algebraic function

algebraic function (plural algebraic functions)

Quite often, algebraic functions are algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms and involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions.

The value of an algebraic function at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number.

1989, Manuel Bronstein, An Algorithm for the Integration of Elementary Functions, James H. Davenport (editor), EUROCAL '87: European Conference on Computer Algebra, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 378, page 491,
Trager (1984) recently gave a new algorithm for the indefinite integration of algebraic functions.

1992, A. A. Goldberg, V. A. Pyana, Uniqueness Theorems for Algebraic Functions, A. B. Sossinsky (translation editor), Boris Yakovlevich Levin (editor), Entire and Subharmonic Functions, American Mathematical Society, page 199,
It is known that the algebraic function w=w(z) enables one to determine the polynomial P(z,w) up to a constant factor.

1993, Goro Kato (translator), Kenkichi Iwasawa, Algebraic Functions, American Mathematical Society, page xiv,
Riemann provided a clear picture of many difficult topics. His most significant contribution, rather than his construction of a Riemann surface from an algebraic function, was to derive the existence of algebraic functions as he built his theory based on the concept of a Riemann surface.

(algebraic geometry) Informally, any function expressible using (only) the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and raising to a rational power; more precisely, any continuous function definable as the root of some polynomial equation.


alternating function

en-noun

alternating function (plural alternating functions)

independent variable
independent variable

(mathematics) Any function in which the interchange of two independent variables changes the sign of the dependent variable.


supersize

en-verb

supersize (third-person singular simple present supersizes, present participle supersizing, simple past and past participle supersized)

supersizes (present singular third-person)
supersizing (participle present)
supersized (participle past)
supersized (past)

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[N]ow countless books, blogs and social media accounts are dedicated to super-sizing spuds, swedes and squash.

2023 December 8, The Big Issue, Melbourne, page 9, column 2:

(transitive) To increase the size of something, especially to unusual proportions.


antitrigonometric function

en-noun

antitrigonometric function (plural antitrigonometric functions)

inverse trigonometric function
inverse trigonometric function

(mathematics) an inverse trigonometric function


inverse trigonometric function

inverse trigonometric function (plural inverse trigonometric functions)

inverse trigonometric functions (plural)

trigonometric function
trigonometric function

(mathematics) A function that is the inverse of an appropriate restriction of a trigonometric function.


arc-hyperbolic function

arc-hyperbolic function (plural arc-hyperbolic functions)

inverse hyperbolic function
inverse hyperbolic function


inverse hyperbolic function

inverse hyperbolic function (plural inverse hyperbolic functions)


antihyperbolic function

antihyperbolic function (plural antihyperbolic functions)


boxcar function

boxcar function (plural boxcar functions)

Due to the graph resembling a rectangular boxcar on a railway line.

(calculus, geometry) Any function whose value is zero except for a finite part of its argument for which it has a constant non-zero value.


circular function

circular function (plural circular functions)

trigonometric function
trigonometric function#English

(trigonometry) Synonym of trigonometric function


cofunction

Cosine and sine are each other's cofunctions.

(mathematics) The trigonometric function of the complement of the supplied angle.

(programming) A costatement that takes the form of a function and can accept parameters and return a value.


comparable function

comparable function (plural comparable functions)

(mathematics) Either of a pair of functions that have the same domain and that the values of one are equal to or greater than the other for all points in that domain.


composite function

composite function (plural composite functions)

(mathematics) A function of one or more independent variables, at least one of which is itself a function of one or more other independent variables; a function of function(s).


constant function

constant function (plural constant functions)

(mathematics) A function whose value is the same for all the elements of its domain.


cost function

Any mathematical relationship between an activity and its cost.


critical function

critical function (plural critical functions)

calculus of variations
calculus of variations

(mathematics) Any function, in the calculus of variations, that satisfies the Euler equations


calculus of variations

the calculus of variations (uncountable)

The next advance was made by Cauchy in a memoir on the calculus of variations published in the third volume of his Exercices d'analyse et de Physique Mathématique, 1844, extending from page 50 to page 130.

1885, Lewis Buffett Carll, A Treatise on the Calculus of Variations, Macmillan and Co., page 550:

2004, Bernard Dacorogna, Introduction to the Calculus of Variations, 2nd Edition, Imperial College Press, page 2,
In the nineteenth century and in parallel to some of the work that was mentioned above, probably, the most celebrated problem of the calculus of variations emerged, namely the study of the Dirichlet integral; a problem of multiple integrals.

On the other hand, we can also consider that the calculus of variations includes all optimization problems where the unknown are functions[…].

2023, Filippo Santambrogio, A Course in the Calculus of Variations, Springer, page 57:

(calculus) The form of calculus that deals with the maxima and minima of definite integrals of functions of many variables.


definite integral

definite integral (plural definite integrals)

(mathematics) The integral of a function between an upper and lower limit


indefinite integral

indefinite integral (plural indefinite integrals)

(mathematics) The set of all functions whose derivative is a given function; the set of all antiderivatives of a given function.

(mathematics) A function whose derivative is a given function; an antiderivative.


cylinder function

cylinder function (plural cylinder functions)

(mathematics) Any function that is a solution of the Bessel equation


decreasing function

decreasing function (plural decreasing functions)

(mathematics) Any function of a real variable whose value decreases (or is constant) as the variable increases.


strictly decreasing function

strictly decreasing function (plural strictly decreasing functions)

(mathematics) Any function of a real variable whose value decreases as the variable increases.


elementary function

elementary function (plural elementary functions)

exponential function
exponential function

logarithmic function
logarithmic function

(mathematics) Any function that is composed of algebraic functions, trigonometric functions, exponential functions and/or logarithmic functions, combined using addition, subtraction, multiplication and/or division

elementary function (differential algebra)


exponential function

exponential function (plural exponential functions)

(mathematics) Any function in which an independent variable is in the form of an exponent; they are the inverse functions of logarithms


logarithmic function

logarithmic function (plural logarithmic functions)

(mathematics) Any function in which an independent variable appears in the form of a logarithm; they are the inverse functions of exponential functions


inverse function

inverse function (plural inverse functions)

Halving is the inverse function of doubling.

If an inverse function exists for a given function, then it is unique.

The inverse function of an inverse function is the original function.

In the context of linearization, we recall the reflective property of inverse functions; the ƒ curve contains the point (a,b) if and only if the ƒ⁻¹ curve contains the point (b,a).

1995, Nicholas M. Karayanakis, Advanced System Modelling and Simulation with Block Diagram Languages, CRC Press, page 217:

An example of another function that has an inverse function is f(x)#61;4x#43;5.
Its inverse is f#123;-1#125;(x)#61;#92;frac#123;x-5#125;#123;4#125;.

2014, Mary Jane Sterling, Trigonometry For Dummies, 2nd edition, Wiley, page 51:

In words, this formula says that the derivative of a function, f, with respect to x, is the reciprocal of the derivative of its inverse function with respect to f.

2014, Mark Ryan, Calculus For Dummies, Wiley, 2nd Edition, page 147, If f and g are inverse functions, then f'(x)=1/(g'(f(x)))

(mathematics) For a given function f, another function, denoted f⁻¹, that reverses the mapping action of f; (formally) given a function f:X→Y, a function g:Y→X such that, ∀x∈X,f(x)=y⟹g(y)=x.

funció inversa

function that reverses the mapping action of a given function


dissipation function

dissipation function (plural dissipation functions)

(physics) The function governing the rate at which mechanical energy is converted to heat during viscous flow.


elliptic function

elliptic function (plural elliptic functions)

(mathematics) Any function of a complex variable which is periodic in two directions.

椭圆函数

any function of a complex variable which is periodic in two directions


elliptic

From Ancient Greek ἐλλειπτικός (elleiptikós), from ἐλλείπω (elleípō, “I leave out, omit”). By surface analysis, ellipse + -tic.

Novv ſince the Planets move in Elliptick Orbits, in one of vvhoſe foci the Sun is, and by a Radius from the Sun deſcribe equal Area's in equal Times, vvhich no other Lavv of a Circulating Fluid, but the Harmonical Circulation can Account for, vve muſt find out a Lavv for the Paracentrical Motion, that may make the Orbits Elliptick.

1705, George Cheyne, “Of the Physical Laws, and the Uniform Appearances of Nature. Law III.”, in Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion: […], London: […] George Strahan […], →OCLC, § XXIV, page 39:

In this chapter, the history of solving elliptic problems by direct marching methods is reviewed.

1995, Patrick J. Roache, Elliptic Marching Methods and Domain Decomposition, page 1:

(geometry) Of or pertaining to an ellipse.

эліптычны

relating to an ellipse or its mathematical definition

elliptic integral

elliptic function

elliptic curve

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to a broad field of mathematics that originates from the problem of calculating arc lengths of an ellipse.

elliptic partial differential equation

elliptic operator

elliptic regularity

(mathematics, in combination, of certain functions, equations and operators) That has coefficients satisfying a condition analogous to the condition for the general equation for a conic section to be of an ellipse.


entire function

entire function (plural entire functions)

(mathematics) Any function of a complex variable that is holomorphic throughout the complex plane


even function

(mathematics) Any function whose value is unchanged if the independent variable changes sign i.e. f(x) = f(-x)


explicit function

explicit function (plural explicit functions)

(mathematics) Any function whose value may be directly calculated from the independent variable.


implicit function

implicit function (plural implicit functions)

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An important class of implicit functions comprises those defined by equations of the form x-f(y)#61;0. Choosing y as the value means that the implicit function is the inverse of f. This type of implicit function is of particular interest when that inverse is not expressible as a closed-form expression, and thus is difficult to study directly.

Thus, in the equation,
#92;quad#92;quad#92;quaday²#43;bxy#43;cx²#43;d#61;0;
y is an implicit function of x. Implicit functions are generally connected with their variables by one or more equations. When these equations are solved the implicit equation becomes explicit.
[…]The differential of an implicit function may be found without first finding the function itself.

1871, William G. Peck, Practical Treatise on the Differential and Integral Calculus, A. S. Barnes & Company, page 50:

The process of evaluating the derivatives in the case of implicit functions is exemplified below.

1875, J. Minot Rice, W. Woolsey Johnson, The Elements of the Differential Calculus, Part 2, Washington: Government Printing Office, page 71:

In this section we discuss the analysis of implicit functions for addressing questions like this.

2002, Michael W. Klein, Mathematical Methods for Economics, Addison-Wesley, page 245:

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis, algebraic geometry) A function defined by a (multivariable) implicit equation when one of the variables is regarded as the value of the function, especially where said equation is such that the value is not directly calculable from the other variables.

