normalize

en-verb

normalize (third-person singular simple present normalizes, present participle normalizing, simple past and past participle normalized)

normalizes (present singular third-person)
normalizing (participle present)
normalized (participle past)
normalized (past)

palauttaa

rail transport, transitive: to return to the normal position

palautua

rail transport, intransitive: to return to the normal position

After we properly normalize the measurements with respect to age, gender, geography and economic considerations, there remains little evidence of a difference between the two groups.

The Dice coefficient normalizes for length by dividing by the total number of non-zero entries. We multiply by 2 so that we get a measure that ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 with 1.0 indicating identical vectors.

1991, Christopher D. Manning, Hinrich Schütze, Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, →ISBN, page 299:

It is possible that electrical stimulation may also act centrally, neuromodulating the altered muscle contractibility mechanism, recruiting a larger number of muscle fibers and normalizing the tone of the masticatory, hyoid and pharyngeal muscles [38 ,39 ].

2015 August 7, “Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on the Masticatory Muscles and Physiologic Sleep Variables in Adults with Cerebral Palsy: A Novel Therapeutic Approach”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(statistics, transitive) To reduce the variations by excluding irrelevant aspects.

(mathematics, transitive) To divide a vector by its magnitude to produce a unit vector.


partial differential equation

en-noun

partial differential equation (plural partial differential equations)

differential equation
differential equation

(calculus) A differential equation that involves the partial derivatives of a function of several variables.

partial differential equation
simple:partial differential equation

equació diferencial en derivades parcials

偏微分方程

piān wēifēn fāngchéng, piān wéifēn fāngchéng

équation différentielle aux dérivées partielles

equazione differenziale alle derivate parziali


differential equation

differential equation (plural differential equations)

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First appears c. 1704 in the publications of Charles Hayes. Calque of Latin aequatio differentialis, which was coined by Leibniz in 1676.

(calculus) An equation involving the derivatives of a function.

Charles Hayes (mathematician)
Leibniz
differential equation


partial derivative

partial derivative (plural partial derivatives)

(mathematics) A derivative with respect to one variable of a function of several variables with the other variables held constant.


MST

minimum spanning tree
w:minimum spanning tree

(graph theory) Initialism of minimum spanning tree.


scientific notation

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(mathematics) a method of writing, or of displaying real numbers as a decimal number between 1 and 10 followed by an integer power of 10

The number 0.00236 is written in scientific notation as 2.36×10⁻³ or as 2.36E-3.

(mathematics) an alternative format of such a decimal number immediately followed by E and an integer


funicular

en-adj

funicular (comparative more funicular, superlative most funicular)

more funicular (comparative)
most funicular (superlative)

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From Latin fūniculus (“cord”), diminutive from fūnis (“cord”) + -culus.


difference of two squares

en-noun

difference of two squares (plural differences of two squares)

The fraction #92;frac#123;x-8#125;#123;x²-64#125; can be simplified to #92;frac#123;1#125;#123;x#43;8#125; using the difference of two squares.

(algebra) The identity x²-y²=(x+y)(x-y), that holds for all real numbers.


subgroup

/ˈsʌbˌɡɹuːp/

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subgrup

(group theory) group within a larger group

Much of the information about a group can be gleaned from a study of its subgroups. For these reasons it is important to study the subgroup structure of the almost simple groups, and in particular their maximal subgroups.

1990, Peter B. Kleidman, Martin W. Liebeck, The Subgroup Structure of the Finite Classical Groups, Cambridge University Press, page 1:

A subgroup H of an algebraic group G is called algebraic if H is an algebraic subvariety of G. Algebraic subgroups defined over k (as algebraic subvarieties) are called k-subgroups. An algebraic subgroup of an algebraic group is called k-closed or closed over k (resp. k-defined or defined over k) if it is k-closed (resp. k-defined) as an algebraic subvariety.

1991, Gregori A. Margulis, Discrete Subgroups of Semisimple Lie Groups, Springer-Verlag, page 13:

This is applied in Chapter 9 to prove the first congruence subgroup theorem, which asserts that g.z = z for all z in the center of the Drinfel'd double D(H) and all g in the principal congruence subgroup.

2012, Yorck Sommerhäuser, Yongchang Zhu, Hopf Algebras and Congruence Subgroups, American Mathematical Society, page 3:

(group theory) A subset H of a group G that is itself a group and has the same binary operation as G.


arccosh

/ˈɑː(ɹ)kˌkɒʃ/

(mathematics) Alternative form of arcosh (“the inverse hyperbolic cosine function”)


arcsinh

/ˈɑː(ɹ)kˌʃaɪn/

(trigonometry) Alternative form of arsinh (“the inverse hyperbolic sine function”)


arctanh

/ˈɑː(ɹ)kˌtænʃ/

(trigonometry) Alternative form of artanh (“the inverse hyberbolic tangent function”)


normal subgroup

normal subgroup (plural normal subgroups)

(group theory) A subgroup H of a group G that is invariant under conjugation; that is, for all elements h of H and for all elements g in G, the element ghg⁻¹ is in H.

normaali aliryhmä

subgroup that is invariant under conjugation


cast out nines

en-verb

cast out nines (third-person singular simple present casts out nines, present participle casting out nines, simple past and past participle cast out nines)

casts out nines (present singular third-person)
casting out nines (participle present)
cast out nines (participle past)
cast out nines (past)

arithmetic operation
arithmetic operation

(arithmetic) To apply a procedure for verifying whether an arithmetic operation is probably correct or certainly incorrect using modulo characteristics of the digit 9.


rabdology

(arithmetic) The practice of performing arithmetic using Napier's bones.


Napier's bones

(arithmetic) A set of numbered rods used for multiplication and division (see the Wikipedia article for a fuller explanation).

