chunking

en-noun

chunking (countable and uncountable, plural chunkings)

(mathematics, education) The partial-quotients method for solving simple division problems by repeated subtraction.


binning

binning (countable and uncountable, plural binnings)

(statistics) A data pre-processing technique in which original data values fall into a small interval ("bin") and are replaced by a value representative of that interval, often the central value. ᵂᵖ


fixed set

(mathematics) A set which is unchanged by a function or other mapping. Formally: a set, S, is a fixed set of a function, f, if and only if for all x in S, f(x)=x.


natural logarithm

natural logarithm (plural natural logarithms)

From New Latin logarithmus nātūrālis, coined in 1668 by Nicholas Mercator in his book Logarithmo-technica.

The natural logarithm can be used to integrate ¹⁄ₓ.

(mathematics) The logarithm in base e: either the function that given x returns y such that eʸ = x, or the value of y given by the function.


idempotence

Latin roots, idem (“same”) + potence (“the quality of having power”) – literally, “the quality of having the same power”. Coined by 19th century American mathematician Benjamin Peirce in context of algebra.

compound

(mathematics, computing) A quality of an action such that repetitions of the action have no further effect on the outcome; the state of being idempotent.

idempotenssi

quality of an action such that repetitions of the action have no further effect on outcome – being idempotent


hodograph

(physics, mathematics) A curve described by the moving extremity of a line whose other end is fixed, this line being constantly parallel to the direction of motion of, and having its length constantly proportional to the velocity of, a point moving in any path; used in investigations respecting central forces.


submersion

en-noun

submersion (countable and uncountable, plural submersions)

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Borrowed from Latin summersio, summersionem.

(mathematics) A differentiable map whose differential is everywhere surjective.


extractor

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(graph theory) A particular kind of bipartite graph.


legua

From Spanish legua (“Spanish league”) and Portuguese légua (“Portuguese league”), from Late Latin leuga and leuca (“Gaulish league, distance of one hour's walking”), from Gaulish, from Proto-Celtic *lougā.

(historical) Spanish league, a traditional Spanish unit of distance equivalent to about 4.2 km.


reductio ad absurdum

reductio ad absurdum (usually uncountable, plural reductio ad absurdums)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin reductiō ad absurdum.

ubor

“You, gentlemen, as representatives of that institution which recognizes only truths that are deduced from reductio ad absurdums will probably have no difficulty in perceiving the truth of this absurdity and hence be ready to excuse the outcome of it—my absence.”

1894, Flora Helm, “Concerns a Talk in Which Anarchy and Love Are Blended”, in Between Two Forces: A Record of a Theory and a Passion, Boston, Mass.: Arena Publishing Company. […], pages 149–150:

Constructing representations out of atoms that are already themselves representations cannot address the origins of the atoms per se. Careful pursuit of such approaches has yielded bizarre reductio ad absurdums such as the implication that virtually all concepts that human beings are capable of having are already in the genes.

1998, Mark H. Bickhard, “Constructivisms and Relativisms: A Shopper’s Guide”, in Michael R[obert] Matthews, editor, Constructivism in Science Education: A Philosophical Examination, Dordrecht, Boston, Mass., London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 106:

One way to argue against a position is to demonstrate that it proves too much. Proponents of an HWR analysis of negligence may insist that the conceptual and normative arguments that have been directed against their project ultimately generate reductio ad absurdums suggesting that I have proved too much.

2009, Michael S. Moore, “Normative Problems in Applying the Harm-within-the-Risk Test to Crimes/Torts of Negligence”, in Causation and Responsibility: An Essay in Law, Morals, and Metaphysics, Oxford University Press, published 2010, →ISBN, section III (The First Blind Alley: The Attempt to Replace Proximate Causation with Culpability as a Prerequisite for Legal Liability), page 208:

(mathematics, logic) The method of disproving a statement by assuming the statement is true and, with that assumption, arriving at a blatant contradiction.


flatiron

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a flatiron building

The street down which Warwick had come intersected Front Street at a sharp angle in front of the old hotel, forming a sort of flatiron block at the junction, known as Liberty Point

1900, Charles W. Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars:


uncountable set

en-noun

uncountable set (plural uncountable sets)

(mathematics) A set, containing infinite number of elements, whose elements can not be mapped one-to-one to the natural numbers. A set with a cardinality greater than that of the set of natural numbers.


denumerable

The word was introduced around the beginning of the 20th century, from Latin denumerō (“to count out”) + -able.

The empty set is not denumerable because it is finite; the rational numbers are, surprisingly, denumerable because every possible fraction can be assigned a natural number and vice versa.

(mathematics) Capable of being assigned a bijection to the natural numbers. Applied to sets which are not finite, but have a one-to-one mapping to the natural numbers.


wedge product

(algebra) A way of representing an exterior product using a wedge symbol: ∧.


good-sized

en-adj

good-sized (comparative more good-sized, superlative most good-sized)

more good-sized (comparative)
most good-sized (superlative)

Gas and electric bills take a good-sized chunk of my salary.

So, when they came to a good sized farm house, Dorothy walked boldly up to the door and knocked.

1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, “The Guardian of the Gate”, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC, pages 111–112:

(colloquial) Of a reasonably large size.


ternary

From Late Latin ternārius (“consisting of three things”), from ternī (“three each”).

der

Perhaps the prettiest number system of all is the balanced ternary notation

1999, Donald Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, 3rd edition, volume 2, →ISBN, page 207:


homoscedastic

From homo- + Ancient Greek σκεδαστός (skedastós, “able to be scattered”).

uder

(statistics) Having the same finite variance for all elements.

homoskedastinen

having the same finite variance for all elements


scale invariance

(physics, mathematics) a feature of objects or laws that do not change if length scales (or energy scales) are multiplied by a common factor.


adjugate

(mathematics) The transpose of the respective cofactor matrix, for a given matrix. One of the factors in calculating the inverse of a matrix. Commonly notated as adj(A), where A is the given matrix.


pint-sized

en-adj

pint-sized (comparative more pint-sized, superlative most pint-sized)

more pint-sized (comparative)
most pint-sized (superlative)

22 March 2012, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Hunger Gameshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-hunger-games,71293/
Together, with the help of the drunkard Haymitch (Woody Harrelson), the only District 12 citizen ever to win the Games, they challenge tributes that range from sadistic volunteers to crafty kids like the pint-sized Rue (Amandla Stenberg) to the truly helpless and soon-to-be-dead.

(colloquial) Comparatively small in size.


Mallory

From an Anglo-Norman nickname for an unfortunate person, from Old French maleure, malheure (“unhappy, unlucky”) (whence French malheur), from mal (“bad”) + eur (“fortune”).

(cryptography, computer security) The malicious party in examples of threat scenarios. See Alice and Bob.


combinatorial

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to the combination and arrangement of elements in sets.

combinatorisch

mathematics: of or pertaining to the combination and arrangement of elements in sets


superpose

en-verb

superpose (third-person singular simple present superposes, present participle superposing, simple past and past participle superposed)

superposes (present singular third-person)
superposing (participle present)
superposed (participle past)
superposed (past)

/ˈsuː.pəɹˌpəʊ̯z/

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налагам

to place an object on top of another object

(transitive, mathematics) To place (one geometric figure) on top of another in such a way that all common parts coincide.


zero-knowledge proof

en-noun

zero-knowledge proof (plural zero-knowledge proofs)

Implementation of a zero-knowledge proof significantly improves the privacy and security of many systems. However, it introduces additional costs in processing power and hard drive space.

2020, Lorne Lantz, Daniel Cawrey, Mastering Blockchain, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN, page 185:

(cryptography) An interactive method for one party to prove to another that a (usually mathematical) statement is true, without revealing anything other than the veracity of the statement.

preuve à divulgation nulle de connaissance


flyby

The upcoming flyby of Halley's comet is expected to provide new information on the nature of the comet.

Farthest from the dim red dwarf Ondeste, the ice dwarf Maisuth has attracted no interest beyond a cursory flyby by automated probe in 1874. No significant resources were noted.

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Maisuth, Ondeste System:

A flight past a celestial object in order to make observations.

Two of your snot-nose jockeys did a fly-by on my tower at over 400 knots!

1986, Jim Cash, Jack Epps Jr., Top Gun (motion picture), spoken by Air Boss Johnson:

(US) A low-level ceremonial flight, typically in connection with an airshow or a military parade.

(nautical) A sailby performed by a hydrofoil vessel while hydrofoiling.

(computer graphics) A three-dimensional animated sequence in which the camera moves past an object or scenery.


traceable

en-adj

traceable (comparative more traceable, superlative most traceable)

more traceable (comparative)
most traceable (superlative)

/ˈt͡ʃɹeɪsəbəl/

(graph theory, not comparable) Containing a Hamiltonian path.


fill-in

When a fill-in, aᵢⱼ⁽ˢ⁾ is created in the course of the computation, it may be necessary to make copies of the contents of certain parts of the ALU and CNLU at the ends of these arrays.

1991, Zahari Zlatev -, Computational Methods for General Sparse Matrices, page 19:

In practice they are very sparse and generate few fill-ins in the remaining columns.

2002, István Maros, Computational Techniques of the Simplex Method, page 131:

Suppose that there were no fill-ins added in the course of factorization. (This is unrealistic, but we have developed techniques to minimize the number of fill-ins and in practice the number of fill-ins may be relatively small.)

2009, Ross Baldick, Applied Optimization, page 248:

(mathematics) An intermediate result that must be stored temporarily during the course of a sparse matrix computation.


complementation

en-noun

complementation (countable and uncountable, plural complementations)

(mathematics) The replacement of a set by its complement


computational chemistry

(mathematics, chemistry) The use of computation to predict the structure, properties and reactions of molecules


confocal

(optics, mathematics) Having the same foci


conformal mapping

conformal mapping (plural conformal mappings)

(mathematics) A mapping, between points of one coordinate system and another, in which the angles of intersection between pairs of curves are preserved.


XXL

XXL (countable and uncountable, plural XXLs)

extra extra large
extra extra large#English

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra extra large (the manufactured size or an item of that size).


XXL

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra extra large (of the manufactured size).


XS

XS (countable and uncountable, plural XSs)

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra small (the manufactured size or an item of that size).


XS

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra small (of the manufactured size).


XXS

XXS (countable and uncountable, plural XXSs)

extra extra small
extra extra small#English

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra extra small (the manufactured size or an item of that size).


XXS

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra extra small (of the manufactured size).


strictly better

(game theory, of a strategy) That leads to a better outcome no matter what the other player does.


monomial

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From mononomial, with -nono- simplified to -no- by haplology.

5x²y is a monomial

(mathematics) A single term consisting of a product of numbers and variables with positive integer exponents.


precalculus

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2016, Pam Goodner (lead writer/editor), Eureka Math Precalculus Study Guide, Wiley (Jossey-Bass), page ix,
As we wrote the Precalculus course, we wanted to create interest for older high school students by presenting topics in a context, something that students could relate to so that they could see the value in their work.

