hand

From Middle English hond, hand, from Old English hand, from Proto-West Germanic *handu, from Proto-Germanic *handuz.
See also Dutch and Swedish hand (“hand”), Danish hånd, German Hand, West Frisian hân). Perhaps compare Old Swedish hinna (“to gain”), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰-𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (fra-hinþan, “to take captive, capture”); and Latvian sīts (“hunting spear”), Ancient Greek κεντέω (kentéō, “prick”), Albanian çandër (“pitchfork, prop”).

handvol

that which is, or may be, held in a hand at once

hand

set of cards held by a player in a card game

a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

catch someone with a hand in the cookie jar

close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

give with one hand and take away with the other

one can't hold two watermelons in one hand

talk to the hand 'cause the face ain't listening

the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world

the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world

the left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing

That which resembles, or to some extent performs the office of, a human hand.

An index or pointer on a dial; such as the hour and minute hands on the face of an analog clock, which are used to indicate the time of day.

wyster

index or pointer on a dial, such as on an analogue/analog clock

Large farms need many farm hands.

But a Dictionary of this ſort, containing, as it were, a Natural Hiſtory, requires too many hands, as well as too much time, coſt, pains, and ſagacity, ever to be hoped for; and till that be done, we muſt content our ſelves with ſuch Definitions of the Names of Subſtances, as explain the ſenſe Men uſe them in.

1689 (indicated as 1690), [John Locke], An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. […], London: […] Eliz[abeth] Holt, for Thomas Basset, […], →OCLC, book III, page 259:

For this scene, a large number of supers are engaged, and in order to further swell the crowd, practically all the available stage hands have to ‘walk on’ dressed in various coloured dominoes, and all wearing masks.

1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “The Affair at the Novelty Theatre”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:

(especially in compounds) An agent; a servant, or manual laborer; a workman, trained or competent for special service or duty.

matroos

servant, laborer, workman, trained for special duty; a performer

(historical) A Native American gambling game, involving guessing the whereabouts of bits of ivory or similar, which are passed rapidly from hand to hand.


coin

en-noun

coin (countable and uncountable, plural coins)

desc

→ Cantonese: coins (kon¹ si²) (from the plural noun form)

→ Japanese: コイン (koin)

From Middle English coyn, from Old French coigne (“wedge, cornerstone, die for stamping”), from Latin cuneus (“wedge”). Doublet of coign and cuneus. See also quoin (“cornerstone”). Displaced Middle English mynt, from Old English mynet (whence modern English mint), which was derived from Latin monēta.

der

What's the best coin to buy right now?

(informal, cryptocurrencies) A cryptocurrency; a cryptocoin.


sieve

From Middle English sive, syfe, from Old English sife, from Proto-West Germanic *sibi (“sieve”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyp-, *seyb- (“to pour, sieve, strain, run, drip”). Akin to German Sieb, Dutch zeef, Proto-Slavic *sito (Russian си́то (síto), сев (sev), се́ять (séjatʹ)).

(category theory) A collection of morphisms in a category whose codomain is a certain fixed object of that category, which collection is closed under precomposition by any morphism in the category.


to

From Middle English to, from Old English tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō ~ *ta, from Proto-Indo-European *de ~ *do (“to”). Cognate with Scots tae, to (“to”), North Frisian to, tö, tu (“to”), Saterland Frisian tou (“to”), Low German to (“to”), Dutch toe, te (“to”), German zu (“to”), West Frisian ta (“to”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian ndaj (“towards”), Irish do (“to, for”), Breton da (“to, for”), Welsh i (“to, for”), Russian до (do, “to”). Doublet of too.

uses the dative case or նկատմամբ (nkatmamb)

(first number in genitive case) suhde (second number in illative case) (e.g. yhden suhde yhteen ~ one to one)

(ordinal number of the exponent in illative case)

ב־

written together with the following word

(ordinal number of the exponent in superessive case)

Three squared or three to the second power is nine.

Three to the power of two is nine.

Three to the second is nine.

(arithmetic) Used to indicate that the preceding term is to be raised to the power of the following value; indicates exponentiation.


tree

Jamaican Creole: chrii

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷiː]

From Middle English tre, tree, treo, treou, trew, trow, from Old English trēo, trēow (“tree, wood, timber, beam, log, stake, stick, grove, cross, rood”), from Proto-West Germanic *treu, from Proto-Germanic *trewą (“tree, wood”), from pre-Germanic *dréwom, thematic e-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”). Eclipsed alternative terms for tree in Middle English: Middle English beem, from Old English bēam (see beam) and Middle English arbre, from Old French arbre.
Cognates
From the same Proto-Indo-European: Scots tree (“wood, rod, stick”), North Frisian tre, trä (“tree”), Middle Dutch tree > Dutch teer (“tree”), Danish træ (“tree”), Swedish trä (“wood”), träd (“tree”), Norwegian tre (“tree”), Icelandic tré (“tree”), Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu, “tree, wood, piece of wood”), Sanskrit दारु (dāru, “tree, wood”), Albanian dru (“tree, wood”), Welsh dâr (“oaks”), Ancient Greek δόρυ (dóru, “wood, spear”), Russian де́рево (dérevo) or дре́во (drévo), Tocharian A or. Related to tar, true.

cog

fall out of the ugly tree and hit every branch

the apple does not fall far from the tree

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

(graph theory) A connected graph with no cycles or, if the graph is finite, equivalently a connected graph with n vertices and n−1 edges.

ծառ

(graph theory) graph tree with no cycles

(uncountable, mathematics) Alternative letter-case form of TREE.


antecedent

From Middle English antecedent, borrowed from Old French antecedent, from Latin antecēdēns (“going before”), from antecēdō (“to precede; excel; surpass”).

(mathematics) The first term of a ratio, i.e. the term a in the ratio a:b, the other being the consequent.


adjunct

/ˈæd͡ʒ.ʌŋkt/

From Latin adiunctus, perfect passive participle of adiungō (“join to”), from ad + iungō (“join”). Doublet of adjoint.

(category theory) One of a pair of morphisms which relate to each other through a pair of adjoint functors.


affirmative

en-adj

affirmative (comparative more affirmative, superlative most affirmative)

more affirmative (comparative)
most affirmative (superlative)

/əˈfɜːmətɪv/

From Middle English affirmative, affirmatyve, from Old French affirmatif, from Latin affirmativus, from affirmare (“to assert”).


action

en-noun

action (countable and uncountable, plural actions)

→ Arabic: أَكْشِن (ʔakšin)

→ Bulgarian: екшън (ekšǎn)

→ German: Action

→ Irish: aicsean

→ Hebrew: אקשן (akshn)

→ Japanese: アクション (akushon)

→ Korean: 액션 (aeksyeon)

→ Russian: экшн (ekšn)

From Middle English accion, from Old French aucion, acciun, from Latin āctiō(n) (“act of doing or making”), from āctus + action suffix -iō(n), perfect passive participle of agere (“do, act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti; see also act, active. By surface analysis, act + -ion.

der

Pressing a piano key causes the action of the hammer on the string.

The way in which a mechanical device acts when used; especially a firearm.

pump-action shotgun

(firearms) The way in which cartridges are loaded, locked, and extracted from the mechanism.

(mathematics) A way in which each element of some algebraic structure transforms some other structure or set, in a way which respects the structure of the first. Formally, this may be seen as a morphism from the first structure into some structure of endomorphisms of the second; for example, a group action of a group G on a set S can be seen as a group homomorphism from G into the set of bijections on S (which form a group under function composition), while a module M over a ring R can be defined as an abelian group together with a ring homomorphism from R into the ring of group endomorphisms of M (which is also called the action of R on M).


cardinal number

en-noun

cardinal number (plural cardinal numbers)

The smallest cardinal numbers are 0, 1, 2, and 3.

The cardinal number “three” can be represented as “3” or “three”.

A number used to denote quantity; a counting number; a cardinal.

This cardinal number is the smallest of the infinite cardinal numbers; it is the one to which Cantor has appropriated the Hebrew Aleph with the suffix 0, to distinguish it from larger infinite cardinals. Thus the name of the smallest of infinite cardinals is ℵ₀.

1920, Bertrand Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, page 83:

(mathematics) A generalized kind of number used to denote the size of a set, including infinite sets.

“Three” is a cardinal number, while “third” is an ordinal number.

(grammar) A word that expresses a countable quantity; a cardinal numeral.


concrete

en-adj

concrete (comparative concreter, superlative concretest)

concreter (comparative)
concretest (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin concrētus, past participle of concrescō (to curdle) from con- (with, together) + crescō (to grow, rise).

(category theory, of a category) Analogous to the categories of algebraic objects which category theory was created to generalize, in the sense of having objects which can be thought of as sets equipped with some additional structure. Formally, equipped with a faithful functor to the category of sets.


dative

From Latin datīvus (“appropriate for giving”), itself from datus (the past participle of dō (“I give”)) + -īvus (“-ive”).

der

(mathematics, obsolete) Given in advance; not needed to be calculated.


copula

Borrowed from Latin copula (“connection, linking of words”), from co- (“together”) + apere (“fasten”). Doublet of couple.

bor

In 2000, David X. Li, a banker with a doctorate in statistics who was then at RiskMetrics, part of J. P. Morgan Chase, began using mathematical functions called Gaussian copulas to estimate the likelihood of corporations’ dying in unison.

2009 March 10, Dennis Overbye, “Mathematical Model and the Mortgage Mess”, in New York Times:

There is little statistical theoretical theory for copulas. Sensitivity studies of estimation procedures and goodness-of-fit tests for copulas are unknown.

2009, N. Balakrishnan, Chin-Diew Lai, Continuous Bivariate Distributions, page 59:

Copulas provide an example of the haphazard evolution of quantitative finance. The key result is Sklar's theorem, which says that one can characterize any multivariate probability distribution by its copula (which specifies the correlation structure) and its marginal distributions (the conditional one dimensional distributions). Thus one can create multivariate distributions by mixing and matching copulas and marginal distributions.

2011, Julian Shaw, “Chapter 16: Julian Shaw”, in Richard R. Lindsey, Barry Schachter, editors, How I Became a Quant: Insights from 25 of Wall Street's Elite, page 240:

A recently developed flexible method is provided by hierarchical Archimedean copulae (HAC).

2011, Ostap Okhrin, “Chapter 17: Fitting High-Dimensional Copulae to Data”, in Jin-Chuan Duan, Wolfgang Karl Härdle, James E. Gentle, editors, Handbook of Computational Finance, page 482:

(statistics) A function that represents the association between two or more variables, independent of the individual marginal distributions of the variables.


case

→ Swedish: case n

From Middle English cas, from Old French cas (“an event”), from Latin cāsus (“a falling, a fall; accident, event, occurrence; occasion, opportunity; noun case”), perfect passive participle of cadō (“to fall, to drop”).

der

Jane has been studying case in Caucasian languages.

Latin is a language that employs case.