àbac neperià

a set of numbered rods used for multiplication and division


promptuary

(arithmetic) A device described in Napier's treatise Rabdologiæ, consisting of a large set of strips used to multiply multi-digit numbers more easily than Napier’s bones.


location arithmetic

Calque of Latin arithmeticae localis, coined by Scottish landowner and mathematician John Napier (1550–1617) in his 1617 treatise Rabdologiæ (written in Latin).

(arithmetic) A device and technique described in Napier's treatise Rabdologiæ for performing multiplication, division and extraction of square roots by using counters to represent numbers in binary.

John Napier
Rabdology
location arithmetic

arithmeticæ localis

device and technique to aid in performing arithmetic calculations


palmo

From Spanish and Portuguese palmo (“handspan”), from Latin palmus. Doublet of palm, palma, and pam.

(historical, measure) A traditional Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 20.8 cm.


ponto

From Portuguese ponto (“point”), Old Galician-Portuguese ponto, from Latin punctum, from pungō (“to prick, to puncture”). Doublet of punto and puncto.

(historical, measure) A traditional short Portuguese unit of length usually about equal to 0.2 mm.


kenning

unknown

Origin unknown

In the hall. One large table, with frame. 10s. ij cobbordes 8s. j fourme, j chaire, and j kenninge measure, 12d.

1585–1586 January 18, “LXIII. Testamentum Johannis Ogle. [63. Will of John Ogle.]”, in [William Greenwell], editor, Wills and Inventories from the Registry at Durham. Part II (The Publications of the Surtees Society; XXXVIII), Durham: Published for the Society by George Andrews, Durham; London: Whittaker and Co., 13 Ave Maria Lane; T. and W. Boone, 29 New Bond Street; Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, published 1860, →OCLC, page 132:

He called one day at Mr. Hepple's, of Needless Hall, in a forlorn condition, seeking his seed (a present of corn given at seed-time). […] After this conversation, Mr. Hepple served him with a kenning of oats, which was a much greater quantity than he usually gave on such occasions.

1828, chapter XXX, in E. Mackenzie, editor, compiled by James Thompson, A New, Improved, and Authentic Life of James Allan, the Celebrated Northumberland Piper; Detailing His Surprising Adventures in Various Parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, including a Complete Description of the Manners and Customs of the Gipsy Tribes. Collected from Sources of Genuine Authority, by James Thompson, with Explanatory Notes by E. Mackenzie, …, Newcastle upon Tyne: Printed and published by Mackenzie and Dent, St. Nicholas' Church-yard [...], →OCLC, page 460:

(Northern England) A dry measure equivalent to half a bushel; a container with that capacity.


empty product

(arithmetic) The result of multiplying no numbers, conventionally defined to equal one.


empty sum

(arithmetic) The result of adding no numbers, conventionally defined to equal zero.


nullary sum

These concepts are expressed by sum types, specifically the binary sum, which offers a choice of two things, and the nullary sum, which offers a choice of no things.

2012, Robert Harper, Practical Foundations for Programming Languages, →ISBN, page 86:


stabilizer

tlb

(American spelling, Oxford British English)

(mathematics) For a group operating on a set and an element x of the set, the set of all group elements fixing x.

stabilisaattori

set of group elements fixing an element of a set operated on by the group


improper fraction

en-noun

improper fraction (plural improper fractions)

(arithmetic) A vulgar fraction of which the numerator has a greater magnitude than the denominator, such as 3/2.


proper fraction

proper fraction (plural proper fractions)

(arithmetic) A vulgar fraction in which the magnitude of the numerator is less than or equal to that of the denominator, such as 2/3.


vulgar fraction

vulgar fraction (plural vulgar fractions)

Calque of New Latin fractiō vulgāris, from Latin vulgāris (“common”), originally in contrast to specialised forms such as “astronomical” (sexagesimal) fractions.

(arithmetic) A fraction in the form of one integer divided by another, non-zero, integer.


common fraction

common fraction (plural common fractions)

Originally a calque of New Latin fractiō vulgāris. See vulgar fraction.


multiplicity

multiplicity (countable and uncountable, plural multiplicities)

(mathematics) The number of values for which a given condition holds.

kertaluku

mathematics: the number of values for which a given condition holds


dendrimer

(graph theory) A graph formed of branches from a central core.


deterministic

en-adj

deterministic (comparative more deterministic, superlative most deterministic)

more deterministic (comparative)
most deterministic (superlative)

Another class, P, is a subset of NP, and includes all decision problems that can be solved by a (deterministic) Turing machine in polynomial time.

2017, Arlindo Oliveira, The Digital Mind: How Science Is Redefining Humanity, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 81:

(mathematics, of a Turing machine) Having at most one instruction associated with any given internal state.


affine arithmetic

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis, computing) A model for self-validated numerical analysis in which quantities are represented as affine combinations (called affine forms) of certain primitive variables that stand for sources of uncertainty in data or approximations made during computations.

affine arithmetic
simple:affine arithmetic


numerical analysis

(mathematics) The study of algorithms to solve mathematical problems concerning continuous sets of values (such as the real numbers, complex numbers or vector spaces).

numerical analysis
simple:numerical analysis


binary arithmetic

en-noun

binary arithmetic (usually uncountable, plural binary arithmetics)

Note that all correctly rounding arithmetics satisfy property A1, as do those with properly truncating addition. All faithful binary arithmetics and all arithmetics with either properly truncating or correctly chopping addition satisfy property A2.

1992, Douglas M. Priest, On Properties of Floating Point Arithmetics, University of California, Berkeley, page 17:

(arithmetic) arithmetic using binary numbers


decimal arithmetic

(arithmetic) Arithmetic using decimal numbers.


spherical geometry

spherical geometry (usually uncountable, plural spherical geometries)

The basic concepts of Euclidean geometry of the plane are the point and the (straight) line; in spherical geometry, the corresponding concepts are the point and the great circle.