2017, Sheldon Axler, Precalculus: A Prelude to Calculus, Wiley, 3rd Edition, page xviii,
Similarly, many precalculus textbooks consider, for example, a colony of bacteria doubling in size every 3 hours, with the textbook then producing the formula e/3) for the growth factor after t hours.

2023, Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili, Precalculus, Springer, page v,
Moreover, in many universities and colleges, a precalculus course is mandatory for under-prepared students as the prerequisite course of Calculus 1.

(education, mathematics) A course, or set of courses, that includes (specifically) trigonometry and algebra at an appropriate level to prepare students to study calculus.


choosability

(chiefly graph theory) The property of being choosable.


replicator

Why, this planet was still centuries away from developing such necessities as personal replicators or portable nano-intelligences...

2001, Greg Cox, The Eugenics Wars Vol I: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh (Star Trek), Star Trek, →ISBN, page 76:

either there is not such thing as a concept known as 'spacecraft' (inwhich case, any talk of spacecraft, warp drives, inertial dampers, replicators, and the like would be pointless), or indeed there is.

2001, Judith Barad, Ed Robertson, The Ethics of Star Trek, Harper Perennial, →ISBN, page 74:

The scanner here on Earth will destroy my brain and body, while recording the exact states of all of my cells. It will the transmit this information by radio. Travelling at the speed of light, the message will take three minutes to reach the Replicator on Mars. This will then create, out of new matter, a brain and body exactly like mine. It will be in this body that I shall wake up.

2007, Douglas Hofstadter, I Am a Strange Loop, Basic Books, →ISBN, pages 301–302:

(science fiction) A technological device that replicates physical objects.


prealgebra

prealgebra (countable and uncountable, plural prealgebras)

1985, Robert C. Flagg, Church's Thesis is Consistent with Epistemic Arithmetic, Stewart Shapiro (editor), Intensional Mathematics, Elsevier Science Publishers, page 131,
Conversely, if H is a complete preorder which satisfies the ∧,∨-distributive law, then, by the Adjoint Functor Theorem, H is a Heyting prealgebra.

2006, Oswald Wyler, Algebraic Theories of Continuous Lattices, Bernhard Banaschewski, Rudolf-Eberhard Hoffmann (editors), Continuous Lattices, Springer, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 871, page 398,
Let mathsf f:( mathsf A,α)→( mathsf B,β) be a morphism of prealgebras.

It turns out that the duality of Theorem 6 restricts as a duality between Lie prealgebras and the category of differential quadratic Koszul Frobenius algebras.

2011, M. Dubois-Violette, G. Landi, “Lie prealgebras”, in Alain Connes et al., editors, Contemporary Mathematics 546: Noncommutative Geometry and Global Analysis: Conference in Honor of Henri Moscovici, American Mathematical Society, page 131:

(mathematics, countable) A particular form of Lie algebra; also applied analogously to other types of algebra.


truncated icosahedron

truncated icosahedron (plural truncated icosahedra or truncated icosahedrons)

truncated icosahedra (plural)
truncated icosahedrons (plural)

From truncated + icosahedron.
Truncatedicosahedron.gif|regular truncated icosahedron
Buckminsterfullerene animated.gif|C₆₀: buckminsterfullerene
Comparison of truncated icosahedron and soccer ball.png|A soccer ball with a regular truncated icosahedron

A truncated icosahedron may be formed by truncating the vertices of an icosahedron. Each vertex of the icosahedron is replaced by a pentagonal face and each triangular face of the icosahedron is replaced by a hexagonal face, which is inscribed inside the triangular face of the original icosahedron. The entire resulting truncated icosahedron is thus fittingly inscribed inside the original icosahedron.

This is the truncated icosahedron. Where the five triangles meet to form a vertex is now a pentagon, and a hexagon now replaces each triangular face. Therefore, the truncated icosahedron is composed of twelve pentagons and twenty hexagons.

1989, Tony Rothman, Science a la Mode: Physical Fashions and Fictions, page 64:

In addition to the 20 lithium atoms in layer b, additional lithium atoms (layer e) are located above the twelve pentagonal faces of the peripheral truncated icosahedra which, because of the way that the truncated icosahedra are linked, simultaneously cap the pentagonal faces of two adjacent truncated icosahedra sharing an edge (sharing method 1 above).

1993, R. Bruce King, Applications of Graph Theory and Topology in Inorganic Cluster and Coordination Chemistry, page 183:

Fullerenes are truncated icosahedrons with 90 edges of equal length, 60 vertices, 20 hexagonal faces, and 12 pentagonal faces that form a closed shell.

2001, Edward A. Rietman, Molecular Engineering of Nanosystems, page 130:

2008, Jill Vincent, Andy Edwards, David Tynan, Gloria Stillman (editors), MathsWorld Year Eight for Queensland, Teacher Edition, page 308,
Do you know which sport is played with a truncated icosahedron?

(geometry) A polyhedron that has thirty-two faces (12 regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons) and 60 vertices and 90 edges, and is one of the Archimedean solids.


Garden of Eden

Calque of Biblical Hebrew גַּן עֵדֶן (gan ʿḗḏen).

calque

In this paper the author presents some properties regarding the existence or non-existence of gardens of Eden for the cellular automata.

1986, Patrick Chenin, Claire Di Crescenzo, François Robert, Computers and Computing: Proceedings, page 181:

I have gotten interested in Garden-of-Eden configurations in Life. All that I have been able to uncover thus far is that there are 2 know configurations:

1989 October 20, Rajeev Pandey, “hints and topics, anyone?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

A configuration e not in the image of τ, namely e ∈ C \ τ[C] is called a Garden of Eden (briefly GOE) configuration, this biblical terminology being motivated by the fact that GOE configurations only appear as initial configurations.

2004, Tullio Ceccherini-Silberstein with Francesca Fiorenzi and Fabio Scarabotti, “The Garden of Eden Theorem for Cellular Automata and for Symbolic Dynamical Systems”, in Vadim A. Kaimanovich, editor, Random Walks and Geometry: Proceedings of a Workshop at the Erwin Schrödinger Institute, Vienna, June 18 - July 13, 2001, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, →OL:

(cellular automata) A pattern that can only exist as an initial state and is not reachable from any other state.


LU

matrix decomposition
matrix decomposition

(linear algebra) A matrix decomposition which writes a matrix as the product of a lower and upper triangular matrix, used in numerical analysis to solve systems of linear equations or find the inverse of a matrix.


matrix decomposition

en-noun

matrix decomposition (countable and uncountable, plural matrix decompositions)

(mathematics) A process by which a matrix (a rectangular table of numbers or abstract quantities that can be added and multiplied) is broken down into simpler numerical building blocks.


polar cone

Since a is in S and b is in Sᵒ — the polar cone of S — we know that aᵀ b ≤ 0.

(linear algebra) Relative to a set S in Rⁿ, the set of points y such that the inner product of x and y is not positive for any point x in S.


isocline

(geography, mathematics) A line, curve or function on a graph or map linking points with the same slope or gradient.


ergodic

en-adj

ergodic (comparative more ergodic, superlative most ergodic)

more ergodic (comparative)
most ergodic (superlative)

International Scientific Vocabulary ergo- + -ode (+ -ic). The etymological origin is disputed: ἔργον (érgon) + ὁδός (hodós, “way”) versus ἔργον (érgon) + εἶδος (eîdos, “image”).

“The real world is not ergodic,” he says. “If I jump out of the window, that's it–it's not, like, a mistake I will learn from.”

2020, Brian Christian, quoting Jan Leike, “Conclusion”, in The Alignment Problem, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, →ISBN:

(mathematics, physics) Of or relating to certain systems that, given enough time, will eventually return to a previously experienced state.

ergodique

of or relating to certain systems that, given enough time, will eventually return to previously experienced state

(statistics, engineering) Of or relating to a process in which every sequence or sample of sufficient size is equally representative of the whole.


discrete choice analysis

en-noun

discrete choice analysis (countable and uncountable, plural discrete choice analyses)

(statistics) The analysis of a model whose dependent variable is a binary (two-valued) variable.


algorithmics

(mathematics, computing) The subdiscipline of informatics or computer science that studies algorithms.


parametrize

en-verb

parametrize (third-person singular simple present parametrizes, present participle parametrizing, simple past and past participle parametrized)

parametrizes (present singular third-person)
parametrizing (participle present)
parametrized (participle past)
parametrized (past)


figure eight

/ˌfɪɡəɹˈeɪt/

The shape consisting of two circles or ovals joined together at one point, resembling the numeral 8.


population mean

en-noun

population mean (plural population means)

(statistics) The mean (usually arithmetic, but possibly geometric) of all members of a population or all possible values from which a sample can be taken, as opposed to a sample mean.


formalize

en-verb

formalize (third-person singular simple present formalizes, present participle formalizing, simple past and past participle formalized)

formalizes (present singular third-person)
formalizing (participle present)
formalized (participle past)
formalized (past)

(mathematics) To rigorously prove a mathematical result.


nonagonal

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cyberneticist

But when he sought the Nearer Now / And gave another twist, / He found that he’d / Become, somehow, / A Cyberneticist.

1956 December, Frederick Winsor, “The Space-Child's Mother Goose”, in The Atlantic:


fourfold

From Middle English fourfold, fourefold, from Old English fēowerfeald. Equivalent to four + -fold. Cognate with Dutch viervoud, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (fidurfalþs).

Our main application is to the classification of Poisson brackets on Fano fourfolds.

2015, Brent Pym, “Elliptic singularities on log symplectic manifolds and Feigin--Odesskii Poisson brackets”, in arXiv:

(mathematics) An algebraic variety of degree 4.


polyache

(mathematics) A mathematical function defined in terms of the sums of powers. (See reference for details.)


polykay

(mathematics) A statistic that is a certain kind of linear combination of sample moments. (See reference for details.)


Alhazen's problem

Named for a tenth-century Arab mathematician Ibn al-Haytham, whose latinized name, Alhacen, may be rendered as Alhazen.

(mathematics) A mathematical problem in which lines drawn from two points in the plane of a circle must meet at a point on the circumference, making equal angles with the normal at that point.


demeaned

en-adj

demeaned (comparative more demeaned, superlative most demeaned)

more demeaned (comparative)
most demeaned (superlative)

The 0-crossings in a demeaned signal can indicate the dominant frequency component in a signal.

2006, Wim van Drongelen, Signal Processing for Neuroscientists, page 68:

A demeaned version of this time series x is depicted in ( B ) .

2011, Mario Heiderich, Eduardo Alberto Vela Nava, Gareth Heyes, Web Application Obfuscation, page 93:

To pursue the analogy between a driftless random walk and a Wiener process a bit futher, consider a “demeaned standard random walk" which is constructed from a standard driftless random walk by subtracting the sample mean.

