echelon

Borrowed from French échelon (“rung; echelon”), from échelle (“ladder”) + -on (diminutive suffix). Échelle is derived from Latin scāla (“ladder”), from scandō (“to ascend, climb”), from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump”).

An echelon matrix is a matrix, not necessarily square, with the following two properties: (i) There is at least one non-zero entry; rows consisting entirely of zeros, if any, lie below rows with at least one non-zero entry. (ii) In each non-zero row after the first, the left-most non-zero entry lies to the right of the left-most non-zero entry in the preceding row. […] In each of the non-zero rows of an echelon matrix, the left-most non-zero entry is called the pivot, […]

2001, Malcolm Pemberton, Nicholas Rau, “Systems of Linear Equations”, in Mathematics for Economists: An Introductory Textbook, Manchester, New York, N.Y.: Manchester University Press, →ISBN, section 12.1 (Echelon Matrices), page 204:

(linear algebra) Of a matrix: having undergone Gaussian elimination with the result that the leading coefficient or pivot (that is, the first nonzero number from the left) of a nonzero row is to the right of the pivot of the row above it, giving rise to a stepped appearance in the matrix.


pound-force

A unit of force equal to the weight, on earth (subject to standard gravity), of a mass of one avoirdupois pound, equal to about 4.44822 newtons. Symbol lbf or lb_f.


RV

(statistics) Initialism of random variable.


conical

en-adj

conical (comparative more conical, superlative most conical)

more conical (comparative)
most conical (superlative)

He anſwers, That this Motion is Conical; and judgeth, that by the Conick path all the Phænomena of Comets can, without any inconveniency, be readily ſolved; even of that, which (by Hiſtory) in fifty days, paſſed through more then the 12 Signs of the Zodiack; And of that, which in two days run through eight Signs: and of another, which in 48 days poſted through all the Signs, contra ſeriem.

1665 November 6, “An Account of Hevelius his Prodromus Cometicus, together with some Animadversions made upon it by a French Philosopher”, in Henry Oldenburg, editor, Philosophical Transactions, volume I, number 6:

(geometry) Of or relating to a cone or cones.


singleton

From single + -ton, probably following the model of simpleton.

(mathematics) A set with exactly one element.


medio

From Spanish medio (“half, half-celemin, half-real, etc.”), from Latin medius (“half”), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). Doublet of medium, media, and mediate.

bor

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 2.3 L.


multiplicand

In the expression 5 × 3, the "3" is the multiplicand.

(arithmetic) A number that is to be multiplied by another (the multiplier).


multiplier

In the expression 5 × 7, the "5" is a multiplier.

The score multiplier increases each time you complete a level of the video game.

The electron number constraint unlike the idempotency constraint can be represented by a single equation. For this reason, one can properly incorporate this constraint using a Lagrange multiplier and defining an effective chemical potential

1997, Christopher Alan White, The Development of Ab Initio Methods for the Treatment of Large Molecules:

After studying a recursive formulation and the associated Bellman equation, in section 5.5 we analyze a Lagrangian formulation that provides useful insights about how Lagrange multipliers on transition laws relate to gradients of value functions.

2018, Lars Ljungqvist and Thomas J. Sargent, Recursive macroeconomic theory, 4th edition, MIT Press, page 129:

(arithmetic) A number by which another (the multiplicand) is to be multiplied.


multiplication table

en-noun

multiplication table (plural multiplication tables)

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It was not till animated by some discussion, based upon the multiplication-table, that you saw how keen and shrewd those large, dull, gray eyes could become.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Alteration”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 21:

I’ll try if I know all the things I used to know. Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is—oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate! However, the Multiplication Table doesn’t signify: let’s try Geography.

1865 November (indicated as 1866), Lewis Carroll [pseudonym; Charles Lutwidge Dodgson], “The Pool of Tears”, in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, pages 19–20:

(arithmetic) A table showing the products of each of the integers from 1 to 10 (or, especially formerly, 12) with each of the integers from 1 to 10 (or 12).


acute-angled

(trigonometry) Of a triangle: having three acute angles.


obtuse-angled

(geometry) Of a triangle, having an obtuse angle.


round angle

Two angles whose sum is a straight angle are called supplemental; two angles whose sum is a round angle we may call explemental.

1893, William Benjamin Smith, Introductory Modern Geometry of Point, Ray, and Circle, MacMillan, page 31:

(geometry) An angle of 360 degrees; a full circle.


perigon

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(geometry) A round angle; a full circle.


ZF

Gödel's model is an example of a simple type of inner model that might be called a definable transitive inner model³), where the universe is replaced by a transitive subuniverse defined within ZF, the membership relation is just the original one restricted to the subuniverse, and where the axioms of ZF relativized to the subuniverse, are provable within ZF.

1967, Carol Karp, “A Proof of the Relative Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis”, in John N. Crossley, editor, Sets, Models, and Recursion Theory, North-Holland, page 7:

1971, Ulrich Felgner, Models of ZF-Set Theory, Springer, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 223, page 21,
1. Corollary: ZF is not finitely axiomatizable.
2. Corollary: ZF is reflexive (i.e. the consistency of every finite subtheory of ZF can be proved within ZF).

1991 [Kluwer Academic], Fred Landman, Structures for Semantics, 1991, Springer, Softcover, page 56,
However, the problem with it, and the reason why it is not part of ZF strictly (apart from the fact that it implies the axiom of choice) is that it is rather arbitrary.

Zermelo-Fraenkel
w:Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory

(set theory) Initialism of Zermelo-Fraenkel (set theory): a particular axiomatic formulation of set theory without the axiom of choice.


ZF

In the case of the ZF detector, we suppress the interference among the transmit streams by multiplying the received signal vector y with the Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse of the channel matrix […]

2008, Byeong Gi Lee, Sunghyun Choi, Broadband Wireless Access and Local Networks:

However, due to its simplicity, ZF equalization is a good choice when the channel is known and fixed, and also when there is no frequency notch in the channel frequency response […]

2010, Dayan Adionel Guimaraes, Digital Transmission, page 348:

Thus, the importance of the upper bound is in showing that even in the most optimistic case, the achievable rate cannot exceed the ZF rates by more than 10%.

2013, Academic Press Library in Signal Processing, page 308:

(telecommunications, signal processing) Initialism of zero forcing.


DOE

DOE (countable and uncountable, plural DOEs)

Design Of Experiments
w:design of experiments

(sciences, statistics) Initialism of Design Of Experiments.


SSA

SSA (countable and uncountable, plural SSAs)

(geometry) Initialism of side side angle (a geometric proof reason)


ovoid

From Latin ōvum (“egg”) + -oid (“resembling”).


residue

en-noun

residue (countable and uncountable, plural residues)

From Middle English residue, from Old French residu, from Latin residuum, neuter of residuus (“remaining”), from resideō (“I remain behind”).

By taking residues, we can represent this integral in terms of a Jackson integral.

2001, Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, page 72:

(complex analysis) A form of complex number, proportional to the contour integral of a meromorphic function along a path enclosing one of its singularities.


disjunction

disjunction (countable and uncountable, plural disjunctions)

From Old French disjunction, from Latin disjunctio.

(mathematics) A logical operator that results in “true” when any of its operands are true.


ACC

ascending chain condition
ascending chain condition#English

(algebra) Initialism of ascending chain condition.


BP

BP (countable and uncountable, plural BPs)

(machine learning) Initialism of backpropagation.


TRI

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence, US) Initialism of Toyota Research Institute.


BST

BST (countable and uncountable, plural BSTs)

(computing, graph theory) Initialism of binary search tree.


atled

delta spelled backwards, the symbol being an inverted delta: ∇.

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis


nabla

From Latin nabla, from Ancient Greek νάβλα (nábla, “Phoenician harp”), from ancient Hebrew נֵבֶל (nḗḇel) or a Phoenician cognate. Doublet of nevel, which comes via the modern Hebrew נֵ֤בֶל.

m+

Hebrew נֵ֤בֶל

(mathematical analysis) The symbol ∇, used to denote the gradient operator.


vector algebra

(mathematics) The branch of mathematics that deals with vectors and operations on them.


linear algebra

linear transformation
linear transformation

(mathematics) The branch of mathematics that deals with vectors, vector spaces, linear transformations and systems of linear equations.


square matrix

en-noun

square matrix (plural square matrixes or square matrices)

square matrixes (plural)
square matrices (plural)

(linear algebra) A matrix having the same number of rows as columns.


jeet

Clipping of pajeet (“an Indian”), the second part of which is derived from Hindi जीत (jīt, “victory, win”). Sense 2 likely stems from the fact Indian posters tended to shill low circulation crypto coins (or "shitcoins") in order to get anons on 4chan's /biz/ board to buy into them, only for the scammer to sell off at the first hint the coin was going for a downturn.

As the coin dropped by 1%, all of the jeets started panic-selling simultaneously.

This project has the potential to fly. The whitepaper and team sold me. This is not a project for the jeets though. Jeets will need to find a low mc launch to through there .2 bean at

2022 January 30, u/SpecificSalamander19, “🐺 We are proud to announce that Coyote Coin is launching soon! 🔥 A Dual Chain coin created to change the way you think about crypto! 🐺”, in Reddit, r/AllCryptoBets, archived from the original on 2023-12-23:

thats ok, your wife will cheer me up in the back of my porsche truck, which dumb jeets like yourself paid for by shorting and swing trading in the negative

2022 September 28, “If your looking for a 'REALTIME' education on what FOMO is...look no further”, in Reddit, r/WallStreetBetsCrypto, archived from the original on 2023-12-23:

NFT "jeets" are Olympic champions when it comes to losing money. Somehow, they always get the best whitelists for every release. As soon as they mint something, they start to drop price by 10% every 2 hrs. In just a day or two, these jeets will sell 40% or less under mint price on OpenSea.

2023 May 16, u/MaximumStudent1839, “Ubisoft wants to sell Assassin's Creed's Ezio's 'digital soul' as an NFT”, in Reddit, r/CryptoCurrency, archived from the original on 2023-12-23:

this is why the jeets are running scared, but if you are well diversified on BTC and ETH you should brush it off. There´s always that risk.

2023 August 1, u/MWCyrus, “Richard Heart is being sued by the SEC for securities fraud!”, in Reddit, r/Pulsechain, archived from the original on 2023-12-23:

(Internet slang, 4chan, cryptocurrencies, derogatory) An investor who is extremely risk-averse and will sell off their holdings at the slightest hint of a downturn.


differential

en-adj

differential (comparative more differential, superlative most differential)

more differential (comparative)
most differential (superlative)

[dɪfəˈɹənʃəɫ]

differential calculus
differential calculus

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to differentiation or the differential calculus.