(grammar, uncountable) Grammatical cases and their meanings taken either as a topic in general or within a specific language.


case

From Middle English case, from Old Northern French casse, (compare Old French chasse (“box, chest, case”)), from Latin capsa (“box, bookcase”), from capiō (“to take, seize, hold”). Doublet of cash, chase, and chasse. Compare Spanish caja, Asturian caxa.

(US) A unit of liquid measure used to measure sales in the beverage industry, equivalent to 192 fluid ounces.


subject

From Latin subiectus (“a subject, an inferior”), subiectum (“the subject of a proposition”), past participle of subiciō (“throw, lay, place”), from sub (“under, at the foot of”) + iaciō (“throw, hurl”).

Making x the subject of x² − 6x + 3y = 0, we have x = 3 ± √(9 − 3y).

(mathematics) The variable in terms of which an expression is defined.


irregular

en-adj

irregular (comparative more irregular, superlative most irregular)

more irregular (comparative)
most irregular (superlative)

/ɪˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə/

/ɪˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/

From Middle English irreguler, from Old French irreguler, from Medieval Latin or Late Latin irrēgulāris, from in- + regularis, equivalent to ir- + regular.

(geometry, of a polygon) not regular; having sides that are not equal or angles that are not equal

(geometry, of a polyhedron) whose faces are not all regular polygons (or are not equally inclined to each other)


ordinal number

In the expression a₃, the "3" is an ordinal number.

(arithmetic) A natural number used to denote position in a sequence.

nombre ordinal

grammar: word used to denote relative position in a sequence

序數 /序数

arithmetic: number used to denote position in a sequence

ordinální číslo

generalized kind of number to denote the length of a well-order on a set

1950, Frederick Bagemihl (translator), Erich Kamke, Theory of Sets, Dover (Dover Phoenix), 2006, page 137,
For not only do the antinomies a) to e) disappear when we admit as elements of sets only such sets, ordinal numbers, and cardinal numbers as are bounded above by a fixed cardinal number, but we see also that paradoxes always arise if we collect into a set any sets, cardinal numbers, or ordinal numbers which are not bounded above by a fixed cardinal number.

1960 [D. Van Nostrand], Paul R. Halmos, Naive Set Theory, 2017, Dover, Republication, page 80,
Is there a set that consists exactly of all the ordinal numbers? It is easy to see that the answer must be no. If there were such a set, then we could form the supremum of all ordinal numbers. That supremum would be an ordinal number greater than or equal to every ordinal number. Since, however, for each ordinal number there exists a strictly greater one (for example, its successor), this is impossible; it makes no sense to speak of the "set" of all ordinals.

2009, Marek Kuczma, Attila Gilányi (editor), An Introduction to the Theory of Functional Equations and Inequalities, Springer (Birkhäuser), 2nd Edition, page 10,
If α is an ordinal number, then by definition any two well-ordered sets of type α are similar, i.e., there exists a one-to-one mapping from one set to the other. Consequently these sets have the same cardinality. Consequently to any ordinal number α we may assign a cardinal number, the common cardinality of all well-ordered sets of type α.

equivalence relation
equivalence relation

(set theory) Such a number generalised to correspond to any cardinal number (the size of some set); formally, the order type of some well-ordered set of some cardinality a, which represents an equivalence class of well-ordered sets (exactly those of cardinality a) under the equivalence relation "existence of an order-preserving bijection".


regular

regular (comparative more regular, superlative most regular)

more regular (comparative)
most regular (superlative)

/ˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə/

/ˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/

[ˈɹɛɡ.jɪ̈.lɚ]

From Middle English reguler, from Anglo-Norman reguler, Middle French reguler, regulier, and their source, Latin rēgulāris (“continuing rules for guidance”), from rēgula (“rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *reg- (“move in a straight line”).

مُنْتَظِمٌ

of a polygon: having all sides and corresponding angles equal

register

not etymologically related but has semantic associations

(geometry, of a polygon) Both equilateral and equiangular; having all sides of the same length, and all (corresponding) angles of the same size

(geometry, of a polyhedron) Whose faces are all congruent regular polygons, equally inclined to each other.

правилен

of a polyhedron: whose faces are all congruent regular polygons

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis, not comparable, of a Borel measure) Such that every set in its domain is both outer regular and inner regular.

säännöllinen

analysis: of a Borel measure, such that every set in its domain is both outer and inner regular

(algebraic geometry, not comparable, of a scheme) Such that the local ring at every point is regular.


quadrant

From Middle English quadrant, from Old French cadran, quadrant and its etymon Latin quadrāns, -antis (“fourth part of something, quarter”). Doublet of quadrans.

(mathematics) One of the four regions of the Cartesian plane bounded by the x-axis and y-axis.

(geometry) One fourth of a circle or disc; a sector with an angle of 90°.


quadrilateral

Learned borrowing from Latin quadrilaterus.


POW

(cryptography, cryptocurrencies) Alternative letter-case form of PoW (“proof of work”)


quantity

en-noun

quantity (countable and uncountable, plural quantities)

From Middle English quantite, from Old French quantité, from Latin quantitās (“quantity”), from quantus (“how much”).

x plus y quantity squared equals x squared plus 2xy plus y squared.

For problems 58-67, translate each word phrase into an algebraic expression. […] 65. x plus 9, the quantity squared

2006, Jerome E. Kaufmann, Karen Schwitters, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra: A Combined Approach, page 89:

The second, (#92;sumx)², read "summation of x, quantity squared," tells us to first add up all the xs to get #92;sumx and then square #92;sumx to get (#92;sumx)².

2005, R. Mark Sirkin, Statistics For The Social Sciences, page 137:

ANN. ra quantity cubed.
SERGE LANG. That's right, (ra)³.

1985, Serge Lang, Math!: Encounters with High School Students, page 54:

(mathematics) Indicates that the entire preceding expression is henceforth considered a single object.

suluissa

word used to indicate that preceding expression is a single object


almost

/ˈɔːɫ.məʊst/

From Middle English almost, from Old English eallmǣst (“nearly all, almost, for the most part”), equivalent to al- (“all”) + most.

inh

almost only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

almost all

almost no

(mathematics) Up to, except for a negligible set (where negligible is not universally but contextually defined).

almost everywhere

almost nowhere

almost certain

almost sure

(measure theory, probability theory) Up to a null set; except for a set of measure 0.


angle

From Middle English angle, angul, angule, borrowed from Middle French angle, from Latin angulus, anglus (“corner, remote area”). Cognate with Old High German ancha (“nape of the neck”), Middle High German anke (“joint of the foot, nape of neck”). Doublet of angulus and ankle.

cog

the angle between lines A and B

(geometry) A figure formed by two rays which start from a common point (a plane angle) or by three planes that intersect (a solid angle).

The angle between lines A and B is π/4 radians, or 45 degrees.

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

(geometry) The measure of such a figure. In the case of a plane angle, this is the ratio (or proportional to the ratio) of the arc length to the radius of a section of a circle cut by the two rays, centered at their common point. In the case of a solid angle, this is the ratio of the surface area to the square of the radius of the section of a sphere.


argument

en-noun

argument (countable and uncountable, plural arguments)

From Middle English argument, from Anglo-Norman and Old French arguement, from Latin argūmentum (“argument (for a position); evidence, proof; point, theme; thesis, topic; plot (in theatre)”), from arguere (“to argue, assert, declare; to make clear, prove, show; to accuse, charge with, reprove; to blame, censure; to denounce as false”) + -mentum (suffix indicating the instrument, medium, or result of something). Arguere is either ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“silver, white; glittering”), or from Hittite [script needed] (arkuwā(i)-, “to make a plea, state one’s case”). The English word is analysable as argue + -ment. Doublet of argumentum.
Displaced native Old English racu and ġeflit.

der

/ˈɑːɡjʊmənt/

/ˈɑɹɡjʊmənt/

argument

fact or statement used to support a proposition; a reason

وَسِيط

variable that is being passed to a function

(countable, mathematics)
The independent variable of a function.

(countable, mathematics)
The phase of a complex number.

The altitude is the argument of the refraction.

(also astronomy) A quantity on which the calculation of another quantity depends.

A parameter at a function call; an actual parameter, as opposed to a formal parameter.

[I]n vttering the ſtuffe ye receiued of the one, in declaring the order ye tooke with the other, ye ſhall neuer lacke, neither matter, nor maner, what to write, nor how to write in this kinde of Argument.

1570, Margaret Ascham, “To the Honorable Sir William Cecill Knight, Principall Secretarie to the Quenes Most Excellent Maiestie”, in Roger Ascham, edited by Margaret Ascham, The Scholemaster: Or Plaine and Perfite Way of Teaching Children, to Vnderstand, Write, and Speake, the Latin Tong, […], London: […] John Daye, […], →OCLC:

Belike this ſhow imports the argument of the play.

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

This show is perhaps the subject of the play.

O know ſweet loue I alwaies write of you,
 And you and loue are ſtill my argument: […]

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 76”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

[N]earer view / Briſtl'd with upright beams innumerable / Of rigid Spears, and Helmets throng'd, and Shields / Various, with boaſtful Argument portraid, / The banded Powers of Satan haſting on / With furious expedition; […]

1667, John Milton, “Book VI”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 81–86:

The abstract, or argument of the piece, is shortly as follows.

1844, Francis Jeffrey, “Sardanapalus, a Tragedy. The Two Foscari, a Tragedy. Cain, a Mystery. By Lord Byron. 8vo. pp. 440. Murray, London: 1822. [book review]”, in Contributions to the Edinburgh Review. […], 2nd edition, volume II, London: […] [Andrew Spottiswoode] for Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], →OCLC, part III (Poetry), page 357:

The subject matter of an artistic representation, discourse, or writing; a theme or topic.


moon

en-verb

moon (third-person singular simple present moons, present participle mooning, simple past and past participle mooned)

moons (present singular third-person)
mooning (participle present)
mooned (participle past)
mooned (past)

From Middle English mone, from Old English mōna (“moon”), from Proto-West Germanic *mānō, from Proto-Germanic *mēnô (“moon”), from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“moon, month”), probably from *meh₁- (“to measure”).
cognates and doublets
Cognate with Scots mone, mune, muin (“moon”), North Frisian muun (“moon”), Saterland Frisian Moune (“moon”), West Frisian moanne (“moon”), Dutch maan (“moon”), German Mond (“moon”), Danish måne (“moon”), Norwegian Bokmål måne (“moon”), Norwegian Nynorsk måne (“moon”), Swedish måne (“moon”), Faroese máni (“moon”), Icelandic máni (“moon”), Latin mēnsis (“month”). See also month, a related term within Indo-European.

inh

It is impractical if a currency moons and plummets often.

I've followed several of the most popular crypto pundits on Twitter and discovered they constantly brag about their one big Hail Mary pick that mooned but neglect to mention – or delete – their numerous fumbles.

