin

en-verb

bin (third-person singular simple present bins, present participle binning, simple past and past participle binned)

bins (present singular third-person)
binning (participle present)
binned (participle past)
binned (past)

(statistics) To convert continuous data into discrete groups.


pentagram

From Ancient Greek πεντάγραμμον (pentágrammon), noun form of the adjectives πεντάγραμμος (pentágrammos) and πεντέγραμμος (pentégrammos, “five-lined, having five lines”). Equivalent to penta- + -gram.

der

πεντάγραμμον

Prove that the circles so belonging to the 6 pentagrams formed by 6 lines meet in a point, and so on; the series of theorems being interminable.

1871, W. J. C. Miller, editor, Mathematical Questions and Solutions, volume XV, page 47:

The passive pentagrams of spirit are drawn first in the quarters of the passive elements—water and earth—and likewise followed by the appropriate traditional elemental pentagram.

2007, Christopher Penczak, The Temple of High Witchcraft: Ceremonies, Spheres, and the Witches' Qabalah, page 345:

Four figures involve 12 pentagrams arranged as in the faces of a dodecahedron with their vertices touching.

2012, John Barnes, Gems of Geometry, page 59:

The shape of a five-pointed star constructed of five intersecting lines meeting at the vertices, such that a central pentagon and five surrounding isosceles triangles are formed; often with magical connotations; a 5/2 (or 5/3) star polygon.


Markov chain

The probability density of the Bayseian posterior was estimated by Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo, with multiple incrementally heated chains.

2004 July 27, F. Keith Barker et al., “Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation”, in PNAS, page 11040, column 2:

(probability theory) A discrete-time stochastic process containing a Markov property.


mortality

en-noun

mortality (countable and uncountable, plural mortalities)

From Old French mortalite, from Latin mortālitās, from mortālis (“relating to death”), from mors (“death”); equivalent to mortal + -ity.

In foundling hospitals, and among the children brought up by parish charities the mortality is still greater than among those of the common people.

1776 March 9, Adam Smith, chapter VIII, in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. […], volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, book I (Of the Causes of Improvement in the Productive Powers of Labour, […]), page 97:

Some of the objects of enquiry would be […] what was the comparative mortality among the children of the most distressed part of the community, and those who lived rather more at their ease […]

1798, Thomas Malthus, chapter 2, in An Essay on the Principle of Population, London: J. Johnson, pages 32–33:

And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life.

1918 May 9, Lytton Strachey, “[Florence Nightingale.] Chapter X”, in Eminent Victorians: Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Dr. Arnold, General Gordon (Library of English Literature; LEL 11347), London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 146:

[…] a drought year brought conditions especially favorable to the beetle and the mortality of elms went up 1000 per cent.

1962, Rachel Carson, chapter 8, in Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 114:

By studying mortality rates and pollution statistics in 90 Chinese cities, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Israel and China discovered that air pollution from burning coal in north China, defined as above the Huai River, with a population of around 500 million people, was 55% higher than in the south.

2013 July 9, Calum MacLeod, “In China, air pollution report brings despair, humor”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-07-10:

The number of deaths; and, usually and especially, the number of deaths per time unit (usually per year), expressed as a rate.

(biology, ecology, demography, insurance) The number of deaths per given unit of population over a given period of time.


plough

→ Fiji Hindi: falaawaa

From Middle English plouh, plow, plugh(e), plough(e), plouw, from Old English plōh (“hide of land, ploughland”) and Old Norse plógr (“plough (the implement)”), both from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz, *plōguz (“plough”). Cognate with Scots pleuch, plou, North Frisian plog, West Frisian ploech, Low German Ploog, Dutch ploeg, Russian плуг (plug), German Pflug, Danish plov, Swedish and Norwegian plog, Icelandic plógur. Replaced Old English sulh (“plough, furrow”); see sullow.

der

c. 1350, Geoffrey Chaucer (attributed), The Tale of Gamelyn
Johan, mine eldest son, shall have plowes five.

Alternative form of ploughland, an alternative name for a carucate or hide.


define

en-verb

define (third-person singular simple present defines, present participle defining, simple past and past participle defined)

defines (present singular third-person)
defining (participle present)
defined (participle past)
defined (past)

From Middle English definen, from Old French definer, variant of definir, from Latin dēfīniō (“limit, settle, define”), from dē + fīniō (“set a limit, bound, end”).

(mathematics) To establish the referent of a term or notation.


bushel

From Middle English busshel, from Old French boissel, from boisse, a grain measure based on Gaulish *bostyā (“handful”), from Proto-Celtic *bostā (“palm, fist”) (compare Breton boz (“hollow of the hand”), Old Irish bas), from Proto-Indo-European *gwost-, *gwosdʰ- (“branch”).

a heap containing ten bushels of apples


rundlet

A small cask of no certain dimensions, which may contain from 3 to 20 gallons.

Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31.5 gallons, a rundlet 18.5 gallons.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, page 205:

Such a cask of a certain size; its volume used as a measure for liquids, especially wine, usually 18.5 gallons.


tun

From Middle English tunne, tonne (“cask, barrel”), from Old English tunne (“tun, cask, barrel”), from Proto-Germanic *tunnǭ, *tunnō (“tun, barrel, cask”), from Latin tunna, probably of Gaulish origin.
Cognate with North Frisian tenn (“tun, barrel, cask”), Dutch ton (“tun, barrel, cask”), German Tonne (“tun, barrel, drum”), Danish tønde (“barrel”), Swedish tunna (“barrel, cask, tun”), Icelandic tunna (“barrel”). Compare also Old French tonne, French tonneau (“ton, barrel”), Medieval Latin tunna (“cask”), Middle Irish tunna (“cask”), Welsh tynell (“tun, barrel”). It is uncertain whether the Germanic or the Celtic forms are the original.

cog

Synonym of long ton: a unit of mass equal to 2240 pounds, 20 hundredweights of 112 pounds avoirdupois each.


butt

From Middle English bit, bitte, bytte, butte (“leather bottle”), from Old English bytt, byt (from Proto-West Germanic *buttjā) and Old French boute (“cask”) and other etymologies on this page, all from Vulgar Latin *buttia. Doublet of boccia.

Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31.5 gallons, a rundlet 18.5 gallons. –

(English units) An English measure of capacity for liquids, containing 126 wine gallons which is one-half tun.


hogshead

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-hogshead.wav

From Late Middle English hogshead, hagyshed, hogeyshed, hoggesyde, hokkeshed, Middle English hoggeshed, hogges-hed, hogeshed, hoggeshede, hoggesheed, hoggesheudes, hoggesheved, hoggishede, hoggisheed, hoggyssehed, hogyshed, hoogeshed (“measure of liquid capacity equivalent to about 63 gallons; large barrel or cask”, literally “hog’s head”), from hog, hogge (“swine, especially a castrated male swine”) + hed (“animal or human head”), equivalent to hog + 's + head. The connection between the cask and the head of a hog is uncertain, but may refer to the shape of the cask. The word has often been borrowed into other languages as “ox-head”.

[...] their vessels for use are made some of clay, of which sort some are so great as that they will containe more then one hogshead of water.

1632, attributed to J. Day, A Pvblication of Gviana’s Plantation: […], London: Printed by William Iones for Thomas Paine, […], →OCLC, page 15:

The best Veſſel for Conveyance, (if you carry above 20 Miles) is, a great Tun that holds five Hogſheads; but if no more than 10, 15, or 20 Miles, ordinary Hogſheads will do well enough. I know by Experience you may ſafely carry 300 Carps, ſix and ſeven Inches long, in one Hogſhead; but from ſeven to a Foot, not ſo many by a fourth Part.

1713, [Roger North], “Of Fishing for Carriage”, in A Discourse of Fish and Fish-ponds, […], London: Printed for E[dmund] Curll, […], →OCLC, page 62:

Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31½ gallons, a rundlet 18½ gallons.

1882, James E[dwin] Thorold Rogers, “Weights and Measures”, in A History of Agriculture and Prices in England […], volumes IV (1401–1582), Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 205:

Barrels came in firkins, nine gallons; kilderkins, eighteen gallons; halves, twenty-seven gallons; barrels, thirty-six gallons and hogsheads, fifty-four.

1987, Keith Dunstan, The Amber Nectar, Ringwood: Vicking O'Neil, page 81:

(British) A cask of a certain size; its volume used as a measure of capacity for liquids, containing 63 wine gallons, or about 52+¹⁄₂ imperial gallons (a half pipe).


tierce

From Old French tierce, from Latin tertia.

He then gave me a large piece of silver coin, such as I never had seen or had before, and told me to get ready for the voyage, and he would credit me with a tierce of sugar, and another of rum […].