неявна функция

function defined as the solution to an implicit equation


function multiplier

function multiplier (plural function multipliers)

An electronic analog computing device that accepts as input two periodic functions and outputs their mathematical product


function table

(mathematics) A printed tabulation of selected values of a function corresponding to selected independent variables; e.g. a table of logarithms.


harmonic function

harmonic function (plural harmonic functions)

(mathematics) A function of two, three or n variables which is a solution to any of Laplace's equations


Heaviside unit function

Heaviside unit function (plural Heaviside unit functions)

(mathematics) The function whose value is zero if its independent variable is negative, and one otherwise.


hypergeometric function

hypergeometric function (plural hypergeometric functions)

hypergeometric equation
hypergeometric equation

hypergeometric series
hypergeometric series

(mathematics) Any function that is a solution of the hypergeometric equation; usually an expansion of an hypergeometric series


identity function

identity function (plural identity functions)

(mathematics) A function whose value is always the same as its independent variable, and for which the codomain equals the domain.

funció identitat

a function whose value is always the same as its independent variable


rectification

rectification (countable and uncountable, plural rectifications)

/ˌɹɛktɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

From Middle English rectificacioun, from Old French rectificacion, from Late Latin rectificatio.

(geometry) The determination of a straight line whose length is equal to a portion of a curve.

(geometry) The truncation of a polyhedron by replacing each vertex with a face that passes though the midpoint of each edge connected to the vertex; an analogous procedure on a polytope of dimension higher than 3.


impulse function

impulse function (plural impulse functions)

(mathematics) Any generalized function which is defined by its behavior under integration.


incidence function

incidence function (plural incidence functions)

(mathematics) A function that assigns a pair of vertices to each edge of a graph.


increasing function

increasing function (plural increasing functions)

(mathematics) Any function of a real variable whose value increases (or is constant) as the variable increases.


strictly increasing function

strictly increasing function (plural strictly increasing functions)

(mathematics) Any function of a real variable whose value increases as the variable increases.


game theory

(mathematics, economics) A branch of applied mathematics that studies strategic situations in which individuals or organisations choose various actions in an attempt to maximize their returns.

joku-teoria

mathematical study of strategic situations


theory of games

(mathematics, economics, dated) game theory.


game-theoretical

(mathematics, economics) Of, relating to, or defined in terms of game theory.

peliteoreettinen

of, relating to, or defined in terms of game theory


coding

coding (countable and uncountable, plural codings)

Etymology tree
English code
English -ing
English coding
From code + -ing.

etymon

(mathematics) A 1-uniform morphism; an injective morphism; a morphism that maps letter to letter


independent function

en-noun

independent function (plural independent functions)

(mathematics) Any of a set of functions the value of which can not be deduced from that of all the others.


initial mass function

(astronomy) a relationship that specifies the mass distribution of a newly formed stellar population


integrable function

integrable function (plural integrable functions)

(mathematics) Any function that possesses a finite integral


integral function

integral function (plural integral functions)


linear function

linear function (plural linear functions)

(mathematics) Any function whose graph is a straight line: f(x)=ax+b

(mathematics) Any function whose value on the sum of two elements is the sum of the values of the function on the two elements and whose value on the product of a scalar times an element is the scalar times the value of the function on the element: f(ax+by)=af(x)+bf(y)


logarithmic trigonometric function

logarithmic trigonometric function (plural logarithmic trigonometric functions)

logarithmic trigonometric functions (plural)

(mathematics) The logarithm of a trigonometric function


loss function

(mathematics) A function which expresses numerically the loss produced by a decision or other event.


kilohertz

kilohertz (plural kilohertz or kilohertzes)

A unit of frequency equal to one thousand cycles per second; one thousand hertz


measurable function

measurable function (plural measurable functions)

(mathematical analysis) A function whose codomain is a topological space and domain is a measurable space, with the property that the inverse image of every open set in its codomain is a measurable set in its domain.

(mathematics) Any well-behaved function of real numbers between measurable spaces.


membership function

membership function (plural membership functions)

(mathematics) A generalization of the indicator function for a fuzzy set which assigns a truth value (0 or 1) to each element.


natural function

natural function (plural natural functions)

(mathematics) An ordinary trigonometric function


NOT function

(logic, mathematics) A function that is equivalent to the NOT operator.


nuclear response function

nuclear response function (plural nuclear response functions)

(particle physics) A relationship that describes the probability of a particle that collides with another being scattered in any particular manner


odd function

(mathematics) Any function whose value changes sign if the independent variable changes sign i.e. f(-x) = -f(x)


orthogonal function

orthogonal function (plural orthogonal functions)

(functional analysis) Either of a pair of functions whose inner product is zero


orthonormal function

orthonormal function (plural orthonormal functions)

(functional analysis) An orthogonal function whose inner product with itself is unity


partial function

partial function (plural partial functions)

total function

1967 [John Wiley & Sons], Stephen Cole Kleene, Mathematical Logic, 2002, Dover, page 244,
The Church-Turing thesis applies to partial functions on the same grounds as to total functions (§ 41).

1991, Michel Bidoit, Hans-Jörg Kreowski, Pierre Lescanne, Fernando Orejas, Donald Sannella (editors), Algebraic System Specification and Development: A Survey and Annotated Bibliography, Springer, LNCS 501, page 15,
Nowadays it seems quite clear that if algebraic specifications are to be used as a powerful and realistic tool for the development of complex systems they should permit the specification of partial functions. […] There are essentially two ways of specifying partial functions.

2006, Paulo Oliva, Understanding and Using Spector's Bar Recursive Interpretation of Classical Analysis, Arnold Beckmann, Ulrich Berger, Benedikt Löwe, John V. Tucker (editors), Logical Approaches to Computational Barriers: 2nd Conference on Computability in Europe, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 3988, page 432,
In the following σ and τ will denote finite partial functions from N to N , i.e. partial functions which are defined on a finite domain. A partial function which is everywhere undefined is denoted by ⟨⟩, whereas a partial function defined only at position k (with value n) is denoted by ⟨k,n⟩.

(mathematics) A function whose domain is a subset of the set on which it is formally defined; i.e., a function f: X→Y for which values f(x) are defined only for x ∈ W, where W ⊆ X.

hlutskilgreint fall

mathematics: a function whose domain is a subset of the set on which it is formally defined


penalty function

penalty function (plural penalty functions)

(mathematics) Any function that applies constraints to a maximum or minimum problem


periodic function

periodic function (plural periodic functions)

(mathematics) Any function whose value repeats after the regular addition of a period to its independent variable; i.e., a function ƒ such that, for some positive constant p, ƒ(x + p) = ƒ(x) for all x.


phase function

(astronomy) A function that describes the angular distribution of light reflected from a body when illuminated from a specific direction


point function

(mathematics) Any function whose values are points


polynomial function

polynomial function (plural polynomial functions)

(mathematics) Any function whose value is the solution of a polynomial; an element of a subring of the ring of all functions over an integral domain, which subring is the smallest to contain all the constant functions and also the identity function. (If the polynomial is multivariate then there is a different identity function corresponding to each variable.)


power function

(mathematics) A function where the independent variable is raised to a particular real number power.


probability density function

probability density function (plural probability density functions)

(probability theory) Any function whose integral over a set gives the probability that a random variable has a value in that set.


probability mass function

probability mass function (plural probability mass functions)

(mathematics) A function that gives the relative probability that a discrete random variable is exactly equal to some value.


n-adic

(mathematics, many contexts) Of the order n.


psi function

(mathematics) A function of a complex variable obtained by differentiating the logarithm of a gamma function; the digamma function


quadratic function

quadratic function (plural quadratic functions)

(mathematics) Any function whose value is the solution of a quadratic polynomial


radial distribution function

radial distribution function (plural radial distribution functions)

(mathematics, physics) A function which specifies the average density of atoms, molecules etc in three dimensions from a given point.


random function

random function (plural random functions)

(mathematics, computing) A function whose formula is always the same, but whose initial value is chosen at random from a set of possible values (its domain).

(mathematics) A function chosen at random from a set of functions.

probability distribution
probability distribution

(computing) A function that returns a random or pseudo-random value that is distributed according to a specific probability distribution associated with the function.


rational function

rational function (plural rational functions)

Our first problem is that of interpolation in prescribed points to a given function by a rational function whose poles are given.

1960, J. L. Walsh, Interpolation and Approximation by Rational Functions in the Complex Domain, 3rd edition, American Mathematical Society, page 184:

By Theorem 2.3.2., we have that the right-hand side of this equation can be equal to a rational function only if that rational function is equal to zero.

1970, Ellis Horowitz, Algorithms for Symbolic Integration of Rational Functions, University of Wisconsin-Madison, page 24:

Let #92;mathcal#123;C#125; be the class of continuous maps of #92;mathbb#123;C#125;#95;#92;infty into itself and let #92;mathcal#123;R#125; be the subclass of rational functions.[…]Now #92;mathcal#123;R#125; is a closed subset of #92;mathcal#123;C#125;#95;#92;infty because if the rational functions R#95;n converge uniformly to R on the complex sphere, then R is analytic on the sphere and so it too is rational.

2000, Alan F. Beardon, Iteration of Rational Functions: Complex Analytic Dynamical Systems, Springer, page 45:

(mathematics, complex analysis, algebraic geometry) Any function expressible as the quotient of two (coprime) polynomials (and which thus has poles at a finite, discrete set of points which are the roots of the denominator).

rationaalifunktio

function expressible as the quotient of polynomials


recursive function

recursive function (plural recursive functions)

Computable function
Recursion (computer science)

(computing) Any function that uses recursion and can call itself until a certain condition is met.

(mathematics) Any function whose value may be obtained using a finite number of operations using a precisely specified algorithm.


regular function

regular function (plural regular functions)


sample function

sample function (plural sample functions)

(statistics) Any function used to obtain a set of samples from a given population


scalar function

scalar function (plural scalar functions)

(mathematics) Any function whose domain is a vector space and whose value is its scalar field


scattering function

scattering function (plural scattering functions)

(physics) A function which describes the intensity of scattered radiation in any given direction


simple function

simple function (plural simple functions)

(mathematical analysis) Any complex-valued measurable function whose range is finite.


single-valued function

single-valued function (plural single-valued functions)

(mathematics) Any function in which each point in the domain maps to just one point in the range


symmetric function

symmetric function (plural symmetric functions)

(mathematics) Any function, of multiple variables, whose value is independent of the order of the variables, i.e. f(a,b) = f(b,a).


trigonometric cofunction

trigonometric cofunction (plural trigonometric cofunctions)

(mathematics) Either of a pair of trigonometric functions that have equal values when their arguments are complementary angles, e.g. sine and cosine.


truth function

(mathematics, logic) A Boolean function whose value is interpreted as truth or falsity


Turing computable function

Turing computable function (plural Turing computable functions)

From Alan Turing, English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer.