2011, Fumio Hayashi, Econometrics, page 568:

(statistics) Having had the mean subtracted from all values.


dipyramid

In geometry, any of a class of solids formed from two pyramids placed symmetrically base to base.


bipyramid

Yet the perfect hexagonal bipyramids still in the test-tube must have had an internal order to produce those shapes.

1998, Georgina Ferry, Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life:


lacunary

lacunary (comparative more lacunary, superlative most lacunary)

more lacunary (comparative)
most lacunary (superlative)

(chiefly mathematics) Of, pertaining to, or having characteristics of a lacuna.


hypercritical point

en-noun

hypercritical point (plural hypercritical points)

(mathematics) A point in the domain of a mathematical function at which the second derivative of the function is either zero or undefined.


majorant

Borrowed from French majorant, present participle of majorer (“to majorate, to dominate”), from Latin maior. By surface analysis, major + -ant.

Coordinate term: minorant

(mathematics) A function, or an element of a set, that dominates others or is greater than all others.


size zero

size zero (countable and uncountable, plural size zeros)

(informal) A woman with a very low body mass index, especially such a fashion model


exponentiate

en-verb

exponentiate (third-person singular simple present exponentiates, present participle exponentiating, simple past and past participle exponentiated)

exponentiates (present singular third-person)
exponentiating (participle present)
exponentiated (participle past)
exponentiated (past)

Ultimately from exponent. Perhaps from exponentiation.

In order to solve the equation we must exponentiate.

(mathematics)
(intransitive) To use exponentiation.

Let us exponentiate x to obtain xⁿ.

(transitive) To raise (a number or mathematical expression) to a power; to apply an exponent to a mathematical expression.


periot

(obsolete) A unit of weight, 9,600 of which make a grain.


kingmaker

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-kingmaker.wav

/ˈkɪŋˌmeɪkɚ/

Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
Tewkesbury Abbey
Wars of the Roses

From king + maker, originally used in the 16th century in “Warwick the Kingmaker”, an epithet of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (1428–1471), a key figure in the Wars of the Roses whose actions led to King Henry VI being deposed in 1461 and Edward IV appointed in his place, then Edward IV being replaced by Henry VI again in 1470.

(by extension, game theory) A player who is unable to win but powerful enough to decide which of the other viable players will eventually win.


centistoke

(physics) Misconstruction of centistokes (unit of kinematic viscosity)


applicate

(mathematics) A line at right angles to the axis of a conic section that extends from the axis to the curve

(mathematics) The z-coordinate (the last of the three terms by which a point is referred to, in a system of Cartesian coordinates for a three-dimensional space)


variate

From Latin variatus, past participle of variare. See vary.


bio-inspired

(mathematics, sciences, engineering) Ideas inspired by mechanisms or laws operating in biological organisms, e.g. neural networks.


copino

From Spanish copino, from copa (“cup”) + -ino (“-ine: forming diminutives”).

(historical) Synonym of medio, a traditional unit of dry measure equivalent to about 2.3 L


partial order

1986, Kenneth R. Goodearl, Partially Ordered Abelian Groups with Interpolation, American Mathematical Society, Softcover reprint 2010, page xxi,
A partial order on a set X is any reflexive, antisymmetric, transitive relation on X. In most cases, partial orders are denoted ≤.

1999, Paul A. S. Ward, An Online Algorithm for Dimension-Bound Analysis, Patrick Amestoy, P. Berger, M. Daydé, I. Duff, V. Frayssé, L. Giraud, D. Ruiz (editors), Euro-Par ’99 Parallel Processing: 5th International Euro-Par Conference, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 1685, page 144,
The vector-clock size necessary to characterize causality in a distributed computation is bounded by the dimension of the partial order induced by that computation.

Consider an arbitrary finite set S. The family #92;mathcal#123;P#125; of all strict partial orders (asymmetric, transitive, cf. 1.8.3, p. 14) on S enjoys a remarkable property: any partial order P can be linked to any other partial order P’ by a sequence of steps each of which consists of changing the order either by adding one ordered pair of elements of S (imposing an ordering between two previously-incomparable elements) or by removing one ordered pair (causing two previously related elements to become incomparable), without ever leaving the family #92;mathcal#123;P#125;.

2008, David Eppstein, Jean-Claude Falmagne, Sergei Ovchinnikov, Media Theory: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, Springer, page 7:

(set theory, order theory) (informal) An ordering of the elements of a collection that behaves like that of the natural numbers by size, except that some elements may not be comparable (if all elements are comparable, it is called a total order); (formal) a binary relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive.


partially ordered set

en-noun

partially ordered set (plural partially ordered sets)

半順序集合

はんじゅんじょしゅうごう

(set theory, order theory, loosely) A set that has a given, elsewhere specified partial order.

1959 [D. Van Nostrand], Edward James McShane, Truman Arthur Botts, Real Analysis, 2005, Dover, page 28,
A partially ordered set means a pair (P,≻) consisting of a set P and a partial order ≻ in P. As usual, when the meaning is clear, we may suppress the notation of "≻" and speak of the partially ordered set P.
The ordered fields defined earlier are easily seen to be examples of partially ordered sets.

In sections 7-10 we shall consider random fields over some subsets T of the partially ordered set T_M.

1994, I. V. Evstigneev, P. E. Greenwood, Markov Fields over Countable Partially Ordered Sets: Extrema and Splitting, American Mathematical Society, page 35:

The invention of a derivative of a finite partially ordered set by Nazarova and Roiter in the late 1960s or early 1970s was a seminal event in the subject of representations of finite partially ordered sets (see [Simson 92]).

2000, David Arnold, Abelian Groups and Representations of Finite Partially Ordered Sets, Springer, page 45:

(set theory, order theory, formally) The ordered pair comprising a set and its partial order.


antisymmetric

1987, David C. Buchthal, Douglas E. Cameron, Modern Abstract Algebra, Prindle, Weber & Schmidt, page 479,
The standard example for an antisymmetric relation is the relation less than or equal to on the real number system.

(i) The identity relation on a set A is an antisymmetric relation.
(ii) Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined by
 x R y #92;Leftrightarrow 'x divides y' for all x, y ∈ N.
This relation is an antisymmetric relation on N.

2006, S. C. Sharma, Metric Space, Discovery Publishing House, page 73:

(set theory, order theory, of a binary relation R on a set S) Having the property that, for any two distinct elements of S, at least one is not related to the other via R; equivalently, having the property that, for any x, y ∈ S, if both xRy and yRx then x=y.

antisymetrický

(order theory; of a binary relation on a set)

The eigenvalues of an antisymmetric matrix are all purely imaginary numbers, and occur as conjugate pairs, #43;iw and -iw. As a corollary it follows that an antisymmetric matrix of odd order necessarily has one eigenvalue equal to zero; antisymmetric matrices of odd order are singular.

1974, Robert McCredie May, Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems, Princeton University Press, page 193:

(linear algebra, of certain mathematical objects) Whose sign changes on the application of a matrix transpose or some generalisation thereof:

(of a matrix) Whose transpose equals its negative (i.e., Mᵀ = −M);

Notice that the tensors defined by:
 #92;textstyleT#95;S#92;equiv#92;frac#123;1#125;#123;2#125;(T#43;Tᵀ), #92;textstyleT#95;A#92;equiv#92;frac#123;1#125;#123;2#125;(T-Tᵀ), (3.47)
are the symmetric and antisymmetric parts, respectively; they are known as the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of T.

1986, Millard F. Beatty Jr., Principles of Engineering Mechanics, Volume 1: Kinematics - The Geometry of Motion, Plenum Press, page 163:

(of a tensor) That changes sign when any two indices are interchanged (e.g., Tᵢⱼₖ = -Tⱼᵢₖ);

Antisymmetric bilinear forms and wedge products are defined exactly as above, only now they are functions from #92;Rⁿ#92;times#92;Rⁿ to #92;R.[…]
Exercise 21 Show that every antisymmetric bilinear form on #92;R³ is a wedge product of two covectors.

2012, Stephanie Frank Singer, Symmetry in Mechanics: A Gentle, Modern Introduction, Springer, page 28:

(of a bilinear form) For which B(w,v) = -B(v,w).


partially ordered

This leads to the introduction of new kinds of abstract spaces—partially ordered linear spaces—and to their systematic use in functional analysis. The beginnings of a theory of partially ordered linear spaces are given in the works of L. V. Kantorovič in 1935-1937.

1963, L. V. Kantorovič, B. Z. Vulih, A. G. Pinsker, “Partially Ordered Groups and Partially Ordered Linear Spaces”, in A. L. Brudno, editor, American Mathematical Society Translations, Series 2, Volume 27: 18 papers on algebra, American Mathematical Society, page 51:

The chains in #92;mathcal#123;V#125; form a class #92;mathcal#123;C#125; which is partially ordered by inclusion.

1966, S. J. Taylor, Introduction to Measure and Integration, Cambridge University Press, page 22:

2008, Patrik Eklund, M. Ángeles Galán, Partially Ordered Monads and Rough Sets, James F. Peters, Andrzej Skowron (editors), Transactions on Rough Sets VIII, Volume 8, Springer, LNCS 5084, page 53,
In this paper we will show that partially ordered monads contain appropriate structure for modeling rough sets in a generalized relational setting.

(set theory, order theory, of a set) Equipped with a partial order; when the partial order is specified, often construed with by.


adicity

From -adic (taken from monadic/dyadic/triadic [function/operator]) + -ity, or alternatively from -ad (taken from monad/duad/triad) + -icity. Compare Latinate equivalent arity, based on -ary.

1997, Robert W. Burch, 13: Peirce's Reduction Thesis, Nathan Houser, Don D. Roberts, James Van Evra (editor), Studies in the Logic of Charles Sanders Peirce, Indiana University Press, page 233,
Equivalently, it says that all relations of adicity greater than 3 may be reduced to relations of adicities 1, 2, and/or 3. The negative component of the Thesis says, first, that relations of adicity 2 may not in general be constructed from (reduced to) relations exclusively of adicity 1; and, second, that relations of adicity 3 and greater may not in general be constructed from (equivalently: reduced to) relations exclusively of adicities 1 and/or 2.

What can be predicted is that the adicity of any syntactic predicate is the same: since its adicity is a grammatical and not a thematic fact, semantic differences between predicates cannot affect their grammatical structure.

2004, Susan Rothstein, Predicates and Their Subjects, Springer, page 47:

2007, Helier J. Robinson, Relation Philosophy of Mathematics, Science, and Mind, Sharebooks Publishing, 2nd Edition, page 68,
We have seen that every relation, without exception, necessarily has a term set, and the necessary properties of simplicity and an adicity: relations without these are impossible, merely nominal.

(logic, mathematics, computer science) The number of arguments or operands a function or operation takes. For a relation, the number of domains in the corresponding Cartesian product.


halving

There are several recursion theorems for large sets, such that a single new halving results in several new infinite families of halvings.