диференциален

relating to differentiation or differential calculus


differential

[dɪfəˈɹənʃəɫ]

nonstandard analysis
nonstandard analysis

(calculus) A quantity representing an infinitesimal change in a variable, now only used as a heuristic aid except in nonstandard analysis but considered rigorous until the 20th century; a fluxion in Newtonian calculus, now usually written in Leibniz's notation as operatorname d!x.

If f(x)#61;x², the differential of f is the function #92;operatorname#123;d#125;#92;#33;f(x,#92;Deltax)#61;f'(x)#92;Deltax#61;2x#92;Deltax.

(calculus, of a univariate differentiable function f(x)) A function giving the change in the linear approximation of f at a point x over a small interval Δx or operatorname d!x, the function being called the differential of f and denoted operatorname d!f(x,Δx), operatorname d!f(x), or simply operatorname d!f.

partial differential
partial differential

Any of several generalizations of this concept to functions of several variables or to higher orders: the partial differential, total differential, Gateaux differential, etc.

differential geometry
differential geometry

(differential geometry, of a smooth map ϕ between smooth manifolds) The pushforward or total derivative of ϕ: a linear map from the tangent space at a point x in ϕ's domain to the tangent space at ϕ(x) which is, in a technical sense, the best linear approximation of ϕ at x; denoted operatorname d!ϕₓ.

(mathematics) Any of several generalizations of the concept(s) above: e.g. the Kähler differential in the setting of schemes, the quadratic differential in the theory of Riemann surfaces, etc.


factum

(mathematics, obsolete) A product (result of multiplying two numbers).


local maximum

en-noun

local maximum (plural local maximums or local maxima)

local maximums (plural)
local maxima (plural)

(mathematics) A maximum within a restricted domain; a point on a function whose value is greater than the values of all other points near it, especially if another local maximum of greater value is known to exist.


PL

piecewise linear
piecewise linear#English

(topology) Initialism of piecewise linear.


EFA

exploratory factor analysis
w:exploratory factor analysis

(statistics) Initialism of exploratory factor analysis.


percentile

Coined by Francis Galton in 1885, from percent + -ile.

(statistics) Any of the ninety-nine points that divide an ordered distribution into one hundred parts, each containing one per cent of the population.

She is highly intelligent—she has an IQ in the top percentile.

(statistics) Any one of the hundred groups so divided.

procentil

any one of the hundred groups so divided


CSR

CSR (countable and uncountable, plural CSRs)

(cryptography) Initialism of certificate signature request.


MSA

MSA (countable and uncountable, plural MSAs)

metropolitan statistical area
w:metropolitan statistical area

(US, demography) Initialism of metropolitan statistical area.


identity matrix

identity matrix (plural identity matrices or identity matrixes)

identity matrices (plural)
identity matrixes (plural)

(linear algebra) A diagonal matrix all of whose diagonal elements are equal to 1.

matriu identitat

diagonal matrix with all diagonal elements equal to 1


unit matrix

unit matrix (plural unit matrices or unit matrixes)

unit matrices (plural)
unit matrixes (plural)


diagonal matrix

diagonal matrix (plural diagonal matrices)

(linear algebra) A matrix in which the entries outside the main diagonal are all zero.


CFR

CFR (countable and uncountable, plural CFRs)

The CFR for the SARS epidemic was around 9 to 10 percent, while MERS, first identified in 2012, is around 35 percent.

2020 March 12, Matt Stieb, “Does the Coronavirus Think I’m Old?”, in New York:

case fatality rate
case fatality rate#English

(countable, pathology, epidemiology, statistics) Initialism of case fatality rate.


SU

special unitary group
special unitary group#English

(algebra) Abbreviation of special unitary group.


main diagonal

In a diagonal matrix, non-zero elements appear only in the main diagonal.

(linear algebra) The entries of a square matrix from the top left to the bottom right.


TD

TD (countable and uncountable, plural TDs)

(machine learning) Initialism of temporal difference.


diagonal element

diagonal element (plural diagonal elements)

(linear algebra) An element on the main diagonal of a square matrix, that is, an element in row k and column k where k is an integer between 1 and the number of rows (or columns) in the matrix.


leading diagonal

leading diagonal (plural leading diagonals)


stochastic matrix

stochastic matrix (plural stochastic matrices)

(linear algebra, probability theory, statistics) A matrix having the property that the entries in each column are non-negative, real and sum to 1.


inverse matrix

inverse matrix (plural inverse matrices or inverse matrixes)

inverse matrices (plural)
inverse matrixes (plural)

Given the basis of some vector space V, how to find its dual basis, i.e., the basis of the dual space V#42;? Fill the columns of a square matrix M with the basis vectors of V. Find the inverse matrix M#123;-1#125; of M. Then the rows of M#123;-1#125; are the (co)vectors of that dual basis. Since (M#123;-1#125;)#123;-1#125;#61;M, then (V#42;)#42;#61;V.

(linear algebra) Of a matrix A, another matrix B such that A multiplied by B and B multiplied by A both equal the identity matrix.


STA

(algebra) Abbreviation of spacetime algebra (in mathematical physics)


SS

(statistics) Initialism of sum of squares.


GF

(mathematics) Initialism of Galois field.


sinus

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus (“a bent surface, curve, hollow”). Doublet of sine.

lbor

(anatomy, zootomy) A pouch or cavity in a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities (the paranasal sinus).

sinus

So, in the helicopteron, as the helix is at the same time a sustaining plane, it should be likened to a surface moving horizontally, and in which, consequenty, the resistance to motion will be to the lifting power as the sinus is to the cosinus of the angle formed by such plane with the horizon.

1884 November 29, “Aerial Navigation”, in Scientific American: A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures, volume LI, number 22, New York, N.Y.: Munn & Co., translation of original by Victor Tatin in La Nature, page 342, column 1:

The variations are described in terms of cycles of sinuses and cosinuses.

1996, Pentti Zetterberg, Matti Eronen, Markus Lindholm, “Construction of a 7500-Year Tree-Ring Record for Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) in Northern Fennoscandia and its Application to Growth Variation and Palaeoclimatic Studies”, in Heinrich Spiecker, Kari Mielikäinen, Michael Köhl, Jens Peter Skovsgaard, editors, Growth Trends in European Forests (European Forest Institute Research Report; No. 5), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 15:

Basically, the rotation of the matrix of the factor loadings L represents its post-multiplication, i.e. L* = LO by the rotation matrix O, which itself resembles one of the matrices included in the classical rotational Lie groups SO(m) (containing the specific m–fold combination of sinuses and cosinuses.

2007, Vladimir G. Ivancevic, Tijana T. Ivancevic, “Introduction: Human and Computational Mind”, in Computational Mind: A Complex Dynamics Perspective (Studies in Computational Intelligence; 60), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, →ISBN, →LCCN, section 1 (Natural Intelligence and Human Mind), pages 60–61:


OTP

(cryptography) Initialism of one-time pad.


circular arc

A continuous section of the circumference of a circle.


circle segment

circular segment
circular segment#English


CAS

en-noun

CAS (countable and uncountable, plural CASes)

computer algebra system
w:computer algebra system

(mathematics, computing) Initialism of computer algebra system.


IH

induction hypothesis
induction hypothesis#English

inductive hypothesis
inductive hypothesis#English

(mathematics) Initialism of induction hypothesis or initialism of inductive hypothesis.


domino

1801, borrowed from French domino (1771), originally the term for a hooded garment, itself from Medieval Latin domino, oblique case of dominus (“lord, master”); compare Medieval Latin dominicale (“a kind of veil”).

cog

(geometry) A polyomino made up of two squares.


homothetic

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homoteettinen

economics: depending on the ratio of prices

(mathematics, geometry) for a geometric figure that is the image of another figure under an homothety.

(mathematics) of a function of two or more variables in which the ratio of the partial derivatives depends only on the ratio of the variables, not their value


Mandelbrot set

(mathematics) the set of complex numbers c for which the orbit of 0 under iteration of the complex quadratic polynomial zₙ₊₁ = zₙ² + c remains bounded. The boundary of this set is a fractal.


RSS

residual sum of squares
residual sum of squares#English

(statistics) Initialism of residual sum of squares.


mth

(mathematics) Occurring at position m in a sequence.


checksum

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(mathematics, computing) A number, derived by applying a suitable algorithm to some data, used to check whether errors have occurred in transmission, storage or data entry.


checksum

en-verb

checksum (third-person singular simple present checksums, present participle checksumming, simple past and past participle checksummed)

checksums (present singular third-person)
checksumming (participle present)
checksummed (participle past)
checksummed (past)

(mathematics, computing) To compute a checksum.


amphora

en-noun

amphora (plural amphoras or amphorae or amphorai)

amphoras (plural)
amphorae (plural)
amphorai (plural)

/æmˈfɔ(ː)ɹə/

From Latin amphora (“large wine vessel, Roman unit of liquid measure”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, Greek units of liquid measure”), ultimately from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸 (a-pi-po-re-we, “carried on both sides”).

der

(historical) A Roman unit of liquid measure reckoned as the volume of 80 Roman pounds of wine and equivalent to about 26 L although differing slightly over time.


polyhedral

en-adj

polyhedral (comparative more polyhedral, superlative most polyhedral)

more polyhedral (comparative)
most polyhedral (superlative)

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(mathematics, geometry) Of, pertaining to or derived from a polyhedron.

(geometry, of a solid or surface) Having multiple planar faces or facets.

poliedrico

(geometry) having multiple planar faces or facets


rapidity

en-noun

rapidity (countable and uncountable, plural rapidities)

From rapid + -ity, from French rapidité, from Latin rapiditas.

Although appreciating the rapidity and frequency of the Southern electric services I was now to use on short journeys, I became more than ever convinced that electric traction offers very little of interest to the dyed-in-the-wool railwayist.

1944 November and December, Talisman, “A Broadening Horizon”, in Railway Magazine, page 340:

speed, swiftness; the condition of being rapid

(physics) A measure of velocity relative to the speed of light; defined as artanh(v), where artanh is the hyperbolic arctangent, and v = speed (with c = speed of light = 1).

(physics) A measure of the velocity of a particle in a beam relative to the beam's axis


complexification

complexification (usually uncountable, plural complexifications)

(countable, mathematics) An extension from a basis on real numbers to a basis on complex numbers.


flex

flex (countable and uncountable, plural flexes)

From Latin flexus, past participle of flecto (“to bend”).

(countable, geometry) A point of inflection.


elliptical

en-adj

elliptical (comparative more elliptical, superlative most elliptical)

more elliptical (comparative)
most elliptical (superlative)

From elliptic + -al, from Ancient Greek ἐλλειπτικός (elleiptikós), from ἐλλείπω (elleípō, “I leave out, omit”).


continuity

en-noun

continuity (countable and uncountable, plural continuities)

Borrowed from Middle French continuité, from Latin continuitas, equivalent to continue + -ity.

The definition of a continuous function assumes that the function is already defined for x = a. If this is not the case, however, it is sometimes possible to assign such a value to the function for x = a that the condition of continuity shall be satisfied.

