fraught

en-adj

fraught (comparative more fraught or (rare) fraughter, superlative most fraught or (rare) fraughtest)

more fraught (comparative)
fraughter (comparative rare)
most fraught (superlative)
fraughtest (rare superlative)

[O]ne the other fiercely did encounter, / Like Lions two yfraught with boyling wrath, […]

1566, Euripides, “Iocasta: A Tragedie Written in Greke by Euripides, […]”, in George Gascoigne, Francis Kinwelmershe, transl., A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres Bounde up in One Small Poesie. […], London: […] [Henry Bynneman and Henry Middleton for] Richarde Smith, published 1573, →OCLC, Act V, scene ii, page 148:

Fayre boſome fraught vvith vertues richeſt treſure, / The neaſt of loue, the lodging of delight: / the bovvre of bliſſe, the paradice of pleaſure, / the ſacred harbour of that heuenly ſpright.

1595, Edmunde Spenser [i.e., Edmund Spenser], “[Amoretti.] Sonnet LXXVI”, in Amoretti and Epithalamion. […], London: […] [Peter Short] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, signature [E7], recto:

In this Chapter vve have a large Diſcourſe from the great Preacher of Righteouſneſs; A Diſcourſe fraught vvith all the commending Excellencies of Speech; […]

1660 August 8 (Gregorian calendar); first published 1715, Robert South, “A Discourse Preached at St. Mary’s Church in Oxon, before the University, on the 29th of July 1660, being the Time of the King’s Commissioners Meeting there, soon after the Restauration, for the Visitation of that University”, in Twelve Sermons Preached at Several Times, and upon Several Occasions, volume IV, London: […] G. James, for Jonah Bowyer […], →OCLC, page 3:

Liberty, fraught vvith bleſſings as it is, vvhen unabuſed, has, perhaps been abuſed to our deſtruction.

1755, [Edward Young], “Letter V. The Conclusion.”, in The Centaur Not Fabulous. […], London: […] A[ndrew] Millar […]; [a]nd R[obert] and J[ames] Dodsley […], →OCLC, page 367:

That which promised happiness when we were one in heart, is fraught with misery now that we are two.

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Two. The First of the Three Spirits.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 66:

The government and the legislature, each in its own sphere, is deeply responsible for the continuance of a state of things which is fraught with danger to the State.

1844 February 19 (date delivered), [Thomas Babington] Macaulay, “[Speeches.] A Speech Delivered in the House of Commons on the 19th of February 1844.”, in T[homas] F[lower] E[llis], editor, The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay, new edition, London: Longman, Green, Reader, & Dyer, published 1871, →OCLC, page 658:

He is a man of the meditative claſs:—he walks the ſtreets abſtractedly:—as he goes he digeſts enterpriſes, fraught with world-wide benefits.

1860, Isaac Taylor, “Essay V. Epidemic Whims.”, in Ultimate Civilization and Other Essays, London: Bell and Daldy […], →OCLC, section I, page 257:

The simplest action was fraught with danger, and could only be accomplished with the aid of talismans and counter-spells, and people lived in constant dread of the unknown.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, “The Earliest Records of Black Magic”, in The Black Art, London: Senate, Studio Editions, published 1994, →ISBN, part I, page 22:

Followed by with: carrying, or charged or loaded up with (usually something negative); accompanied by; entailing.

مَمْلُوء

[W]hen the worlde is fraughted with ſo manye varlettes, that it will be a long time ere a man ſhall diſcerne the faythful from the Hipocrites.

[1574, Augustine Marlorate [i.e., Augustin Marlorat], “[Revelation 2:2]”, in Arthur Golding, transl., A Catholike Exposition vpon the Reuelation of Sainct Iohn. […], London: […] H[enry] Binneman, for L[ucas] Harison, and G[eorge] Bishop, →OCLC, folio 32, recto:

Hovv vvondrouſly vvould he her face commend, / Aboue that Idole of his fayning thought, / That all the vvorld ſhold vvith his rimes be fraught?

1596, Edm[und] Spenser, “An Hymne of Heavenly Beautie”, in Fowre Hymnes, London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, page 43:

Come ſir, I vvould you vvould make vſe of that good vviſedome vvhereof I knovv you are fraught, and put avvay theſe diſpoſitions, that of late tranſforme you from vvhat you rightly are.

c. 1603–1606 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] His True Chronicle Historie of the Life and Death of King Lear and His Three Daughters. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Nathaniel Butter, […], published 1608, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv], signature D, verso:

So, in naturall Hiſtorie, vvee ſee there hath not beene that choiſe and iudgement vſed, as ought to haue beene, as may appeare in the vvritings of Plinius, Cardanus, Albertus, and diuers of the Arabians, being fraught vvith much fabulous matter, a great part, not onely vntryed, but notoriouſly vntrue, to the great derogation of the credite of naturall Philoſophie, […]

1605, Francis Bacon, “The First Booke”, in The Twoo Bookes of Francis Bacon. Of the Proficience and Aduancement of Learning, Diuine and Humane, London: […] [Thomas Purfoot and Thomas Creede] for Henrie Tomes, […], →OCLC, folios 21, verso – 22, recto:

Mules after theſe, Camels and Dromedaries, / And VVaggons fraught vvith Utenſils of vvar.

1671, John Milton, “The Third Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 72, lines 334–335:

The firſt Ingredient, tovvards the Art of Canting, is a competent Share of Invvard Light: that is to ſay, a large Memory, plentifully fraught vvith Theological Polyſyllables, and myſterious Texts from holy VVrit, applied and digeſted by thoſe Methods, and Mechanical Operations already related: […]

1704, [Jonathan Swift], “A Discourse Concerning the Mechanical Operation of the Spirit. In a Letter to a Friend. A Fragment.. Sect[ion] II.”, in A Tale of a Tub. […], London: […] John Nutt, […], published 1705, →OCLC, page 307:

The desert Pelican had built her nest / In that deep solitude. / And now returned from distant flight / Fraught with the river stream, / Her load of water had disburthened there. / Her young in the refreshing bath / Sported all wantonness; […]

1801, Robert Southey, “The Fifth Book”, in Thalaba the Destroyer, volume I, London: […] [F]or T[homas] N[orton] Longman and O[wen] Rees, […], by Biggs and Cottle, […], →OCLC, pages 258–259:

(figurative)
Followed by with: furnished, provided.


mapping

en-noun

mapping (countable and uncountable, plural mappings)

(mathematics) A function that maps every element of a given mathematical structure (eg: a set) to a unique element of another structure; a correspondence.

zobrazení

function that maps every element of a given set to a unique element of another set


trig

en-adj

trig (comparative trigger, superlative triggest)

trigger (comparative)
triggest (superlative)

From Middle English trig, tryg, from Old Norse tryggr (“loyal, faithful, true”), from Proto-Germanic *triwwiz (“loyal, faithful, true”). Cognate with Old English trīewe (“faithful, loyal, true”). More at true.

cog

we possess of pig's skin and stirrups to keep them square and trig

1857, J. Rarey, “The Taming of Horses”, in British Quarterly Review:

“A tight little craft,” was Austin’s invariable comment on the matron; and she looked it, always trim and trig and smooth of surface like a converted yacht cleared for action. ¶ Near her wandered her husband, orientally bland, invariably affable,[…].

1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter IX, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

The [torture] stories seemed incongruent with the men telling them – a trim, trig lot who, given a few pounds more flesh, might have stepped right out of a recruiting poster.


trig

en-noun

trig (countable and uncountable, plural trigs)

(surveying, countable, informal) A trig point.


trig

You might as well smite that saw with your fist ; you might as well put a trig under the dam and stop it, as to practise on him

1850, Sylvester Judd, Richard Edney and the Governor's Family:

(UK) A stone, block of wood, or anything else, placed under a wheel or barrel to prevent motion; a scotch; a skid.


normalization

normalization (countable and uncountable, plural normalizations)

[ˌnoː.məˌlɑɪˈzæɪ.ʃn̩]

From normal + -ization or normalize + -ation.

(statistics) The process of removing statistical error in repeated measured data.


mathematically

en-adv

mathematically (comparative more mathematically, superlative most mathematically)

more mathematically (comparative)
most mathematically (superlative)

It is mathematically impossible to divide by zero.

It was a figure quite out of key with that lonely landscape, for it wore a panama hat and a neat dark suit, cut to the order of present day dandyism, which required coats to be tight-waisted up to the armpits and trousers belted in that they might bulge out into extra wide mathematically squared bags.

1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 63:


antilogarithm

If x is the logarithm of y, then y is the antilogarithm of x.

(mathematics) The number of which a given number is the logarithm (to a given base).


antilog

Shortening; see log (“logarithm”), equivalent to anti- + log.

Then the desired y path can be obtained by taking the antilog of #92;lny […]

2005, Alpha C. Chiang and Kevin Wainwright, Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill, page 484:


alternate angles

(geometry) the internal angles made by two (parallel) lines with a third, on opposite sides of it.

the internal angles made by two (parallel) lines with a third, on opposite sides of it.
If the parallels AB, CD, are cut by the line EF, intersecting at points G and H, then the angles AGH, GHD, are called alternate angles (as also are the angles BGH and GHC).


antiparallel

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(mathematics) (of vectors) Parallel but in opposite directions.

(biochemistry) Describing the orientations of the two strands of DNA.

secondary structure
secondary structure#English

(biochemistry) Describing two beta strands comprising a protein's secondary structure that are aligned and hydrogen bonded but where the vectors describing the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends of each strand are oriented 180° relative to one another.


antiparallel

(geometry) A line that forms equal angles with two other lines, but in opposite directions.


differentiate

en-verb

differentiate (third-person singular simple present differentiates, present participle differentiating, simple past and past participle differentiated)

differentiates (present singular third-person)
differentiating (participle present)
differentiated (participle past)
differentiated (past)

equate

antonym(s) of “to show the distinction between things”

mix up

antonym(s) of “to perceive the difference between things”

From New Latin differentiātus, past participle of differentiō, from Latin differentia (“difference”); see difference.

(mathematics) To calculate the derivative of a function.

(mathematics) To calculate the differential of a function of multiple variables.

Like most teaching, differentiating is a mix of art and science. When it works, "it's like a jazz rhythm," said Carol Tomlinson, an education professor at the University of Virginia and an expert on differentiation.

2012 May 16, Michael Alison Chandler, “Teaching for all levels — in one class”, in The Washington Post, archived from the original on 2023-02-11:

Moreover, children of STIP-teachers who showed many types of differentiation activities learnt more than children of STIP-teachers who differentiated less.

2017 August, Tessa H.S. Eysink, Manon Hulsbeek, Hannie Gijlers, “Supporting primary school teachers in differentiating in the regular classroom”, in Teaching and Teacher Education, volume 66, Amsterdam: Elsevier, →DOI, →ISSN, page 107116:

I use technology to differentiate in my Algebra classroom in many different ways. Sometimes, I put this technology in the hands of students and sometimes I use it myself to streamline a process.

2018 June 22, Larry Ferlazzo, quoting Sarah Shartzer, “Response: Ways to Use Tech to Differentiate Instruction”, in Education Week, archived from the original on 2022-05-19:

(education) To teach a lesson in multiple different ways in order to meet the needs of more or less advanced students.

differenciál

education: to teach a lesson in multiple different ways in order to meet the needs of more or less advanced students


bipartite

From Latin bipartītus (“bisected”), perfect passive participle of bipartiō (“I divide into two parts, bisect”).

