free

en-adj

free (comparative freer or more free, superlative freest or most free)

freer (comparative)
more free (comparative)
freest (superlative)
most free (superlative)

From Middle English free, fre, freo, from Old English frēo (“free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz (“beloved, not in bondage”), from Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“pleased, loved”), from *preyH- (“to please, love”). Related to friend.
cognates, etc
Germanic cognates include West Frisian frij (“free”), Dutch vrij (“free”), Low German free (“free”), German frei (“free”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian fri (“free”).
Other cognates include Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá-, “beloved”).
Germanic and Celtic are the only Indo-European language branches in which the PIE word with the meaning of "dear, beloved" acquired the additional meaning of "free" in the sense of "not in bondage". This was an extension of the idea of "characteristic of those who are dear and beloved", in other words friends and tribe members (in contrast to unfree inhabitants from other tribes and prisoners of war, many of which were among the slaves – compare the Latin use of liberi to mean both "free persons" and "children of a family").
The verb comes from Middle English freen, freoȝen, from Old English frēon, frēoġan (“to free; make free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frijōn, from Proto-Germanic *frijōną, from Proto-Indo-European *preyH-, and is cognate with German freien, Dutch vrijen, Czech přát, Serbo-Croatian prijati, Polish sprzyjać.

inh

there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

why buy the cow when you can get the milk for free

en:unconstrained, abstractly
en:albegraically generic or universal

(algebra, of an algebraic structure) In any of various technical senses generic, universal.

(most generally, category theory, of an object F in a concrete category, with respect to a set X and a map i from X to the underlying set of F) Such that any map f from X to the underlying set of an object A in the same category as F induces a map ̄f from F to A which is compatible with f (i.e. such that f=̄f∘i).

The fundamental group of the figure eight is free of rank 2.

(group theory, of a group) Having a set of generators which satisfy no non-trivial relations; equivalently, being the group of reduced words on a set of generators.

linearly independent
linearly independent

(commutative algebra, of a module) Having a linearly independent set of generators (called a basis).


word

en-noun

word (countable and uncountable, plural words)

desc

Chinese Pidgin English: word, 𭉉 (Chinese spelling)

From Middle English word, from Old English word, from Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰh₁om. Doublet of verb and verve; further related to vrata.

you get more with a kind word and a gun than you do with a kind word alone

(group theory) A group element, expressed as a product of group elements.


livre

Borrowed from French livre. Doublet of libra and lira.

(historical) An ancient French unit of weight, equal to about 1 avoirdupois pound.


pound

en-noun

pound (plural pounds or (UK colloquial) pound)

pounds (plural)
pound (UK colloquial plural)

From Middle English pound, from Old English pund (“a pound, weight”), from Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą (“pound, weight”), an early borrowing from Latin pondō (“by weight”), ablative form of pondus (“weight”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to pull, stretch”).
Cognate with Dutch pond, German Pfund, Danish pund and Swedish pund. Doublet of pood and punt.

der

an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure

an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves

A unit of weight in various measurement systems.

A unit of mass in various measurement systems.

A unit of force in various measurement systems


pie

en-noun

pie (countable and uncountable, plural pies)

→ Bulgarian: пай (paj)

→ Cantonese: 批 (pai¹)

→ Finnish: pai

→ Hebrew: פַּאי

→ Japanese: パイ

desc

→ Kashubian: paja (Canada, United States)

→ Korean: 파이 (pai)

→ Malay: pai

→ Persian: پای (pây)

→ Scottish Gaelic: pàidh

→ Spanish: pay

→ Swedish: paj

→ Tok Pisin: pai

→ Welsh: pei

→ Yiddish: פּײַ (pay)

From Middle English pye, pie, pey, perhaps from Old English *pīe (“pastry”) (compare Old English pīe, pēo (“insect, bug”)), attested in early Middle English piehus (“bakery”, literally “pie-house”) c. 1199. Relation to Medieval Latin pica, pia (“pie, pastry”) is unclear, as there are no similar terms found in any Romance languages; therefore, like Irish pióg (“pie”), the Latin term may have been simply borrowed from the English.
Some sources state the word comes from Latin pīca (“magpie, jay”) (from the idea of the many ingredients put into pies likened to the tendency of magpies to bring a variety of objects back to their nests), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“woodpecker; magpie”), though this has its controversies. However, if so, then it is a doublet of pica.

der

A paper plate covered in cream, shaving foam or custard that is thrown or rubbed in someone’s face for comical purposes, to raise money for charity, or as a form of political protest; a custard pie; a cream pie.

Did fed time outta town pie flipper / Turn Cristal into a crooked-I sipper

1997 January 3, “Can't Nobody Hold Me Down”performed by Sean Combs ft. Mase:

My weed smoke is my lye, a ki of coke is a pie / When I'm lifted I'm high, with new clothes on I'm fly

[1998 October 18, “Ebonics”performed by Big L:

I love the cutie pies, never the zootie pies

1999 July 13, “Discipline”performed by Gang Starr ft. Total:

(slang) A kilogram of drugs, especially cocaine.


pie

From Hindi पाहि (pāhi, “migrant farmer, passer-through”), from Sanskrit पार्श्व (pārśva, “side, vicinity”).

der

(zoology) Ellipsis of pie-dog: an Indian breed, a stray dog in Indian contexts.


pie

From Spanish pie (“foot, Spanish foot”), from Latin pēs (“foot, Roman foot”), from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Doublet of foot, pes, and pous.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 27.9 cm.


brown

en-verb

brown (third-person singular simple present browns, present participle browning, simple past and past participle browned)

browns (present singular third-person)
browning (participle present)
browned (participle past)
browned (past)

From Middle English broun, from Old English brūn (“brown; dark; dusky”), from Proto-West Germanic *brūn, from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH-. Doublet of bruin.
Cognates
* Dutch bruin
* German braun
* Ancient Greek φρύνη (phrúnē), φρῦνος (phrûnos, “toad”)
* Latin brunneus (“brown”)
* Lithuanian bė́ras (“brown”)
* Sanskrit बभ्रु (babhrú, “reddish-brown”)
* West Frisian brún

cog

the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

the browning of America

(demography, transitive, intransitive, slang, ethnic slur, usually derogatory, offensive) To turn progressively more Hispanic or Latino, in the context of the population of a geographic region.


minute

Tok Pisin: minit

→ Baluchi: منٹ (minaṭṭ)

→ Bengali: মিনিট (miniṭ)

→ Burmese: မိနစ် (mi.nac)

→ Central Dusun: minit

→ Chichewa: miniti

→ Fiji Hindi: minit

→ Fijian: miniti

→ Gujarati: મિનિટ (miniṭ)

→ Hausa: minti

→ Hindi: मिनट (minaṭ)

→ Indonesian: menit

→ Malay: minit

→ Malayalam: മിനിറ്റ് (miniṟṟŭ)

→ Maori: miniti

→ Marathi: मिनिट (miniṭ)

→ Nepali: मिनेट (mineṭ)

→ Odia: ମିନଟ (minaṭa)

→ Pashto: منټ (minëṭ)

→ Punjabi: ਮਿਨਟ (minaṭ)

→ Sinhalese: මිනිත්තුව (minittuwa)

→ Urdu: مِنَٹ (minaṭ)

From Middle English mynute, minute, mynet, from Old French minute, from Medieval Latin minūta (“60th of an hour; note”). Doublet of menu and menudo.

der

You have twenty minutes to complete the test.

A unit of time which is one sixtieth of an hour (sixty seconds).

Tell her, that I some Certainty may bring; / I go this minute to attend the king.

րոպե

unit of angular measure — see also minute of angle

Oh, I ain't heard that song in a minute!

“Man, I haven’t seen you in a minute,” he says, smiling still. “Maybe like two, three years ago?”

2010, Kenneth Ring, Letters from Palestine, page 18:

I seen Too$hort up there. Me and $hort ain't talked in a minute.

RON:I remember my first. I was a minute younger than you. […]I remember thinking, saying to myself..."This is the first time I'm eating as a person who killed someone."

2016 November 8, Ben Katai, Josh Corbin, Sharon Lennon, directed by Ben Katai, StartUp(Recapitalization) (StartUp (TV series)), season 1, episode 10 (TV), spoken by Ronald Dacey (Edi Gathegi):

(slang, US, Canada, dialectal) A while or a long unspecified period of time.


deal

From Middle English del, dele, from Old English dǣl (“part, share, portion”), from Proto-West Germanic *daili, from Proto-Germanic *dailiz (“part, deal”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰ(h₁)-oy-lo- (“part, watershed”). Cognate with Scots dele (“part, portion”), West Frisian diel (“part, share”), Dutch deel (“part, share, portion”), German Teil (“part, portion, section”), Danish, Slovene, and Swedish del (“part”), Icelandic deila (“division, contention”), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 (dails, “portion”). Related to Old English dāl (“portion”). More at dole.

cog

There is a vast deal of difference in memories, as well as in every thing else, and therefore you should make allowance for your cousin, and pity her deficiency.

1814 May 9, [Jane Austen], chapter II, in Mansfield Park: […], volume I, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 35:

There is a deal of obscurity concerning the identity of the species thus multitudinously baptized.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 32, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:

“They know our boats will stand up to their work,” said Willison, “and that counts for a good deal. A low estimate from us doesn't mean scamped work, but just that we want to keep the yard busy over a slack time.”

1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, chapter 3, in Well Tackled!:

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013 June 7, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 36:

(often followed by of) An indefinite quantity or amount; a lot (now usually qualified by great or good).


deal

en-verb

deal (third-person singular simple present deals, present participle dealing, simple past and past participle dealt or (nonstandard) dealed)

deals (present singular third-person)
dealing (participle present)
dealt (participle past)
dealt (past)
dealed (nonstandard participle past)
dealed (nonstandard past)

From Middle English delen, from Old English dǣlan (“to divide, part”), from Proto-West Germanic *dailijan, from Proto-Germanic *dailijaną (“to divide, part, deal”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰail- (“part, watershed”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian diele (“to divide, separate”), Dutch delen, German teilen, Swedish dela; and with Lithuanian dalinti (“divide”), Russian дели́ть (delítʹ).

cog

Wel said syr Uwayne go on your waye, and lete me dele.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IV, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

(obsolete, intransitive) To take action; to act.

syöttää

baseball slang: to pitch — see also pitch


deal

en-noun

deal (countable and uncountable, plural deals)

From Middle English dele (“plank”), from Middle Low German dele, from Old Saxon thili, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þiljǭ (“plank, board”); cognate with Old English þille. Doublet of thill.

It shall not be lawful for any person to land any timber, planks or board, deals, staves, tar, pitch, turpentine, rozin or other the commodities aforesaid, on any part of the present quays within the city of Bristol, from any vessel coming into the said port...

