pot

en-verb

pot (third-person singular simple present pots, present participle potting, simple past and past participle potted)

pots (present singular third-person)
potting (participle present)
potted (participle past)
potted (past)

From Middle English pot, potte, from Old English pott (“pot”) and Old French pot (“pot”) (probably from Frankish *pott); both Old English and Frankish from Proto-Germanic *puttaz (“pot”), from Proto-Indo-European *budnós (“a type of vessel”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Pot (“pot”), Dutch pot (“pot”), German Low German Pott (“pot”), German Pott (“pot”), Swedish potta (“chamber pot”), Icelandic pottur (“tub, pot”), Old Armenian պոյտն (poytn, “pot, earthen pot”). Also, Old Norse pottr (“pot, tub, basin”).
The sense of ruin or deterioration was originally a general allusion to "being chopped up and tossed in a (normally fiery) pot, like a piece of meat" (i.e. to get wasted or done with (by someone)). The 'clean' slang term which was used in reference to toilet rooms and lavatories apparently derives from English chamberpots, although now usually encountered as potty in the context of children's toilet training.

cog

Ideally the best Ideally the best way of tackling the problem of toilet training, is to 'pot' your child at set intervals when he is at home, even though he may no longer be a baby, thus establishing a regular routine instead of one at odd intervals.

1975, Nancie R. Finnie, Handling the Young Cerebral Palsied Child, →ISBN, page 75:

If you leave out this “catching" stage altogether and start proper toilet training at, say, eighteen months you will only have to pot your baby about 2000 times for the same effect.

1978, Penelope Leach, Your Baby & Child from Birth to Age Five, →ISBN, page 225:

Do not make the mistake of potting your baby as early as possible, but wait until she gives the signal that she is aware that puddles are somehow to do with her.

2004, Joan Gomez, Coping with Incontinence, →ISBN, page 33:

Of course, if at any stage your child takes a violent dislike to the pot, then I would put it away for a few weeks and then try again, but if the pot is very comfortable, your attitude is calm and you don't over-pot your child (put him on the pot too often or talk about the pot too much), this shouldn't happen.

2012, Nanny Smith, Nina Grunfeld, Nanny Knows Best: Successful Potty Training, →ISBN:

(transitive, British) To seat a person, usually a young child, on a potty or toilet, typically during toilet teaching.


XL

en-noun

XL (countable and uncountable, plural XLs)

Size – L, and because of this it’s a bit small when you’re used to wearing XLs. The sleeves are particularly lilliputian

1996 December, Alex Lee, “Wouldn’t be seen dead in one!”, in Playstation Pro, number 1, Macclesfield: IDG Media, Central Station, page 15:

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra large (the manufactured size or an item of that size).


XL

Natalie V. Adams
First year university
Temper: Nerdy
Hair: XL

2006, “Scott Pilgrim & the Infinite Sadness”, in Scott Pilgrim, volume 3:

(chiefly clothing) Initialism of extra large (of the manufactured size).


screw

From Middle English screw, scrue (“screw”); apparently, despite the difference in meaning, from Old French escroue (“nut, cylindrical socket, screwhole”), from Latin scrōfa (“female pig”) through comparison with the corkscrew shape of a pig's penis. There is also the Old French escruve (“screw”), from Old Dutch *scrūva ("screw"; whence Middle Dutch schruyve (“screw”)), which probably influenced or conflated with the aforementioned, resulting in the Middle English word.
more on the etymology of screw
Old French escroue (whence Medieval Latin scrofa (“nut, screwhole”)), is believed to be an adaptation of Latin scrōfa (“sow, female pig”); but this development is not found in other Romance languages. (For change in meaning, compare also Spanish puerca, Portuguese porca, both ‘sow; screw nut’, and is based on the fact that a boar's penis has a screw-like tip, making the sow's vulva equivalent to a screw nut by analogy).
Old Dutch *scrūva possibly derives from Proto-Germanic *skrūbō (“screw”), from *skru- (“to cut”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keru-, *(s)ker- (“to cut”), and is related to German Schraube (“screw”), Low German schruve, schruwe (“screw”), Dutch schroef (“screw”), West Frisian skroef (“screw”), Danish skrue (“screw”), Swedish skruv (“screw, peg”), Icelandic skrúfa (“screw”).
Compare also Occitan escrofa (“screw nut”), Calabrese scrufina (“screw nut”), which may be borrowings of the Old French word, or parallel developments.

gloss

"screw"; whence Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">schruyve</i> (“screw”)

cog

the first turn of the screw pays all debts

(mathematics) A straight line in space with which a definite linear magnitude termed the pitch is associated. It is used to express the displacement of a rigid body, which may always be made to consist of a rotation about an axis combined with a translation parallel to that axis.


pint

From Middle English pinte, from Old French pinte, assumed from Vulgar Latin *pincta (“a mark used to indicate a level of quantity against a larger measure”), from Latin picta (“painted”), from Latin pingō (“paint”, verb). Doublet of pinto and Pinto.

halstuoppi

closest equivalent in traditional Finnish units

(UK, Commonwealth) 20 fluid ounces, approximately 568 millilitres (an imperial pint).

16 US fluid ounces [473 millilitres] for liquids (a US liquid pint) or

approximately 33.6 cubic inches [550.6 cubic centimeters] for dry goods (a US dry pint).

The prices of the second class are given by the ounce; thus […] for a pint, of 12 ounces;

1822, The Monthly Gazette of Health, page 832:

As a good illustration, this work shows that it is possible to fill 12-ounce pints for carry-out trade. This leads the ice cream manufacturers to feel that a large part of the trouble encountered comes from merchandising.

[…] a 12-ounce pint of laudanum every five days, or about 1,000 drops a day. The story of Coleridge's opium addiction is further confused by his habit of referring to laudanum as a stimulant.

1968, Alethea Hayter, Opium and the Romantic Imagination, Univ of California Press, page 194:

... 12 - ounce pints of beer or ale may be substituted . Visitors under 16 cannot legally bring in tobacco . The liquor allowance does not apply to minors below the age limit prevailing in the province you are entering . Apart from these[…]

1973, Ted Kosoy, A Guide for Travellers in Canada:

Forget quarts and 12-ounce "pints". Given the amounts of Pepsi and 7-up , 3.2 beer and California wine, tequila and sour mash we consume, it won't be long before we learn our capacities in this new language.

1975, American Metric Journal, numbers 3-4, page 36:

4 medium scoops coffee ice cream (about 1 pint/12 ounces/340 grams), softened until just melty at the edges

2012 June 25, Adam Ried, Thoroughly Modern Milkshakes: 100 Thick and Creamy Shakes You Can Make At Home: 100 Classic and Contemporary Recipes, W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN:

(formerly medicine, now chiefly some US bars and ice cream sellers) 12 fluid ounces.

A unit of volume, equivalent to:
12 fluid ounces.

formerly medicine; now chiefly some US bars and ice cream sellers; formerly medicine; now chiefly some US bars and ice cream sellers


function

From Middle French function, from Old French fonction, from Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy”).

دَالَّة

mathematics: a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs

Our hotel is hosting a function for all the warehouse workers on the night of April 18.

An official or social occasion.
(slang) A party.

An official or social occasion.
A party.

(mathematics) A relation in which each element of the domain is associated with exactly one element of the codomain.

(computing) A routine that receives zero or more arguments and may return a result.

وَظِيفَة

computing: routine that returns a result


error

en-noun

error (countable and uncountable, plural errors)

From Middle English errour, from Anglo-Norman errour, borrowed from Old French error, from Latin error (“wandering about”), infinitive of errō (“to wander, to err”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌴𐌹 (airzei, “error”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (airzjan, “to lead astray”). More at err. By surface analysis, err + -or (suffix forming nouns of quality, state, or condition).

surf

-or<pos:suffix forming nouns of quality, state, or condition>

誤審 /误审

appellate law: one or more mistakes in a trial

:Category:English terms prefixed with mis-

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 495. Error

en:difference between a measured or calculated value and a true one

(statistics, countable) The difference between a measured or calculated value and a true one.

fout

statistics: difference between a measured or calculated value and a true one


decigram

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻¹ grams. Symbol: dg


centigram

/ˈsɛntɪˌɡɹæm/

From French centigramme; equivalent to centi- + gram.

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10⁻² grams. Symbol: cg


decagram

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-decagram.wav

(metrology) An SI unit of mass equal to 10¹ grams. Symbol: dag

(geometry) A regular ten-pointed star shape.


gramme

(UK) Dated spelling of gram. (unit of mass)


IV

(cryptography) Initialism of initialization vector.

instrumental variable
instrumental variable#English

(statistics) Initialism of instrumental variable.


MM

mathematical morphology
mathematical morphology#English

(mathematics) Initialism of mathematical morphology.


LCD

lowest common denominator
lowest common denominator#English

least common denominator
least common denominator#English

(number theory) Initialism of lowest common denominator / least common denominator.


inch

en-verb

inch (third-person singular simple present inches, present participle inching, simple past and past participle inched)

inches (present singular third-person)
inching (participle present)
inched (participle past)
inched (past)

From Middle English ynche, enche, from Old English ynċe, borrowed from Latin uncia (“Roman inch, various similar units”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one”). Cognate with Middle Dutch enke (“thumb, thumb's width, inch”). Doublet of ounce, uncia, onça, onza, oka, ouguiya, and awqiyyah.

doublet

He gets too far into the soldier's grace / And inches out my master.

1692, John Dryden, Cleomenes, the Spartan Hero, a Tragedy:

To deal out by inches; to give sparingly.


inch

Semantic loan from Cantonese 寸 (cyun³, “inch”), which is an alternative form of 串 (cyun³, “cocky; to provoke; etc.”).

sl

Sorry for changing the intention of the post last time; it was for nothing but the personal joy and satisfaction of "inch"-ing the person who criticized my writing while he/she can't even write. (no hard feelings, alright?!) I'd avoid that in the future. I'll try to make this a constructive discussion and be as objective as possible.

1994 March 4, tp...@vmsb.is.csupomona.edu, soc.culture.hongkong.entertainment (Usenet):

(Hong Kong, colloquial) to burn (to insult); to speak in a cocky and cheeky manner


omega

From Middle English, from Ancient Greek ὦ μέγα (ô méga), meaning “great ω” (omega is a long vowel in Ancient Greek).

(set theory) A transfinite ordinal number referring to the next position after ordering a countably infinite set.


generator

/ˈdʒɛnəɹeɪtə(ɹ)/

From Latin, from past participle of genero (“beget, father”).

One who, or that which, generates, begets, causes, or produces.