(mathematics) Any function whose value may be computed using a Turing machine.

Turing-reiknanlegt fall

any function whose value may be computer using a Turing machine


user-defined function

user-defined function (plural user-defined functions)

(computing) A program or subroutine, provided by the user rather than being built into the system, that may return a value and may take input parameters.


vector function

vector function (plural vector functions)

(mathematics) Any function whose range is n-dimensional


MathML

Abbreviation of mathematical markup language.

abbrev

(mathematics, computing) An XML-based markup language for defining the appearance and meaning of mathematical formulae.


cubical

en-adj

cubical (comparative more cubical, superlative most cubical)

more cubical (comparative)
most cubical (superlative)

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squared

The children were taught to plot graphs on squared paper.

(geometry) Covered with a grid of squares.

(mathematics) Raised to the second power.


cavan

From Spanish caván, from Tagalog kaban as "Manila cavan", via Cebuano as the "provincial cavan".

A unit of dry capacity equivalent to one and a half times or twice the Manila cavan.


cooperad

(mathematics) One of a set of composed operads


escribe

en-verb

escribe (third-person singular simple present escribes, present participle escribing, simple past and past participle escribed)

escribes (present singular third-person)
escribing (participle present)
escribed (participle past)
escribed (past)

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From Latin e (“out, out of”) + scribere (“to write”).

(transitive, geometry) To draw outside of; designating a circle that touches one of the sides of a given triangle, and also the other two sides produced.


evens

This horse is worth backing at evens.


osculation

en-noun

osculation (countable and uncountable, plural osculations)

From Latin ōsculātiō (“a kissing”), from osculor (“I kiss”).

(mathematics) A contact between curves or surfaces, at which point they have a common tangent.

(Vedic arithmetic) Determining whether a number is divisible by another by means of certain operations on its digits.


infinitesimal analysis

Of the new or infinitesimal analysis, we are to consider Sir Isaac Newton as the first inventor, Leibnitz, a German philosopher, as the second; ...

1816, John Playfair, Dissertation on the Progress of Mathematical and Physical Science since the Revival of Letters in Europe:

1998, John L. Bell, A Primer of Infinitesimal Analysis.:

2002, E.I. Gordon, A.G. Kusraev, S.S. Kutateladze, Infinitesimal Analysis:

nonstandard analysis
nonstandard analysis

(mathematics, mathematical analysis) a systematic employment of infinitesimals that reduces calculus to algebra; nonstandard analysis.


megawatt

Not long after the feds started regulating radio, Mexico's megawatt border blasters—high-powered stations planted just south of Texas and California—started beckoning. The FCC couldn't control them […]

2004, Jesse Walker, Rebels on the Air: An Alternative History of Radio in America, page 197:

SAN FRANCISCO, July 23 — Pacific Gas & Electric, Northern California’s major utility, is announcing a commitment on Wednesday to purchase 550 megawatts of solar power to be generated by troughlike arrays of mirrors spread over nine square miles in the Mojave Desert.

2007 July 25, Felicity Barringer, “California Utility Agrees to Buy Power Generated by Solar Array”, in The New York Times:

One million (1 000 000) watts, abbreviated as MW.


picometre

(metrology) An SI unit of length equal to 10⁻¹² metres. Symbol: pm


unmixed

en-adj

unmixed (comparative more unmixed, superlative most unmixed)

more unmixed (comparative)
most unmixed (superlative)

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(commutative algebra, of an ideal I in a noetherian ring R) Such that its height is equal to the height of every associated prime of the quotient R/I as a module over R.


lambert

From Lambert; Named for Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777), a Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer.

(physics, astronomy) a cgs unit of luminance; the brightness of a surface that emits one lumen per square centimetre

en:Johann Heinrich Lambert
en:Lambert (unit)


operad

A portmanteau of "operation" and "monad".

(mathematics) A set of operations, each one having a fixed finite number of arguments and one output, which can be composed with others.


segment

From Latin segmentum (“a piece cut off, a strip, segment of the earth, a strip of tinsel”), from secāre (“to cut”).

der

A straight path between two points that is the shortest distance between them; a line segment.

(geometry) The part of a circle between its circumference and a chord (usually other than the diameter).

(geometry) The part of a sphere cut off by a plane.

сегмент

geometry: part of a sphere cut off by a plane

(topology) Any of the pieces that constitute an order tree.


ventile

(statistics) Any of the nineteen points that divide an ordered distribution into twenty parts, each containing one twentieth of the population.

vingtile

any of the nineteen points dividing a distribution into twenty parts

(statistics) Any one of the twenty groups so divided.


wavelet

From wave + -let; a calque of French ondelette, from onde (“wave”) + -ette (diminutive suffix).

(mathematics) A fast-decaying oscillation.


spherical harmonics

(mathematics) The solutions to Laplace's equation using spherical coordinates


epigraph

From Ancient Greek ἐπιγραφή (epigraphḗ, “inscription”), from ἐπιγράφω (epigráphō, “write upon”), from ἐπῐ- (epĭ-, “on, upon, over, etc.”) + γρᾰ́φω (grắphō, “to draw, paint, write, etc.”).

prefix

(mathematics, of a function) The set of all points lying on or above the function's graph.

épigraphe

set of all points lying on or above a mathematical function's graph


squarely

en-adv

squarely (comparative more squarely, superlative most squarely)

more squarely (comparative)
most squarely (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-squarely.wav

From square + -ly. First use appears c. 1557 in the writings of Robert Recorde.

(geometry) In the shape of a square; at right angles.


Erdős number

Named after Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős.

named-after

(mathematics) A number describing the degree of collaboration between a mathematician and Paul Erdős, defined such that a mathematician who has written a paper with Erdős has an Erdős number of 1, a mathematician who has written a paper with somebody having an Erdős number of 1 has an Erdős number of two, and so on.


modeling

en-noun

modeling (countable and uncountable, plural modelings)

(mathematics) The construction and use of a computer model of a physical system.


PCP

PCP (countable and uncountable, plural PCPs)

(mathematics) Initialism of probabilistically checkable proof.


dumbbell curve

From dumbbell + curve, since the shape loosely resembles a dumbbell.

(mathematics) Any of a family of closed curves having two lobes; they satisfy the general equation y² = α²(x⁴ - x⁶).


quod erat demonstrandum

head

quod erat demonstrandum (plural quae erant demonstranda)

Borrowed from Latin quod erat dēmōnstrandum (“that which was to be proved”), calqued from Ancient Greek ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι (hóper édei deîxai, “precisely what was required to be proved”).

der

ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι

(something) which was to be proved; which was to be demonstrated.


double point

(geometry) A point on a curve at which there are two tangents (because it touches itself, or has a cusp).


divot

1530s, Scots divot (“turf”), also spelt devat, diffat, and the earliest form (1435), duvat(e), from Scottish Gaelic dubhad, a reduced form of dubh-fhàd, literally “black sod” (compare fàl (“turf, sod”)).

(mathematics, astronomy) a drop in a graph between two linear portions (example)


polyare

(mathematics) Any pattern formed from a polyomino by removing half of each square such that the squares are still joined


polyhe

(mathematics) A pattern constructed from a polyhex by removing half of each hexagon such that they remain connected


polykite

(mathematics) A polyform constructed from quadrilaterals obtained from the superimposition of a triangular and hexagonal grid.


polyplet

(mathematics) An object, similar to a polyomino, made by attaching squares joined at their edges or corners


specialization

en-noun

specialization (countable and uncountable, plural specializations)

[ˌspɛʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn̩]

[ˌspɛʃəlɪˈzeɪʃn̩]

[ˌspeʃəlɑɪˈzæɪʃn̩]

[ˌspeʃəlaɪˈzæɪʃn̩]

A triangle is a specialization of a polygon to one with exactly three sides.

(mathematics) A proof, axiom, problem, or definition whose cases are completely covered by another, broader concept.


annihilator

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(commutative algebra, of an element (or subset) of an R-module M) That ideal of R whose elements yield zero when multiplied by the given element (or; by the elements of the given subset) of M.


astronomic

en-adj

astronomic (comparative more astronomic, superlative most astronomic)

more astronomic (comparative)
most astronomic (superlative)

(figurative) Of very large or immense proportions; colossal.


invertible matrix

en-noun

invertible matrix (plural invertible matrices)

1975 [Prentice-Hall], Kenneth Hoffman, Analysis in Euclidean Space, Dover, 2007, page 65,
It says that, if A is a singular matrix, then every neighborhood of A contains an invertible matrix. In other words, if A is singular, we can perturb A just a little and obtain an invertible matrix.

There are certain very simple invertible matrices, and every invertible matrix over a field can be built up out of them.

1997, Bernard L. Johnston, Fred Richman, Numbers and Symmetry: An Introduction to Algebra, CRC Press, page 199:

The space of real square matrices of fixed size is a vector space whose dimension is a perfect square and the invertible matrices constitute a dense open subset of this vector space.

2013, Mahya Ghandehari, Aizhan Syzdykova, Keith F. Taylor, “A four dimensional continuous wavelet transform”, in Azita Mayeli, editor, Commutative and Noncommutative Harmonic Analysis and Applications, American Mathematical Society, page 123:

(linear algebra) Any n×n square matrix for which there exists a corresponding inverse matrix (i.e., a second (or possibly the same) matrix such that when the two are multiplied by each other, in either order, the result is the n×n identity matrix).

kääntyvä matriisi

square matrix which, when multiplied by some other, yields the identity matrix


Tutte matrix

Tutte matrix (plural Tutte matrices or Tutte matrixes)

Tutte matrices (plural)
Tutte matrixes (plural)

From the name of W. T. Tutte (1917-2002), British/Canadian mathematician, and matrix.

(graph theory) A matrix used to determine whether all of the edges of a graph can be traversed without visiting a vertex more than once.


man-year

One person's working time for a year, or the equivalent, used as a measure of how much work or labor is required or consumed to perform some task.


set-builder notation

With this idea for describing a finite set of sets, it is easy to generalize the concept to a certain infinite family #92;mathcal#123;S#125;#95;2 of sets #92;mathcal#123;S#125;#95;2#61;#92;#123;A#95;i#92;verti#92;inN#92;#125;#61;#92;#123;A#95;1,A#95;2,A#95;3,#92;dots,A#95;n,#92;dots#92;#125;. Once again, the power of set builder notation triumphs. The sets #92;mathcal#123;S#125;#95;1 and #92;mathcal#123;S#125;#95;2 may be described more precisely with set builder notation than by enumeration.