1819, Charles Pope, Practical abridgement of the laws of customs and excise, 5th edition, page CCXLIII:

Swedish deals from ports in the Baltic

1840, John Ramsey McCulloch, “Docks on the Thames (London)”, in A Dictionary Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, volume 1, Thomas Wardle, page 590:

1 deal (US) = 12 ft x 11 in. x 3/2 in. (E)

2003, François Cardarelli, Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights, and Measures, page 52:

(countable, archaic) A wooden board or plank, usually between 12 or 14 feet in length, traded as a commodity in shipbuilding.


product

product (countable and uncountable, plural products)

From Middle English product, from Latin prōductus, perfect participle of prōdūcō, first attested in English in the mathematics sense.

The product of 2 and 3 is 6.  The product of 2, 3, and 4 is 24.

(arithmetic) A quantity obtained by multiplication of two or more numbers.

multiplicative operation
multiplicative operation

(mathematics) Any operation or a result thereof which generalises multiplication of numbers, like the multiplicative operation in a ring, product of types or a categorical product.


abacus

From Late Middle English abacus, abagus, agabus (“abacus; art of counting with an abacus”), from Latin abacus, abax (“sideboard or table with a slab at the top; slab at the top of a column; counting board, sand table; board for playing games”) (compare Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)), from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ άβακος (ábax ábakos, “slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board”). Doublet of abaque.
The plural form abaci is reinforced from Latin abacī.

der

Harvard University
Houghton Library
Roman abacus

ABACUS, among the ancients, was a kind of cupboard or buffet. Livy, deſcribing the luxury into which the Romans degenerated after the conqueſt of Aſia, ſays they had their abaci, beds, &c. plated over with gold.

1817, “ABACUS”, in Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, 5th enlarged and improved edition, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed at the Encyclopædia Press, for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: Gale and Fenner; York, Yorkshire: Thomas Wilson and Sons, →OCLC, page 4, column 1:

The plate and nicknacks, always found in elegant Roman houses, were displayed on small one or three legged tables (trapezophoron), the slabs of which (abacus, a word which, like trapezophoron, is sometimes used for the whole table) had raised edges round them: several richly ornamented specimens of such tables have been found at Pompeii. Fig. 446 shows a small abacus resting on three marble legs, which has been found in the house of the "Little Mosaic-Fountain" at Pompeii.

1875, E[rnst Karl] Guhl, W[ilhelm David] Koner, “The Romans”, in F[rancis] Hueffer, transl., The Life of the Greeks and Romans, Described from Antique Monuments: Translated from the Third German Edition, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, § 89 (Tables.—Tripods), pages 446–447:

(Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, historical) A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments for holding bottles, cups, or the like; a kind of buffet, cupboard, or sideboard.

àbac

board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.


abbreviate

en-verb

abbreviate (third-person singular simple present abbreviates, present participle abbreviating, simple past and past participle abbreviated)

abbreviates (present singular third-person)
abbreviating (participle present)
abbreviated (participle past)
abbreviated (past)

From Middle English abbreviaten, from Latin abbreviātus, perfect passive participle of abbreviō (“to shorten”), formed from ab + breviō (“shorten”), from brevis (“short”). Alternatively, a back-formation from abbreviation. Doublet of abridge.

(transitive, mathematics) To reduce to lower terms, as a fraction.


abbreviation

en-noun

abbreviation (countable and uncountable, plural abbreviations)

First attested 1400–50. From Middle English abbreviacioun, from Middle French abreviation, from Ecclesiastical Latin abbreviātiō, from Latin ad + breviō (“shorten”), from brevis (“short”). By surface analysis, abbreviate + -ion.

(mathematics) Reduction to lower terms, as a fraction.


abelian

Name of the Norwegian mathematician Abel + -ian.

The interesting aspect here is that U₃ is irreducible, even though all irreps over the complexes are one-dimensional because ℤ₄ is abelian.

1996, Barry Simon, Representations of Finite and Compact Groups, page 50:

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(mathematics) Of an algebraic structure (usually a group or algebra), having a commutative defining operation.

(mathematics) Of a binary function, commutative.


abscissa

abscissa (plural abscissas or abscissae or abscissæ)

abscissas (plural)
abscissae (plural)
abscissæ (plural)

By ellipsis from Latin [linea] abscissa, feminine of abscissus, perfect passive participle of abscindō (“cut off”). See abscind.

Coordinate term: ordinate

The point (3,2) has 3 as its abscissa and 2 as its ordinate.

(geometry) The first of the two terms by which a point is referred to, in a system of fixed rectilinear coordinate (Cartesian coordinate) axes.

Coordinate term: ordinate

(geometry) The horizontal line representing an axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, on which the abscissa (sense above) is shown.


on

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *ana
Old English on
Middle English on
English on
From Middle English on, from Old English on, an (“on, upon, onto, in, into”), from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.
Cognate with North Frisian a (“on, in”), Saterland Frisian an (“on, at”), West Frisian oan (“on, at”), Dutch aan (“on, at, to”), Low German an (“on, at”), German an (“to, at, on”), Swedish å (“on, at, in”), Faroese á (“on, onto, in, at”), Icelandic á (“on, in”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana), Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “up, upon”), Albanian në (“in”); and from Old Norse upp á: Danish på, Swedish på, Norwegian på, see upon.

etymon

Southern US, Midland US, Philadelphia, Baltimore

a function on #92;mathbb#123;R#125;

(mathematics) Having as identical domain and codomain.

an operator on #92;mathbb#123;Z#125;

(mathematics) Having Vⁿ as domain and V as codomain, for the specified set V and some integer n.

mathematics: having V as both domain and codomain

mathematics: having Vn as domain and V as codomain

the free group on four letters

Twenty on three.


odd

en-adj

odd (not generally comparable, comparative odder, superlative oddest)

odder (comparative)
oddest (superlative)

From Middle English odde, od (“odd (not even); leftover after division into pairs”), from Old Norse oddi (“odd, third or additional number; triangle”), from oddr (“point of a weapon”), from Proto-Germanic *uzdaz (“point”), from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to stick, prick, pierce, sting”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to set, place”).
Cognate to Icelandic oddi (“triangle, point of land, odd number”), Swedish udda (“odd”), udd (“a point”), Danish od (“point of weapon””) and odde (“a headland, point”), Norwegian Bokmål odde (“a point”, “odd”, “peculiar”); related to Old English ord (“a point”). Doublet of ord ("point").

cog

The product of two odd numbers is also odd.

In their original article, Messrs Christie and Schultz found that in 70 of the 100 most heavily traded stocks, Nasdaq dealers avoided quoting prices in odd eighths of a dollar. Buyers were far more likely to quote shares at 28 1/2 or 28 3/4 than at 28 5/8.

1998 January 15, “Collusion in the Stockmarket”, in The Economist:

(mathematics, not comparable) Numerically indivisible by two.


odd

So let’s see. There are two evens here and three odds.

(mathematics, diminutive) An odd number.


leap

From Middle English lep, from Old English lēap (“basket”), from Proto-West Germanic *laup, from Proto-Germanic *laupaz (“container, basket”). Cognate with Icelandic laupur (“basket”).


absorbing

en-adj

absorbing (comparative more absorbing, superlative most absorbing)

more absorbing (comparative)
most absorbing (superlative)

/əbˈzɔː.bɪŋ/

/əbˈsɔː.bɪŋ/

/æbˈzɔɹ.bɪŋ/

/æbˈsɔɹ.bɪŋ/

/əbˈzɔɹ.bɪŋ/

/əbˈsɔɹ.bɪŋ/

(statistics, of a state) Allowing a process to enter it, but not to leave it.


accidental

accidental (comparative more accidental, superlative most accidental)

more accidental (comparative)
most accidental (superlative)

From Middle English accidental, from Anglo-Norman accidentel, Middle French accidentel, accidental, and their source, Late Latin accidēntālis; corresponding to accident + -al.

(geometry) Being a double point with two distinct tangent planes in 4-dimensional projective space.


definition

en-noun

definition (countable and uncountable, plural definitions)

From Middle English diffinicioun, from Middle French definition, from Latin dēfīnītiō, from dēfīniō. Equivalent to define + -ition.

(mathematics) A statement that establishes the referent of a term or notation.


color

en-verb

color (third-person singular simple present colors, present participle coloring, simple past and past participle colored)

colors (present singular third-person)
coloring (participle present)
colored (participle past)
colored (past)

From Middle English colour, color, borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Old French colour, color, from Latin color. Doublet of couleur.
Displaced English blee, Middle English blee (“color”), from Old English blēo. Also partially replaced Old English hīew (“color”) and its descendants (English hue), which is less often used in this sense.
The spelling color was popularized in modern American English by Noah Webster, to match the spelling of the word's Latin etymon, and make all American spellings of the derivatives consistent (colorimeter, coloration, colorize, colorless, etc).

Can this graph be 2-colored?

You can color any map with four colors.

(mathematics, graph theory) To assign colors to the vertices of a graph (or the regions of a map) so that no two vertices connected by an edge (regions sharing a border) have the same color.

färglägga

mathematics: assign distinct colors to the vertices or regions of


lens

en-noun

lens (plural lenses or (obsolete) lens or (rare) lentes)

lenses (plural)
lens (obsolete plural)
lentes (plural rare)

→ Bengali: লেন্স (lenś)

→ Turkish: lens

Borrowed from Latin lēns (“lentil”), with Medieval Latin later taking on the sense of “lens”, a semantic loan from Arabic عَدْسَة (ʕadsa, “lentil; optic lens”).

semantic loan

(geometry) A convex shape bounded by two circular arcs, joined at their endpoints, the corresponding concave shape being a lune.

lens

geometry: convex shape bounded by two circular arcs


star

Sranan Tongo: stari
Aukan: sitali

→ Finnish: stara

→ French: star

→ German: Star

→ Italian: star

→ Swahili: staa

From Middle English sterre, from Old English steorra (“star”), from Proto-West Germanic *sterrō, variant of *sternō, from Proto-Germanic *sternô, *sternǭ (“star”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”). Doublet of aster, stella, étoile, and estoile.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots starn, ster, North Frisian steer, West Frisian stjer, Saterland Frisian Stiern, Dutch ster, Luxembourgish Stär, German Stern, Yiddish שטערן (shtern), Vilamovian śtaom, Swedish stjärna, Norwegian stjerne, Icelandic stjarna, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō), Spanish estrella, Portuguese estrela, Italian stella, Romanian stea, Occitan estela, Venetan stéła, Sicilian stidda, Sardinian isteddu, Mirandese streilha, Walloon sitoele, Romansch staila, Megleno-Romanian steau̯ă, Istriot stila, Istro-Romanian ste, Latin stēlla, Greek αστέρι (astéri), Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr), Old Armenian աստղ (astł), Persian ستاره (setâre), Tajik ситора (sitora), Pashto ستوری (storay), Mazanderani اساره (ëssâre), Northern Kurdish stêr, Central Kurdish ئەستێرە (estêre), Zazaki astare, Ossetian стъалы (st’aly), Hindi तारा (tārā), Urdu تارا (tārā), Punjabi ਤਾਰਾ (tārā), Gujarati તારો (tāro), Sanskrit तारा (tārā).