1789, Olaudah Equiano, chapter 6, in The Interesting Narrative, volume I:

Have an eye to the molasses tierce, Mr. Stubb; it was a little leaky, I thought.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “chapter 22”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:

barrel
barrel#English:_cask of a certain size

(now historical) A cask of a certain size, or its volume used as a measure of capacity. Larger than a barrel but smaller than a hogshead.

(card games) A sequence of three playing cards of the same suit. Tierce of ace, king and queen is called tierce-major.

[W]e behold two men with lion-look, with alert attitude, side foremost, right foot advanced; flourishing and thrusting, stoccado and passado, in tierce and quart; intent to skewer one another.

1837, Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution: A History […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):

(fencing) The third defensive position, with the sword hand held at waist height, and the tip of the sword at head height.

(obsolete) One sixtieth of a second, i.e., the third in a series of fractional parts in a sexagesimal number system. (Also known as a third.)


barrel

From Middle English barel, from Anglo-Norman baril, Old French baril, bareil (“barrel”), of uncertain origin. An attempt to link baril to Old French barre (“bar, bolt”) (compare Medieval Latin barra (“bar, rod”)) via assumed Vulgar Latin *barrīculum meets the phonological requirement, but fails to connect the word semantically. The alternative connection to Frankish *baril, *beril or Gothic *𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍃 (*bērils, “container for transport”), from Proto-Germanic *barilaz, *bērilaz (“barrel, jug, container”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, transport”), is more plausible as it connects not only the form of the word but also the sense; equivalent to bear + -le. Compare also Old High German biril (“jug, large pot”), Luxembourgish Bärel, Bierel (“jug, pot”), Old Norse berill (“barrel for liquids”), Old English byrla (“barrel of a horse, trunk, body”). More at bear.

vat

round vessel made from staves bound with a hoop

Coordinate term: drum

Near-synonym: cask

The dawn of the oil age was fairly recent. Although the stuff was used to waterproof boats in the Middle East 6,000 years ago, extracting it in earnest began only in 1859 after an oil strike in Pennsylvania. The first barrels of crude fetched $18 (around $450 at today’s prices).

2013 August 3, “Yesterday’s fuel”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

a cracker barrel

(countable) A round (cylindrical) vessel, such as a cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends (heads). The word is sometimes applied to a similar cylindrical container made of metal, usually called a drum.

en:round vessel such as cask
en:cask of a certain size

Such a cask of a certain size, holding one-eighth of what a tun holds. (See a diagram comparing cask sizes.)

bbl

cylindrical container, or cask of a certain size

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 4, page 205:

23 Hen. VIII, cap. 4... The barrel of beer is to hold 36 gallons, the kilderkin 18 gallons the firkin 9. But the barrel, kilderkin, and firkin of ale are to contain 32, 16, and 8 gallons.

The quantity which constitutes a full barrel: the volume or weight this represents varies by local law and custom.

(zoology) The hollow basal part of a feather.

(surfing) A wave that breaks with a hollow compartment.

tynnyri

surfing: wave that breaks with a hollow compartment


puncheon

From Middle English punchoun, from Anglo-Norman ponchon, pounceon et al., and Middle French ponçon, poinchon et al., from Old French ponchon, from Latin pūnctiōnem (“act of piercing”). Doublet of punction. Related to Middle High German punze (“chisel; burin, graver”), ponze (“puncheon, standardized cask”), German Punze (“puncheon, punch, counter”).

A short low bridge of similar construction. Also called puncheon bridge.


kilderkin

Late Middle English, from Middle Dutch kinderkin, a variant of kinerkijn, itself a diminutive of kintal. See quintal.

1882: 23 Hen. VIII, cap. 4... The barrel of beer is to hold 36 gallons, the kilderkin 18 gallons the firkin 9. But the barrel, kilderkin, and firkin of ale are to contain 32, 16, and 8 gallons. — James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Volume 4, p. 205.

An old English liquid measure, usually being half a barrel; containing 18 English beer gallons, or 83.178 L.


firkin

From Middle Dutch *vierdekijn, diminutive of vierde (“fourth”), from vier (“four”); equivalent to fourth + -kin.

But for his other guests he let bear in the massy cups of silver, and the great eared wine jars holding two firkins apiece, and he let pour forth to the Witches and the Foliots, and they drank the cup of memory unto King Gorice XI., slain that day by the hand of Goldry Bluszco.

1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros, London: Jonathan Cape, page 31:

(British) A varying measure of capacity, usually being a quarter of a barrel; specifically, a measure equal to nine imperial gallons.


windle

From Middle English windel, shortened from Old English windelstrēaw (“windlestraw, coarse grass or reed”).


chaldron

The celdra or chaldron is employed in some places, especially at Finchale or Wearmouth. It appears to contain four quarters or thereabouts, and is perhaps the original measure of which the quarter is a fraction.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 4, page 208:

The visitors recorded that it [Locomotion] could haul 20 wagons, each holding one Newcastle chaldron of coal (53 cwt.).

1950 November, “Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns Limited”, in Railway Magazine, page 724:

????, De Colange.
In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs.

(archaic) An old English dry measure, containing four quarters. At London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exclusively for coal and coke.


hundredweight

en-noun

hundredweight (plural hundredweight or hundredweights)

hundredweight (plural)
hundredweights (plural)

→ Middle Bengali: *হন্দর্দ (*hondord)

Bengali: হন্দর (hondor)

A measure of weight containing a hundred pounds, variously understood as

(Canada, US) A unit of measurement containing 100 avoirdupois pounds (about 45.4 kg).

The hundredweight of 112 avoirdupois lbs. becomes general in the period before me, and is employed for the commoner kinds of materials.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume IV, page 209:

(UK, chiefly historical) A unit of measurement containing 112 avoirdupois pounds (eight stone or about 50.8 kg).

(historical) Synonym of quintal, a unit of measurement containing various amounts depending on the objects weighed.

quintal

(historical) Various units of ancient measurement systems consisting of 100 units usually translated as "pounds".


crannock

Cran'nock (s.) An ancient measure of corn.

1795, John Ash, The New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd edition, volume 1:

In Ireland the crannock is used instead of the quarter. It is, however, plainly identical with it, being divided into the same number of bushels and pecks.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 167:

An old Irish measure of corn equivalent to the quarter. The crannock of oats appears to contain two quarters, as sometimes occurs with its English equivalent.


measure

→ Japanese: メジャー (mejā)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-measure.wav

From Middle English mesure, from Old French mesure, from Latin mēnsūra (“a measure”), from mēnsus, past participle of mētīrī (“to measure”). Displaced native Old English metan (“to measure”) and ġemet (“a measure”).

lainsäädäntötoimenpide

piece of legislation as course of action

the greatest common measure of two or more numbers

(mathematics, now rare) A number which is contained in a given number a number of times without a remainder; a divisor or factor.

(mathematics, measure theory) A function which obeys a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize and rigorize the notions of length, volume, and probability. Formally, a non-negative, countably additive set function on a sigma-algebra; see Measure (mathematics) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia.

Measure (mathematics)
w:Measure (mathematics)

The president said the measures involve a ban on all visitors to the country via all ports of entry who aren't residents or diplomats. El Salvadorans or residents who return to El Salvador will be quarantined for 30 days..

2020 March 12, “It's coronavirus-free, but El Salvador is banning all foreign travellers”, in The Straits Times:

(in the plural) Actions designed to achieve some purpose; plans.

The solitary, lumbering trolls of Scandinavian mythology would sometimes be turned to stone by exposure to sunlight. Barack Obama is hoping that several measures announced on June 4th will have a similarly paralysing effect on their modern incarnation, the patent troll.

2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:

A course of action.
A piece of legislation.


charrus

Another element of weight is the charrus, carecta, or plaustrata of lead. This quantity contained thrity fontinelli, fotmael, pedes, or pigs. Each pes contained five petrae of fourteen pounds each, and therefore the pes was 70 avoirdupois pounds and the charrus 2100 lbs.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 168:


clove

Borrowed from Dutch klove (now kloof). Doublet of kloof.

(geography) A narrow valley with steep sides, used in areas of North America first settled by the Dutch


daker

The dicker, or daker, was ten, and is found, though generally at later times than the period before us, as a measure for hides and gloves.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 171:

(obsolete) Alternative form of dicker, 10 items of some commodity taken as a unit.


sextary

From Middle English sextarie, sextary, anglicized from Latin sextārius (“pint”). Doublet of sextarius.