Similitude applies to proportional changes, such as doublings, halvings, or quarterings; it does not apply to additive changes.

1994, David C. Schneider, Quantitative Ecology: Spatial and Temporal Scaling, page 36:

(mathematics) The process or instance of dividing in half.


allometric

en-adj

allometric (comparative more allometric, superlative most allometric)

more allometric (comparative)
most allometric (superlative)

(mathematics, of a population) That grows at a rate proportional to a power of another population


arborescence

(graph theory) A directed rooted tree in which all vertices can be reached from the root.


maximization

en-noun

maximization (countable and uncountable, plural maximizations)

(mathematics) The process of finding the maximum value of a function.


minimization

minimization (countable and uncountable, plural minimizations)

(mathematics) The process of finding the minimum value of a function.


wave vector

inversely proportional
inversely proportional

(physics, mathematics) A vector whose direction is that of the direction of propagation of a wave, and whose magnitude is inversely proportional to its wavelength


wavenumber

(mathematics, physics) A measure of the number of waves in unit distance; inversely proportional to its wavelength.


carga

From Spanish carga (“a load, 4 Spanish bushels”), from cargar (“to load”), from Late Latin carricāre, from Latin carrus (“cart”). Doublet of charge and cargo.

bor

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 222 liters.


milla

From Spanish milla (“Spanish mile”), from Latin mīlia (“Roman mile”), plural of mīlle (“1000”) in reference to its composition of 1000 Roman paces. Doublet of mile and milha.

(historical) Spanish mile, a traditional Spanish unit of distance equivalent to about 1.4 km.


oscillating

en-adj

oscillating (comparative more oscillating, superlative most oscillating)

more oscillating (comparative)
most oscillating (superlative)

Highly oscillating sequences converge in the weak topology, i.e., the topology of convergence of integral means.

2002, Eduard Feireisl, “Viscous and/or heat conducting compressible fluids”, in Susan Friedlander, Denis Serre, editors, Handbook of Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, →ISBN, page 355:

(mathematics) Describing a function or divergent series that moves between multiple values.


scaling

en-noun

scaling (countable and uncountable, plural scalings)

(mathematics, physics) The expression of the terms of an equation using powers of nondimensional quantities.


partial ordering relation

partial ordering relation (plural partial ordering relations)


private key

Coordinate term: public key

asymmetric cryptography
asymmetric cryptography

The unpublished key in asymmetric cryptography.


overpopulation

overpopulation (countable and uncountable, plural overpopulations)

/ˌəʊvəˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃn̩/

From over- (prefix meaning ‘excessive; excessively’) + population.

prefix

I hope for another end, though not, indeed, from any of the three remedies for over-population commonly suggested by economists. These three are, in brief—Colonization; Bringing in of waste lands; or Discouragement of Marriage.

1860 August–December, John Ruskin, “Essay I. The Roots of Honour.”, in “Unto This Last:” Four Essays on the First Principles of Political Economy, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1862, →OCLC, page 162:

Over the whole extent of the South Seas, from one tropic to another, we find traces of a bygone state of over-population, when the resources of even a tropical soil were taxed, and even the improvident Polynesian trembled for the future.

1891 February–December, Robert Louis Stevenson, “Depopulation”, in In the South Seas […], New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, published 1896, →OCLC, part I (The Marquesas), page 37:

(biology, demography) An excessive number of occupants (people, animals, plants, etc.) in a particular area; specifically, when the number of occupants exceeds the ability of that area to provide for them.

mbipopullim

excessive number of occupants in a particular area; specifically, when the number of occupants exceeds the ability of that area to provide for them


coclique

(graph theory) a subgraph whose complement is a clique, i.e. an independent set


independent set

en-noun

independent set (plural independent sets)

(graph theory) a set of vertices of a graph, such that no pair of them are adjacent to each other; in other words, a set of vertices which are all "independent" of each other


vertex cover

(graph theory) a set of vertices which touch all the edges of a graph


edge cover

(graph theory) A set of edges which touch all the vertices of a graph.


covering number

covering number (plural covering numbers)

(graph theory) The number of vertices in a minimum vertex cover of a graph, often denoted as τ=τ(G).


edge covering number

edge covering number (plural edge covering numbers)

(graph theory) The number of edges in a minimum edge cover of a graph, often denoted as ρ=ρ(G).


matching number

matching number (plural matching numbers)

(graph theory) the number of edges in a maximum matching, often denoted ν=ν(G)


independence number

independence number (plural independence numbers)

(graph theory) The number of vertices in a maximum independent set of a given graph, often denoted as α=α(G).

(set theory) The smallest cardinality of a maximal independent family of subsets of the natural numbers, usually denoted by lowercase Fraktur letter i.


dominating set

(graph theory) A set of vertices of a graph, such that each vertex in that graph is either in that set or adjacent to a vertex in that set.


domination number

domination number (plural domination numbers)

(graph theory) the number of vertices in a minimum dominating set of a given graph, often denoted as γ=γ(G)


unlesss

Attributed to John Horton Conway. From unless, by analogy with the formation of iff from if.

1990, James Glimm, The Legacy of John Von Neumann, American Mathematical Society, →ISBN, page 279,
Partial Order: G ≥ H unlesss (unless and only unless) H ≥ some Gᴿ or some Hᴸ ≥ G.

A subset S is called absorbing if to each x#92;inX there is a real number #92;epsilon#61;#92;epsilon#95;xgt;0 such that #92;lambdax#92;inS for all #92;lambda with 0lt;#92;left#124;#92;lambda#92;right#124;#92;le#92;epsilon. Trivially the set X is absorbing; on the other hand #92;#123;0#92;#125; can never be absorbing (unlesss X#61;#92;#123;0#92;#125;).

1999, V. K. Balachandran, Topological Algebras, North-Holland, published 2000, →ISBN, pages 78–79:

2004, William Fraser, Susan Hirshberg, and David Wolfe, "The Structure of the Distributive Lattice of Games Born by Day n", in Integers: Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory 5(2) (2005), page 2,
G ≥ H unlesss H ≥ Gᴿ or Hᴸ ≥ G for some Gᴿ ∈ Gᴿ or some Hᴸ ∈ Hᴸ. ¶ (Analogous to “iff”, the term “unlesss” means “unless and only unless”.)


precisely unless

(mathematics, logic) implies a negative and is implied by a negative; i.e. B implies not-A and not-B implies A


Keplerate

For Johannes Kepler, German mathematician.

(mathematics) Any structure containing both Platonic and Archimedean solids, one inside the other.


Archimedean

en-adj

Archimedean (comparative more Archimedean, superlative most Archimedean)

more Archimedean (comparative)
most Archimedean (superlative)

(mathematics) Having no infinitely large or infinitely small elements.


total order

[…]we conclude §2.1 by showing how, given a triangulation #92;Delta (i.e., simplicial decomposition) of a closed oriented 3-manifilld M, and a total order '#92;le' on the set of vertices of #92;Delta, as well as a choice of a system #92;mathcal#123;B#125; of orthonormal bases for various Hilbert spaces that get specified in the process, we may obtain a complex number #92;langle(M,#92;Delta,#92;le,#92;mathcal#123;B#125;)#92;rangle.

2001, Vijay Kodiyalam, V. S. Sunder, Topological Quantum Field Theories from Subfactors, CRC Press (Chapman & Hall), page 2:

Example 6.2.2. Suppose A is a finite set and R is a partial order on A. Prove that R can be extended to a total order on A. In other words, prove that there is a total order T on A such that R ⊆ T.

2006, Daniel J. Velleman, How to Prove It: A Structured Approach, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 269:

2013, Nick Huggett, Tiziana Vistarini, Christian Wüthrich, 15: Time in Quantum Gravity, Adrian Bardon, Heather Dyke (editors), A Companion to the Philosophy of Time, Wiley, 2016, Paperback, page 245,
A binary relation R defines a total order on a set X just in case for all x, y, z ∈ X, the following four conditions obtain: (1) Rxx (reflexivity), (2) Rxy & Ryz → Rxz (transitivity), (3) Rxy & Ryx → x = y (weak antisymmetry), and (4) Rxy ∨ Ryx (comparability). Bearing in mind that the relata of the total order are not events in ℰ, but entire equivalence classes ℰ/S of simultaneous events, it is straightforward to ask ≤ to be a total order of ℰ/S.

(set theory, order theory) A partial order, ≤, (a binary relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive) on some set S, such that any two elements of S are comparable (for any x, y ∈ S, either x ≤ y or y ≤ x).

lineární uspořádání

partial order that applies an order to any two elements

linear order

partial order which applies an order to any two elements


total ordering relation

en-noun

total ordering relation (plural total ordering relations)


saco

From Spanish saco (“a sack, a half-carga”), from Old Spanish saco, from Latin saccus, from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos, “sack, sackcloth”), from Semitic. Doublet of sac, saccus, sack, and sakkos.

doublet

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 111 L.


pingo

From Greenlandic pingu or Inuktitut pingu (“hummock, small hill”).

The greatest variation in cover thickness, as determined from collapsed pingos, is in irregularly shaped pingos, or those with asymmetrically located ice-cores.

1963, J[ohn] Ross Mackay, The Mackenzie Delta Area, N.W.T. (Memoir (Geographical Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Canada); 8), Ottawa, Ont.: Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, →OCLC, page 74:

Considerable progress has been made on the discovery and mapping of many open system pingos in central Alaska and Yukon Territory[…], as well as the discovery of pingo-like mounds in the shallow waters of the Beaufort Sea north of the mouth of the Mackenzie River. The greatest advance in pingo research in the last decade has been a consideration and understanding of theory and rate of pingo growth […]

1973, Roger J. E. Brown, Troy L. Péwé, “Distribution of Permafrost in North America and Its Relationship to the Environment: A Review, 1963–1973: 13–28 July 1973, Yakutsk, U.S.S.R.”, in Permafrost: North American Contribution: Second International Conference, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, →ISBN, page 80, column 2:

With the exception of small pingos, most pingo ice cores have several ice types. The bulk of the core can be segregated ice, intrusive ice formed from the freezing of bulk water, or any combination of the two types. In addition, dilation-crack ice (tension-crack ice, Brown and Kupsch, 1974) is commonly the main ice type beneath the summit of pingos with craters.

1983, J[ohn] Ross Mackay, “Oxygen Isotope Variations in Permafrost, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area, Northwest Territories”, in Current Research Part B = Recherches en Cours Partie B (Geological Survey Paper; 83-1B), Ottawa, Ont.: Geological Survey of Canada, →ISBN, page 68:

Larger scale frost-heave features, such as pingoes, are rare because there is insufficient water available, generally, for the growth of large ice bodies.