Due to the way the geometry of a sphere's surface differs from that of the plane, spherical geometry has some features of a non-Euclidean geometry and is sometimes described as being one. Historically, however, spherical geometry was not considered a fully fledged (non-Euclidean) geometry capable of resolving the question of whether the parallel postulate is a logical consequence of the rest of Euclid's axioms of plane geometry.

1972, Morris Kline, Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 1990, paperback, page 119,
Spherical trigonometry presupposes spherical geometry, for example the properties of great circles and spherical triangles, much of which was already known; it had been investigated as soon as astronomy became mathematical, during the time of the later Pythagoreans.

We start with spherical geometries. The two geometries on spheres of radiuses R₁ and R₂ are obviously identical if R₁ = R₂; moreover, the converse also holds.

1994, Viacheslav V. Nikulin, Igor R. Shafarevich, translated by Miles Reid, Geometries and Groups, Springer, page 194:

To collect the boundary of the point set in the tree we pass a bounding box (for Euclidean geometries) or the universal set (for spherical geometries) to the root of the tree.

2008, Sherif Ghali, Introduction to Geometric Computing, Springer, page 272:

2020, Marshall A. Whittlesey, Spherical Geometry and Its Applications, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), unnumbered page,
It has been at least fifty years since spherical geometry and spherical trigonometry have been a regular part of the high school or undergraduate curriculum.

(geometry, uncountable) The geometry of the 2-dimensional surface of a sphere;

The geometry of the 2-dimensional surface of a sphere;
(countable) a given geometry of the surface of a sphere; a geometry of the surface of a given sphere, regarded as distinct from that of other spheres.


noneuclidean geometry

noneuclidean geometry (countable and uncountable, plural noneuclidean geometries)

non-Euclidean geometry
non-Euclidean geometry#English

(geometry, US) Alternative form of non-Euclidean geometry


spherical cap

(geometry) A portion of the surface of a sphere cut off by a plane.


spherical lune

(geometry) A portion of the surface of a sphere cut off by two vertical planes through the centre of the sphere.


spherical wedge

spherical wedge (plural spherical wedges)

(geometry) A volume of a sphere lying between two vertical planes through the centre of the sphere.


directly proportional

independent variable
independent variable

(mathematics) Proportional to a constant multiple of an independent variable.

přímo úměrný

proportional to a constant multiple of an independent variable


reflector

(cellular automata) A pattern which can change the direction and/or offset of an oncoming spaceship without being destroyed.


touchpoint

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The Gergonne triangle is defined by the three touchpoints of the incircle on the three sides.


transdimensional

en-adj

transdimensional (comparative more transdimensional, superlative most transdimensional)

more transdimensional (comparative)
most transdimensional (superlative)

For quotations using this term, see Citations:transdimensional.

(statistics) Applicable to multiple dimensionalities; Having components or subspaces of different dimension.


closure

en-noun

closure (countable and uncountable, plural closures)

From Middle English closure, from Old French closure, from Late Latin clausura, from Latin claudere (“to close”); see clausure and cloture (etymological doublets) and close.

(mathematics) The smallest set that both includes a given subset and possesses some given property.

7 THEOREM The closure of any set is the union of the set and the set of its accumulation points.

1955 [Van Nostrand Reinhold], John L. Kelley, General Topology, 2017, Dover, page 42, The closure (𝔗-closure) of a subset A of a topological space (X,𝔗) is the intersection of the members of the family of all closed sets containing A. […]

(topology, of a set) The smallest closed set which contains the given set.


algebraic geometry

algebraic geometry (countable and uncountable, plural algebraic geometries)

1977, Robin Hartshorne, Algebraic Geometry, Springer, Softcover Reprint, 1977, page xiii,
The author of an introductory book on algebraic geometry has the difficult task of providing geometrical insight and examples, while at the same time developing the modern technical language of the subject. For in algebraic geometry, a great gap appears to separate the intuitive ideas which form the point of departure from the technical methods used in modern research.
The first question is that of language. Algebraic geometry has developed in waves, each with its own language and point of view.

2003, Ian F. Blake, Curves with Many Points and Their Applications, Marc Fossorier, Hideki Imai, Shu Lin, Alain Poli (editors), Applied Algebra, Algebraic Algorithms and Error-Correcting Codes: 13th International Symposium, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 1719, page 55,
The use of curves in algebraic geometries, in applications such as coding and cryptography, now has an extensive literature and has been responsible for dramatic developments in both subjects.

For example, every high school mathematics student has studied a bit of algebraic geometry, in learning the basic properties of conic sections, such as parabolas and hyperbolas.

2013, Karen E. Smith, Lauri Kahanpää, Pekka Kekäläinen, William Traves, An Invitation to Algebraic Geometry, Springer, page 1:

(mathematics) A branch of mathematics that studies algebraic varieties (solution sets of polynomial equations) and their generalisations, using techniques from both algebra (chiefly commutative algebra) and geometry.

հանրահաշվական երկրաչափություն

branch of mathematics that studies solutions of systems of algebraic equations using both algebra and geometry


combinatorics

(mathematics) a branch of mathematics that studies (usually finite) collections of objects that satisfy specified criteria


hexagonal prism

hexagonal prism (plural hexagonal prisms)

(geometry) any prism, an octahedron, constructed on a hexagonal base

seslatera prismo

prism (an octahedron) made on a hexagonal base


stochastic process

stochastic process (plural stochastic processes)

A stochastic process #92;#123;#92;zeta#95;t#92;#125; is a family of random variables that depends on a parameter t, usually called time.[…]Two important properties stochastic processes may have are given in the following definition.