2000, Kenneth E. Hummel, Introductory Concepts for Abstract Mathematics, CRC Press (Chapman & Hall/CRC), page 123:

Q=a/b|a∈Iandb∈I,b ne 0
This statement is read in English as "Q is the set of all numbers of the form a/b such that a and b are both integers, but b is not equal to zero."

2011, Tom Bassarear, Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers, Cengage Learning, 5th Edition, page 56, In this case, and in many other cases, we describe the set using set-builder notation

2012, Richard N. Aufmann, Joanne Lockwood, Intermediate Algebra, Cengage Learning, 8th Edition, page 6,
A second method of representing a set is set-builder notation. Set-builder notation can be used to describe almost any set, but it is especially useful when writing infinite sets. In set-builder notation, the set of integers > −3 is written
x|x>-3,x∈integers

(set theory) A mathematical notation for describing a set by specifying the properties that its members must satisfy.


first-order

(mathematics, logic) Of one of a series of models, languages, relationship, forms of logical discourse, etc., being the simplest one or the first in a sequence.


second-order

(mathematics, logic) Denoting the second in a numerical sequence of models, languages, relationships, forms of logical discourse etc.


Boolean algebra

Boolean algebra (plural Boolean algebras)

Named after George Boole (1815–1864), an English mathematician, educator, philosopher and logician.

The set of divisors of 30, with binary operators: g.c.d. and l.c.m., unary operator: division into 30, and identity elements: 1 and 30, forms a Boolean algebra.

A Boolean algebra is a De Morgan algebra which also satisfies the law of excluded middle and the law of noncontradiction.

(algebra) An algebraic structure (Σ,∨,∧,∼,0,1) where ∨ and ∧ are idempotent binary operators, ∼ is a unary involutory operator (called "complement"), and 0 and 1 are nullary operators (i.e., constants), such that (Σ,∨,0) is a commutative monoid, (Σ,∧,1) is a commutative monoid, ∧ and ∨ distribute with respect to each other, and such that combining two complementary elements through one binary operator yields the identity of the other binary operator. (See Boolean algebra (structure)#Axiomatics.)

(algebra, logic, computing) Specifically, an algebra in which all elements can take only one of two values (typically 0 and 1, or "true" and "false") and are subject to operations based on AND, OR and NOT

(mathematics) The study of such algebras; Boolean logic, classical logic.


Boolean function

Boolean function (plural Boolean functions)

(algebra, logic, computing) Any function based on the operations AND, OR and NOT, and whose elements are from the domain of Boolean algebra

fonction booléenne

function based on AND, OR and NOT operations


Boolean variable

Boolean variable (plural Boolean variables)

(mathematics, logic, computing) Any variable, from the domain of Boolean algebra, having one of only two values

totuusarvomuuttuja

variable from the domain of Boolean algebra


Boolean logic

Boolean logic (usually uncountable, plural Boolean logics)

Boolean logic can be shown to be "embedded" in integer arithmetic (modulo 2) by assigning polynomials to logical connectives, like so: operatorname NOT(x)=1-x,  operatorname AND(x,y)=xy,  operatorname OR(x,y)=x+y-xy.

(computing, logic, mathematics) A system of symbolic logic that is the basis of Boolean algebra


man-month

Holonyms: man-year, person-year

Meronyms: man-hour, person-hour, man day, person-day

Experience seems to indicate that developing such a TeX interface for a new output device takes on the order of one man-month.

1980, Richard S. Palais, “Message from the Chairman”, in TUGboat, volume 1, number 1, page 5:

One person's working time for a month, or the equivalent, used as a measure of how much work or labor is required or consumed to perform some task.


antiderivative

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(calculus) A function whose derivative is a given function; an indefinite integral


fitness model

(mathematics, biology) A mathematical model for evaluating the development of a system.


two-sided

two-sided inverse — two-sided identity

(algebra) Whose salient properties apply when (the specified object) appears on either side of a given binary operator.


boxcar

en-verb

boxcar (third-person singular simple present boxcars, present participle boxcarring, simple past and past participle boxcarred)

boxcars (present singular third-person)
boxcarring (participle present)
boxcarred (participle past)
boxcarred (past)

(mathematics, transitive) To reduce to a boxcar function.


coaxial

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regression

en-noun

regression (countable and uncountable, plural regressions)

/ɹɪˈɡɹɛʃ.ən/

/ɹiːˈɡɹɛʃ.ən/

/ɹɪˈɡɹɛʃ.ən/

/ɹəˈɡɹɛʃ.ən/

/ɹəˈɡɹeʃ.ən/

Learned borrowing from Latin regressio. Equivalent to regress + -ion.
The statistics sense comes from regression to the mean.

Supervised learning problems are categorized into "regression" and "classification" problems. In a regression problem, we are trying to predict results within a continuous output, meaning that we are trying to map input variables to some continuous function.

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):

(statistics) An analytic method to measure the association of one or more independent variables with a dependent variable.

(statistics) An equation using specified and associated data for two or more variables such that one variable can be estimated from the remaining variable(s).


normed

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-normed.wav

(algebra, mathematical analysis) Of a mathematical structure, endowed with a norm.

(statistics) Of a data set that has been adjusted to a norm.


degeneracy

degeneracy (countable and uncountable, plural degeneracies)

/dɪˈdʒɛnəɹəsi/

(mathematics) A limiting case of a class of objects which appears to be qualitatively different from (and usually simpler than) the rest of the class.


sexagenary

/ˌsɛksəˈd͡ʒɛnəɹi/

/sɛkˈsæd͡ʒəˌnɛɹi/

/ˌsɛksəˈd͡ʒiːnəɹi/

/ˌsɛksəˈd͡ʒɛnɹi/

/ˌsɛksəˈd͡ʒɛnəɹi/

/sɛkˈsæd͡ʒɪnəɹi/

From Latin sexāgēnārius (“sixty; sixty years old; a sixty-year-old”) either directly or via French sexagénaire, from Latin sexāgēnus (“60 each”), from sexaginta (“six tens, sixty”). Cognate with sexagenarian.

der

Of or related to the number sixty, particularly:

(mathematics, astronomy, now rare) Synonym of sexagesimal: base-60.

Of or related to the number sixty
Synonym of sexagesimal: base-60.


sexagenary

/ˌsɛksəˈd͡ʒɛnəɹi/

/sɛkˈsæd͡ʒəˌnɛɹi/

/ˌsɛksəˈd͡ʒiːnəɹi/

/ˌsɛksəˈd͡ʒɛnɹi/

/ˌsɛksəˈd͡ʒɛnəɹi/

/sɛkˈsæd͡ʒɪnəɹi/

(mathematics, astronomy, now rare) Synonym of sexagesimal: base-60 numeration.


sexagesimal

From Medieval Latin sexagesimalis, from sexāgēsimus (“sixtieth”) + -ālis (“-al”), from sexāgintā (“sixty”). Cognate with sexagenary and sexagenarian. Cf. sextal.

The common English divisions of time, longitude, and latitude are all computed using sexagesimal arithmetic.

She then supplied a detailed description of the Babylonians, who had relied on a sexagesimal system―counting by sixties, she explained―for both mathematics and astronomy.

2022, Bonnie Garmus, Lessons in Chemistry, Penguin (2023), page 325:

(mathematics) Of, related to, or based on the number sixty.


sexagesimal

Decimals are actually less convenient than sexagesimals for working with most common fractions.

(mathematics) A fraction involving division by 60; a sixtieth part of something.

Babylonian mathematics was computed in sexagesimals.


analytic function

en-noun

analytic function (plural analytic functions)

There is a large and important literature concerned with the question of how to characterize precisely the boundary values of analytic functions. For example, when the analytic functions are of Hardy Class H#42; in a half plane, then their boundary values are attained in the L2 norm and, in fact, the analytic function can be reproduced by a Cauchy integral of the boundary value.

1966, E. J. Beltrami, M. R. Wohlers, Distributions and the Boundary Values of Analytic Functions, Academic Press, page vii:

2000, Vladimir V. Mityushev, Sergei V. Rogosin, Constructive Methods for Linear and Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems for Analytic Functions: Theory and Applications, Chapman & Hall / CRC, page v,
Thus we have limited ourselves by boundary value problems for analytic functions, and some related problems. The constructive ideas are always in our mind, so, the basic goal of this book is to be useful for experts in analytic function theory and for nonspecialists in it, and even for non-mathematicians who apply these methods in their research.

2010, Emmanuel Fricain, Andreas Hartmann, Regularity on the Boundary in Spaces of Holomorphic Functions on the Unit Disk, Javad Mashreghi, Thomas Ransford, Kristian Seip (editors, Hilbert Spaces of Analytic Functions, American Mathematical Society, page 91,
We review some results on regularity on the boundary in spaces of analytic functions on the unit disk connected with backward shift invariant subspaces in Hᵖ.

(mathematical analysis) Any smooth (infinitely differentiable) function f, defined on an open set D⊆ℂ( textit or⊆ℝ), whose value in some neighbourhood of any given point x_0∈D is given by the Taylor series ∑ₙ₌₀ ᪲(f⁽ⁿ⁾(x_0))/(n!)(x-x_0)ⁿ.


antithetic

Unlike antithetics, a control variable can be used for any attribute of the random variable Y that is being simulated […]

2017, P. W. A. Lewis, Ed McKenzie, Simulation Methodology for Statisticians, Operations Analysts, and Engineers:

antithetic variate
antithetic variate#English

(statistics) Short for antithetic variate.


Coulomb gauge

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation

(mathematics, physics) A mathematical construct used in the theory of electromagnetic radiation.


interjoin

en-verb

interjoin (third-person singular simple present interjoins, present participle interjoining, simple past and past participle interjoined)

interjoins (present singular third-person)
interjoining (participle present)
interjoined (participle past)
interjoined (past)


(cryptography, informal) Abbreviation of Triple DES, a cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher by using it three times.


capping

en-noun

capping (countable and uncountable, plural cappings)

(mathematics) The conversion of a polyhedron into a stellated polyhedron by raising a pyramid on each face.


complexly

en-adv

complexly (comparative more complexly, superlative most complexly)

more complexly (comparative)
most complexly (superlative)

(mathematics) Involving complex numbers.


poset

1973, Barbara L. Osofsky, Homological Dimensions of Modules, American Mathematical Society, →ISBN, page 76,
42. Definition. A poset (partially ordered set) (X, ≤) (usually written just X) is a set X together with a transitive, antisymmetric relation ≤ on X.
43. Definition. A linearly ordered set or chain is a poset (X, ≤), such that ∀a, b ∈ X, either a ≤ b or b ≤ a or a = b.