1987, I. B. Campbell, G. G. C. Claridge, Antarctica: Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment (Developments in Soil Science; 16), Amsterdam, New York, N.Y.: Elsevier, →ISBN, page 106:

(geomorphology) A conical mound of earth with an ice core caused by permafrost uplift, particularly if lasting more than a year.


bijective numeration

en-noun

bijective numeration (countable and uncountable, plural bijective numerations)

decimal without a zero
decimal without a zero

(mathematics) A numeral system that uses digits to establish a bijection between finite strings and the positive integers, especially by k-adic notation such as unary and decimal without a zero.


k-adic notation

bijective numeration
bijective numeration

(mathematics) The bijective numeration of digits 1 through k inclusive that uses position in powers of k to encode an integer's expansion.


k-adic

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to k-adic notation or the k-adic numbers.


oversize

en-adj

oversize (comparative more oversize, superlative most oversize)

more oversize (comparative)
most oversize (superlative)


oversize

en-verb

oversize (third-person singular simple present oversizes, present participle oversizing, simple past and past participle oversized)

oversizes (present singular third-person)
oversizing (participle present)
oversized (participle past)
oversized (past)

(transitive) To make larger, or too large.

o'er-siz'd with coagulate gore

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:

(transitive, obsolete) To cover with size or gluey matter.


oversize

However, any increase in capacity is useful and, if an engine is worn and needs a rebore, it's worth considering boring to a near maximum size rather than simply having it bored to the next oversize.

2005, Daniel Stapleton, How to Plan and Build a Fast Road Car, page 14:

Have your local machine shop rebore the cylinders to the next nearest oversize and supply new pistons and rings to suit. Recommended rebore oversizes go up in increments of 0.25mm/0.010 inch. If the engine's already been rebored, you'll usually be able to find the oversize stamped in the piston crowns.

2006, Rod Grainger, Pete Shoemark, Mazda MX-5 Miata 1.8 1993 to 1999: Enthuasiast Workshop Manual:

(automotive) The increased size of the bore of an engine when it is rebored.


dominator

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dominator.wav

(graph theory) A node that dominates another.

One who, or that which, dominates.
A node that dominates another.


mijl

From Dutch mijl, cognate with English mile and similarly derived from Latin milia (“Roman mile, 1000 Roman paces”) but used instead for the much longer league of about an hour's walk.

der

(historical) A former Dutch unit of distance, usually equivalent to about 3 miles or 5–6 km.


hectolitre

A unit of volume or capacity equivalent to 100 litres. Symbol: hL


hectoliter

From French hectolitre, equivalent to hecto- + liter.


kilolitre

A unit of volume equivalent to 1000 litres, and equal to one cubic metre. Symbol: kl


megalitre

A unit of volume equivalent to 1,000,000 litres. Symbol: Ml or ML


gigalitre

A unit of volume equivalent to 10⁹ litres (one billion [British billion] liters). Symbol: Gl


teralitre

A unit of volume equivalent to 10¹² litres. Symbol TL


petalitre

A unit of volume equivalent to 10¹⁵ litres. Symbol: Pl


exalitre

A unit of volume equivalent to 10¹⁸ litres. Symbol: El


yottalitre

A unit of volume equivalent to 10²⁴ litres, symbol Yl.


nanolitre

A unit of volume equivalent to 10⁻⁹ litres. Symbol: nl


surface area

en-noun

surface area (countable and uncountable, plural surface areas)

(geometry) The total area on the surface of an object.


coring

2007, Heulwen Rankin, Coalgebras, corings and their comodules:


MTV generation

But while the small screen and grainy full-motion video on a CD-ROM […] may wow computerphiles […], it won't impress the MTV generation.

1992 December 22, PC Mag, volume 11, number 22, page 346:

Younger viewers are seen as part of the MTV generation: raised on a collage of rapidly shifting images […]

1996, James Robert Walker, Robert V. Bellamy, Jr., Television and the Remote Control, Guilford Press, page 96:

The problem was that this young man, like many young people who grew up in the MTV generation, had developed only a very short attention span.

1998, Garry Mitchell, The Trainer's Handbook, AMACOM, page 311:

Then the MTV generation took over. Writing became unfashionable.

2003, Patricia B. Seybold, Martin Lindstrom, Brandchild, Kogan Page, page 8:

The generation that came of age watching MTV in the late 20th century.


number line

(mathematics) A line that graphically represents the real numbers as a series of points whose distance from an origin is proportional to their value


decagonal

[dɪˈkæɡənəɫ]


fractionate

en-verb

fractionate (third-person singular simple present fractionates, present participle fractionating, simple past and past participle fractionated)

fractionates (present singular third-person)
fractionating (participle present)
fractionated (participle past)
fractionated (past)

From fraction + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(cryptography) To divide each plaintext symbol into several ciphertext symbols as a preliminary stage of encryption.


DAG

en-noun

DAG (countable and uncountable, plural DAGs)

directed acyclic graph
directed acyclic graph#English

(computer science, mathematics) Acronym of directed acyclic graph.


subtend

en-verb

subtend (third-person singular simple present subtends, present participle subtending, simple past and past participle subtended)

subtends (present singular third-person)
subtending (participle present)
subtended (participle past)
subtended (past)

From Latin subtendere, from sub (“under”) + tendere (“to stretch, extend”), itself a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ὑποτείνω (hupoteínō, “to subtend”), from which hypotenuse also derives. See tend.

semantic loan

A 43° angle subtends an arc of about 0.75 meters on a circle with a radius of 1 meter.

(transitive, mathematics) To use an angle to delimit (mark off, enclose) part of a straight or curved line, for example an arc or the opposite side of a triangle.

klozar arko

to use an angle to delimit part of a straight or curved line

The points A and B on the circumference form the arc AB, which subtends the central angle θ.

(transitive, mathematics) To form the central angle of a circle underneath an arc.


trisection

en-noun

trisection (countable and uncountable, plural trisections)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-trisection.wav

A traditional (but impossible) mathematical problem was to achieve trisection using a straight edge and compass.

(geometry) The division of an angle into three equal parts.


absolute mean

(mathematics) The mean of the absolute magnitude of a function that has both positive and negative values.


canonicalization

canonicalization (countable and uncountable, plural canonicalizations)

(mathematics, computing) standardization, normalization


DNE

(business, mathematics) Initialism of does not exist.


pullback

differential geometry
differential geometry

(differential geometry) The map between cotangent bundles of manifolds corresponding to a smooth map between smooth manifolds, which at each point is the dual map to the corresponding pushforward.

(category theory) The limit of a cospan: a Cartesian square or “pullback square”.

(category theory) Within a Cartesian square (which has a pair of divergent morphisms and a pair of convergent morphisms) the divergent morphism which is directly opposite to a given one of the convergent morphisms, said to be “along” the convergent morphism which is between that pair of opposite morphisms. (The pullback is said to be “of” the given morphism.)


tiling

tiling (countable and uncountable, plural tilings)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tiling.wav

(geometry) A tessellation; the covering of a plane with shapes, without overlaps or gaps.


arithmetic operation

arithmetic operation (plural arithmetic operations)

Although Equation 2.45 looks simple, it involves more arithmetic operations as compared to Equations 2.36 and 2.38.

2000, Chang Shu, Differential Quadrature and Its Application in Engineering, Springer, page 38:

A key feature of the IEEE standard is that it requires correctly rounded operations, specifically:
• correctly rounded arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide);
• correctly rounded remainder and square root operations;
• correctly rounded format conversions.

2001, Michael L. Overton, Numerical Computing with IEEE Floating Point Arithmetic, SIAM, page 31:

PHP enables you to do arithmetic operations on numbers. You indicate arithmetic operations with two numbers and an arithmetic operator. For instance, one operator is the plus (+) sign, so you can indicate an arithmetic operation like this:
1 + 2

2013, Steve Suehring, Janet Valade, PHP, MySQL, JavaScript & HTML5 All-in-One For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, page 289:

(arithmetic, computing) Any one of the four basic operations in arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication or division; any one of said operations as implemented on a computer.

aritmetika operacio

any one of the four basic operations in arithmetic


estadio

From Portuguese estádio, from Latin stadium (“stadium, Roman stade”), from Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion, “stadium for footraces, stadion”). Doublet of stade, stadium, and stadion.

der

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of distance, variously equivalent to about 185.2, 231.5, or 257.2 m depending on the number of leagues per equatorial degree.


mithqal

From Persian or Urdu مثقال (mesqâl), and their source, Arabic مِثْقَال (miṯqāl, “weight, unit of weight”), from ثَقَلَ (ṯaqala, “to weigh”). Doublet of metical

bor

The Wazir brought him and the King said, "Give him a thousand miskals of gold from the treasury, and load him ten camels with goods for trade, and send him under escort to his own town."

1885–1888, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, “Night 13”, in A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, now Entituled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume (please specify the volume), [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC:

A unit of weight in the Islamic world, usually taken as equivalent to 4.25 grams, used especially to weigh precious metals.


mensuration

en-noun

mensuration (countable and uncountable, plural mensurations)

/ˌmɛnsjəˈɹeɪʃən/

[ˌmɛnʃəˈɹeɪʃn̩]

From Middle French mensuration, from Late Latin mensūrātiōnem (“a measuring”).

der

With the passage of time I have realized that the illustrations can also serve, to some extent, to make mensuration more readily possible.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page ix:

(mathematics) The study of measurement, especially the derivation and use of algebraic formulae to measure the areas, volumes and different parameters of geometric figures.


sophont

From sopho- + -ont. First used in the 1966 works by Poul Anderson, coined by his wife Karen Anderson.

Likewise with the psychology of intelligent species. Most sophonts indeed possess basic instincts which diverge more or less from man's. With those of radically alien motivations we have little contact.

I'm honored to meet a sophont of the Soro line in person!

Evil, they argued, could only have meaning on smaller scales, in the hurt that one sophont does to another.

1992, Vernor Vinge, A Fire Upon the Deep, Tor Books, page 406:

Only one sophont appeared to be involved—and not a sophisticated one.

1997, Spider Robinson, Lifehouse, Baen Books, page 2:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(chiefly science fiction) An intelligent being; a being with a base reasoning capacity roughly equivalent to or greater than that of a human being. The word does not apply to machines unless they have true artificial intelligence, rather than mere processing capacity.


inverse Fourier transform

en-noun

inverse Fourier transform (plural inverse Fourier transforms)

(mathematics) A mathematical operation that transforms a function for a discrete or continuous spectrum into a function for the amplitude with the given spectrum; an inverse transform of the Fourier transform.


interquartile

(statistics) Specifically between the first and third quartiles.


interquartile

(statistics) The range or content of an interquartile.


symmetric difference

symmetric difference (plural symmetric differences)

(set theory) The set that contains all elements belonging to either of given two sets but not to the both; the relative complement of the intersection in the union of given two sets.