1911, William Anthony Granville, Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculus:

(uncountable, mathematics) A characteristic property of a continuous function.


qintar

For all its squalor qintars and qintars of gold dust are traded there.

2002, Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila S. Blair, Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power:

[…] who offered 190 piasters per year for rent, 20 piasters more than the other, plus half a qintar of pomegranates.

2005, Muhammad Khalid Masud, Rudolph Peters, David Stephan Powers, Dispensing Justice in Islam: Qadis and their judgments:

(plural: qintars) A unit of measure, which varies in value depending upon the product measured; for example, a qintar of cotton might be 160 kg of cotton, 50 kg of cotton lint; a qintar of lime, 65 kg.


VOA

VOA (countable and uncountable, plural VOAs)

Vietnamese: VOA

vertex operator algebra
w:vertex operator algebra

(mathematics) Initialism of vertex operator algebra


AMS

American Mathematical Society
w:American Mathematical Society

(US, mathematics) Initialism of American Mathematical Society.


supplement

From Latin supplementum (“that which is added to supply a shortage”), from supplere (“to provide something”).

der

(geometry) An angle that, when added to a given angle, makes 180°; a supplementary angle.


teeny

en-adj

teeny (comparative teenier, superlative teeniest)

teenier (comparative)
teeniest (superlative)

Modified from tiny [1825], perhaps with a childish or fanciful intention.


AST

en-noun

AST (countable and uncountable, plural ASTs)

alternating series test
alternating series test#English

(mathematics) Initialism of alternating series test.


unvoiced

The unvoiced signal is smaller energy than voiced signal and, so, this section is applied the smaller threshold.

1999, ISIE ..., volumes 1-3, IEEE Service Center:

(signal processing, of a signal) That does not contain voice.


superset

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The set of human beings is a superset of the set of human children.

The set of characters "LBPG" is a superset of the set of characters "PG".

(set theory) (symbol: ⊇) With respect to another set, a set such that each of the elements of the other set is also an element of the set.

nadmnožina

set containing all elements of another set


tipping point

First use of the term appears c. 1959 in the New York Times.

(mathematics, catastrophe theory, figuratively, by extension) The point at which a slow, reversible change becomes irreversible, often with dramatic consequences.

引爆點 /引爆点

the point at which a slow, reversible change becomes irreversible


sensitivity

sensitivity (countable and uncountable, plural sensitivities)

чуллі́васць

the ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli

Coordinate term: specificity

(statistics) The probability, in a binary classification test, of a true positive being correctly identified.

sensibilitat

(statistics) probability of a true positive being correctly identified


specificity

From French spécificité. By surface analysis, specific + -ity.

Coordinate term: sensitivity

The extent to which a characteristic is specific to a given person, place, or thing; thus:

(statistics) The probability, in a binary classification test, of a true negative being correctly identified.

tarkkuus

(statistics) probability in a binary classification test of a true negative being correctly identified


AAS

AAS (countable and uncountable, plural AASs)

(geometry) Initialism of angle-angle-side triangular congruency.


demographer

/dɪˈmɒɡɹəfə(ɹ)/


demography

demography (usually uncountable, plural demographies)

/dɪˈmɒɡɹəfi/

From demo- (“people”) + -graphy (“written representation of”).

confix

The study of the characteristics of human populations, especially with regards to their makeup and fluctuations and the social causes behind these.

The study of the structure and population dynamics of other lifeforms, such as mammals, insects, plants, etc.

the schoolʼs demography began to change with the immigrants and their offspring pouring in

2019, Bernardine Evaristo, Girl, Woman, Other, Penguin Books (2020), page 297:

The particular demographic makeup of a population.


TT

Some have also noted that the TT is anthropomorphic. It is true that the TT tests for human-like intelligence.

2003, “Turing Test: 50 Years Later”, in James H. Moor, editor, The Turing test: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence, Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, pages 69–70:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of Turing test.


SSR

sum of squared residuals
sum of squared residuals#English

(statistics) Initialism of sum of squared residuals.


perceptron

an element, analogous to a neuron, of an artificial neural network consisting of one or more layers of artificial neurons


smoothness

en-noun

smoothness (countable and uncountable, plural smoothnesses)

jerkiness

antonym(s) of “condition of being smooth”

From Middle English smothenesse; equivalent to smooth + -ness. Compare Old English smēþnes (“smoothness, a smooth place, a level surface”).

sileys

quantitative measure of how smooth a function is

Smoothness can vary from 0 (for a nondifferentiable function) to infinity (for a smooth function).

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

differentiability class
differentiability class

(mathematical analysis, of a function) The highest order of derivative (the differentiability class) over a given domain.


rectify

en-verb

rectify (third-person singular simple present rectifies, present participle rectifying, simple past and past participle rectified)

rectifies (present singular third-person)
rectifying (participle present)
rectified (participle past)
rectified (past)

/ˈɹɛktəˌfaɪ/

From Middle English rectifien, from Anglo-Norman rectifiier, rectefier (“to make straight”), from Medieval Latin rēctificō (“to make right”), from Latin rēctus (“straight”).

der

(transitive, mathematics) To determine the length of a curve included between two limits.


sphericon

(geometry) A solid constructed by slicing a bicone with 90-degree apices through a plane containing both of them, rotating one half by 90 degrees, and reconnecting them; the resulting shape has a single continuous face, and two edges.

esfericón

(geometry) a solid constructed by slicing a bicone


baby boom

(demography) A period marked by a signifiant increase in the birth rate.


klick

* Most likely a pseudo-condensed pronunciation of kilometer, being a suitably short word emphasizing k+l instead of /keɪ/ alone (the same principle as with military spelling alphabets, but also clearly distinguished from kilo (/kiːloʊ/) for kilogram).
* Possibly onomatopoeic of the sound of a military odometer. When a soldier would complete a mark, they would signal to their commander and denote movement of 1,000 meters by hoisting up their rifle and moving the gas regulator with their thumb, which made a "click" the commander could hear.

Several klicks closer, the ruins of the City of Poets rose jaggedly against the skyline.

1990, Dan Simmons, The Fall of Hyperion, 1st edition, New York: Doubleday, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 165:

an asteroid between one and three kilometers wide had slammed into the ground at fifteen klicks per second.

2002 May, Robert J. Sawyer, Hominids (The Neanderthal Parallax; 1), Tor, →ISBN, page 82:

Chief, can you hear me?...(static) My bird's down. Half a klick -(static)- downriver from your position.

2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, spoken by Avery Johnson (David Scully), Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Sierra 117:


saddle

→ Japanese: サドル (sadoru)

Homer Tunnel
Milford Sound
Oxford English Dictionary

From Middle English sadel, from Old English sadol, from Proto-West Germanic *sadul, from Proto-Germanic *sadulaz (“saddle”). Further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sod-dʰlo-, from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-dʰlom (a variant of *-trom (suffix forming nouns denoting instruments or tools)), though the Oxford English Dictionary says this “presents formal difficulties”.
Cognates
* Danish sadel
* Dutch zadel
* German Sattel
* Icelandic söðull
* Low German Sadel
* Russian седло́ (sedló)
* Saterland Frisian Soadel
* Scots sadil
* Swedish sadel
* West Frisian seal

saal

seat for a rider placed on the back of a horse or other animal

satula

something resembling a saddle in appearance or shape

satula

depression located along the axial trend of an anticline

Something resembling a saddle (sense 1) in appearance or shape.

(geometry) Synonym of saddle point (“a point in the range of a smooth function, every neighbourhood of which contains points on each side of its tangent plane”)


nef

Short for numerically effective; introduced by Miles Reid.

[…] this condition is the numerical consequence of the condition that for some mgt;0, the linear system #124;mD#124; is effective and free; thus nef = "numerically (effective and free)".

1983, Miles Reid, “Minimal Models of Canonical 3-Folds”, in Advanced Studies in Pure Mathematics, volume 1, page 131:

(algebraic geometry) Of a line bundle on a complete algebraic variety over a field: such that the degree of its restriction to every algebraic curve in the variety is non-negative.


-ton

From Middle English -ton, -tone, -tune, from Old English -tūn, derived from Old English tūn (“town”). Doublet of town.

singleton

(mathematics, bridge) A set of specific objects or persons.


systolic

(mathematics) Relating to the mathematical concept of a systole


epicycle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-epicycle.wav

From Latin epicyclus, from Ancient Greek ἐπίκυκλος (epíkuklos), from ἐπί (epí, “upon”) + κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”).

Is it not [Philosophie], that […] teacheth miserie, famine and sicknesse to laugh? Not by reason of some imaginarie Epicicles, but by naturall and palpable reasons.

(astronomy) A small circle whose centre is on the circumference of a larger circle; in Ptolemaic astronomy it was seen as the basis of revolution of the "seven planets", given a fixed central Earth.

епицикъл

a small circle whose centre is on the circumference of a larger circle

(geometry) Any circle whose circumference rolls around that of another circle, thus creating a hypocycloid or epicycloid.

episykli

any circle whose circumference rolls around that of another circle

(organic chemistry) A ring of atoms joining parts of an already cyclic compound

If two chronicles seemed contradictory, instead of trying to choose between them, a rationalization (epicycle) was devised to cover both.

1978, The Journal of the Siam Society, volumes 66-67, page 152:

Rather than solve the theoretical problem of how to produce a method of political ethics, the contractarian device introduces an unnecessary theoretical epicycle into what is otherwise a coherent account of social justice in particular and political morality in general.

1998, Paul Joseph Kelly, Impartiality, Neutrality and Justice: Re-reading Brian Barry’s Justice as Impartiality, page 12:

(figuratively) An ad hoc complication added to a model to make it fit the known data


apsis

From Latin apsis, hapsis, from Ancient Greek ἁψίς (hapsís, “arch, vault”). See also apse.

Like Henry's collegiate church […] the cathedral is a cruciform basilica of the double bay system with four square bays in the central nave, western transoms, a quadrum for the choir, an apsis, and a transept with auxiliary apses.

2019, A Companion to Medieval Lübeck, page 96:

(architecture) A recess or projection, with a dome or vault, at the east end of a church; an apse.

(astronomy) Either of the points in the elliptical orbit of a planet, comet, or moon where it is closest or furthest from the body it orbits; examples are perihelion, aphelion, perigee, and apogee


plexus

en-noun

plexus (plural plexuses or plexus or plexi)

plexuses (plural)
plexus (plural)
plexi (plural)

Borrowed from Latin plexus (“a twining, plaiting, braid”).

bor

Plexus (Lat.). The system of equations required for the complete expression of the relations which exist between a set of quantities.

1866, Brande & C, A Dictionary of Science, Literature, & Art, page 935:

An interwoven combination of parts or elements in a structure or system.