(mathematics) An element of a group that is used in the presentation of the group: one of the elements from which the others can be inferred with the given relators.

virittäjä

mathematics: an element of a group that is used in the presentation of the group

(geometry) One of the lines of a ruled surface; more generally, an element of some family of linear spaces.


generatrix

en-noun

generatrix (plural generatrices or generatrixes)

generatrices (plural)
generatrixes (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-generatrix.wav

(geometry) A curve that, when rotated about an axis, produces a solid figure.

generatriu

a curve that, when rotated about an axis, produces a solid figure


generic

en-adj

generic (comparative more generic, superlative most generic)

more generic (comparative)
most generic (superlative)

gendered

antonym(s) of “neither masculine nor feminine”

From Middle French générique, from Latin genus (“genus, kind”) + -ic; thus morphologically parallel with, and a doublet of, general.

(geometry, of a point) Having coordinates that are algebraically independent over the base field.


real

real (comparative realer or more real, superlative realest or most real)

realer (comparative)
more real (comparative)
realest (superlative)
most real (superlative)

fictitious

antonym(s) of “that has physical existence”

imaginary

antonym(s) of “relating to numbers with a one-to-one correspondence to the points on a line”

UK

US

From Middle English real, from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). Doublet of realis.

prea

signifying meritorious qualities or actions

the real treasure is the friends we made along the way

en:rational or of a limit related to rationality, in mathematics

(mathematics, of a number) Being either a rational number, or the limit of a convergent infinite sequence of rational numbers: being one of a set of numbers with a one-to-one correspondence to the points on a line.

erreal

mathematics: relating to numbers with a one-to-one correspondence to the points on a line


real

UK

US

There have been several classical constructions of the reals that avoid these problems, the most famous ones being Dedekind Cuts and Cauchy Sequences, named respectively for the mathematicians Richard Dedekind (1831 - 1916) and Augustine Cauchy (1789 - 1857). We will not discuss these constructions here, but will use a more modern one developed by Gabriel Stolzenberg, based on "interval arithmetic."

2007, Mark Bridges, REAL ANALYSIS: A Constructive Approach, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, page 11:


hallucination

en-noun

hallucination (countable and uncountable, plural hallucinations)

Derives from the verb hallucinate, from Latin hallucinatus. Compare French hallucination. The first known usage in the English language is from Sir Thomas Browne.

Chatbots even forget that they are a bot and experience "hallucinations", Meta's description for when a bot confidently says something that is not true.

2022 August 8, Liam Tung, “Meta warns its new chatbot may forget that it's a bot”, in ZDNET:

Hallucinations are about adhering to the truth; when A.I. systems get confused, they have a bad habit of making things up rather than admitting their difficulties.

2022 December 16, Farhad Manjoo, “ChatGPT Has a Devastating Sense of Humor”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

It may tell you that the official currency of Switzerland is the euro (it’s actually the Swiss franc) or that Mark Twain’s Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County could not only jump but talk. A.I. researchers call this generation of untruths “hallucination.”

2023 January 10, Cade Metz, “A.I. Is Becoming More Conversational. But Will It Get More Honest?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The hallucinations common to AI also came under fire in the suit for potentially damaging the value of the Times' reputation, and possibly damaging human health as a side effect. “A GPT model completely fabricated that “The New York Times published an article on January 10, 2020, titled ‘Study Finds Possible Link between Orange Juice and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma,’” the suit alleges. “The Times never published such an article.”

2023 December 27, John Timmer, “NY Times sues Open AI, Microsoft over copyright infringement”, in Ars Technica:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence) A confident but incorrect response given by an artificial intelligence; a confabulation.


spectrum

From Latin spectrum (“appearance, image, apparition”), from speciō (“look at, view”). Doublet of specter. See also scope.

bor

(mathematics, linear algebra) The set of eigenvalues of a matrix.

(mathematics, functional analysis) Of a bounded linear operator A, the set of scalar values λ such that the operator A—λI, where I denotes the identity operator, does not have a bounded inverse; intended as a generalisation of the linear algebra sense.

distinguished open sets
distinguished open sets

(commutative algebra, algebraic geometry) An abstract object in mathematics created from a commutative ring R and denoted operatorname Spec(R) or operatorname SpecR and said to be the spectrum of R; useful in the study of such rings for providing a geometric object which encodes many of the properties R, and in modern geometry for generalizing the notion of an algebraic variety to that of an affine scheme. Formally, the set of all prime ideals R equipped with the Zariski topology and augmented with a sheaf of rings called the structure sheaf, generated by the B-sheaf on the distinguished open sets D_f which assigns the localization of R at f to each set D_f, regarded as a ring of functions on D_f. See Spectrum of a ring on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


individual

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Medieval Latin indīviduālis, from Latin indīviduum (“an indivisible thing”), neuter of indīviduus (“indivisible, undivided”), from in + dīviduus (“divisible”), from dīvidō (“divide”).

der

(statistics) An element belonging to a population.


fork

Sranan Tongo: forku

→ Dutch: fork

→ Japanese: フォーク (fōku)

→ Kannada: ಫೋರ್ಕ್ (phōrk)

→ Korean: 포크 (pokeu)

→ Maori: paoka

→ Tamil: போர்க் (pōrk)

→ Telugu: ఫోర్క్ (phōrk)

From Middle English forke (“digging fork”), from Old English force, forca (“forked instrument used to torture”), from Proto-West Germanic *furkō (“fork”), from Latin furca (“pitchfork, forked stake; gallows, beam, stake, support post, yoke”), of uncertain origin. The Middle English word was later reinforced by Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French forque (= Old French forche whence French fourche), also from the Latin. Cognate also with North Frisian forck (“fork”), Dutch vork (“fork”), Danish fork (“fork”), German Forke (“pitchfork”). Displaced native gafol, ġeafel, ġeafle (“fork”), from Old English.
In its primary sense of “fork”, Latin furca appears to be derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerk(ʷ)-, *ǵʰerg(ʷ)- (“fork”), although the development of the -c- is difficult to explain. In other senses this derivation is unlikely. For these, perhaps it is connected to Proto-Germanic *furkaz, *firkalaz (“stake, stick, pole, post”), from Proto-Indo-European *perg- (“pole, post”). If so, this would relate the word to Old English forclas pl (“bolt”), Old Saxon ferkal (“lock, bolt, bar”), Old Norse forkr (“pole, staff, stick”), Norwegian fork (“stick, bat”), Swedish fork (“pole”).

tienhaara

figurative: point in time of making a decision

afsplitsing

computer science: splitting of a process

odnož

computer science: copying and separately developing a project

bifurcació

computer science: a separately developed project based upon a copy of an existing project

a three-prong spear somewhat resembling a pitchfork

Known as a “fork”, the new version of bitcoin (dubbed Bitcoin XT) would support more transactions per hour, at the cost of increasing the amount of memory required to hold a full database of all the bitcoin transactions throughout history, known as the blockchain.

2015 August 17, Alex Hern, “Bitcoin's forked: chief scientist launches alternative proposal for the currency”, in The Guardian:

(figuratively, by abstraction, from a physical fork) (software development, content management, data management) A departure from having a single source of truth (SSOT), sometimes intentionally but usually unintentionally.

(cryptocurrencies) A split in a blockchain resulting from protocol disagreements, or a branch of the blockchain resulting from such a split.


transparent

en-adj

transparent (comparative more transparent, superlative most transparent)

more transparent (comparative)
most transparent (superlative)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin trānspārēns, trānspārēntis (“transparent”), present participle of transpareō, from Latin trans + pareō. Displaced native Old English þurhsīene.

bor

(signal processing) Having the property of transparency, i.e. sufficiently accurate that the compressed result is perceptually indistinguishable from the uncompressed input.


circuit

From Middle English circuit, from Old French circuit, from Latin circuitus (“a going round”), from circuire (“go round”), from circum (“around”) + ire. As a Chinese administrative division, a calque of Chinese 道 (dào) or 路 (lù).

piiri

Methodist Church: district in which an itinerant preacher labors

dao

Imperial Chinese administrative divisions

(graph theory) A closed path, without repeated vertices allowed.


slope field

(mathematics) A field of plotted slopes of a differentiable function.


regret

en-noun

regret (countable and uncountable, plural regrets)

From Middle English regretten, regreten, from Old French regreter, regrater (“to lament”), from re- (intensive prefix) + *greter, *grater (“to weep”), from Frankish *grātan (“to weep, mourn, lament”), from Proto-Germanic *grētaną (“to weep”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁d- (“to sound”); and Frankish *greutan (“to cry, weep”), from Proto-Germanic *greutaną (“to weep, cry”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd- (“to weep, be sad”), equivalent to re- + greet. Cognate with Old High German grāzan (“to cry”), Old English grǣtan (“to weep, greet”), Old English grēotan (“to weep, lament”), Old Norse gráta (“to weep, groan”), Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽 (grētan, “to weep”). More at greet.

der

Under squared errorloss we show that there exists unique minimax regret solution for the problem of selecting the threshold.

2002, Bernd Droge, On the Minimax Regret Estimation of a Restricted Normal Mean, and Implications:

Each loss then represents this unavoidable loss plus a regret (loss due to ignorance of Ө). Subtracting these unavoidable losses, we obtain the regret table, Table 1.7, and the average regret table, Table 1.8.

2012, Herman Chernoff, Lincoln E. Moses, Elementary Decision Theory, page 12:

(decision theory) The amount of avoidable loss that results from choosing the wrong action.


friendly

en-adj

friendly (comparative friendlier or more friendly, superlative friendliest or most friendly)

friendlier (comparative)
more friendly (comparative)
friendliest (superlative)
most friendly (superlative)

From Middle English frendly, freendly, frendely, frendlich, from Old English frēondlīċ, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndlīkaz, equivalent to friend + -ly. Cognate with Saterland Frisian früntelk, fjuntelk (“friendly”), West Frisian freonlik (“friendly”), Dutch vriendelijk (“friendly”), German Low German fründelk, frünnelk (“friendly”), German freundlich (“friendly”).

friendly

friendly pairs

friendly n-tuples

(number theory) Being or relating to two or more natural numbers with a common abundancy.


produce

en-verb

produce (third-person singular simple present produces, present participle producing, simple past and past participle produced)

produces (present singular third-person)
producing (participle present)
produced (participle past)
produced (past)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒuːs/

From Middle English produce, from Latin prōdūcō (“to lead forth”), from prō- (“forth, forward”) + dūcō (“to lead, bring”). The noun is derived from the verb.

to produce a side of a triangle

(mathematics) To extend an area, or lengthen a line.


degree

From Middle English degre, borrowed from Old French degré (French: degré), itself from Latin gradus, with the prefix de-.

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 26. Degree

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 31. Greatness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 32. Smallness

She has two bachelor's degrees and is studying towards a master's degree.

(education) A stage of proficiency or qualification in a course of study, now especially an award bestowed by a university/college, as a certification of academic achievement. (In the United States, can include secondary schools.)

A right angle is a ninety-degree angle.

Most humans have a field of vision of almost 180 degrees.

(geometry) A unit of measurement of angle equal to ¹⁄₃₆₀ of a circle's circumference.

A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 2.

(algebra) The sum of the exponents of a term; the order of a polynomial.