فرق تماثلي

set of elements belonging only one of given two sets


dyadic operation

dyadic operation (plural dyadic operations)

(algebra) An operation taking two operands.


unary operation

unary operation (plural unary operations)

(algebra) An operation taking one operand, such as the square, factorial or absolute value operation.


set operation

(set theory) A mathematical operation that returns a set taking one or more sets as input.


unary operator

(algebra, computing) A symbol representing unary operation; an operator taking one operand.


binary operator

binary operator (plural binary operators)

The "four rules": +, −, × and ÷ are examples of binary operators.

(algebra, computing) A symbol representing binary operation; an operator taking two operands.


lerp

(mathematics, computing) Abbreviation of linear interpolation.


lerp

en-verb

lerp (third-person singular simple present lerps, present participle lerping, simple past and past participle lerped)

lerps (present singular third-person)
lerping (participle present)
lerped (participle past)
lerped (past)

(mathematics, computing) To interpolate linearly.


relative complement

en-noun

relative complement (plural relative complements)

(set theory, of set A "in" set B) The set containing exactly those elements belonging to B but not to A.

množinový rozdíl

set of elements contained in one set but not another


absolute complement

absolute complement (plural absolute complements)

(set theory) The set that contains exactly those elements belonging to the universal set but not to a given set.


set-theoretic difference

set-theoretic difference (plural set-theoretic differences)

(set theory, of two sets A and B) The set that contains exactly those elements belonging to A but not to B; the relative complement of B in A.


Morse theory

March 14, 2018, Roger Penrose writing in The Guardian, Mind over matter': Stephen Hawking – obituary
[…] the spaces that are used in Einstein’s theory are really pseudo-Riemannian and the relevant Morse theory differs in subtle but important ways.

(mathematics) The study of differentiable functions, where the domain of each is a manifold and the codomain is the real line.


differentiable

en-adj

differentiable (comparative more differentiable, superlative most differentiable)

more differentiable (comparative)
most differentiable (superlative)

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A function which is differentiable wherever it is continuous is said to possess ordinary continuity.

1896 August, W. Williams, “On the Convergency of Fourier's Series”, in The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and .Journal of Science, volume 42, number 255, page 137:

(calculus, not comparable) Having a derivative, said of a function whose domain and codomain are manifolds.


homology sphere

en-noun

homology sphere (plural homology spheres)

(topology) A manifold whose homology is the same as that of some sphere of the same dimension


TQFT

topological quantum field theory
w:topological quantum field theory

(mathematics) Initialism of topological quantum field theory.


Betti number

A calque of French nombre de Betti, coined in 1892 by Henri Poincaré; named after Italian mathematician Enrico Betti in recognition of an 1871 paper.

Poincaré proved that Betti numbers are invariants and used them to extend Euler's polyhedral formula to higher dimensional spaces.

1979 [W. H. Freeman & Company], Michael Henle, A Combinatorial Introduction to Topology, 1994, Dover, page 163,
Prove that, for compact surfaces, the zeroth Betti number is the number of components of the surface, where a component is a connected subset of the surface, such that any larger containing subset is not connected.

2007, Oscar García-Prada, Peter Beier Gothen, Vicente Muñoz, Betti Numbers of the Moduli Space of Rank 3 Parabolic Higgs Bundles, American Mathematical Society, page 7,
PROPOSITION 2.1. Fix the rank r. For different choices of degrees and generic weights, the moduli spaces of parabolic Higgs bundles have the same Betti numbers.

The goal is to compute Betti numbers in 2D and 3D image partitions using the practical definition of Betti numbers. Thus, depending on the dimension of the topological map, we count the number of connected components, the number of tunnels, and the number of cavities to obtain the Betti numbers.[…]The number of connected components of region r in a 2D image partition is equal to the first Betti number b#95;0(r).

2012, Guillaume Damiand, Alexandre Dupas, “12: Combinatorial Maps for Image Segmentation”, in Valentin E. Brimkov, Reneta P. Barneva, editors, Digital Geometry Algorithms, Springer, page 380:

(topology, algebraic topology) Any of a sequence of numbers, denoted bₙ, which characterise a given topological space K by giving, for each dimension, the number of holes in K of said dimension; (formally) the rank of the nth homology group, Hₙ, of K.

Betti number
Enrico Betti
Henri Poincaré

Bettital

number that characterises a topological space with respect to a given dimension


homotopy

homotopy (countable and uncountable, plural homotopies)

From Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same, similar”) + τόπος (tópos, “place”); earliest known use in print in 1922, Oswald Veblen, Analysis Situs.

homotopie

(topology) theory associating a system of groups with each topological space

The concept of homotopy represents a formalisation of the intuitive idea of a smooth deformation of one curve into another.

An integer M is called an exponent for the torsion of an abelian group G if M * (torsion of G) = 0. We say that M is a homotopy exponent for a space X if M is an exponent for πₖ (X) for all k.

1998, Paul Sellick, “Space Exponents for Loop Spaces of Spheres”, in William G. Dwyer, editor, Stable and Unstable Homotopy, American Mathematical Society, page 279:

A graded Lie algebra arises from these maps via the Samelson product in homotopy, the so-called homotopy Lie algebra which is discussed below.

2001, F. R. Cohen, S. Gitler, “Loop-spaces of configuration spaces, braid-like groups, and knots”, in Jaume Aguadé, Carles Broto, Carles Casacuberta, editors, Cohomological Methods in Homotopy Theory, Springer (Birkhäuser), page 63:

2010, Vladimir G. Turaev, Homotopy Quantum Field Theory, European Mathematical Society, page xi,
In this monograph we apply the idea of a TQFT to maps from manifolds to topological spaces. This leads us to a notion of a (d + 1)-dimensional homotopy quantum field theory (HQFT) which may be described as a TQFT for closed oriented d-dimensional manifolds and compact oriented (d + 1)-dimensional cobordisms endowed with maps to a given space X.

(topology) A continuous deformation of one continuous function or map to another.

homotopi

(topology) continuous deformation of one continuous function to another

(topology) A theory associating a system of groups with each topological space.

(topology) A system of groups associated with a topological space.

homotopie

(topology) system of groups associated with a topological space


fiber bundle

Coined as fibre bundle by American mathematician Norman Steenrod in 1951, The Topology of Fibre Bundles. The related usages fiber and fiber space probably derive (as calques respectively of German Faser and gefaserter Räume) from 1933, Herbert Seifert, “Topologie dreidimensionaler gefaserter Räume,” Acta Mathematica, 60, (1933), 147-238.

A Möbius strip is a fiber bundle which looks locally (i.e., over a connected proper subset of its base space) like the corresponding part of a cylinder S¹#92;times#91;0,1#93; (a Möbius strip and a cylinder have isomorphic base spaces). A Klein bottle is a fiber bundle which looks locally like the corresponding part of a torus S¹#92;timesS¹ (again they could be thought of as sharing the same base space S¹; cutting out even a single point of that base space makes the cut Klein bottle isomorphic to the cut torus).

In general, a fiber bundle consists of a set of mutually disjoint fibers “over” a base space, which indexes the fibers; there is a copy of some fiber on top of, or projecting (“canonically”) onto each point of the base space.

In the 1960s, some physicists including E. Lubkin and A. Trautman recognized that interaction potentials can be represented by connections on principal fiber bundles. In 1975, T. T. Wu and C. N. Yang used the fiber bundle method to solve a problem on magnetic monopoles.

1995, Sunny Y. Auyang, How is Quantum Field Theory Possible?, Oxford University Press, page 214:

One proposed general model for high-level scientific data uses fiber bundles, which Butler and Pendley [22] proposed in 1989.[…] A fiber bundle is the Cartesian product of the fibers and the base space; in other words, it is the collection of valid data ranges for the base space.

2001, John M. May, Parallel I/O for High Performance Computing, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, page 236:

Finding the right notion of fiber bundle for diffeology [Igl85] has been a question raised by the study of the irrational torus T#95;#92;alpha [Dolg85].

2013, Patrick Iglesias-Zemmour, Diffeology, American Mathematical Society, page 229:

(American spelling, topology, category theory) An abstract object in topology where copies of one object are "attached" to every point of another, as hairs or fibers are attached to a hairbrush. Formally, a topological space E (called the total space), together with a topological space B (called the base space), a topological space F (called the fiber), and surjective map π from E to B (called the projection or submersion), such that every point of B has a neighborhood U with π⁻¹(U) homeomorphic to the product space U × F (that is, E looks locally the same as the product space B × F, although its global structure may be quite different).

Herbert Seifert
Norman Steenrod
Project Euclid
fiber bundle


fibre bundle

(topology, British, Canada) Alternative spelling of fiber bundle


Seifert fiber space

en-noun

Seifert fiber space (plural Seifert fiber spaces)

(topology, chiefly US) A fiber bundle whose fiber is the circle and whose base space is a two-dimensional orbifold.


Seifert fibered space

Seifert fibered space (plural Seifert fibered spaces)

Seifert fiber space
Seifert fiber space#English

(topology, US) Alternative spelling of Seifert fiber space


Seifert fibre space

Seifert fibre space (plural Seifert fibre spaces)

(topology, British) Alternative spelling of Seifert fiber space


Seifert fibred space

Seifert fibred space (plural Seifert fibred spaces)


second-countable

(topology) Such that its topology has a countable base, said of a topological space.


homoeomorphic

(British, topology) Alternative spelling of homeomorphic


homoeomorphism

(British spelling, topology) Alternative spelling of homeomorphism


Hausdorff

Named after German mathematician Felix Hausdorff (1868–1942).

named-after

(of a topological space) Such that any two distinct points have disjoint neighborhoods.


cofinite

(mathematics) Having a finite absolute complement.


topological group

en-noun

topological group (plural topological groups)

(topology) A group which is also a topological space and whose group operations are continuous functions.


Lie algebra

Named in honor of Sophus Lie (1842–1899), a Norwegian mathematician, in the 1930s by Hermann Weyl.

algebra over a field
algebra over a field

(mathematics) An algebra over a field whose bilinear product is alternating (or, equivalently for a bilinear product, anticommutative) and satisfies the Jacobi identity. Such a bilinear product is called a Lie bracket.


T₂

(topology, of a topological space) Such that any two points have disjoint neighborhoods.


Amsterdam pound

Amsterdam pound (plural Amsterdam pounds)

Calque of Dutch Amsterdams pond, from Amsterdam + pond (“pound (weight measure)”).

compound

(obsolete) One of many locally defined weight measures called pound before the introduction of the metric system, important because of its use in the thriving Dutch maritime commerce; equivalent to 0.4941 kilograms.


handlebody

(topology) A top-dimensional submanifold of Euclidean space comprising a ball with handles attached to it along its boundary.


top-dimensional

(topology) Having the same dimension as the ambient topological space.


cube with handles

en-noun

cube with handles (plural cubes with handles)

(topology) A three-dimensional handlebody


submanifold

(topology) A manifold which is a subset of another, so that the inclusion function is an embedding or, sometimes, an immersion.


piecewise linear

(mathematics) Equal to a sum of finitely many linear functions, each defined on a convex polytope: said of functions between vector spaces

paloittain lineaarinen

mathematics: equal to a sum of finitely many linear functions

(topology) Having a defining atlas such that there is a piecewise linear homeomorphism between any pair of intersecting atlas charts: said of manifolds


Gompertzian

For Benjamin Gompertz, English mathematician, + -ian.