The sextary seems to have contained 6 gallons, and is also used for cider and wine.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 172:

(historical) An Anglo-Saxon unit of liquid measure, chiefly used for wine and cider.


roll

en-verb

roll (third-person singular simple present rolls, present participle rolling, simple past and past participle rolled)

rolls (present singular third-person)
rolling (participle present)
rolled (participle past)
rolled (past)

From Middle English rollen, partly from Old French roller, roler, röeler, röoler, from Medieval Latin rotulāre (“to roll; to revolve”), from Latin rotula (“a little wheel”), diminutive of rota (“a wheel”); partly from Anglo-Latin rollāre, from the same ultimate source.

rol

to cause something to revolve by turning over and over

rol

to move, or cause to be moved, upon rollers or small wheels

(geometry) To apply (one line or surface) to another without slipping; to bring all the parts of (one line or surface) into successive contact with another, in such a manner that at every instant the parts that have been in contact are equal.

rol

geometry: to apply (one line or surface) to another without slipping


EDT

en-noun

EDT (countable and uncountable, plural EDTs)

evidential decision theory
w:evidential decision theory

(decision theory) Initialism of evidential decision theory.


-ary

Back-formation from unary and similar, from Middle English -arie, from Latin adjective suffixes -āris and -ārius; compare related -arian, and -adic. Doublet of -eer and -yer.

1927, A. D. Campbell, “The discriminant of the m-ary quadratic in the Galois fields of order 2ⁿ”, in Annals of Mathematics, Second Series 29:1-4:

2007, Philippe Leroux, “A simple symmetry generating operads related to rooted planar m-ary trees and polygonal numbers”, in Journal of Integer Sequences, 10:4:

(mathematics) Having the specified arity.


acnode

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-acnode.wav

(geometry) An isolated point not upon a curve, but whose coordinates satisfy the equation of the curve so that it is considered as belonging to the curve.


ginormous

en-adj

ginormous (comparative more ginormous, superlative most ginormous)

more ginormous (comparative)
most ginormous (superlative)

Blend of gigantic + enormous, originally 1940s military slang.

This is Jazz, a ginormous weird looking planet just showed up in the suburbs of Cybertron.

1986, Ron Friedman, The Transformers: The Movie, spoken by Jazz:

Walt Disney World is ginormous. Even after you’re on the property, you have to drive about fifteen minutes to get to different places.

1999, Gabrielle Charbonnet, Adventure at Walt Disney World: A Disney Girls Super Special, Disney Press, →ISBN, page 20:

“Neutron stars are as mysterious as they are fascinating. These city-sized objects are essentially ginormous atomic nuclei.”

2019, Green Bank Observatory, Most massive neutron star ever detected, almost too massive to exist:


significant

significant (comparative more significant, superlative most significant)

more significant (comparative)
most significant (superlative)

From Latin significans, present participle of significare, from signum (“sign”) + ficare (“do, make”), variant of facere.

(statistics) Having a low probability of occurring by chance (for example, having high correlation and thus likely to be related).

значи́м

statistics: having a low probability of occurring by chance

(mathematics) Of a digit or figure, see significant figure.


cleaver

From Middle English clevere, equivalent to cleave + -er.

Coordinate term: splitter

(geometry) A line segment that bisects the perimeter of a triangle and has one endpoint at the midpoint of one of the triangle's three sides.


snit

Likely related to Proto-Germanic *snidaz, i.e. a a little, a bit. Also perhaps from obsolete German Schnitt which is a small amount of beer served in a larger glass.

The bartender served us each a snit with our Bloody Marys this morning.

(US, dialect) A beer chaser commonly served in three-ounce servings in highball or juice glasses with a Bloody Mary cocktail in the upper midwest states of United States including Minnesota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan, and Illinois.


probable

probable (comparative more probable, superlative most probable)

more probable (comparative)
most probable (superlative)

From Middle English probable, from Old French probable, from Latin probābilis (“that may be proved, credible”), from probāre (“to test, examine”); see probe, probity, prove. Compare recent doublet provable.

der

probable evidence

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

From an examination of the Teutonic words for "temple" Grimm has made it probable that amongst the Germans the oldest sanctuaries were natural woods.

1890, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 2, page 8:

Supporting, or giving ground for, belief, but not demonstrating.


relation

en-noun

relation (countable and uncountable, plural relations)

From Middle English relacion, relacioun, from Anglo-Norman relacioun and Old French relacion (whence French relation), from Latin relātiō, noun of process form from perfect passive participle relātus (“related”), from verb referō (“I refer, I relate”), from prefix re- (“again”) + ferō (“I bear, I carry”). By surface analysis, relate + -ion. Doublet of relazione.

關係 /关系

mathematics: set of ordered tuples, a Boolean function of two or more arguments

[…]Signs are, first of all, physical things: for example, chalk marks on a blackboard, pencil or ink marks on paper, sound waves produced in a human throat. According to Reichenbach, "What makes them signs is the intermediary position they occupy between an object and a sign user, i.e., a person." For a sign to be a sign, or to function as such, it is necessary that the person take account of the object it designates. Thus, anything in nature may or may not be a sign, depending on a person's attitude toward it. A physical thing is a sign when it appears as a substitute for, or representation of, the object for which it stands with respect to the sign user. The three-place relation between sign, object, and sign user is called the sign relation or relation of denotation.

1974, Thomas S. Szasz, M.D., chapter 7, in The Myth of Mental Illness, →ISBN, page 107:

Equality is a symmetric relation, while divisibility is not.

(set theory) Specifically, a set of ordered pairs; a binary relation.

(mathematics) A statement of equality of two products of generators, used in the presentation of a group.

(category theory) A subobject of a product of objects.


target

→ Japanese: ターゲット (tāgetto)

From Middle French targette, targuete, diminutive of targe (“light shield”), from Old French, from Frankish *targa (“buckler”), akin to Old Norse targa (“small round shield”) (whence also Old English targe, targa (“shield”)) from Proto-Germanic *targǭ (“edge”), from Proto-Indo-European *derǵʰ- (“fenced lot”). Akin to Old High German zarga (“side wall, rim”) (German Zarge (“frame”)), Spanish tarjeta (“card”).

cog

Coordinate term: source

(mathematics, category theory) The codomain of a function; the object at which a morphism points.


jack-knife

jackknife

Note: the two spellings appear roughly equally common.

(statistics) Alternative spelling of jackknife


divide

en-verb

divide (third-person singular simple present divides, present participle dividing, simple past and past participle divided)

divides (present singular third-person)
dividing (participle present)
divided (participle past)
divided (past)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English dividen, from Latin dīvidere (“to divide”). Displaced native Old English tōdǣlan.

dividend

the sum being divided, the upper term in a fraction

divisor

the number of parts in a division, the lower term in a fraction

If you divide 6 by 3, you get 2.

(transitive, arithmetic, with by) To calculate the number (the quotient) by which you must multiply one given number (the divisor) to produce a second given number (the dividend).

3 divides 6.

(transitive, arithmetic) To be a divisor of.


divide

(hydrology) The topographical boundary dividing two adjacent catchment basins, such as a ridge or a crest.


jackknife

(statistics) A resampling method that applies estimators to all subsamples that each omit a single different group (possibly of a single datapoint) of the original sample to provide a sample distribution of the estimate.


level

en-noun

level (countable and uncountable, plural levels)

→ German: Level

→ Irish: leibhéal

desctree

→ Japanese: レベル (reberu)
→ Korean: 레벨 (rebel)

→ Welsh: lefel

From Middle English level, from Old French livel, liveau m, later nivel, niveau, from Latin libella f (“a balance, a level”), diminutive of libra f (“a balance, a level”); see libra, librate. Doublet of libella and niveau.
The verb is from Middle English levelen, from the noun.

The most common level of the colour variable is red. The other levels are blue and green.

categorical variable
categorical variable

(statistics) One of the specific values which may be taken by a categorical variable.


sheaf

From Middle English scheef, from Old English sċēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *skaub, from Proto-Germanic *skauba- (“sheaf”).
Cognates
Akin to West Frisian skeaf (“sheaf”), Dutch schoof (“sheaf”), German Schaub, Old Norse skauf (“a fox's tail”). Compare further Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍆𐍄 (skuft, “hair of the head”), German Schopf (“tuft”).

cog

Arrows were anciently made of reeds, afterwards of cornel wood, and occasionally of every species of wood: but according to Roger Ascham, ash was best; arrows were reckoned by sheaves, a sheaf consisted of twenty-four arrows.

1786, Francis Grose, A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons, page 34:

A quantity of arrows, usually twenty-four.

(mathematics) An abstract construct in topology that associates data to the open sets of a topological space (i.e. a presheaf) in such a way so as to make the local and global data compatible, generalizing the situation of functions, fiber bundles, manifold structure, etc. on a topological space. Formally, a presheaf ℱ whose sections are, in a technical sense, uniquely determined by their restrictions onto smaller sets: that is, given an open cover U_i of U:

If two sections over U agree under restriction to every U_i, then the sections are the same.

Given a family of sections s_i∈ℱ(U_i) such that all pairs (s_i,s_j) agree under restriction to U_i∩U_j, there is a (unique) section s over U whose restriction to U_i is s_i.


correlation

en-noun

correlation (countable and uncountable, plural correlations)

/ˌkɒɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/

/ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/

/ˌkɑ.ɹəˈleɪ.ʃən/

From Middle French corrélation. Morphologically correlate + -ion.