степен

algebra: the maximal exponent of a polynomial

The set of complex numbers constitutes a field extension of degree 2 over the real numbers.

The Galois field #92;operatorname#123;GF#125;(125)#61;#92;operatorname#123;GF#125;(5³) has degree 3 over its subfield #92;operatorname#123;GF#125;(5).

(algebra, field theory) The dimensionality of a field extension.

(graph theory) The number of edges that a vertex takes part in; a valency.

次數 /次数

graph theory: the number of edges that a vertex takes part in


infinity

en-noun

infinity (countable and uncountable, plural infinities)

From Middle English infinite, from Old French infinité, from Latin infinitas (“unlimitedness”), from negative prefix in- (“not”), + finis (“end”), + noun of state suffix -tas.

Some of the most beautiful and thus appealing physical theories, including quantum electrodynamics and quantum gravity, have been dogged for decades by infinities that erupt when theorists try to prod their calculations into new domains. Getting rid of these nagging infinities has probably occupied far more effort than was spent in originating the theories.

2012 January, Michael Riordan, “Tackling Infinity”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2013-04-30, page 86:

(countable, mathematics) A number that has an infinite numerical value that cannot be counted.

безкрайност

a number that has an infinite, uncountable numerical value

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(countable, topology, mathematical analysis) An idealised point which is said to be approached by sequences of values whose magnitudes increase without bound.


plane

→ Irish: plána

From Latin plānum (“flat surface”), a noun use of the neuter of plānus (“plain”). The word was introduced in the 17th century to distinguish the geometrical senses from the other senses of plain. Doublet of llano, piano, and plain.

հարթություն

geometry: flat surface extending infinitely in all directions

Mirrors in the compartments have been canted out of the vertical plane to reduce reflections to the passengers when seated.

1979 August, Graham Burtenshaw, Michael S. Welch, “O.V.S. Bulleid's SR loco-hauled coaches - 1”, in Railway World, page 396:

(geometry) A flat surface extending infinitely in all directions (e.g. horizontal or vertical plane); a bounded portion thereof.

(anatomy) An imaginary plane which divides the body into two portions.


arrow

From Middle English arwe, from Old English earh (oblique form ēarw-), from Proto-West Germanic *arhu, from Proto-Germanic *arhwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érkʷo- (“bow, arrow”). Cognate with Faroese ørv (“arrow”), Icelandic ör (“arrow”), örvar (“arrows”), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arƕazna, “dart”), Latin arcus (“bow”).


strange

en-adj

strange (comparative stranger, superlative strangest)

stranger (comparative)
strangest (superlative)

From Middle English straunge, strange, stronge, from Old French estrange, from Latin extrāneus (“that which is on the outside”). Doublet of extraneous and estrange. Cognate with French étrange (“strange, foreign”) and Spanish extraño (“strange, foreign”). Displaced native Middle English selcouth and uncouth, from Old English seldcūþ and uncūþ.

der

(mathematics) Of an attractor: having a fractal structure.


ply

en-noun

ply (countable and uncountable, plural ply or plies or plys)

ply (plural)
plies (plural)
plys (plural)

From Middle English pleit, plit, plite (“a fold, pleat, wrinkle; braid, strand in a braided cord, ply”), from Anglo-Norman pli, plei, pleit, and Middle French pli, ploy, ply (“a fold, pleat; joint in armour; situation, state”) (modern French pli (“a fold, pleat”)), from plier, ployer (“to bend, fold”), from plicāre (“to bend, fold, roll up”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to fold, plait, weave”).

der

He proposed to build Deep Purple, a super-computer capable of 24-ply look-ahead for chess.

Chinook uses an iterative, alpha-beta search with transposition tables and the history heuristic[…]. Under tournament conditions (thirty moves an hour), the program searches to an average minimum depth of nineteen ply (one ply is one move by one player). The search uses selective deepening to extend lines that are tactically or positionally interesting. Consequently, major lines of play are often searched many plies deeper. It is not uncommon for the program to produce analyses that are thirty-ply deep or more.

1996, Jonathan Schaeffer, Robert Lake, “Solving the Game of Checkers”, in Richard J. Nowakowski, editor, Games of No Chance: Combinatorial Games at MSRI, 1994 (Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications; 29), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 122:

Two principal search strategies were (correctly) predicted: Type-A programs that apply "brute force" inspection of every possible position over a fixed number of plys; and Type-B programs that prune potential moves according to some selection function and then examine the significant sets over as many plys as practical and only at those positions reflecting a degree of stability.

2009, Richard A. Epstein, “Games of Pure Skill and Competitive Computers”, in The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, 2nd edition, Burlington, Mass.: Academic Press, →ISBN; special edition, Waltham, Mass., Kidlington, Oxfordshire: Academic Press, 2013, →ISBN, page 380:

(artificial intelligence, combinatorial game theory) In two-player sequential games, a "half-turn" or a move made by one of the players.

artificial intelligence; combinatorial game theory; artificial intelligence; combinatorial game theory

vuoro

in two-player sequential games, a "half-turn" or a move made by one of the players


forest

en-noun

forest (countable and uncountable, plural forests)

forced (US, sometimes especially in fast speech)

From Middle English forest, from Old French forest, from Early Medieval Latin forestis, likely from Frankish or Proto-West Germanic *furhisti (“forest, fir-grove, wooded land”); related to Old English fyrhþe (“forested land”), Old High German forst, forsti (“forest”), Old Norse fýri (“pine forest”). Doublet of frith.
In this sense, mostly displaced the native Middle English wode, from Old English wudu (modern English wood) and Middle English wold, wald, wæld, from Old English weald (modern English wold, weald).

der

Let H be a traversal of an undirected graph G = (X, U). For given H, the set U can be split into set of tree edges from the forest G_H and the set of inverse edges that do not belong to this forest.

2000, Victor N. Kasyanov, Vladimir A. Evstigneev, Graph Theory for Programmers: Algorithms for Processing Trees, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 16:

(graph theory) A graph with no cycles; i.e., a graph made up of trees.


hash

From French hacher (“to chop”), from Middle French hacher, from Old French hacher, from Old French hache (“axe”), from Frankish *happjā (“axe”). Compare also Old English ġehæċċa (“sausage meat”, literally “that which is hacked or chopped up”).

ncog

(computing, cryptocurrencies) One guess made by a mining computer in the effort of finding the correct answer which releases the next unit of cryptocurrency; see also hashrate.


fraction

Etymology tree
Middle English fraccioun
English fraction
From Middle English fraccioun (“a breaking”), from Anglo-Norman, Old French fraccion, from Medieval Latin fractio (“a fragment, portion”), from earlier Latin fractio (“a breaking, a breaking into pieces”), from fractus, past participle of frangere (“to break”) (whence English frangible), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (English break). Doublet of frazione.

der

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 100a. Fraction

(arithmetic) A ratio of two numbers (numerator and denominator), usually written one above the other and separated by a horizontal bar called the vinculum or, alternatively, in sequence on the same line and separated by a solidus (diagonal bar).


maximum

(mathematics) The greatest value of a set or other mathematical structure, especially the global maximum or a local maximum of a function.

(mathematical analysis) An upper bound of a set which is also an element of that set.

probability distribution
probability distribution

(statistics) The largest value of a batch or sample or the upper bound of a probability distribution.


minimum

Learned borrowing from Latin minimum, neuter form of minimus (“least, smallest”).

(mathematical analysis) A lower bound of a set which is also an element of that set.

(statistics) The smallest member of a batch or sample or the lower bound of a probability distribution.


mega

From the prefix mega-, from Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas, “great, large, mighty”).

Steinhaus-Moser number
Steinhaus-Moser number#English

(mathematics) The Steinhaus-Moser number ②


enumerate

en-verb

enumerate (third-person singular simple present enumerates, present participle enumerating, simple past and past participle enumerated)

enumerates (present singular third-person)
enumerating (participle present)
enumerated (participle past)
enumerated (past)

To specify each member of a sequence individually in incrementing order.

أَحْصَى

to specify each member of a sequence individually in incrementing order


net

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *neHd-
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Germanic *natją
Proto-West Germanic *nati
Old English nett
Middle English net
English net
From Middle English net, from Old English net, nett, from Proto-West Germanic *nati, from Proto-Germanic *natją, from Proto-Indo-European *ned- (“to turn, twist, knot”).
Cognate with West Frisian net, Low German Nett, Dutch net, German Netz, Danish net, Swedish nät.

der

(geometry) Any set of polygons joined edge to edge that, when folded along the edges between adjoining polygons so that the outer edges touch, form a given polyhedron.


side

en-noun

side (countable and uncountable, plural sides)

From Middle English side, from Old English sīde (“side, flank”), from Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ (“side, flank, edge, shore”), from Proto-Indo-European *sēy- (“to send, throw, drop, sow, deposit”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Siede (“side”), West Frisian side (“side”), Dutch zijde, zij (“side”), German Low German Sied (“side”), German Seite (“side”), Danish and Norwegian side (“side”), Swedish sida (“side”).
The LGBTQ slang sense was coined by sex therapist and author Joe Kort in 2010 and popularized in 2013. The sense was coined by analogy with top and bottom and based on the metaphor of a box which has a top, bottom, and sides.

coinage

know which side one's bread is buttered on

laugh out of the other side of one's mouth

not be able to hit the broad side of a barn

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence

the grass is always greener on the other side of the road

And 9 is said to be the Square, 27 the Cube of 3, which is call'd the Side of 9 and 27, &c.

1723, Edward Wells, The Young Gentleman's Arithmetick, and Geometry, page 127:


simultaneous

sequential

antonym(s) of “happening at the same moment”

From Medieval Latin simultaneus, from simultim (“at the same time, extended”), from Latin simul (“together, at the same time”); compare similar.

der

(mathematics, of a set of equations) To be solved for the same values of variables.


ship

→ Japanese: シップ (shippu)

From Middle English ship, schip, from Old English sċip, from Proto-West Germanic *skip, from Proto-Germanic *skipą, from Proto-Indo-European *skēyb-, *skib-. More at shift.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian skip, Dutch schip, German Schiff, Yiddish שיף (shif), Danish skib, Norwegian skip, Swedish skepp. Related also to Lithuanian skiẽbti (“to rip up”), Latvian škibît (“to cut, lop”), Ancient Greek σκάφη (skáphē, “light boat, skiff”).

cog

it's not the size of the ship, it's the motion of the ocean

I don't know if there is another standard method, but the following approach works: Consider the collision of gliders from three rakes that produces a medium spaceship in the _same_ direction as the rake. This ship will follow along to the next collision point, which will not produce a spaceship, but rather some stable garbage, consisting of a block and a beehive.

1991 January 10, Paul Callahan, “Questions and comments about Conway's Life (long)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Aside from the one ship in B3/S124 shown above, the only spaceships of this size (with period up to 20) in any of these rules are the Life glider and the three known from B2/ (each of which also is found in some variants of the Life or B2/ rules).