аеҵǝа

a celestial body appearing as a point of light on the clear night sky, whose position is relatively fixed with respect to each other

(astronomy) A spheroid of plasma with sufficient gravity to fuse hydrogen or heavier elements into heavier elements still. Depending on context the Sun may or may not be included.

نَجْم

(astronomy) a luminous celestial body made of plasma

(geometry) A concave polygon with regular, pointy protrusions and indentations, usually with four, five, or six points.

single point of failure
single point of failure

(networking) A network topology with multiple computers individually merging to one central switch, thus free of risk of collisions. A single point of failure can occur if the switch experiences corruption.


sky

The noun is derived from Middle English ski, skie, sky (“firmament, heavens, sky; cloud; cloud of mist or vapour; fog, mist; (astrology) certain configuration of the heavens; (astronomy) sphere of the celestial realm; (physiology) cloudiness, smoky residue (for example, in urine)”) [and other forms], from Old Norse ský (“cloud”), from Proto-Germanic *skiwją (“cloud; sky”), from *skiwô (“cloud; cloud cover, haze; sky”) (whence Old English sċēo (“cloud”) and Middle English skew (“air; sky; (rare) cloud”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover; to conceal, hide”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
The English word is cognate with Old English scēo (“cloud”), Old Saxon scio, skio, skeo (“light cloud cover”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian Bokmål sky (“cloud”), Old Irish ceo (“mist, fog”), Irish ceo (“mist, fog”). It is also related to Old English scūa (“shadow, darkness”), Latin obscūrus (“dark, shadowy”), Sanskrit स्कुनाति (skunāti, “he covers”). See also hide, hose, house, hut, shoe.

nb...

schi, schie, schye, sci, scki, scky, scy, skei, skiʒe, skiȝe, sky, skye, (Early Middle English) skige

cog

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

(mathematics, theoretical physics) The set of all lightlike lines (or directions) passing through a given point in space-time.

wà

clearer sky with no clouds or equivalent to blue sky.

небе́сная сфе́ра

set of all lightlike lines passing through a given point in space-time


zero

en-noun

zero (countable and uncountable, plural zeros or zeroes)

pole

antonym(s) of “value of a function's variables at zero”

From French zéro, from Italian zero, from Medieval Latin zephirum, from Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr, “nothing, cipher”), itself calqued from Sanskrit शून्य (śūnya, “void, nothingness”). Doublet of cipher and chiffre.

der

The zeroes of a polynomial are its roots by the fundamental theorem of algebra.

The derivative of a continuous, differentiable function that twice crosses the axis must have a zero.

The nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function may all lie on the critical line.

As the next example shows, the set of zeros may well have a limit point not belonging to the domain.

2006, Ivan Francis Wilde, Lecture Notes on Complex Analysis, Imperial College Press, page 153:

independent variable
independent variable

(mathematics) A value of the independent variables of a function, for which the function is equal to zero.

nulpunkt

value of a function’s independent variables when the value of the function is zero

Since a commutative zero is the inverse of any additive identity, it must be unique when it exists.

The zero (of a ring or field) has the property that the product of the zero with any element yields the zero.

The quotient ring over a maximal ideal is a field with a single zero element.

(mathematics, algebra) The additive identity element of a monoid or greater algebraic structure, particularly a group or ring.


number

Tok Pisin: namba

→ Brunei Malay: numbur

→ Burmese: နံပါတ် (nampat)

→ Hindustani: नंबर (nambar) / نمبر (nambar)

→ Japanese: ナンバー (nanbā)

→ Kikuyu: namba

→ Malay: nombor

Indonesian: nomor

→ Maori: nama

→ Navajo: námboo

→ Papiamentu: number

→ Palauan: lambang

→ Swahili: nambari, namba

→ Yoruba: nọ́ḿbà

From Middle English number, nombre, numbre, noumbre, from Anglo-Norman noumbre, Old French nombre, from Latin numerus (“number”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to divide”). Compare Saterland Frisian Nummer, Nuumer, West Frisian nûmer, Dutch nummer (“number”), German Nummer (“number”), Danish nummer (“number”), Swedish nummer (“number”), Icelandic númer (“number”). Replaced Middle English ȝetæl and rime, more at tell, tale and rhyme.

رَقْم

used to show the rank of something in a list or sequence

The equation e#123;i#92;pi#125;#43;1#61;0 includes the most important numbers: 1, 0, #92;pi, i, and e.

hypercomplex numbers
hypercomplex numbers

(countable, mathematics) An element of one of several sets: natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers, complex numbers, and sometimes extensions such as hypercomplex numbers, etc.


lightspeed

en-noun

lightspeed (countable and uncountable, plural lightspeeds)

If we're going to a world a hundred light-years from here at near lightspeed, we spend according to our own perceptions, only a few minutes doing so and arrive only a few minutes older.

1994, Ursula K. Le Guin, A Fisherman of the Inland Sea, Victor Gollancz (UK), published 1996, →ISBN, page 7:

He paused, then finished, “with the drive from the Linz, he can do over 500 lightspeeds to meet us.

2005, W. Strawn Douglas, Oracle And Other Stories, page 134:

The speed of light (in vacuum unless another medium is specified).


Frankenstein complex

Frankenstein complex (plural Frankenstein complexes)

Coined by American science fiction author Isaac Asimov in 1947 in his novelette Little Lost Robot. From Victor Frankenstein, the title character of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein.

coin

I'll admit that this Frankenstein Complex you're exhibiting has a certain justification—hence the First Law in the first place.

1947 March, Isaac Asimov, “Little Lost Robot”, in Astounding Science Fiction, volume 39, number 1, page 116:

Mr. Graf, you're still disturbed. You sure you're not harboring just a little of the old Frankenstein complex about all this? It's all right to admit it to me—in fact, I want you to talk about it.

1987 December, Lois McMaster Bujold, “Falling Free”, in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, volume 108, number 13, page 30:

The central character of Mary Shelley's novel by the same name 'Frankenstein' is used as an adjective in a variety of biomedical contexts, eg Frankenstein complex The fear that machines via artificial intelligence may replace physicians

1992, Joseph C. Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, →ISBN, page 234:

No wonder Gibson introduces the Turing Registry agents in Neuromancer, representatives of cyberpunk's own apparent Frankenstein Complex: “For thousands of years men dreamed of pacts with demons. Only now are such things possible.[…]”

2010, Graham J. Murphy, Sherryl Vint, editors, Beyond Cyberpunk: New Critical Perspectives, Routledge, →ISBN, page 197:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

The fear that an artificial intelligence will turn against humans.


one

Bahamian Creole: wan

Belizean Creole: wan

Bislama: wan

Gullah: one

Jamaican Creole: wan

Nigerian Pidgin: wọ́n, wọn

Sranan Tongo: wan

Tok Pisin: wan

→ Atong (India): wan

→ Fanagalo: wan

PIE word
 *h₁óynos
From Middle English oon, on, oan, an, from Old English ān (“one”), from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz (“one”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“single, one”).
Cognate with Scots ae, ane, wan, yin (“one”); North Frisian ån (“one”); Saterland Frisian aan (“one”); West Frisian ien (“one”); Dutch een, één (“one”); German Low German een; German ein, eins (“one”); Danish en (“one”); Swedish en (“one”); Norwegian Nynorsk ein (“one”), Icelandic einn (“one”); Latin ūnus (“one”) (Old Latin oinos); Russian оди́н (odín), Spanish uno. Doublet of a, an, and Uno.
The use as an indefinite personal pronoun may have been influenced by unrelated French on, although the Germanic languages widely use cognates for the same sense (usually in non-subject function, but also in subject function, e.g. Luxembourgish een).
Verb form from Middle English onen.

inh

see for numerical forms in other scripts

one's damned if one does and one's damned if one doesn't

(number theory) The first positive number in the set of natural numbers.

(set theory) The cardinality of the smallest nonempty set.

(mathematics) The ordinality of an element which has no predecessor, usually called first or number one.


one

(mathematics) The identity element with respect to multiplication in a ring.


Roman numeral

A numeral represented using a Roman system involving the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M.


second

From Middle English secunde, second, secound, secund, borrowed from Old French second, seond, from Latin secundus (“following, next in order”), from root of sequor (“I follow”), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Doublet of secund and secundo. Displaced native twoth and partially displaced native other (from Old English ōþer (“other; next; second”)).

noncog

Many packs have a sixer's council where the sixers, and sometimes the seconds, meet with Akela and some of the other leaders.

1995, Boy Scouts of Canada. National Council, The Cub Book:

A Cub Scout appointed to assist the sixer.


second

From Middle English secunde, seconde, borrowed from Old French seconde, from Medieval Latin secunda, short for secunda pars minuta (“second diminished part (of the hour)”).

A unit of time historically and commonly defined as a sixtieth of a minute which the International System of Units more precisely defines as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of caesium-133 in a ground state at a temperature of absolute zero and at rest.

асекунда

one-sixtieth of a minute; SI unit of time


millisecond

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

2012 January, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-11-14, page 23:

The suggestion that pulsars were rotating neutron stars was put forth independently by Thomas Gold and Franco Pacini in 1968, and was soon proven beyond reasonable doubt by the discovery of a pulsar with a very short (33-millisecond) pulse period in the Crab nebula.ᵂ

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻³ seconds. Symbol: ms


bit

From Middle English bitte, bite, from Old English bita (“bit; fragment; morsel”) and bite (“a bite; cut”), from Proto-Germanic *bitô and *bitiz; both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”). More at bite.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian bit, Saterland Frisian Bit, Dutch bit, German Low German Beet, Biet, German Biss and Bissen, Danish bid, Swedish bit, Icelandic biti.

der

I trusted to the Lord to be with me; and at one of our trips to St. Eustatia, a Dutch island, I bought a glass tumbler with my half bit, and when I came to Montserrat I sold it for a bit, or sixpence.

1789, Olaudah Equiano, chapter 6, in The Interesting Narrative, volume I:

Applied to a various small units of currency and coins.

(historical) A unit of currency and coin of the British West Indies worth six black dogs, originally equal to one-eighth of a Spanish dollar but later increasingly debased to one tenth, one eleventh, one twelfth, etc.

(historical) A unit of currency of the Dutch West Indies in the early 20th century, worth one fifth of a cent.


bit

Coined by John Tukey in 1946 as an abbreviation of binary digit, probably influenced by connotations of “small portion”. First used in print 1948 by Claude Shannon. Compare byte and nybble, with similar food associations.

(mathematics, computing) A binary digit, generally represented as a 1 or 0.

status bits on IRC

permission bits in a file system

(information theory, cryptography) Any datum that may take on one of exactly two values.

bit

information theory: datum that may take on one of exactly two values

The researchers found that the original texts spanned a variety of entropy values in different languages, reflecting differences in grammar and structure.
But strangely, the difference in entropy between the original, ordered text and the randomly scrambled text was constant across languages. This difference is a way to measure the amount of information encoded in word order, Montemurro says. The amount of information lost when they scrambled the text was about 3.5 bits per word.