(statistics) One of the several measures of the linear statistical relationship between two random variables, indicating both the strength and direction of the relationship.

(algebra) An isomorphism from a projective space to the dual of a projective space, often to the dual of itself.


limit

German: Limit

From Middle English limit, from Old French limit, from Latin līmes (“a cross-path or balk between fields, hence a boundary, boundary line or wall, any path or road, border, limit”). Displaced native Old English ġemǣre. Doublet of limes.

der

The sequence of reciprocals has zero as its limit.

(mathematics) A value to which a sequence converges. Equivalently, the common value of the upper limit and the lower limit of a sequence: if the upper and lower limits are different, then the sequence has no limit (i.e., does not converge).

نِهَايَة

mathematics: value to which a sequence converges

Category theory defines a very general concept of limit.

(mathematics) Any of several abstractions of this concept of limit.

grænseværdi

mathematics: abstraction of concept of limit

(category theory) The cone of a diagram through which any other cone of that same diagram can factor uniquely.

the dateless limit of thy dear exile

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

The limit of your lives is out.

c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:

(obsolete) That which terminates a period of time; hence, the period itself; the full time or extent.


limit

en-verb

limit (third-person singular simple present limits, present participle limiting, simple past and past participle limited)

limits (present singular third-person)
limiting (participle present)
limited (participle past)
limited (past)

From Middle English limiten, from Old French limiter, from Latin līmitō (“to bound, limit, fix, determine”), from līmes; see noun.

der

The sequence limits on the point a.

(mathematics, intransitive) To have a limit in a particular set.


lituus

(geometry) A curve with polar equation r²θ=a², where a is a constant.


spark

→ Esperanto: sparko

→ Japanese: スパーク

From Middle English sparke, sperke, from Old English spearca, from Proto-West Germanic *sparkō (compare Saterland Frisian Spoorke, West Frisian spark, Dutch spark, German Low German Sparke, German Sparke), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sparkaz (“lively, energetic”), from Proto-Indo-European *sperg- (“to strew, sprinkle”) (compare Breton erc’h (“snow”), Latin spargō (“to scatter, spread”), sparsus (“scattered”), Lithuanian sprógti (“to germinate”), Ancient Greek σπαργάω (spargáō, “to swell”), Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬈𐬔𐬀 (frasparega, “branch, twig”), Sanskrit पर्जन्य (parjanya, “rain, rain god”)).

cog

(cellular automata) A small collection of cells which briefly appears at the edge of a larger pattern before dying off.


-th

From Middle English -the, -th, -te, -t (ordinal suffix), from Old English -þa, -þe, -oþa, -oþe, derived from a Proto-Indo-European superlative suffix. .

The nth term of a geometrical progression whose first term is a and common ratio is r is given by arⁿ.

Used to form the ordinal numeral when the final term of the spelled number is not “first”, “second”, or “third”.

(mathematics) Used to form a term denoting the ordinal numeral corresponding to the value, being a natural number, of a mathematical expression.


neurocybernetics

The scientific discipline of control in neurological systems.


fibre

en-noun

fibre (countable and uncountable, plural fibres)

tlb

(British, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa spellings)

From French fibre, from Old French, from Latin fibra.

Under this map, any two values in the fibre of a given point on the circle differ by 2π

(mathematics) The preimage of a given point in the range of a map.

säie

mathematics: preimage of a given point in the range of a map

(category theory) Said to be of a morphism over a global element: The pullback of the said morphism along the said global element.


fiber

en-noun

fiber (countable and uncountable, plural fibers)

From French fibre, from Old French fibre, from Latin fibra.

Holonyms: bundle, fiber bundle

Meronym: germ

Under this map, any two values in the fiber of a given point on the circle differ by 2π.

(category theory) The pullback of a morphism along a global element (called the fiber of the morphism over the global element).


svelte

en-adj

svelte (comparative svelter, superlative sveltest)

svelter (comparative)
sveltest (superlative)

From French svelte, from Italian svelto (“stretched out”), past participle of svellere (“to pluck out, root out”), from Vulgar Latin *exvellere, from ex + vellere (“to pluck, stretch”).

Psychoanalytic theory[…]seemed to promise to introduce a certain becoming amplitude into discussions of what different people are like — only to turn, in its streamlined trajectory across so many institutional boundaries, into the sveltest of metatheoretical disciplines, sleeked down to such elegant operational entities as the mother, the father, the preoedipal, the oedipal, the other or Other.

1990, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet, published 2008, page 24:

Clearly the producers of “The Producers” were so little inclined to tinker with a winning formula that they chose not to excise a few lines of dialogue to accommodate the svelter physique of their new leading man, preposterous though it is that anyone in a fit of pique would deride a fellow as “once-husky.”

2007 January 19, Charles Isherwood, “Welterweight Bialystock Treads Softly on Big Shtick”, in New York Times:

My first priority was to help Trumps lose her pudgy look and gain a healthier, svelter size.

2009, Kim Bloomer, Animals Taught Me That, page 73:

If her dream of being naked in front of Simon were to come true – and she knew, somehow, that it would – she needed to be the sveltest version of herself that had ever existed. Fries wouldn't help peel away those pounds.

2010, M. S. Simpson, Kabuki in a G-String, page 158:


principal

principal (comparative more principal, superlative most principal)

more principal (comparative)
most principal (superlative)

From Middle English principal, from Old French principal, from Latin prīncipālis.

Principal (education)
Principal value
principal

Two is the principal square root of 4. Both −2 and +2 are square roots of 4.

(mathematics) Chosen or assumed among a branch of possible values of a multi-valued function so that the function is single-valued.


midget

Diminutive of midge (from Old English myċġ (“mosquito”), from Proto-Germanic *mugjō, from Proto-Indo-European *mus-, *mu-, *mew-; cognate with Dutch mug (“mosquito”) and German Mücke (“midge, gnat”)), using the suffix -et, originally (1865) for a "little sand fly", only around 1869 also a "very small person".

Although tiny and just two-winged, midgets can bite you till you itch all over your unprotected skin.

(loosely) Any small swarming insect similar to the mosquito; a midge.

(sometimes offensive) A normally-proportioned person with small stature, usually defined as reaching an adult height less than 4'10".

قَزَم

person of small stature of adult height less than 4'10"

They [children] realize their oughts no less sharply than their crosses; and this even though they are midgets in a land of giants who have forgotten much of their language and whose right is often founded solely on force majeure.

1930, Walter de la Mare, Poems for Children, London: Constable & Co., →OCLC, page xxix; republished in “[The Children’s Bookshop] Children and Childhood”, in Henry Seidel Canby, editor, The Saturday Review of Literature, volume VII, number 9, New York, N.Y.: Saturday Review Associates, 1930 September 20, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 151, column 2:

the midget pony

By using a midget, skin-tight car of the kind made in Italy the Johannesburger might save himself much tribulation, but he likes large and glittering things, and would rather toil round his city in vain search of a place to put his supercharged, supergrinning Mammalac than use a baby car.

1949, Douglas Reed, Somewhere South of Suez: A Further Survey of the Grand Design of the Twentieth Century, page 48:

(attributively, now sometimes offensive) A small version of something; miniature.

mini-

attributively: that is the small version of something


dwarf

From Middle English dwergh, dwerw, dwerf, from Old English dweorg, from Proto-West Germanic *dwerg, from Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.
Cognate with Scots dwerch; Old High German twerc (German Zwerg); Old Norse dvergr (Swedish dvärg); Old Frisian dwirg (West Frisian dwerch); Middle Low German dwerch, dwarch, twerg (German Low German Dwarg, Dwarch); Middle Dutch dwerch, dworch (Dutch dwerg).
The Modern English noun has undergone complex phonetic changes. The form dwarf is the regular continuation of Old English dweorg, but the plural dweorgas would have given rise to dwarrows and the oblique stem dweorge- would have led to dwery. These forms are sometimes found as the nominative singular in Middle English texts and in English dialects. A parallel case is that of Old English burg giving burgh, borough, burrow, bury.

dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants

(now sometimes offensive) A person of short stature, often one whose limbs are disproportionately small in relation to the body as compared with typical adults, usually as the result of a genetic condition.


-on

* (Physics) From -on in electron, reinforced by Ancient Greek -ον (-on) ending neuter nouns and adjectives.
* (Chemistry) From -on in carbon, first applied to boron and then to silicon.

Coordinate term: -ino

(physics, mathematics and biology) Forming nouns denoting subatomic particles (proton), quanta (photon), molecular units (codon), or substances (interferon).


pygmy

From Latin Pygmaeī, from Ancient Greek πυγμαῖος (pugmaîos, “a member of a race of dwarves”), from πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist (as small as a fist)”).

der

It was so high up that the people walking about in the street below looked like pygmies.