(mathematics) The system of equations required for the complete expression of the relations which exist between a set of quantities.


torsion

en-noun

torsion (countable and uncountable, plural torsions)

From Middle English torcion, from Middle French torsion, from Late Latin torsiōnem, from Latin tortiō, from torqueō (“twist, turn”). See torture, -tort.

(mathematics) A finite order element of a group that, when raised to a positive integer power results in the identity element of the group.

(mathematics) An element of a homology or cohomology group for which there exists a non-zero integer that, when the element is multiplied by that integer, yields zero.


empty set

Start with the empty set. We define it as “the set of all objects not equal to themselves,” since there are no such objects. All empty sets have the same members—no members at all! Therefore, as sets they're identical, by definition of identity of sets. In other words, there's only one empty set. This unique empty set is our building block. Next comes the set whose only member is—the empty set. This set is not empty.

1997, Reuben Hersh, What Is Mathematics, Really?, Oxford University Press, page 257:

The existence of the empty set is entailed, in the presence of the axiom scheme of separation, by the existence of any set whatever.

2004, Michael Potter, Set Theory and its Philosophy, Oxford University Press, page 58:

A topological space may be very sparsely endowed with open sets. As we know, some spaces have only two, the empty set and the full space.

2007, A. K. Sharma, Measure Theory, Discovery Publishing House, page 1:

Their existence can be generated on the basis of the empty set, since one is simply the set of the empty set, two is simply that set plus the empty set and so forth.

2008, Sam Gillespie, The Mathematics of Novelty: Badiou's Minimalist Metaphysics, re.press, page 57:

(set theory) The unique set that contains no elements, denoted ∅ or {}.


cardinality

cardinality (countable and uncountable, plural cardinalities)

The empty set has a cardinality of zero.

The cardinality of a set A is the least ordinal α such that there exists a bijection between A and α. We sometimes use the notation #92;alpha#61;#124;A#124; to indicate this.

2005, Johan de Jong, “Set Theory”, in The Stacks Project, retrieved 2018-02-26:

For fuzzy sets, the concept of set size or cardinality is both richer and more problematic than it is for crisp sets. It is richer because, as we shall see, we may use more than one kind of cardinality.

2006, Michael Smithson, Jay Verkuilen, Fuzzy Set Theory: Applications in the Social Sciences, SAGE Publications, page 37:

Clearly, in this example, the sensitivity to the cardinalities takes the weaker form F#91;M(A)#93;#61;#92;overset#123;#61;#125;#123;A#125; of a single-valued function from the measure to the cardinality rather than the stronger form M(A)#61;f(#92;overset#123;#61;#125;#123;A#125;) of a function from the cardinality to the measure.

2012, Adolf Grünbaum, Robert S. Cohen, Marx W. Wartofsky, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time, 2nd edition, Springer, page 487:

(set theory, of a set) The number of elements a given set contains.


power set

The power set of #92;#123;1,2#92;#125; is #92;left#92;#123;#92;empty,#92;#123;1#92;#125;,#92;#123;2#92;#125;,#92;#123;1,2#92;#125;#92;right#92;#125;.

Moreover, for notational convenience, we write the cardinality of a denumerable set as #92;aleph#95;0. Cardinality of the power set of a denumerable set is written as #92;aleph#95;1. We may thus extend this notation further by taking cardinality of the power set of the power set of a denumerable set as #92;aleph#95;2, etc. but we do not have the need for it right now.

2009, Arindama Singh, Elements of Computation Theory, Springer, page 16:

Theorem 4.1. A complete Boolean algebra B has a set of (complete and atomic) ca-free generators iff B is isomorphic to the power set of a power set.

2013, A. Carsetti, Epistemic Complexity and Knowledge Construction, Springer, page 94:

Exponentiation is essentially a move to the power set—the set of all subsets of a given set. This is one of the reasons why Bertrand Russell's paradox is indeed a paradox: We cannot find a universal set because no set can contain its own power set!

2015, Amir D. Aczel, Finding Zero: A Mathematician's Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers, Palgrave MacMillan, page 147:

(set theory, of a set S) The set whose elements comprise all the subsets of S (including the empty set and S itself).


admissible

en-adj

admissible (comparative more admissible, superlative most admissible)

more admissible (comparative)
most admissible (superlative)

(artificial intelligence) Describing a heuristic that never overestimates the cost of reaching a goal.


taxicab geometry

From the distance travelled by a taxicab in a grid of streets that cross at right angles to each other.

non-Euclidean geometry
non-Euclidean geometry

(geometry) A non-Euclidean geometry in which the distance between two points is the sum of the absolute differences between their corresponding coordinates.


pathological

pathological (comparative more pathological, superlative most pathological)

more pathological (comparative)
most pathological (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pathological.wav

(mathematics) Having properties which are counterintuitive or difficult to handle.


set-theoretic

a set-theoretic proof

(mathematics) Of, relating to or using set theory.


null set

(mathematics, measure theory) A negligible set; set of zero measure.

(set theory, sometimes proscribed) The empty set.


negligible set

(mathematics, set theory, measure theory) A set that is small enough that it can be ignored for some purpose.


Euclidean

Named after Euclid, who established the principles of plane geometry.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Euclidean.wav

(geometry) Adhering to the principles of traditional geometry, in which parallel lines are equidistant.


Euclidean geometry

en-noun

Euclidean geometry (countable and uncountable, plural Euclidean geometries)

(geometry) The familiar geometry of the real world, based on the parallel postulate.

歐幾里德幾何 /欧几里德几何

Ōujǐlǐdé jǐhé


non-Euclidean geometry

non-Euclidean geometry (countable and uncountable, plural non-Euclidean geometries)

(geometry) Any system of geometry not based on the set of axioms of Euclidean geometry, which is based on the three-dimensional space of common experience.


universal set

(set theory) A set large enough to contain all sets under consideration in the current context.


proper subset

{2, 4, 5} is a proper subset of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, but {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is not.

(set theory) a set that is a subset of the set, but not equal to it.

真子集

a set that is a subset of but not equal to another set


Venn diagram

Named after John Venn (1834–1923), British mathematician and philosopher.

The overlapping section of the Venn diagram of Phillies fans and mystery meat aficionados probably already knows this, but the Phils’ beloved Dollar Dog Nights appeared to be over for the season (for the uninitiated, that’s when glizzies go on sale for a buck).

2022 May 23, Nick Vadala, “’Dogs back again”, in The Philadelphia Inquirer, 193rd year, number 357, page B3:

(set theory) A diagram representing some sets by contours of closed shapes, such as circles or ellipses (and sometimes also the universal set as a rectangle enclosing all of these shapes), and indicating the relationships between the sets: by overlapping the shapes to show that the corresponding sets have a non-empty intersection, and by possibly (but not necessarily) enclosing all of the sets (which are proper subsets of the universal set) within a universal set (represented typically by a rectangle); such that the total number of simply connected regions is 2ⁿ, where n is the number of depicted sets which are proper subsets of the universal set.


non-empty

(set theory) Of a set, containing at least one element; not the empty set.


disjoint

en-adj

disjoint (comparative more disjoint, superlative most disjoint)

more disjoint (comparative)
most disjoint (superlative)

From Middle English disjoynen, from Old French desjoindre (“disjoin”), from Latin disiungō, from dis- + iungō (“join”).

(set theory, not comparable) Of two or more sets, having no members in common; having an intersection equal to the empty set.


cardioid

(geometry) An epicycloid with exactly one cusp; the plane curve with polar equation ρ=1+ cos ,θ - approximately heart-shaped


limaçon

From French limaçon, ultimately from Latin limax (“snail”).

(geometry) A plane curve with polar equation ρ=a+b, sin ,θ or ρ=a+b, cos ,θ, of which the cardioid is a special case.


limaçon of Pascal

en-noun

limaçon of Pascal (plural limaçons of Pascal)


neural network

A neural network is a computer system built to simulate, or act like, the human brain.
Audio (US): (file)

2019 February 3, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2019-02-07

(machine learning) A real or virtual computer system designed to emulate the brain in its ability to "learn" to assess imprecise data.


infinitesimal calculus

Differential calculus
differential calculus

(calculus) Differential calculus and integral calculus considered together as a single subject.


derived function

derived function (plural derived functions)

independent variable
independent variable

(calculus) Of a function, another function, the value of which for any value of the independent variable is the instantaneous rate of change of the given function at that value of the independent variable.


arithmetic progression

arithmetic progression (plural arithmetic progressions)

(mathematical analysis) A sequence in which each term except the first is obtained from the previous by adding a constant value, known as the common difference of the arithmetic progression.


plus-minus sign

plus-minus sign (plural plus-minus signs)

(mathematics) the symbol ±, meaning "plus or minus", used to indicate the precision of an approximation (as in "The result is 10 ± 0.3", meaning the result is anywhere in the inclusive range from 9.7 to 10.3), or as a convenient shorthand for a quantity with two possible values of opposing sign and identical magnitude (as in "The roots of the equation x²-4=0 are ±2").


minus-plus sign

minus-plus sign (plural minus-plus signs)

(mathematics) the symbol ∓, meaning "minus or plus", used alongside the plus-minus sign to show that a negative value is to be taken where the positive value is indicated by the plus-minus sign, and vice versa (as in (x ± 1) / (x ∓ 2), which means (x + 1) / (x - 2) and (x - 1) / (x + 2).


gigajoule

(metrology) An SI unit of energy equal to 10⁹ joules. Symbol: GJ


DL

DL (countable and uncountable, plural DLs)

Before Transformer models, the attention mechanism was proposed as a helper for improving conventional DL models such as RNNs.

2021, Savas Yildirim, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Mastering Transformers […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 26:

(machine learning) Initialism of deep learning.


ordered pair

If an ordered pair were defined (in terms of sets) as (x,y):=a,a,b then the "first element" of an ordered pair S could be defined as CAR(S) where CAR(S) = x if and only if (∀y∈S.,x∈y). Likewise, the "second element" of S could be defined as CDR(S) where CDR(S) = x if and only if (∃y∈S.,(∃z∈y.,x∈z)). If the two elements happened to be equal, then the ordered pair would still have cardinality two as would be naturally expected.

(set theory) An object containing exactly two elements in a fixed order, so that, when the elements are different, exchanging them gives a different object. Notation: (a, b) or ⟨a,b⟩.


n-tuple

Two probabilistic interpretations of the n-tuple recognition method are put forward in order to allow this technique to be analysed with the same Bayesian methods used in connection with other neural network models.

1995, Rohwer, R.J., Fourth International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks: Two Bayesian treatments of the n-tuple recognition method, Aston Univ., Birmingham http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=497811

The continuous n-tuple classifier was proposed by the author as a new type of n-tuple classifier that is ideally suited to problems where the input is continuous or multi-level rather than binary.