2011 May 17, Lisa Grossman, “Entropy Is Universal Rule of Language”, in Wired Science, retrieved 2012-09-26:

(information theory) A unit of measure for information entropy.

bito

information theory: unit of measure for information entropy


point

en-noun

point (countable and uncountable, plural points)

→ Cantonese: point

→ Indonesian: poin

→ Japanese: ポイント (pointo)

→ Korean: 포인트 (pointeu)

From Middle English poynt, from Old French point m (“dot; minute amount”), from Latin pūnctum (“a hole punched in; a point, puncture”), substantive use of pūnctus m, perfect passive participle of pungō (“I prick, punch”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ- (“prick, punch”)); alternatively, from Old French pointe f (“sharp tip”), from Latin pūncta f (past participle). Displaced native Middle English ord (“point”), from Old English ord (“point”). Doublet of pointe, punctum, punt, and punto.

kärki

position at the front or vanguard of an advancing force

decimal point

not used when reading decimal fractions aloud

10.5 is "ten point five", or ten and a half.

(mathematics) A decimal point (now especially when reading decimal fractions aloud).

desimale punt

arithmetic: decimal point (note: many languages use a comma (',') rather than a dot as a decimal point, and hence the translations into these languages reflect this.)

(mathematics, sciences) A zero-dimensional mathematical object representing a location in one or more dimensions; something considered to have position but no magnitude or direction.


point

en-verb

point (third-person singular simple present points, present participle pointing, simple past and past participle pointed)

points (present singular third-person)
pointing (participle present)
pointed (participle past)
pointed (past)

From Middle English pointen, poynten, from Old French pointier, pointer, poynter, from point from Latin pūnctum.

(transitive, mathematics) To separate an integer from a decimal with a decimal point.

(transitive, Internet) To direct requests sent to a domain name to the IP address corresponding to that domain name.


metric

From French métrique (1864), from New Latin metricus (“pertaining to the system based on the meter”), from metrum (“a meter”); see meter.

der

(mathematics, physics) Of or relating to distance.


metric

As we shall see, these metrics are constructed from a Green function.

2000, Lutz Habermann, Riemannian Metrics of Constant Mass and Moduli Spaces of Conformal Structures:

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis) A function which satisfies a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize the notion of the distance between two points. Formally, a real-valued function d on M×M, where M is a set, is called a metric if (1) d(x,y)=0 if and only if x=y, (2) d(x,y)=d(y,x) for all pairs (x,y), and (3) d obeys the triangle inequality.


transfinite

From German transfinit, coined by Georg Cantor, equivalent to trans- + finite.

(mathematics) Relating to transfinite numbers.


uncountable

The reasons for our failure were as uncountable as the grains of sand on a beach.

Mr. Chambre has since spent uncountable hours and even more uncountable dollars buying upward of 23,000 documents, and he figures to be just hitting speed.

1988 July 13, Douglas Martin, “About New York; Tasting History Through Papers That Age Well”, in The New York Times:

So many as to be incapable of being counted.

Cantor’s “diagonal proof” shows that the set of real numbers is uncountable.

(mathematics) Incapable of being put into one-to-one correspondence with the natural numbers or any subset thereof.

ontelbaar

mathematics: incapable of being enumerated by natural numbers

Many languages do not distinguish countable nouns from uncountable nouns.

One meaning in law of the usually uncountable noun "information" is used in the plural and is countable.

(grammar, of a noun) That cannot be used freely with numbers or the indefinite article, and therefore usually takes no plural form. Example: information.

անհաշվելի

linguistics: about a noun which cannot be counted


uncountable

But inherent uncountables such as 'stuffs' can be conceptualized in two different ways, depending on whether they are viewed in terms of quantity or in terms of quality.

1988, Anna Wierzbicka, The Semantics of Grammar, page 440:


transitive

From Latin trānsitīvus, from trānsitus, from trāns (“across”) + itus, from eō (“to go”).

"Is an ancestor of" is a transitive relation: if Alice is an ancestor of Bob, and Bob is an ancestor of Carol, then Alice is an ancestor of Carol.

(set theory, of a relation on a set) Having the property that if an element a is related to b and b is related to c, then a is necessarily related to c.

(algebra, of a group action) Such that, for any two elements of the acted-upon set, some group element maps the first to the second.

(graph theory, of a graph) Such that, for any two vertices there exists an automorphism which maps one to the other.


singular

en-adj

singular (comparative more singular, superlative most singular)

more singular (comparative)
most singular (superlative)

From Middle English singuler, from Old French, from Latin singulāris (“alone of its kind”), from Latin singulus (“single”).

(linear algebra, of matrix) Having no inverse.

singulær

linear algebra: of matrix: having no inverse

(linear algebra, of transformation) Having the property that the matrix of coefficients of the new variables has a determinant equal to zero.

(set theory, of a cardinal number) Not equal to its own cofinality.


pencil

Tok Pisin: pensil

→ Bole: pensur

→ Central Dusun: pinsil

→ Central Melanau: pisil

→ Dhivehi: ފަންސުރު (fan̊suru)

desc

→ Gulf Arabic: بِنْسِل (pinsil, binsil) (obsolete)

→ Hausa: fensir

→ Hindi: पेंसिल (pensil), पेन्सिल (pensil)

→ Iban: pinsil

→ Indonesian: pènsil

→ Maguindanao: pinsil

or via Tok Pisin <i class="Latn mention" lang="tpi">pensil</i>

→ Maia: pensil (or via Tok Pisin pensil)

→ Malay: pensel

→ Malayalam: പെൻസിൽ (peṉsil)

→ Marshallese: pinjeļ

→ Pennsylvania German: Bensil

→ Scottish Gaelic: peansail

→ Swahili: penseli

→ Swazi: ípénseli

→ Tagalog: pensil

→ Tausug: pinsil

→ Telugu: పెన్సిలు (pensilu)

→ Welsh: pensil, pensel

→ Xhosa: ípénsile

→ Yoruba: pẹ́ńsù

From Anglo-Norman and Old French pincil (see the variant pincel, which gave rise to Modern French pinceau (“paintbrush”)), from Latin pēnicillum, diminutive of pēniculus (“brush”), itself a diminutive of pēnis (“tail; penis”). Not related to pen.

When, by the pencil becoming oblique to the surface, the vergency produced on the pencil becomes changed, the primary and secondary focal points, V and H, separate […]

1863, The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal:

A drillable robot is capable of placing its end link in any orientation in the pencil of planes containing its first link.

1987, R. E. Trahan, Applied Identification, Modelling and Simulation, page 107:

Let l and m be two hyperparallel lines. All the transversals to l and m that form congruent corresponding angles with l and m lie in a pencil.

2012, G. E. Martin, The Foundations of Geometry and the Non-Euclidean Plane, page 357:

(geometry) A family of geometric objects with a common property, such as the set of lines that pass through a given point in a projective plane.


and

Inherited from Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian en (“and”), West Frisian en, in (“and”), Yiddish און (un, “and”), Low German un (“and”), Dutch en (“and”), German und (“and”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic and Norwegian enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”). Doublet of an ("if").

cog

(unstressed form, also for some speakers stressed form) end

-и

used to connect two similar words, phrases, et cetera

-kä (in a negative clause; prefixed with a negation verb)

en

used to string together sentences or sentence fragments in chronological order

as well as

used to connect two similar words or phrases

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

well-formed formulas
well-formed formula

(mathematics, logic) Connecting two well-formed formulas to create a new well-formed formula that requires it to only be true when both of the two formulas are true.


apple

qualifier

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">apples</i>

→ Abenaki: aples (< apples)

→ Arikara: ápos (< apples)

→ Assamese: আপেল (apel)

→ Bengali: আপেল (apel)

→ Dhivehi: އާފަލު (āfalu)

→ East Futuna: apo

→ Fijian: yapolo

→ Fiji Hindi: aapul

→ Finnish: äpyli

→ Malay: epal (Malaysia)

→ Malayalam: ആപ്പിൾ (āppiḷ)

→ Maori: āporo

→ Marshallese: abōļ

→ Sinhalese: ඇපල් (æpal)

→ Sotho: apole

Sylheti: ꠀꠄꠚꠟ (aefól)

→ Tamil: ஆப்பிள் (āppiḷ)

→ Telugu: ఆపిల్ (āpil)

desc

→ Thai: แอปเปิล (ɛ́p-bpə̂n)

→ Thai: แอปเปิล (ɛ́p-bpə̂n)

→ Tokelauan: apu

→ Tok Pisin: apel

→ Yurok: 'erplers (< apples)

Book of Genesis
Frans Floris
Malmö Art Museum
The Fall of Man

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl
Proto-Germanic *aplaz
Proto-West Germanic *applu
Old English æppel
Middle English appel
English apple
The noun is derived from Middle English appel (“Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; (Christianity) forbidden fruit in Eden”), from Old English æppel (“apple; any type of fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; eyeball”), from Proto-West Germanic *applu (“apple; any type of fruit”), from Proto-Germanic *aplaz (“apple; any type of fruit”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, *h₂ébl̥ (“apple”).
As regards sense 1.4 (“forbidden fruit”), the type of fruit eaten by Adam and Eve is not identified in the Book of Genesis in the Bible. It may have come to be identified with the apple because of the similarity between Latin mālum (“apple”) and malum (“evil; misery, torment; wrongdoing”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
Cognate with Danish æble, Dutch appel, German Apfel, Irish úll, Lithuanian óbuolỹs, Russian я́блоко (jábloko), Scots aipple, Swedish äpple, Welsh afal, West Frisian apel, possibly Ancient Greek ἄμπελος (ámpelos, “vine”).

ref

From the collection of the Malmö Art Museum in Malmö, Scania, Sweden.

omena

something which resembles the fruit of Malus domestica

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

Coordinate term: lemon

surface of revolution
surface of revolution

A common, firm, round fruit produced by a tree of the genus Malus.

Something which resembles the fruit of Malus domestica (sense 1.1) in shape (such as a ball, breast, or globe) or colour.

(geometry) The surface of revolution of a circular arc of an angle greater than 180° rotated about the straight line passing through the arc's two endpoints.


open

en-adj

open (comparative more open or (phonetics) opener, superlative most open or (phonetics) openest)

more open (comparative)
opener (comparative)
most open (superlative)
openest (superlative)

closed-source

antonym(s) of “with a free license and no proprietary components”

Adjective from Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opan, from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”).
Cognates
* Scots apen (“open”)
* Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”)
* West Frisian iepen (“open”)
* Dutch open (“open”)
* Low German open, apen (“open”)
* German offen (“open”)
* Danish åben (“open”)
* Swedish öppen (“open”)
* Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”)
* Icelandic opinn (“open”)
 Compare also Latin supinus (“on one's back, supine”), Albanian hap (“to open”). Related to up.
Verb from Middle English openen, from Old English openian (“to open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opanōn, from Proto-Germanic *upanōną (“to raise; lift; open”), from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”, adjective). Cognate with Saterland Frisian eepenje (“to open”), West Frisian iepenje (“to open”), Dutch openen (“to open”), German öffnen (“to open”), Danish åbne (“to open”), Swedish öppna (“to open”), Norwegian Bokmål åpne (“to open”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic opna (“to open”). Related to English up.
Noun from Middle English open (“an aperture or opening”), from the verb. In the sports sense, however, a shortening of “open competition”.

inh

at church every time the doors swing open

(graph theory, of a walk) Having different first and last vertices.