2015, Rosie Harris, Moving On: A family saga set in 1970’s Liverpool:

(figuratively, derogatory, offensive) Any dwarfish person or thing.


octave

From Latin octavus (“eighth”). Doublet of octavo, ochava, and oitava.

Octave in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

(signal processing) Any of a number of coherent-noise functions of differing frequency that are added together to form Perlin noise.


bouquet

Borrowed from French bouquet. Doublet of bosket.


salient

en-adj

salient (comparative more salient, superlative most salient)

more salient (comparative)
most salient (superlative)

The heraldic sense “leaping” and the sense “projecting outward” are borrowed from Latin salientem, the accusative form of saliēns (“springing, leaping”), present participle of saliō (“leap, spring”, verb). The senses “prominent” and “pertinent” are relatively recent, and derive from the phrase salient point, which is a calque of the Latin punctum saliēns, a translation of Aristotle's term for the embryonal heart visible in (opened) eggs, which he thought seemed to move already. Compare also the German calque der springende Punkt.

(geometry) Denoting any angle less than two right angles.


eigenfunction

For many quantum-mechanical problems it is important to investigate the change of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions with the continuous change of one or more parameters. The case in which one knows the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for two special values of the parameters, and is interested in the region in between is particularly interesting.

2000, John von Neumann, E. Wigner, “On the Behaviour of Eigenvalues in Adiabatic Processes”, in Hinne Hettema, transl., edited by Hinne Hettema, Quantum Chemistry: Classic Scientific Papers, World Scientific, published 1929, page 25:

Problems that require an investigation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions arise in connection with numerous topics in mechanics, the theory of vibrations and stability, hydrodynamics, elasticity, acoustics, electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, etc.

2005, Leonid D. Akulenko, Sergei V. Nesterov, High-Precision Methods in Eigenvalue Problems and Their Applications, CRC Press (Chapman & Hall), page 1:

(mathematics) A function ϕ such that, for a given linear operator D, Dϕ=λϕ for some scalar λ (called an eigenvalue).


cyborg

en-verb

cyborg (third-person singular simple present cyborgs, present participle cyborging, simple past and past participle cyborged)

cyborgs (present singular third-person)
cyborging (participle present)
cyborged (participle past)
cyborged (past)

Blend of cybernetic + organism. Coined by Austrian neuroscientist Manfred Clynes in 1960.

coinage

(science fiction) To convert (something) into a cyborg.


category

/ˈkætəˌɡɔɹi/

/ˈkɛtɘˌɡoːɹi/

Late Middle English, borrowed from French catégorie, from Middle French categorie, from Late Latin catēgoria (“class of predicables”), from Ancient Greek κατηγορία (katēgoría, “head of predicables”). Doublet of categoria.

der

One well-known category has sets as objects and functions as arrows.

Just as a monoid consists of an underlying set with a binary operation "on top of it" which is closed, associative and with an identity, a category consists of an underlying digraph with an arrow composition operation "on top of it" which is transitively closed, associative, and with an identity at each object. In fact, a category's composition operation, when restricted to a single one of its objects, turns that object's set of arrows (which would all be loops) into a monoid.

The use of the word ‘factor’ shows the explicit intention of categorists to work with functions in an algebraic manner: a category is an algebra of functions.

1995, Michael Barr with Charles Wells, Category Theory for Computing Science, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Great Britain: Prentice Hall, §2.8.9, page 46:

(mathematics) A collection of objects, together with a transitively closed collection of composable arrows between them, such that every object has an identity arrow, and such that arrow composition is associative.


presentation

en-noun

presentation (countable and uncountable, plural presentations)

/ˌpɹɛzənˈteɪʃən/

From Old French presentation (French présentation), from Latin praesentātiōnem, accusative singular of praesentātiō (“representation, exhibition”).
Morphologically present + -ation

(mathematics) The specification of a group by generators and relators.


number theory

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-number theory.wav

Factorization has driven many great discoveries in number theory.

(mathematics) The branch of pure mathematics concerned with the properties of integers.


number-theoretical

en-adj

number-theoretical (not generally comparable, comparative more number-theoretical, superlative most number-theoretical)

more number-theoretical (comparative)
most number-theoretical (superlative)

The simple question of which numbers are divisible by others leads directly into many deep number-theoretical questions.

(mathematics) Of or relating to number theory.


identity element

en-noun

identity element (plural identity elements)

Therefore the number 0 is not considered an identity element for subtraction, even though x-0#61;x for all x, since 0-x#92;nex.

1990, Daniel M. Fendel, Diane Resek, Foundations of Higher Mathematics, Volume 1, Addison-Wesley, page 269:

Proof. If e and e' are both identity elements, then we have ee'=e since e' is an identity element, and ee'=e' since e is an identity element. Thus
e=ee'=e'.

2003, Houshang H. Sohrab, Basic Real Analysis, Birkhäuser, page 17, Let (G,·) be a group. Then the identity element e∈G is unique. […]

Sometimes, to avoid ambiguity, we may use the notation e#95;M for the identity element of M.
If multiplicative notation is used then we use the term identity element, and often use the notation 1, or 1#95;M, for the neutral element e.

2015, Martyn R. Dixon, Leonid A. Kurdachenko, Igor Ya. Subbotin, An Introduction to Essential Algebraic Structures, Wiley, page 41:

(algebra) An element of an algebraic structure which when applied, in either order, to any other element via a binary operation yields the other element.

identity

element that when applied with a binary operation leaves any other element unchanged


left identity

(algebra) An element of a structure that produces an identity mapping when applied on the left.

elemento neutro por la izquierda

element that produces an identity mapping when applied on the left


right identity

right identity (plural right identities)

(algebra) An element of a structure that produces an identity mapping when applied on the right.

elemento neutro por la derecha

element that produces an identity mapping when applied on the right


prime

en-adj

prime (comparative primer, superlative primest)

primer (comparative)
primest (superlative)

From Middle English prime, from Old French prime and its etymon, Latin prīmus (“first”), from earlier prīsmos < *prīsemos < Proto-Italic *priisemos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“beyond, before”). Doublet of primo and primus.
The noun sense "apostrophe-like symbol" originates from the fact that the symbol ′ was originally a superscript Roman numeral one.

der

Thirteen is a prime number.

(mathematics, lay) Having exactly two integral factors: itself and unity (1 in the case of integers).

прост

mathematics: having no factors except itself and unity

(mathematics, technical) Such that if it divides a product, it divides one of the multiplicands.

(algebra, of an ideal) Having its complement closed under multiplication.

素

mathematics: having its complement closed under multiplication

(algebra, of a nonzero module) Such that the annihilator of any nonzero submodule is equal to the annihilator of the whole module.


prime

composite

Some poems, echoing the purpose of early poetic treatises on scientific principles, attempt to elucidate the mathematical concepts that underlie prime numbers. Others play with primes’ cultural associations. Still others derive their structure from mathematical patterns involving primes.

2013 July-August, Sarah Glaz, “Ode to Prime Numbers”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

3 is a prime.

mathematical structure
mathematical structure

(algebra, number theory) A prime element of a mathematical structure, particularly a prime number.

просто число

algebra: prime element of a mathematical structure


prime

en-verb

prime (third-person singular simple present primes, present participle priming, simple past and past participle primed)

primes (present singular third-person)
priming (participle present)
primed (participle past)
primed (past)

(mathematics) To mark with a prime mark.


speed of light

speeds of light (plural)
as (abbreviation common-gender)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-speed of light.wav

The translated distance divided by the period is the speed of the spaceship. Since the maximum speed of propagation of a signal in Life is one cell per generation, this speed is known as c (the speed of light). This speed is also the fastest possible growth of any finite object for a finite number of generations (think of a long line of ON cells). However, growth (or even just movement) of a finite object for an infinite time cannot occur at this speed.

1992 August 14, David I. Bell, “Spaceships in Conway's Life (Part 1)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A rate of travel of a signal equal to one cell per generation, the fastest possible speed in the Moore and von Neumann neighborhoods.


practice

en-noun

practice (usually uncountable, plural practices)

The noun is from Middle English practice, practique, practyse, from the verb; also compare Medieval Latin prāctica.
The verb is from Middle English practice, practise, practize, practyse, from Middle French pratiser, practiser, alteration of practiquer, from Medieval Latin prācticāre, from Late Latin prācticus, from Ancient Greek πρακτικός (praktikós).
The spelling practice is attested once in Middle English for both the noun and the verb. The noun began to be assimilated in spelling to nouns in -ice; practise (noun) is now obsolete.

what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive

(mathematics) An easy and concise method of applying the rules of arithmetic to questions which occur in trade and business.


prior

The adjective is a learned borrowing from Latin prior (“earlier, former, previous, prior; in front; (figurative) better, superior”), from Proto-Italic *priōs (“earlier, previous”, literally “more before”), ultimately from *pri (“before”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“leading to, toward”) and its etymon *per- (“before, in front; first”)) + *-jōs (suffix forming comparative adjectives). Doublet of before, fore, and former.
The adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.

der

(Bayesian statistics) Chiefly in prior probability: of the probability of an event: determined without knowledge of the occurrence of other events that bear on it, before additional data is collected.


prior

априорное распределение вероятностей

(Bayesian statistics) A prior probability distribution, that is, one determined without knowledge of the occurrence of other events that bear on it, before additional data is collected.