(graph theory, of a graph) Having vertices that can be divided into two independent sets (see bigraph)


convolution

en-noun

convolution (countable and uncountable, plural convolutions)

Borrowed from Latin convolutus (“to roll together”), past participle of convolvere, from con- + volvere (“to roll”), with the suffix -tion. Equivalent to convolute + -ion. The mathematical sense is a semantic calque from Faltung.

1934, Aurel Wintner,
The proper method in dealing with distribution functions and their convolutions (“Faltungen”) is the method of Fourier transforms, first applied systematically by Levy in his book on the calculus of probability.

Linear convolution is one of the most frequent computations carried out in digital signal processing (DSP).

1997, Richard Tolimieri, Myoung An, Chao Lu, Algorithms for Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolution, 2nd edition, Springer, page 101:

In Chapter 11 we considered H-convolutions of generalized H-transforms. These convolutions are bilinear, commutative and associative operations[…].

1994, Semen B. Yakubovich, Yurii F. Luchko, The Hypergeometric Approach to Integral Transforms and Convolutions, Springer, page 183:

(mathematics, functional analysis) A mathematical operation on two functions that produces a third that expresses how the shape of one is modified by the other; the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted along the x-axis.

卷積 /卷积

mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions


likelihood

likelihood (countable and uncountable, plural likelihoods)

From Middle English liklihode, equivalent to likely + -hood.

(statistics, probability theory) The probability that some fixed outcome was generated by a random distribution with a specific parameter.


circulate

en-verb

circulate (third-person singular simple present circulates, present participle circulating, simple past and past participle circulated)

circulates (present singular third-person)
circulating (participle present)
circulated (participle past)
circulated (past)

Borrowed from Latin circulatus, past participle of Late Latin circulare (“make circular, encircle”), a later collateral form of circulari (“form a circle (of men) around oneself”), from circulus (“a circle”).


socle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-socle.wav

From French socle, from Italian zoccolo (“wooden shoe”), from Latin socculus, diminutive of soccus (“sock”). Doublet of zoccolo.

(algebra, ring theory) The sum of the minimal normal submodules of a given R-module of a given ring R.

(group theory) The subgroup generated by the minimal normal subgroups of a given group.


SVM

support vector machine
support vector machine#English

(machine learning) Initialism of support vector machine.


mooch

If we take Scaramucci’s 10-day figure to be the standard of measurement — one “mooch” — then Pruitt survived an amazing 50.3 mooches, even while enduring more than a dozen scandals, any one of which would have doomed a lesser man.

2018 July 6, Dana Milbank, The Washington Post:

Scaramucci, who jokingly measures time in mooches, a unit equal to approximately 11 days, said he doesn’t necessarily like the version of himself he often sees on screen, but feels director Andrew J. Moscato was accurate.

2018 October 27, John Carucci, “Anthony Scaramucci defends Trump, but doesn't always agree”, in Associated Press (press release)-:

I understand it's her job. But I would point out to people that Stephanie has lasted way more “Mooches” than me.

2019 August 29, Peter Nicholas, “Anthony Scaramucci Wants You to Believe Him This Time”, in The Atlantic:


perturb

en-verb

perturb (third-person singular simple present perturbs, present participle perturbing, simple past and past participle perturbed)

perturbs (present singular third-person)
perturbing (participle present)
perturbed (participle past)
perturbed (past)

From Middle English perturben, from Old French perturber, from Latin perturbare (“throw into confusion, confuse, disorder, disturb”), from per (“through”) + turbare (“to confuse, disturb”).

der

(physics) To slightly modify the motion of an object.

(astronomy) To modify the motion of a body by exerting a gravitational force.

perturbar

(mathematics) To modify slightly, such as an equation or value.


tetrahemihexahedron

A concave uniform polyhedron with four triangular faces, three square faces, twelve edges and six vertices.


Hermitian

/hɜː(ɹ)ˈmɪʃən/

After the French mathematician Charles Hermite (1822–1901), + -ian.

If φ=φ^† then φ is Hermitian.

(mathematics, of an operator) Equal to its own transpose conjugate.


anharmonic

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(geometry) Describing the section of a line by four points, A, B, C, D, when their mutual distances are such that AB divided by CB is not equal to AD divided by CD.


formalism

en-noun

formalism (countable and uncountable, plural formalisms)

/ˈfɔɹml̩ˌɪzm̩/

Heisenberg seems to have been motivated by his intense annoyance that Schrödinger's more intuitive version of quantum theory was more widely accepted than his own, even though both formalisms led to the same results.

2011, Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw, The Quantum Universe, Allen Lane, published 2011, page 54:

(mathematics, physics) A particular mathematical or scientific theory or description of a given state or effect.

形式主義 /形式主义

mathematics, physics: a particular theory or description of a state of affairs

Dirac approaches quantum mechanics by means of a so-called symbolic method, the bracket formalism. Although this formalism has a mathematical flavour, in fact, it is based upon bold claims which lack mathematical foundation.

1986, S. J. L. van Eijndhoven, J. de Graaf, A Mathematical Introduction to Dirac's Formalism, Elsevier (North-Holland), page ix:

1992, tuart M. Shieber, Constraint-based Grammar Formalisms, The MIT Press, page 51,
It is this abstraction that justifies considering these methods as characterizing constraint-based formalisms in general, rather than an individual formalism.

(linguistics, computing, mathematics) A formal expression of a grammar; a formal grammar; a set of rules of syntax that, without reference to semantics, determine whether a sequence of symbols is a well-formed sentence in a given formal language.


canonical formalism

canonical formalism (plural canonical formalisms)

Hamiltonian dynamics
Hamiltonian dynamics

(mathematics) A formalism for a physical theory which is based upon the canonical equations of Hamiltonian dynamics.


barleycorn

This trip to Italy has actually enlarged the diameter of my head thirteen barleycorns!

1879, Geo. Alfred Townsend, Bohemian Days:

Then shewed the devil the booke unto the friar, and the friar saw it was an uncut unique of incalculable value; the height of it was half a cubit and the breadth of it the fourth part of a cubit and the thickness of it five barleycorns lacking the space of three horsehairs.

1907, Various, The Wit and Humor of America, Volume IV. (of X.):

(obsolete) The length of such a grain; a unit of length of approximately one third (or sometimes one quarter) of an inch or eight millimetres, still used as a basis for shoe sizes.


statistician

A person who compiles, interprets, or studies statistics.


cupola

Borrowed from Italian cupola, from Latin cūpula (“little tub”); from Latin cūpa, cuppa (“cup”); named for its resemblance to a cup turned over.

(geometry) A solid formed by joining two polygons, one (the base) with twice as many edges as the other, by an alternating band of isosceles triangles and rectangles.


self-dual

(linear algebra) Of a vector space, isomorphic to its dual space.

itseduaalinen

of a vector space, isomorphic to its dual space

(mathematics, in projective geometry) Of a proposition that is equivalent to its dual.

(mathematics) Of a graph or polyhedron, being the dual of itself.

itseduaalinen

of a graph or polyhedron, being the dual of itself


potency

potency (countable and uncountable, plural potencies)

Borrowed from Latin potentia. Doublet of Potenza.


isotopic

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(mathematics) Of two presemifields 𝕊 and 𝕊' of characteristic p, when there exists three linear maps g_1, g_2, and g_3 from 𝕊 to 𝕊' such that g_1(x·y)=g_2(x)∘g_3(y) for all x,y∈𝕊.


tbsp

Add 3 tbsp of grilling sauce for every pound of chicken.

Abbreviation of tablespoon. (unit of measure)


airdrop

But Facebook is also likely to carry out what’s known in cryptocurrency circles as an “air drop”, handing out small amounts of currency for free in an effort to kickstart the ecosystem.

[2019 June 18, Kari Paul, “What is Libra? All you need to know about Facebook's new cryptocurrency”, in The Guardian:

(cryptocurrencies) The distribution of free tokens to help bootstrap a new cryptocurrency.


airdrop

en-verb

airdrop (third-person singular simple present airdrops, present participle airdropping, simple past and past participle airdropped)

airdrops (present singular third-person)
airdropping (participle present)
airdropped (participle past)
airdropped (past)

(cryptocurrencies) To distribute free tokens to help bootstrap a new cryptocurrency.


sea mile

As a former Scandinavian unit of distance, a calque of Danish sømil, Norwegian Bokmål sjømil, and Swedish sjömil, from Danish sø (“sea, nautical, maritime”) + mil (“Danish mile or league”).

Synonym of nautical mile, a unit of distance now equal to exactly 1852 meters

nautical mile

(historical) A former version of the nautical mile in Scandinavia equal to 4 minutes of arc or about 4 nmi.


ogive

From late Middle English ogif, egeve, egeove, from Old French ogive, œgive, augive. Doublet of ogee.

distribution function
distribution function

(statistics) The curve of a cumulative distribution function.


anteorbital

(astronautics) Referring to the period before orbit is achieved.


critical point

(mathematics) A maximum, minimum or point of inflection on a curve; a point at which the derivative of a function is zero or undefined.


point of inflection

en-noun

point of inflection (plural points of inflection)

(mathematics) A point on a curve at which the sign of the curvature changes; at this point the second derivative of the underlying function will be zero, but positive on one side and negative on the other.


inflection point

inflection point (plural inflection points)


ensemble

(mathematics, physics) A probability distribution for the state of the system.

مَجْمُوعَة

mathematics: probability distribution for the state of the system

(machine learning) A supervised learning algorithm combining multiple hypotheses.


cup size

The difference, always in inches, between the girth just under the breasts and around the fullest part of the breasts, coded by a letter - less than 1 = AA, 1 = A, 2 = B, 3 = C etc.

The size of that part of a bra that holds the breasts.

talla de copa

the size of that part of a bra that holds the breasts


Peggy

Coordinate term: Victor

(cryptography) Placeholder name for the party that supplies a proof.


continuum

continuum (plural continuums or continua)

Borrowed from Latin continuum, neuter form of continuus, from contineō (“contain, enclose”).

(mathematics) The nondenumerable set of real numbers; more generally, any compact connected metric space.


coincidence

coincidence (countable and uncountable, plural coincidences)

From French coïncidence. By surface analysis, coincide + -ence.

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis) A coincidence point.

(geometry) A fixed point of a correspondence; a point of a variety corresponding to itself under a correspondence.


rotunda

Learned borrowing from Latin rotunda, from rotundus (“round”). In the architectural sense, from Sancta Maria Rotunda (the name for a church in the Pantheon).

(geometry) A form of cupola that has pentagons rather than squares or rectangles.


quadrangle

/ˈkwɒdˌɹæŋ.ɡəl/

From Old French quadrangle, from Late Latin quadrangulum.

(geometry) A geometric shape with four angles and four straight sides; a four-sided polygon.


reflex

en-adj

reflex (comparative more reflex, superlative most reflex)

more reflex (comparative)
most reflex (superlative)

From Late Latin reflexus, past participle of reflectere (“to bend back”), equivalent to re- + flex. Photography sense is from noun sense meaning “reflection”. Compare English reflect.