1998, Yuri A. Drozd, Representations of bisected posets and reflection functors, Idun Reiten, Sverre O. Smalø, Øyvind Solberg (editors), Algebras and Modules II, American Mathematical Society (for Canadian Mathematical Society), page 153,
We construct a complete set of reflection functors for the representations of posets and prove that they really have the usual properties. In particular, when the poset is of finite representation type, all of its indecomposable representations can be obtained from some "trivial" ones via relations. To define such reflection functors, a wider class of matrix problem is introduced, called "representations of bisected posets".

The combinatorial interest in posets is largely due to two unoriented graphs associated with a given poset: the comparability graph (which we shall not consider here) and the covering graph.

1999, Manfred Stern, Semimodular Lattices: Theory and Applications, Cambridge University Press, page 189:

partially ordered set
partially ordered set

(set theory, order theory) A partially ordered set.


TOSET

(mathematics) Abbreviation of totally ordered set.


ellipsoid

Polarizability can be imagined as a three-dimensional ellipsoid centred on the centre of the molecule, as shown in Figure 10.4.

2002, John Michael Hollas, Basic Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, page 133:

Because only ellipsoids of rotation have been adopted in practical geodesy and surveying and triaxial ellipsoids have been limited to theoretical studies, we will use the term ellipsoid for brevity to mean ellipsoid of rotation.

2004, Alfred Leick, GPS Satellite Surveying, 3rd edition, page 367:

As mentioned before, modern geodetic datums rely on the surfaces of geocentric ellipsoids to approximate the surface of the earth.

2010, Jan Van Sickle, Basic GIS Coordinates, 2nd edition, page 73:

Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian coordinates

(mathematics, geometry) A surface, all of whose cross sections are elliptic or circular (including the sphere), that generalises the ellipse and in Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) is a quadric with equation x²/a² + y²/b² + z²/c² = 1.

উপবৃত্তাকার

surface all of whose cross sections are elliptic or circular


ellipsoid

en-adj

ellipsoid (comparative more ellipsoid, superlative most ellipsoid)

more ellipsoid (comparative)
most ellipsoid (superlative)

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to an ellipse; elliptic.


ellipsoidal

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to an ellipsoid.


real axis

(mathematics) The horizontal line in the complex plane, every point on which corresponds to a real number


imaginary axis

(mathematics) The vertical line in the complex plane, every point on which corresponds to a complex number having zero real component


daraf

The capacitance of the three in parallel is 3 farad; thus the elastance of the three is reduced to ¹⁄₃ daraf.

1974, H. Arthur Klein, The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey, →ISBN, page 467:


divergence

en-noun

divergence (countable and uncountable, plural divergences)

(calculus) the operator which maps a function F=(F₁, ... Fₙ) from a n-dimensional vector space to itself to the function ∑ᵢ₌₁ⁿ(∂F_i)/(∂x_i)


pure mathematics

An early usage, from 1746, is in the title of the position Sadlerian Lecturer of Pure Mathematics (later "Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics").

This book is the result of an attempt to bring between two covers a wide region of pure mathematics.

1913, Arthur Lyon Bowley, A General Course of Pure Mathematics, Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press), page iii:

1983, B. D. Bunday, H. Mulholland, Pure Mathematics for Advanced Level, Butterworths, 2nd Edition, page v,
Since the first edition was published there have been changes in the content of the pure mathematics syllabuses of the various examining boards.

2010, Martin Liebeck, A Concise Introduction to Pure Mathematics, Taylor & Chapman (CRC Press: Chapman & Hall), 3rd Edition, page xii,
When starting to study pure mathematics at university, students often have a refreshing sense of "beginning all over again."

The study of mathematical concepts independently of applications outside mathematics.


confidence limits

confidence limits pl (normally plural, singular confidence limit)

A sample of 1000 showed that the correlation between weight and height was 0.0167, with 95% confidence limits of 0.0142 and 0.0183.

(statistics) For a statistical sample a pair of values that delimit the interval for which there is a certain probability that the true value of some deduced variable lies between those values.


milliamp

One thousandth (10⁻³) of an ampere. Symbol: mA.


nanoamp

One thousand millionth (10⁻⁹) of an ampere. Symbol: nA.


picoamp

One million millionth (10⁻¹²) of an ampere. Symbol: pA.


picovolt

One million millionth (10⁻¹²) of a volt, abbreviated as pV.


nanovolt

electromotive force
electromotive force#English

(metrology) An SI unit of electromotive force equal to 10⁻⁹ volts. Symbol: nV


kilovolt

Generators usually produce electricity at 7 kilovolts (a kilovolt is a thousand volts) to 25 kilovolts; transformers at the generators step up the voltage, to 60 kilovolts to 500 kilovolts, before sending the power into the grid.

1999 October 21, Sally McGrane, “Getting Power to the People: The North American Electricity Grid”, in The New York Times:


microwatt

One millionth (10⁻⁶) of a watt, abbreviated as μW.


milliwatt

One thousandth (10⁻³) of a watt, abbreviated as mW.


gigawatt

One thousand million (10⁹) watts, abbreviated as GW.


megajoule

(metrology) An SI unit of energy equal to 10⁶ joules. Symbol: MJ


Poisson distribution

Poisson distribution (plural Poisson distributions)

After French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840), who introduced the distribution in his 1837 work Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile ("Research on the Probability of Judgements in Criminal and Civil Matters"), although prior work had been done by Abraham de Moivre.

For the modeling of many phenomena there is a need for enlarging the family of Poisson distributions. One possibility of doing this is the use of mixed Poisson distributions (outlined above).

1993, Rolf-Dieter Reiss, A Course on Point Processes, Springer, page 62:

It is worth noting, therefore, that unlike the binomial distribution in which we are interested in observing both 'success' and 'failure', the application of the Poisson distribution is concerned only with occurrences rather than non-occurrences.

2000, Michael C. Fleming, Joseph G. Nellis, Principles of Applied Statistics: An Integrated Approach Using MINITAB and Excel, 2nd edition, Thomson, page 116:

A mixture of Poisson processes will have a spike count described by a mixture of Poisson distributions. A model allowing a mixture of a few Poisson distributions adds substantial flexibility, while keeping the calculations reasonably simple.

2007, “4: Order Statistics for Decoding of Spike Trains”, in Kenji Doya, Shin Ashii, Alexandre Pouget, Rajesh P. N. Rao, editors, Bayesian Brain: Probabilistic Approaches to Neural Coding, The MIT Press, page 83:

As indicated, problems involving the number of occurrences of independent, randomly occurring events per unit of space or time can often be modeled with the Poisson distribution.

2017, William Q. Meeker, Gerald J. Hahn, Luis A. Escobar, Statistical Intervals: A Guide for Practitioners and Researchers, 2nd edition, Wiley, page 128:

negative binomial distribution
negative binomial distribution

(statistics) Any of a class of discrete probability distributions that express the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed time interval, where the events occur independently and at a constant average rate; describable as a limit case of either binomial or negative binomial distributions.

Abraham de Moivre
Poisson distribution
Siméon Denis Poisson


base unit

The SI unit of velocity is metres per second, derived from the base units metre and second.

A unit of measurement which is not itself defined in terms of other units, and from which other units may be derived.

perusyksikkö

a unit of measurement on which others are based


weighting

Higher weightings were assigned to data from double-blind studies.

(figuratively) The weight or significance given to something, sometimes by means of a statistical multiplier.


shelling

shelling (countable and uncountable, plural shellings)

(topology) An ordering of the facets of a boundary complex such that the intersection of each facet (other than the first) with the union of all preceding facets is homeomorphic to a ball or sphere. See Shelling (topology)


norming

norming (countable and uncountable, plural normings)

(mathematical analysis) The endowing of a vector space, etc. with a norm.


low Earth orbit

low Earth orbit (plural low Earth orbits)

A satellite orbit around the Earth within the altitude range of ~ 200 - 2000 km, in which a satellite can communicate with Earth with a small time lag and energy consumption. Abbreviation: LEO.


nano-amp

electrical current
electrical current#English

(metrology) An SI unit of electrical current equal to 10⁻⁹ amperes. Symbol: nA


kiloamp

One thousand ( 10³ ) amperes. Symbol: kA or KA.


mega amp

One million ( 10⁶ ) amperes. Symbol: MA.


gigamp

One thousand million (10⁹) amperes. Symbol: GA.


tera amp

One million million (10¹²) amperes. Symbol: TA.


kilo-amp

One thousand (10³) amperes. Symbol: kA or KA.


tera-amp

One million million ( 10¹² ) amperes. Symbol: TA.


nano-volt

electrical potential
electrical potential#English

(metrology) An SI unit of electrical potential equal to 10⁻⁹ volts. Symbol: nV


kilo-volt

One thousand ( 10³ ) volts. Symbol: kV or KV.


giga-volt

One thousand million ( 10⁹ ) volts. Symbol: GV.


kilo-watt

One thousand (10³) watts. Symbol: kW or KW.


picojoule

One million millionth ( 10⁻¹² ) of a joule. Symbol: pJ.


nanojoule

(metrology) An SI unit of work or energy equal to 10⁻⁹ joules. Symbol: nJ


millijoule

One thousandth (10⁻³) of a joule. Symbol: mJ.


kilojoule

(metrology) An SI unit of energy equal to 10³ joules. Symbol: kJ


terajoule

(metrology) An SI unit of energy equal to 10¹² joules. Symbol: TJ


pico-joule

One million millionth (10⁻¹²) of a joule. Symbol: pJ.


nano-joule

(metrology) An SI unit of energy, work and heat equal to 10⁻⁹ joules. Symbol: nJ


kilo-joule

One thousand (10³) joules. Symbol: kJ or KJ.


giga-joule

One thousand million ( 10⁹ ) joules. Symbol: GJ.


tera-joule

One million million (10¹²) joules. Symbol: TJ.


picofarad

One million millionth (10⁻¹²) of a farad. Symbol: pF.

pikofarad

one million millionth (10E-12) of a farad


nanofarad

(rare) (metrology) An SI unit of electrical capacitance equal to 10⁻⁹ farads. Symbol: nF


millifarad

One thousandth (10⁻³) of a farad. Symbol: mF.


nano-farad

(metrology) An SI unit of electrical capacitance equal to 10⁻⁹ farads. Symbol: nF


nano-ohm

electrical resistance
electrical resistance#English

(metrology) An SI unit of electrical resistance equal to 10⁻⁹ ohms. Symbol: nΩ


giga-ohm

One thousand million (10⁹) ohms. Symbol: GΩ.


tera-ohm

One million million (10¹²) ohms. Symbol: TΩ.


pico-ohm

One million millionth ( 10⁻¹² ) of a ohm. Symbol: pΩ.


smoothing

(statistics) creation of an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena.


tilting

(mathematics) Having the property that it is the quotient of a projective module by a projective submodule, having an ext functor with itself of 0, and there being a right module as the kernel of a surjective morphism between finite direct sums of its direct summands.


cubic yard

A unit of volumetric measurement equivalent to a cube one yard in each dimension.


dessertspoon

A unit of measure, being equivalent to two teaspoons or two-thirds of a tablespoon, or approximately 10 millilitres; a dessertspoonful.


derangement

derangement (countable and uncountable, plural derangements)

Borrowed from French dérangement, equivalent to derange + -ment.