1995 November 12, Rich Holmes, “Totalistic spaceships”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

While constructing a butterfly double gun I put one cell at the wrong site and the result was highly surprising: my pattern turned to a big, beautiful ship, very similar to those found in Aqua25 from Al Hensel's collection!

1999 June 23, Mirek Wojtowicz, “What else has Brian in his Brain?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata, chiefly in combination) A spaceship.

But there are no ships, and no natural traffic lights or honey farms. The ship self destructs, and the predecessors to the traffic lights and honey farms self-destruct in spectacular manners.

1994 May 7, David Bell, “HighLife - An Interesting Variant of Life (part 1/3)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

In the case of these "ship" neighborhoods, birth will occur at the center cell, thus deviating from the "overcrowding" rule of Life (HighLife allows such a birth in all neighborhoods containing 6 cells).

1994 June 5, Paul Callahan, “Interesting life program”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A particular still life consisting of an empty cell surrounded by six live cells.


acetabulum

en-noun

acetabulum (plural acetabulums or acetabula)

Learned borrowing from Latin acētābulum (“vinegar saucer, 1/48 congius”), from acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum (“-bule: a vessel for”).

lbor

(historical) A Roman unit of liquid measure reckoned as the volume of 2½ Roman ounces of wine and equivalent to about 66 mL although differing slightly over time.

congius (48 acetabula) urna (192 acetabula)


closed

(graph theory, of a walk) Whose first and last vertices are the same, forming a closed loop.

(topology, of a set) Having an open complement.

The set of integers is closed under addition: #92;forallx,y#92;in#92;mathbb#123;Z#125;#92;,x#43;y#92;in#92;mathbb#123;Z#125;.

(mathematics, of a set) Such that its image under the specified operation is contained in it.

uzavřený

in mathematics, such that its image under the specified operation is contained in it

(mathematics, logic, of a formula) Lacking a free variable.


homogeneous

From Medieval Latin homogeneus, from Ancient Greek ὁμογενής (homogenḗs, “of the same race, family or kind”), from ὁμός (homós, “same”) + γένος (génos, “kind”). Compare homo- (“same”) and -ous (adjectival suffix).

homogenous

may be considered incorrect; see usage note at §§ Usage notes

(mathematics) In any of several technical senses uniform; scalable; having its behavior or form determined by, or the same as, its behavior on or form at a smaller component (of its domain of definition, of itself, etc.).

The polynomial x²+5xy+y² is homogeneous of degree 2, because x², xy, and y² are all degree 2 monomials

Of polynomials, functions, equations, systems of equations, or linear maps:

(algebra, of a polynomial) Such that all its nonzero terms have the same degree.

(linear algebra, by specialization, of a system of linear equations) Such that all the constant terms are zero.

(mathematical analysis, generalizing the case of polynomial functions, of a function f) Such that if each of f 's inputs are multiplied by the same scalar, f 's output is multiplied by the same scalar to some fixed power (called the degree of homogeneity or degree of f). (Formally and more generally, of a partial function f between vector spaces whose domain is a linear cone) Satisfying the equality f(s mathbf x)=sᵏᶠ(

abstract algebra
abstract algebra#English

(ring theory, of an element of a graded ring) Belonging to one of the summands of the grading (if the ring is graded over the natural numbers and the element is in the kth summand, it is said to be homogeneous of degree k; if the ring is graded over a commutative monoid I, and the element is an element of the ith summand, it is said to be of grade i)

(geometry, of a space equipped with a group action) Informally: Everywhere the same, uniform, in the sense that any point can be moved to any other (via the group action) while respecting the structure of the space. Formally: Such that the group action is transitively and acts by automorphisms on the space (some authors also require that the action be faithful).

homogeneous coordinate
homogeneous coordinate

(geometry) Of or relating to homogeneous coordinates.

(probability theory, Fourier analysis, of a distribution S on Euclidean n-space (or on ℝⁿmathbf 0)) Informally: Determined by its restriction to the unit sphere. Formally: Such that, for all real t>0 and test functions ϕ( mathbf x), the equality S[t⁻ⁿϕ( mathbf x/t)]=t^(mS)[ϕ( mathbf x)] holds for some fixed real or complex m.

(set theory, order theory, of a relation) Holding between a set and itself; being an endorelation.


logarithm

/ˈlɑɡəɹ.ɹɪ.ðəm/

/ˈlɑɡ.ə.ɹɪðm/

/ˈlɑɡ.əɹ.ɹɪðm/

From New Latin logarithmus, term coined by Scottish mathematician John Napier from Ancient Greek λόγος (lógos, “word, reckoning”) and ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”); compare rational number, from analogous Latin.

For a currency which uses denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, etc., each jump in the base-10 logarithm from one denomination to the next higher is either 0.3010 or 0.3979.

(mathematics) For a number x, the power to which a given base number must be raised in order to obtain x. Written log _bx. For example, log ₁₀1000=3 because 10³=1000 and log ₂16=4 because 2⁴=16.

أَسِيس

The power to which a given base number must be raised in order to obtain a given number


bang

From Middle English *bangen, from Old English *bangian or borrowed from Old Norse banga (“to pound, hammer”); both from Proto-Germanic *bangōną (“to beat, pound”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰen- (“to beat, hit, injure”). Cognate with Scots bang, bung (“to strike, bang, hurl, thrash, offend”), Icelandic banga (“to pound, hammer”), Old Swedish bånga ("to hammer"; whence modern Swedish banka (“to knock, pound, bang”)), Danish banke (“to beat”), bengel (“club”), Low German bangen, bangeln (“to strike, beat”), West Frisian bingel, bongel, Dutch bengel (“bell; rascal”), German Bengel (“club”), bungen (“to throb, pulsate”).
In the sense of a fringe of hair, from bang off.
In the sense of abrupt left turn, from Boston left and associated risk of a crash.

gl

"to hammer"; whence modern Swedish <i class="Latn mention" lang="sv">banka</i> (“to knock, pound, bang”)

Audio (US)

(mathematics) A factorial, in mathematics, because the factorial of n is often written as n!


banging

en-noun

banging (countable and uncountable, plural bangings)

(slang) A session of sexual intercourse.


characteristic

/ˌkæɹəktəˈɹɪstɪk/

[ˌkʰæɹəktəˈɹɪstɪk]

General American, Mary–marry–merry merger

/ˌkɛɹəktəˈɹɪstɪk/

From Ancient Greek χαρακτηριστικός (kharaktēristikós), from χαρακτηρίζω (kharaktērízō, “to designate by a characteristic mark”), from χαρακτήρ (kharaktḗr, “a mark, character”). By surface analysis, character + -istic.

der

χαρακτηριστικός

It is evident, moreover, that as the logarithms of numbers, which are tenfold, the one of the other, do not differ except in their characteristics, it is sufficient that the tables contain the fractional parts only of the logarithms.

1830, Solomon Pearson Miles, Thomas Sherwin, Mathematical Tables: Comprising Logarithms of Numbers, […] , page 69:

As the sine and cosine are always proper fractions their logarithms are negative, i.e. have negative characteristics. When we are given an angle, it is impossible to say, from inspection of the angle, what the characteristic of the logarithm of its sine, cosine or tangent may be; so the characteristics have to be printed with the mantissae.

1911, F. T. Swanwick, Elementary Trigonometry, Cambridge University Press, page 60:

Similarly, the characteristic for .003 is −3, and the characteristic for .0003 is −4.

1961, “Principles and Applications of Mathematics for Communications-Electronics”, in U.S, Department of the Army, page 69:

(mathematics) The integer part of a logarithm.

The characteristic of a field, if non-zero, must be a prime number.

1962 [John Wiley & Sons], Nathan Jacobson, Lie Algebras, 1979, Dover, page 289,
In this chapter we study the problem of classifying the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras over an arbitrary field of characteristic 0.

1992, Simeon Ivanov (translator), P. M. Gudivok, E. Ya. Pogorilyak, On Modular Representations of Finite Groups over Integral Domains, Simeon Ivanov (editor), Galois Theory, Rings, Algebraic Groups and Their Applications, American Mathematical Society, page 87,
Let R be a Noetherian factorial ring of characteristic p which is not a field.

Traditionally, a complete, discretely valued field of characteristic zero, the maximal ideal of whose valuation ring is generated by the prime number p, has been called a p-adic field. In our terminology, the valuation ring of a p-adic field is a Cohen ring of characteristic zero whose residue field has characteristic p, and consequently a p-adic field is simply the quotient field of such a Cohen ring.

1993, S. Warner, Topological Rings, Elsevier (North-Holland), page 424:

multiplicative identity
multiplicative identity

(algebra, field theory, ring theory) For a given field or ring, a natural number that is either the smallest positive number n such that n instances of the multiplicative identity (1) summed together yield the additive identity (0) or, if no such number exists, the number 0.

field theory; ring theory; field theory; ring theory


contain

en-verb

contain (third-person singular simple present contains, present participle containing, simple past and past participle contained)

contains (present singular third-person)
containing (participle present)
contained (participle past)
contained (past)

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French contenir, from Latin continēre (“to hold or keep together, comprise, contain”), combined form of con- (“together”) + teneō (“to hold”).

der

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

A group contains a unique inverse for each of its elements.

If that subgraph contains the vertex in question then it must be spanning.

(mathematics, of a set etc., transitive) To have as an element or subset.


center

From Middle English center, centre, from Middle French centre, from Latin centrum, from Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron), from κεντεῖν (kenteîn, “to prick, goad”). Doublet of centrum.
* (group theory): In the notation Z(G), the letter Z derives from the German Zentrum (“center”).

sentrum

point equidistant from all points on the perimeter of a circle

مَرْكَز

point in the interior of figure with mean coordinates

(geometry) The point on a line that is midway between the ends.

(geometry) The point in the interior of any figure of any number of dimensions that has as its coordinates the arithmetic mean of the coordinates of all points on the perimeter of the figure (or of all points in the interior for a center of volume).

(algebra, group theory, ring theory) The set of those elements (of a given algebraic structure) that commute with every other element, usually denoted Z(G). In the case of (semi-)groups, it is required that they commute under the (semi-)group operation; in the case of rings and (Lie) algebras, under mulitplication (i.e. the bracket for Lie algebras)

centro

set of elements of a group that commute with all elements


intersection

/ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/

/ˌɪntəɹˈsɛkʃən/

From Middle French intersection, from Latin intersectiō.

(geometry) The point or set of points common to two geometrical objects (such as the point where two lines meet or the line where two planes intersect).

(set theory) The set containing all the elements that are common to two or more sets.

(category theory) The pullback of a corner of monics.


rectangle

/ˈrɛktæŋɡl̩/

Borrowed from Middle French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin or Late Latin rectangulum (“right angle”), from Latin rectus (“right”) + angulus (“an angle”).

(geometry) Any quadrilateral having opposing sides parallel and four right angles.