A polygon is said to be convex when no one of its angles is reflex.

1878, James Maurice Wilson, Elementary Geometry, MacMillan, page 10:

An angle less than a right angle is said to be acute; one greater than a right angle but less than a straight angle is said to be obtuse; one greater than a straight angle but less than a perigon is said to be reflex or convex.

1895, David Eugen Smith, Wooster Woodruff Bernan, New Plane and Solid Geometry, page 7:

If the reflex region is the interior of the angle, the dihedral angle is reflex.

1958, Howard Fehr, “On Teaching Dihedral Angle and Steradian” in The Mathematics Teacher, v 51, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, page 275

A reflex edge of a polyhedron is an edge where the inner dihedral angle subtended by two incident faces is greater than 180°.

1991, B. Falcidieno et al., “Configurable Representations in Feature-based Modelling”, in Eurographics '91: Proceedings, North-Holland, page 145:

We say that an angle is convex if it is not reflex.

2001, Esther M. Arkin et al., “On the Reflexivity of Point Sets”, in Algorithms and data structures: 7th International Workshop, WADS 2001: Proceedings, Springer, page 195:

P denotes a polygon and r the number of reflex vertices.

2004, Ana Paula Tomás and António Leslie Bajuelos, “Quadratic-Time Linear-Space Algorithms Generating Orthogonal Polygons with a Given Number of Vertices”, in Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2004 Proceedings, part 3, Springer, page 117

(geometry, of an angle) Having greater than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees.


coincidence point

en-noun

coincidence point (plural coincidence points)

(mathematical analysis) Of two mappings, a point in the domain of both mappings that has same image under both.


thermos

The mnaeion contains 4 gold pieces, 16 quarters, 64 thermoi, 128 carats. The gold piece contains 4 staters [sic for quarters], 16 thermoi, 32 carats. The thermos contains 2 carats. The quarter contains 4 thermoi, 8 carats. The thermos contains 2 carats.[…]The mnaeion has sixteen (16) quarters and the quarter has 6 thermoi, twelve (12) carats. The thermos has 2 carats, so that the mnaeion consists of 96 thermoi, 192 carats. The mnaeion weighs 8 drachmas, the quarter three obols, the thermos one-half obol, the carat 2 chalci.[…]Thermoi of 2 and of 1½ siliquae are attested in metrological writings (MSR II 180, s.v. θέρμοϲ); ½ ob. per thermus^([sic]) in 18 implies the lighter weight, as 1 ob. = 3 sil.[…]The mnaeion has 16 quarters and the quarter has (4 or 6) thermoi…

1982, “Metrology (3455–3460)”, in A[dam] Bülow-Jacobsen, J[ohn] E[dwin] G[eorge] Whitehorne, editors, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Graeco-Roman Memoirs; No. 69), volume XLIX, […] for the British Academy by the Egypt Exploration Society, […], →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 101, 104, and 105:

1 saton (seʾah) = 1/3 ephah (see above for correction) = 2/3 bath / mina by weight = 50 shekels / ¼ shekel = 4 thermoi / shekel = 16 thermoi and one weight (?)

2005, Lawrence H[arvey] Schiffman, “Sacrificial Halakhah in the Fragments of the Aramaic Levi Document from Qumran, the Cairo Genizah, and Mt. Athos Monastery”, in Esther G[lickler] Chazon, Devorah Dimant, Ruth A[nne] Clements, editors, Reworking the Bible: Apocryphal and Related Texts at Qumran: […], Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 199:

A third of a seah is a third of an ephah, and two-thirds of a bath, and the weight of a mina is fifty of shekels, and a quarter of a shekel is the weight of four thermoi.ᵍ Let the shekel be about sixteen thermoi and of one weight.[…]g. “thermoi”—A unit of measure whose identification remains very unclear.

2013, James R. Davila, “Aramaic Levi”, in Richard Bauckham, James R. Davila, Alex Panayotov, editors, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures, volume one, Grand Rapids, Mich., Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 138:

(historical) A unit of measure whose identification remains very unclear.


homeomorphy

(mathematics) The formation of a new graph by inserting new nodes along existing edges.


curvature

curvature (countable and uncountable, plural curvatures)

From Latin curvare, from Latin curvatura. See also curve. Displaced native Old English ġebīeġednes.

A turtle drawing an ellipse would have to turn more per distance traveled to get around its “pointy” sides than to get around its flatter top and bottom. This notion of how “pointy something is,” expressed as the ratio of angle turned to distance traveled, is the intrinsic quantity that mathematicians call curvature.

1980, Harold Abelson, Andrea DiSessa, Turtle Geometry : The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, archived from the original on 2021-06-26, pages 13–14:

(mathematics) The extent to which a subspace is curved within a metric space.

kaarevuus

mathematics: the extent to which a subspace is curved within a metric space

(differential geometry) The extent to which a Riemannian manifold is intrinsically curved.

kaarevuus

differential geometry: of a Riemannian manifold


meager

en-adj

meager (comparative meagerer, superlative meagerest)

meagerer (comparative)
meagerest (superlative)

Jamaican Creole: mawga

From Middle English megre, from Anglo-Norman megre, Old French maigre, from Latin macer, from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱrós. Akin, through the Indo-European root, to Old English mæġer (“meager, lean”), West Frisian meager (“meager”), Dutch mager (“meager”), German mager, Icelandic magr whence the Icelandic magur,
Norwegian Bokmål mager and Danish mager. Doublet of maigre.

(set theory) Of a set: such that, considered as a subset of a (usually larger) topological space, it is in a precise sense small or negligible.


trapezohedron

en-noun

trapezohedron (plural trapezohedra or trapezohedrons)

trapezohedra (plural)
trapezohedrons (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-trapezohedron.wav

From trapezium + -hedron, with trapezium used in the US sense of a convex irregular quadrilateral.

The general form is called the tetragonal trapezohedron. In this case also there are both left- (Fig. 97) and right-handed (Fig. 98) forms.

1969, Carl W. Correns, translated by William D. Johns, Introduction to Mineralogy: Crystallography and Petrology, 2nd edition, page 40:

This trapezohedron, or antidiamond, is composed of ten quadrilaterals. In each quadrilateral, three of the angles are 108° and one is 36°.

2002, John Montroll, A Plethora of Polyhedra in Origami, page 105:

(geometry, crystallography) Any of a class of polyhedra that have kite-shaped faces and are dual polyhedra of antiprisms.

trapezopluredro

any of several forms of crystal with trapezia as faces

A trapezohedron has 24 equal faces, each a four-sided figure or trapezium. Unlike the forms already described, which are always the same, there are several different trapezohedrons, all having the same number of faces but differing in the angles between the faces.

1998, Cornelius S. Hurlbut Jr., W. Edwin Sharp, Dana's Minerals and How to Study Them (After Edward Salisbury Dana), page 23:

deltoidal icositetrahedron
deltoidal icositetrahedron

(crystallography) A deltoidal icositetrahedron.


deltohedron

deltohedron (plural deltohedra or deltohedrons)

deltohedra (plural)
deltohedrons (plural)

From delto- (combining form of deltoid) + -hedron.

affix

A polyhedron whose faces are kites (deltoids). The dual polyhedron of a regular n-gonal antiprism.


resistant

en-adj

resistant (comparative more resistant, superlative most resistant)

more resistant (comparative)
most resistant (superlative)

From French résistant; equivalent to resist + -ant.

(statistics) Not greatly influenced by individual members of a sample.


FEM

en-noun

FEM (countable and uncountable, plural FEMs)

(mathematical analysis, mechanics) Initialism of finite element method.,


dimensional analysis

2000, Stuart Churchill, 2.3: Similitude: Data Analysis and Data Correlation, Frank Kreith, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering, CRC Press, page 2-28,
The full power and utility of dimensional analysis is often underestimated and underutilized by engineers.

2008, Andrew Clennel Palmer, Dimensional Analysis and Intelligent Experimentation, World Scientific, page 1,
Dimensional analysis is a technique that can be used to clarify and explain relationships between physical quantities.

2014, Jonathan Worstell, Dimensional Analysis: Practical Guides in Chemical Engineering, Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann), page 19,
Buckingham investigated the foundation of Dimensional Analysis itself. In his paper, he stated, and proved, what became known as Buckingham's Pi theorem, which forms the foundation of Dimensional Analysis.

(mathematics, physics) The study of the dimensions of physical quantities; used to obtain information about large complex systems, and as a means of checking mathematical and physics equations.

analyse dimensionnelle

the study of the dimensions of physical quantities


CMFB

w:Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics

(statistics, European Union) Initialism of Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics.


cofactor

(mathematics) The result of a number being divided by one of its factors.

(mathematics, linear algebra, of a matrix) The signed determinant of the submatrix produced by removing the row and column containing a specified element; primarily used in the recursive definition and calculation of the determinant of a matrix.


inaccessible

From Middle French inaccessible, from Late Latin inaccessibilis, equivalent to in- + accessible.

(mathematics) An uncountable regular cardinal number that is a limit cardinal.


oxgang

From Middle English oxegang, from Old English oxangang (“¹⁄₈ hide or ploughland”), equivalent to ox + gang.

inh

<small>¹<big>⁄</big>₈</small> hide or ploughland

(historical, Scotland) The similar Scottish concept, ¹⁄₈ of a ploughgate and notionally 12+¹⁄₂ or 13 Scottish acres.


composite

en-adj

composite (comparative more composite, superlative most composite)

more composite (comparative)
most composite (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French composite, from Latin compositus, past participle of compōnō (“put together”). Doublet of compost and compote.

(mathematics) Having factors other than itself and one; not prime and not one.


composite

composite number
composite number#English

(mathematics) Clipping of composite number.


expansive

expansive (comparative more expansive, superlative most expansive)

more expansive (comparative)
most expansive (superlative)

From Latin expāns-, past-participle stem of expandere (“to spread out”; see expand) + -ive.


expectancy

en-noun

expectancy (countable and uncountable, plural expectancies)

(statistics) expectation; expected value


interminable

From Middle French interminable, from Late Latin interminabilis.

(mathematics, dated) A repeating decimal.


co-

From Latin co-, allomorph of Latin con-.

cocharacter is a homomorphism of a character, cofree is homomorphic and free, cohyponormal is homomorphic and hyponormal

Having commonality, similarity with respect to the root.

(mathematics) Homomorphic with respect to the root.

coaltitude is the complement of an altitude, colatitude is the complement, in spherical coordinates, of a latitude (the difference between a latitude and 90°, cocategory is the dual of a category, coarea is the dual of the area


RMS

RMS (countable and uncountable, plural RMSes)

root mean square
root mean square#English

(electronics, statistics) Initialism of root mean square.