(mathematics, logic, of a formula) Having a free variable.

(mathematics, topology, of a set) Which is part of a predefined collection of subsets of X, that defines a topological space on X.

obert

math: which is part of a predefined collection of subsets


AA

en-noun

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

arithmetic average
arithmetic average#English

(statistics) Initialism of arithmetic average.


big

en-adj

big (comparative bigger, superlative biggest)

bigger (comparative)
biggest (superlative)

Inherited from Northern Middle English big, bigge (“powerful, strong”), possibly from a dialect of Old Norse. Ultimately perhaps a derivative of Proto-Germanic *bugja- (“swollen up, thick”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bu- (“to swell”), in which case big would be related to bogey, bugbear, and bug.
Compare dialectal Norwegian bugge (“great man”), Low German Bögge, Boggelmann.

der

talk to Ralph on the big white telephone

Gosh, she is big!


take

en-verb

take (third-person singular simple present takes, present participle taking, simple past took, past participle taken or (archaic or Scotland) tane)

takes (present singular third-person)
taking (participle present)
took (past)
taken (participle past)
tane (Scotland archaic participle past)
take (infinitive)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Middle English taken (“to take, lay hold of, grasp, strike”), from Old English tacan (“to grasp, touch”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse taka (“to touch, take”), from Proto-Germanic *tēkaną (“to touch”), from pre-Germanic *deh₁g- (“to touch”), possibly a phonetically altered form of Proto-Indo-European *te-th₂g- (“to touch, take”) (see there for details).
Cognate with Scots tak, Icelandic and Norwegian Nynorsk taka (“to take”), Norwegian Bokmål ta (“to take”), Swedish ta (“to take”), Danish tage (“to take, seize”), Middle Dutch taken (“to grasp”), Dutch taken (“to take; grasp”), Middle Low German tacken (“to grasp”). English thack may be from the same root. Compare tackle. Unrelated to Lithuanian tèkti (“to receive, be granted”), which is instead cognate with English thig.
Gradually displaced Middle English nimen (“to take”; see nim), from Old English niman (“to take”).

unést

to support or carry without failing or breaking

The function takes two arguments, an array of size n and an integer k.

(transitive) To accept as an input to a relation.

(transitive, mathematics, computing) To accept (zero or more arguments).

To accept as an input to a relation.
To accept (zero or more arguments).


add

en-verb

add (third-person singular simple present adds, present participle adding, simple past and past participle added)

adds (present singular third-person)
adding (participle present)
added (participle past)
added (past)
add (infinitive)

From Middle English adden, from Latin addō (“add, give unto”), from ad (“to”) + dō (“give”).

He adds rapidly.

(intransitive, mathematics) To perform the arithmetical operation of addition.


TDMA

(mathematics) Initialism of tridiagonal matrix algorithm.


frequency

en-noun

frequency (countable and uncountable, plural frequencies)

From Latin frequentia, from frequens. English equivalent frequent + -cy.

תדר

used for a radio station or a two-way radio device

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 136. Frequency

(statistics) number of times an event occurred in an experiment (absolute frequency)


nanosecond

Since the tiny magnetic domains have to travel only submolecular distances, it is possible to read and write magnetic regions with different polarization as quickly as a single nanosecond — far faster than existing storage technologies.

2007 September 11, John Markoff, “Redefining the Architecture of Memory”, in The New York Times:

“We were heavily involved in also trading: people on Wall Street were buying our stuff to save a few nanoseconds on the wire, the banks were doing crazy things like pulling the fibres under the Hudson taut to make them a little big shorter, to save a few nanoseconds between their datacentre and the stock exchange,” he said.

2023 March 26, Alex Hern, quoting Michael Kagan, “Cryptocurrencies add nothing useful to society, says chip-maker Nvidia”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻⁹ seconds. Symbol: ns


shrink

From Middle English schrynken, from Old English sċrincan, from Proto-Germanic *skrinkwaną. Cognate with Dutch schrinken (“to shrink”).
The sense “psychologist, psychotherapist” is a clipping of head-shrinker.

Assuming the retailer's shrink is average or below, and the owner is comfortable with the level of shrink, perhaps nothing more need be done except to maintain vigilance and to monitor the shrink for signs of emerging problems.

2011, Charles Sennewald, John Christman, Retail Crime, Security, and Loss Prevention: An Encyclopedic Reference, page 227:

(uncountable, business) Loss of inventory, for example due to shoplifting or not selling items before their expiration date.


gas

gas (countable and uncountable, plural gases or gasses)

New York City, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Baltimore

Coordinate term: Ether

gas fee

Gas is the fuel of Ethereum. Gas is not ether–it's a separate virtual currency with its own exchange rate against ether. Ethereum uses gas to control the amount of resources that transactions can use[…]

2018, Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN:

The average “gas fee” – transaction cost – of an Ethereum transaction is between US$85 and US $156, according to crypto.com data.

2021 November 6, Ben Butler, “Australian banks are opening up to cryptocurrency: what does it mean for you?”, in The Guardian:

(uncountable, cryptocurrencies) An internal virtual currency used in Ethereum to pay for certain operations, such as blockchain transactions.


translation

translation (countable and uncountable, plural translations)

From Middle English translacioun (“transfer, translation”), from Anglo-Norman translacioun, from Latin trānslātiō, from trānslāt-, the supine stem of trānsferō (“to transfer, transport, transform, translate”). Displaced native Old English wending.

inh

(countable, uncountable) The act of translating, in its various senses:

(physics, mathematics) A motion or compulsion to motion in a straight line without rotation or other deformation.

трансля́цыя

math, physics: motion without deformation or rotation

mathematical figures
mathematical figures

(mathematics) A relation between two mathematical figures such as a straight line where the coordinates of each point in one figure is a constant added to the coordinates of a corresponding point in the other figure.


feature

→ German: Feature

→ Ukrainian: фі́ча (fíča)

From Middle English feture, from Anglo-Norman feture, from Old French faiture, from Latin factūra, from Latin factus, from Latin faciō (“do, make”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”). Doublet of facture.

feature

long, prominent article or item in the media

Coordinate term: (output) parameter

MIT researchers are striving to improve the interpretability of features so decision makers will be more comfortable using the outputs of machine-learning models. Drawing on years of field work, they developed a taxonomy to help developers craft features that will be easier for their target audience to understand.

2022 June 30, Adam Zewe, “Building explainability into the components of machine-learning models”, in MIT News:

(statistics, machine learning) An individual measurable property or characteristic of a phenomenon being observed; the input of a model.


automatic

en-adj

automatic (comparative more automatic, superlative most automatic)

more automatic (comparative)
most automatic (superlative)
dubious (superlative)

→ Albanian: automatik

→ Malay: automatik

→ Pohnpeian: audomadik

[ˌɔː.ɾəˈmæɾ.ɪk]

[ˌɑː.ɾəˈmæɾ.ɪk]

[ˌɑː.ɾəˈmæɾ.ɪk]

From French automatique, from Ancient Greek αὐτόματον (autómaton), neuter of αὐτόματος (autómatos, “self-moving, moving of oneself, self-acting, spontaneous”), from αὐτός (autós, “self, myself”) + μέμαα (mémaa, “to wish eagerly, strive, yearn, desire”).

automatik

describing a firearm which fires continuously

(mathematics, of a group) Having one or more finite-state automata.


absolute

absolute (comparative more absolute or absoluter, superlative most absolute or absolutest)

more absolute (comparative)
absoluter (comparative)
most absolute (superlative)
absolutest (superlative)

conditional

antonym(s) of “free of restrictions, limitations, qualifications or conditions”

antonym(s) of “independent of references

First attested around 1380. From Middle English absolut, from Middle French absolut, from Latin absolūtus (“unconditional; unfettered; completed”), perfect passive participle of absolvō (“loosen, set free, complete”), from ab (“away”) + solvo (“to loose”). Influenced in part by Old French absolu. Compare absolve.

независим

grammar: not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence

categorical

absolute deviation

absolute square

mean absolute difference

(mathematics) As measured using an absolute value.

(mathematics) Indicating an expression that is true for all real numbers, or of all values of the variable; unconditional.


absolute

(geometry) In a plane, the two imaginary circular points at infinity; in space of three dimensions, the imaginary circle at infinity.


abundant

en-adj

abundant (comparative more abundant, superlative most abundant)

more abundant (comparative)
most abundant (superlative)

First attested about 1380. From Middle English abundaunt, habundaunt, aboundant, from Anglo-Norman abundant, from Old French abondant, from Latin abundāns, present participle of abundo (“to overflow, to abound”). Compare abound.

ample

see here for explanation of distinctions

(mathematics) Being an abundant number, i.e. less than the sum of all of its divisors except itself.


accent

en-noun

accent (countable and uncountable, plural accents)

From Middle English accent, from Medieval Latin accentus and Old French accent, acent, both from Latin accentus, past participle of accinō (“sing to, sing along”). The word accent had been borrowed into Old English already, but was lost and reborrowed in Middle English.

tongval

distinctive pronunciation associated with a region, social group, etc.

акце́нт

math: mark to distinguish magnitudes of similar kind

pilkku

geometry: mark indicating minutes and seconds of a degree


affix

Borrowed from Latin affixus, perfect passive participle of affigere (from ad- + figere), equivalent to ad- + fix.

affiks

linguistics: a bound morpheme added to a word’s stem

(mathematics) The complex number a+bi associated with the point in the Gauss plane with coordinates (a,b).

affix

mathematics: the complex number associated to a point


accumulator

From Latin accumulātor, agent noun of accumulō (“pile up”), accumulate + -or.

(cryptography) A one way membership function.


map

Shortening or back-formation of Middle English mappemounde, mapemounde (“world map”), from Old French mapamonde, from Medieval Latin mappa mundī, compound of Latin mappa (“napkin, cloth”) and mundus (“world”). See mop for more on the first component. Doublet of mop, nape, and nappe.

Let f be a map from ℝ to ℝ

(mathematics) A function, especially a function satisfying a certain property (e.g. continuity, linearity, etc.; see Usage notes).


map

en-verb

map (third-person singular simple present maps, present participle mapping, simple past and past participle mapped)

maps (present singular third-person)
mapping (participle present)
mapped (participle past)
mapped (past)

→ Swedish: mappa

картирам

to create a visual representation of a territory

f maps A to B, mapping every a∈A to f(a)∈B.

Equivalently: f:A→B,a↦f(a)

(mathematics, transitive, followed by a "to" phrase) To act as a function on something, taking it to something else.


index

en-noun

index (plural indexes or indices or (obsolete, in use in the 17th century) index's)

indexes (plural)
indices (plural)
index's (obsolete plural)

⇒ Chinese: 引得 (yǐndé)

→ Japanese: インデックス (indekkusu)

From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”); see indicate.

der

(mathematics) A raised suffix indicating a power.