For why should you praise, for example, the integrity of a Square who faithfully defends the interests of his client, when you ought in reality rather to admire the exact precision of his Rectangles?

1884, A Square [pseudonym; Edwin A. Abbott], Flatland […] , London: Seeley & Co., Part I: This World, § 12.— Of the Doctrine of our Priests, page 46:


operation

en-noun

operation (countable and uncountable, plural operations)

→ Japanese: オペレーション (operēshon)

→ Scottish Gaelic: opairèisean

/ˌɒp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

From Middle French operation, from Old French operacion, from Latin operātiō, from the verb operor (“I work”), from opus, operis (“work”). Equivalent to operate + -ion.

عَمَلِيَّة

The number of operands associated with an operation is called its arity; an operation of arity 2 is called a binary operation.

Operation (mathematics)
w:Operation (mathematics)

(computing, logic, mathematics) A procedure for generating a value from one or more other values (the operands)

(mathematics, more formally) a function which maps zero or more (but typically two) operands to a single output value.


calculus

calculus (countable and uncountable, plural calculi or calculuses)

* Borrowed from Latin calculus (“a pebble or stone used as reckoning counters in abacus”), diminutive of calx (“limestone”) + -ulus.
* Mathematical topic is from differential calculus.

bor

lambda calculus

predicate calculus

(countable, mathematics) Any formal system in which symbolic expressions are manipulated according to fixed rules.

Near-synonyms: analysis, mathematical analysis

Differential calculus
differential calculus

(uncountable, often definite, the calculus) Differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject.

analise

differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject


algebra

en-noun

algebra (countable and uncountable, plural algebras)

/ˈæl.d͡ʒɪ.bɹə/

/ˈæl.d͡ʒə.bɹə/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin algebra, from the Arabic word الْجَبْر (al-jabr, “reunion, resetting of broken parts”) in the title of al-Khwarizmi's influential work الْكِتَاب الْمُخْتَصَر فِي حِسَاب الْجَبْر وَالْمُقَابَلَة (al-kitāb al-muḵtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala, “The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing”).

Also the rule of false position, with dyuers examples not only vulgar, but some appertaynyng to the rule of Algeber.

1551, James A.H. Murray, editor, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society., volume 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press, published 1888, Part 1, page 217:

Let us conceive, then, of an Algebra in which the symbols x, y, z, &c. admit indifferently of the values 0 and 1, and of these values alone.

1854, George Boole, “Signs and their Laws”, in An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, London: Walton and Maberly, page 37:

(uncountable, mathematics) Elementary algebra: A system for representing and manipulating unknown quantities (variables) in equations.

ពីជគណិត

piicĕəʼkĕəʼnət

(uncountable, mathematics, sometimes capitalized) Abstract algebra: A broad field of study in modern mathematics (often mentioned alongside analysis) loosely characterized by its concern for abstraction and symmetry, dealing with the behavior, classification, and application of a large class of objects (called algebraic structures) and the maps between them (called, most generally, morphisms).

(countable, mathematics, algebra) Any of several objects of study in Algebra

An algebraic structure consisting of a module over a commutative ring (or a vector space over a field) along with an additional binary operation that is bilinear over module (or vector) addition and scalar multiplication.

algebra

one of several other types of mathematical structure

(countable, set theory, mathematical analysis) A collection of subsets of a given set, such that this collection contains the empty set, and the collection is closed under unions and complements (and thereby also under intersections and differences).


cosine

From co- + sine, short for complementi sinus in Latin, meaning “sine of the complement”. Doublet of cosinus.

(trigonometry) In a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side adjacent to an acute angle to the length of the hypotenuse. Symbol: cos


sine

Borrowed from Latin sinus (“curve, bend; bosom”), a translation of Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “bosom”), a misidentification of the notation جيب (j-y-b), written without vowel diacritics, standing for Arabic جِيبَ (jība, “sine”), in turn from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “sine, chord, bowstring”) through the similar Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “sine, chord, life, existence”). Doublet of sinus.

der

(trigonometry, mathematics) In a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse.


tangent

Borrowed from Latin tangentem, the accusative of tangēns (“touching”) (in the phrase līnea tangēns (“a touching line”)), the present participle of the verb tangō (“touch”, verb), from Proto-Italic *tangō, from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to touch”).
Cognate with Old English þaccian (“to touch lightly, pat, stroke”). More at thack, thwack.

cog

One feature of the body, which is constructed of pressed-steel members, is the contour of the sides. They are in the form of a continuous radius from the bottom side to the cant rail, and to enable flat glass windows to be fitted the side panels are pressed around the window opening, forming a tangent to the curved bodyside.

1951 May, “British Railways Standard Coaches”, in Railway Magazine, page 327:

differential geometry
differential geometry

(differential geometry) A straight line touching a curve at a single point without crossing it there.

(mathematics) A function of an angle that gives the ratio of the sine to the cosine, in either the real or complex numbers. Symbols: tan, tg.


tangent

(geometry) Touching a curve at a single point but not crossing it at that point.

The collision occurred on a two-mile stretch of tangent track.

(rail transport, of track) Straight; not horizontally curved.


binomial

Binominal nomenclature
Gerard of Cremona

Formed from Late Latin binōmium + -al. The derivation of binōmium is unclear. It was used by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century. Suggested sources are the Latin nōmen (“name”), the Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, “distribution, pasture”), or the Old French nom (“name”). Compare binomy and binominal, as well as the French binôme. By surface analysis, bi- + -nomial.

der

Assuming a normal approximation to binomial probabilities the proportion of total complications reported for 1979–85 in the age class 0–14 years was significantly higher than the proportion in the same age class for the period 1962–69 (p < 0·0001)

1991 November 23, D. J. Nokes, R. M. Anderson, “Vaccine safety versus vaccine efficacy in mass immunisation programmes”, in The Lancet, volume 338, number 8778, →DOI, page 1309:

binomial distribution
binomial distribution

(statistics) Of or relating to the binomial distribution.


binomial

(algebra) A quantity expressed as the sum or difference of two terms.

binomi

algebra: quantity expressed as sum of two terms


associative

en-adj

associative (comparative more associative, superlative most associative)

more associative (comparative)
most associative (superlative)

Perhaps it is an advantage of the "associative algebraic geometry" we have tried to develop in foregoing chapters that it is independent of braidings and further generalizations because it will remain valid as long as the corresponding "function"-rings constructed in these theories are associative algebras.

2000, Freddy Van Oystaeyen, Algebraic Geometry for Associative Algebras, Marcel Dekker, page 235:

It is now generally accepted that the representation theory of associative algebras traces its origin to Hamilton's description of the complex numbers by pairs of real numbers.

2006, Ibrahim Assem, Daniel Simson, Andrzej Skowroński, Elements of the Representation Theory of Associative Algebras, 1: Techniques of Representation Theory, Cambridge University Press, page vii:

In this section we develop the basic theory of normed algebras, putting special emphasis on the case of complete normed unital associative complex algebras.

2014, Miguel Cabrera García, Ángel Rodríguez Palacios, Non-Associative Normed Algebras, Volume 1: The Vidav–Palmer and Gelfand-Naimark Theorems, Cambridge University Press, page 1:

(algebra, of a binary operator *) Such that, for any operands a,b and c, (a*b)*c=a*(b*c); (of a ring, etc.) whose multiplication operation is associative.


commutative

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-commutative.wav

From French commuter (“to substitute or switch”) + -ative (“tending to”). See commute.

der

Addition on the real numbers is commutative because for any real numbers s,t, it is true that s#43;t#61;t#43;s.

Addition and multiplication are commutative operations but subtraction and division are not.

(mathematics, of a binary operation) Such that the order in which the operands are taken does not affect their image under the operation.

commutatiu

mathematics: such that order of operands does not affect result

(algebra, of an algebraic structure) Having a commutative operation.

(mathematics, of a diagram of morphisms) Such that any two sequences of morphisms with the same initial and final positions compose to the same morphism.


Arabic numeral

A calque of Medieval Latin numerus Arabicus, from its gradual adoption in Europe from Arabic sources.

calque

A number represented using an Indian and Arabic system involving the symbols 1, 2, 3, etc.


dodecahedron

en-noun

dodecahedron (plural dodecahedra or dodecahedrons)

dodecahedra (plural)
dodecahedrons (plural)

From Ancient Greek δωδεκάεδρον (dōdekáedron). Equivalent to dodeca- + -hedron.

1707, Thomas Blount, Glossographia Anglicana Nova: Or, A Dictionary, Interpreting Such Hard Words, D. Brown, heading DO–DO,
Dodecahedron, (Gr.) in Geometry, is a solid Figure of 12 Sides or Faces that are regular Pentagons, it is one of the Platonick or Regular Bodies.

(geometry) A polyhedron with twelve faces; the regular dodecahedron has regular pentagons as faces and is one of the Platonic solids.


icosahedron

icosahedron (plural icosahedra or icosahedrons)

icosahedra (plural)
icosahedrons (plural)

From Ancient Greek εἰκοσάεδρον (eikosáedron), from εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “face of a geometrical solid”). Equivalent to icosa- + -hedron.

(geometry) A polyhedron with twenty faces.

regular gyroelongated pentagonal bipyramid

(geometry, specifically) A regular icosahedron: one of the Platonic solids, all of whose faces are regular (equilateral) triangles


torus

Borrowed from Latin torus (“a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance”).

bor

A 4-variable Karnaugh map can be thought of, topologically, as being a torus.

(geometry) The standard representation of such a space in 3-dimensional Euclidean space: a surface or solid formed by rotating a closed curve, especially a circle, about a line which lies in the same plane but does not intersect it (e.g. like a ring doughnut).

(topology) A topological space which is a product of two circles.

(topology, in combination, n-torus, 4-torus, etc.) The product of the specified number of circles.

A ring-shaped object, especially a large ring-shaped chamber used in physical research.


machine translation

en-noun

machine translation (countable and uncountable, plural machine translations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-machine translation.wav

(computing, programming) The production of instructions in a computer language that are equal in meaning to that in another language.


coefficient

[ˌkəʊ.ɪˈfɪʃn̩t]

From French coefficient. Coined by French mathematician François Viète. Or influenced by (New) Latin coefficient-, which is the stem of coefficiens, which is a substantivation of the present active participle of coefficio, which comes from co- and efficio.

(mathematics) A constant by which an algebraic term is multiplied.

Notice that many of the terms of the matrices [Sᵉ] (e = 1, 2, 3) vanish. We call the non-vanishing coefficients of the matrix [Sᵉ] the stiffness coefficients of element e and we denote them by Kᵣₛᵉ.

2016, Anthony E. Armenàkas, Advanced Mechanics of Materials and Applied Elasticity, CRC Press, page 681:

Definition 3.7. A lattice Λ is called an integral lattice if its Gram matrix has coefficients in ℤ.