1994, Andrzej Lasota, Michael C. Mackey, Chaos, Fractals, and Noise: Stochastic Aspects of Dynamics, 2nd edition, Springer, page 254:

Hence even Bernoulli processes, often regarded as the most random stochastic processes, are simulated by deterministic systems in science when observed with specific observation functions. But then any attempt to separate such deterministic systems from the deterministic systems needed to simulate the stochastic processes in science must fail. The philosophical implication of this result is that the above guess is wrong, viz. the deterministic systems which simulate the stochastic processes in science include deterministic systems in science. This indicates that from a predictive viewpoint, stochastic processes and deterministic systems are very similar.

2009, Charlotte Werndl, “Deterministic Versus Indeterministic Descriptios: Not That Different After All”, in Alexander Hieke, Hannes Leitgeb, editors, Reduction - Abstraction - Analysis, page 71:

A unified treatment of all the aspects of Fourier theory relevant to the Fourier analysis of stochastic processes is not only unavoidable, but also intellectually satisfying, and in fact time-saving.

2014, Pierre Brémaud, Fourier Analysis and Stochastic Processes, Springer, page xi:

(mathematics, probability theory) A function that maps elements of an index set to elements of a collection of random variables; historically, a collection of random variables indexed by a set of numbers usually regarded as points in time.

隨機過程 /随机过程

a function mapping to set of random variables


test-retest method

(statistics) A technique used to estimate the reliability or consistency of some measurement by correlating the results of multiple measurements, spread over time.


cocktail party graph

cocktail party graph (plural cocktail party graphs)

So called because it can be visualised as the set of handshakes if n couples go to a party and each person shakes hands with every person except his or her partner.

(mathematics) A graph consisting of two rows of paired nodes in which all nodes except the paired ones are connected with straight lines; it is the complement of the ladder rung graph, and the dual graph of the hypercube.


catacaustic

(mathematics) the envelope of all rays that emanate from a specified point (the radiant point) and reflect from a given curve; the evolute of the orthotomic


compressible

en-adj

compressible (comparative more compressible, superlative most compressible)

more compressible (comparative)
most compressible (superlative)

(topology, of a surface embedded in a 3-dimensional manifold) Containing a circle that does not serve as the boundary of a disk that lies in the surface, but does serve as boundary of a disk that lies in the ambient manifold.


orthocenter

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(geometry) The intersection of the three lines that can be drawn flowing from the three corners of a triangle to a point along the opposite side where each line intersects that side at a 90 degree angle; in an acute triangle, it is inside the triangle; in an obtuse triangle, it is outside the triangle.


arccoth

/ˈɑː(ɹ)kˌkɒθ/

hyberbolic cotangent
hyberbolic cotangent

(mathematics) Alternative form of arcoth (“the area hyberbolic cotangent function, i.e., the inverse hyperbolic cotangent function.”)


arcsech

/ˈɑː(ɹ)kˌsɛt͡ʃ/

(trigonometry) Alternative form of arsech (“the inverse hyberbolic secant function”)


flatness

en-noun

flatness (countable and uncountable, plural flatnesses)

From Middle English flatnesse, equivalent to flat + -ness.

(statistics) slim-tailedness or platykurticity


sinc

(mathematics) Ellipsis of sinc function. (f = sin(x)/x)


fixed point

(computing) A fractional-number representation with a fixed number of digits after the decimal point. Compare floating point and integer.

(mathematics) A value which is unchanged by a function or other mapping. Formally: a value x for which f(x)=x.


fixed point

(computing) Pertaining to fixed point representations or operations.


Lemoine hexagon

Lemoine hexagon (plural Lemoine hexagons)

Named after the French mathematician Émile Lemoine.

(geometry) A cyclic hexagon with vertices given by the six intersections of the edges of a triangle and the three lines that are parallel to the edges that pass through its symmedian point.

Mathworld article on the Lemoine hexagon


pentagonal prism

pentagonal prism (plural pentagonal prisms)

(mathematics) A prism with a pentagonal base.


heptahedron

heptahedron (plural heptahedrons or heptahedra)

heptahedrons (plural)
heptahedra (plural)

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(geometry) A polyhedron with seven faces.


disconnected

en-adj

disconnected (comparative more disconnected, superlative most disconnected)

more disconnected (comparative)
most disconnected (superlative)

(mathematics, of a topological space) That can be partitioned into two nonempty subsets which are both open and closed.


polyline

If you want to break a polyline into simple lines and arcs, you can use the Explode option on the Modify panel, just as you would with blocks. After a polyline is exploded, it becomes a set of individual line segments or arcs.

2011, George Omura, chapter 19, in Mastering AutoCAD 2010 and AutoCAD LT 2010, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 582:

(mathematics, computer graphics) A continuous line composed of one or more line segments.

murtoviiva

continuous line composed of line segments


zero-dimensional

(geometry) Having zero dimensions; having no extent in any direction.


chiliagon

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From Ancient Greek χιλιάγωνος (khiliágōnos), from χίλιοι (khílioi, “thousand”) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle”). Equivalent to chilia- + -gon.

If Kant's claim is just that it is impossible to have a sensory experience of the absence of space, then by contrast it is not impossible to have a sensory experience of a chiliagon.

1995, Lorne Falkenstein, Kant's Intuitionism, Toronto, published 2004, page 198:

(geometry, rare) A polygon with a thousand vertices and a thousand edges.


hectogon

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(geometry) A polygon having a hundred sides.

(computing) An individual processor in some parallel processing systems.


heptadecagon

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The regular 17-sided polygon (heptadecagon) can be constructed with the help of a compass and a ruler.