EDP

Excessive Deficit Procedure
w:Excessive Deficit Procedure

(statistics, European Union) Initialism of Excessive Deficit Procedure.


marco

From Portuguese and Spanish marco, from Medieval Latin marcus, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *mark, from Proto-Germanic *marką (“mark, sign”), from Proto-Indo-European *marǵ- (“land boundary”). Compare Middle High German marc (“half-pound”), which likely influenced the Romance development. See also Old English marc, Old Norse mǫrk.

der

(historical) A traditional Spanish and Portuguese unit of mass, usually equivalent to 230 g and particularly used for trade in gold and silver.


availability bias

en-noun

availability bias (countable and uncountable, plural availability biases)

A tendency of decision-makers to give preference, usually unconsciously, to thoughts with higher availability to (that is, those readily retrievable by) the cognitive activity of the moment, such as recent information, vivid images that evoke emotions, and specific events personally experienced (more than abstractions or other people's reported experiences).


topology

topology (countable and uncountable, plural topologies)

From Late Latin topologia, from Ancient Greek τόπος (tópos, “place, locality”) + -(o)logy (“study of, a branch of knowledge”).

der

1970 [Addison-Wesley], Stephen Willard, General Topology, 2012, Dover, page v,
This book is designed to develop the fundamental concepts of general topology which are the basic tools of working mathematicians in a variety of fields.

1974 [Crane, Russak & Co.], H. Graham Flegg, From Geometry to Topology, 2001, Dover, page v,
Many university courses in topology plunge immediately into a formalized and entirely abstract presentation of topological concepts.

(mathematics, uncountable) The branch of mathematics dealing with those properties of a geometrical object (of arbitrary dimensionality) that are unchanged by continuous deformations (such as stretching, bending, etc., without tearing or gluing).

A set X equipped with a topology #92;tau is called a topological space and denoted (X,#92;tau).

The subsets of a set X which constitute a topology are called the open sets of X.

It is easy to verify that the topology generated by these basic open sets coincides with the definition of the topology on #92;widehat#123;V#125; above, for the Zariski topology and the sheaf of functions #92;operatorname#123;val#125;(f),f regular.

2016, Ehud Hrushovski, François Loeser, Non-Archimedean Tame Topology and Stably Dominated Types (AM-192), Princeton University Press, page 43:

(topology) Any collection τ of subsets of a given set X that contains both the empty set and X, and which is closed under finitary intersections and arbitrary unions.


battle of the sexes

en-noun

battle of the sexes (plural battles of the sexes)

(game theory) A situation in which two people want to do different things, but do them together.


versor

From Latin vertere, versus (“to turn”). See version.

(quaternion algebra) A quaternion of norm one.


icosihemidodecahedron

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-icosihemidodecahedron.wav

small icosihemidodecahedron
small icosihemidodecahedron

great icosihemidodecahedron
great icosihemidodecahedron

(geometry) Either of two polyhedra, the small icosihemidodecahedron and the great icosihemidodecahedron.


great icosihemidodecahedron

(geometry) A polyhedron having 26 faces, 30 vertices, 60 edges, six self-intersected faces, and six nonconvex faces.

大二十面半十二面体

だいにじゅうめんはんじゅうにめんたい


sparse

en-adj

sparse (comparative sparser, superlative sparsest)

sparser (comparative)
sparsest (superlative)

(mathematics) Having few nonzero elements


palma

From Portuguese and Spanish palma. Doublet of palm, palmo, and pam.

(historical) Alternative form of palmo, traditional Portuguese and Spanish units of length.


Generation Y

Using Y as the letter that follows X, as in Generation X.

Pew Research Center
w:Pew Research Center

The generation of people born between the early 1980s and mid-1990s (with 1996 births cited as the last Millennial year), following Generation X.

generació Y

generation of people born in the 1980s and 1990s


mountainous

mountainous (comparative more mountainous, superlative most mountainous)

more mountainous (comparative)
most mountainous (superlative)

General Australian, New Zealand; US with weak vowel merger

From mountain + -ous after Middle French montagneux, from Late Latin montāniōsus, from montānia, from Latin montem (“mountain”).

[Water vapour bubbles] hit againſt the ſides of the more eminent and Mountainous Places, of the Globe, and by this Concuſſion are condenſed, and thus become heavier than the Air they ſvvom in, and ſo gleet dovvn the rocky Caverns of theſe Mountains, […]

1705, George Cheyne, “Of the Existence of a Deity”, in Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion: […], London: […] George Strahan […], →OCLC, § XXIX, page 184:

2024, Simon Montlake, In mountainous North Carolina, residents are the first responders after Hurricane Helene, in: The Christian Science Monitor, October 1 2024, headline
In mountainous North Carolina, residents are the first responders after Hurricane Helene[.]

Having many mountains; characterized by mountains; of the nature of a mountain; rough (terrain); rocky.

But the added size did not give them an advantage this time. Not when Kanter and Adams, two mountainous players, could match the Knicks’ girth with their own.

2016 November 28, Mike Vorkunov, “Despite Flash of Rose’s Prime, Knicks Are Dazed by Westbrook and Thunder”, in The New York Times:

Resembling a mountain, especially in size; huge; towering.

(figurative, of a problem or task) Very difficult.

(obsolete) Inhabiting mountains; hence, barbarous.


superpower

en-noun

superpower (countable and uncountable, plural superpowers)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superpower.wav


microscopic

en-adj

microscopic (comparative more microscopic, superlative most microscopic)

more microscopic (comparative)
most microscopic (superlative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mey-der.?
Ancient Greek μῑκρός (mīkrós)
Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti
Proto-Hellenic *sképťomai
Ancient Greek σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)
Proto-Hellenic *-os
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)
Ancient Greek -ός (-ós)
Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós)
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *-eyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-esyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Ancient Greek -έω (-éō)
Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō)
Proto-Indo-European *-yōs
Proto-Italic *-jōs
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin mīcroscopiumlbor.
Italian microscopiobor.
English microscope
Proto-Italic *-kos
Latin -cus
Latin -icuslbor.
Old French -iquebor.
Middle English -ik
English -ic
English microscopic
From microscope + -ic.

etymon

The police carried out a microscopic search of the crime scene.

(figurative) Carried out with great attention to detail.

pikkutarkka

carried out with great attention to detail


natality

en-noun

natality (countable and uncountable, plural natalities)

From French natalité. Philosophical usage introduced by Hannah Arendt.

(demography) The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year.


negative-sum

(game theory) of a situation in which there is a net loss


bicuspid

Having two points or prominences; ending in two points; said of teeth, leaves, fruit, etc.


quantize

en-verb

quantize (third-person singular simple present quantizes, present participle quantizing, simple past and past participle quantized)

quantizes (present singular third-person)
quantizing (participle present)
quantized (participle past)
quantized (past)

→ Spanish: cuantizar

(transitive, mathematics) To associate a given set of numbers with a set of numeric values in another encoding or numerical system (e.g. in a discrete mathematics).


micrometer

/maɪˈkɹɑmɪtəɹ/

[maɪˈkɹɑmɪɾɚ]

A device used to measure distance very precisely but within a limited range, especially depth, thickness, and diameter.


micrometer

[ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌmiːɾɚ]


trefoil

From Middle English trefoil, from Old French trifoil, trefeul, from Latin trifolium, from tri- (“three”) + folium (“leaf”).


osculate

osculate (third-person singular simple present osculates, present participle osculating, simple past and past participle osculated)

osculates (present singular third-person)
osculating (participle present)
osculated (participle past)
osculated (past)

From Latin ōsculātus (“kiss”), from ōs + -culus (“little mouth”). Doublet of oscillate.

(mathematics) To touch so as to have the same tangent and curvature at the point of contact.

(Vedic arithmetic) To perform osculation.


diagonalisation

en-noun

diagonalisation (countable and uncountable, plural diagonalisations)

(UK, mathematics) In matrix algebra, the process of converting a square matrix into a diagonal matrix, usually to find the eigenvalues of the matrix.

proof by contradiction
proof by contradiction

(UK, mathematics) An argument used in proof by contradiction by constructing a supposedly exhaustive list of all members of a class, and then subsequently constructing a new member which differs from each existing member in at least one place and therefore cannot belong to the list.


isosceles

Borrowed from Latin īsoscelēs, from Ancient Greek ἰσοσκελής (isoskelḗs, “equal-legged”), from ἴσος (ísos, “equal”) + σκέλος (skélos, “leg”) + -ής (-ḗs, adjective suffix).

affix

Upon each exterior side draw an Isosceles Triangle of 480 Fathoms.

1693, Abel Swall, transl., The New Method of Fortification, as Practised by Monsieur de Vavban, Engineer General of France, 2nd edition, "A New Treatise of Fortification", page 96:

A right double pyramid is isosceles when the extremities of the vertex-edge are at the same distance from the plane of the base.

1914, Henry Parker Manning, Geometry of Four Dimensions, page 204:

To prepare for the application of his method, Saccheri made use of a figure with which we are already acquainted. This is the isosceles quadrilateral with the two base angles right angles.

1945, Harold E. Wolfe, Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry, page 31:

The polygon advantageously is an isosceles trapezoid or rectangle with the pivotal connections between the deck or superstructure and four hulls respectively at its corners.

1965 April 8, Newton B. Dismukes, “Multihull vessels (Patent US3316873A)”, in Google Patents:

The flowers were stuck inside a flower pot that was shaped like an isosceles polygon with a rectangular "edge."

2019 January 23, Altered Book Lover, “Funky Flowers”, in Blogspot:

(geometry) Having (at least) two sides of equal length, used especially of a triangle or trapezoid.

հավասարասրուն

having two sides of equal length, used especially of an isosceles triangle or trapezoid


rondure

en-noun

rondure (countable and uncountable, plural rondures)

Borrowed from French rondeur (“roundness; round object”), from rond (“round”) + -eur (suffix forming agent nouns from verbs).

bor

(uncountable) The quality of being round; roundness.


triangulate

en-verb

triangulate (third-person singular simple present triangulates, present participle triangulating, simple past and past participle triangulated)

triangulates (present singular third-person)
triangulating (participle present)
triangulated (participle past)
triangulated (past)

/tɹaɪˈæŋɡjəleɪt/

(geometry, computer graphics) To divide into triangles.


triangulation

en-noun

triangulation (countable and uncountable, plural triangulations)

/tɹʌɪaŋɡjʊˈleɪʃn̩/

/ˌtɹaɪˌæŋɡjəˈleɪʃən/

From Medieval Latin triangulātiōnem (“triangulation”), from triangulāre (“to triangulate”) + -tiōnem (suffix forming nouns relating to some actions or the results of actions). Triangulāre is derived from triangulāris (“triangular”), from triangulus (“triangular; triangle”), from trēs (“three”) + angulus (“angle; corner”). The English word is analysable as triangulate + -ion, and is cognate with French triangulation.

refn

An engraving from a 16th-century treatise by Levinus Hulsius (1546–1606).

Regular triangulations are a class in-between lifting and lexicographic triangulations. Their main draw-back in the context of this paper is that regularity depends on the specific realization and not only on the oriented matroid.

2002 March, Francisco Santos, “Triangulations of Oriented Matroids”, in Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, volume 156, number 741, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, chapter 5 (Lifting Triangulations), page 59:

A triangulation of a point configuration #92;mathbf#123;A#125;#92;in#92;mathbb#123;R#125;ᵈ is a collection of d-simplices all of whose vertices are points in #92;mathbf#123;A#125; that satisfies the following two properties: 1. The union of all these simplices equals conv(#92;mathbf#123;A#125;). (Union Property) 2. Any pair of these simplices intersects in a common face (possibly empty). (Intersection Property)

2010, Jésus A[ntonio] De Loera, Jörg Rambau, Francisco Santos, “Triangulations in Mathematics”, in Triangulations: Structures for Algorithms and Applications (Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics; 25), Heidelberg, Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, definition 1.0.1, page 1:

(countable, geometry) A subdivision of a planar object into triangles, and by extension the subdivision of a higher-dimension geometric object into simplices.


geometrization

en-noun

geometrization (countable and uncountable, plural geometrizations)

(mathematics) The description of a space as a geometry.


hexagonal

Nuts in engineering are generally hexagonal.