2004, Frédérique Oggier, Emanuele Viterbo, Algebraic Number Theory and Code Design for Rayleigh Fading Channels, Now Publishers Inc, page 17:


constant

From Middle English constant, from Old French constant, from Latin constantem, accusative of constans, from constare (“to stand firm”). Displaced native Old English singal.

We also establish that constants are local extremizers of the Tomas-Stein adjoint restriction inequality as well as of another inequality appearing in the program..

2015, Emanuel Carneiro, Damiano Foschi, Diogo Oliveira e Silva, Christoph Thiele, “A sharp trilinear inequality related to Fourier restriction on the circle”, in arXiv:

(algebra) A quantity that remains at a fixed value throughout a given discussion.


matrix

From Middle English matris, matrice, matrix, from Old French matrice (“pregnant animal”), or from Latin mātrīx (“dam, womb”), both ultimately from māter (“mother”). Doublet of mother from Indo-European ancestor.
Slang usage coined with the 1999 sci-fi action film The Matrix.

基質 /基质

analytical chemistry: sampling environment

Theorem (7.5.2) then says that every positive semidefinite matrix is a convex combination of matrices that lie on extreme rays.

1987, [1985], Roger A. Horn, Charles R. Johnson, Matrix Analysis, Paperback edition, Cambridge University Press, published 1990, page 464:

Check that the #92;mathcal#123;A#125;(#92;mathcal#123;D#125;)² in the example is itself the adjacency matrix of the indicated digraph:

2003, Robert A. Liebler, Basic Matrix Algebra with Algorithms and Applications, CRC Press (Chapman & Hall/CRC), page 64:

2007, Gerhard Kloos, Matrix Methods for Optical Layout, SPIE Press, page 25,
The matrix describing the reflection at a plane mirror can be obtained by taking the matrix for reflection at a spherical reflector and letting the radius of the spherical mirror tend to infinity.

(mathematics) A rectangular arrangement of numbers or terms having various uses such as transforming coordinates in geometry, solving systems of linear equations in linear algebra and representing graphs in graph theory.

matricë

math: rectangular arrangement of numbers or terms


operand

When the microprocessor decodes the JSR opcode, it stores the operand into the TEMP register and pushes the current contents of the PC ($00 0128) onto the stack.

1992, Michael A. Miller, The 68000 Microprocessor Family: Architecture, Programming, and Applications, page 47:

(mathematics, computing) A quantity to which an operator is applied (in 3-x, the operands of the subtraction operator are 3 and x).


vector

Learned borrowing from Latin vector (“carrier, transporter”), from vehō (“I carry, I transport, I bear”), also ultimately the root of English vehicle.
The “person or entity that passes along an urban legend or other meme” sense derives from the disease sense.
The mathematics sense was coined by Irish mathematician and astronomer William Rowan Hamilton in 1846.

coin

Velocity is a vector defined by the speed of an object and its direction.

As examples of vector quantities may be mentioned the distance between any two given points, a velocity, a force, an acceleration, angular velocity, intensity of magnetization flux of heat.

(mathematics, physics) A directed quantity, one with both magnitude and direction; the signed difference between two points.

Computers store many types of data as vectors for ease of processing.

A row vector is a matrix whose M dimension is 1. In fact, a row vector is a matrix consisting of a single row, and a column vector a matrix consisting of a single column.

2003 February 26, Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, The PC Graphics Handbook, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 62:

Color is stored as a vector attribute (R, G, B).

2011 March 8, Lee Lanier, Advanced Maya Texturing and Lighting, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 97:

GPU cores are essentially vector-processing units, capable of applying the same instruction on a large collection of operands.

2022 February 9, Gerassimos Barlas, Multicore and GPU Programming: An Integrated Approach, Morgan Kaufmann, →ISBN, page 398:

(mathematics, computing) An ordered tuple, originally one representing a directed quantity, but by extension any one-dimensional matrix.

The vectors in #123;#92;mathbbQ#125;#91;X#93; are the single-variable polynomials with rational coefficients: one is #92;textstylex#123;42#125;#43;#92;frac1#123;137#125;x-1.

(mathematics) Any member of a (generalized) vector space.


scalar

Borrowed from Latin scālāris, adjectival form from scāla (“a flight of steps, stairs, staircase, ladder, scale”), for *scadla, from scandere (“to climb”); compare scale. The mathematics sense was coined by Irish mathematician and astronomer William Rowan Hamilton in 1846.

(mathematics) Having magnitude but not direction.


scalar

(mathematics) A quantity that has magnitude but not direction; compare vector.


operator

en-noun

operator (countable and uncountable, plural operators)

/ˈɒpəˌɹeɪtə/

/ˈɑpəˌɹeɪtɚ/

Borrowed from Latin operātor, from operor (“work, labour”). Equivalent to operate + -or.

(mathematics) A function or other mapping that carries values defined on a domain into another value or set of values in a defined range.


polynomial

/ˌpɒlɪˈnəʊmɪəl/

From poly- + -nomial, from νομός (nomós, “portion, part”), by analogy with binomial.

Unfortunately, an analogous attack on the octic polynomial becomes exceedingly complicated.

1999, William Dunham, Euler: The Master of Us All, Mathematical Association of America, published 1999, page 116:

Our upper bound is the best possible, and it implies the existence of low-rank factorizations of positive semidefinite bivariate matrix polynomials and representations of biforms as sums of few squares.

2016, Grigoriy Blekherman, Daniel Plaumann, Rainer Sinn, Cynthia Vinzant, “Low-Rank Sum-of-Squares Representations on Varieties of Minimal Degree”, in arXiv:

(algebra, strict sense) An expression consisting of a sum of a finite number of terms, each term being the product of a constant coefficient and one or more variables raised to a non-negative integer power, such as a_nxⁿ+a_n-1xⁿ⁻¹+...+a_0x⁰.


polynomial

/ˌpɒlɪˈnəʊmɪəl/

(algebra) Able to be described or limited by a polynomial.


scalar product

Coined by William Kingdon Clifford in 1877 in his book Elements of Dynamic.

coin

(linear algebra) The product of two vectors computed as the sum of the corresponding elements of the vectors, or, equivalently, as the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between their directions.


vector product

(linear algebra) a vector with the size given by the product of two vectors computed as the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the sine of the angle between their directions, and directed perpendicular to the given two vectors, with positive orientation.

向量積 /向量积

vector with size given by the product of two vectors


cross product

Coined by American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1881.

The cross product can be derived like so: given a pair of vectors #92;xi and #92;eta, solve for a vector #92;zeta which is perpendicular to both #92;xi and #92;eta, i.e., whose dot product with both #92;xi and #92;eta is zero.


dot product

In reference to the symbol · used to denote the operation.


bar

en-noun

bar (countable and uncountable, plural bars)

→ Albanian: bar m

→ Arabic: بَار m (bār)

→ Armenian: բար (bar)

→ Bulgarian: бар (bar)

→ Burmese: ဘား (bha:)

→ Chichewa: bála

→ Cantonese: 吧 (baa¹)

→ Czech: bar m

→ Danish: bar c

→ Dutch: bar m

→ Esperanto: baro

→ Estonian: baar

→ French: bar m
→ Romanian: bar

→ Galician: bar m

→ Georgian: ბარი (bari)

→ German: Bar f

→ Greek: μπαρ n (bar)

→ Gulf Arabic: بار (bār)

→ Hebrew: בָּר (bar), בָּאר (bár)

→ Hungarian: bár (also via German)

→ Icelandic: bar m

→ Irish: beár m

→ Italian: bar m

→ Japanese: バー (bā)

→ Khmer: បារ (baa)

→ Korean: 바 (ba)

→ Lithuanian: bãras m

→ Macedonian: бар m (bar)

→ Malagasy: ba

→ Mandarin: 吧 (bā)

→ Norwegian:

Bokmål: bar m

Nynorsk: bar m

→ Persian: بار (bâr)

→ Polish: bar m

→ Portuguese: bar m

→ Russian: бар m (bar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ба̑р m, bȃr m

→ Slovene: bȃr m

→ Spanish: bar m

→ Swahili: baa

→ Swedish: bar c (see there for further descendants)

→ Thai: บาร์ (baa)

→ Turkish: bar

→ Xhosa: íbhári

→ Zulu: ibha

From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin. Doublet of barre.

der

(mathematics) The sign indicating that the characteristic of a logarithm is negative, conventionally placed above the digit(s) to show that it applies to the characteristic only and not to the mantissa.

Suppose we have four objects, foo, bar, baz and quux.

metasyntactic variable
metasyntactic variable#English

(programming, derived from fubar) A metasyntactic variable representing an unspecified entity, often the second in a series, following foo.

ajn

programming: a second entity following foo

He's studying hard to pass the Bar this time; he's failed it twice before.

(US, Philippines, law, usually with the) The bar exam, the legal licensing exam.


bar

From Middle English barren, from Old French barrer, from Medieval Latin barrare (“to bar”), from the noun. Cognate to Occitan barrar, Spanish barrar, Portuguese barrar.
Preposition properly imperative of the verb. Compare barring.

Leg At Each Corner is at 3/1, Lost My Shirt 5/1, and it's 10/1 bar.

(horse racing) Denotes the minimum odds offered on other horses not mentioned by name.


obtuse

en-adj

obtuse (comparative obtuser or more obtuse, superlative obtusest or most obtuse)

obtuser (comparative)
more obtuse (comparative)
obtusest (superlative)
most obtuse (superlative)

clear

antonym(s) of “deadened, muffled, muted”

pointed

antonym(s) of “now chiefly botany, zoology”

From Middle French obtus (“obtuse (geometry); narrow-minded, obtuse; boring, dull, lifeless”), from Latin obtūsus (“blunt, dull; obtuse”), past participle of obtundere, from obtundō (“to batter, beat, strike; to blunt, dull”), from ob- (“against”) (see ob-) + tundō (“to beat, strike; to bruise, crush, pound”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to hit; to push”)). More at obtund.

der

If you put foure Spleets in a Hiue, then cut their backes, where they must leane one against another, to square angles, such as be foure in a circle: if but three, cut them to obtuse angles, such as are three in a circle: (you may readily try them, before you put them in, by Moulds made iust to those formes) and so will they stand close and firme together.

1623, Charles Butler, “Of the Hiues, and the Dressing of Them”, in The Feminine Monarchie: or, The Historie of Bees: Shewing Their Admirable Nature, and Properties, Their Generation, and Colonies, Their Gouernment, Loyaltie, Art, Industrie, Enemies, Warres, Magnanimitie, &c. […], London, →OCLC, chapter 3, section 11, footnote c; republished Mytholmroyd, U.K.: Northern Bee Books, 1985:

More-over, as the Buildings Ambligon / May more receive then Mansions Oxigon / (Because th' acute, and the rect-Angles too, / Stride not so wide as obtuse Angles doe) / So doth the Circle in his Circuit span / More room then any other Figure can.