2019, Mark Grabowski, Cryptocurrencies: A Primer on Digital Money, Routledge, →ISBN:

(cryptocurrencies, of a coin or token) To rise in price rapidly or suddenly.


snake

→ Maori: neke

→ Sranan Tongo: sneki

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Snake.wav

From Middle English snake, from Old English snaca (“snake, serpent, reptile”), from Proto-West Germanic *snakō (“snake”) (compare German Low German Snake, Snaak (“snake”), dialectal German Schnake (“adder”), Swedish snok (“grass snake”), Danish snog (“grass snake”), Icelandic snákur (“snake”)), derived via Proto-Germanic *snakô from Proto-Germanic *snakaną (“to crawl”) (compare Old High German snahhan), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neg- (“to crawl; a creeping thing”). Cognate with Sanskrit नाग (nāgá, “snake”)). Doublet of nāga.

der

(mathematics) A series of Bézier curves.


ordinate

Borrowed from Latin ordino, ordinatus. Doublet of ordain.

The point (3,2) has 3 as its abscissa and 2 as its ordinate.

(geometry) The second of the two terms by which a point is referred to, in a system of fixed rectilinear coordinate (Cartesian coordinate) axes.

(geometry) The vertical line representing an axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, on which the ordinate (sense above) is shown.


thick

en-adj

thick (comparative thicker, superlative thickest)

thicker (comparative)
thickest (superlative)

From Middle English thikke, from Old English þicce (“thick, dense”), from Proto-West Germanic *þikkwī, from Proto-Germanic *þekuz (“thick”), from Proto-Indo-European *tégus (“thick”).
Cognates
Cognate with Danish tyk (“thick”), Dutch dik (“thick”), Faroese tjúkkur (“thick”), German dick (“thick”), Icelandic þykkur (“thick”), Norwegian Bokmål tykk (“thick”), Norwegian Nynorsk tjukk (“thick”), Saterland Frisian tjuk (“thick”), Swedish tjock (“thick”). Related to Old Irish tiug (“thick”) and Welsh tew (“thick”).

My hopes wa'n't disappointed. I never saw clams thicker than they was along them inshore flats. I filled my dreener in no time, and then it come to me that 'twouldn't be a bad idee to get a lot more, take 'em with me to Wellmouth, and peddle 'em out. Clams was fairly scarce over that side of the bay and ought to fetch a fair price.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter III, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

We walked through thick undergrowth.

The room was thick with reporters.

He was as thick as two short planks.


right

right (comparative further right or more right or righter, superlative furthest right or most right or rightmost or rightest)

further right (comparative)
more right (comparative)
righter (comparative)
furthest right (superlative)
most right (superlative)
rightmost (superlative)
rightest (superlative)

→ Spanish: right

→ Welsh: reit

From Middle English right, from Old English riht, reht (“right,” also the word for “straight” and “direct”), from Proto-West Germanic *reht, from Proto-Germanic *rehtaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵtós (“having moved in a straight line”), from *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”). The Germanic adjective which has been used also as a noun since the common Germanic period. Cognate with West Frisian rjocht, Dutch recht, German recht and Recht, Swedish rätt and rät, Danish ret, Norwegian Bokmål rett, Norwegian Nynorsk rett, Yiddish רעכט (rekht) and Icelandic rétt. The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek ὀρεκτός (orektós) and Latin rēctus; Albanian drejt was borrowed from Latin.

inh

even a stopped clock is right twice a day

have one's head screwed on the right way

The kitchen counter formed a right angle with the back wall.

(geometry) Of an angle, having a size of 90 degrees, or one quarter of a complete rotation; the angle between two perpendicular lines.

a right triangle   a right prism   a right cone

(geometry) Of a geometric figure, incorporating a right angle between edges, faces, axes, etc.

перпендикулярен

geometry: incorporating a right angle between edges, faces, axes, etc.


child

en-noun

child (plural children or (dialectal or archaic) childer)

children (plural)
childer (archaic dialectal plural)

adult

antonym(s) of “person below the age of adulthood”

parent

antonym(s) of “data item, process or object in a subordinate role”

From Middle English child, from Old English ċild, from Proto-West Germanic *kilþ, *kelþ, from Proto-Germanic *kelþaz (“womb; fetus”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵelt- (“womb”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up, amass”).
Cognate with Danish kuld (“brood, litter”), Swedish kull (“brood, litter”), Icelandic kelta, kjalta (“lap”), Gothic 𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹 (kilþei, “womb”), Sanskrit जर्त (jarta), जर्तु (jártu, “vulva”).

der

[ˈt͡ʃaɪ̯.ɫ̩d]

[t͡ʃəɪ̯(ə)ɫd]

offspring and Thesaurus:son and Thesaurus:daughter

call someone everything but a child of God

it is a wise child that knows his own father

(mathematics, programming) A subordinate node of a tree.


temperature

en-noun

temperature (countable and uncountable, plural temperatures)

/ˈtɛm.pəɹ.əˌt͡ʃɚ/

/ˈtɛm.pəɹˌt͡ʃɚ/

/ˈtɛm.pɹəˌt͡ʃɚ/

[ˈtʰɛm.pʰəɹˌt͡ʃɚ]

[ˈtʰɛm.pʰɹəˌt͡ʃɚ]

Borrowed from Latin temperātūra (cf. also French température), from the past participle stem of tempero (“I temper”).

ջերմաստիճան

the temperature of the immediate environment

(machine learning) A parameter that controls the degree of randomness of the output.


expression

expression (countable and uncountable, plural expressions)

Borrowed from Middle French expression, from Late Latin expressiō, expressiōnem (“a pressing out”).
Morphologically express + -ion.

der

(mathematics) An arrangement of symbols denoting values, operations performed on them, and grouping symbols.


rainbow

From Middle English reynbowe, raynbowe, from Old English reġnboga (“rainbow”), from Proto-West Germanic *regnabogō, from Proto-Germanic *regnabugô (“rainbow”), equivalent to rain + bow (“arch”). Cognate with West Frisian reinbôge (“rainbow”), Dutch regenboog (“rainbow”), German Regenbogen (“rainbow”), Danish regnbue (“rainbow”), Swedish regnbåge (“rainbow”), Icelandic regnbogi (“rainbow”).

rainbow attack

(mathematics, cryptography) Of or pertaining to rainbow tables.


mine

From Middle English, from Old French mine, from Late Latin mina, from Gaulish (compare to Welsh mwyn, Irish mianach (“ore”)), from Proto-Celtic *meinis (“ore, metal”).

A change to the blockchain method was contemplated to allow mines to hog less electric power.

(computing) A machine or network of machines used to extract units of a cryptocurrency.

louhintakone

computing: machine or network used to extract units of cryptocurrency


mine

en-verb

mine (third-person singular simple present mines, present participle mining, simple past and past participle mined)

mines (present singular third-person)
mining (participle present)
mined (participle past)
mined (past)

Coordinate term: mint

Bitcoin supporters say that estimates of its carbon footprint are overstated. And if the computers that mine and help transact bitcoins are attached to an electric grid that uses wind and solar power, they add, mining and using it will become cleaner over time.

2021 March 9, Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Bitcoin's Climate Problem”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(cryptocurrencies) To earn new units of cryptocurrency by doing certain calculations.

挖礦 /挖矿

computing: to earn new units of cryptocurrency


jump

Brill Publishers
hydraulic jump
jump cut
jump discontinuity
jump instruction

From Middle English jumpen (“to walk quickly, run, jump”), probably of Middle Low German or North Germanic origin, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *gumpōną ~ *gumbōną (“to hop, skip, jump”), an iterative verb. The OED suggests an imitative origin. Others have connected it to Ancient Greek ἀθεμβούσα (athemboúsa, “uninhibited”), which is unlikely. Related to jumble. In the sense “to propel oneself” it displaced leap partially and spring largely.
Cognates
Cognate with Middle Dutch gumpen (“to jump”), Low German jumpen (“to jump”), Middle High German gumpen, gampen (“to jump, hop”) (dialectal German gampen, Alemannic German gumpe, Walser dialect kumpu), Old Norse goppa (“to jump”) Danish gumpe (“to jolt”), Swedish gumpa (“to jump”), Danish gimpe (“to move up and down”), Middle English jumpren, jumbren (“to mix, jumble”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

قَفْزَة

instance of propelling oneself into the air — see also leap

(mathematics) A discontinuity in the graph of a function, where the function is continuous in a punctured interval of the discontinuity.


hole

→ Japanese: ホール (hōru)

→ Korean: 홀 (hol)

Sranan Tongo: olo

Inherited from Middle English hole, hol, from Old English hol (“orifice, hollow place, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *hol, from Proto-Germanic *hulą (“hollow space, cavity”), noun derivative of Proto-Germanic *hulaz (“hollow”), which is of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to hollow.

отвор

orifice (see anus etc. for specific body cavities)

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know one's head from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

(graph theory) A chordless cycle in a graph.


complete

en-adj

complete (comparative more complete or completer, superlative most complete or completest)

more complete (comparative)
completer (comparative)
most complete (superlative)
completest (superlative)

From Middle English compleet (“full, complete”), borrowed from Old French complet or Latin completus, past participle of compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (whence also complement, compliment), from com- + pleō (“I fill, I fulfill”) (whence also deplete, replete, plenty), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”) (English full).

zupełny

of a proof system: such that any semantically valid formula is also provable

complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

(mathematical analysis, of a metric space or topological group) In which every Cauchy sequence converges to a point within the space.

kompleta

of metric space: such that every Cauchy sequence converges in it

(ring theory, of a local ring) Complete as a topological group with respect to its m-adic topology, where m is its unique maximal idea.

(algebra, of a lattice) In which every set with a lower bound has a greatest lower bound.

kompleta

of a lattice: such that every set with a lower bound has a greatest lower bound

(mathematics, of a category) In which all small limits exist.

zupełna

of a category: such that all small limits exist

QMA arises naturally in the study of quantum computation, and it also has a complete problem, Local Hamiltonian, which is a generalization of k-SAT.

2007, Yi-Kai Liu, The Complexity of the Consistency and N-representability Problems for Quantum States, page 17:

BPP behaves differently in some ways from other classes we have seen. For example, we know of no complete languages for BPP.

2009, Sanjeev Arora, Boaz Barak, Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach, page 137:

(computing theory, of a problem) That is in a given complexity class and is such that every other problem in the class can be reduced to it (usually in polynomial time or logarithmic space).


project

en-verb

project (third-person singular simple present projects, present participle projecting, simple past and past participle projected)

projects (present singular third-person)
projecting (participle present)
projected (participle past)
projected (past)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkt/

From Latin prōiectus, perfect passive participle of prōiciō (“throw forth, extend; expel”).

(geometry) To draw straight lines from a fixed point through every point of any body or figure, and let these fall upon a surface so as to form the points of a new figure.


gray

gray (third-person singular simple present grays, present participle graying, simple past and past participle grayed)

grays (present singular third-person)
graying (participle present)
grayed (participle past)
grayed (past)

From Middle English gray, from Old English grǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *grāu, from Proto-Germanic *grēwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁- (“to green, to grow”).
See also Dutch grauw, German grau, Old Norse grár); also Latin rāvus (“grey”), Old Church Slavonic зьрѭ (zĭrjǫ, “to see, to glance”), Russian зреть (zretʹ, “to watch, to look at”) (archaic), Lithuanian žeriù (“to shine”).

cog

the graying of America

It’s not what advocates of retrofitting the suburbs may have had in mind, but it’s a logical outcome of the graying of America, and of suburbia in particular.