(geometry) Having six edges, or having a cross-section in the form of a hexagon.

ষড়ভুজাকৃতি

geometry: having six edges, or having a cross-section in the form of a hexagon


isomorphic

Let A, B be the ordered sets in Figure 10.3. Let C be the direct product of infinitely many copies of the two element chain 2. Then A^C is isomorphic to B^C, but A is not isomorphic to B.

2003, Bernd Siegfried Walter Schröder, Ordered Sets: An Introduction, page 254:

(mathematics) Related by an isomorphism; having a structure-preserving one-to-one correspondence.


bell-shaped

en-adj

bell-shaped (comparative more bell-shaped, superlative most bell-shaped)

more bell-shaped (comparative)
most bell-shaped (superlative)

Having a shape or cross-section like the cross-section of a bell.


pear-shaped

pear-shaped (comparative more pear-shaped, superlative most pear-shaped)

more pear-shaped (comparative)
most pear-shaped (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pear-shaped.wav

Single egg laid directly on ledge, pear-shaped to prevent rolling off[.]

2009, Lars Svensson, Collins Bird Guide, page 210:

Having a shape of a (typical western) pear, or in cross-section, like the cross-section of a pear.

pear-shaped obesity versus apple-shaped obesity

Just as one should take sitting-up exercises every day to keep one's figure from going pear-shaped in the hips, one should spend at least a little time, even if it is only very little, sloughing off mental flabbiness by thinking, studying or just reading something that requires an exercising effort of the mind to understand, memorise or digest.

1936 March 21, Glen Innes Examiner, NSW, page 7, column 3:

Having gynoid fat distribution, not android fat distribution.

(slang, Commonwealth, UK, Ireland) Wrong, awry, usually in the phrase go pear-shaped.


EVM

(cryptocurrencies) Initialism of Ethereum virtual machine.


FDR

en-noun

FDR (countable and uncountable, plural FDRs)

false discovery rate
w:false discovery rate

(statistics) Initialism of false discovery rate.


asymptotic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-asymptotic.wav

F. Skof investigated an interesting asymptotic property of the additive functions (see Theorem 2.34). In fact, she proved that a function f : E₁ → E₂ is additive if and only if ‖f(x + y) − f(x) − f(y)‖ → 0 as ‖x‖ + ‖y‖ → ∞, where E₁ is a normed space and E₂ is a Banach space.

2011, Soon-Mo Jung, Hyers–Ulam–Rassias Stability of Functional Equations in Nonlinear Analysis, Springer, →ISBN, page 130:

More recently, a direction of research initiated by Macpherson and Steinhorn [28] and continued by Elwes [13, 14] and Ryten studies classes of finite structures in which definable sets have a uniform asymptotic behaviour, as the cardinalities of the universes increase.

2011, Vera Koponen, "Some connections between finite, infinite model theory", Finite and Algorithmic Model Theory, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 110:

(mathematics) Pertaining to values or properties approached at infinity.

مُقَارِب

pertaining to values or properties approached at infinity

Because for some transwomen, femininity can feel asymptotic — the closer you get, the more you feel you can never make it.

2016 March 11, Jennifer Coates, “I Am A Transwoman. I Am In The Closet. I Am Not Coming Out.”, in Medium:

The asymptotic behavior of a function

(mathematical analysis) Coming into consideration as a variable tends to a limit, usually infinity.


ordered

en-adj

ordered (comparative more ordered, superlative most ordered)

more ordered (comparative)
most ordered (superlative)

(mathematics, of a set, often with some algebraic structure) Equipped with a partial or total order which, in any of several technical senses, respects the algebraic structure of the object (if such structure exists). See [[#Derived terms]].


presented

(mathematics, of a group) Having a specified presentation, or a presentation with specified properties.


pointed

pointed (comparative more pointed, superlative most pointed)

more pointed (comparative)
most pointed (superlative)

The class of all pointed spaces forms a category - Top_• - with basepoint preserving continuous maps as morphisms.

(topology, algebraic topology, of a topological space) That has a named, but otherwise arbitrary, point (called the basepoint) that remains unchanged during subsequent discussion and is kept track of during all operations.


distinguished

distinguished (comparative more distinguished, superlative most distinguished)

more distinguished (comparative)
most distinguished (superlative)

Let X be a topological space with a distinguished point p.


tetrad

From Ancient Greek τετράς (tetrás), analysable as tetra- + -ad.

differential geometry
differential geometry

(mathematics) A group of four basis vectors for a four-dimensional manifold in differential geometry.


absolute deviation

en-noun

absolute deviation (plural absolute deviations)

(statistics) The absolute value of the difference between a given value (such as mean or expected value) and a variate value (usually an observed value).


absolute error

(mathematics) The difference (sometimes defined to be the absolute difference) between the measured or inferred value of a quantity and its true value.


deltoid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-deltoid.wav

From Latin deltoideus, which was in turn from Ancient Greek adjective δελτοειδής (deltoeidḗs). See also: δέλτα (délta), the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet.

(anatomy) The deltoid muscle, a triangular muscle on the human shoulder.

(geometry) A kite (quadrilateral having two pairs of edges of equal length, the edges of each pair touching each other at one end).

(geometry) A deltoid curve (hypocycloid with three cusps).


deltoid

In the shape of the uppercase Greek letter delta (Δ); triangular.

(botany, of leaves) Of a triangular or roughly triangular shape and attached to the stem via the side.


incongruent

en-adj

incongruent (comparative more incongruent, superlative most incongruent)

more incongruent (comparative)
most incongruent (superlative)

(mathematics) of or relating to two numbers that have different remainders when divided by a third number


variation ratio

en-noun

variation ratio (plural variation ratios)

(statistics) the proportion of cases not in the mode


divergent

en-adj

divergent (comparative more divergent, superlative most divergent)

more divergent (comparative)
most divergent (superlative)

/dɑɪˈvɜː.d͡ʒənt/

From Latin dis- (“apart”) + vergere (“to turn”) + the adjectival suffix -ent.

(mathematics) (said of a sequence or series) Diverging; not approaching a limit.


signum

Learned borrowing from Latin signum. Doublet of sign.

(mathematics) A function that extracts the sign of a real number x, yielding −1 if x is negative, +1 if x is positive, or 0 if x is zero.


exhaustion

en-noun

exhaustion (usually uncountable, plural exhaustions)

/ɪɡˈzɔːs.t͡ʃən/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin exhaustiō, from exhauriō + -tiō. Surface analysis: exhaust + -ion.


cyclotomic

(mathematics) of, or relating to the complex roots of unity


cyclotomy

cyclotomy (countable and uncountable, plural cyclotomies)

(mathematics) the historical problems of dividing the circle into a given number of equal segments, and of constructing regular polygons

(mathematics) the analytical extraction of the complex roots of unity; a de Moivre number


de Moivre number

de Moivre number (plural de Moivre numbers)

Named after Abraham de Moivre (1667–1754), French mathematician.

(mathematics) Any of several complex numbers that are coordinates of the vertices of a regular polygon of unit radius


isolated

en-adj

isolated (comparative more isolated, superlative most isolated)

more isolated (comparative)
most isolated (superlative)

A rendering into English of French isolé.

(algebra, of an associated prime of a module) Minimal with respect to inclusion (among associated primes).


approximately

approximately 60 beats per minute

In every box of matches there are approximately 40 matchsticks.

Per 100 g of chocolate there is approximately 11.6 g of saturated fat.

Returning to our own epistemic situation, we do not know the sense in which quantum mechanics and relativity will be taken to be approximately true after their descriptive infelicities are addressed.

2007 October 24, Jeffrey Alan Barrett, “Approximate Truth and Descriptive Nesting”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 2, →DOI:

Imprecise but close to in quantity or amount.

afërsisht

imprecise but close to in quantity or amount


connected

connected (comparative more connected, superlative most connected)

more connected (comparative)
most connected (superlative)

As a combinatorial subject, the connected dominating set has been studied in as early as 1970s.

2012, Ding-Zhu Du, Peng-Jun Wan, Connected Dominating Set: Theory and Applications, →ISBN, page v:

(mathematics, topology, of a topological space) That cannot be partitioned into two nonempty open sets.

souvislý

topology: cannot be partitioned into two nonempty open sets

In a connected graph, there is no section (proper subset that includes all edges from each vertex in said subset) of the graph that is isolated from the rest.

(mathematics, graph theory, of a graph) Having a path, either directed or undirected, connecting every pair of vertices.

sammenhængende

graph theory: having a path connecting every pair of vertices


directed

directed (comparative more directed, superlative most directed)

more directed (comparative)
most directed (superlative)

(graph theory) Having the properties of a directed graph.

(set theory) Having the properties of a directed set.


angular velocity

en-noun

angular velocity (countable and uncountable, plural angular velocities)

1963, Richard Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1963) Ch. 18 Rotation in Two Dimensions, 18–2 Rotation of a rigid body.
First, we have the angle θ which defines how far the body has gone around; this replaces the distance s, which defines how far it has gone along. In the same manner, we have a velocity of turning, ω=dθ/dt, which tells us how much the angle changes in a second, just as v=ds/dt describes how fast a thing moves, or how far it moves in a second. If the angle is measured in radians, then the angular velocity ω will be so and so many radians per second. The greater the angular velocity, the faster the object is turning, the faster the angle changes.

Wikipedia: Differential
A differential is a device, usually, but not necessarily, employing gears, which is connected to the outside world by three shafts, through which it transmits torque and rotation. The gears or other components make the three shafts rotate in such a way that a=pb+qc, where a, b, and c are the angular velocities of the three shafts, and p and q are constants. … In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, a differential allows the driving road wheels to rotate at different speeds. This is necessary when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is traveling around the outside of the turning curve roll farther and faster than the other. The engine is connected to the shaft rotating at angular velocity a. The driving wheels are connected to the other two shafts, and p and q are equal.ᵂᴾ

(mathematics, physics) The angle turned, per unit time, by a body rotating about an axis; the rate of rotation through an angle.


containment

containment (countable and uncountable, plural containments)


Legendre symbol

Legendre symbol (plural Legendre symbols)

Named after French mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752–1833), who introduced the symbol in 1798 in his work Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres ("Essay on the Theory of Numbers").

1994, James K. Strayer, Elementary Number Theory, Waveland Press, 2002, Reissue, page 109,
Our only method at present for the computation of Legendre symbols requires a possible consideration of (p-1)/2 congruences (unless, of course, we are fortunate enough to encounter the desired quadratic residue along the way).

The Jacobi symbol, which generalizes the Legendre symbol, sheds some additional light on how to determine whether (7.29) has solutions when m has two or more distinct prime factors.