During each of these touchpoints, I'm asking myself where and how my thesis on each holding could be wrong. I'm checking each data point as it comes in against my priors. I'm comparing management behavior to what I would be doing if I were in their shoes.

2022 July 29, Dan Roller, “Maran Partners Fund Q2 2022 Letter”, in Seeking Alpha, archived from the original on 2022-12-08:

The votes are in, and our priors are confirmed. The truth is that midterms are nearly as predictable as death and taxes: The party that controls the White House always loses and often badly at that.

2022 November 8, Alex Shephard, “The Cards were always Stacked against Democrats”, in Michael Tomasky, editor, The New Republic, New York, N.Y.: The Republic Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-04:

(by extension) In the rationalsphere: a belief supported by previous evidence or experience that one can use to make inferences about the future.

priori

in the rationalsphere: belief supported by previous evidence or experience that one can use to make inferences about the future


wild

en-adj

wild (comparative wilder, superlative wildest)

wilder (comparative)
wildest (superlative)

From Middle English wild, wilde, from Old English wilde, from Proto-West Germanic *wilþī, from Proto-Germanic *wilþijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“hair, wool, grass, ear (of corn), forest”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian wyld, Dutch wild, German wild, Danish vild, Swedish vild, Norwegian vill, Icelandic villtur.

wild chamomile

Matricaria discoidea or Tripleurospermum inodorum

wild pink

Silene caroliniana or Dianthus sect. Fimbriatum spp.

(mathematics, of a knot) Not capable of being represented as a finite closed polygonal chain.


circular

en-adj

circular (comparative more circular, superlative most circular)

more circular (comparative)
most circular (superlative)

From Middle English circuler, circuleer, circulere, from Old French circulier, from Late Latin circularis, from Latin circulus, diminutive of circus (“ring”).

Here, in the transept and choir, where the service was being held, one was conscious every moment of an increasing brightness; colours glowing vividly beneath the circular chandeliers, and the rows of small lights on the choristers' desks flashed and sparkled in front of the boys' faces, deep linen collars, and red neckbands.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:


reverse

From Middle English revers, from Anglo-Norman revers, Middle French revers, and their source, Latin reversus, perfect passive participle of reversō, from re- + versō. Doublet of revers.


disk

→ Japanese: ディスク (disuku)

→ Korean: 디스크 (diseukeu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: disk

→ Thai: ดิสก์ (dìt)

→ Turkish: disk

→ Welsh: disg

From Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “a circular plate suited for hurling”), from δικέω (dikéō, “to hurl, to launch”). Doublet of dais, desk, disc, discus, dish, and diskos.

doublet

She burned some disks yesterday to back up her computer.

(computer hardware, nonstandard) An optical disc, such as a LaserDisc, CD, DVD, Blu-ray, or similar removable optical storage medium.


tiny

en-adj

tiny (comparative tinier, superlative tiniest)

tinier (comparative)
tiniest (superlative)

From Middle English tine, tyne (“very small”) + -y. Perhaps from tine.

Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus. That’s because the lenses that are excellent at magnifying tiny subjects produce a narrow depth of field. A photo processing technique called focus stacking has changed that.

2013 July-August, Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, in American Scientist:


cipher

14th century. From Middle English cifre, from Old French cyfre, cyffre (French chiffre), ultimately from Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr, “zero, empty”), from صَفَرَ (ṣafara, “to be empty”). Doublet of chiffre and zero. Sense 8 (a fault in an organ valve) may be a different word.

a public-key cipher

(cryptography) A cryptographic system using an algorithm that converts letters or sequences of bits into ciphertext.


triple

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English triple (also þripell), from Latin triplus. Doublet of treble.

(mathematics, computing) A sequence of three elements or 3-tuple.


estimate

Borrowed from Latin aestimātus, past participle of aestimō, older form aestumō (“to value, rate, esteem”); from Old Latin *ais-temos (“one who cuts copper”), meaning one in the Roman Republic who mints money. Compare Middle English estymatt (“reputed”). See also the doublet esteem, as well as aim.

der

“They know our boats will stand up to their work,” said Willison, “and that counts for a good deal. A low estimate from us doesn't mean scamped work, but just that we want to keep the yard busy over a slack time.”

1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, chapter 3, in Well Tackled!:

(construction and business) A document (or verbal notification) specifying how much a job is likely to cost.

осметка

(construction and business) a document specifying how much a job will probably cost


estimation

en-noun

estimation (countable and uncountable, plural estimations)

From Middle English estimacioun, estimacion, from Old French estimacion, from Latin aestimatio.
Morphologically estimate + -ion

The amount, extent, position, size, or value reached in an estimate.


tomahawk

From an Eastern Algonquian word, most likely Powhatan tumahák; compare also Malecite-Passamaquoddy tomhikon (“ax”), Abenaki temahigan, demahigan (“ax”).

(geometry) A geometric construction consisting of a semicircle and two line segments that serves as a tool for trisecting an angle; so called from its resemblance to the American Indian axe.


ambigram

From ambi- + -gram. Coined by Douglas Hofstadter in 1983-1984.

Two nonvisual factors provide dissymmetry and prevent the ambigram from existing in a static equilibrium; most of the letters in an ambigram metamorphose into other letters when reversed; and each of those accompanying sentences provides a different idea of the word's meaning.

1992, John Langdon, Wordplay, published 2005, page 52:

1997, Research and Education Networking, Volume 8, Issues 1-6, page 290,
An ambigram is a word that reads the same right-side-up and upside-down. MOW is a natural ambigram, for instance, but any word can be flipped if the right graphic artist gets his hands on it.

Next, I imagine that Switch #2 causes me every single weekend (and every other spare moment as well) to elect, instead of designing ambigrams or working hard on my book about being a strange loop, to spend hours on end watching professional football games on a huge-screen television and delightedly ogling all the busty babes in the beer ads.

2007, Douglas Hofstadter, I Am a Strange Loop, page 312:

A calligraphic design that may be read as the same word or phrase (or sometimes different words or phrases) when oriented in two different ways, usually when reflected along a vertical or horizontal axis or when rotated through 180 degrees.

Indiana University Bloomington
Merriam-Webster
ambigram

雙面語 /双面语

design that reads as the same word or phrase in two different orientations


tessellate

en-verb

tessellate (third-person singular simple present tessellates, present participle tessellating, simple past and past participle tessellated)

tessellates (present singular third-person)
tessellating (participle present)
tessellated (participle past)
tessellated (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres
Proto-Hellenic *kʷétwores
Ancient Greek τέσσαρες (téssares)bor.
Latin tessera
Proto-Indo-European *-lós
Proto-Italic *-elos
Latin -lus
Latin tessella
Latin -ātus
Latin tessellātuslbor.
English tessellate
Learned borrowing from Latin tessellātus, from tessella, diminutive of tessera; from Ancient Greek τέσσαρες (téssares), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.

tessellieren

to completely fill with multiple copies of a two-dimensional shape edge to edge

Regular hexagons tessellate.

(intransitive, geometry) to cover a two-dimensional shape, such that multiple copies of itself placed edge to edge cover an area leaving no space between the shapes.

It is possible to tessellate the plane with equilateral triangles and regular hexagons.

(transitive, geometry) To completely fill (an area) when multiple copies of one or more two-dimensional shapes are placed edge to edge.


regular tessellation

en-noun

regular tessellation (plural regular tessellations)

(geometry) A tessellation of the plane by a convex regular polygon.

Mathworld article on regular tessellation


semiregular tessellation

semiregular tessellation (plural semiregular tessellations)

(geometry) A tessellation of the plane by two or more different convex regular polygons.


carve

From Middle English kerven, from Old English ceorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *kerban, from Proto-Germanic *kerbaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch”). Cognate with West Frisian kerve, Dutch kerven, Low German karven, German kerben (“to notch”); also Old Prussian gīrbin (“number”), Old Church Slavonic жрѣбии (žrěbii, “lot, tallymark”), Ancient Greek γράφειν (gráphein, “to scratch, etch”).

cog

... half a carve of arable land in Ballyncore, one carve of arable land in Pales, a quarter of arable land in Clonnemeagh, half a carve of arable land in Ballyfaden, half a carve of arable land in Ballymadran, ...