степенен показател

mathematics: raised suffix indicating a power

The index of 2ℤ in ℤ is 2.

(algebra, index of a subgroup) The number of cosets that exist.


drink

en-noun

drink (countable and uncountable, plural drinks)

Tok Pisin: dring

→ Czech: drink

→ Danish: drink

→ Dutch: drink

→ Finnish: drinkki

→ French: drink

→ German: Drink

→ Italian: drink

→ Japanese: ドリンク (dorinku)

→ Polish: drink

→ Portuguese: drinque, drink

→ Swedish: drink

From Middle English drink, drinke (also as drinche, drunch), from Old English drynċ, from Proto-Germanic *drunkiz, *drankiz. Compare Dutch drank.

A drink of wine is about 5 ounces

And when (SUBJECT) was 55, would you say (he/she) drank more than, less than, or about 2 to 3 drinks a day?

1963, Vital and Health Statistics: Programs and collection procedures, page 125:


translationary

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-translationary.wav

(geometry) Pertaining to the shifting of coordinate axes.


derivative

/dɪˈɹɪvətɪv/

From Middle French dérivatif, from Latin dērīvātus, perfect passive participle of dērīvō (“to derive”). Related to derive; by surface analysis, derive + -ative.

The derivative of x² is 2x; if f(x)#61;x², then f'(x)#61;2x

(calculus) One of the two fundamental objects of study in calculus (the other being integration), which quantifies the rate of change, tangency, and other qualities arising from the local behavior of a function.

(Of a function of a single variable f(x)) The derived function of f(x): the function giving the instantaneous rate of change of f; equivalently, the function giving the slope of the line tangent to the graph of f. Written f'(x) or (df)/(dx) in Leibniz's notation, ̇f(x) in Newton's notation (the latter used particularly when the independent variable is time).

The derivative of f(x)#61;x³ at x#61;2 is 12.

The value of such a derived function for a given value of its independent variable: the rate of change of a function at a point in its domain.

(Of more general classes of functions) Any of several related generalizations of the derivative: the directional derivative, partial derivative, Fréchet derivative, functional derivative, etc.

differential operator
differential operator

(generally) The linear operator that maps functions to their derived functions, usually written D; the simplest differential operator.


thin

en-adj

thin (comparative thinner, superlative thinnest)

thinner (comparative)
thinnest (superlative)

From Middle English thinne, thünne, thenne, from Old English þynne, from Proto-West Germanic *þunnī, from Proto-Germanic *þunnuz (“thin”) – compare *þanjaną (“to stretch, spread out”) – from Proto-Indo-European *ténh₂us (“thin”), from *ten- (“to stretch”).
Cognate with German dünn, Dutch dun, West Frisian tin, Icelandic þunnur, Danish tynd, Swedish tunn, Latin tenuis, Irish tanaí, Welsh tenau, Latvian tievs, Polish cienki, Russian тонкий (tonkij), Sanskrit तनु (tanú, “thin”), Persian تنگ (tang, “narrow”). Doublet of tenuis. Also related to tenuous.

thin wire; thin string

Typically, osteoporosis causes the amount of trabecular bone to be reduced and the bone to become thinner, while the intertrabecular space enlarges and the interconnected structure of trabecular bone is disrupted.

2015 July 6, “Assessment of the Impact of Zoledronic Acid on Ovariectomized Osteoporosis Model Using Micro-CT Scanning”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

Very narrow in all diameters; having a cross section that is small in all directions.

բարակ

very narrow in all diameters; having a cross section that is small in all directions

The trees of a forest are thin; the corn or grass is thin.

Ferrara is very large, but extremely thin of people.

1705, J[oseph] Addison, Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

Scarce; not close, crowded, or numerous; not filling the space.

a thin disguise

Slight; small; slender; flimsy; superficial; inadequate; not sufficient for a covering.


ground

en-verb

ground (third-person singular simple present grounds, present participle grounding, simple past and past participle grounded)

grounds (present singular third-person)
grounding (participle present)
grounded (participle past)
grounded (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-der.
Proto-Germanic *grunduz
Old English grund
Middle English ground
English ground
From Middle English ground, from Old English grund, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz. Cognate with West Frisian grûn, Dutch grond and German Grund.

etymon

We design WikiChat (Figure 1) to ground LLMs using Wikipedia to achieve the following objectives. While LLMs tend to hallucinate, our chatbot should be factual.

2023, Sina J. Semnani, Violet Z. Yao, Heidi C. Zhang, Monica S. Lam, “WikiChat: A Few-Shot LLM-Based Chatbot Grounded with Wikipedia”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

(machine learning) To complement a machine learning model with relevant information it was not trained on.


picosecond

(metrology) An SI unit of time equal to 10⁻¹² seconds. Symbol: ps


kill

en-verb

kill (third-person singular simple present kills, present participle killing, simple past and past participle killed)

kills (present singular third-person)
killing (participle present)
killed (participle past)
killed (past)
kill (infinitive)

From Middle English killen, kyllen, cüllen (“to strike, beat, cut”), of obscure origin. Cognate with Scots kele, keil (“to kill”).
* Perhaps from Old English *cyllan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwulljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwuljaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to throw, hit, hurt by throwing”).
* Or, possibly a variant of Old English cwellan (“to kill, murder, execute”) (see quell).
* Or, from Old Norse kolla (“to hit on the head, harm”), related to Norwegian kylla (“to poll”), Middle Dutch kollen (“to knock down”), Icelandic kollur (“top, head”); see also coll, cole).
Compare also Saterland Frisian källe (“to hurt”), Middle Dutch kellen (“to kill, hurt”), Middle Low German kellen, killen (“to ache strongly, cause one great pain”), Middle High German kellen (“to torment; torture”).

cog

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

(mathematics, transitive, informal) To cause to assume the value zero.


Jacobian

From Jacobi + -an, after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, a German mathematician of the 19th century.

As a demonstration, we first establish the correctness of the Jacobian matrices for kinetic models of hydrogen, methane, ethylene, and isopentanol oxidation, then demonstrate the performance achievable on CPUs and GPUs using pyJac via matrix evaluation timing comparisons..

2016, Kyle E. Niemeyer, Nicholas J. Curtis, Chih-Jen Sung, “pyJac: analytical Jacobian generator for chemical kinetics”, in arXiv:

(calculus) A Jacobian matrix or its associated operator.

In terms of per-bit security, elliptic curves and Jacobians of genus 2 curves appear to be roughly equivalent. However, when it comes to efficient and side-channel-aware implementations, we see a curious divergence.

2015, Ping Ngai Chung, Craig Costello, Benjamin Smith, “Fast, uniform, and compact scalar multiplication for elliptic curves and genus 2 Jacobians with applications to signature schemes”, in arXiv:

(calculus) The determinant of such a matrix.


small

en-adj

small (comparative smaller, superlative smallest)

smaller (comparative)
smallest (superlative)

From Middle English smal, from Old English smæl (“small, narrow, slender”), from Proto-Germanic *smalaz (“small”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal-, *(s)mel- (“small, mean, malicious”). Cognate with Scots smal; sma (“small”); West Frisian smel (“narrow”); Dutch smal (“narrow”); German schmal (“narrow, small”); Low German small (“narrow”); Danish, Norwegian, Swedish smal (“narrow; thin; slender”); Latin malus (“bad”); Russian ма́лый (mályj, “small”).

inh

better to light one small candle than to curse the darkness

(of genitals)

Though over six feet tall, the man was very small and ashamed to undress.

Not large or big; insignificant; few in number.

Having a small penis, muscles, or other important body parts, regardless of overall body size.


cherry

→ Bengali: চেরি (ceri)

→ Burmese: ချယ်ရီ (hkyairi)

→ Cantonese: 車厘子 /车厘子 (ce¹ lei⁴ zi²)

→ Hindi: चेरी (cerī)

→ Japanese: チェリー (cherī)

→ Kapampangan: tiéri

→ Korean: 체리 (cheri)

→ Malay: ceri

Indonesian: ceri

→ Maori: tiere

→ Punjabi: ਚੈਰੀ f (cairī)

→ Spanish: cherry

→ Swahili: cheri

→ Urdu: چیری (cerī)

→ Thai: เชอร์รี (chəə-rîi)

From Middle English chery, cherie, chirie, from Anglo-Norman cherise (mistaken as a plural) and Old English ċiris, ċirse (“cherry”), both ultimately from Vulgar Latin ceresia, derived from Late Latin ceresium, cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry fruit”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin (the intervocalic σ suggests a pre-Greek origin for the word). Doublet of cerise and kirsch.

dwarf cherry

P. fruticosa, P. pumila; Exocarpus strictus

Non-isomorphism is detected whenever the algorithm finds a cherry v#95;1#92;inT#95;1

2004, Suleyman Cenk Sahinalp, S Muthukrishnan, Ugur Dogrusoz, Combinatorial Pattern Matching, Berlin […] : Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 210:

Step 3: Output the tree T. The edge lengths of T are determined recursively: If (x,y) is a cherry connected to node z as in Step 2

2005, Lior Pachter, Bernd Sturmfels, Algebraic Statistics for Computational Biology, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 74:

(graph theory) A subtree consisting of a node with exactly two leaves.

kahdesta lehtisolmusta koostuva alipuu

graph theory: subtree consisting of two nodes


prime number

composite number

antonym(s) of “natural number divisible only by itself and 1”

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every natural number greater than 1 can be factorized into prime numbers in a way that is unique up to the order in which the factors are written.

2007, James Alfred Walker, Julian Francis Miller, Predicting Prime Numbers Using Cartesian Genetic Programming, Marc Ebner, Michael O'Neill, Anikó Ekárt, Anna Isabel Esparcia-Alcázar, Leonardo Vanneschi (editors), Genetic Programming: 10th European Conference, EuroGP 2007, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 4445, page 215,
As the evolved solution for the first 16 prime numbers was capable of accepting inputs up to 31, we decided to extend the experiment to see how the solution generalised on 15 previously unseen inputs (just as we did with the integer-based approach). From the 15 unseen inputs, 7 of the predicted 15 outputs were prime numbers, which is just below 50%, indicating that the solution had learned something about "primeness" or favoured prime numbers.

The most common definition of a prime number used in school seems to be 'an integer whose only factors are one and itself', which unfortunately leaves open the question of whether one is itself a prime number. Until the nineteenth century, most mathematicians regarded one as a prime number – Henri Lebesgue (1875–1941) is often said to be the last professional mathematician to call one prime – so it is a little unfair to regard learners as silly for thinking this today, or for questioning why we do not now regard one as a prime number – it is still a good question.

2010, Colin Foster, Resources for Teaching Mathematics: 14-16, Continuum International Publishing Group, page 168:

Some poems, echoing the purpose of early poetic treatises on scientific principles, attempt to elucidate the mathematical concepts that underlie prime numbers. Others play with primes’ cultural associations. Still others derive their structure from mathematical patterns involving primes.

2013 July-August, Sarah Glaz, “Ode to Prime Numbers”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

(number theory) Any natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.