(mathematics) Having the form of, or some characteristics of the form of, a Gompertz curve.


Gompertz curve

For Benjamin Gompertz, English mathematician

(mathematics) Any of a family of curves, describing demographic growth, that increase exponentially at first before reaching a plateau.


pretzel knot

(topology) A pretzel link which is a knot.


pretzel link

(topology) A link with a standard projection comprising several tangles, each a braid on two strands, with the tangles arranged in some cyclic order.


symmetric group

symmetric group (plural symmetric groups)

(mathematics) A group whose elements are precisely all of the bijections of some set with itself and whose operation is composition of those bijections.

symmetrinen ryhmä

mathematics: a group whose elements are precisely all of the bijections of some set with itself and whose operation is composition of those bijections


logarithmancy

/lɒɡəˈɹɪðmənsi/

/lɑɡəˈɹɪðmənsi/

From logarithm + -mancy; or a blend of logarithm + arithmancy.

What difference betwixt Astromancy, Magomancy, or Magastromancy (as touching a sorcerous both superstition, and operation) and all these after-named? viz. […] Arithmancy, by numbers; Logarithmancy, by Logarithmes; […]

1652, John Gaule, “From the Affinity to Witch-craft”, in Πῦς-μαντία [Pys-mantia] the Mag-astro-mancer, or The Magicall-astrologicall-diviner Posed, and Puzzled. By John Gaule, Minister of Great Staughton in the County of Huntingdon, London: Printed for Joshua Kirton at the Kings Arms in St. Pauls Church-yard, →OCLC, page 165:

LOGARITHMANCY: A mathematical method of divination performed with the aid of logarithms. Now supplanted by modern computers.

[1973, Walter B. Gibson, Litzka R. Gibson, The Complete Illustrated Book of Divination and Prophecy, London: Souvenir Press, published 1987, →ISBN, page 320:

(obsolete, rare) Divination using logarithms.


cubed

(mathematics) Raised to the third power.


incommensurable

en-adj

incommensurable (comparative more incommensurable, superlative most incommensurable)

more incommensurable (comparative)
most incommensurable (superlative)

From Middle French incommensurable, from Medieval Latin incommensurabilis.
Its full etymology is equivalent to that of in- + commensurable.

The side and diagonal of a square are incommensurable with each other; the diameter and circumference of a circle are incommensurable.

(mathematics, of two real numbers) having a ratio that is not expressible as a fraction of two integers.

(mathematics, of two integers) having no common integer divisor except 1.


esca

From Galician escá, from Hispanic Late Latin scala (“bowl”) attested in Isidore of Seville, probably from Suevic, from Proto-Germanic *skēlō (“bowl”). Cognate with German Schale and Dutch schaal.

(historical) A traditional Galician unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 6–9 L depending on the substance measured.


data compression

(computing) Any of several techniques for reducing the number of bits needed to represent an item of digital data, either to save storage or to use less bandwidth when transmitting it

tiedonpakkaus

a technique for reducing the number of bits


characters per inch

Please use a type that is 10 characters per inch.

(design, typography) A unit of measurement of the number of typographic characters that fit on a one inch line of printed type. This unit is mainly used to specify font sizes that have the same width for each character (monospaced), however it may also be used to give an average for fonts with characters of varying widths.

(electronic media) A unit of measurement of the number of characters per inch ("linear packing density") when storing data on certain types of magnetic media or tape, used to measure storage density that the encoding medium possesses.


mid-size

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pulgada

From Spanish pulgada, from Vulgar Latin *pollicata, from Latin pollicaris (“of or related to a thumb”), from pollex (“thumb”) + -āris (“-ary: forming adjectives”). Doublet of polegada.

der

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 2.3 cm


-tuple

a 20-tuple

1948, Roy Dubisch, “The number of r-tuples of pairs of integers”, in The American Mathematical Monthly 55:

2007, Edward Kissin, “On Clarkson-McCarthy inequalities for n-tuples of operators”, in Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 135:8:

(mathematics) A tuple containing the specified number of terms.


prime factorization

en-noun

prime factorization (plural prime factorizations)

A fifth-grade class will spend a set number of days on prime factorization and then move on to study greatest common factors — whether or not every student is ready.

2013 October 23, Tina Rosenberg, “In ‘Flipped’ Classrooms, a Method for Mastery”, in The New York Times:

(mathematics) The factorization of a positive integer into its constituent prime numbers.


prime constellation

prime constellation (plural prime constellations)

(mathematics) An ordered set of prime numbers having a constant difference between successive elements


twin prime

5 and 7, and 191 and 193, are pairs of twin primes.

(mathematics) Either of a pair of prime numbers that differ by two.

孿生素數 /孪生素数

either of a pair of prime numbers that differ by two


cousin prime

3 and 7, and, 7 and 11, are pairs of cousin primes.

(mathematics) Either of a pair of prime numbers that differ by four


sexy prime

From sexy + prime. From Latin sex (“6”).

11 and 17, and, 13 and 19, are pairs of sexy primes.

(mathematics) Either of a pair of prime numbers that differ by six.


sesquialterate

From Latin sesquialter (“one and a half times”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix), from sesqui- (“a half and a”) + alter (“another, a second”).

af

[…]the ratio of 3 to 2, which is sesquialter, forms the symphony diapente[…]

1818, Iamblichus, translated by Thomas Taylor, Life of Pythagoras, page 328:

People ignorant of geometry did not know the sesquialterate ratio of the sphere, cylinder, and cone, and therefor no man could know it[…]

1859, Frances Power Cobbe, An Essay on Intuitive Morals: Being an Attempt to Popularize Ethical Science, page 84:

from Kepler's Rule of the periodical times of the Planets being in a sesquialterate proportion of their distances from the centers of their orbs I deduced […]

1888, Sir Isaac Newton, Portsmouth Collection of Books and Papers Written or Belonging to Sir Isaac Newton (page xviii)

9 and 6 are in a sesquialterate ratio.

(mathematics, archaic) In a ratio of 3 to 2 or 1½ times to 1.


common difference

en-noun

common difference (plural common differences)

If the first term of an arithmetic sequence is 3 and the common difference is 13, then the fourth term is 42.

arithmetic progression
arithmetic progression

(mathematics) The constant added to each element of an arithmetic progression to obtain the next.


cubic inch

A unit of volume equal to that of a cube with each edge one inch long.


exact sequence

(algebra) A sequence of modules (or groups, vector spaces, etc.; most generally, objects of an abelian category) with adjacent objects connected by homomorphisms (generally, morphisms) such that the image of one homomorphism is the kernel of the next.


step function

(mathematics) A function from the real line to a finite subset of the real line.


real line

(mathematics) The real number system, viewed as a line.


cohomology

cohomology (countable and uncountable, plural cohomologies)

In section 1 we start off by recalling some fundamental results in cohomology of groups, in particular the Evens–Venkov result on finite generation of the cohomology ring (Theorem 2) and Quillen's landmark result which describes H*BG up to F-isomorphism (Theorem 5).

2001, William Dwyer, Hans-Werner Henn, Homotopy Theoretic Methods in Group Cohomology, Springer Science & Business, →ISBN, page 55:

(mathematics) A method of contravariantly associating a family of invariant quotient groups to each algebraic or geometric object of a category, including categories of geometric and algebraic objects.

(mathematics) A system of quotient groups associated to a topological space.


gerbe

Late 16th century, borrowed from French gerbe (“sheaf”). Doublet of garb.

(mathematics) An abstract construction in homological algebra and geometry providing a certain type of generalisation for a sheaf.


In the public sector, we have not really created 360-degree accountability. It is more like 360-degree harassment.

2001, Robert D. Behn, Rethinking Democratic Accountability, Brookings Institution Press, →ISBN, page 199:

Implement a 360-degree system regularly.

2002, Manuel London, Leadership Development: Paths to Self-insight and Professional Growth, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, →ISBN, page 155:

The overall grade is a compilation of input from these sources. Thus it provides a true 360-degree view of the officer evaluated.

2006, Thomas X. Hammes, The Sling and the Stone: On War in the 21st Century, Zenith Imprint, →ISBN, page 238:

(by extension) Comprehensive; incorporating all points of view.


trinomial

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(algebra) An expression consisting of three terms.


tropicalization

tropicalization (usually uncountable, plural tropicalizations)

(mathematics) Conversion to tropical form


inflectional

en-adj

inflectional (comparative more inflectional, superlative most inflectional)

more inflectional (comparative)
most inflectional (superlative)

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to a point of inflection of a curve.


slab

From Middle English sclabbe, slabbe, of uncertain origin; possibly from *slap, related to dialectal slappel (“portion, piece”), along with slape (“slippery”), sleip (“smooth piece of timber”), borrowed through Old Norse sleipr from Proto-Germanic *slaipaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)leyb-. See also Norwegian sleip (“slippery”) and Icelandic sleipur.

(geometry) A region between two parallel lines in the Euclidean plane, or between two parallel planes in three-dimensional Euclidean space, or between two hyperplanes in higher dimensions.


helicoid

From Ancient Greek ἑλικοειδής (helikoeidḗs); morphologically, from helico- + -id.

(mathematics) A minimal surface in the form of a flattened helix


dry measure

The peck and the bushel are commonly used imperial dry measures

A unit of volume used in measuring dry commodities (e.g. grain or fruit).

kuivan aineen mitta

Unit of capacity for measuring dry commodities

măsură de capacitate (for prăfoase produse)


hyperbolic polynomial

en-noun

hyperbolic polynomial (plural hyperbolic polynomials)

(mathematics) A real, multivariate homogeneous polynomial p(x) is hyperbolic (in direction e) if p(x-te) = 0 has only real roots as a function of t.


quadral

quadral (countable and uncountable, plural quadrals)

From New Latin quadrālis, from quadru- (“four-”) + -ālis.

"A polynomial P(x₁, ..., xₙ is called quadral if it splits into a product of quadratic (or linear) functions in the complex field of coefficients."

1952, American Mathematical Society, “Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society”, in Journal of the American Mathematical Society, page 184:

If we wished to divide the quadrals into classes, there are obviously several ways in which it could be done, all of them arbitrary. The arbitrariness arises because the points exhibit no natural clustering.