2018 September 18, Amanda Kolson Hurley, “Fake Public Squares Are Coming to the Suburbs”, in The Atlantic:

(demography, slang) To turn progressively older, alluding to graying of hair through aging (used in context of the population of a geographic region)


gray

Named after English physicist Louis Harold Gray (1905–1965).

named-after

Coordinate term: rad

International System of Units
International System of Units

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of absorbed dose of radiation (radiation absorbed by a patient); one joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of the patient's mass. Symbol: Gy


atmosphere

en-noun

atmosphere (countable and uncountable, plural atmospheres)

/ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/

Borrowed from French atmosphère, from New Latin atmosphaera, from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós, “steam”) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “sphere”); corresponding to atmo- + -sphere.

you could cut the atmosphere with a knife

A process for preparing normally solid high molecular weight, hydrocarbon polymers which comprises heating and reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen at a temperature of 125 ° to 350 °C, under a pressure of at least 30 atmospheres and in contact with a phosphomolybdic compound represented by the formula P₂Mo_(20–24)O_(2–60).

1959, The Canadian Patent Office Record and Register of Copyrights, volume 87, page 6658:

atmospheric pressure
atmospheric pressure

A unit of measurement for pressure equal to 101325 Pa (symbol: atm), approximately the atmospheric pressure at sea level.


suffix

Borrowed from Latin suffīxus (“suffix”), from sub- (“under”) + fīxus (perfect passive participle of fīgere (“to fasten, fix”)), equivalent to sub- + -fix.

af

perfect passive participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">fīgere</i> (“to fasten, fix”)


rose

en-noun

rose (countable and uncountable, plural roses)

→ Marshallese: rooj

→ Tokelauan: loha

From Middle English rose, roose, from Old English rōse, but with its vowel influenced by Old French rose, both from Latin rosa. The Latin is of uncertain origin, but likely via Oscan from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”) (Aeolic ϝρόδον (wródon)), from Old Persian *vr̥dah (“flower”) (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀- (var^əδa-), Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr, late Middle Persian [Term?] (gwl /gul/), Persian گل (gol, “rose, flower”), and Middle Iranian borrowings including Old Armenian վարդ (vard, “rose”), Aramaic וַרְדָּא (wardā) / ܘܪܕܐ (wardā), Arabic وَرْدَة (warda), Hebrew וֶרֶד (wéreḏ)), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰos (“sweetbriar”) (compare Old English word (“thornbush”), Latin rubus (“bramble”), Albanian hurdhe (“ivy”)). Possibly ultimately a derivation from a verb for "to grow" only attested in Indo-Iranian (*Hwardʰ-, compare Sanskrit वर्धति (vardhati), with relatives in Avestan).

(mathematics) Any of various flower-like polar graphs of sinusoids or their squares.

(mathematics, graph theory) A graph with only one vertex.


chain

From Middle English cheyne, chaine, from Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”), from Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to braid, twist; hut, shed”). Doublet of catena.

der

a chain is only as strong as its weakest link

We first find an approximation of the chain partition, i.e. a small but not minimum size set of chains which cover all elements of the poset.

2003, Jeremy P. Spinrad, Efficient Graph Representations, American Mathematical Society, page 108:

(mathematics, set theory, order theory) A totally ordered set, especially a totally ordered subset of a poset.

(algebraic topology, originally) A formal sum of cells in a CW complex of a certain dimension k (in which case the formal sums are called k'''-chains); a formal sum of simplices or cubes of a certain dimension in a simplical complex or cubical complex (respectively).

(algebraic topology, homological algebra, more generally) An element of a group (or module) in a chain complex.


gun

Sranan Tongo: gon

From Middle English gunne, gonne, possibly from Gunnhild, a female given name formerly used as a nickname for engines of war. The name is composed of the Norse elements gunnr and hildr, both meaning "battle".

is that a gun in your pocket or are you just pleased to see me

you get more with a kind word and a gun than you do with a kind word alone

The glider gun on the bottom of the NOT circuit emits a continuous stream of gliders, while the data stream source emits a glider only when there is a value of 1 in the stream[…].

2000, Gary William Flake, The computational beauty of nature:

It would be especially interesting if someone can find an "airplane gun", which generates airplanes at regular intervals.

2007 February 23, Frank, “Life on the Edge”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Greene's period-416 2c/5 spaceship gun

2010, Andrew Adamatzky, Game of Life Cellular Automata, page 74:

(cellular automata) A pattern that "fires" out other patterns.


enough

Sranan Tongo: nofo

From Middle English ynogh, from Old English ġenōg (“enough”), from Proto-Germanic *ganōgaz (“enough”) (compare Scots eneuch, West Frisian genôch, Dutch genoeg, German genug, Low German noog, Danish nok, Swedish nog, Icelandic nógur), from *ganuganą 'to suffice' (compare Old English ġeneah), or from *ga- + an unattested *nōgaz, probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂nó(n)ḱe (“he has reached, attained”), perfective of *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”) (compare Old Irish tánaic (“he arrived”), Latin nancisci (“to get”), Albanian kënaq (“to please, satisfy”)}.).

(no equivalent determiner—in this sense, an adjective or verb phrase is used instead) Adjectives: འདང་ངེས་ཀྱི ('dang nges kyi)

Adjectives (in the negative only—i.e. "not enough"): ཉུང་དྲགས (nyung drags) (the positive མང་དྲགས (mang drags) means "too much", rather than "enough")

I've already had enough coffee today.

Sufficient; all that is required, needed, or appropriate.

Used before a noun in the manner of words like some, a bit of, and so on.


enough

He is ready enough to accept the offer.

I know you well enough; you are Signior Antonio.

1598–1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “Much Adoe about Nothing”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

“[…] it is not fair of you to bring against mankind double weapons ! Dangerous enough you are as woman alone, without bringing to your aid those gifts of mind suited to problems which men have been accustomed to arrogate to themselves.”

1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Fully; quite; used after adjectives to express slight augmentation of the positive degree, and sometimes equivalent to very.

Talking of Mr Smith, funnily enough, I saw him just the other day.

I left my camera on the train, but luckily enough someone handed it in to lost property.

Used after certain adverbs to emphasise that a quality is notable, unexpected, etc.


enough

I have enough (of it) to keep me going.

Enough of you are here to begin the class.

Get some more plates. There aren’t enough yet.

Not enough is known yet about the causes of the pandemic.

There wasn't enough of an economic surplus.

A sufficient or adequate number, amount, etc.

բավական

a sufficient or adequate number, amount, etc


calculator

[ˈkʰæɫ.kjəˌleɪ̯.ɾɚ]

In the sense of a person, from Middle English calkelatour (“mathematician, astrologer”), borrowed from Latin calculātor, equivalent to calculate + -or. The other meanings arose in Modern English.

inh

person who performs mathematical calculations

A mechanical or electronic device that performs mathematical calculations.

គណិតចរ

kĕəʼnetaʼ cɑɑ

ܚܲܫܘܼܒ݂ܘܿܢܵܐ

mechanical device that performs mathematical calculations


lemon

desc

→ Kashubian: lemòna (Canada, United States)

Cream Lemon
Lemon
Lemon (color)
Lemon (geometry)

Inherited from Middle English lymon, from Old French lymon (“citrus”), from Arabic لَيْمُون (laymūn) or Persian لیمون (limon), from Persian لیمو (limu), from Sanskrit निम्बू (nimbū, “lime”), ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *limaw or Munda. Likely doublet of lime.
The fandom sense is named after the erotic anime series Cream Lemon.

Coordinate term: apple

surface of revolution
surface of revolution

(geometry) The surface of revolution of a circular arc of angle less than 180° rotated about the straight line passing through the arc’s two endpoints.


ray

Via Middle English, borrowed from Old French rai, from Latin radius (“staff, stake, spoke”). Doublet of radius.

(botany) A radiating part of a flower or plant; the marginal florets of a compound flower, such as an aster or a sunflower; one of the pedicels of an umbel or other circular flower cluster; radius.

(mathematics) A line extending indefinitely in one direction from a point.

ճառագայթ

mathematics: line extending indefinitely in one direction from a point


ray

From Middle English raye, rayȝe, from Old French raie, from Latin raia, of uncertain origin. Compare Middle English reyhhe, reihe, reȝge (“ray, skate”), from Old English reohhe (“ray”).

A marine fish with a flat body, large wing-like fins, and a whip-like tail.


scalene triangle

en-noun

scalene triangle (plural scalene triangles)

(geometry) A triangle having each of its three sides of different lengths.


scalene

Borrowed from Late Latin scalēnus (“of unequal sides”), from Ancient Greek σκᾰληνός (skălēnós, “uneven, unequal”).

bor

scalene triangle

(trigonometry) Having sides all unequal in length.


scalene

scalene triangle
scalene triangle#English

(trigonometry) Ellipsis of scalene triangle..


pyramidal

At one point was an isolated pyramidal rock, crowned by a great tree, which appeared to be separated by a cleft from the main crag.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

Below is the deep abyss of the Lauterbrunnen valley, and at its head a stately semi-circle of mountains, with the pyramidal Lauterbrunnen Breithorn as the centre-piece.

1960 December, Voyageur, “The Mountain Railways of the Bernese Oberland”, in Trains Illustrated, page 752:

Among its attractive features were decorative, tile-hung Italianate towers with pyramidal roofs.

2023 March 22, Dr Joseph Brennan, “Grand buildings on the list... and lost: Greenock Princes Pier”, in RAIL, number 979, page 52:

(geometry) Pyramid-shaped.
(crystallography) Tetragonal.


bucket

→ Farefare: bɔgtɛ

→ Japanese: バケツ (baketsu)

→ Maori: pākete

From Middle English buket, boket, partly from Old English bucc ("bucket, pitcher"; mod. dialectal buck), equivalent to bouk + -et; and partly from Anglo-Norman buket, buquet (“tub; pail”) (compare Norman boutchet, Norman bouquet), diminutive of Old French buc (“abdomen; object with a cavity”), from Vulgar Latin *būcus (compare Occitan and Catalan buc, Italian buco, buca (“hole, gap”)), from Frankish *būk (“belly, stomach”). Both the Old English and Frankish terms derive from Proto-Germanic *būkaz (“belly, stomach”). More at bouk.

gloss

"bucket, pitcher"; mod. dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">buck</i>

der

Avoid bulky styles such as duffle sacks, buckets, doctors' satchels, and hobos.

1989, Susan Ludwig, Janice Steinberg, Petite Style, page 46:


del

From delta, the symbol being an inverted delta.

(mathematical analysis) The symbol ∇ used to denote the gradient operator.

(mathematics) the symbol ∂, in the context of a partial differential


AC

(set theory) Initialism of axiom of choice.