(obsolete, number theory) Any natural number (including 1) that is divisible only by itself and 1.

prime

natural number >1 divisible only by itself and 1

Eisenstein prime number without imaginary part

Wedderburn-Etherington number prime number


eighth

From Middle English eiȝtthe, from Old English eahtoþa, from Proto-Germanic *ahtudô.

agste

ordinal form of the number eight — see also 8th

huit

abbreviation VIII;after the name;in names of monarchs and popes


eighth

henry

for an eighth of an ounce of marijuana in the UK

epogdoon

a number greater by a ratio of nine to eight; 1+1⁄8

At midday he’d found an ageing eighth of hash in a drawer, a little bundle of cellophane.

2000, Zadie Smith, White Teeth, London: Penguin Books, published 2001, →ISBN, page 499:

(slang) An eighth of an ounce, or approximately 3.5 grams, of marijuana or other drugs.


tenth

From Middle English tenth, tenthe. Old English had tēoþa (origin of Modern English tithe), but the force of analogy to the cardinal number "ten" caused Middle English speakers to recreate the regular ordinal and re-insert the nasal consonant. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tehundô. Equivalent to ten (numeral) + -th (suffix forming ordinals).

af

My dear young lady, here I am for the tenth time.

a. 1776, Joseph Baretti, “Dialogue the Fortieth”, in Easy Phraseology for the Use of Those Persons Who Intend to Learn the Colloquial Part of the Italian Language, 1835 edition, Turin: Joseph Bocca, page 221:

These words are formed by the rusty iron point with which I write with difficulty in scrapings of soot and charcoal from the chimney, mixed with blood, in the last month of the tenth year of my captivity.

1859, Charles Dickens, “The Substance of the Shadow”, in A Tale of Two Cities, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, book III (The Track of a Storm), page 214:

The ordinal numeral form of ten; next in order after that which is ninth.

dix

abbreviation X;after the name;in names of monarchs and popes


tenth

(UK, law, historical, in the plural) A temporary aid issuing out of personal property, and granted to the king by Parliament; formerly, the real tenth part of all the movables belonging to the subject.

(machining) A tenth of a mil; a ten-thousandth of an inch.


young

en-verb

young (third-person singular simple present youngs, present participle younging, simple past and past participle younged)

youngs (present singular third-person)
younging (participle present)
younged (participle past)
younged (past)

Inherited from Middle English yong, yonge, from Old English ġeong, from Proto-West Germanic *jung, from Proto-Germanic *jungaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós, from *h₂yuh₁en- (“young”).

The aging (or younging) of a population refers to the fact that a population, as a unit of observation, is getting older (or younger).

1993, Jacob S. Siegel, A Generation of Change, page 5:

(informal or demography) To become or seem to become younger.

Medicare data was "younged" by a month to achieve conformity with the conventional completed ages recorded in the census.

1984, US Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, page 74:

(informal or demography) To cause to appear younger.


king

Tok Pisin: king

desc

⇒ American Sign Language: K@Shoulder K@Abdomen

→ Burmese: ကင် (kang)

→ Isubu: kinge

→ Japanese: キング (kingu)

→ Korean: 킹 (king)

→ Maori: kingi

→ Marshallese: kiin̄

→ Thai: คิง (king)

From Middle English king, kyng, from Old English cyng, cyning (“king”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz, *kunungaz (“king”), equivalent to kin + -ing. Doublet of cyning and knez.
Cognate with Scots keeng (“king”), North Frisian köning (“king”), West Frisian kening (“king”), Dutch koning (“king”), Low German Koning, Köning (“king”), German König (“king”), Danish konge (“king”), Norwegian konge, Swedish konung, kung (“king”), Icelandic konungur, kóngur (“king”), Polish ksiądz (“priest”), Russian князь (knjazʹ, “prince”), Old Church Slavonic кънѧѕь (kŭnędzĭ), Romanian chinez, Finnish kuningas (“king”), Estonian kuningas, Ingrian kunigas, Karelian kuninkas, Livvi kuńingas, Ludian kuńingas, Veps kuningaz, Võro kuning and Votic kunikaz. Eclipsed non-native Middle English roy (“king”) (Early Modern English roy), borrowed from Old French roi, rei, rai (“king”).
The verb is inherited from Middle English kyngen, *kingen (“To perform the duties of a king”), itself from the noun king, kyng.

Audio — the king

акрал

a male of a royal family who is the supreme ruler of his nation

in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

(graph theory) A vertex in a directed graph which can reach every other vertex via a path with a length of at most 2.


mouse

en-noun

mouse (plural mice or (computing) mouses)

→ Bengali: মাউস (maus)

→ Brazilian Portuguese: mouse

→ French: souris (semantic loan)

→ Georgian: მაუსი (mausi)

→ Italian: mouse

→ Japanese: マウス (mausu)

→ Korean: 마우스 (mauseu)

→ Romanian: mouse

→ Spanish: mouse

desc

→ Thai: เมาส์ (máo), เม้าส์ (máo)

→ Thai: เมาส์ (máo), เม้าส์ (máo)

→ Vietnamese: chuột (semantic loan)

From Middle English mous, from Old English mūs, from Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s.
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian mūs, Old Saxon mūs (German Low German Muus), Dutch muis, Old High German mūs (German Maus), Old Norse mús (Swedish mus, Danish mus, Norwegian mus, Icelandic mús, Faroese mús).
Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs), Latin mūs, Spanish mur, Armenian մուկ (muk), Old Church Slavonic мꙑшь (myšĭ) (Russian мышь (myšʹ)), Albanian mi, Persian موش (muš),Northern Kurdish mişk,Sanskrit मूष् (mūṣ).
The computing sense was coined by American engineer Bill English in 1965 and first used publicly in a publication titled "Computer-Aided Display Control", in reference to the similarity with the animal.

coin

the best laid plans of mice and men go oft astray

the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry

(set theory) A small model of (a fragment of) Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with desirable properties (depending on the context).


dual

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin dualis (“two”), from duo (“two”) + adjective suffix -alis.

(mathematics, physics) Exhibiting duality.

Accordingly, a hyperplane in the sample space is dual to a subspace in the variable space.

2012, Doug Fisher, Hans-J. Lenz, Learning from Data: Artificial Intelligence and Statistics V, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 81:

(linear algebra) Being the space of all linear functionals of (some other space).

Every category is dual to its own dual, so if a statement holds in all categories so does its dual.

1992, Colin McLarty, Elementary Categories, Elementary Toposes, Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 77:

(category theory) Being the dual of some other category; containing the same objects but with source and target reversed for all morphisms.


dual

The octahedron is the dual of the cube.

(geometry) Of a regular polyhedron with V vertices and F faces, the regular polyhedron having F vertices and V faces.

(mathematics) Of a vector in an inner product space, the linear functional corresponding to taking the inner product with that vector. The set of all duals is a vector space called the dual space.


cube

From Old French cube, from Latin cubus, from Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos).

(geometry) A regular polyhedron having six identical square faces.

kubus

geometry: polyhedron having of six identical square faces

the cube of 2 is 8

(mathematics) The third power of a number, value, term or expression.

խորանարդ

arithmetic: number raised to the third power

(computing) A data structure consisting of a three-dimensional array; a data cube

A Rubik's cube style puzzle, not necessarily in the shape of a cube


cube

en-verb

cube (third-person singular simple present cubes, present participle cubing, simple past and past participle cubed)

cubes (present singular third-person)
cubing (participle present)
cubed (participle past)
cubed (past)

Three cubed can be written as 3³, and equals twenty-seven.

From this severe trial Mr. Nackybal emerged with distinction, having in his cubing made only twenty-five slight mistakes out of the forty-six cubes demanded, and in his rooting, out of the fifty-three extractions propounded, committed a mere matter of four trifling errors!

1953, Samuel Beckett, Watt, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Grove Press, published 1959, →OCLC:

(transitive, arithmetic) To raise to the third power; to determine the result of multiplying by itself twice.

He likes to cube now and then.


hexahedron

en-noun

hexahedron (plural hexahedrons or hexahedra)


perpendicular

en-adj

perpendicular (comparative more perpendicular, superlative most perpendicular)

more perpendicular (comparative)
most perpendicular (superlative)

Derived from Middle French perpendiculaire, from Old French perpendiculer, from Latin perpendiculum (“plumb line”).

der+

In most houses, the walls are perpendicular to the floor.

A doorknob of whatever roundish shape is effectively a continuum of levers, with the axis of the latching mechanism—known as the spindle—being the fulcrum about which the turning takes place. Applying a force tangential to the knob is essentially equivalent to applying one perpendicular to a radial line defining the lever.

2012 March, Henry Petroski, “Opening Doors”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, pages 112–3:

(geometry) At or forming a right angle (to something).


perpendicular

(geometry) A line or plane that is perpendicular to another.


triangle

/ˈtɹaɪəŋɡəl/

/ˈtɹaɪˌæŋɡəl/

/ˈtɹaɪˌæŋɡəl/

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English triangle, from Old French triangle, from Latin triangulum, noun use of adjective triangulus (“three-cornered, having three angles”), from trēs (“three”) + angulus (“corner, angle”), equivalent to tri- + angle.

The wedge-shaped character was the triangle, the archaic Paleolithic sign of the vulva; the pubic triangle was at the end of the phallic stylus.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 22:

(geometry) A polygon with three sides and three angles.


polygon

From Ancient Greek πολύγωνον (polúgōnon), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle”).

(geometry) A plane figure bounded by edges that are all straight lines.

(geometry) The boundary of such a figure.

(geometry, more generally) A figure comprising vertices and (not necessarily straight) edges, alternatingly.

(geometry) Such a figure and its interior, taken as a whole.


rational

en-adj

rational (comparative more rational, superlative most rational)

more rational (comparative)
most rational (superlative)

From Old French rationel, rational, from Latin rationalis (“of or belonging to reason, rational, reasonable; having a ratio”), from ratio (“reason; calculation”).

der

/ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/

¾ is a rational number, but √2 is an irrational number.

(mathematics, not comparable) Comprising, or expressible as, a ratio

(arithmetic) Of a number, capable of being expressed as the ratio of two integers.

(algebra) Of an algebraic expression in indeterminates, or more generally a function: capable of being expressed as the ratio of two polynomials.

(algebraic geometry) Of a variety: (informally) geometrically simple almost everywhere; (formally) birationally equivalent to projective space

(algebraic geometry) Of a function between varieties: acting as a morphism on an open subset of its domain.

(algebraic geometry) Of a point on an algebraic variety over a field: whose coordinates belong to the field in question (in contrast to those points of the variety which are only defined over the algebraic closure of the base field).


rational

/ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/

The quotient of two rationals is again a rational.

(mathematics) A rational number: a number that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers.


square

→ Welsh: sgwâr

From Middle English square, sqware, squyre; from Old French esquarre, esquerre, (modern French équerre), from Vulgar Latin *exquadra, from Latin ex- + quadro, from quadrus (compare English quad and quadra). Doublet of squad and squadra.
Displaced Old English fēowerecge (fēower nominative + ecg accusative, as in "four-edged").