1641, “The Columnes. The Fourth Part of the Second Day of the II. Weeke”, in Alexander B. Grosart, editor, The Complete Works of Joshua Sylvester: For the First Time Collected and Edited […], Edinburgh Univ. Press, published 1880, page 156, lines 198–203:

Obtuse angles of the through crossing. — The system of the two obtuse-angled points is especially termed the dead-crossing. […] The point itself, less liable to damage than that of the crossing proper, on account of its obtuse form and its position relatively to the wheels, acts the same part towards the tapered portion of the cut rail, as the wing-rail does with respect to the acute-angle of the crossing.

1877, Ch[arles] Couche, “Special Points in the Permanent Way”, in James N. Shoolbred, transl., Permanent Way Rolling Stock and Technical Working of Railways. Followed by an Appendix on Works of Art, volume I, London: Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Square; Paris: Dunod, 49, Quai des Augustins, →OCLC, § XIV (Rail-crossings), paragraph 258, page 316:

If he is standing close beside me I know that our separate axes of vision will meet at an acute angle in the centre of his object, and if we are further apart, at an obtuser angle.

1922, May Sinclair, “Space, Time and Other Consciousnesses”, in The New Idealism, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, section V, pages 255–256:

(now chiefly botany, zoology) Blunt; not sharp, pointed, or acute in form.

(geometry, specifically, of an angle) Larger than one, and smaller than two right angles, or more than 90° and less than 180°.

բութ

geometry: larger than 90° but less than 180°

Unless A lies in that part of a semi-infinite strip bounded by AB outside a semi-circle of diameter AB, the triangle is obtuse, so that the probability of getting an obtuse triangle is equal to 1.

2013, Edward J. Barbeau, “Probability and Statistics”, in More Fallacies, Flaws, and Flimflam (Spectrum Series), Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, →ISBN, page 128:

(geometry, by ellipsis) Obtuse-angled, having an obtuse angle.


acute

en-adj

acute (comparative acuter or more acute, superlative acutest or most acute)

acuter (comparative)
more acute (comparative)
acutest (superlative)
most acute (superlative)

From Late Middle English acute (“of a disease or fever: starting suddenly and lasting for a short time; of a humour: irritating, sharp”), from Latin acūta, from acūtus (“sharp, sharpened”), perfect passive participle of acuō (“to make pointed, sharpen, whet”), from acus (“needle, pin”). The word is cognate to ague (“acute, intermittent fever”).
As regards the noun, which is derived from the verb, compare Middle English acūte (“severe but short-lived fever; of blood: corrosiveness, sharpness; musical note of high pitch”).

cog

The teacher pointed out the acute angle.

Chlorophosphuret of nitrogen (at ordinary temperatures) is a solid crystalline body. […] The form of the crystals, as obtained by sublimation, is that of a rhomboid, of which the obtuse angle measures 131° or 132°, the acute 48° or 49°: the acute angle of this rhomboid, either at one or both ends, is often truncated, when of course the angle formed is about 114°: the hexagonal prism is also found.

1850 March 30, J[ohn] H[all] Gladstone, “On Chlorophosphuret of Nitrogen and Its Products of Decomposition”, in Henry Watts, editor, The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London, volume III, number X, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […], published 1851, →OCLC, part I, page 138:

(geometry, of an angle) Less than 90 degrees.

حَادّ

(geometry) of an angle: less than 90 degrees

an acute triangle

In order to be an acute triangle, all three angles of a triangle must be less than 90°. These triangles can have very prickly personalities. So, if you want to create images of porcupines, rugged mountains, or narrow pine trees in your geometric design, you may best do it by using acute triangles[…]. The most commonly used acute triangle in quiltmaking is the equilateral triangle[…]. All three of its angles are 60°.

1997, Joen Wolfrom, “The Fascination of Shapes”, in The Visual Dance: Creating Spectacular Quilts, Lafayette, Calif.: C&T Publishing, →ISBN; republished Lafayette, Calif.: C&T Publishing, 2009, →ISBN, page 39:

(geometry, of a triangle) Having all three interior angles measuring less than 90 degrees.


complementary angle

en-noun

complementary angle (plural complementary angles)

Angle A is 40°, and its complementary angle, B, is 50°.

(geometry) An angle that, when added to another referenced angle, produces a right angle.


pyramid

pyramid (countable and uncountable, plural pyramids)

From French pyramide, from Old French piramide, from Latin pȳramis, pȳramidis, from Ancient Greek πῡραμίς (pūramís), possibly from πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”) + ἀμάω (amáō, “reap”) or from Egyptian pr-m-ws (“height of a pyramid”), from pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”). Schenkel and K. Lang proposed hypothetical Coptic *ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲙ (*piram) or *ⲫⲣⲁⲙ (*phram) derived from Egyptian mr via metathesis as a source of πῡραμίς (pūramís) while Schenkel also suggested it being the source of Arabic هرم although the latter is considered far-fetched by Takacs.

der

(geometry) A solid with triangular lateral faces and a polygonal (often square or rectangular) base.

piramidë

in geometry, a solid with triangular lateral faces and a polygonal base


rectangular

en-adj

rectangular (not generally comparable, comparative more rectangular, superlative most rectangular)

more rectangular (comparative)
most rectangular (superlative)

/ɹɛkˈtæŋɡjəlɚ/

/ɹɛkˈtæŋɡjʊlə/

Having axes that meet each other with right angles.

suorakulmainen

having axes that meet each other with right angles


union

en-noun

union (countable and uncountable, plural unions)

→ Bengali: ইউনিয়ন (iuniẏon) (learned)

From Middle English unyoun, from Old French union, from Late Latin ūniō, ūniōnem (“oneness, unity”), from Latin ūnus (“one”). Doublet of unio.

der

(countable, set theory) The set containing all of the elements of two or more sets.


union

en-verb

union (third-person singular simple present unions, present participle unioning, simple past and past participle unioned)

unions (present singular third-person)
unioning (participle present)
unioned (participle past)
unioned (past)

(set theory) To combine sets using the union operation.


transcendence

en-noun

transcendence (countable and uncountable, plural transcendences)

transcendental number
transcendental number

(mathematics) The property of being a transcendental number.


pun

en-verb

pun (third-person singular simple present puns, present participle punning, simple past and past participle punned)

puns (present singular third-person)
punning (participle present)
punned (participle past)
punned (past)

From Middle English ponnen, ponen, punen, from Old English punian, pūnian (“to pound, beat, bray, bruise, crush, grind”), from Proto-Germanic *punōną (“to break to pieces, pulverize”). See pound. As a kind of word play, from the notion of "beating" the words into place.

der

He would pun thee into shivers with his fist.

c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

(transitive, obsolete) To beat; strike with force; to ram; to pound, as in a mortar; reduce to powder, to pulverize.

We punned about the topic until all around us groaned.

(intransitive) To make or tell a pun; to make a play on words.


pun

The pun is the lowest form of wit.

"Certainly, my home at my uncle's brought me acquainted with a circle of admirals. Of Rears, and Vices, I saw enough. Now do not be suspecting me of a pun, I entreat."

1814 May 9, [Jane Austen], chapter VI, in Mansfield Park: […], volume I, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 124:

A joke or type of wordplay in which similar definitions or sounds of two words or phrases, or different definitions of the same word, are deliberately confused.

駄洒落

ダジャレ, だじゃれ, dajare


pun

From the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean 분 (bun), from Chinese 分 (“fen”).

(Korean units of measure) Alternative form of bun (“Korean unit of measure”)


pun

Hackeries and carriages, loaded and empty, 8 annas. Sheep, goats, &c., 1 pun of cowries each.

1864, The Regulations of the Bengal Code in Force in September 1862, page 1019:

(India, historical) A certain number of cowries, generally 80.


cohort

From Latin cohors (stem cohort-); borrowed into Old English as coorta, but reintroduced into Middle English as cōhort and chōors via Old French cohorte. Doublet of court.

The 18–24 cohort shows a sharp increase in automobile fatalities over the proximate age groupings.

The elderly are market segments, by generations or microgenerations within age cohorts or by historical experience as personality types.

2002, Merry White, Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval, page 169:

(statistics) A demographic grouping of people, especially those in a defined age group, or having a common characteristic.


unknown

From Middle English *unknowen, *uniknowen, uniknowe, from Old English unġecnāwen (“unknown”), equivalent to un- + known.

(algebra) A variable (usually x, y or z) whose value is to be found.

مُتَغَيِّر

algebra: a variable whose value is to be found


crossing

en-noun

crossing (countable and uncountable, plural crossings)

(graph theory) A pair of intersecting edges.


sigma

From Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), σίγμα (sígma), probably from the root sig- as seen in σίζω (sízō) (< sig-yo "to hiss") + -μα (-ma).

(mathematics) The symbol Σ, used to indicate summation of a set or series.

2011, Paul Rincon, (bbc.co.uk) LHC: Higgs boson 'may have been glimpsed'
None of the spikes seen by the experiments is at much more than the "two sigma" level of certainty.
A level of "five sigma" is required to claim a discovery, meaning there is less than a one in a million chance the data spike is down to a statistical fluke.

(statistics) The symbol σ, used to indicate one standard deviation from the mean, particularly in a normal distribution.


tau

Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony
Trần Thanh Vân

From Middle English tau, taue, from Latin tau, from Ancient Greek ταῦ (taû) and Hebrew תָּו (tav).
Sense 6 (“mathematical constant equal to 2π”) was used by Joseph M. Lindenberg in 1991, and popularized by the American educator and entrepreneur Michael Hartl in a 2010 paper which explains that τ resembles π; and that τ is the Greek equivalent of t, the first letter of turn, and 2π corresponds to one turn of a circle with a radius of one unit.
Sense 8.1 (“short for tau lepton or tau particle”) was coined by the American physicist Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) after the first letter of Ancient Greek τρίτον (tríton, “third”), since the tau lepton or tauon was the third charged lepton discovered.

sequence box

Ancient Greek Alphabet

<big>Τ τ </big>
Ancient Greek: ταῦ

croix en tau

Saint Anthony’s cross — see also Saint Anthony's cross

(mathematics, neologism) Chiefly written τ: an irrational and transcendental constant representing the ratio of the circumference of a Euclidean circle to its radius, equal to twice the value of pi (2π; approximately 6.2831853071).


phi

From Late Latin phi, from Ancient Greek φεῖ (pheî).


fan

Inherited from Middle English fan, inherited from Old English fann (“a winnowing, fan”), derived from Latin vannus (“fan for winnowing grain”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).
Cognates
*Latin ventus (“wind”)
*Dutch wan (“winnowing basket”)
*German Wanne (“winnowing basket”)
*Swedish vanna (“a fan for winnowing”)
*Old English windwian (“to fan, winnow”).
More at winnow.

der+

Audio (Southern England)

(mathematics) A section of a tree having a finite number of branches


exponentiation

en-noun

exponentiation (countable and uncountable, plural exponentiations)

Ultimately from exponent + -ation. Perhaps from exponential + -ation.