1862, Calendar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland:

Whereof John de Ditton holds a moiety of the village for half a carve of land.

1868, John Harland (editor), Wapentake of West Derby, in Remains, Historical and Literary, Connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester, (translating a Latin text c. 1320-46), page 31


confound

From Middle English confounden (“destroy, ruin, perplex”), from Anglo-Norman cunfundre and Old French confondre, from Latin confundō (“to mingle, mix together”). Related to found (“to melt (metals in a foundry)”) (but not to found (“to start”), nor to find) and to fusion.

der

The participants certainly differ in how their practice is distributed (1, 2, or 3 days), but they also differ in how much total practice they get (3, 6, or 9 hours). This is a perfect example of a confound—it is impossible to tell if the results are due to one factor (distribution of practice) or the other (total practice hours); the two factors covary perfectly.

2009, C. James Goodwin, Research In Psychology: Methods and Design, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 175:


compound

From Middle English compounen, from Middle French componre, compondre (“to put together”), from Latin componō, from Latin com- (“together”) + ponō (“to put”).

compound addition

compound proportion

(mathematics) Dealing with numbers of various denominations of quantity, or with processes more complex than the simple process.


resplendent

en-adj

resplendent (comparative more resplendent, superlative most resplendent)

more resplendent (comparative)
most resplendent (superlative)

From the obsolete sense of the English verb splendish (“to shine”), from Latin splendere (“to shine”), or from resplend + -ent, from Latin resplendere.

(mathematics) Exhibiting the property of resplendency in Peano arithmetic.


curl

From metathesis of Middle English crulle (“curled, curly”), from Middle Dutch crul, crulle (“curl”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kruzlǭ (“bent or crooked object, curl”), of unknown origin; possibly from Pre-Germanic *grus-, contracted from Proto-Indo-European *gurus- (“twist, curl”), same source as Persian گرس (gors, “braid of hair”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Krulle (“curl, lock”), West Frisian krul (“curl”), Dutch krul (“curl”), German Low German Krull (“curl”), dialectal German Krolle (“curl”), Danish krølle (“curl”), Norwegian krull (“curl”). Related also to Saterland Frisian Kruus (“curl”), German kraus (“frizzy, crumpled, curly”), Danish krus (“curl”), Swedish krusa (“to crimp, curl”). Compare also Gothic 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan, “to grind, crush, gnash”).

unk

unknown

cog

In 2D, when Q is a polygonal domain, the singularities of Type (2) disappear because ψ is the scalar curl of u and is such that its vectorial curl is zero.

The curl of the vector field #92;vec#123;F#125;(x,y,z) is the vector field #92;operatorname#123;curl#125;#92;,#92;vec#123;F#125;#92;equiv#92;vec#123;#92;nabla#125;#92;times#92;vec#123;F#125;#61;#92;left(#92;frac#123;#92;partialF#95;z#125;#123;#92;partialy#125;-#92;frac#123;#92;partialF#95;y#125;#123;#92;partialz#125;,#92;frac#123;#92;partialF#95;x#125;#123;#92;partialz#125;-#92;frac#123;#92;partialF#95;z#125;#123;#92;partialx#125;,#92;frac#123;#92;partialF#95;y#125;#123;#92;partialx#125;-#92;frac#123;#92;partialF#95;x#125;#123;#92;partialy#125;#92;right).

(calculus) The vector field denoting the rotationality of a given vector field.

rotace

vector field denoting rotationality of a given vector field

(calculus, proper noun) The vector operator, denoted rm curl; or ⃑∇×⃑(·), that generates this field.


satisfy

en-verb

satisfy (third-person singular simple present satisfies, present participle satisfying, simple past and past participle satisfied)

satisfies (present singular third-person)
satisfying (participle present)
satisfied (participle past)
satisfied (past)

From Middle English satisfyen, satisfien, from Old French satisfiier, satisfier (also Old French satisfaire), from Latin satisfacere, from satis (“enough, sufficient”) + faciō (“I make, I do”).

The complex numbers satisfy #92;existsx#58;x²#43;1#61;0.

(mathematics, logic, transitive) To cause (a sentence) to be true when the sentence is interpreted in one's universe.


nautical mile

(historical) Synonym of sea mile, a historical Scandinavian unit of distance equal to about 4 nmi.

مِيل بَحْرِيّ

nautical: a unit of measure equal to 1852 metres


orthogonal

/ɔːˈθɒɡ.ə.nəl/

/ɔɹˈθɑɡ.ə.nəl/

By surface analysis, ortho- + -gon + -al. From French orthogonal, in turn from Medieval Latin orthogōnālis and Latin orthogōnius (“right-angled”), ultimately from Ancient Greek ὀρθογώνιος (orthogṓnios, “rectangular”).

der

A chord and the radius that bisects it are orthogonal.

(geometry) Of two objects, at right angles; perpendicular to each other.

The normal vector and tangent vector at a given point are orthogonal.

Of a pair of vectors: having a zero inner product; perpendicular.

Of a square matrix: such that its transpose is equal to its inverse.

Of a linear transformation: preserving its angles.

Of grid graphs, board games and polyominoes: vertical or horizontal but not diagonal.

Of a pair of elements in an ortholattice: each less than or equal to the orthocomplement of the other.

(statistics) Statistically independent, with reference to variates.


addend

Short for addendum, by surface analysis, add + -end.

(mathematics) Addendum, any one of two or more numbers or other terms that are to be added together.


affine

en-adj

affine (comparative more affine, superlative most affine)

more affine (comparative)
most affine (superlative)

(not comparable, mathematics) Assigning finite values to finite quantities.

Now, let P, Q, and R be three noncollinear points that are left fixed by an affine transformation T.

1986, Patrick J. Ryan, Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry: An Analytic Approach, Cambridge University Press, page 44:

In our example of the affine cryptosystem family, deciphering is also accomplished by an affine map, namely P#92;equiva#123;-1#125;C-a#123;-1#125;b#92;bmodN, and so the deciphering transformation uses the same algorithm as the enciphering transformation, except with a different key, namely, the pair (a#123;-1#125;,-a#123;-1#125;b).

1987, Neal Koblitz, A Course in Number Theory and Cryptography, Springer, page 81:

Clearly every linear functional is affine, and every affine function is both convex and concave.

2006, Charalambos D. Aliprantis, Kim C. Border, Infinite Dimensional Analysis: A Hitchhiker's Guide, 3rd edition, Springer, page 256:

linear transformation
linear transformation

(not comparable, geometry) Of or pertaining to a function expressible as f(⃑x)=A⃑x+⃑b (where A is a linear transformation and ⃑b is a constant), which, regarded as a transformation, maps parallel lines to parallel lines and finite points to finite points.

仿射

pertaining to a kind of function that generalises a linear transformation


aleph

Borrowed from Hebrew אלף (álef). Doublet of alpha and alif.

The axiom of choice is equivalent to the proposition that every infinite cardinal is an aleph.

(mathematics) The cardinality of an infinite well-ordered (or well-orderable) set.


clique

Borrowed from French clique, ultimately of imitative origin. Influenced by "claque", though this may have happened in French rather than in English.

claque

another type of ingroup of people with biased interests

The problem of finding the largest clique in an arbitrary graph is NP-complete.

(graph theory) A subgraph isomorphic to a complete graph.


amp

en-noun

amp (countable and uncountable, plural amps)

(colloquial, countable) Short for ampere.

(colloquial, countable) Short for amplifier.

The physician had included a note which said: "Dear Miss ........, I could not get the name of your friend over the phone so I am sending two prescriptions for Methedrine amps and one prescription for Drinalfa ten cc vials.

1963, Washington (State). Legislature. Joint Committee on Governmental Cooperation, Report and Recommendations (page 45)

(colloquial, countable) Short for ampoule.

(colloquial, countable) Short for amputee.

(colloquial, uncountable) Short for amphetamine.

(colloquial, uncountable) Short for ampicillin.

(colloquial, countable) Short for ampersand.


augend

In "4 + 5", 4 is the augend

(arithmetic) A quantity to which another is added.


bisect

en-verb

bisect (third-person singular simple present bisects, present participle bisecting, simple past and past participle bisected)

bisects (present singular third-person)
bisecting (participle present)
bisected (participle past)
bisected (past)

From bi- (“bi-, two”) + Latin secāre (“to cut”).

affix

(transitive) To cut or divide into two parts.

(transitive, geometry) To divide an angle, line segment, or other figure into two equal parts.

puolittaa

geometry: to divide an angle, line segment or other figure into two equal parts


bisect

(geometry) A bisector, which divides into two equal parts.


canna

From Latin canna (“reed”), from Ancient Greek κᾰ́ννᾱ (kắnnā, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒂵𒉡𒌑𒌝 (qanûm). Cognates Biblical Hebrew קָנֶה (qané), Aramaic קַנְיָא (qanyā), Classical Syriac ܩܢܝܐ (qanya), and English canon, cannon, canal, and channel. Doublet of cane and kaneh.