(mathematics, combinatorics) A permutation of a set such that no element is in its previous position.


microlitre

A unit of fluid measure being one millionth (10⁻⁶) of a litre. Symbol: μl


lossless

en-adj

lossless (comparative more lossless, superlative most lossless)

more lossless (comparative)
most lossless (superlative)

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Free from loss, especially not losing electrical energy or force.

(information theory) Not losing information.

可逆 (kagyaku) (data compression, literally “reversible”)


grano

From Spanish grano (“grain, 1/9216 Spanish pound”), from Latin grānus (“grain”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of grain.

bor

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of mass, equivalent to about 50 mg.


estimator

From Latin aestimātor; equivalent to estimate + -or.

(mathematics) A function of a random sample of a population used to estimate some parameter of the whole population


kantar

From Arabic قِنْطَار (qinṭār). Doublet of centenary and quintal.

a unit of weight used in Eastern Mediterranean countries, varying from place to place (44.93 kg in Egypt)


time constant

(mathematics) A characteristic of an exponential function, represented by τ in the function:

aikavakio

math: characteristic of exponential function


deconvolution

(mathematics) The inversion of a convolution equation; does not normally have unique solution


plutino

From Plut(o) + -ino (“diminutive suffix”), meaning "little Pluto" (compare neutrino); coined by David C. Jewitt, et al.

We present a study of the dynamical evolution of plutinos recently escaped from the resonance through numerical simulations. It was shown in previous works the existence of weakly chaotic orbits in the plutino population that diffuse very slowly finally diving into a strong chaotic region.

2010, Romina P. Di Sisto, Adrián Brunini, Gonzalo C. de Elía, “The contribution of plutinos to the Centaur population”, in Julio A. Fernández, Daniela Lazzaro, Dina Prialnik, Rita Schulz, editors, Icy Bodies of the Solar System: IAU Symposium S263, Cambridge University Press, page 89:

This is dubbed a 3:2 resonance (with Neptune), Pluto being the largest Plutino.
About one fourth of the KBOs are Plutinos. Plutinos may be debris from the collision of another KBO with Pluto, resulting in the formation of Pluto's largest moon, Charon.

2018, C Sivaram, Kenath Arun, Kiren O V, Current Trends in Astrobiology, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, page 39:

(astronomy) Any planetoid in the Kuiper belt whose orbit, like that of Pluto, has a resonance of 3:2 with that of Neptune.

冥族小天體 /冥族小天体

planetoid in orbit with 3:2 resonance to that of Neptune


train track

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(topology) A set of curves lying in a surface, meeting one another at their respective endpoints in a specific way that resembles railroad tracks.


radicand

3 is the radicand in the expression #92;sqrt#91;n#93;#123;3#125;.

(mathematics) The number or expression whose square root or other root is being considered.


degree of freedom

en-noun

degree of freedom (plural degrees of freedom)

frequency distribution
frequency distribution

(mathematics) Any unrestricted variable in a frequency distribution.


nullity

nullity (countable and uncountable, plural nullities)

From Middle French nullité, from Medieval Latin nullitas, from Latin nullus.

(mathematics) The difference between the rank of a matrix and the number of columns it has; the dimension of the nullspace of a matrix.


fistful

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The amount that can be held in a closed fist.

ус

the amount that can be held in a closed fist


costate

(mathematics, physics) An equation or variable related to the state equation of an optimal control problem in a dynamical system.


prenex

Borrowed from Late Latin praenexus (“bound up in front”), from Latin prae- (“before”) and nexus, past participle of nectō (“to bind”).

bor+

We say that ϕ is universal iff it can be written in prenex form — i.e. with all quantifiers at the beginning — using only universal quantifiers.

1999, Neil Immerman, Descriptive Complexity, New York: Springer-Verlag, page 12

(mathematics, logic) Of a formula, having all of its quantifiers at the beginning.


prenex

∀x.∃y. is the prenex of the formula ∀x.∃y.P(x,y)

(mathematics, logic) The initial part of a prenex formula where all of the formula's bound variables are bound by logical quantifiers.


golden section

(geometry) the division of a whole into two parts such that the ratio of the smaller part to the larger is equal to the ratio of the larger part to the whole.


contraharmonic mean

en-noun

contraharmonic mean (plural contraharmonic means)

The contraharmonic mean of two variables is at the same distance from their arithmetic mean as their harmonic mean but on the opposite side.

The contraharmonic mean of two numbers a and c is the number b such that #123;a-b#92;overc#125;#61;#123;b-c#92;overa#125;. Combining the two ratios: #123;b-c#92;overa#125;#61;#123;(a-b)#43;(b-c)#92;overc#43;a#125;#61;#123;a-c#92;overa#43;c#125;. Rotating the proportion 90° clockwise: #123;a#92;overa#43;c#125;#61;#123;b-c#92;overa-c#125;; transposing twice to isolate the b: b#61;c#43;a#92;left(#123;a-c#92;overa#43;c#125;#92;right). Likewise b#61;a-c#92;left(#123;a-c#92;overa#43;c#125;#92;right); these are both equivalent to the more symmetrical b#61;#123;a²#43;c²#92;overa#43;c#125;.

(mathematics) A type of average calculated as the arithmetic mean of the squares of the values divided by the arithmetic mean of the values, ie. C=(x_1²+x_2²+...+x_n²)/n/(x_1+x_2+...+x_n)/norC(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)=x_1²+x_2²+...+x_n²/x_1+x_2+...+x_n


numerable

en-adj

numerable (comparative more numerable, superlative most numerable)

more numerable (comparative)
most numerable (superlative)

(mathematics) In one to one correspondence with the set of natural integers.

numeroituva

in one to one correspondence with the set of natural integers


parabolic

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From Ancient Greek παραβολικός (parabolikós).

(chiefly mathematics) Of, or pertaining to, or in the shape of a parabola or paraboloid.

параболичен

of or pertaining to a parabola or paraboloid


parabolic

(mathematics) A parabolic function, equation etc.


paraboloid

surface of revolution
surface of revolution

(mathematics) A surface having a parabolic cross section parallel to an axis, and circular or elliptical cross section perpendicular to the axis; especially the surface of revolution of a parabola.


inversion pair

(mathematics) a pair of integers (i,j) is an inversion pair of some permutation σ if iσ(j).


jumbo

Returning to the villa, we were greeted by a party which frightened the boys. It was the Moco Jumbo and his suite. The Jumbo was on stilts, with a head, mounted on the actor's head, which was concealed: the music was from two baskets, like strawberry baskets, with little bells within, shook in time. The swordsman danced with an air of menace, the musician was comical, and Jumbo assumed the "antic terrible," and was very active on his stilts.

1806, William Young, “A Tour through the Several Islands of Barbadoes, St. Vincent, Antigua, Tobago, and Grenada, in the Years 1791 & 1792”, in Bryan Edwards, The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies. […] In Four Volumes, volume IV, Philadelphia, Pa.: Printed and sold by James Humphreys, […], →OCLC, page 257:

[A]nother Krooman came hurrying up, holding out a wooden image with a few bits of grass round its neck, and exclaiming, "Wurra! Wurra! Jumbo hang in fetische-house, sure he make much finish die." […] Jumbo was an uncouthly-carved figure of a man, about a foot in height, sitting cross-legged like a tailor, with ears preposterously large, the Kroo mark down the forehead and nose, and a piece of looking-glass fixed in the thorax and abdomen.

1845 April, “Delta” [pseudonym], “Krooman versus Boobie. A Scene at Fernando Po.”, in P. L. Simmonds, editor, Simmond’s Colonial Magazine and Foreign Miscellany, volume IV, number 16, London: Simmonds & Ward, […], →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 487–488:

(paganism, historical) Short for mumbo jumbo (“a deity or other supernatural being worshipped by certain West African peoples; an idol representing such a being”).


nonparametric

(mathematics) Having a flexible number or nature of parameters which are not fixed in advance.

ei-parametrinen

mathematics: having a flexible number or nature of parameter

(statistics) Free of assumptions about the frequency distributions of the variables being assessed.

ei-parametrinen

statistics: free of assumptions about the frequency distributions


time series

The message is a discrete or continuous sequence of measurable events distributed in time—presicely what is called a time series by the statisticians.

1948, Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 2nd edition, MIT Press, →ISBN, pages 8–9:

(statistics) A set of data points, each of which represents the value of the same variable at different times, normally at uniform intervals.

časová řada

set of data points representing values of a variable at different times


irrotational

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to the power of

Two to the power of four equals sixteen. 2⁴=16.


to the

Two to the fourth equals sixteen.
= Two to the fourth power equals sixteen.
= Two to the four equals sixteen.
= (Two to the power of four equals sixteen.)

=Ten to the four

Ten to the minus four (1/10,000)

Ten to the zero (1)

(mathematics) Short for to the power of or to the ... (nth) power.


diff EQ

en-noun

diff EQ (countable and uncountable, plural diff EQs)

differential equation
differential equation

(mathematics, informal) A differential equation.

Are you taking diff EQ this semester?

(mathematics, informal) A college course in differential equations, usually as part of a standardized calculus curriculum.


ordinary differential equation

ordinary differential equation (plural ordinary differential equations)

ordinary differential equations (plural)

independent variable
independent variable

(calculus) An equation involving the derivatives of a function of only one independent variable.

ordinary differential equation
simple:ordinary differential equation

常微分方程

cháng wēifēn fāngchéng, piān wéifēn fāngchéng


Winchester quart

Winchester quart (plural Winchester quarts)

(British) a unit of volume equal to half a Winchester gallon, equal to two quarts, or 2.273 litres.


inequation

(mathematics) A statement that two expressions are not the same.


gating

gating (countable and uncountable, plural gatings)

(electronics, signal processing) The control of the flow of signals based on certain conditions or criteria.


sverdrup

From Norwegian Sverdrup. After Harald Sverdrup (1888–1957), Norwegian oceanographer and meteorologist.