MA

(statistics) Initialism of moving average.


RR

en-noun

RR (countable and uncountable, plural RRs)

(statistics, epidemiology) Initialism of relative risk.


NB

negative binomial
negative binomial distribution#English

(statistics) Initialism of negative binomial.


CH

CH (countable and uncountable, plural CHs)

continuum hypothesis
continuum hypothesis#English

(set theory) Initialism of continuum hypothesis.


CI

CI (countable and uncountable, plural CIs)

confidence interval
confidence interval#English

(statistics) Initialism of confidence interval.


CM

CM (countable and uncountable, plural CMs)

Sense "commercial" is a borrowing from Japanese CM (CM, “promotional video”), from English commercial + message.

(cryptography) Initialism of cryptographic module.

(ring theory) Initialism of Cohen-Macaulay.


AR

(statistics) Initialism of autoregressive.


CA

CA (countable and uncountable, plural CAs)

BTW: Of course the rules were parametrised, so any totalistic 2-dimensional 9-neighbourhood CA could be run.

1989 March 21, Mark Kramer, “Fast LIFE (was: Re: summing 9-cell neighborhoods)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

The new CA is a modification of Fredkin's earlier SALT architecture in which every cell is identified as either even or odd - as in sodium and chlorine in a salt crystal hence the name. The state of each cell is either up or down and the development rule simple takes account of states of odd and even neighbours. The up-date at each time step simply takes the form of a swap of the states of diagonally related cells. SALT CAs are reversible and capable of universal computation and are conjectured to be capable of universal construction in the sense of Von Neumann.

2012 July 3, Mike James, “A New Computational Universe - Fredkin's SALT CA”, in www.i-programmer.info, retrieved 2012-10-25:

I assume we are speaking of a single rule CA (one rule for every cell).

2013 October 31, Shawn LeGrand, “Question about one-dimensional cellular automaton with a finite number of cells”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

cellular automaton
cellular automaton#English

(cellular automata) Initialism of cellular automaton.


bel

A measure of relative power, defined as log₁₀(P ₁/P ₂), where P₁ and P₂ are the measured and reference power respectively.


sound

en-adj

sound (comparative sounder, superlative soundest)

sounder (comparative)
soundest (superlative)

→ Volapük: saun

From Middle English sound, sund, isund, ȝesund, from Old English sund, ġesund (“sound, safe, whole, uninjured, healthy, prosperous”), from Proto-West Germanic *sund, from Proto-Germanic *gasundaz, *sundaz (“healthy”), from Proto-Indo-European *sunt-, *swent- (“vigorous, active, healthy”).
Cognate with Scots sound, soun (“healthy, sound”), Saterland Frisian suund, gesuund (“healthy”), West Frisian sûn (“healthy”), Dutch gezond (“healthy, sound”), Low German sund, gesund (“healthy”), German gesund (“healthy, sound”), Danish sund (“healthy”), Swedish sund (“sound, healthy”). Related also to Dutch gezwind (“fast, quick”), German geschwind (“fast, quick”), Old English swīþ (“strong, mighty, powerful, active, severe, violent”). See swith.

cog

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

(mathematics, logic) Having the property of soundness.


MI

en-noun

MI (countable and uncountable, plural MIs)

mathematical induction
mathematical induction#English

(mathematics) Initialism of mathematical induction.

MI excludes words that frequently combine with many words (e.g. the), but can overemphasize low frequency collocation.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 112:

mutual information
mutual information#English

(information theory) Initialism of mutual information.


SD

standard deviation
standard deviation#English

(mathematics) Initialism of standard deviation.


acre

acre (plural acres or (UK colloquial) acre)

acres (plural)
acre (UK colloquial plural)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre

→ Malay: ekar

→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)

From Middle English acre, aker, from Old English æcer (“field where crops are grown”), from Proto-West Germanic *akr, from Proto-Germanic *akraz (“field”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros (“field”).
Cognate with Scots acre, aker, acker (“acre, field, arable land”), North Frisian ecir (“field, a measure of land”), West Frisian eker (“field”), Dutch akker (“field”), German Acker (“field, acre”), Norwegian åker (“field”) and Swedish åker (“field”), Icelandic akur (“field”), Latin ager (“land, field, acre, countryside”), Ancient Greek ἀγρός (agrós, “field”), Sanskrit अज्र (ájra, “field, plain”).

carucate

the area able to be plowed by 8 oxen in a year

virgate

the area able to be plowed by two oxen in a year

oxgang

the area able to be plowed by an ox in a year

nook

the area able to be plowed by an ox in half a season

fardel

the area able to be plowed by an ox in 1⁄4 a season

Buried within the Mediterranean littoral are some seventy to ninety million tons of slag from ancient smelting, about a third of it concentrated in Iberia. This ceaseless industrial fueling caused the deforestation of an estimated fifty to seventy million acres of woodlands.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion:

An English unit of land area (symbol: a. or ac.) originally denoting a day's ploughing for a yoke of oxen, now standardized as 4,840 square yards or 4,046.86 square metres.

(Chester, historical) An area of 10,240 square yards or 4 quarters.

(informal, usually in the plural) A large quantity.

(obsolete) The acre's breadth by the length, English units of length equal to the statute dimensions of the acre: 22 yd (≈20 m) by 220 yd (≈200 m).

(obsolete) A duel fought between individual Scots and Englishmen in the borderlands.


handful

From Middle English handful, hondful, from Old English handfull (“handful”), from Proto-Germanic *handufullō, *handufulliz (“handful”), from Proto-Germanic *handuz (“hand”) + *fullaz (“full”); equivalent to hand + full (“fullness, plenty”) or hand + -ful. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Hondful (“handful”), West Frisian hânfol (“handful”), Dutch handvol (“handful”), German Handvoll (“handful”), Danish håndfuld (“handful”), Swedish handfull (“handful”), Icelandic handfylli (“handful”).

I put two or three corns in my mouth, liked it, stole a handful, went into my chamber, chewed it, and for two months after never failed taking toll of every pennyworth of oatmeal that came into the house: […]

1712 July 26 (Gregorian calendar), [Richard Steele], “TUESDAY, July 15, 1712”, in The Spectator, number 431; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume V, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 130:

The amount that a hand will grasp or contain.

Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom.

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

(obsolete) A hand's breadth; four inches.

Those twins are a real handful to look after.

The Southern acquired them because the little Class "B4" 0-4-0 tanks were finding heavy modern rolling stock more and more of a handful, and at war's end the railway had nothing of suitable power but short wheelbase on its books to take their place on the more tortuous of the dock lines.

1959 February, G. Freeman Allen, “Southampton—Gateway to the Ocean”, in Trains Illustrated, page 91:

Many times dogs are surrendered for reasons such as changes in the family unit, a death in the family, no time to care for a dog, or because that cute little puppy is now a 100 lb untrained handful.

2008, Dog Fancy, volume 39, number 11, page 76:

(informal) Something which can only be managed with difficulty.


from

From Middle English from (“from”), from Old English from, fram (“forward, from”), from Proto-West Germanic *fram, from Proto-Germanic *fram (“forward, from, away”). Cognate with Old Saxon fram (“from”) and Old High German fram (“from”), Danish frem (“forth, forward”), Danish fra (“from”), Swedish fram (“forth, forward”), Swedish från (“from”), Norwegian Nynorsk fram (“forward”), Norwegian Nynorsk frå (“from”), Icelandic fram (“forward, on”), Icelandic frá (“from”), Albanian pre, prej. More at fro.

مِن

with the origin, starting point or initial reference of or at

appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober

20 from 31 leaves 11.

(mathematics, chiefly British, not in formal use) Denoting a subtraction operation.

Indicating removal or separation.
Denoting a subtraction operation.


us

head

us (personal pronoun; the objective case of we)

en-pron

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé
Proto-Germanic *uns
Old English ūs
Middle English us
English us
From Middle English us, from Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n̥smé (“us”). The compensatory lengthening was lost in Middle English due to the word being unstressed while being used. Cognate with Saterland Frisian uus (“us”), West Frisian us, ús (“us”), Low German us (“us”), Dutch ons (“us”), German uns (“us”), Danish os (“us”), Latin nōs (“we, us”).

inh

my very educated mother just served us nachos

my very educated mother just served us nine pizzas

my very educated mother just served us nine pumpkins

my very educated mother just served us noodles

my very excellent mother just served us nine pizzas

Give us a look at your paper.

Fetch us a cold beer from the fridge, would you.

She's turned the weans against us!

(talking to oneself) Now then ... let me see ... I hope I'm doing this right ... if we just connect these two wires together ... if it gives us a shock then ... Ow!

(Commonwealth, colloquial, chiefly with certain verbs such as give, get, fetch, etc.) Me.


pyramidoid

/pɪˈɹæmɪdɔɪd/

(geometry) A solid resembling a pyramid.


pyramoid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pyramoid.wav

(geometry) Alternative form of pyramidoid


tooth

Wales (usually), Midlands (especially Birmingham)

From Middle English tothe, toth, tooth, from Old English tōþ (“tooth”), from Proto-West Germanic *tanþ, from Proto-Germanic *tanþs (“tooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth”). Related to tusk. Doublet of dent, dens, tind, and tine.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots tuth, tuith (“tooth”), North Frisian toth, tos (“tooth”), Dutch tand (“tooth”), German Zahn (“tooth”), Danish tand (“tooth”), Swedish tand (“tooth”), Norwegian tann (“tooth”), Icelandic tönn (“tooth”), Welsh dant (“tooth”), Latin dēns (“tooth”), Lithuanian dantìs (“tooth”), Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús)/ὀδών (odṓn, “tooth”), Armenian ատամ (atam), Persian دندان (dandân), Sanskrit दत् (dát), दन्त (danta, “tooth”).

(algebraic geometry) An irreducible component of a comb that intersects the handle in exactly one point, that point being distinct from the unique point of intersection for any other tooth of the comb.


ear

Tok Pisin: ia

From Middle English ere, eare, from Old English ēare (“ear”), from Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from the voiced Verner alternant of Proto-Germanic *ausô (“ear”) (compare Scots ear, West Frisian ear, Dutch oor, German Ohr, Swedish öra, Danish øre), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws (compare Old Irish áu, Latin auris, Lithuanian ausìs, Russian у́хо (úxo), Albanian vesh, Ancient Greek οὖς (oûs), Old Armenian ունկն (unkn), and Persian گوش (gôš)).

you can't make a silk purse of a sow's ear

(graph theory) A path whose endpoints may coincide but in which otherwise there are no repetitions of vertices or edges.


leg

→ Finnish: legi

→ Hungarian: leg

From Middle English leg, legge, from Old Norse leggr (“leg, calf, bone of the arm or leg, hollow tube, stalk”), from Proto-Germanic *lagjaz, *lagwijaz (“leg, thigh”) (see it for more).
Cognate with Scots leg (“leg”), Icelandic leggur (“leg, limb”), Norwegian Bokmål legg (“leg”), Norwegian Nynorsk legg (“leg”), Swedish lägg (“leg, shank, shaft”), Danish læg (“leg”), Lombardic lagi (“thigh, shank, leg”), Latin lacertus (“limb, arm”), Persian لنگ (leng). Upon borrowing, mostly displaced the native Old English term sċanca (Modern English shank).

der

piss on someone's leg and tell them it's raining

(geometry) One of the two sides of a right triangle that is not the hypotenuse.