2006, Neville Robbins, Beginning Number Theory, 2nd edition, Jones & Bartlett, page 195:

Jacobi symbols can be used to facilitate the calculation of Legendre symbols. In fact, Legendre symbols can be eventually calculated by Jacobi symbols [17]. That is, the Legendre symbol can be calculated as if it were a Jacobi symbol. For example, consider the Legendre symbol #92;left(#92;frac#123;335#125;#123;2999#125;#92;right) where 335 = 5·67 is not a prime (of course, 2999 is a prime, otherwise, it is not a Legendre symbol).

2013, Song Y. Yan, Number Theory for Computing, Springer, page 149:

(number theory) A mathematical function of an integer and a prime number, written (a/p), which indicates whether a is a quadratic residue modulo p.


Jacobi symbol

Named after German mathematician Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, who introduced the notation in 1837.

2000, Song Y. Yan, Number Theory for Computing, Springer, 2000, Softcover reprint, page 114,
Although the Jacobi symbol ((1009)/(2307))=1, we still cannot determine whether or not the quadratic congruence 1009=x²(mod 2307) is soluble.
Remark 1.6.10. Jacobi symbols can be used to facilitate the calculation of Legendre symbols.

With more than two factors, having a Jacobi symbol of 1 only means that x may be a quadratic non-residue modulo an even number of factors only. Thus in the general case, the Jacobi symbol is not enough to test for the existence of a discrete logarithm. Thanks to this efficient test, given any public process, for example based on a hash function, that transforms the identity of a user into a number x modulo N, this number can directly be used as the user's public key if its Jacobi symbol is 1.

2009, Antoine Joux, “Chapter 1: Introduction to Identity-Based Cryptography”, in Marc Joye, Gregory Neven, editors, Identity-based Cryptography, IOS Press, page 8:

2014, Ibrahim Elashry, Yi Mu, Willy Susilo, Jhanwar-Barua's Identity-Based Encryption Revisited, Man Ho Au, Barbara Carminati, C.-C. Jay Kuo (editors), Network and System Security: 8th International Conference, Springer, LNCS 8792, page 279,
From the above equations, guessing the Jacobi symbol ((2y_is_j_1s_j_2+2)/N) from ((2y_j_1s_j_1+2)/N) and ((2y_j_2s_j_2+2)/N) is as hard as guessing them from independent Jacobi symbols.

(number theory) A mathematical function of integer a and odd positive integer b, generally written (a/b), based on, for each of the prime factors pᵢ of b, whether a is a quadratic residue or nonresidue modulo pᵢ.


quadratic reciprocity

The theorem highlights a particular form of reciprocity in the solvability of the quadratic equation a² = b in modular arithmetic. It was conjectured by Leonhard Euler and Adrien-Marie Legendre and first proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Yes, but we need not only Quadratic Reciprocity but also Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions to see this.

2007, Paul B. Garrett, Abstract Algebra, Taylor & Francis (Chapman Hall/CRC Press), page 287:

Gauss studied these sorts of numbers while attempting to formulate and prove higher order reciprocity laws, following his success with quadratic reciprocity.

2009, Sam Vandervelde, Circle in a Box, American Mathematical Society, page 153:

An interesting consequence of the above algorithm is that one can evaluate the Jacobi symbol in deterministic polynomial time in certain cases analogous to the way (“reduce and flip”) that one computes this symbol using quadratic reciprocity in the case F#61;#92;mathbb#123;Q#125;.

2013, J. Voight, “Identifying the Matrix Ring: Algorithms for Quaternion Algebras and Quadratic Forms”, in Krishnaswami Alladi, Manjul Bhargava, David Savitt, Pham Huu Tiep, editors, Quadratic and Higher Degree Forms, Springer, page 284:

(number theory) The mathematical theorem which states that, for given odd prime numbers p and q, the question of whether p is a square modulo q is equivalent to the question of whether q is a square modulo p.

Adrien-Marie Legendre
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Leonhard Euler
quadratic reciprocity


bahar

From Egyptian Arabic بهار (bahār) or other dialects, Arabic بُهَار (buhār).

30 bahars of ivory

bahars of nutmeg

(historical) A weight used in the 18th and 19th century in the Middle East and the East Indies, of no single standard but rather of varying sizes sometimes termed little bahars and great bahars.


antiprism

A polyhedron composed of two parallel copies of some particular polygon, connected by an alternating band of triangles.

反稜柱 /反棱柱

a polyhedron composed of two parallel copies of some particular polygon, connected by an alternating band of triangles


discontinuous

(mathematics) having at least one discontinuity


discontinuity

From Late Latin discontinuitās, from discontinuus, equivalent to dis- + continuity.

(mathematics) A point in the range of a function at which it is undefined or discontinuous.


voiced

The unvoiced signal is smaller energy than voiced signal and, so, this section is applied the smaller threshold.

1999, IEEE Service Center, ISIE ..., Volumes 1-3:

(signal processing, of a signal) That contains voice.


crypto

crypto (countable and uncountable, plural cryptos)

All senses trace back to clippings of words derived from the prefix crypto-, developed at various times in the 20th and 21st centuries. During the 2010s and 2020s, the "cryptocurrency" sense has become the dominant sense. The "cryptography" sense predates that one; thus, a computer or math geek in earlier decades would be referring to cryptography when using this word. The "secret supporter or follower" sense is clipped from such terms as cryptofascist and cryptocommunist. The several informal senses in medicine referring to several microbe genera or the diseases they cause have existed since circa the mid-20th century.

Nigeria—the world's second-largest Bitcoin market after the United States—has banned the trading of cryptocurrencies. It's triggered anger among Nigerians who see cryptos as a safe haven in a battered economy.

2021 February 12, Fred Muvunyi, “Nigeria's cryptocurrency crackdown causes confusion”, in Deutsche Welle News, Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-02-13, World:

Some Turks have turned to crypto as a way to protect their savings from skyrocketing inflation and the weakening of its currency, the lira.

2021 April 26, Ryan Browne, “A second bitcoin exchange collapses in Turkey amid crackdown on cryptocurrencies”, in CNBC, retrieved 2021-04-26:

But to state and federal regulators and some members of Congress, the entry of crypto into banking is cause for alarm.

2021 September 5, Eric Lipton, Ephrat Livni, “Crypto’s Rapid Move Into Banking Elicits Alarm in Washington”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(informal, cryptocurrencies) Clipping of cryptocurrency.

The CIA is also very into crypto (which makes sense, as they are the home of spy versus spy), […]

2004, Chey Cobb, Cryptography For Dummies, page 20:

(uncountable, informal) Clipping of cryptography.

(informal, medicine) Clipping of cryptococcus.

(informal, medicine) Clipping of cryptococcosis.

(informal, medicine) Clipping of cryptosporidium.

With immune system damage come the infections associated with AIDS: PCP, MAC, toxoplasmosis, crypto, meningitis, thrush, lymphomas, CM, fungal infections, and many others.

1996 September, Michael Immel, “The Changing Story of a Virus”, in Gay Community News, page 7:

(informal, pathology) Clipping of cryptosporidiosis.


L-shaped

Shaped like the letter L or its mirror image

A-shaped - B-shaped - C-shaped - D-shaped - E-shaped - F-shaped - G-shaped - H-shaped - I-shaped - J-shaped - K-shaped - L-shaped - M-shaped - N-shaped - O-shaped - P-shaped - Q-shaped - R-shaped - S-shaped - T-shaped - U-shaped - V-shaped - W-shaped - X-shaped - Y-shaped - Z-shaped


Hessian

Hessian (countable and uncountable, plural Hessians)

(mathematics) Ellipsis of Hessian matrix.


gamma function

The function itself was initially defined as an integral (in modern representation, Γ(x)=∫₀ ᪲e⁻ᵗtˣ⁻¹dt) for positive real x by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1730. The name derives from the notation, Γ(x), which was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752—1833) (he referred to it, however, as the Eulerian integral of the second kind). Both Euler's integral and Legendre's notation shift the argument with respect to the factorial, so that for integer n>0, Γ(n) = (n−1)!. Carl Friedrich Gauss preferred π(x), with no shift, but Legendre's notation prevailed. Generalisation to non-integer negative and to complex numbers was achieved by analytic continuation.

Chapter 3 deals with the p-adic gamma function.

1987, Kit Ming Yeung, Applications of p-adic gamma function to congruences of binomial coefficients, University of California, San Diego, page 3:

2002, M. Aslam Chaudhry, Syed M. Zubair, On a Class of Incomplete Gamma Functions with Applications, Chapman & Hall / CRC Press, page 2,
In particular, the exponential, circular, and hyperbolic functions are rational combinations of gamma functions.

We select one mathematical object, the gamma function, and show how it grew in concept and in content from the time of Euler to the recent mathematical treatise of Bourbaki, and how, in this growth, it partook of the general development of mathematics over the past two and a quarter centuries.

2007, Philip J. Davis, “Leonhard Euler's Integral: A Historical Profile of the Gamma Function”, in William Dunham, editor, The Genius of Euler: Reflections on His Life and Work, American Mathematical Society, page 167:

(mathematical analysis) A meromorphic function which generalizes the notion of factorial to complex numbers and has singularities at the nonpositive integers; any of certain generalizations or analogues of said function, such as extend the factorial to domains other than the complex numbers.

Adrien-Marie Legendre
American Mathematical Monthly
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Leonhard Euler

fonction gamma

function which generalizes the notion of a factorial

Euler integral of the second kind

function that extends the domain of the factorial


Pell's equation

Pell's equation (plural Pell's equations)

Named by Leonhard Euler after the 17th-century mathematician John Pell, whom Euler mistakenly believed to be the first to find a general solution.

However, due to Euler's mistake in attributing the equation to English mathematician John Pell (1610-1585), Equation (27.14) is called Pell's equation. Results concerning Pell's equation will be stated without proof.

1974, Allan M. Kirch, Elementary Number Theory: A Computer Approach, Intext Educational Publishers, page 212:

Thus (P,Q) satisfies Pell's equation and so by Lemma 1, P#47;Q is a convergent to #92;sqrtd.

1989, Mathematics Magazine, Volume 62, Mathematical Association of America, page 258:

We introduced Pell's equation
#92;qquad#92;qquad#92;qquad#92;qquadx²-ny²#61;1
in Chapter 4 as an example of a Diophantine equation. The solution x#61;577,#92;y#61;408 of the Pell equation x²-2y²#61;1 was used in India in the fourth century to produce the fraction #92;tfrac#123;577#125;#123;408#125; as an excellent rational approximation for #92;sqrt 2.
It is easy to see why solutions to Pell's equation can be used to approximate solutions to #92;sqrtn—this was known to Archimedes, who used this method to approximate square roots.

2013, John J. Watkins, Number Theory: A Historical Approach, Princeton University Press, page 409:

Diophantine equation
Diophantine equation

(number theory) The Diophantine equation x²-my²=1 for a given integer m, to be solved in integers x and y.


algebraic integer

algebraic integer (plural algebraic integers)

A Gaussian integer z=a+ib is an algebraic integer since it is a solution of either the equation z²+(-2a)z+(a²+b²)=0 or the equation z-a=0.

An algebraic number is said to be an algebraic integer if the coefficient of the highest power of x in the minimal polynomial P is 1. The algebraic integers in an algebraic number field k form a ring R.