(metrology, oceanography) A unit of measure of volume transport, used in oceanography, equal to 1 million cubic metres per second. Symbol: Sv


radio-

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radiosymmetrical


topos

From Ancient Greek τόπος (tópos, “place”). Compare topic.


Markov jump process

Markov jump process (plural Markov jump processes)

(mathematics) A time-dependent variable that starts in an initial state and stays in that state for a random time, when it makes a transition to another random state, and so on.


linear equation

linear equation (plural linear equations)

(algebra) A polynomial equation of the first degree (such as x = 2y - 7)


binomial theorem

(mathematics) A formula giving the expansion of a binomial such as (a+b) raised to any positive integer power, i.e. (a+b)ⁿ. It's possible to expand the power into a sum of terms of the form axᵇyᶜ where the coefficient of each term is a positive integer. For example:

نَظَرِيَّةُ ذَاتِ الْحَدَّيْنِ

formula giving the expansion of an alegraic sum raised to any positive integer power


Pascal's triangle

Pascal's triangle (plural Pascal's triangles)

From Blaise Pascal French mathematician.

binomial coefficient
binomial coefficient

(mathematics) A geometric representation of the binomial coefficients in a triangle, each entry being the sum of the two entries above.


path length

(graph theory) The number of edges traversed in a given path in a graph.


trihedron

trihedron (plural trihedrons or trihedra)

(mathematics) A geometric figure composed of three planes meeting at a single vertex.


homology

homology (countable and uncountable, plural homologies)

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Henri Poincaré
Homology
MathWorld
singular homology

From homo- + -logy.
In topology, first used by French polymath Henri Poincaré, in the sense (close to what is now called a bordism) of a relation between manifolds mapped into a reference manifold: that is, the property of such manifolds that they form the boundary of a higher-dimensional manifold inside the reference manifold. Poincaré's version was eventually replaced by the more general singular homology, which is what mathematicians now mean by homology.

homologia

biology, psychology: relationship of having a common evolutionary or developmental origin

1863, George Salmon, A Treatise on Conic Sections, Longman, Brown, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 4th Edition, page 61,
Two triangles are said to be homologous, when the intersections of the corresponding sides lie on the same right line called the axis of homology: prove that the lines joining the corresponding vertices meet in a point [called the centre of homology].

1885, Charles Leudesdorf (translator), Luigi Cremona, Elements of Projective Geometry, Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press), page 11,
Two corresponding straight lines therefore always intersect on a fixed straight line, which we may call s; thus the given figures are in homology, O being the centre, and s the axis, of homology.

The relationship of being homologous; a homologous relationship.

(geometry, projective geometry) specifically, such relationship in the context of the geometry of perspective.

If the homology centre lies on the homology axis, the homology is said to be singular or parabolic; otherwise, it is called non-singular or hyperbolic.

perspective projection
perspective projection

(geometry, projective geometry) An automorphism of the projective plane (representing a perspective projection) that leaves all the points of some straight line (the homology axis) fixed and maps all the lines through some single point (the homology centre) onto themselves.

samankaltaisuus

geometry: automorphism representing a perspective projection

One encounters a similar situation in homology theory. Beside singular homology, which is a homotopy invariant, and Čech homology, which is a shape invariant, there exists strong homology, which is a strong shape invariant. In the special case of metric compacta, this homology was introduced by N.E. Steenrod in 1940 and is often referred to as the Steenrod homology.

2000, Sibe Mardešić, Strong Shape and Homology, Springer, page v:

Brieskorn homology spheres are a special case of Siefert fibered homology spheres.

2002, Nikolai Saveliev, Invariants of Homology 3-Spheres, Springer, page 2:

(topology, algebraic topology) A general way of associating a sequence of algebraic objects, such as abelian groups or modules, to a sequence of topological spaces; also used attributively: see Usage notes below.

同调

algebraic topology: way of associating a sequence of groups to a sequence of topological spaces

Because of their connection with both homology and cohomology, chain complexes are an important topic of study in homological algebra.

(algebra) Given a chain complex {Gₙ} and its associated set of homomorphisms {Hₙ}, the rule which explains how each Hₙ maps Gₙ into the kernel of Gₙ₊₁.

同调

algebra: rule by which each member of a chain complex maps into the kernel of the next


line of best fit

line of best fit (plural lines of best fit)

(mathematics) A line on a scatter plot that best defines or expresses the trend shown in the plotted points. It is chosen so that the sum of the squares of the distances from the points to the line is a minimum. It also illustrates the correlation (positive, negative, or zero correlation) between the plotted variables.


experimental probability

experimental probability (plural experimental probabilities)

Perform an experiment n times; then if the designated outcome occurs m times, the experimental probability of that outcome is m/n.

(mathematics) The probability that a certain outcome will occur, as determined through experiment.


theoretical probability

theoretical probability (plural theoretical probabilities)

Given a die which is a regular cube of uniform density, and given that one and only one of its faces is painted black, then if the die is cast, the theoretical probability that the outcome will be the black face is 1/6.

(mathematics) the probability that a certain outcome will occur, as determined through reasoning or calculation.


cyathus

From Latin cyathus, from Ancient Greek κύαθος (kúathos, “ladle”), of uncertain origin. Doublet of kyathos.

(historical) A Roman unit of liquid measure reckoned as the volume of 1⅔ Roman ounce of wine and equivalent to about 45 mL although differing slightly over time.


tertian

From Middle English tertiān, terciān, terciāne (adjective and noun), originally often as part of the collocation fever cum terciane, after Latin febris cum tertiānā. Compare the "third" essence of tertiary.

Alternative form: tercian

en:puncheon, a type of cask or its volume

A cask of a certain size; its volume used as a measure of capacity (one-third of a tun's).


invertible

(mathematics, especially of a function or matrix) Able to be inverted, having an inverse.


PDE

PDE (countable and uncountable, plural PDEs)

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

partial differential equation
partial differential equation#English

(mathematical analysis) Initialism of partial differential equation.

ODY

initialism of partial differential equation


ODE

ordinary differential equation
ordinary differential equation#English

(mathematical analysis) Initialism of ordinary differential equation.

TDY

initialism of ordinary differential equation


NLP

nonlinear programming
nonlinear programming#English

(mathematics) Initialism of nonlinear programming.


equalize

en-verb

equalize (third-person singular simple present equalizes, present participle equalizing, simple past and past participle equalized)

equalizes (present singular third-person)
equalizing (participle present)
equalized (participle past)
equalized (past)

(category theory) Said of a morphism: to pre-compose with each of a parallel pair of morphisms so as to yield the same composite morphism.

The technique for frequency slewing of a transient is different from that for vibration testing in that it is necessary to equalize at low level as the clock frequency is slewed in relatively small increments from the nominal to the desired frequency.

1987, The Shock and Vibration Bulletin - Volume 57, Parts 1-4, page 35:

(signal processing) To adjust the balance between frequency components within an electronic signal.


tertile

(statistics) Either of the two points that divide an ordered distribution into three parts, each containing a third of the population.

The first tertile results include January through April's revenues.

(statistics) Any one of the three groups so divided.


Helmholtz function

For Hermann von Helmholtz, German physicist.

(mathematics) A transformation of the complex plane associated with fluid flow


Euler's identity

Named after Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783).

named-after

(complex analysis) The equation e^(iπ)=-1,!, which unifies diverse fields of mathematics.


probabilistic

en-adj

probabilistic (comparative more probabilistic, superlative most probabilistic)

more probabilistic (comparative)
most probabilistic (superlative)

From probabil(ity) + -istic and probabil(ism) + -istic.

Johnson explained that absolute gauging assumed that everything that could go wrong would go wrong at the same time, resulting in the train hitting the platform. In contrast, probabilistic gauging says that everything can go wrong, but not at the same time. For the Pitsea '357', probabilistic gauging estimated a 0.00001% chance of the train hitting the platform. That seems much closer to the daily life of Pitsea Platform 2.

2023 April 19, Philip Haigh, “Gauging ways to ensure rail freight gains more paths”, in RAIL, number 981, page 45:

(mathematics, probability theory) Of, pertaining to, or derived using probability.


randomized algorithm

en-noun

randomized algorithm (plural randomized algorithms)

(mathematics) Any algorithm that uses randomness as part of its logic.


tph

Transport for London is working to increase capacity on the East London line stretch of London Overground. Work is underway to increase frequencies from the current 16 trains per hour (tph) to 18tph, with new funding now announced to further improve this to 20tph in the future.

2019 September 5, “Funding for 20tph East London line service”, in Modern Railways, archived from the original on 2019-10-08:

Alternative letter-case form of TPH (“trains per hour”)


incidence

incidence (countable and uncountable, plural incidences)

From Middle French incidence, from Medieval Latin incidentia (“a falling upon”), from Latin incidens, present participle of incidere (“to fall upon”), from in (“on”) + cadere (“to fall”).

der

(geometry) The falling of a point on a line, or a line on a plane.

kuuluminen

geometry: falling of a point on a line, or a line on a plane

(graph theory) The relation between an edge of a graph and one of the vertices it connects.


midpoint

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(mathematics) A point which divides a line segment into two lines of equal length.


line segment

(geometry) A part of a straight line bounded by two points.


decahedron

en-noun

decahedron (plural decahedrons or decahedra)


subnormal

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w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(geometry) That part of the axis of a curved line which is intercepted between the ordinate and the normal.


suborbital

The first rocket test was suborbital; it didn't even get off the ground but rather exploded on the launchpad.

Not reaching orbit; having a trajectory that does not reach orbital velocity and so must return to ground eventually.


subscript

en-verb

subscript (third-person singular simple present subscripts, present participle subscripting, simple past and past participle subscripted)

subscripts (present singular third-person)
subscripting (participle present)
subscripted (participle past)
subscripted (past)

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As in the chapters on the synchronous model, we use the convention of subscripting a variable by the index of the process at which the variable resides.

1996, Nancy A. Lynch, Distributed Algorithms, Elsevier, page 210:

The elements of these matrices are subscripted with a row–column index, that is, with two integers that give the row and column position in the array.

2011, William M. Davis (original author Cifford E. Dykstra), Physical Chemistry: A Modern Introduction (Second Edition), CRC Press, page 424

(mathematics, sciences, typography, transitive, of a variable) To provide with a subscript.

If your presentation covers chemistry or some other scientific field, you'll need to subscript and superscript characters (think H2O).