(geometry) One of the two equal sides of an isosceles triangle.

(geometry) One of the branches of a hyperbola or other curve which extend outward indefinitely.


foot

en-noun

foot (plural feet or (UK colloquial, unit of measure) foot)

→ Assamese: ফুট (phut)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feet</i>

→ Japanese: フット (futto), フート (fūto); フィート (fīto) (from feet)

→ Russian: фут (fut)

Sranan Tongo: futu

Aukan: futu

Saramaccan: fútu

→ Swahili: futi

→ Thai: ฟุต (fút)

Tok Pisin: fut, put

→ Urdu: فٹ (fuṭ)

→ Phalura: fuṭ

From Middle English fot, fote, foot, from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Doublet of pes, pie (“Spanish unit of length”), and pous.

doublet

not touch something with a ten-foot pole

you cannot put the same shoe on every foot

A unit of measure equal to twelve inches or one third of a yard, equal to exactly 30.48 centimetres.

(informal) Ellipsis of square foot. A unit of area.

(informal) Ellipsis of cubic foot. A unit of volume.

(music) A unit of measure for organ pipes equal to the wavelength of two octaves above middle C, approximately 328 mm.

King John went to battle with ten thousand foot and one thousand horse.

His forces, after all the high discourses, amounted really but to eighteen hundred foot.

1702–1704, Edward [Hyde, 1st] Earl of Clarendon, “(please specify |book=I to XVI)”, in The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed at the Theater, published 1707, →OCLC:

(collective, military) Foot soldiers; infantry.

(geometry) The point of intersection of one line with another that is perpendicular to it.


angel

Jamaican Creole: ienjel

→ Chinese: 安琪兒 /安琪儿 (ānqí'ér)

→ Hawaiian: ʻānela

→ Lingala: anjelu, anzelu

→ Malagasy: anjely

Florence Baptistery
Seven churches of Asia
en:Angel (disambiguation)
en:angel

Two Baroque angels from southern Germany, from the mid-18th century
From Middle English angel, aungel, ængel, engel, from Old English anġel, ænġel, enġel, enċġel (“angel, messenger”), from Proto-West Germanic *angil, borrowed from Latin angelus, itself from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”); and also in part from Anglo-Norman angele, angle, from the same Latin source. The religious sense of the Greek word first appeared in the Septuagint as a translation of the Hebrew word מַלְאָךְ (malʾāḵ, “messenger”) or יהוה מַלְאָךְ (malʾāḵ YHWH, “messenger of YHWH”).
Use of the term in some churches to refer to a church official derives from interpreting the "angels" of the Seven churches of Asia in Revelation as being bishops or ministers rather than angelic beings.

der

don't drive faster than your guardian angel can fly

(historical) An English gold coin, bearing the figure of the archangel Michael, circulated between the 15th and 17th centuries, and varying in value from six shillings and eightpence to ten shillings.

Climb to angels sixty. ― ascend to 60,000 feet

And even now part of me flies over Dresden at angels one five; / Though they’ll never fathom it, behind my sarcasm desperate memories lie.

1983 March 21, Roger Waters (lyrics and music), “The Hero’s Return”, in The Final Cut, performed by Pink Floyd:

(military slang, originally Royal Air Force) An altitude, measured in thousands of feet.

unidentified flying object
unidentified flying object

(colloquial, dated) An unidentified flying object detected by air traffic control radar.

“Latent” angels are defined as those who have not invested capital in the past 12 months, although they likely have invested knowledge in the process of reviewing potential investments.

2011, OECD, Financing High-Growth Firms: The Role of Angel Investors:

someone that funds
(finance) An angel investor.


angel

(informal) A person who has Angelman syndrome.


face

→ Danish: fjæs

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fjes

Norwegian Nynorsk: fjes

→ Swedish: fejs, fjäs

→ Wu: 番斯 (¹fe-sy)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?
Latin faciēs
Late Latin facia
Old French facebor.
Middle English face
English face
From Middle English face, from Old French face, from Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs (“form, appearance”). Doublet of facies. Displaced native onlete (“face, countenance, appearance”), anleth (“face”), from Old English anwlite, andwlita, compare German Antlitz; Old English ansīen (“face”), Middle English neb (“face, nose”) (from Old English nebb), Middle English ler, leor, leer (“face, cheek, countenance”) (from Old English hlēor), and non-native Middle English vis (“face, appearance, look”) (from Old French vis) and Middle English chere (“face”) from Old French chere.
In the sense of face as in reputation, influenced by Chinese 面子 (miànzi) or 臉／脸 (liǎn), both of which mean literally the front of the head and metaphorically one's public image. See lose face.

noncog

talk to the hand 'cause the face ain't listening

A cube has six faces, each of which is a square.

facet

different specialised meaning in mathematical use

(geometry) Any of the flat bounding surfaces of a polyhedron; more generally, any of the bounding pieces of a polytope of any dimension.

kant

geometry: bounding surface of a polyhedron


perfect

en-adj

perfect (comparative perfecter or more perfect, superlative perfectest or most perfect)

perfecter (comparative)
more perfect (comparative)
perfectest (superlative)
most perfect (superlative)

flawed

antonym(s) of “fitting its definition precisely”

faulty

antonym(s) of “without fault or mistake”

From Middle English perfit, from Old French parfit (modern: parfait), from Latin perfectus, perfect passive participle of perficere (“to finish”), from per- (“through, thorough”) + facere (“to do, to make”). Spelling modified 15c. to conform to Latin etymology. Doublet of parfait, perfecto, and perfectus.
Displaced native Old English fulfremed.

doublet

let the perfect be the enemy of the good

6 is perfect because the sum of its proper divisors, 1, 2, and 3, which is 6, is equal to the number itself.

(mathematics, of a number) Equal to the sum of its proper divisors.

(mathematical analysis, of a set) Equal to its set of limit points, i.e. set A is perfect if A=A'.


translate

en-verb

translate (third-person singular simple present translates, present participle translating, simple past and past participle translated)

translates (present singular third-person)
translating (participle present)
translated (participle past)
translated (past)
translate (infinitive)

[ˈtʃɹʷɛ̃nzɫæe̯ʔ(t)]

From Middle English translaten (“to transport, translate, transform”), from Anglo-Norman translater, from Latin trānslātus, perfect passive participle of trānsferō (“to transport, carry across, translate”).
In this sense, displaced Old English wendan (“to translate,” also the word for “to turn” and “to change”).

traduir

to change (something) from one form or medium to another

транслирам

to move (something) from one place or position to another

After translating this plane, parallel to the ground line, to the position n#95;1L#95;1r#95;1, these points appear at n#95;1 and r#95;1.

1868, S[amuel] Edward Warren, “Removal of Practical Difficulties Arising from the Confusion of Projections and Perspectives”, in A Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and Shadow; […], New York, N.Y.: John Wiley, […], →OCLC, § II (Second Method. Use of Three Planes.), paragraph 74, page 40:

Senses relating to a change of position.

(transitive, archaic) To move (something) from one place or position to another; to transfer.

(transitive, mathematics) In Euclidean geometry: to transform (a geometric figure or space) by moving every point by the same distance in a given direction.

транслирам

It is convenient at this point to translate the axis of the n dimensional space so that the origin of each axis occurs at its arithmetical mean.

1957 April–June, Leo Marcus, “A Mathematical Tool in Industry: An Algorithm for Curve Fitting by the Method of Least Squares”, in John Bryant, editor, General Motors Engineering Journal, volume 4, number 2, Detroit, Mich.: Educational Relations Section, Public Relations Staff,General Motors Corporation, →OCLC, page 17, column 1:

(transitive, mathematics) To map (the axes in a coordinate system) to parallel axes in another coordinate system some distance away.


translate

[ˈtʃɹʷɛ̃nzɫæe̯ʔ(t)]

[F]ractions with a defining relation are nothing but linear orthogonal arrays or their translates.

1999, A. S. Hedayat, N[eil] J[ames] A[lexander] Sloane, John Stufken, “Statistical Application of Orthogonal Arrays”, in Orthogonal Arrays: Theory and Applications (Springer Series in Statistics), New York, N.Y., Berlin: Springer, →ISBN, section 11.5 (Two-level Fractional Factorials with a Defining Relation), page 272:

If L is a vector space, a linear manifold (or affine subspace) in L is a subset which is a translate of a subspace M#92;subsetL, that is, a set F of the form x#95;0#43;M for some x#95;0#92;inL. [...] The dimension of a linear manifold is the dimension of the subspace of which it is a translate.

1999, H[elmut] H[einrich] Schaefer, with M. P. Wolff, chapter I, in Topological Vector Spaces (Graduate Texts in Mathematics; 3), 2nd edition, New York, N.Y., Berlin: Springer, →ISBN, section 4 (Linear Manifolds and Hyperplanes), page 24:

(mathematical analysis) In Euclidean spaces: a set of points obtained by adding a given fixed vector to each point of a given set.


juxtaposition

en-noun

juxtaposition (countable and uncountable, plural juxtapositions)

From French juxtaposition, from Latin iuxtā (“near”) (from Latin iungō (“to join”)) + French position (“position”) (from Latin pōnō (“to place”)).

съпоставяне

the nearness of objects with little or no delimiter

Using juxtaposition for multiplication saves space when writing longer expressions. a#92;timesb collapses to ab.

A fundamental operation on strings is string concatenation which we will denote by juxtaposition.

2007, Lawrence Moss, Hans-Jörg Tiede, “Applications of Modal Logic in Linguistics”, in P. Blackburn et al., editors, Handbook of Modal Logic, Elsevier, page 1054:

The nearness of objects with little or no delimiter.

(mathematics) An absence of operators in an expression.


trail

→ German: Trail

→ Russian: трейл (trejl)

From Middle English trailen, from Old French trailler (“to tow; pick up the scent of a quarry”), from Vulgar Latin *tragulāre (“to drag”), from Latin tragula (“dragnet, javelin thrown by a strap”), probably related to Latin trahere (“to pull, drag along”).

der

(graph theory) A walk in which all the edges are distinct.


path

From Middle English path, peth, from Old English pæþ (“path, track”), from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz (“path”). The Proto-Germanic term is possibly borrowed from Iranian, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs, from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s, from the root *pent- (“to pass”), however this is disputed. Cognate with West Frisian paad, Dutch pad, German Pfad. Indo-Iranian cognates could be Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬃 (paṇtā̊, “way”), Old Persian 𐎱𐎰 (p-θ /paθi/)), Sanskrit पन्था (panthā). See also English find). Doublet of panth.

(paganism) A Pagan tradition, for example witchcraft, Wicca, druidism, Heathenry.