1984, E. C. Pielou, The interpretation of ecological data: a primer, page 20:

(mathematics) A set of points with all the combinatorial properties of a quadric (a quadric being the set of points of PG(n, q) whose coordinates satisfy a quadratic equation).


quadral

(mathematics) Of or relating to quadral polynomials.


power law

the death toll from a large number of small civil wars is lower than that from a few big interstate wars, to say nothing of world wars, consistent with the power-law distribution of deadly quarrels.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 314:

(mathematics) A mathematical relationship in which the magnitude of something is proportional to a fixed power of the magnitude of something else (i.e. the relationship takes the form f(x)=axᵏ).


evolute

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centres of curvature
centre of curvature

(geometry) A curve comprising the centres of curvature of another curve.

evoluta

a curve comprising the centres of curvature of another curve


decimal fraction

decimal fraction (plural decimal fractions)

(arithmetic) A proper or improper fraction the denominator of which is a power of ten and the decimal representation of which is a terminating decimal number.


associativity

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(algebra) The condition of being associative.

結合法則 (ketsugō hōsoku, literally “associative law”)


picometer

(US) (metrology) An SI unit of length equal to 10⁻¹² meters; alternative spelling of picometre.


attometre

(metrology) An SI unit of length equal to 10⁻¹⁸ metres. Symbol: am


yoctometre

(metrology) An SI unit of length equal to 10⁻²⁴ metres. Symbol: ym


terametre

(metrology) An SI unit of length equal to 10¹² metres. Symbol: Tm


zettametre

The largest known galaxy, at the centre of the Abell 2029 cluster in Virgo, has a diameter of around 53 zettametres.

1994, New Scientist - Volume 144, Issues 1951-1958, page 81:

As one of my reviewers (SP Gray) puts it: '...I think that Andromeda will be a good deal closer to the Solar System than it is now, before we read of its distance in zettametres'

2015 August, Keith Atkin, “Time to ditch non-SI units in physics teaching?”, in Physics Education, volume 50, number 5:

How many kiloparsecs are there in a zettametre (10²¹ m)?

2018, Margreth Tadie, Robert Pott, Neill Goosen, Petrie Van Wyk, Karin Elizabeth Wolff, “Expanding 1st year problem-solving skills through unit conversions and estimations”, in IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON):


pseudoprime

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(mathematics) An integer that possesses at least one characteristic of a prime number without actually being prime. The characteristic is typically chosen to make such "false primes" very rare.

(mathematics, specifically) A Fermat pseudoprime; a composite integer n satisfying bⁿ⁻¹≡1(mod n) for some integer b such that b > 1.


management cybernetics

An interdisciplinary field of cybernetics concerned with management and organizations.


gluing

gluing (countable and uncountable, plural gluings)

(topology) A connection between the edges of two planes, or between the points at the ends of two lines.

склейка

a connection between the edges of two planes, or between the points at the ends of two lines


alternant

(mathematics) A determinant which is an alternating function.


live on

en-verb

live on (third-person singular simple present lives on, present participle living on, simple past and past participle lived on)

lives on (present singular third-person)
living on (participle present)
lived on (participle past)
lived on (past)

Let assets live on the grid #92;mathcal#123;A#125;#61;#91;a#95;1,a#95;2,#92;dots,a#95;n#93;.

2018, Lars Ljungqvist and Thomas J. Sargent, Recursive Macroeconomic Theory, fourth edition, MIT Press, page 116:

(mathematics, idiomatic, transitive) To be defined on.


sazhen

bor

саже́нь//са́жень

Russian саже́нь /са́жень (sažénʹ)

For how if he were to end by getting drowned? True, the river’s normal level lay four sazheni down—the remembrance of that (for he had often descended thither to draw water) comforted him for a moment; […]

1929, Ivan Nazhivin, translated by C[harles] J[ames] Hogarth, Rasputin (Continental Fiction), volume 1, New York, N.Y.; London: Alfred A[braham] Knopf, page 169:

Although in his diary he listed its intended dimensions as 200 by 100 sazheni (1400 x 700 ft.), the resulting structure probably measured only 818.75 x 425.75 feet (230 x 130m).

1978, David R. Jones, editor, The Military-Naval Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union, volume 3, Academic International Press, →ISBN, page 75:

1995: And it will not yield more than ten sazhens of wood to the desyatina…and he is paying me at the rate of two hundred roubles. — Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, tr. Louise & Aylmer Maude (Oxford 1998, p. 166)

In 1883, peasant representatives from two villages in Voronezh Province petitioned the governor, detailing their hardships. In 1863 they had chosen to receive gratuitous allotments that amounted to a minuscule 2,080 sazheni (86.7 percent of one desiatina) per soul; since then, however, population growth had reduced their allotment size by more than one-half, to eight hundred sazheni per soul.

2024, Peter Kolchin, Emancipation: The Abolition and Aftermath of American Slavery and Russian Serfdom, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, →ISBN:

A unit of length formerly used in Russia, equal to seven feet (just over two meters).


regularization

en-noun

regularization (countable and uncountable, plural regularizations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-regularization.wav

A large regularization parameter may over-smoothen the solution, while a small regularization parameter may lose the ability to stabilize the solution.

2020 March 30, Ratinan Boonklurb, Ampol Duangpan, Phansphitcha Gugaew, “Numerical Solution of Direct and Inverse Problems for Time-Dependent Volterra Integro-Differential Equation Using Finite Integration Method with Shifted Chebyshev Polynomials”, in Symmetry, volume 12, number 4, →DOI:

(mathematics, computer science, finance) a process that simplifies results, often used to obtain results for ill-posed problems or to prevent overfitting.


fast Fourier transform

fast Fourier transform (plural fast Fourier transforms)

discrete Fourier transform
discrete Fourier transform

A member of a certain family of algorithms for efficiently computing the discrete Fourier transform of data.


Winchester measure

Winchester measure (countable and uncountable, plural Winchester measures)

Units used for the measurement of dry and liquid volumes, the standards for which were originally deposited at Winchester, England. The Winchester bushel is still used in the US.


Winchester bushel

Winchester bushel (plural Winchester bushels)

A measure of dry and liquid volume equal to 35.24 litres used in US and Canada. Originating in England and one of the units of Winchester measure. Abbreviated bu


angular mil

(military) A unit of angular measurement equal to 1/6400 of a complete circle. At 1000 metres one mil subtends about one metre (~0,98 m). Also 1/6000 and 1/6300 are used in other countries.


Bézier curve

Probably a calque of French courbe de Bézier. Named after Renault engineer Pierre Bézier who popularized the curves developed earlier by Paul de Casteljau and used them to design curves for the bodywork of cars.

named-after

Bézier curves are applied, for example in computer graphics and animation, to produce smooth, infinitely scalable curves.

So, instead, it is often better to combine multiple Bézier curves to form a longer, more complicated curve called a piecewise Bézier curve.
This section discusses how to join Bézier curves together – especially how to join them so as to preserve continuity and smoothness (i.e., continuity of the first derivative).

2003, Samuel R. Buss, 3D Computer Graphics: A Mathematical Introduction with OpenGL, Cambridge University Press, page 163:

The initial points p₀, p₁, and p₂ are called control points of the Bézier curve.[…]The process outlined above for the generation of a quadratic Bézier curve from its three control points can be generalized for more control points in a straightforward manner.

2008, T. Theoharis, G. Papaioannou, N. Platis, N. M. Patrikalakis, Graphics & Visualization: Principles and Algorithms, Taylor & Francis (A K Peters / CRC Press), page 193:

When an affine transformation is applied to the control points, the resulting Bézier curve with respect to the new control points coincides with the transformed Bézier curve. Therefore, Bézier curves are invariant under affine transformations like rotation, translation or scaling. Bézier curves are also symmetric with respect to their control points.

2012, Frank Klawonn, Introduction to Computer Graphics: Using Java 2D and 3D, 2nd edition, Springer, page 151:

(mathematics, computer graphics) A type of parametric curve defined by a set of control points, two of which are the ends of the curve, while the others determine its shape.


abelian group

Named in honour of Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829), a Norwegian mathematician.

1986, Partially Ordered Abelian Groups with Interpolation, American Mathematical Society, 2010 softcover reprint, page 12,
Let G and H be partially ordered abelian groups. A positive homomorphism from G to H is any abelian group homomorphism f:G→H that maps positive elements to positive elements, that is, f(G⁺)⊆H⁺.

2000, David Arnold, Abelian Groups and Representations of Finite Partially Ordered Sets, Springer, Softcover reprint of 1st edition, page 74,
Chapter 2 is a brief introduction to some fundamental techniques for countable torsion-free abelian groups.

By the end of Chapter 2 we had the full power of the Pontryagin Duality Theorem for compact abelian groups and for discrete abelian groups. Locally compact abelian groups are much closer to compact abelian groups than is apparent at first sight.

2013, Karl H. Hofmann, Sidney A. Morris, The Structure of Compact Groups: A Primer for the Student: A Handbook for the Expert, Walter de Gruyter, page 299:

(algebra) A group in which the group operation is commutative.


verging

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-verging.wav


repdigit

/ˈɹɛpˌdɪd͡ʒɪt/

Repdigit Triangular Numbers [article title]

1975, David W. Ballew, Ronald C. Weger, “Repdigit Triangular Numbers”, in Journal of Recreational Mathematics, volume 8, number 2, Farmingdale, N.Y.: Baywood Publishing Co., →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 96–98:

Is there any system of notation in which there is a repdigit aa such that (aa)²#61;ccdd, with c#61;a-1 and d#61;c-1?

1980 January, Murray S[eymour] Klamkin, quoting Charles W. Trigg, “The Olympiad Corner: 11”, in Crux Mathematicorum, volume 6, number 1, Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Mathematical Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 16:

Here is another palindromic magic square that has the added property of having main diagonals containing eight repeating "repdigits": 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, and 999. The magic sum is 2442.

2002, Clifford A[lan] Pickover, “Gallery I: Squares, Cubes, and Tesseracts”, in The Zen of Magic Squares, Circles, and Stars: An Exhibition of Surprising Structures across Dimensions, Princeton, N.J., Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 284:

A positive with repeated digit is called a repdigit, for example 222, 55555, and all repunits are repdigits.

2005, James J[oseph] Tattersall, “Modular Arithmetic”, in Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section 5.6 (Supplementary Exercises), paragraph 14, page 193:

recreational mathematics
recreational mathematics

(recreational mathematics) A number composed only of one or more occurrences of one specific digit and no other digit.


disperser

(graph theory) A particular kind of bipartite graph.


nanoampere

electrical current
electrical current#English

(metrology) An SI unit of electrical current equal to 10⁻⁹ amperes. Symbol: nA


nontrivial

en-adj

nontrivial (comparative more nontrivial, superlative most nontrivial)

more nontrivial (comparative)
most nontrivial (superlative)

(mathematics) Not obvious or easy to prove; not self-evident.

ei-triviaali

mathematics: not obvious or easy to prove

nontrivial subgroup ― a subgroup with more than one element

(mathematics) Not being of the simplest kind; not being empty or a singleton.


monotonic function

en-noun

monotonic function (plural monotonic functions)

independent variable
independent variable

(mathematics) A function that either never decreases or never increases as its independent variable increases.