1984, Alan Baker, A Concise Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Cambridge University Press, page 62:

1989, Heinrich Rolletschek, Shortest Division Chains in Imaginary Quadratic Number Fields, Patrizia Gianni (editor), Symbolic and Algebraic Computation: International Symposium, Springer, LNCS 358, page 231,
Let O_d be the set of algebraic integers in an imaginary quadratic number field Q [√],d<0, where d is the discriminant of O_d.

We consider the problem of finding all algebraic integers which belong to a bounded subset of the complex plane together with their conjugates.

2010, Pierre Moussa, “Localisation of algebraic integers and polynomial iteration”, in Sergiy Kolyada, Yuri Nanin, Martin Möller, Pieter Moree, Thomas Ward, editors, Dynamical Numbers: Interplay Between Dynamical Systems and Number Theory, American Mathematical Society, page 83:

(algebra, number theory) A real or complex number (more generally, an element of a number field) which is a root of a monic polynomial whose coefficients are integers; equivalently, an algebraic number whose minimal polynomial (lowest-degree polynomial of which it is a root and whose leading coefficient is 1) has integer coefficients.

代數整數 /代数整数

algebraic number whose minimal polynomial has integer coefficients


quadratic integer

quadratic integer (plural quadratic integers)

Blend of quadratic + algebraic integer. The idea of integer here is that if the coefficient of the x² term is set to 1 (i.e., if the polynomial is made monic), the other coefficients are integers.

(mathematics) A number (real or complex) which is a solution to an equation of the form x²+Bx+C=0 for some integers B and C. For example 42, or 2+3i, or 1+√/2.


false positive

false negative

antonym(s) of “result of a test that shows as present something that is absent”

false negative

antonym(s) of “type I error in statistics”


false negative

/ˈfɔːls ˈnɛɡətɪv/

Statisticians sometimes refer to false negative results as Type II errors. Type II errors cannot be controlled explicitly, but are controlled implicitly via the experimental design.

2003, Dov Stekel, “Experimental Design”, in Microarray Bioinformatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 222:

(statistics) A type II error (“accepting the null hypothesis when it is false”).


inviscid

en-adj

inviscid (comparative more inviscid, superlative most inviscid)

more inviscid (comparative)
most inviscid (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-inviscid.wav

(calculus, of a scalar field) having a gradient of zero


collocation

en-noun

collocation (countable and uncountable, plural collocations)

1605. Learned borrowing from Latin collocātiō (“a putting together”). By surface analysis, col- (“together”) + location. The technical sense in linguistics was established in 1951, although it may actually be earlier.

surf

(mathematics) A method of finding an approximate solution of an ordinary differential equation L[y]=0 by determining coefficients in an expansion y(x)=y_0(x)+∑ₗ₌₀^qαₗy_l(x) so as to make L[y] vanish at prescribed points; the expansion with the coefficients thus found is the sought approximation.

collocation

method of finding an approximate solution of an ordinary mathematical differential equation


costal

From French costal, from Medieval Latin costālis, from Latin costa (“rib”). As a Spanish unit, via Spanish costal. Doublet of coastal.

(historical) Synonym of saco, a historical Spanish unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 111 L


affected

en-adj

affected (comparative more affected, superlative most affected)

more affected (comparative)
most affected (superlative)

an affected equation


modal

modal (comparative more modal, superlative most modal)

more modal (comparative)
most modal (superlative)

From Middle French modal, from Medieval Latin modālis (“pertaining to a mode”), from Latin modus (“mode”); equivalent to mode + -al. Compare to French, Spanish, and Portuguese modal and Italian modale.

der

(statistics) Relating to the statistical mode.


star polygon

(geometry) A geometric figure formed by connecting, with straight lines, every vertex of a p-sided regular polygon to the qth vertex beyond it (proceeding, consistently, either clockwise or anticlockwise).


marking

en-noun

marking (countable and uncountable, plural markings)

From Middle English marking, merking, merkunge, from Old English mearcung, from Proto-West Germanic *markungu, equivalent to mark + -ing.

(graph theory) Any configuration of a Petri net with a number of marks or tokens distributed across it.


signed

It wasn't until they tried to subtract 3 from 1 that the elementary school students realized they needed signed numbers.

(mathematics, computer science) Having both positive and negative varieties.

有符號 /有符号

(mathematics, computer science) having both positive and negative varieties


transitivity

transitivity (countable and uncountable, plural transitivities)

From French transitivité.
Morphologically transitive + -ity

The hypothetical syllogism inference rule states the transitivity of implication.

(mathematics, logic) The property of being transitive.


alignment

alignment (countable and uncountable, plural alignments)

From French alignement, by surface analysis, align + -ment.

the alignment problem

the alignment tax

It turns out that there’s little overlap between the communities concerned primarily with such short-term risks and those who worry more about longer-term alignment risks.

2022 December 13, Melanie Mitchell, “What Does It Mean to Align AI With Human Values?”, in Quanta Magazine, New York, N.Y.: Simons Foundation, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-15:

The issue of chatbot responses that veer into strange territory is widely known among researchers. In an interview last week, Sam Altman, the chief executive of OpenAI, said improving what's known as "alignment" — how the responses safely reflect a user's will — was "one of these must-solve problems."

2023 February 16, Karen Weise, “Microsoft Considers More Limits for Its New A.I. Chatbot”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

But many in the field are concerned that Big Tech companies are sidelining alignment research efforts in the race to keep building and releasing the technology into the world.

2023 February 17, Billy Perrigo, “The New AI-Powered Bing Is Threatening Users. That's No Laughing Matter”, in Time, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-27:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence#Noun

(artificial intelligence) The goals and values of an artificial intelligence, considered relative to human ethical standards.


apodize

en-verb

apodize (third-person singular simple present apodizes, present participle apodizing, simple past and past participle apodized)

apodizes (present singular third-person)
apodizing (participle present)
apodized (participle past)
apodized (past)

(mathematics) To remove or smooth a sharp discontinuity in a mathematical function.

apodisoida

to remove or smooth a sharp discontinuity in a mathematical function


ruled

(geometry, of a surface) Being a scroll; being such that through every point of S there is a straight line that lies on S.


DVR

discrete valuation ring
discrete valuation ring#English

(algebra) Initialism of discrete valuation ring.


threefold

From Middle English threfold, from Old English þrīfeald. Equivalent to three + -fold.

In this way, we find some new pairs (h#123;1,1#125;,#92;#59;h#123;2,1#125;) of Hodge numbers of Calabi-Yau threefolds.

2015, Xun Yu, “McKay correspondence and new Calabi-Yau threefolds”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

(mathematics) An algebraic variety of dimension 3.


persistence

en-noun

persistence (countable and uncountable, plural persistences)

The persistence of the number 39 under the operation of multiplying the digits of the number is three, because 3x9 = 27, 2x7 = 14, and 1x4 = 4, and no further iterations will change the number again.

(mathematics) The number of times an operation can be iteratively applied to a number before it reaches a permanently constant state.


cumec

A measure of the rate of flow of fluid, especially through a pipeline, equal to one cubic metre per second (m³/s).


hyperbolic cosine

hyperbolic cosine (plural hyperbolic cosines)

(mathematics) A hyperbolic function that is written in symbol cosh and defined as the following: cosh (x)= tfrac 1 2(eˣ+e⁻ˣ).


hyperbolic tangent

hyperbolic tangent (plural hyperbolic tangents)

tanh (x)=(sinh (x))/(cosh (x))=(eˣ-e⁻ˣ)/(eˣ+e⁻ˣ).

(mathematics) A hyperbolic function that is written in symbol tanh and defined as the following:


hyperbolic sine

hyperbolic sine (plural hyperbolic sines)

(mathematics) A hyperbolic function that is the analogue of the sine function for hyperbolic spaces, taking in a hyperbolic angle as an argument and returning the y-coordinate for the corresponding point on the unit hyperbola. It is written in symbol sinh and can be represented as: sinh (x)= tfrac 1 2(eˣ-e⁻ˣ)


hyperbolic function

hyperbolic function (plural hyperbolic functions)

trigonometric function
trigonometric function

(calculus) A set of functions that are analogs of the trigonometric functions for hyperbolic spaces.


hyperbolic

hyperbolic partial differential equation

The hyperbolic cosine of zero is one.

hyperbolic function
hyperbolic function#English

trigonometric function
trigonometric function#English

Indicates that the specified function is a hyperbolic function rather than a trigonometric function.

There is a universal constant m_0>0 such that every hyperbolic surface R has an embedded hyperbolic disk with radius greater than m_0.

1998, Katsuhiko Matsuzaki and Masahiko Taniguchi, Hyperbolic Manifolds and Kleinian Groups, 2002 reprint, Oxford, page 8, proposition 0.10 http://books.google.com/books?id=DLAGEBfEgEUC&pg=PA8&dq=hyperbolic

(mathematics, of a metric space or a geometry) Having negative curvature or sectional curvature.

A hyperbolic isometry f has two (distinct) fixed points on ∂ℋ.

2001, A. F. Beardon, "The Geometry of Riemann Surfaces", in, E. Bujalance, A. F. Costa, and E. Martínez, editors, Topics on Riemann Surfaces and Fuchsian Groups, Cambridge, page 6 http://books.google.com/books?id=RjbQdcP7DgwC&pg=PA6&dq=hyperbolic

(geometry, topology, of an automorphism) Whose domain has two (possibly ideal) fixed points joined by a line mapped to itself by translation.

Exactly one hypercycle is a hyperbolic geodesic, and this is called the axis A_f of f.

(topology) Of, pertaining to, or in a hyperbolic space (a space having negative curvature or sectional curvature).


monotonic decreasing

(mathematics, of a function) always decreasing or remaining constant, and never increasing; contrast this with strictly decreasing

minnkandi

mathematics, of a function: always decreasing or remaining constant


monotonic increasing

(mathematics, of a function) always increasing or remaining constant, and never decreasing; contrast this with strictly increasing

vaxandi

mathematics, of a function: always increasing or remaining constant


posology

posology (usually uncountable, plural posologies)

From Ancient Greek πόσος (pósos, “how much?”) + -ology (suffix indicating a branch of learning).

suffix

[page 253] [T]he branch of art and science therein denominated Posology, but commonly called Mathematics. […] [page 254] Of the two minor aggregates, into which, by this means, the major aggregate, Posology or Mathematics, was divided,—form-regarding, or figure-regarding Posology or Mathematics, in Greek-sprung language, Morphoscopic Posology, was the name given to the positive minor aggregate: […]

1816, Jeremy Bentham, “Nomenclature of the Main Branches of Art and Science—Its Imperfections—with Proposed Remedies.—Systematic Table, Prefixed by D'Alembert to the French Encyclopedia—Its Imperfections—Specimen of a New One”, in Chrestomathia: Being a Collection of Papers, Explanatory of the Design of an Institution, Proposed to be Set on Foot, under the Name of the Chrestomathic Day School, or Chrestomathic School, for the Extension of the New System of Instruction to the Higher Branches of Learning, for the Use of the Middling and Higher Ranks in Life, London: Printed for Messrs. Payne and Foss, Pall-Mall; and R. Hunter, St. Paul's Church-yard; by J. M‘Creery, Black-Horse-Court, Fleet-Street, →OCLC, pages 253 and 254:

(uncountable, mathematics, historical, rare) In the works of English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832): the study of quantity; mathematics.


crith

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley corn, a small weight”).

bor

standard temperature and pressure
standard temperature and pressure

(physics) the weight of 1 litre of hydrogen at standard temperature and pressure. Equal to approximately 0.09 grams.


locality

en-noun

locality (countable and uncountable, plural localities)

From French localité, from Late Latin localitas, equivalent to local + -ity.