2007, Emily A. Vander Veer, PowerPoint 2007: The Missing Manual:

(mathematics, sciences, typography, transitive, of a text) To convert to a subscript form.


subsurface

(countable, mathematics) A surface which is a submanifold of another surface.

kubdayag

a surface which is a submanifold of another surface


unknot

(mathematics) In knot theory, a loop that is not knotted.


plug in

plug in (third-person singular simple present plugs in, present participle plugging in, simple past and past participle plugged in)

plugs in (present singular third-person)
plugging in (participle present)
plugged in (participle past)
plugged in (past)

If an equation has three unknowns, you can plug in two of them to find the third.

(idiomatic, mathematics) To replace a variable with a number in order to solve an equation.


plane angle

en-noun

plane angle (countable and uncountable, plural plane angles)

(geometry) An angle formed by two intersecting straight lines.

rovinný úhel

(geometry) An angle formed by two intersecting planes, measured by the angle between two intersecting straight lines that are in respective planes and perpendicular to the intersection of the planes.


phasor

(mathematics) A representation of a complex number in terms of a complex exponential.


order of magnitude

order of magnitude (plural orders of magnitude)

18th century, in the sense "magnitude (brightness class) of a star", informed by the Greek τῶν μεγάλων τάξις (tôn megálōn táxis) (Ptolemy).

2011, Enrico Fermi, Wikisource (translator), Concerning a Contradiction between the Electrodynamic and Relativistic Theory of Electromagnetic Mass, 1922, Enrico Fermi, Über einen Widerspruch zwischen der elektrodynamischen und relativistischen Theorie der elektromagnetischen Masse, Physikalische Zeitschrift, v 23, pp 340-344,
However, we notice that although this contraction is of order of magnitude v²:c², it changes the most important terms of electromagnetic mass, i.e, the rest mass.

However, this pales to insignificance against the massive volume of spoken language, for with over 500 patrons, any given second of the lunch hour would result in a spoken word count in the thousands, and the whole lunch hour would see a word count orders of magnitude larger than 3000.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 8:

(mathematics) The class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio (most often 10) to the class preceding it.


cathetus

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From Latin cathetus, from Ancient Greek κάθετος (káthetos, “perpendicular”).

uder

(geometry) A line perpendicular to a surface (or line); in particular, either of the sides of a right triangle other than its hypotenuse.


fractionation

en-noun

fractionation (countable and uncountable, plural fractionations)

By surface analysis, fraction + -ation, or, by surface analysis, fractionate + -ion.

(cryptography) A preliminary stage of encryption that divides each plaintext symbol into several ciphertext symbols.


complete graph

(graph theory) A graph where every pair of vertices is connected by an edge.


well-behaved

en-adj

well-behaved (comparative better-behaved or more well-behaved, superlative best-behaved or most well-behaved)

better-behaved (comparative)
more well-behaved (comparative)
best-behaved (superlative)
most well-behaved (superlative)

(mathematics) Having intuitive, easy to handle properties, especially: having a finite derivative of all orders at all points, and having no discontinuities.

良態 /良态

mathematics: having easy to handle properties


well-defined

well-defined (comparative better-defined or more well-defined, superlative best-defined or most well-defined)

better-defined (comparative)
more well-defined (comparative)
best-defined (superlative)
most well-defined (superlative)

(mathematics) Defined in an unambiguous and consistent way: specifically, such that any two objects implied to be identical are indeed identical.

veldefineret

mathematics: defined unambiguously and consistently


well-ordered

well-ordered (comparative more well-ordered, superlative most well-ordered)

more well-ordered (comparative)
most well-ordered (superlative)

(mathematics, not comparable) Having a well-order.


solvable

Galois theory
Solution in radicals
solvable
Évariste Galois

From solve + -able. Piecewise doublet of soluble.
The mathematical senses derive from Galois theory: Galois discovered that one could determine whether a given polynomial could be solved by radicals by studying the properties of a particular group attached to a particular field extension deriving from the polynomial in question; if the group satisfies some conditions then polynomial can be solved by radicals. Any group meeting these conditions — whether or not it arises from this process — is thus called solvable, as is any field extension giving rise to such a group. The Lie-theoretic sense is by analogy, the study of Lie algebras deriving much of its terminology from group theory. In regular use by the late 19th century.

(mathematics, group theory, of a group) Having terminating derived series; see Solvable group on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

(mathematics, Galois theory, of a Galois extension) Having a Galois group which is solvable.

Solvable Lie algebra
w:Solvable Lie algebra

(mathematics, Lie theory, of a Lie algebra) Having terminating derived series (this is a distinct notion from the derived series of a group); see Solvable Lie algebra on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


Welsh yard

A calque of Welsh llath (“rod”), similarly distinguished within Welsh as the llath Gymreig (“Welsh rod”).

(historical) The llath, a former Welsh unit of length equal to about 40 inches (about 1 m).


metrizable

(topology) Of a topological space: for which a metric exists that will induce the original topology.


detrending

(statistics, economics) The manipulation of data to remove long-term trends and thus emphasise short-term changes.


cubic equation

(mathematics) A polynomial equation whose greatest exponent is 3.


cubic function

(mathematics) Any function (polynomial) whose greatest exponent is 3.


buttload

From butt + load. Butt in this context may be possibly one or both of:
* butt (“large wooden cask”) (Etymology 3)
* butt (“two-wheeled cart”) (Etymology 5)
Alternatively, the term may either be a corruption of English boatload or have been influenced by that term (except for the specific, West Country dialect sense).

assload and cartload ()

amount carried by a donkey or any large, unspecified amount; amount carried by a cart or any large, unspecified amount

pipe

of wine or beer, is 126 gallons or one butt

BUTT LOAD: about six seams.

1796, William Marshall, “Provincialisms of West Devonshire”, in The Rural Economy of the West of England, volume 1, page 324:

The farmers near the fishing towns in the same district [Cornwall] likewise buy the refuse of bruised and small pilchards, which are rejected as unfit for curing or the market, and are called caff, four cart-loads of twelve bushels each being considered as the quantity proper for an acre. […] The butt-load formerly cost about 9s. or 10s. but they now fetch 15s. or 20s. the load.

1819, Abraham Rees, The Cyclopaedia, volume 31, Salting:

The different kinds of manure usually employed in this neighbourhood are sea-weed, sand, stable-dung, ashes, and fish-dung. The quantities vary so much according to the condition of the land and other circumstances that it is impossible to state with any degree of accuracy what quantity is applied to the acre. In one of the conditions of leases previously quoted, it is stipulated that 10 butt-loads of good town or fish dung, and 10 butt-loads of sea-sand (to be mixed with the necessary quantity of earth) shall be carried for every acre broken up for tillage.

1839 July, Richard Edmonds, “A Statistical Account of the Parish of Madron, containing the Borough of Penzance, in Cornwall”, in Quarterly Journal of the Statistical Society of London, volume 2, page 211:

(obsolete, UK, West Country) A regional English measure of capacity of a heavy cart (a butt), containing 6 seams, or 48 bushels, equivalent to 384 gallons.


mathematical game

en-noun

mathematical game (plural mathematical games)

recreational mathematics
recreational mathematics

(mathematics) Any game featuring arithmetic or other branches of mathematics; a branch of recreational mathematics


recreational mathematics

(mathematics) Any use of mathematics or logic whose primary purpose is recreation, though often with more serious characteristics.


centiliter

From French centilitre; equivalent to centi- + liter.

(American spelling) Alternative form of centilitre


centilitre

From French centilitre; equivalent to centi- + litre.

(British spelling) A unit of volume or capacity of one hundredth of a litre. Symbol: cl


centrality

centrality (countable and uncountable, plural centralities)

(mathematics) Any of various measures of the relative importance of a vertex in a graph.


centralizer

(mathematics) (of an element in a group) The set of elements of the same group which commute with the element. See also normalizer.

Zentralisator

set of group elements commutating with a given element


dog bone

a bone that is given to a dog to chew on and play with, similar to a dog biscuit. They can be real bones, or they can be made of other materials like plastic or leather

"The First Nanochips", Scientific American, April 2004, p. 81.
If ... the pattern on the mask were designed to look more like a dog bone, the result would better approximate a rectangle with sharp corners.

a 2- or 3-dimensional compound shape, evocative of a dog biscuit or dog-bone toy with a central shaft and two lobes (analogous to femoral condyles) at each end

Me and D-Money keep smokin' that bomb
Need a little game, you better log on
Girls get naked
Lickin' on my dog bone

2003, “PimpandHo.com”, in Married to the Game, performed by Too $hort:

(slang, possibly African-American Vernacular) the penis


noncomputable

(mathematics, of a function) Incapable of being computed by any deterministic algorithm in any finite amount of time.

neizračunljiv

incapable of being computed by a deterministic algorithm


undecidable

The first-order procedure SP differs from the proposi-
 tional procedure CP°₁ in an essential feature. Namely, CP°₁
 always terminates while SP may run forever as we have seen with
 the example immediately after (3.7). This is not a specific
 defect of SP. Rather it is known that first-order logic is an
 undecidable theory while propositional logic is a decidable
 theory. This means that for the latter there are decision pro-
 cedures which for any formula decide whether it is valid or
 not — and CP°₁ in fact is such a decision procedure — while
 for the former such decision procedures do not exist in princi-
 ple. Thus SP, according to these results for which the reader
 is referred to any logic texts such as [End], [DrG] or [Lew],
 is of the kind which we may expect, it is a semi-decision
 procedure which confirms if a formula is valid but may run
 forever for invalid formulas. Therefore, termination by running
 out of time or space after any finite number of steps will
 leave the question for the validity of a formula unsettled. [...]

1982, Wolfgang Bibel, Automated Theorem Proving, Braunschweig: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, →ISBN, page 83:

(mathematics, computing theory) Incapable of being algorithmically decided in finite time. For example, a set of strings is undecidable if it is impossible to program a computer (even one with infinite memory) to determine whether or not specified strings are included.

nerozhodnutelný

incapable of being algorithmically decided

logically independent
logically independent

(mathematics) (of a WFF) logically independent from the axioms of a given theory; i.e., that it can never be either proved or disproved (i.e., have its negation proved) on the basis of the axioms of the given theory. (Note: this latter definition is independent of any time bounds or computability issues, i.e., more Platonic.)


primitive recursive

(mathematics) Of a function, capable of being constructed from the zero function, successor function, and projection functions, by a finite number of applications of composition and recursion.


rhumb line

Coordinate term: orthodrome

On portolan maps rhumb lines were all the go long before Mercator's time. […] It's a different matter putting a straight rhumb line on a map made for a round world. And on a map made for the whole world.

1964, David Greenhood, Mapping, University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 128:

(nautical) A line that cuts all meridians at the same angle, the path of a vessel that maintains a constant compass direction.

loksodromio

a line cutting all meridians at a constant angle