(graph theory) A sequence of vertices from one vertex to another using the arcs (edges). A path does not visit the same vertex more than once (unless it is a closed path, where only the first and the last vertex are the same).

ruta

graph theory: a sequence of vertices from one vertex to another

(topology) A continuous map f from the unit interval I=[0,1] to a topological space X.

"Permissive" working allows more than one train to be in a block section at one time but trains must be run at low speed in order to stop on sight behind the train in front. Such working is often authorised to allow freight trains to "bunch" together to await a path through a bottleneck instead of being strung out over several block sections, as would be necessary if absolute working were in force.

1962 October, “Talking of Trains: The collisions at Connington”, in Modern Railways, page 232:

... while the planned hourly fast 'Connect' service from Middlesbrough to Newcastle has been postponed indefinitely due to problems in finding paths for it on the East Coast main line.

2019 October, James Abbott, “Esk Valley revival: December 2019 changes”, in Modern Railways, page 78:

Echoing McNaughton's comments in 2009, it adds: "The WCML has exhausted its available train paths and no extra services could be run without further significant investment to enhance current infrastructure or build a new line.

2020 May 6, Philip Haigh, “Just one more stop on the long journey to HS2 fulfillment [sic]”, in Rail, page 65:

(rail transport) A slot available for allocation to a railway train over a given route in between other trains.


path

en-verb

path (third-person singular simple present paths, present participle pathing, simple past and past participle pathed)

paths (present singular third-person)
pathing (participle present)
pathed (participle past)
pathed (past)

Next, you need to path to the location of the executable and run it from there.

(computing, intransitive) To navigate through a file system directory tree (to a desired file or folder).


law

en-noun

law (countable and uncountable, plural laws)

From Middle English lawe, laȝe, from Old English lagu (“law”), borrowed from Old Norse lǫg (“law”, literally “things laid down or firmly established”), originally the plural of lag (“layer, stratum, a laying in order, measure, stroke”), from Proto-Germanic *lagą (“that which is laid down”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”). Cognate with Scots law (“law”), Icelandic lög (“things laid down, law”), Faroese lóg (“law”), Norwegian lov (“law”), Swedish lag (“law”), Danish lov (“law”), Finnish laki (“law”). Replaced Old English ǣ and ġesetnes. More at lay.
Not related to legal, nor to French loi, Spanish ley, all of which ultimately derive from Latin lēx, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather”).

азакуан

body of rules established in a community by its authorities

Mathematical laws can be proved purely through mathematics, without scientific experimentation.

(mathematics, logic) A statement (of relation) that is true under specified conditions; a mathematical or logical rule.

օրենք

mathematics: statement that is true under specified conditions


unit

Formerly unite, a later form of unity; see unity.

Number, we define, to be, a certayne Mathematicall Sũme, of Vnits. [Note the worde, Vnit, to expresse the Greke Monas, & not Vnitie: as we haue all, commonly, till now, vsed.]

1570, John Dee, in H. Billingsley (trans.) Euclid, Elements of Geometry, Preface

(mathematics) Oneness, singularity, seen as a component of a whole number; a magnitude of one.

An element 𝑒 of 𝑆 such that 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 is called a unit element. (When the law of composition is written additively, the unit element is denoted by 0, and is called a zero element.)

2005, Serge Lang, Algebra, 3rd edition, Springer, →ISBN, page 3:

(algebra) The identity element, neutral element.

Let 𝐴 be an arbitrary integral domain. We say that an element 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 is invertible or is a unit of 𝐴 if it has an inverse in 𝐴; in ℤ the units are ±1, […]

1990, A. I. Kostrikin, I. R. Shafarevich, editors, Algebra I, Springer, →ISBN, page 22:

(algebra) An element having an inverse, an invertible element; an associate of the unity.

natural transformation
natural transformation

(category theory) In an adjunction, a natural transformation from the identity functor of the domain of the left adjoint functor to the composition of the right adjoint functor with the left adjoint functor.


unit

Consider the following time sequence
Z_t=A sin (ωt+θ),
where A is a random variable with a zero mean and a unit variance and θ is a random variable with a uniform distribution on the interval [-π,π] independent of A.

1990, William W. S. Wei, Time Series Analysis, page 9

(mathematics) Having a size or magnitude of one.


dimension

(geometry) The number of independent coordinates needed to specify uniquely the location of a point in a space; also, any of such independent coordinates.

(linear algebra) The number of elements of any basis of a vector space.


train

en-verb

train (third-person singular simple present trains, present participle training, simple past and past participle trained)

trains (present singular third-person)
training (participle present)
trained (participle past)
trained (past)

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔e̞ɪ̯n]

From Middle English trayne (“train”), from Old French train (“a delay, a drawing out”), from traïner (“to pull out, to draw”), from Vulgar Latin *traginō, from *tragō, from Latin trahō (“to pull, to draw”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”). The verb was derived from the noun in Middle English.

der

At least 10 lawsuits have been filed this year against A.I. companies, accusing them of training their systems on artists’ creative work without consent.

2023 July 15, Sheera Frenkel, Stuart A. Thompson, “‘Not for Machines to Harvest’: Data Revolts Break Out Against A.I.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(transitive, machine learning) To feed data into an algorithm, usually based on a neural network, to create a machine learning model that can perform some task.


eventually

From eventual + -ly. The third sense is influenced by any of several European languages, including Czech eventuálně, Swedish eventuellt.

Eventually, all prime numbers are odd.

(mathematics, of a sequence) For some tail; for all terms beyond some term; with only finitely many exceptions.


palm

→ Malay: palma, ڤلما

From Middle English palme, from Old English palm, palma (“palm-tree, palm-branch”), from Latin palma (“palm-tree, palm-branch, palm of the hand”), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂, *pl̥h₂emeh₂ (“palm of the hand”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Dutch palm, German Palme, Danish palme, Icelandic pálmur (“palm”).

(scouting) Any of 23 awards that can be earned after obtaining the Eagle Scout rank, but generally only before turning 18 years old.


pam

From Spanish palmo (“handspan”), from Latin palmus. Doublet of palm, palma, and palmo.

(historical, dated) Alternative form of palmo (“traditional Spanish and Portuguese units of measure”).


braid

en-noun

braid (countable and uncountable, plural braids)

From Middle English braiden, breided, bræiden, from Old English breġdan (“to move quickly, pull, shake, swing, throw (wrestling), draw (sword), drag; bend, weave, braid, knit, join together; change color, vary, be transformed; bind, knot; move, be pulled; flash”), from Proto-West Germanic *bregdan, from Proto-Germanic *bregdaną (“to flicker, flutter, jerk, tug, twitch, flinch, move, swing”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēḱ-, *bʰrēǵ- (“to shine, shimmer”).
Cognate with Scots Scots brade, Scots braid (“to move quickly or suddenly”), Saterland Frisian braidje (“to knit”), West Frisian breidzje, Dutch breien (“to knit”), Low German breiden, German breiden, Bavarian bretten (“to move quickly, twitch”), Icelandic bregða (“to move quickly, jerk”), Faroese bregða (“to move quickly, react swiftly; to draw (sword)”) and Faroese bregda (“to plaid, braid, twist, twine”).

cog

We introduce braids via their historical roots and uses, make connections with knot theory and present the mathematical theory of braids through the braid group.

2009, Mitchell A. Berger, Louis H. Kauffman, Renzo L. Ricca, Lectures on Topological Fluid Mechanics, page 1:

In order to characterise the structure and complexity of a braid different numbers or topological invariants can be calculated.

2012, A. T. Skjeltorp, Tamas Vicsek, Complexity from Microscopic to Macroscopic Scales, page 144:

(mathematics, topology) Given two sets of n points on corresponding positions on two parallel lines, a braid is a unique set of crossings (over or under) between n strands that connect each point on one line to a point on the other line such that all points represent the terminus of one and only one strand and the traversal of any strand from a starting point to an ending point never moves further away from the from the ending point.


family

en-noun

family (countable and uncountable, plural families)

Jamaican Creole: faambli, fambili

Tok Pisin: famili

Sranan Tongo: famiri

→ Chuukese: famini

→ Malay: famili

→ Maori: whāmere

From Late Middle English famylye, from Latin familia (“a household”). Displaced native Old English hīred. Doublet of familia.

عَائِلَة

group of people related by blood, marriage, law, or custom

the family that lays together stays together

the family that prays together stays together

the family that sleeps together keeps together

Let #92;mathcalF be a family of subsets over S.

(set theory, countable) A collection of sets, especially of subsets of a given set.


grammar

grammar (countable and uncountable, plural grammars)

/ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/

From Middle English gramere, from Old French gramaire (“classical learning”), from unattested Vulgar Latin *grammāria, an alteration of Latin grammatica, from Ancient Greek γραμματική (grammatikḗ, “skilled in writing”), from γράμμα (grámma, “line of writing”), from γράφω (gráphō, “write”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”). Displaced native Old English stæfcræft; a doublet of glamour, glamoury, gramarye, and grimoire. Piecewise doublet of grammatic.

قَوَاعِد

in computing: formal system specifying the syntax of a language

glomery

study & field of study in medieval Latin contexts

morpho-syntax

from the relationship between morphology and syntax

Hickerson has a computer program which found a spaceship with speed c/3. In fact a whole grammar of them.

1991 April 4, Bill Gosper, “LIFELINE:in search of the newsletter”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Within a few hours of finding the first period 2 ship, Dean had discovered a grammar for constructing an infinite number of different short, wide, period 2 spaceships. A grammar is an "alphabet" of "components", along with rules for the possible sequences of connections between components. Components are simply the identifiable pieces of a ship which reappear over and over in different ships in different combinations.

1992 August 27, David Bell, “Spaceships in Conway's Life (Part 2a)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Dean's discovery included a much more plentiful family than just the light, medium, and heavy weight spaceships that have been known since the beginning, which he was able to organize into a series of tiles and a grammar for them.

1994 January 21, Harold McIntosh, “de Bruijn diagrams”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A set of component patterns, along with the rules for connecting them, which can be combined to form more complex patterns such as large still lifes, oscillators, and spaceships.


facet

(mathematics) A face of codimension 1 of a polytope.


bound

From Middle English bound, bund (preterite) and bounden, bunden, ibunden, ȝebunden (past participle), from Old English bund- and bunden, ġebunden respectively. See bind.

(mathematics, logic, of a variable) Constrained by a quantifier.

свързан

constrained by something, or constrained to something


bound

From Middle English bounde, from Old French bunne, from Medieval Latin bodina, earlier butina (“a bound, limit”).

(mathematics) A value which is known to be greater or smaller than a given set of values.

fita

mathematics: value greater (or smaller) than a given set


bound

en-verb

bound (third-person singular simple present bounds, present participle bounding, simple past and past participle bounded)

bounds (present singular third-person)
bounding (participle present)
bounded (participle past)
bounded (past)

From Middle English bounden, from the noun (see above).