This shows temporal locality of reference in action because the CPU accesses i at three points in a short time period. This program also exhibits spatial locality of reference.

2004, Randall Hyde, Write Great Code, Volume 1: Understanding the Machine, page 154:

(uncountable, mathematics, computing) The condition of being local.

paikallisuus

maths, computing: condition of being local


tombstone

(mathematics) The symbol "∎" marking the end of a proof.


halmos

Named after Hungarian-born US mathematician Paul Halmos (1916-2006) who first used it in mathematics, after seeing it marking the end of articles in magazines.

(mathematics) The symbol “∎” marking the end of a proof.


conjoin

en-verb

conjoin (third-person singular simple present conjoins, present participle conjoining, simple past and past participle conjoined)

conjoins (present singular third-person)
conjoining (participle present)
conjoined (participle past)
conjoined (past)

/kənˈd͡ʒɔɪn/

From Old French conjoindre, from Latin coniungo, from con- (“together”) + iungo (“join”). Equivalent to con- + join.

(transitive, mathematics) To combine two sets, conditions, or expressions by a logical AND; to intersect.


Klein bottle

Calque of German Kleinsche Flasche, named after German mathematician Felix Klein (1849–1925), who first described such a surface in 1882.

named-after

At this level Atman and Brahman are like a Klein bottle or a Möbius strip: there is no edge where one can say that this is Atman, but this is Brahman.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 222:

(topology) The closed manifold obtained by identifying the boundary components of the annulus so that the resultant surface is nonorientable.

A physical bottle, usually of blown glass, made to resemble said shape.


quarta

From Portuguese quarta, from Latin quartus (“fourth”), q.v., in reference to the units making up one-fourth of the alqueire (“Portuguese bushel”) or arrantel (“Portuguese pound”). Doublet of quart, quater, and cuaderon.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of dry measure, equal to 3.2–4.8 L in different 19th-century contexts.


parasang

From Latin parasanga, from Ancient Greek παρασάγγης (parasángēs), from unattested Old Persian *frasanhva- (indigenously attested only in Middle Iranian onwards); compare Middle Persian [script needed] (frasang /plsng/, “frasang (4 Roman miles)”) (whence Persian فرسنگ (farsang)). Doublet of farsang.

cog

To see so much difference betwixt words and deeds, so many parasangs betwixt tongue and heart […].

We were told that we still had to drive six or sixty parasang.

2013, Lucy Renner Jones, translating Annemarie Schwarzenbach, Death in Persia, Seagull Books 2013, p. 44

A historical Iranian unit of itinerant distance used throughout the Western Mediterranean and the Middle East in antiquity, originally the distance travelled in one hour, and generally assumed to be equivalent to about six kilometres.


drachm

Borrowed into late Middle English from Old French dragme (modern French drachme), from Late Latin dragma. Doublet of dirham.

(units of measurement) A small unit of weight, variously:

One sixteenth (1⁄16) of an ounce avoirdupois (1.77 g; symbol: ℨ or ʒ).

(pharmacy) One eighth (1⁄8) of an ounce apothecary (3.89 g; symbol: ℨ or ʒ).

units of measurement; pharmacy; pharmacy

At Aleppo, and its port Scanderoon, the cantaro contains 100 rottoli, each of which is subdivided into 12 ounces, or 720 drachms... The rottolo with which the silks from Tripoli, and other parts of Syria, are weighed, consists of 700 drachms, answering to 4⅞ avoirdupois. The rottolo used in weighing the Persian silks contains 680 drachms, or nearly 4¾ lbs. avoirdupois. The rottolo of Damascus, with which brass, camphor, benzoin, spikenard, balsam of Mecca, and other drugs are weighed, contains 600 drachms, or 4¹⁄₅ lbs. avoirdupois. Five rottoli, or 3600 drachms, make what is called a vesno... At Saide, in Syria, (the ancient Sidon,) silk and sattin yarn are weighed with the rottolo of Damascus, of 600 drachms; 100 such rottoli answering to about 410 lbs. avoirdupois... At Smyrna, the cantaro, or kintal, contains 45 okes, or 100 rottoli. The batman is 6 okes, or 2400 drachms; and the oke is 400 drachms, and the rottolo = 180 drachms. The cantaro of 45 okes weighs 123 lbs. 4 oz. avoirdupois; and, therefore, the oke is = 2 lbs. 11 oz. 13 drs. avoirdupois. At Tripoli, the cantaro weight contains 100 rottoli, each of 6 ounces, or 128 termini; this cantaro answers to 168 lbs. peso sotile of Venice, or about 12 lbs. avoirdupois...

1819, Abraham Rees, The Cyclopaedia, Vol. XXX, s.v. "Rottolo"

(historical, obsolete) Alternative form of dirhem: a small former Turkish weight (variously 1.5–3.5 g).

dirhem

(historical, obsolete) Alternative form of drachma: a small former Greek weight (about 4.3 g).

drachma

(obsolete, numismatics) Alternative form of drachma: a Greek silver coin weighing one drachma.


decode

If and when the remaining Allied intercepts and decodes are opened up, we may expect to learn a great deal more about the later stages of the Holocaust.

2004, David Cesarani, Holocaust: Responses to the Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews, page 148:

The British picked up a decode in November 1942 indicating that guards at Auschwitz would need six hundred gas masks.

2005, Richard Breitman, U.S. Intelligence And The Nazis, page 31:

Decodes stating that Hollandia airfields were becoming overcrowded with IJA aircraft waiting to stage forward to Wewak led to pre-emptive strikes by Allied air forces and the destruction of more than 300 Japanese aircraft on the ground.

2006, Ian Pfennigwerth, A Man of Intelligence, page 223:

He was sure that references to AK in the intercepts stood for Midway, but none of the decodes made the identification certain.

2011, Hervie Haufler, Codebreakers' Victory, page 192:


cryptographer

A person who is an expert on creating codes and cyphers. Someone who studies cryptology.

cryptanalyst

someone expert in breaking codes and cyphers


cryptanalyst

From crypt- + analyst ≈ cryptanalysis + -ist.

An expert in analyzing and breaking codes and ciphers.

cryptanalyste

an expert in analyzing and breaking codes


plain text

plaintext usually a single compound word in cryptography

Using the sophisticated code was useless since the spy merely stole the plain text from the waste basket.

(cryptography) Text or any data that is to be encrypted (as opposed to ciphertext).


plain text

(cryptography, computing) Alternative spelling of plaintext


packing

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-packing.wav

From Middle English pakkynge; equivalent to pack (“verb and noun senses”) + -ing.

(sciences, mathematics) The spatial arrangement of objects, items or constituent parts.


periodicity

en-noun

periodicity (countable and uncountable, plural periodicities)

From French périodicité. By surface analysis, periodic + -ity.

(mathematics) The quality of a function with a repeated set of values at regular intervals.


quartic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-quartic.wav

(mathematics) Of or relating to the fourth degree.


quartic

(mathematics) An algebraic equation or function of the fourth degree.

(mathematics) A curve describing such an equation or function.


quadrable

(mathematics) Of a plane figure, for which quadrature is possible.


quadrature

quadrature (countable and uncountable, plural quadratures)

/ˈkwɑd.ɹəˌt͡ʃʊɚ/

1976, D. T. Whiteside (editor), The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, Volume 7: 1691-1695, Cambridge University Press, page 3,
Craige was then on the point of publishing a short tract wherein he expounded a systematic (if far from general) 'Method of determining the quadrature of figures comprehended by straight lines and curves', there gathering a variety of techniques of rational algebraic quadrature and arc-rectification […] .

(mathematics) The act or process of constructing a square that has the same area as a given plane figure, or of computing that area.

1992, Bernard Bielecki, SINC Quadratures for Cauchy Principal Value Integrals, T.O. Espelid, Alan Genz, Springer, Numerical Integration: Recent Developments, Software and Applications, page 81,
Three types of SINC quadratures are surveyed for the evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals ∫_ΓF(t)dt/(t-x), x∈Γ, where Γ is an arc in the complex plane. Under suitable assumptions on F, the quadrature errors are of order O(e), where N is the number of quadrature nodes and c is a constant independent of N.

In this chapter, we present some example applications of the Gaussian quadrature methods discussed in the previous chapters.[…]Figure 4.1 shows the accuracy of the polynomial Gaussian quadratures used to evaluate the first two integrals as a function of N.

2011, Narayan Kovvali, Theory and Applications of Gaussian Quadrature Methods, Morgan & Claypool, page 37:

The integral is thus given by a variant of the Fejér quadrature with two points at the interval boundaries, namely x₁ = −1 and x_N = 1 analogous to the Lobatto quadratures of the next section.

2015, Bernard Shizgal, Spectral Methods in Chemistry and Physics, Springer, page 71:

(mathematics, numerical analysis) The calculation of a definite integral by numerical means.

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematics, mathematical analysis) The act or process of solving an indefinite integral by symbolic means.


DCC

DCC (countable and uncountable, plural DCCs)

descending chain condition
descending chain condition#English

(algebra) Initialism of descending chain condition.


cavernous

en-adj

cavernous (comparative more cavernous, superlative most cavernous)

more cavernous (comparative)
most cavernous (superlative)

Late Middle English cavernous, cavernose, borrowing from Old French caverneux or Latin cavernōsus (“full of hollows or cavities”), from caverna (“a hollow, cavity, cave”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to cavern + -ous.

af

The last stop on the West Coast Main Line before you cross the border into Scotland, the strategically placed Carlisle Citadel is a station steeped in history. Opened on September 1 1847, the cavernous station was once home to seven railway companies in the pre-Grouping years.

2019 November 20, Paul Stephen, “Lakes and lines offer scenery to savour”, in Rail, page 54:

Resembling a cavern in size, shape, or atmosphere.

cavernous eyes

While the filmmakers behind Dear Evan Hansen have maintained that their biggest motivation for adapting the popular Broadway musical was to immortalize Platt’s Tony-winning titular performance, what they’ve actually done by having the 27-year-old play a high school senior is highlight the stage show’s cavernous weaknesses while failing to transport just about any of its strengths to the new medium.

2021 September 22, Caroline Siede, “Dear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level”, in AV Club:

Giving the impression of vast, dark depths.

(anatomy, zootomy) Composed largely of vascular sinuses and capable of dilating with blood to bring about the erection of a body part.

Having many caverns.
(dentistry) Having cavities.


megaliter

Alternative spelling of megalitre One million liters.


kiloliter

Alternative spelling of kilolitre One thousand liters.


nanoliter

Alternative spelling of nanolitre One billionth of a liter; 10⁻⁹ of a liter. Symbol: nl.


microliter

No thanks, I'm ok. I've had approximately 270 μL too much.

Alternative spelling of microlitre One millionth (10⁻⁶) of a liter. Symbol µl.