2001, Kunihiko Kasahara, Amazing Origami, New York, N.Y.: Sterling Publishing, →ISBN:

(geometry) A polygon with seventeen sides and seventeen angles.


icosagon

From Ancient Greek εἰκοσάγωνος (eikoságōnos, “having twenty sides”), from εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle”). Equivalent to icosa- + -gon.

uder

1993 The upper half of a regular icosagon frame is folded. - author? - Space Structures 4

(geometry) A polygon with twenty sides and twenty angles.


myriagon

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For it differs in no way from the representation I should form if I were thinking of a myriagon, or any figure with very many sides.

1998, Réné Descartes, translated by Desmond M. Clarke, Meditations, Penguin, published 2003, page 58:


pentadecagon

/ˌpɛntəˈdɛkəɡən/

In ⊙ O, draw chord AB equal to r. Draw chord AC equal to Vt (which is the side of a regular decagon). CB is now one side of the regular pentadecagon.

2003, Steven Atiyah, Essentials of Geometry, Trafford, published 2003, page 357:

(geometry) A polygon with fifteen sides.


inradius

(mathematics) the radius of the largest circle that will fit inside any given geometric shape, especially inside a regular polygon

(mathematics) the radius of the largest sphere that will fit inside any given polyhedron


circumradius

The circumradius of the unit square is one-half the square root of two.

(mathematics) For a given geometric shape, the radius of the smallest circle or sphere into which it will fit.


A simple Caesar cipher where each letter is replaced by the letter 13 positions beyond it in the alphabet (wrapping at Z to A).


SMP

en-noun

SMP (countable and uncountable, plural SMPs)

socialist millionaire problem
w:Socialist millionaires

(cryptography) Initialism of socialist millionaire problem.


saeculum

According to legend, the gods had allotted a certain number of saecula to every people or civilization; the Etruscans, for example, had been given ten saecula.

(historical, Roman) A cyclical period of time, roughly equal to the time needed for the complete renewal of a human population:

(originally) Any of a sequence of ages (periods of time) such that each age ends with the death of the last person remaining alive since its beginning, and the end of an age marks the beginning of the next.

At the time of the reign of emperor Augustus, the Romans decided that a saeculum was 110 years.

(later usage) Any of a sequence of ages of set length, used to periodise chronicles and track wars.

Because new ages are retrodictive as well as prospective, Augustus had his hierarchs discover (post hoc) that his were the fifth Secular Games since the founding of Rome, and that a saeculum was historically a period of 110 years.

1996, Hillel Schwartz, Century's End, Currency Doubleday, page 16:

Despite skepticism regarding the degree of forecasting, the authors' presentation of historical events is comprehensive and arguments for their organization into a cyclical method of four era saeculums convincing.

1997, The Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education, Volume 19, University of Kansas, page 203:

Strauss-Howe generational theory
Strauss-Howe generational theory

An approximately 85-year cycle in Strauss-Howe generational theory, a highly controversial sociological theory that postulates that zeitgeist and popular cultural values exist along recurring cycles.


Chebyshev's theorem

Bertrand's postulate
Bertrand's postulate

Bertrand's postulate, as proven by Chebyshev.

Chebyshev's inequality
Chebyshev's inequality


queen-size

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Pertaining to a larger-than-average dress, blouse, skirt, pant or stocking size for women.


quadratic mean

Quadratic in the phrase refers to the squaring on the terms.

(mathematics) A type of average, calculated as the square root of the mean of the squares, ie. Q=√x_1²+x_2²+...+x_n²/n.


harmonic mean

The harmonic mean of two numbers a and c is the number b such that #123;a-b#92;overa#125;#61;#123;b-c#92;overc#125;. Combining the two ratios: #123;b-c#92;overc#125;#61;#123;(a-b)#43;(b-c)#92;overa#43;c#125;#61;#123;a-c#92;overa#43;c#125;. Rotating the proportion 90° clockwise: #123;c#92;overa#43;c#125;#61;#123;b-c#92;overa-c#125;; transposing twice to isolate the b: b#61;c#43;c#92;left(#123;a-c#92;overa#43;c#125;#92;right). Likewise b#61;a-a#92;left(#123;a-c#92;overa#43;c#125;#92;right); these are both equivalent to the more typical, symmetrical equations: b#61;#123;2ac#92;overa#43;c#125;#61;#123;2#92;over#123;1#92;overa#125;#43;#123;1#92;overc.}}

measure of central tendency
measure of central tendency

(mathematics) A type of measure of central tendency calculated as the reciprocal of the mean of the reciprocals, i.e., H=n/1/x_1+1/x_2+⋯+1/x_n.


Chebyshev's inequality

From the surname of Russian mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev (1821–1894), the discoverer.

Pr (|X-μ|≥kσ)≤1/(k²)

(statistics) The theorem that in any data sample with finite variance, the probability of any random variable X that lies k or more standard deviations away from the mean is no more than 1/k², i.e. assuming mean μ and standard deviation σ, the probability is:

Chebyshev's inequality
Pafnuty Chebyshev


Bertrand-Chebyshev theorem

From the surname of Joseph Louis François Bertrand, who conjectured the theorem, and the surname of Pafnuty Chebyshev who proved it.

(mathematics) the theorem that there is at least one prime number between n and 2n for every n>1, i.e.:


measure of central tendency

measure of central tendency (plural measures of central tendency)

(statistics, probability) A measure of location for a batch, a sample, or a distribution characterizing a value around which are spread the members or the distribution.


alternativity

(mathematics) A term of magma used to describe identifiable properties in an algebraic structure.


incalculable

en-adj

incalculable (comparative more incalculable, superlative most incalculable)

more incalculable (comparative)
most incalculable (superlative)

Coordinate term: inestimable

(not comparable, mathematics) Impossible to calculate.


square centimeter

en-noun

square centimeter (plural square centimeters)

(American spelling) A unit of area equal to that of a square of sides 1 centimeter.