1998, S.M. Lucas, Vision, Image and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings: Continuous n-tuple classifier and its application to real-time face recognition, Dept. of Electron. Syst. Eng., Essex Univ., Colchester:

Therefore an image processing technique that utilises a trainable n-tuple pattern recognition algorithm is under investigation.

1999, D. Chan,1 S. Hockaday, R.D. Tillett, and L.G. Ross, 7th International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications: A trainable n-tuple pattern classifier and its application for monitoring fish underwater http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=IEECPS0019990CP465000255000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes

(mathematics) A tuple containing n terms.

n-uplet

tuple containing n terms — see also -tuple


undirected graph

undirected graph (plural undirected graphs)

(graph theory) A graph in which the edges are not ordered, so the edge (a, b) is identical to the edge (b, a).


directed graph

Coordinate term: oriented graph

A directed graph (A, R) is a set of vertices A together with an incidence relation R: if aRb then there is an edge going from A to B.

(graph theory) A graph in which the edges are ordered pairs, so that, if the edge (a, b) is in the graph, the edge (b, a) need not be in the graph and is distinct from (a, b) if it is.


directed edge

(graph theory) An edge of a directed graph.


big O

(mathematical analysis) Upper bound function; see big O notation.


prism

→ Japanese: プリズム (purizumu)

→ Korean: 프리즘 (peurijeum)

→ Thai: ปริซึม (bprí-sʉ̂m)

[ˈpʰɹ̠̊ɪzm̩]

Learned borrowing from Late Latin prisma (“(geometry) prism”), from Ancient Greek πρίσμᾰ (prísmă, “anything sawn; sawdust; (Koine, geometry) prism”), from πρῐ́ζω (prĭ́zō) (a variant of πρῑ́ω (prī́ō, “to saw”), further etymology unknown) + -μᾰ (-mă, suffix forming neuter nouns denoting the effect or result of an action, etc.).

prizëm

transparent block used to reflect or refract light

(geometry) A polyhedron with parallel ends of the same polygonal shape and size, the other faces being parallelogram-shaped sides.

An object having the shape of a geometrical prism (sense 1).

(construction) A cutting (“open passage at a level lower than the surrounding terrain, dug for a canal, railway, or road to go through”) or an embankment shaped like a prism (sense 1) or a number of prisms, such that its volume can be easily calculated.

leikkaus

cutting or embankment shaped like a prism or number of prisms

(crystallography) A crystal in which the faces are parallel to the vertical axis.

prisma

[page 13] One of theſe Parts [of a piece of black paper] I painted vvith a red Colour and the other vvith a blevv. […] This Paper I vievved through a Priſm of ſolid Glaſs, vvhoſe tvvo Sides through vvhich the Light paſſed to the Eye vvere plane and vvell poliſhed, and contained an Angle of about Sixty Degrees: vvhich Angle I call the refracting Angle of the Priſm. […] [page 17] Theſe Experiments may ſuffice for the Colours of Natural Bodies. For in the Colours made by the Refraction of Priſms this Propoſition vvill appear by the Experiments vvhich are novv to follovv in the next Propoſition.

1704, I[saac] N[ewton], “[The First Book of Opticks. Part I.] Prop[osition] I. Theor[y] I. Lights which Differ in Colour, Differ also in Degrees of Refrangibility.”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. […], London: […] Sam[uel] Smith, and Benj[amin] Walford, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, pages 13 and 17:

Here, avvful [Isaac] Newton, the diſſolving clouds / Form, fronting on the ſun, thy ſhovvery priſm; / And to the ſage-inſtructed eye unfold / The various tvvine of light, by thee diſclos'd / From the vvhite mingling maze.

a. 1749 (date written), James Thomson, “Spring”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, →OCLC, page 10, lines 207–211:

(optics) A transparent block in the shape of a prism (sense 1), typically with triangular ends, used to reflect or refract light.

The beams, that thro' the Oriel shine, / Make prisms in every carven glass, […]

1842, Alfred Tennyson, “The Day-Dream”, in Poems. […], volume II, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 151:

(archaic) A spectrum produced by light being refracted through a prism.

(by extension, surveying) A retroreflector (“device which reflects light back to its source with minimal scattering”) which is usually attached to a surveying pole as a target for a total station which emits a light beam at the device and calculates how long it takes to be reflected back in order to measure distance.


extremum

Learned borrowing from Latin extrēmum, neuter form of extrēmus (“extreme in degree”). Doublet of extreme.

(mathematics) A point, or value that is a maximum or a minimum.

extrempunkt

point where an extreme value is obtained


equivalence relation

en-noun

equivalence relation (plural equivalence relations)

(set theory) A binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.


binary relation

binary relation (plural binary relations)

A partially ordered set #92;langleA,#92;varrho#92;rangle consists of a nonvoid set A and a binary relation #92;varrho on A, such that #92;varrho satisfies properties (P1)-(P3).

1978, George Grätzer, General Lattice Theory, Academic Press, page 1:

1.30. Corollary. If P is a binary relation which is asymmetric and negatively transitive, then P is also transitive.
It should be noted that a binary relation may be irreflexive and negatively transitive without being transitive; as an example, consider the standard inequality relation (≠).

1999, James C. Moore, Mathematical Methods for Economic Theory 1, Springer, page 24:

Definition If E is a non-empty set then by an order on E we mean a binary relation on E that is reflexive, anti-symmetric, and transitive.

2005, T. S. Blyth, Lattices and Ordered Algebraic Structures, Springer, page 1:

(set theory, order theory, "on" a set A) A subset of the Cartesian product A×A (the set of ordered pairs (a, b) of elements of A).

(set theory, order theory, "on" or "between" sets A and B) A subset of the Cartesian product A×B.


setoid

equivalence relation
equivalence relation

(set theory) A set together with an equivalence relation.


equivalence class

equivalence class (plural equivalence classes)

(set theory) Any one of the subsets into which an equivalence relation partitions a set, each of these subsets containing all the elements of the set that are equivalent under the equivalence relation.

třída ekvivalence

Any one of the subsets into which an equivalence relation partition is set


graph theory

graph theory (countable and uncountable, plural graph theories)

The type of graph studied in graph theory is formally described as an ordered pair G#61;(V,E) comprising a set V of vertices, or nodes, and a set E of pairs (either ordered or unordered) of vertices, each representing an (directed or undirected) edge; if desired, the vertices and/or edges can be labelled.

In graph theory there are two concepts of "sameness" whereby graphs are judged to be "the same", namely equality and isomorphism.[…]An indication of the pervasive role isomorphism has in graph theory is the fact that isomorphism has virtually captured the word "is".

1993, Richard J. Trudeau, Introduction to Graph Theory, Dover, page 47:

Extremal problems are at the very heart of graph theory. Interpreting it broadly, extremal graph theory encompasses most of graph theory, in its narrow sense, it contains many of the deepest and most beautiful results in graph theory.

1998, Béla Bollobás, Modern Graph Theory, Springer, page 103:

We aim to highlight the role of graph theory in modern timetabling research and provide some pointers to the relevant literature for the interested reader.

2004, Edmund Burke, Dominique de Werra, Jeffrey Kingston, “5.6: Applications to Timetabling”, in Jonathan L. Gross, Jay Yellen, editors, Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, page 445:

(uncountable, mathematics) The branch of mathematics dealing with the properties of graphs (networks of vertices and edges).

գրաֆների տեսություն

study of graphs (networks of nodes and edges)


graph-theoretical

(mathematics) Relating to or using graph theory.


still life

still life (plural still lifes or still lives)

still lifes (plural)
still lives (plural)

I think you're talking about a configuration known as "eater," a still life in 6-8 cells. If the glider hits the right spot, the eater will form a bridge and destroy the glider while undergoing little change before reverting.

1992 May 5, Holocaust-->Travesty, “the Hodge Podge machine”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Thus, a natural question, apparently proposed very early, was whether there exists a still life (i.e. period 1 oscillator) that reflects a glider.

1996 November 16, Paul Callahan, “Still-life glider reflector found”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

I haven't tested yet, but I expect hlife to win by a very large margin since the puffer train has lots of still life and blinkers to make Gosper's algorithm look good, and hlife's low-level implementation is quite good at handling the more random parts.

2003 December 12, Tony Finch, “Implementing Conway's Life”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata, usually countable) A pattern that does not change from one generation to the next.


modular

monolithic

antonym(s) of “consisting of separate modules”

(chiefly mathematics) Of or relating to a module or modules.


floating point

Meronyms: mantissa, significand, characteristic

(mathematics) Of a number, written in two parts as a mantissa (also called significand, the value of the significant digits) and characteristic (order of magnitude / the power of a number base) e.g. 0.314159 × 10¹.


martingale

From Middle French martingale, from Occitan martegalo, feminine form of martegal, an inhabitant of Martigues, which is from Latin maritima. Alternatively from Spanish almártaga.
The meaning in gambling may come from an old usage of "à la martingale" to mean absurdly, foolishly.https://people.math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/class/sem/html/home/notes/martingales/martingales.pdf

If a gambler plays a fair game repeatedly, his payoff over time is a martingale.

(mathematics) A stochastic process for which the conditional expectation of future values given the sequence of all prior values is equal to the current value.

martingala

a stochastic process relating random variables to earlier values


LV

LV (countable and uncountable, plural LVs)

(statistics) Initialism of latent variable.


tetromino

/tɛˈtɹɒmɪnəʊ/

/tɛˈtɹɑːmɪnoʊ/

(geometry) A polyomino made up of four squares connected edge to edge.


polyomino

polyomino (plural polyominos or polyominoes)

polyominos (plural)
polyominoes (plural)

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poly- + (d)omino, as if the d were for di-, two, a domino being made up of two squares

(geometry) A plane polyform made by joining one or more squares edge to edge in various arrangements; a similar polyform made from triangles or hexagons (or any polygon that can tile a plane)


n-omino

(geometry) A polyomino made up of n squares.


triomino

triomino (plural triominoes or triominos)

/tɹaɪˈɒmɪnəʊ/

/tɹaɪˈɑmɪˌnoʊ/

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A polyomino made up of three squares connected edge to edge.


tromino

/ˈtɹɑmɪˌnoʊ/

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(geometry) A polyomino made up of three squares connected edge to edge.


pentomino

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PIE word
 *pénkʷe
pent(a)- + (poly)omino

(geometry) A polyomino made up of five square units. When packing pentominoes into three-dimensional shapes, the square units commonly are expanded into cubes instead of being flattened.


hexomino

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(geometry) A polyomino made up of six squares.


heptomino

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(geometry) A polyomino made up of seven squares.


octomino

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(geometry) A polyomino made up of eight squares.


nonomino

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(geometry) A polyomino made up of nine squares.


monomino

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(geometry) The polyomino made up of one square.


decomino

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(geometry) A polyomino made up of ten squares.


polyform

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(geometry) A plane or solid figure constructed by joining together identical polygons edge to edge.


orbiter

The orbiters in her life in high likelihood like to talk about this and make themselves her emotional tampon and outlet.