In 5⁴ the base is 5 and the power is 4, so there are 4 identical factors of 5, and exponentiation gives 625 as the result.

"The remarkable fact about the system is that it achieves such a high level of security with only six exponentiations," Boneh said, referring to the calculations used to raise numbers to a power. Other systems do exponentiation once, suggesting that this system may be about six times slower because exponentiation is the most time-consuming step in encrypting the data.

1998 August 25, Peter Wayner, “IBM Says Encryption System Prevents Hacker Attack”, in The New York Times:

(mathematics, arithmetic) The process of calculating a power by multiplying together a number of equal factors, where the exponent specifies the number of factors to multiply.

berreketa

the process of calculating a power by multiplying together a number of equal factors

(mathematics, arithmetic, countable) A mathematical problem involving exponentiation.


strong

en-adj

strong (comparative stronger, superlative strongest)

stronger (comparative)
strongest (superlative)

Sranan Tongo: tranga

Aukan: taanga

Saramaccan: taánga

From Middle English strong, strang, from Old English strang, from Proto-West Germanic *strang, from Proto-Germanic *strangaz (“tight, strict, straight, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“taut, stiff, tight”). Cognate with Scots strang (“strong”), Saterland Frisian strang, West Frisian string (“austere, strict, harsh, severe, stern, stark, tough”), Dutch streng (“strict, severe, tight”), German streng (“strict, severe, austere”), Swedish sträng, strang (“severe, strict, harsh”), Norwegian strang (“strong, harsh, bitter”), Norwegian streng (“strong, hard”), Icelandic strangur (“strict”), Latin stringō (“tighten”).

cog

a chain is only as strong as its weakest link

the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must

(mathematics, logic) Having a wide range of logical consequences; widely applicable. (Often contrasted with a weak statement which it implies.)


element

From Middle English element, from Old French element, from Latin elementum (“a first principle, element, rudiment”) (see further etymology there).
The verb is from Middle English elementen, from the noun.

element

simplest or essential part or principle of anything

One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based.

(set theory) One of the objects in a set.

(mathematics) One of the entries of a matrix.

The element of area in Cartesian coordinates is dx dy.

(mathematics) An infinitesimal interval of a quantity, a differential.


pole

From Middle French pole, pôle, from Latin polus, from Ancient Greek πόλος (pólos, “axis of rotation”).

(geometry) A fixed point relative to other points or lines.

The function f(z)#61;#92;frac#123;1#125;#123;z-3#125; has a single pole at z#61;3.

(complex analysis) For a meromorphic function f(z), any point a for which f(z)→∞ as z→a.

pól

isolated point of a meromorphic function (complex analysis)


length

en-noun

length (countable and uncountable, plural lengths)

From Middle English lengthe, from Old English lengþ, lengþu, from Proto-West Germanic *langiþu, from Proto-Germanic *langiþō, equivalent to long + -th. Cognate with Scots lenth, lainth (“length”), Saterland Frisian Loangte (“length”), West Frisian lingte, langte (“length”), Dutch lengte (“length”), German Low German Längde, Längd, Längte, Längt (“length”), Danish længde (“length”), Swedish längd (“length”), Icelandic lengd (“length”).

(mathematics) Distance between the two ends of a line segment.

pituus

math: distance between the two ends of a line segment

(oenology) The amount of time for which the taste of wine lingers on the palate after swallowing or spitting it out, measured in caudilies.


tie

From Middle English teye (“cord, chain”), from Old English tēag, tēah (“cord, chain”), from Proto-West Germanic *taugu, from Proto-Germanic *taugō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewk-. Compare Danish tov, Icelandic taug.

(statistics) One or more equal values or sets of equal values in the data set.

(graph theory) A connection between two vertices.


ampere

Named after French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).

named-after

Definition: The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602 176 634 x 10⁻¹⁹ when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of Δν_(Cs). (The International Bureau of Weights and Measures)

If the volt, ampere and ohm were taken as the absolute units, the practical units would be the ampere, begohm and begavolt, names just as convenient as ampere, coulomb and farad.

1900, Journal of the Franklin Institute, volume 149, page 461:

International System of Units
International System of Units

A unit of electrical current, the standard base unit in the International System of Units; colloquially amp. Abbreviation: amp, Symbol: A


candela

en-noun

candela (plural candelas or (rare) candelae)

candelas (plural)
candelae (plural rare)

Borrowed from Latin candēla (“candle”). Doublet of candle and chandelle.

In the International System of Units, the base unit of luminous intensity; the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10¹² hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. Symbol: cd


kelvin

Named after Irish-born Scottish physicist William Thomson, Lord Kelvin. For the surname, see Kelvin.

named-after

thermodynamic temperature
thermodynamic temperature

In the International System of Units, the base unit of thermodynamic temperature; ¹⁄_(273.16) of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The unit symbol is "K".


kilogram

Borrowed from French kilogramme. By surface analysis, kilo- + gram.

In the International System of Units, the base unit of mass; conceived of as the mass of one litre of water, but now defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 × 10⁻³⁴ when expressed in units of kg⋅m²⋅s⁻¹. Symbol: kg


becquerel

Borrowed from French becquerel. Named after the French physicist Henri Becquerel.

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of radioactive activity; the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. Symbol: Bq


coulomb

From French coulomb, from the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

He is charged up with enough coulombs to make his hair stand on end.

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of electric charge; the amount of electric charge carried by a current of 1 ampere flowing for 1 second. Symbol: C


degree Celsius

A metric unit of temperature, a derived unit of the International System of Units. Symbol: °C


farad

Named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.

potential difference
potential difference

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of electrical capacitance; the capacitance of a capacitor in which one coulomb of charge causes a potential difference of one volt across the capacitor. Symbol: F


joule

Named after English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889). The surname is a variant of Joel.

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of energy, work and heat; the work required to exert a force of one newton for a distance of one metre. Equivalent to one watt of power for a duration of one second. Symbol: J


katal

From Ancient Greek κατάλυσις (katálusis, “dissolution”), from καταλύω (katalúō, “I dissolve”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + λύω (lúō, “I loose”).

der

(chemistry) In the International System of Units, the derived unit of catalytic activity; one mole per second. Symbol: kat.


litre

→ Hindi: लीटर (līṭar)

From French litre, from Medieval Latin litra, from Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra, “a Sicilian coin, a measure of weight”). Related to Latin libra. Doublet of rottol.

You should be able to fill four cups with one litre of water.

The metric unit of fluid measure, equal to one cubic decimetre. Symbols: l, L, ℓ


lumen

Borrowed from Latin lūmen (“light, an opening”). Use as a unit was first adopted by French physicist André Blondel in 1894.

(physics) In the International System of Units, the derived unit of luminous flux; the light that is emitted in a solid angle of one steradian from a source of one candela. Symbol: lm.


hertz

Named after German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894).

named-after

Each turbogenerator consisted of a steam turbine, powered by 900 psi of superheated steam, that was coupled by a set of reduction gears to a General Electric marine alternating-current generator operating at 1,800 rpm. Each generator had a capacity of 2,000 kilowatts of three-phase power at 450 volts and 60 hertz. The main 450-volt switchboard was energized by the two turbogenerators. The emergency switchboard, in the emergency generator room, was fed from the main switchboard through an electrical tie.

2017 December 12, National Transportation Safety Board, “1.3.5 Electrical Generation and Distribution System”, in Marine Accident Report: Sinking of US Cargo Vessel SS El Faro, Atlantic Ocean, Northeast of Acklins and Crooked Island, Bahamas, October 1, 2015, archived from the original on 2022-05-15, pages 36–37:

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of frequency; one (period or cycle of any periodic event) per second. Symbol: Hz


ohm

Named after Bavarian physicist Georg Ohm. A German surname, first recorded in the 12th century, from German Ohm (“uncle”), from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim (“maternal uncle”), from or related to Proto-Germanic *awô (“grandfather, paternal uncle”) + *haimaz (“home”). Doublet of oom and of dialectal eam (“uncle”).

der

As the test light voltage touches terminal "C7", the module should switch, causing the ohmmeter to "overrange" if the meter is in the 1000-2000 ohms position.

electrical resistance
electrical resistance

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of electrical resistance; the electrical resistance of a device across which a potential difference of one volt causes a current of one ampere. Symbol: Ω


radian

(geometry) In the International System of Units, the derived unit of plane angle: the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of its circumference equal in length to the radius of the circle. Symbol: rad.


lux

Borrowed from Latin lūx (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“white; light; bright”). Cognates include Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white, blank, light, bright, clear”), Ancient Greek λύκη (lúkē, “light, morning twilight”), Sanskrit रोचते (rocate), Middle Persian 𐭩𐭥𐭬 (rōz, “day”) and Old English lēoht (noun) (English light).

cog

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of illuminance or illumination; one lumen per square metre. Symbol: lx


newton

Named after the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton.

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of force; the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram by one metre per second per second. Symbol: N.


pascal

Borrowed from French pascal, named after French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal. Doublet of Paschal.

named-after

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of pressure and stress; one newton per square metre. Symbol: Pa.


siemens

Named after the German inventor Werner von Siemens.

electrical conductance
electrical conductance

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of electrical conductance; the electric conductance in a body that has a resistance of one ohm. Symbol: S


steradian

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-steradian.wav

(geometry) In the International System of Units, the derived unit of solid angle; the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere that has area r². Symbol: sr


score

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English score, skore, schore, from Old English scoru (“notch; tally; score”), from Old Norse skor, from Proto-Germanic *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”), which is related to *skeraną (“to cut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“cut”). Cognate with Icelandic skora, Swedish skåra, Danish skår. Related to shear.
For the sense “twenty”: The mark on a tally made by drovers for every twenty beasts passing through a tollgate.

der

DEVLIN:You know the apple and core. Head might cost you a score, or more if you want a meat show on all fours.

2012 September 9, “Deepest Shame (New Machine Remix)”, performed by w:Plan B (musician),Chip,Devlin:

(British, slang) Twenty pounds sterling.

(often in the plural) A great deal; many, several.


score

en-verb

score (third-person singular simple present scores, present participle scoring, simple past and past participle scored)

scores (present singular third-person)
scoring (participle present)
scored (participle past)
scored (past)
score (infinitive)

→⇒ Irish: scóráil

Chris finally scored with Pat last week.

Gotta find a chick who'll give you more / Well, there's a spot that I've discovered / Where a guy's guaranteed to score

1982, “Prowlin'”, in Domenic Bugatti, Frank Muskeer, Christopher Cerf (lyrics), Grease 2:

(transitive, intransitive) To obtain something desired.

(vulgar, slang) To obtain a sexual favor.

To obtain something desired.
To obtain a sexual favor.


sievert

From Swedish Sievert. Named after the Swedish radiologist Rolf Sievert.

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of radiation dose; the dose received in one hour at a distance of 1 cm from a point source of 1 mg of radium in a 0.5 mm thick platinum enclosure. Symbol: Sv