LDA

LDA (countable and uncountable, plural LDAs)

linear discriminant analysis
w:linear discriminant analysis

(statistics) Initialism of linear discriminant analysis.


boron tree

The leaves have a degree or valence (or valency) of 1 or 3 (as hydrogen and boron do in borane).


binary tree

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(mathematics, computer science) A data structure in which each node has at most two children, each node but the root has one parent, and there are no cycles.


computationally secure

en-adj

computationally secure (comparative more computationally secure, superlative most computationally secure)

more computationally secure (comparative)
most computationally secure (superlative)

(cryptography) Not decodable with all available computer power.


towering

towering (comparative more towering, superlative most towering)

more towering (comparative)
most towering (superlative)

So this was my future home, I thought![…]Backed by towering hills, the but faintly discernible purple line of the French boundary off to the southwest, a sky of palest Gobelin flecked with fat, fleecy little clouds, it in truth looked a dear little city; the city of one's dreams.

1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter IV, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

She is a towering girl with a husky baritone voice and a friendly and flamboyant style.

And it was not until Ryan Shawcross's towering header was cleared off the line by Danny Murphy on the stroke of half-time that Stoke started to crank up the pressure and suggest they were capable of getting back into the match.

2010 December 28, Marc Vesty, “Stoke 0-2 Fulham”, in BBC:

Very tall or high and dwarfing anything around it.

شَاهِق

very tall, taller than surrounding objects


SRES

The network sends a challenge to the mobile at each connection, and the mobile must send an SRES back to the network before it will allow access.

(telecommunications, cryptography) Acronym of signed response to an authentication challenge on GSM mobile networks.


backshift

en-noun

backshift (countable and uncountable, plural backshifts)

(statistics) A function on a stochastic process whose value on any random variable is the preceding random variable in the process.


Haken

For Wolfgang Haken, who studied these manifolds.

(topology, of a 3-manifold) Irreducible, compact, and containing a non-∂-parallel incompressible surface (besides a sphere or disk).


subgraph

(graph theory) A graph or network that makes up part of a larger graph or network.


spn

substitution-permutation network
w:substitution-permutation network

(cryptography) Initialism of substitution-permutation network.


biconical

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consisting of two cones placed together apex to apex


arcsch

/ˈɑː(ɹ)ˌkəʊsɛt͡ʃ/

(trigonometry) The area hyperbolic cosecant function, i.e., the inverse hyperbolic cosecant function.


geosynchronous

Refers to the orbit of a satellite whose rate of revolution is matched to the rotation period of the Earth. A special case is the geostationary orbit which is circular and equatorial, so that the satellite appears to be fixed over a particular point on Earth's sky.

geosynkroninen

orbit whose rate of revolution is matched with Earth


plane curve

(mathematics) The locus of points in the Euclidean plane that satisfies some geometric or algebraic definition; a curve in a plane (as opposed to higher-dimensional space).


Euclidean plane

Euclidean plane (plural Euclidean planes)


multidimensional

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(mathematics) Having more than two dimensions.

Having multiple dimensions (aspects).
Having more than two dimensions.


cline

Let C₁ and C₂ be two nonintersecting clines. Prove that there is a unique pair of points that are simultaneously symmetric to both C₁ and C₂.

2001, Michael Henle, Modern Geometries: Non-Euclidean, Projective, and Discrete, page 77:

To visualize Möbius transformations, it is helpful to focus on fixed points and, in the case of two fixed points, on two families of clines with respect to these points.

2009, Michael P. Hitchman, Geometry with an Introduction to Cosmic Topology, page 64:

2011, Dominique Michelucci, What is a Line?, Pascal Schreck, Julien Narboux, Jürgen Richter-Gebert (editors), Automated Deduction in Geometry, 8th International Workshop, ADG 2010, Revised Selected Papers, LNAI 6877, page 139,
Let Ω be a fixed, arbitrary, point. Then circles (in the classical sense) through Ω can be considered as lines. For convenience, such circles are called clines in this section. Two distinct clines cut in one point (ignoring Ω and the two cyclic points); it can happen that Ω is a double intersection point; in this case, one may say that the two clines are parallel, and that they meet at a point at infinity, which is Ω.

(geometry, inversive geometry) A generalized circle.


supermajority

From super- (“above, greater than”) + majority.

af

It was in order to exclude not water, but the light of day, that the Roblin Government kept its super-majority on the Public Accounts Committee working under such heavy pressure, with two foremen on the job, Taylor and Coldwell, who kept them so hard at it that the Liberals were prevented from getting at the full facts of the Kelly work on the new Parliament buildings and the Roblin Government work on the Provincial Treasury in connection with Kelly.

1915 April 2, “‘Caisson Disease’ in a Severe Form”, in Manitoba Free Press, Winnipeg, Manitoba, page 9, column 2:

The Texas Senate operates on a supermajority, too. Under ordinary circumstances, it takes approval from two-thirds of the 31 senators to bring a bill to the floor for debate.

2013 November 30, Ross Ramsey, “Supermajority Poses Dilemma for Both Parties”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The defining political fact of our time is not polarization. It’s the inability of even large bipartisan majorities to get what they want on issues like these. Call it the oppression of the supermajority.

2019 March 5, Tim Wu, “The Oppression of the Supermajority”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The failure on Wednesday to overturn Mr. Cooper’s veto was among the most dramatic consequences of Democratic legislative victories in North Carolina last November, which broke Republican supermajorities in both chambers and made it easier for Mr. Cooper’s vetos to survive.

2019 May 6, Richard Fausset, “North Carolina Legislature Fails to Overturn Governor’s Veto of Anti-Abortion Bill”, in The New York Times:

Launching his new political party, Alba, he [Alex Salmond] claimed he could help secure a “supermajority” for independence in the next Scottish parliament, which would significantly weaken Westminster’s opposition to a second independence referendum.