2015, Jack N. Raven, Penetration: A Tactical Manual on Forming Deep Emotional Connections!:

(slang, seduction community) A person who constantly hangs around with someone they are attracted to, but too shy to talk to.


polyabolo

polyabolo (plural polyabolos or polyaboloes)

polyabolos (plural)
polyaboloes (plural)

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Blend of poly- + diabolo, from the resemblance of a diabolo in cross-section to two right isosceles triangles joined at the vertices of their right angles.

(geometry) A polyform made by joining right isosceles triangles edge to edge in various arrangements.


polytan

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polycube

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(geometry) A polyform made by joining one or more cubes face to face in various arrangements.


polydrafter

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From poly- + draft + -er, from drafting triangle.

(geometry) A polyform made by joining N-2 triangles edge to edge in various arrangements, each of these triangles being a right triangle with angles 30°, 60° and 90°.


polyhex

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(geometry) A polyform made by joining one or more regular hexagons edge to edge in various arrangements.


polyiamond

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Blend of poly- + diamond, the polyiamond made up of two triangles being a diamond or rhombus.

equilateral triangle
equilateral triangle

(geometry) A polyform made by joining one or more equilateral triangles edge to edge in various arrangements. Every polyiamond corresponds to a polyhex,


polystick

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(geometry) A figure made by joining line segments of equal length end to end at right angles.


logarithmic

/ˌlɒɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/

(mathematics) Of or relating to logarithms.


trapezoidal

en-adj

trapezoidal (comparative more trapezoidal, superlative most trapezoidal)

more trapezoidal (comparative)
most trapezoidal (superlative)

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On the each end was a leanback made of willow rods tied together in a tapered trapezoidal form set at an angle. Covers of buffalo hide with the hair on and quillwork designs were draped over the leanback and bed surface.

2013, Jeffrey D. Anderson, Arapaho Women's Quillwork: Motion, Life, and Creativity, page 61:

In the shape of a trapezoid, or having some faces which have one pair of parallel sides.


n-iamond

(geometry) A polyiamond made up of n triangles.


moniamond

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(geometry) The polyiamond made up of a single triangle.


hexiamond

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(geometry) A polyiamond made up of six triangles.


pentiamond

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(geometry) A polyiamond made up of five triangles.


tetriamond

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(geometry) A polyiamond made up of four triangles.


triamond

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(geometry) A polyiamond made up of three triangles.


public-key cryptography

A form of cryptography which allows users to communicate securely without previously agreeing on a shared secret key (abbreviation PKC)


PKC

public-key cryptography
public-key cryptography#English

(cryptography) Initialism of public-key cryptography.


pull-down

en-noun

pull-down (countable and uncountable, plural pull-downs)

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When a TV monitor is in shot, and the film is transferred to video through the normal 2:3 pulldown there will be a strobing effect where the film and video frame rates clash.

2013, David Mellor, Sound Person's Guide to Video, page 216:

(signal processing) The conversion of video footage to a higher frame rate by duplicating certain frames.


isomorphism

isomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural isomorphisms)

Isomorphism on Encyclopedia of Mathematics

Natural Isomorphism on Wolfram MathWorld

(group algebra) A bijection f such that both f and its inverse f⁻¹ are homomorphisms, that is, structure-preserving mappings.

(category theory) A morphism which has a two-sided inverse; the composition of the morphism and such an inverse yields either one of two identity morphisms (depending on the order of composition).


centenary

From Latin centēnārius (“containing 100; local official overseeing a hundred”) either directly or via French centenaire, from centēnī (“100 each”) + -ārius (“-ary”), from centum (“hundred”). Doublet of centenarian, centenarize, kantar, and quintal.

doublet

Of or related to the number one hundred, particularly

Lasting or aged 100 years, 100-year-old.

(historical, obsolete) Of or relating to hundreds, the administrative unit.


centenary

(uncommon) Synonym of hundredweight, especially (historical) in Greek and Roman contexts.


incongruous

en-adj

incongruous (comparative more incongruous, superlative most incongruous)

more incongruous (comparative)
most incongruous (superlative)

/ɪŋˈkɑŋ.ɡɹu.əs/

From Latin incongruus, from in- (“not”) + congruus (“congruent”), equivalent to in- + congruous.

20 and 25 are incongruous with respect to 4.

(mathematics) Of two numbers, with respect to a third, such that their difference can not be divided by it without a remainder.


mixer

→ Dutch: mixer

→ French: mixer

→ Polish: mikser

→ Romanian: mixer

desc

→ Russian: ми́ксер (míkser), ми́кшер (míkšer)

→ Turkish: mikser, mixer


resonance

en-noun

resonance (countable and uncountable, plural resonances)

From Old French resonance (French résonance), from Latin resonantia (“echo”), from resonō (“I resound”).

He passed on, and the lights and cries of the station dropped away, merged in a wider haze and a hollower resonance, as the train gathered itself up with a long shake and rolled out again into the darkness.

1912, Edith Wharton, The Reef, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton and Company:

(countable) A resonant sound, echo, or reverberation, such as that produced by blowing over the top of a bottle.

(medicine) The sound produced by a hollow body part such as the chest cavity upon auscultation, especially that produced while the patient is speaking.

emotional resonance

But the film is largely redeemed by an unexpected emotional resonance befitting a Steven Spielberg production.

2012 May 24, Nathan Rabin, “Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, in The Onion AV Club:

The whole recognition process has a deep colonial resonance. [title]

2017 October 27, Paul Daley, “The whole recognition process has a deep colonial resonance”, in The Guardian:

For audiences, all these shows mean a chance to revisit a story that still chimes loudly, and to see whether, as many suspect, it will have a more chilling resonance in the winter of 2022.

2022 November 13, Vanessa Thorpe, “‘It has added political resonance this year’: why Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol still strikes a chord”, in The Guardian:

(figuratively) Something that evokes an association, or a strong emotion; something that strikes a chord.

sympathetic vibration
sympathetic vibration

An increase in the strength or duration of a musical tone produced by sympathetic vibration.

(astronomy) An influence of the gravitational forces of one orbiting object on the orbit of another, causing periodic perturbations.


amplitude

amplitude (countable and uncountable, plural amplitudes)

Borrowed from Middle French amplitude, from Latin amplitūdō, from amplus (“large”). By surface analysis, ample + -itude.

(mathematics) The maximum absolute value of the vertical component of a curve or function, especially one that is periodic.


FEC

FEC (countable and uncountable, plural FECs)

forward error correction
w:forward error correction

(information theory, uncountable) Initialism of forward error correction.


minuend

From Latin minuendus (“something to be diminished”), gerundive of minuō (“decrease, diminish”), by surface analysis, minus + -end.

der

In the subtraction 10 − 4, 10 is the minuend and 4 is the subtrahend.

(arithmetic) A number or quantity from which another is to be subtracted.


subtrahend

1670s, from Latin subtrahendus numerus (“number to be subtracted”), form of subtrahō (“I pull out from under, I subtract”) (English subtract).
By surface analysis, subtract + -end (“patient (recipient) of action”).

surf

In the subtraction 10 − 4, 4 is the subtrahend.

(arithmetic) A number or quantity to be subtracted from another.


semi-norm

(mathematical analysis) A function denoted ∥v∥ that maps a vector v to a non-negative value such that ∥cv∥ = |c|.∥v∥, where c is a scalar, and ∥v + w∥ ≤ ∥v∥ + ∥w∥ (the triangle inequality); the condition that ∥v∥ = 0 implies that v = 0 is not required, but when it holds, the semi-norm is a norm.

Halbnorm

a function that maps a vector to a non-negative value


triangle inequality

‖ mathbf x+ mathbf y‖≤‖ mathbf x‖+‖ mathbf y‖

(mathematical analysis) The inequality that states that the magnitude of the sum of two vectors is less than or equal to the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors.

d(x,z)≤d(x,y)+d(y,z)

(mathematical analysis) The inequality that states that the distance between two points is less than or equal to the sum of the distances between the first two points and some third point.

(mathematical analysis, by abstraction) Either of the above two inequalities, considered as one of the axioms which a function must satisfy to be a norm or metric respectively.


complex analysis

(mathematics) The branch of mathematics that studies holomorphic functions.

complex analysis
simple:complex analysis

կոմպլեքս անալիզ

the branch of mathematics that studies holomorphic functions


megadeath

One million deaths, especially as a unit of measure in reference to nuclear warfare.

megamort

one million deaths, especially in reference to nuclear warfare


fylfot

Uncertain, but likely from Middle English fillen (“to fill”) (from Old English fyllan) + fot (“foot”) (from Old English fōt), in reference to its use as a design to be placed at the bottom of stained-glass windows.

Morley: A year and a half ago I stumbled into your gingerbread office, a lost, frightened soul in terrified flight across the great yawning terror of doubt—a human being, in short!—and you chanted some hagridden formulas and danged some fylfots...

There was a coffee tray on top of it, and spilt coffee part hid the fylfot design of the tray.

1982, Anthony Burgess, The End of the World News:

A swastika, especially one with the arms bent in an anticlockwise direction.


vanishing point

en-noun

vanishing point (plural vanishing points)

At 8h 35' 4", the least dent possible, quite black, appeared in the sun's limb. And at 8h 35' 6", the limb was restored to its perfect form, there having been a small trembling light, between the narrow watery border of Venus and the vanishing point of contact in the sun's limb for these two seconds of time.

1762, Samuel Dunn, “Some Observations of the Planet Venus, on the Disk of the Sun, June 6th, 1761,”, in Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), volume 52, page 192:

It might cut the tuberculosis deathrate to the vanishing point.

1923 June 25, “Tuberculosis at Bay”, in Time:

It hit 100 m.p.h. with ease and sped toward the vanishing point down Highway 93A.

2003 August 25, Sally B. Donnelly, “The Need for Speed”, in Time:

The situation in which, place where, or point in time when some object or phenomenon is no longer observable or notable.

katoamispiste

point when an object or phenomenon is no longer observable


indeterminate

en-adj

indeterminate (comparative more indeterminate, superlative most indeterminate)

more indeterminate (comparative)
most indeterminate (superlative)

(mathematical analysis, of certain forms of limit) Not definitively or precisely determined, because of the presence of infinity or zero symbols used in any of several improper combinations.


indeterminate

1862, H. J. Stephen Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers—Part III, Report of the 31st Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, British Association for the Advancement of Science, page 292,
The form is linear, quadratic, cubic, biquadratic or quartic, quintic, &c., according to its order in respect of the indeterminates it contains; and binary, ternary, quaternary, &c., according to the number of its indeterminates. Thus x²+y² is a binary quadratic form, x³+y³+z³-3xyz is a ternary cubic form.