A palisade of Canary palms formed an honour guard along the verges, while beds of golden cannas flamed from the central reservation.

2000, JG Ballard, Super-Cannes, Fourth Estate, published 2011, page 7:

Still, some of Mr. Cooper’s tender salvias are wintering over, and he plans to leave a few clumps of cannas in the ground next fall.

2007 January 18, Anne Raver, “Is It Spring? Winter? What’s a Flower to Think?”, in New York Times:

Any member of the genus Canna of tropical plants with large leaves and often showy flowers.


ceil

Abbrevation of ceiling, influenced by French ciel


ceil

en-verb

ceil (third-person singular simple present ceils, present participle ceiling, simple past and past participle ceiled)

ceils (present singular third-person)
ceiling (participle present)
ceiled (participle past)
ceiled (past)


conics

That branch of geometry which treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its sections.


coss

Borrowed from Hindustani کوس / कोस (kos). Doublet of krosa.

... the distances (computed by marching-time as well as by reference to the Népálese kós of 2⅓ miles each) ...

1857, Brian Houghton Hodgson, Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal, No. XXVII: Papers Relative to the Colonization, Commerce, Physical Geography, &c., &c., of the Himalaya Mountains and Nepal, p. 85

A full half koss from bank to bank is the stream now – you can see it under the stars – and there are ten feet of water therein.

1888, Rudyard Kipling, 'In Flood Time', In Black and White, Folio Society, published 2005, pages 410–11:

(British India, South Asia) A measure of distance, varying from one and a quarter to two and a half English miles.


cusp

From Latin cuspis (“a point, spear, pointed end”); first used in astrology. Doublet of cuspid and cuspis.

bor

(geometry) A point of a curve where the curve is continuous but has no derivative, but such that it has a derivative at every nearby point.

cúspide

point of a curve where it has no tangent


dram

desctree

→ Danish: dram
→ Faroese: drammur
→ Norwegian: dram

→ Scottish Gaelic: dràm

From Middle English dragme, dramme, from Old French dragme, drame, from Late Latin dragma, from Latin drachma, from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ, “unit of weight; a handful”). Doublet of drachma, diram, dirham, dirhem, and adarme.

doublet

(units of measurement) A small unit of weight, variously:

Alternative form of drachm (“One sixteenth of an ounce avoirdupois (1.77 g; symbol: ℨ or ʒ)”).

drachm

(pharmacy) Alternative form of drachm (“One eighth of an ounce apothecary (3.89 g; symbol: ℨ or ʒ)”).

units of measurement; pharmacy; pharmacy

drachm

a dram of brandy

Were I the chooser, a dram of well-doing should be preferred before many times as much the forcible hindrance of evildoing.

1644, John Milton, Areopagitica; a Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parlament of England, London: [s.n.], →OCLC:

When Friday came to him I bade him ſpeak to him, and tell him of his Deliverance, and pulling out my Bottle, made him give the poor Wretch a Dram, which, with the News of his being deliver'd, reviv'd him, and he ſat up in the Boat […]

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, pages 281–282:

Oh, brethren, if you wants more preachin'
 Save a little dram for me (Glory hallelujah!)
 Drinkin' gin ain't against my teachin'

1920, Marshall Walker, Will E. Skidmore (lyrics and music), “Save a Little Dram for Me”performed by Bert Williams:

(by extension) Any similarly minute quantity, (now particularly) a small amount of strong alcohol or poison.

The rolling stock, consisting entirely of four-wheel open trucks, or drams, was broken up at Bonvilles Court Colliery.

1946 November and December, “The Saundersfoot Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 340:

(historical, mining) A cart formerly used to haul coal in coal mines.


dyadic

en-adj

dyadic (comparative more dyadic, superlative most dyadic)

more dyadic (comparative)
most dyadic (superlative)

From dyad + -ic. The mathematics sense was coined by American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1884 in the second half of his book Elements of Vector Analysis.

coin

Up to now, all the expressions we have called predicates have stood for properties which it makes sense to attribute to a single individual. Such predicates are known as monadic, or one-place, predicates. There are, however, many expressions which we cannot meaningfully apply to single objects, but only to groups of two, three or more objects. We cannot e.g. sensibly say 'x is greater than', but only 'x is greater than y'. Nor can we say 'x is between', or even 'x is between y', but only 'x is between y and z'. We shall say that an expression such as 'greater than' or 'between' stands not for a property of an individual, but for a relation between individuals. Since 'greater than' stands for a relation between two individuals, we shall say that the relation in question is a dyadic or a two-place relation. Similarly, 'between' stands for a triadic or three-place relation; and we can also have four-place, five-place, etc., relations. . . . A dyadic relation holds not simply between a pair of objects, but between those objects in a certain order. It is one thing to say that Bill is father of Tom, and another thing to say that Tom is father of Bill. . . . There are, it is true, certain dyadic relations whose direction is unimportant, in the sense that whenever they hold between x and y, they also hold between y and x; 'parallel to' and 'cousin of' are examples.

1965 G. E. Hughes and D. G. Londey: The Elements of Formal Logic p.270

Pertaining to a dyad, the number two; of two parts or elements.

(mathematics, logic) having an arity of two (taking two arguments or operands)

The dyadic arithmetic proposes to express all numbers by two characters, 1 and 0. The value of 1 is to double at every remove into a preceding column. Thus, 1 is represented by 1, 2 by 10, 4 by 100, and 8 by 1000; 3 is represented by 11, 5 by 101, 6 by 110, 7 by 111, 9 by 1001, and 10 by 1010. Thus far nothing seems to be gained but simplicity and there is a grievous loss of brevity. But in the huge numbers of the mathematicians this inconvenience was to fall away and the complex operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, were to sink into mere transcription.

1800 Extracts from the Port-folio of a Man of Letters. The Monthly Magazine and British Register Volume X page 34


dyadic

(mathematics) The sum of two or more dyads


dyne

From the French dyne, from the Ancient Greek δῠ́νᾰμῐς (dŭ́nămĭs, “force”).

der

A unit of force in the CGS system; the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram by one centimetre per second per second. Symbol: dyn.


focal

Learned borrowing from New Latin focālis. By surface analysis, focus + -al.

lbor

Again, if the plane of the impressed couple intersects the mean plane between N and C, it will envelope the cone whose focals are ON, ON′, and whose internal axis is therefore OA.

1877, James Booth, A Treatise on Some New Geometrical Methods, page 209:

(geometry, obsolete) One of two lines perpendicular to the axis of a cone such that the cosine of the angle between the line and the axis is equal to the ratio of the cosines o the semiangles of the cone.


gauss

Named for Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician and physicist.

The unit of magnetic field strength in CGS systems of units, equal to 0.0001 tesla.


jigger

→ Catalan: gigre

From jig + -er (agent suffix). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary suggests a possible link to Old High German gīga (“fiddle”).

“an air-brush is a big thing-a-ma-bob or whatcha-callit, full of gas, and when you turn on a little jigger, it causes compressed air to squeeze out, which, in turn, going through a needle—” “That wasn't part of the contract, Mr. Jones,” […]

(US) A placeholder name for any small mechanical device.


lemma

non-lemma

linguistics, lexicography: canonical form of a word

From Ancient Greek λῆμμα (lêmma, “premise, assumption”), from the same root as λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).

تَمْهِيدِيَّة

mathematics: proposition used mainly in the proof of some other proposition

"We finally did it, but we found the proof very, very hard," [Dr. Conway] said. "I remember my wife and I spending one entire afternoon just working on some tiny little lemmas involved in the proof."

1988 August 30, Malcolm W. Browne, “Intellectual Duel: Brash Challenge, Swift Response”, in The New York Times:

(mathematics) A proposition proved or accepted for immediate use in the proof of some other proposition.

(in phrases, by extension) A proposition originally used for such a purpose, but having later acquired a greater, independent, importance; a fundamental (often pithy) and widely-used result.


lossy

en-adj

lossy (comparative lossier, superlative lossiest)

lossier (comparative)
lossiest (superlative)

(telecommunications) Of a communication channel, subject to loss of signal strength.

JPEG is a lossy image compression format.

(computing, of an algorithm for converting or compressing data) Reducing the amount of information in data.

有損壓縮的 /有损压缩的

reducing the amount of information in data

不可逆 (fukagyaku) (data compression, literally “irreversible”)


magma

en-noun

magma (countable and uncountable, plural magmas or magmata)

→ Vietnamese: mắc ma

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ǵyéti
Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Ancient Greek -μα (-ma)
Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma)der.
English magma
From Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma, “paste”).

etymon

(mathematics) A basic algebraic structure consisting of a set equipped with a single binary operation.