2021 April 15, Libby Brooks, “Could Salmond’s ‘Supermajority’ Talk Harm the Scottish Independence Cause?”, in The Guardian, London:

(chiefly Canada, US) A majority of the items being counted that reaches some preset threshold significantly greater than 50 percent, such as two thirds.

غَالِبِيَّة عُظْمَى

majority that reaches a preset threshold level


malleability

en-noun

malleability (countable and uncountable, plural malleabilities)

(cryptography) a property of a cryptographic algorithms in which an adversary can alter a ciphertext such that it decrypts to a related plaintext


oriented

en-adj

oriented (comparative more oriented, superlative most oriented)

more oriented (comparative)
most oriented (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-oriented.wav

(geometry, topology) In any of various technical senses, admitting or being equipped with a notion of handedness (i.e. of distinguishing clockwise and anticlockwise). See Orientability on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


perforation

en-noun

perforation (countable and uncountable, plural perforations)

(mathematics) That portion of a surface that remains after an open disk is removed from it.


pointlessness

pointlessness (countable and uncountable, plural pointlessnesses)

(topology, geometry, uncountable) The quality of not mentioning points.


keyword

Coordinate term: keyphrase

(cryptography) Any word used as the key to a code.


bijective

1987, James S. Royer, A Connotational Theory of Program Structure, Springer, LNCS 273, page 15,
Then, by a straightforward, computable, bijective numerical coding, this idealized FORTRAN determines an EN. (Note: In this FORTRAN example, we could have omitted restrictions on I/O and instead used a computable, bijective, numerical coding for inputs and outputs to get another EN determined by FORTRAN.)

1993, Susan Montgomery, Hopf Algebras and Their Actions on Rings, American Mathematical Society, CBMS, Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, Number 83, page 124,
Recent experience indicates that for infinite-dimensional Hopf algebras, the “right” definition of Galois is to require that β be bijective.

2008, B. Aslan, M. T. Sakalli, E. Bulus, Classifying 8-Bit to 8-Bit S-Boxes Based on Power Mappings, Joachim von zur Gathen, José Luis Imana, Çetin Kaya Koç (editors), Arithmetic of Finite Fields: 2nd International Workshop, Springer, LNCS 5130, page 131,
Generally, there is a parallel relation between the maximum differential value and maximum LAT value for bijective S-boxes.

An isomorphism is a bijective homomorphism.

2010, Kang Feng, Mengzhao Qin, Symplectic Geometric Algorithms for Hamiltonian Systems, Springer, page 39:

2012 [Introduction to Graph Theory, McGraw-Hill], Gary Chartrand, Ping Zhang, A First Course in Graph Theory, 2013, Dover, Revised and corrected republication, page 64,
The proof that isomorphism is an equivalence relation relies on three fundamental properties of bijective functions (functions that are one-to-one and onto): (1) every identity function is bijective, (2) the inverse of every bijective function is also bijective, (3) the composition of two bijective functions is bijective.

(mathematics, of a function) Associating to each element of the codomain exactly one element of the domain; establishing a perfect (one-to-one) correspondence between the elements of the domain and the codomain; (formally) both injective and surjective.

Proving the conjecture is equivalent to constructing a PCP that reads 2 symbols and accepts iff these symbols satisfy a bijective constraint.

2002, Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing, ACM Press, page 774:

(mathematics) Having a component that is (specified to be) a bijective map; that specifies a bijective map.


hypertoroid

An N-dimensional equivalent to a toroidal, given N being a positive integer greater than 3.

fourth dimension
fourth dimension#English

(by restriction) A toroid scaled up into the fourth dimension.


chi-square

(mathematics) A test statistic used in the chi-square test.


chi-square test

chi-square test (plural chi-square tests)

chi-square distribution
chi-square distribution

(mathematics) any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic has a chi-square distribution if the null hypothesis is true


chi-square distribution

chi-square distribution (plural chi-square distributions)

1992, Harold R. Lindman, Analysis of Variance in Experimental Design, Springer, Softcover Reprint, page 7,
The chi-square distribution with ν degrees of freedom is defined to be the distribution of the sum of ν independent squared random variables, each having the standard normal distribution.

The family of chi-square distributions, like the "Student's" t distributions, has an infinite number of members, one for each number of degrees of freedom.

2003, Chin Long Chiang, Statistical Methods of Analysis, World Scientific Publishing, page 204:

2012, Anthony J. Hayter, Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, 4th Edition, Cengage Learning, page 254,
The degrees of freedom of a chi-square distribution are usually denoted by the Greek letter ν and can take any positive integer value.

inferential statistics
inferential statistics

(statistics) A probability distribution widely used in inferential statistics.


free variable

(mathematics, logic) A variable (occurring within some expression or well-formed formula) which is not bound by a quantifier or analogous symbol (such as a lambda abstractor, the "differential d" near the end of an integral or differential form, or a summation symbol).


M1 (countable and uncountable, plural M1s)

(mathematics) The number two, as the first Mersenne prime.


(mathematics) The number three as the second Mersenne prime.


SDR

SDR (countable and uncountable, plural SDRs)

system of distinct representatives
w:transversal (combinatorics)

(mathematics) Initialism of system of distinct representatives.


projective geometry

(mathematics) The branch of mathematics that investigates those properties of figures that are invariant under homographies, special kinds of spaces called projective spaces, and the geometric structures that inhabit them.


projective

en-adj

projective (comparative more projective, superlative most projective)

more projective (comparative)
most projective (superlative)

Formed by the suffixation of prōiect- (the perfect passive participial stem of the Classical Latin prōiciō, whence the English verb project) with the English -ive, forming project + -ive; however, compare the post-Classical Latin prōiectīvus (“relating to purging”).

cog

Hence the non-Euclidean angle is measured by one-half the logarithm of the cross-ratio of four rays. Although the Euclidean point of view has been adopted for simplicity, the final result, depending as it does only on the cross-ratio, is projective; it is therefore independent of the particular assumptions that the rays α and β are perpendicular and that the initial line bisects the angle between them.