1892, Henry B. Fine, Kronecker and His Arithmetical Theory of the Algebraic Equation, Thomas S. Fiske, Harold Jacoby (editors), Bulletin of the New York Mathematical Society, Volume 1, New York Mathematical Society, page 179,
Such a factor is therefore an integral function of x and the indeterminates u_1,u_2,…u_n with coefficients belonging to the domain of rationality (R',R,..) and may be represented by g(x,u_1,u_2,..u_n).

2006, Alexander B. Levin, Difference Algebra, M. Hazewinkel, Handbook of Algebra, page 251,
Let T=T_σ and let S be the polynomial R-algebra in the set of indeterminates y_i,τ_(i∈I,τ∈T) with indices from the set I×T.

(algebra, strict sense) A symbol that resembles a variable or parameter but is used purely formally and neither signifies nor is ever assigned a particular value;

A symbol that resembles a variable or parameter but is used purely formally and neither signifies nor is ever assigned a particular value;
(loose sense) a variable.


autoclave

Borrowed from French autoclave, formed with prefix auto- + Latin clavis (“key”).


purely imaginary number

en-noun

purely imaginary number (plural purely imaginary numbers)


purely imaginary

(complex analysis) Of a number, having real part equal to zero.


thickness

thickness (countable and uncountable, plural thicknesses)

mental acuity

antonym(s) of “property of being stupid”

From Middle English thikkenesse, thiknesse, from Old English þicnes (“thickness, viscosity, density, hardness; obscurity, cloud, darkness; thicket; depth, a thick body, anything thick or heavy”), from Proto-West Germanic *þikkwīnassī (“thickness”), equivalent to thick + -ness. Cognate with West Frisian tsjokkens (“thickness”), Old High German dickinessī, dikkinissi, diknissi (“thickness, density”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English crassitude (“thickness”) from Latin crassitūdō (“thickness”).

inh

(graph theory, countable) The minimum number of planar subgraphs which a given graph can decompose into.


ROC

(mathematics, of a series) Initialism of region of convergence.

(statistics, radio) Initialism of receiver operating characteristic.


annulus

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ānnulus, a misspelling of Latin ānulus (“ring, especially one worn on a finger”), from ānus (“ring”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂no- (“ring”)) + -ulus (diminutive suffix).
The plural form annuli is a learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ānnulī.

lbor

(geometry) The region in a plane between two concentric circles of different radii.

օղակ

(topology) Any topological space homeomorphic to the region in a plane between two concentric circles of different radii.


circumscribe

en-verb

circumscribe (third-person singular simple present circumscribes, present participle circumscribing, simple past and past participle circumscribed)

circumscribes (present singular third-person)
circumscribing (participle present)
circumscribed (participle past)
circumscribed (past)

From Latin circumscrībō, from circum (“around”) + scrībō (“write”). By surface analysis, circum- + scribe.

(geometry) To draw the smallest circle or higher-dimensional sphere that has (a polyhedron, polygon, etc.) in its interior.

описвам

to draw a circle, sphere, or higher-dimensional ball

piirtää ympyrä monikulmion kärkien kautta


percentage rate

en-noun

percentage rate (plural percentage rates)

(finance, mathematics) A coefficient, expressed as a fraction of 100, of the quotient of two numbers over a specified period of time, where the denominator has the same units as the numerator but is adjusted by a unit of time. This measure indicates the proportion of a part in relation to a whole and is commonly used to describe rates of interest, growth, or change in financial and economic contexts, expressed in percentage points.


percentage point

percentage point (plural percentage points)

The difference between 20 percent and 30 percent is 10 percentage points, not 10 percent. In fact, an increase from 20 to 30 percent is an increase of 50 percent. Only if, for example, 20 percent of buyers choose a certain company's products in one year and 22 percent do so the next year, can one speak of an increase of 10 percent.

Economics is a messy discipline: too fluid to be a science, too rigorous to be an art. Perhaps it is fitting that economists’ most-used metric, gross domestic product (GDP), is a tangle too. GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory. Its apparent simplicity explains why it is scrutinised down to tenths of a percentage point every month.

2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

One hundredth of a given value, used to measure the difference of two percentages.

نُقْطَة مِئَوِيَّة

unit of the difference of two percentages


trojan

/ˈtɹəʊd͡ʒən/

/ˈtɹoʊd͡ʒən/

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(computing) Malware that appears to perform or actually performs a desired task for a user while performing a harmful task without the user's knowledge or consent.


troy weight

A system of units of weight/mass, mostly used for precious metals and gemstones, in which the pound contains 12 ounces which each contain 480 grains.


sector

Sector (Star Trek)
Sector (instrument)
sector

(geometry) Part of a circle, extending to the center; circular sector.


rounded

en-adj

rounded (comparative more rounded, superlative most rounded)

more rounded (comparative)
most rounded (superlative)

(mathematics) Describing a number that has been changed to its nearest desired value.


friable

friable (comparative more friable, superlative most friable)

more friable (comparative)
most friable (superlative)

Borrowed from French friable, from Latin friābilis (“friable”), from friō (“I crumble”).

(mathematics, of a number) Smooth: that factors completely into small prime numbers.


rounded down

(mathematics) Of a real number, converted to an integer by having its fractional component removed.


rounded up

(mathematics) Of a real number: converted to an integer by having 0.5 added to it, and the result being rounded down.


productive

productive (comparative more productive, superlative most productive)

more productive (comparative)
most productive (superlative)

Borrowed from Late Latin productivus, equivalent to product + -ive.

a productive set

(set theory) A type of set of natural numbers, related to mathematical logic.


bus stop

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(mathematics, informal) "&": The two-lined right-angled symbol used to separate quotient, divisor and dividend in long division and short division


parallelepiped

/ˌpæɹəˌlɛləˈpaɪpɪd/

/ˌpæɹəlɛˈlɛpɪpɛd/

From Latin parallēlepipedum, from Ancient Greek παραλληλεπίπεδος (parallēlepípedos, “with parallel surfaces”), from παράλληλος (parállēlos, “parallel”) + ἐπίπεδος (epípedos, “plane”).

der

παραλληλεπίπεδος

A cuboid is a rectangular parallelepiped.

(geometry) A solid figure, having six faces, all parallelograms, all opposite faces being similar and parallel.


ug

(Caithness, Scotland) The pectoral fin of a fish.


morally

en-adv

morally (comparative more morally, superlative most morally)

more morally (comparative)
most morally (superlative)

immorally

antonym(s) of “in keeping of requirements of morality”

In the short exact sequence 0#92;xrightarrow#123;q#125;A#92;xrightarrow#123;r#125;B#92;xrightarrow#123;s#125;C#92;xrightarrow#123;t#125;0, B is morally A#92;timesC, even if in reality the sequence may fail to split.

The data governing the deformations of X then consist of what we call a structure, which is a collection of slabs and walls: these are codimension-one polyhedral subsets of B, contained locally in affine hyperplanes, along with some attached data of a ring automorphism which is used in our gluing construction. This structure has an important tropical interpretation: morally, a structure can be viewed as a union of tropical trees in #92;check#123;B#125; with leaves on #92;Delta.

2011, Mark Gross, Bernd Siebert, “From Real Affine Geometry to Complex Geometry”, in Annals of Mathematics, page 1304:

(mathematics) Used to clarify that a statement is made in analogy, and every detail may not be strictly true.


generalization

en-noun

generalization (countable and uncountable, plural generalizations)

A hypersphere is a generalization of a sphere across more than three dimensions.

(mathematics) A proof, axiom, problem, or definition that includes another's cases, and also some additional cases; a conclusion reached by inferring from specific cases to more general cases or principles.


odds

She beat me with knight odds but lost with rook odds.

The grandmaster gave his opponents significant time odds, of one minute versus ten minutes.

The resulting match of fourteen games was won by Mr. Maurian, who had scored all the Knight-odds parties and the majority of the even-term ones!

1913, The British Chess Magazine, volume 33, Trubner & Company, page 51:

Nowadays, giving material odds in this way is rather rare, but the advent of the chess clock has made it possible for strong players to give time odds — taking one or two minutes for all their moves, for example, and allowing their opponents five minutes or more.

1989, Raymond Keene, The Simon & Schuster Pocket Book of Chess, Simon and Schuster Books for Young Readers, →ISBN, page 183:

Harry Golombek, who had returned from Argentina with the British chess team but spent two years in the infantry before joining B.P., occasionally played chess with Turing, giving Queen odds in order to make the game more equal.

1998, George W. Atkinson, Chess and Machine Intuition, Intellect, →ISBN, page 35:

And finally, if those are tied, they'll play a final sudden-death game, using a format known as armageddon. In armageddon, black gets "time odds": White gets five minutes while black gets just four, but a draw counts as a win for black.

2016 November 27, Oliver Roeder, “The World Chess Championship Comes Down To The Final Game”, in FiveThirtyEight, archived from the original on 2022-05-26:

Fischer described all female professionals' play at his time to be that of "beginners", and went on to boast about hypothetically beating any female chess player with knight odds (when challenged to the same, though, he didn't respond).

2018 September 23, Binit Priyaranjan, “Queens on the Board, Pawns in the Sport – the Underrepresentation of Women in Chess”, in The Wire, archived from the original on 2021-05-06:

The most important handicap historically is knight odds, because it produces play more similar to a normal game than handicaps like f7 and multiple moves, while still being a suitable handicap for rather strong players.

2021, Larry Kaufman, Chess Board Options, New in Chess, →ISBN:

Here, Nakamura took the white pieces and the time odds with the mandatory win requirement, and managed to break Nepomniachtchi's resistance to clinch the title.

2022 October 31, Luci Kelemen, “Nakamura wins 2022 Fischer Random Chess Championship, Carlsen slides to top-four finish”, in Dot Esports, archived from the original on 2022-12-17:

(chess) An advantage given to a weaker opponent in order to equalize the game when playing casually, usually by removing one of the stronger player's pieces or by giving the weaker player more time.


bramble

From Middle English brembel, from Old English bræmbel, from earlier brǣmel, brēmel, from dialectal Proto-West Germanic *brāmil, diminutive of *brām (English broom).

(graph theory) A collection of mutually touching connected subgraphs, where two subgraphs touch if they share a vertex or each includes one endpoint of an edge.


monstrous

en-adj

monstrous (comparative more monstrous, superlative most monstrous)

more monstrous (comparative)
most monstrous (superlative)

From Middle English monstrous, from Old French monstrueuse, monstrüos, from Latin mōnstrōsus. Compare monstruous. By surface analysis, monster + -ous.

Where thou, perhaps, under the whelming tide / Visitest the bottom of the monstrous world.

1637, John Milton, “Lycidas”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], published 1646, →OCLC:

Of, or relating to a mythical monster; full of monsters.


correlative

From correlate + -ive or cor- + relative.