(transitive, mathematics) To be the bound of.


choose

From Middle English cheosen, chesen, from Old English ċēosan (“to choose, seek out, select, elect, decide, test, accept, settle for, approve”), from Proto-West Germanic *keusan, from Proto-Germanic *keusaną (“to taste, choose”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwseti, from *ǵews- (“to taste, try”).
Cognate with Scots chuise, cheese (“to choose”), North Frisian kese (“to choose”), Saterland Frisian kjoze (“to choose”), West Frisian kieze (“to choose”), Dutch kiezen (“to choose”), French choisir (“to choose”), Low German kesen (“to choose”), German Low German kiesen (“to pick, select”), archaic and partially obsolete German kiesen (“to choose”), Danish kyse (“to frighten (via ‘to charm, allure’ and ‘to enchant’)”), Norwegian kjose (“to choose”), Swedish tjusa (“to charm, allure, enchant”), Icelandic kjósa (“to choose, vote, elect”), Gothic 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (kiusan, “to test”), Latin gustō (“I taste, sample”), Ancient Greek γεύω (geúō, “to feed”), Sanskrit जोषति (jóṣati, “to like, enjoy”), Russian кушать (kúšatʹ, “to have a meal, to eat”).

cog

The number of distinct subsets of size k from a set of size n is tbinom nk or "n choose k".

(mathematics) The binomial coefficient of the previous and following number.


cut

en-noun

cut (countable and uncountable, plural cuts)

From Middle English cutten, kitten, kytten, ketten (“to cut”) (compare Scots kut, kit (“to cut”)), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse *kytja, *kutta, from Proto-Germanic *kutjaną, *kuttaną (“to cut”), of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *kwetwą (“meat, flesh”) (compare Old Norse kvett (“meat”)). Akin to Middle Swedish kotta (“to cut or carve with a knife”) (compare dialectal Swedish kåta, kuta (“to cut or chip with a knife”), Swedish kuta, kytti (“a knife”)), Norwegian Bokmål kutte (“to cut”), Norwegian Nynorsk kutte (“to cut”), Icelandic kuta (“to cut with a knife”), Old Norse kuti (“small knife”), Norwegian kyttel, kytel, kjutul (“pointed slip of wood used to strip bark”). Displaced native Middle English snithen (from Old English snīþan; compare German schneiden), which still survives in some dialects as snithe or snead. See snide. Adjective sense of "drunk" (now rare and now usually used in the originally jocular derivative form of half-cut) dates from the 17th century, from cut in the leg, to have cut your leg, euphemism for being very drunk.

leikkaus

notch, passage, or channel made by cutting or digging

(graph theory) The partition of a graph’s vertices into two subgroups.


fit

Possibly from Middle English fit (“an adversary of equal power”), of uncertain further origin. The original sense appears to have been "to marshal or deploy troops", which shifted to "to suit (troops to a certain location" > "suitable", and may be further related to Icelandic fitja (“to web, knit, cast on”).


fit

Unknown, possibly from Old English fitt (“conflict”). Compare Cornish fit (“game match, bout”); or else, probably cognate with Italian fitta (“pain, especially sudden and stabbing pain”).
See more at Latin fīgere.

(medicine) A sudden and vigorous appearance of a symptom over a short period of time.


grow

en-verb

grow (third-person singular simple present grows, present participle growing, simple past grew or (dialectal) growed, past participle grown or (dialectal) growed)

grows (present singular third-person)
growing (participle present)
grew (past)
growed (dialectal past)
grown (participle past)
growed (dialectal participle past)

From Middle English growen, from Old English grōwan (“to grow, increase, flourish, germinate”), from Proto-West Germanic *grōan, from Proto-Germanic *grōaną (“to grow, grow green”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow, become green”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots grow, grew (“to grow”), North Frisian grojen, growen (“to grow”), West Frisian groeie (“to grow”), Dutch groeien (“to grow”), German Low German grojen (“to green; thrive; take hold; flourish”), Middle High German grüejen (“to grow, grow green”), Danish gro (“to grow”), Norwegian gro (“to grow”), Swedish gro (“to germinate, grow, sprout”), Icelandic gróa (“to grow”), Latin herba (“plant, herb, weed”), Swedish gröda (“crop”), North Frisian greyde (“growth, pasture”). Related to growth, grass, green.

cog

Children grow quickly.

[...] but the dangers to trespassers, especially children, are growing, and a vigorous educational programme is urged.

1960 December, “Talking of trains: B.R. safety in 1959”, in Trains Illustrated, page 708:

(ergative) To become larger, to increase in magnitude.


hide

From Middle English hide, from Old English hīd, hȳd, hīġed, hīġid (“a measure of land”), for earlier *hīwid (“the amount of land needed to support one family”), a derivative of Proto-Germanic *hīwaz, *hīwō (“relative, fellow-lodger, family”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to lie with, store, be familiar”). Related to Old English hīwisc (“hide of land, household”), Old English hīwan (“members of a family, household”). More at hewe, hind.

cog

The exact size of hides varied with soil quality, but each one generally encompassed 24 to 26 hectares.

2016, Peter H. Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, Penguin, published 2017, page 488:

(historical) A unit of land and tax assessment of varying size, originally as intended to support one household with dependents.


known

From Middle English knowen, from Old English cnāwen (past participle).
Morphologically know + -n.

(algebra) A constant or variable the value of which is already determined.


meet

From Middle English meten, from Old English mētan (“to meet, find, encounter”), from Proto-West Germanic *mōtijan (“to meet”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtijaną (“to meet”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to come, meet”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots met, mete, meit (“to meet”), North Frisian mete (“to meet”), West Frisian mette, moetsje (“to meet”), Dutch ontmoeten (“to meet”), Low German möten (“to meet”), Danish møde (“to meet”), Norwegian Bokmål møte (“to meet”), Swedish möta (“to meet”), Icelandic mæta (“to meet”). Related to moot.

der

(algebra) The greatest lower bound, an operation between pairs of elements in a lattice, denoted by the symbol ∧.


contraction

en-noun

contraction (countable and uncountable, plural contractions)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Late Middle English contraccioun, contraxion (“spasm, contraction; constriction, shrinking; act of pressing together”), from Old French contraction (modern French contraction), from Latin contractiō(n) (“a drawing together, contraction; abridgement, shortening; dejection, despondency”), from contrahō (“to draw things together, assemble, collect, gather; to enter into a contract”) + -tiō(n) (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or their results). Contrahō is derived from con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of objects) + trahō (“to drag, pull”) (probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, pull; to run”)). By surface analysis, contract + -ion (suffix denoting actions or processes, or their results).

verkleining

Senses relating to pulling together or shortening.

A (sometimes reversible) contracting or reduction in length, scope, size, or volume; a narrowing, a shortening, a shrinking.

(ring theory, of an ideal in the codomain of a ring homomorphism) The preimage of the given ideal under the given homomorphism.


rod

From Middle English rodde, from Old English *rodd or *rodde (attested in dative plural roddum (“rod, pole”)), of uncertain origin, but probably from Proto-Germanic *rudd- (“stick, club”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewdʰ- (“to clear land”). Compare Old Norse rudda (“club”). For the root, compare English rid. Presumably unrelated to Proto-Germanic *rōdō (“rod, pole”).


rake

From Middle English rake [and other forms], from Old English raca, racu, ræce (“tool with a row of pointed teeth, rake”), from Proto-Germanic *rakō, *rekô (“tool with a row of pointed teeth, rake”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, right oneself”).
Cognates
The English word is cognate with Danish rage (chiefly regional), Middle Dutch rāke, rēke (modern Dutch raak, reek (both regional), riek (“pitchfork, rake”)), Middle Low German rāke, racke (modern German Low German Raak (“rake; poker”)), Old High German rehho, rech (Middle High German reche, modern German Rechen (“rake”)), Old Norse reka (“shovel”) (modern Icelandic reka (“shovel”)), Old Saxon recho, Old Swedish raka (modern Swedish raka (“rake; (long) straight section of a road”)).

cog

I've been dealing primarily with rake and spaceship interactions for ease of experimentation (a rake will invariably escape before being eaten by even its most hellish progeny, and a spaceship is easy to redraw on the spot).

1991 January 10, Paul Callahan, “Questions and comments about Conway's Life (long)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

That would mean building rake guns or glider gun arrays to construct moving walls.

2003 August 19, Ilmari Karonen, “Inquiries about Conway's game of life”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

The switch engine is unstable but a number of them working in combination can form stable puffers, spaceships and rakes.

2015, Paul Rendell, Turing Machine Universality of the Game of Life, page 133:

(cellular automata) A type of puffer train that leaves behind a stream of spaceships as it moves.


conductor

Borrowed from Middle French conductour, from Old French conduitor, from Latin conductor.

If c is the conductor ideal for R in R then prime ideals not containing c correspond to localizations yielding discrete valuation rings.

1988, F van Oystaeyen, Lieven Le Bruyn, Perspectives in ring theory:

(mathematics) An ideal of a ring that measures how far it is from being integrally closed


morphology

en-noun

morphology (countable and uncountable, plural morphologies)

morfologie

a scientific study of form and structure

марфало́гія

geological study of the form and structure

morfologji

linguistic study of the form and structure

Mathematical morphology
mathematical morphology

(uncountable) A scientific study of form and structure, usually without regard to function. Especially:


factor

From Middle French facteur, from Latin factor (“a doer, maker, performer”), from factus (“done or made”), perfect passive participle of faciō (“do, make”).

uder

incremental power transfer distribution factor

3 is a factor of 12, as are 2, 4 and 6.

The factors of the Klein four-group are both cyclic of order 2.

The first thousand primes[…]marched in order before him[…]the complete sequence of all those numbers that possessed no factors except themselves and unity.

1956, Arthur C. Clarke, The City and the Stars, page 38:

(mathematics) Any of various objects multiplied together to form some whole.


interior

/ɪnˈtɪə.ɹɪ.ə/

From Latin interior (“inner, interior”).

(mathematics, topology) The set of all interior points of a set.


central

en-adj

central (comparative more central, superlative most central)

more central (comparative)
most central (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin centrālis, from centrum (“centre”), from Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron); by surface analysis, centre + -al.

(algebra) Belong or relating to the center of an algebraic structure.

Of an element of an algebraic structure: which commutes with all other elements under multiplication

Of a unital algebra over a field: whose center is exactly equal to the image of the base field


ideal

ideal (comparative more ideal, superlative most ideal)

more ideal (comparative)
most ideal (superlative)

From French idéal, from Late Latin ideālis (“existing in idea”), by surface analysis, idea + -al, from Latin idea (“idea”); see idea.
In mathematics, the noun ring theory sense was first introduced by German mathematician Richard Dedekind in his 1871 edition of a text on number theory. The concept was quickly expanded to ring theory and later generalised to order theory. The set theory and Lie theory senses can be regarded as applications of the order theory sense.

ideal point

An ideal triangle in the hyperbolic disk is one bounded by three geodesics that meet precisely on the circle.

(mathematics) Not actually present, but considered as present when limits at infinity are included.