I took refuge in the square form and exhibited a picture which consisted of nothing more than a black square on a white field.

1927, Kazimir Malevich, The Non-Objective World:

(geometry) A polygon with four straight sides of equal length and four right angles; an equilateral rectangle; a regular quadrilateral.

64 is the square of 8.

(mathematics) The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; the second power of a number, value, term or expression.

(roofing) A unit used in measuring roof area equivalent to 100 square feet (9.29 m²) of roof area. The materials for roofing jobs are often billed by the square in the United States.


square

en-adj

square (comparative squarer, superlative squarest)

squarer (comparative)
squarest (superlative)

The stacks had to be neat and square or the old guy grumbled and insisted on getting it just so.

The foundation has to be level and the framing has to be square.

en:ninety degree angle
en:not out of square

(of box-shaped objects such as buildings or metal frames) Forming right angles in all planes as intended; not racked or leaning.

en:ninety degree angle
en:nautical orthogonality

(nautical) Forming right angles with the mast or the keel, and parallel to the horizon; said of the yards of a square-rigged vessel when they are so braced.

Take care to make the cut completely square to the edges of the wire to give a good butt join for the ends of the wire.

2017, Julia Rai, Making Metal Clay Jewellery:

a square corner


square

en-verb

square (third-person singular simple present squares, present participle squaring, simple past and past participle squared)

squares (present singular third-person)
squaring (participle present)
squared (participle past)
squared (past)

подравнявам

to adjust so as to align with or place at a right angle

jalustaa poikittain

nautical: to place at right angles with the keel

(transitive, mathematics) Of a value, term, or expression, to multiply by itself; to raise to the second power.

square the circle

(transitive, geometry) To draw, with a pair of compasses and a straightedge only, a square with the same area as.

neliöidä

geometry: to draw a square with same area as something else

(transitive, geometry) To tile (completely fill) with squares.


trapezoid

/ˈtɹæpəzɔɪd/

From Ancient Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion, “irregular quadrilateral”, literally “a little table”) + -oid (“resembling”).

der

There was a trapezoid of light on his shoulder, some bright fragment torn from a greater plane.

2023, Brandon Taylor, The Late Americans, Jonathan Cape, page 178:

(geometry, US, Canada) A (convex) quadrilateral with two (non-adjacent) parallel sides.

trapezium

convex quadrilateral with two non-adjacent parallel sides

(geometry, British, Australia, New Zealand) A convex quadrilateral with no sides parallel.

irregular quadrilateral

convex quadrilateral with no parallel sides

(anatomy) The trapezoid bone of the wrist.


hemisphere

→ Welsh: hemisffer

/ˈhɛmɪsfɪəɹ/

From Latin hemisphaerium, from Ancient Greek ἡμισφαίριον (hēmisphaírion), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “half”) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “sphere”). Equivalent to hemi- + sphere. Displaced native Old English healftrendel (literally “half-sphere”).

ncog

(geometry) Any half-sphere, formed by a plane intersecting the center of a sphere. .


irrational

en-adj

irrational (comparative more irrational, superlative most irrational)

more irrational (comparative)
most irrational (superlative)

From Latin irratiōnālis, from ir- + ratiōnālis.

The number π is irrational.

(mathematics, arithmetic, number theory, not comparable) Of a real number, that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers.


pi

en-noun

pi (countable and uncountable, plural pis)

From Ancient Greek πεῖ (peî), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *pay- (“mouth”). Doublet of pe. Its mathematical use apparently stems from its use as the first letter in περιφέρεια (periphéreia, “periphery; circumference”) and was first cited in 1706 in the Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos by William Jones.

(mathematics) An irrational and transcendental constant representing the ratio of the circumference of a Euclidean circle to its diameter; approximately 3.14159265358979323846264338327950; usually written π.


hundred

From Middle English hundred, from Old English hundred, from Proto-Germanic *hundaradą, from *hundą (from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm) + *radą (“count”), a neuter variant of *radō (“row, line, series”). Compare West Frisian hûndert, Dutch honderd, Low German hunnert, hunnerd, German Hundert, Danish hundred.

(historical) An administrative subdivision of southern English counties formerly reckoned as comprising 100 hides (households or families) and notionally equal to 12,000 acres.

carucate (1⁄100 hundred & for smaller divisions)


league

league (countable and uncountable, plural leagues)

→ Japanese: リーグ (rīgu)

→ Korean: 리그 (rigeu)

From Middle English liege, ligg, lige (“a pact between governments, an agreement, alliance”), from Middle French ligue, from Italian lega, from the verb legare, from Latin ligō (“I tie”).

Are you going to watch the league tonight?

(informal, rugby, uncountable) Ellipsis of rugby league.


compass

From Middle English compas (“a circle, circuit, limit, form, a mathematical instrument”), from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus (“a circle, a circuit”), from Latin com- (“together”) + passus (“a pace, step, later a pass, way, route”); see pass, pace.

der

[H]ow many Seas to our fore-fathers impaſſable, for want of the Compaſſe?

1625, [Samuel] Purchas, “Of the Improvement of Nauigation in Later Times, […]”, in Purchas His Pilgrimes. […], 1st part, London: […] William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, […], →OCLC, 2nd book, § I, page 2:

1689/1690, John Locke, On improvement of understanding
He that […] first discovered the use of the compass […] did more for the propagation of knowledge […] than those who built workhouses.

a glance at his compass would have shown him that a northerly course instead of an easterly could not be right

1890, Wilhelm Westhofen, The Forth Bridge:

A magnetic or electronic device used to determine the cardinal directions (usually magnetic or true north).

kompas

instrument to determine cardinal directions

to fix one foot of their compass wherever they please

1701, Jonathan Swift, chapter 5, in A Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the Nobles and the Commons in Athens and Rome:

A pair of compasses (a device used to draw circular arcs and transfer length measurements).

within the compass of an encircling wall

(obsolete) An enclosing limit; a boundary, a circumference.

They fetched a compass of seven days' journey.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Kings iii:9:

This day I breathed first; time is come round, / And where I did begin, there shall I end; / My life is run his compass.

1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

(obsolete) A passing round; circuit; circuitous course.


tetrahedron

en-noun

tetrahedron (plural tetrahedrons or tetrahedra)

tetrahedrons (plural)
tetrahedra (plural)

From Ancient Greek τετράεδρον (tetráedron, “triangle-based pyramid”), from τετράεδρος (tetráedros), from τετράς (tetrás, “four”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”). By surface analysis, tetra- + -hedron.

uder

(geometry) A polyhedron with four faces; the regular tetrahedron, the faces of which are equal equilateral triangles, is one of the Platonic solids.


skew

en-verb

skew (third-person singular simple present skews, present participle skewing, simple past and past participle skewed)

skews (present singular third-person)
skewing (participle present)
skewed (participle past)
skewed (past)

The verb is derived from Middle English skeuen, skewe, skewen (“to run at an angle or obliquely; to escape”), from Old Northern French escuer [and other forms], variants of Old French eschuer, eschever, eschiver (“to escape, flee; to avoid”) (modern French esquiver (“to dodge (a blow), duck; to elude, evade; to slip away; to sidestep”)), from Frankish *skiuhan (“to dread; to avoid, shun”), from Proto-Germanic *skiuhijaną (“to frighten”). The English word is cognate with Catalan esquiu (“evasive, shy”), Danish skæv (“crooked, slanting; skew, wry”) (> Norwegian Bokmål skjev), Dutch scheef (“crooked, slanting”), Norwegian skeiv (“crooked, lopsided; oblique, slanting; distorted”), Saterland Frisian skeeuw (“aslant, slanting; oblique; awry”), and is a doublet of eschew.
The adjective and adverb are probably derived from the verb and/or from askew, and the noun is derived from either the adjective or the verb.

cog

We have looked at the obese and anorexic communities, whose conditions fall on a curve skewed towards overweight for determining the social norm of body weight and who face a golden-mean social ideal of body weight.

2006, Andrew Stark, “Between the Normal and the Ideal”, in The Limits of Medicine: Cure or Enhancement, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 75:

(transitive) To form or shape in an oblique way; to cause to take an oblique position.

(statistics) To cause (a distribution) to be asymmetrical.

vinouttaa

to cause (a distribution) to be asymmetrical


skew

en-adj

skew (not generally comparable, comparative skewer or more skew, superlative skewest or most skew)

skewer (comparative)
more skew (comparative)
skewest (superlative)
most skew (superlative)

Through the given point there are two lines one of which is parallel to one of the given skew lines, while the other is parallel to the other of the given skew lines. These two "parallels" determine a plane, and the only plane, that is parallel to both the given skew lines.

1963, [George David] Birkhoff, [Ralph] Beatley, Basic Geometry: Answer Book, [New York, N.Y.]: Chelsea Publishing Company, →OCLC:

(not comparable, geometry) Of two lines in three-dimensional space: neither intersecting nor parallel.

vino

of two lines in three-dimensional space: neither intersecting nor parallel

A slope value over 1 indicates that digits are skewer than the Benford condition in favor of low ones. A slope value less than 1 indicates that digits are less skewed as compared with the Benford condition.

2014, Alex Ely Kossovsky, “Saville Regression Measure”, in Benford’s Law: Theory, the General Law of Relative Quantities, and Forensic Fraud Detection Applications, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, →ISBN, section 3 (Data Compliance Tests), page 137:

The skewest possible distribution is that in which every but one target value has only one element and the other target value has all the other elements.

2016, Bettina Hüttenrauch, “Analysis of Data Augmentation KPIs”, in Targeting Using Augmented Data in Database Marketing: Decision Factors for Evaluating External Sources, Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler, →DOI, →ISBN, section 6.4.3 (Model Lift (Uniform)), page 199:

(comparable, statistics) Of a distribution: asymmetrical about its mean.

асиметричен

of a distribution: asymmetrical about its mean


skew

Skewness (skew) is the degree to which a distribution's shape departs from symmetry [...]. The greater the departure, the greater the skew. Symmetric distributions have no skew. For instance, the normal distribution is symmetric and is thus not a skewed distribution.

2012, James A. Rosenthal, “Shape of Distribution”, in Statistics and Data Interpretation for Social Work, New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Company, →ISBN, section 5.3.1 (Characteristics), page 53:

Skew is the contour, or the unevenness, in a distribution, the dent in the bell curve. A negative skew suggests that the left half of the normal distribution (the left side of the mean) is twisted in such a way that the prospect of achieving negative returns is superior to that of achieving large positive returns. [...] When dealing with skew, traders strive to resolve how frequently in the trading time horizon they will obtain negative returns rather than positive returns. A skew demonstrates the relationship between the movement of an underlying asset and its volatility.

2013, Larry Shover, “Volatility Skew: Smile or Smirk?”, in Trading Options in Turbulent Markets: Master Uncertainty through Active Volatility Management, 2nd edition, Hoboken, N.J.: Bloomberg Press, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 47:

(statistics) A state of asymmetry in a distribution; skewness.