(grammar) A pro-form; a non-personal pronominal, proadjectival, or proadverbial form


linear pair

(geometry) The two supplementary adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines


polar

/ˈpəʊ̯lə(ɹ)/

[ˈpʰəʊ̯lə(ɹ)]

From Late Latin polāris, equivalent to pole + -ar.

(mathematics) Of a coordinate system, specifying the location of a point in a plane by using a radius and an angle.


polar

/ˈpəʊ̯lə(ɹ)/

[ˈpʰəʊ̯lə(ɹ)]

(geometry) The line joining the points of contact of tangents drawn to meet a curve from a point called the pole of the line.


trapdoor

(mathematics, cryptography) The special information that permits the inverse of a trapdoor function to be easily computed.


trapdoor

en-verb

trapdoor (third-person singular simple present trapdoors, present participle trapdooring, simple past and past participle trapdoored)

trapdoors (present singular third-person)
trapdooring (participle present)
trapdoored (participle past)
trapdoored (past)

(cryptography, transitive) To subvert (a cryptographic scheme) by means of a secret parameter that makes the trapdoor function easy to compute.


absolute value

The absolute value |x| of a real number x is √, which is equal to x if x is non-negative, and −x if x is negative.

principal square root
principal square root

(mathematics) For a complex number a+bi, the principal square root of the sum of the squares of its real and imaginary parts, √. Denoted by | |.


embedding

(mathematics) A map which, in any of several technical senses, represents the containment of one structure inside another.

(topology) A continuous map which is also a homeomorphism between its domain and its image (considered with the subspace topology induced by its codomain).

differential topology
differential topology

(differential topology) An immersion which is also a topological embedding; equivalently, a diffeomorphism whose image is a submanifold of its codomain.

(field theory, Galois theory) A ring homomorphism between fields (the name deriving from the fact that all such maps are injective).

field theory; Galois theory; field theory; Galois theory

(mathematical analysis) A map between metric spaces which preserves distances up to some scaling factor (called the distortion).

(category theory) An injective morphism in a concrete category which is also initial.

word embeddings

“A major reason we chose to study word embeddings is that they have been spectacularly successful in the last few years in helping computers make sense of language,” said Arvind Narayanan, a computer scientist at Princeton University and the paper’s senior author.

2017 April 13, Hannah Devlin, quoting Arvind Narayanan, “AI programs exhibit racial and gender biases, research reveals”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

A few years ago, Dr. [Alexander] Huth noticed that particular pieces of these maps — so-called context embeddings, which capture the semantic features, or meanings, of phrases — could be used to predict how the brain lights up in response to language.

2023 May 1, Oliver Whang, “A.I. Is Getting Better at Mind-Reading”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-17:

(machine learning, artificial intelligence) A representation of a unit of text (such as a word or token) as a vector, which encodes the context in which it is used.

machine learning; artificial intelligence; machine learning; artificial intelligence


Gunter's line

From Gunter + -'s + line, from the surname of the English clergyman, geometer, and mathematician Edmund Gunter (1581–1628), the inventor of the Gunter’s scale.

nb...

Containing the Definitions of the Terms, and Accounts of the Things Signify’d thereby, in the Several Arts, both Liberal and Mechanical, and the Several Sciences, Human and Divine: 􂀿...􂁀 In Two Volumes.

ref

From E[phraim] Chambers (1728) Cyclopædia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; […], volume II, London: […] James and John Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, plate between pages 252 and 253.

(mathematics) A logarithmic line on a Gunter's scale, which is used to perform the multiplication and division of numbers mechanically with only dividers.


line of centers

en-noun

line of centers (plural lines of centers)

(geometry) A line joining centers of figures.


KBS

Knowledge-based systems
w:Knowledge-based systems

(artificial intelligence) Initialism of Knowledge-based systems.


normality

normality (countable and uncountable, plural normalities)

From normal + -ity, perhaps modelled on French normalité.

(countable, mathematics, statistics) A measure of how well an observed distribution approximates a normal distribution.


scruple

From Old French scrupule, from Latin scrūpulus (“(literally) a small sharp or pointed stone; the twenty-fourth part of an ounce; uneasiness of mind, anxiety, doubt, trouble; scruple”), diminutive of scrūpus (“a rough or sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness”); perhaps akin to Ancient Greek σκύρος (skúros, “the chippings of stone”), from ξυρόν (xurón, “razor”), from ξύω (xúō, “to scrape”), from Proto-Indo-European *ksunyo-. Doublet of escropulo and escrupulo.

der

If it be ask'd why the Jews divide the Hour into 1080 Scruples, the Author of the Neomeniæ ſet forth by Munſter gives this reaſon fo it, becauſe there is no number that is diviſible into ſo many ſorts as this of 1080 is; for it may be divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, &c.

1704, Giles Strauchius [i.e., Aegidius Strauch II], “Of Minutes, Scruples and Moments”, in Richard Sault, transl., Breviarium Chronologicum. Or A Treatise Describing the Terms and Most Celebrated Characters, Periods and Epocha’s Used in Chronology. By Giles Strauchius, D.D. and Publick Professor in the University of Wittebergh. Now Done into English from the Third Edition, in Latin. By Richard Sault, F.R.S., 2nd corrected edition, London: Printed for A. Bosvile at the Dial and Bible against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-street, →OCLC, book I (Of some Terms in Chronology, and those the Most Common), § 3, page 8:

The Mahometan year consists of 12 lunar months, each containing 29 days, 12 hours and 792 scruples; (1080 scruples = 1 hour) so that the year contains 354 days, 8 hours and 864 scruples.

[1812, Thomas Watson, “Chronology”, in An Useful Compendium of Many Important and Curious Branches of Science and General Knowledge, Digested, Principally, in Plain and Instructive Tables, to which are Added, some Rational Recreations in Numbers, with Easy and Expeditious Methods of Constructing Magic Squares, and Specimens of Some in the Higher Class, London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, Paternoster Row; C. Law, Ave-Maria Lane; by and for R. Rodgers, Whitby, →OCLC, section 4 (The Mahometan Year), page 38:

The most ancient hour was divided into 1,080 scruples. The Jews suppose Issachar to have brought it from heaven.

1864 July 23, George Greenwood, “East of the Jordan”, in The Athenæum: Journal of English and Foreign Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, number 1917, London: Printed by James Holmes, Took's Court, Chancery Lane, published at the office, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C., by John Francis. [...], →OCLC, page 116, column 1:

A Hebrew unit of time equal to ¹⁄₁₀₈₀ hour.


itsy-bitsy

en-adj

itsy-bitsy (comparative itsy-bitsier, superlative itsy-bitsiest)

itsy-bitsier (comparative)
itsy-bitsiest (superlative)

From itty (baby-talk form of little) and/or bitsy.

The itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the water spout.

She wore an itsy-bitsy teeny-weeny yellow polka-dot bikini.

(colloquial, often childish or humorous) Very small; minuscule.


fraught

en-noun

fraught (usually uncountable, plural fraughts)

From Middle English fraught, fraght, freght (“transport of goods or people (usually by water); charge for such transport; facilities for such transport; cargo or passengers of a ship; ballast of a ship; goods in general; (figurative) burden; charge”), from Middle Dutch vracht, vrecht, or Middle Low German vracht, vrecht (“cargo, freight; charge for transport of goods”), from Proto-Germanic *fra-aihtiz, from *fra- (intensifying prefix) + Proto-Germanic *aihtiz (“acquisition; possessions, property”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to come into possession of, obtain; to own, possess”)). Doublet of freight.
Cognates
* Danish fragt
* Old English ǣht (“livestock; property; possession; power”)
* Old High German frēht (“earnings”) (modern German fracht)
* Swedish frakt

cog

The manse […] is reached […] by a wide, straight path, so rough that to carry a fraught of water to the manse without spilling was to be superlatively good at one thing.

1891, J[ames] M[atthew] Barrie, “The Night-watchers”, in The Little Minister. […], volume I, London, Paris: Cassell and Company, […], →OCLC, pages 32–33:

(obsolete except Scotland)
Two bucketfuls.


fraught

en-verb

fraught (third-person singular simple present fraughts, present participle fraughting, simple past and past participle fraught or fraughted)

fraughts (present singular third-person)
fraughting (participle present)
fraught (participle past)
fraught (past)
fraughted (participle past)
fraughted (past)
fraught (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Middle English fraughten, fraghten, freghten (“to hire (a ship, etc.) for transporting goods; to load (a ship, etc.) with cargo or passengers; to store, stow away; (figurative) to provide an ample supply of (goods, income, etc.)”), from Middle Dutch vrachten, vrechten, from vracht, vrecht (noun) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming infinitives of verbs).
The adjective is derived from Middle English fraught, fraght (“burdened, loaded”), the past participle of fraughten, fraghten (verb) (see above).

Therefore in ſayinge that he ſeeketh to none in heauẽ ſaue only god, he reiecteth all the counterfet Gods with which the comon errour & foly of yͤ world fraughteth heauen.

1571, John Calvin, “[Commentary on Psalm 73:25]”, in Arthur Golding, transl., The Psalmes of Dauid and Others. With M. Iohn Caluin’s Commentaries, London: […] Thomas East and Henry Middelton; for Lucas Harison, and G[e]orge Byshop, →OCLC, 1st part, folio 279, verso, column 1:

[H]ee [Henry I of England] tooke chiefe pleaſure to reſide in his nevv Palace, vvhich himſelfe built at Oxford, both for the delight he had in learned men, himſelfe being very learned, and for the vicinity of his nevv Parke at VVoodſtocke, vvhich hee had fraught vvith all kind of ſtrange beaſts, vvherein hee much delighted, as Lyons, Leopards, Lynces, Camels, Porcupines, and the like.

1611, Iohn Speed [i.e., John Speed], The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of yͤ Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. […], London: […] William Hall and John Beale, for John Sudbury and George Humble, […], →OCLC, book IX ([Englands Monarchs] […]), paragraph 59, page 442, column 2:

[W]hen his better earnings have fraught his trencher vvith a vvarm and pleaſing morſell, and his cup vvith a ſtronger liquor, hovv chearfully is he affected vvith that happy variety; and in the ſtrength of it digeſts many of his thinner meales?

1645, Jos[eph] Hall, “Sect[ion] XII. Consideration of the Benefits of Poverty.”, in The Remedy of Discontentment: Or, A Treatise of Contentation in whatsoever Condition: […], London: […] J. G. for Nath[aniel] Brooks, […], published 1652, →OCLC, pages 60–61:

[…] King Henry [VIII] full fraught all thoſe vvith vvealth and revvards, vvhom he retained in his imployment.

a. 1662 (date written), Thomas Fuller, “Cornwall”, in The History of the Worthies of England, London: […] J[ohn] G[rismond,] W[illiam] L[eybourne] and W[illiam] G[odbid], published 1662, →OCLC, page 202:

(figurative, archaic or obsolete) Followed by with: to furnish or provide (something).