1912 November, Edwin B. Wilson, Gillbert B. Lewis, “The Space-Time Manifold of Relativity. The Non-Euclidean Geometry of Mechanics and Electromagnetics”, in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, volume 45, number 11, page 503:

(geometry) Of or related to projective geometry:

(now usually in set phrases, of a property of a geometric object, figure, etc.) Invariant under projective transformations.

now usually in set phrases; figure; now usually in set phrases; figure

(of a geometric object, figure, etc.) Defined in or inhabiting a projective space.

(algebra) In a technical sense, general (but not necessarily so general as to be free); involving such objects:

(module theory, of a (left) module M over a ring R) Such that there is another (left) R-module N with M⊕N a free R-module. Equivalently, projective in the category of modules (see below).

(category theory, most generally, of an object P in a category) Such that, given an epimorphism e:E→X and morphism f:P→X, f factors through e; that is, there exists a morphism ̃f:P→E with e∘̃f=f.

(group theory, of a profinite group G) Such that every epimorphism from a profinite group onto G has a right inverse which is a homomorphism.

(homological algebra, of a resolution) Such that every object in the resolution is projective.


projective

By 2.2 we see that this is a full, contravariant imbedding, and by 2.3 the image of A in (A, G) is a generating set of small projectives.

1965, Theory of Categories, →ISBN, page 109:

In particular our assumptions hold if B is an abelian category with enough projectives.

1999, Maurice Auslander, Idun Reiten, Sverre O. Smalø, Selected Works of Maurice Auslander - Part 1, →ISBN, page 490:

The idea behind “cheating with projectives” in a pre-Abelian category with a separating class of projectives is this: Make the arrows do the work that elements do in concrete categories.

2012, M. Scott Osborne, Basic Homological Algebra, →ISBN, page 187:

(mathematics) A projective member of a category.


versine

The simplest method of calculating the radius of a curve in situ is to measure the versine; in railway practice this is done by extending a tape 66 ft. (1 ch.) long in a straight line or chord between two points on the periphery of a curve, and then measuring the maximum distance of the rail from the chord at the centre of the 66 ft. The radius in chains is found by dividing the versine in inches into 99. Thus if a versine measures 3 in., the radius will be 33 ch.

1941 September, “The Why and the Wherefore: Curves”, in Railway Magazine, page 430:


irrationality

en-noun

irrationality (countable and uncountable, plural irrationalities)

/ɪˌɹæʃ.əˈnæl.ə.ti/

/ɪˌɹæʃ.ɪˈnæl.ɪ.ti/

/əˌɹæʃ.əˈnæl.ə.ti/

From irrational + -ity. May also be analyzed as ir- + rationality.

(uncountable) The quality or state of being irrational.

(mathematics) The property of being an irrational number.


versed sine

From New Latin sinus versus (“flipped sine”); the sine function being sometimes called sinus rectus.

For the divisions, to be laid on this line, are the differences between the logarithm versed sine of 180°, and the logarithm versed sines of the successive arcs.

1753, John Robertson, “The Construction of the Logarithmic Lines on the Gunter′s Scale”, in Philosophical Transactions: 1750-1755, Great Britain: Royal Society, page 340:

But if the given arch exceed 90°, find the natural co-sine of its supplement, which add to 1000000, and the sum will be the natural versed sine required.

1805, John William Norie, A New and Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation, page xxii:

The Natural Sines in this table are fractions (radius being unit); and are particularly adapted to Dunthorne′s and other methods of clearing the moon′s distance from the effects of parallax and refraction, where natural sines or versed sines are used ;[…].

1806, John Garnett, Tables Requisite To Be Used with The Nautical Ephemeris, page 41:

trigonometric function
trigonometric function

(trigonometry) The trigonometric function 1 − cos(x).


coversed sine

From contraction of complement + versed sine.

The cosine of an arc is the sine of its complement.† In like manner, the coversed sine, cotangent, and cosecant of an arc, are respectively the versed sine, tangent, and secant of its complement.

1825, Jas Thomson, Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, page 2:

At the top of the page on the left-hand side is placed the number of degrees, and in the left-hand column each minute of the degree, opposite to which are arranged the numerical values of the sine, coversed sine, &c, of the corresponding angle in those columns, at the top of which those terms are placed.

1830, W. Hopkins, “Book II: Elements of Trigonometry”, in Geometry, Plane, Solid, and Spherical, page 46:

For the coversed sine; subtract the sine of the angle from 1. Thus, for the same angle we have the coversed sine,
1 — ·36650 = ·6335.

1838, William Grier, The Mechanic′s Pocket Dictionary, page 21:

Hence the cosines and versed sines of zenith distances are respectively equal to the sines and coversed sines of the corresponding angular elevations.

1871, Homersham Cox, The Law and Science of Ancient Lights, 2nd edition, page 109:

(trigonometry) The trigonometric function 1 − sin(x).


haversed sine

(trigonometry, rare) The trigonometric function defined as half the versed sine. Abbreviation: haversin


haversin

(trigonometry) Abbreviation of haversine.


hacoversed sine

hacoversed sine (plural hacoversed sines)

(trigonometry) The trigonometric function equal to half the coversed sine. Abbreviation: hacoversin


hacoversin

(trigonometry) Abbreviation of hacoversed sine.


havercosine

(trigonometry) the trigonometric function (1 + cos(x)) / 2, equal to half the vercosine


unit circle

(trigonometry, the unit circle) The circle of radius 1 with centre at the origin, used in defining trigonometric functions.

jednotková kružnice

circle of radius 1 with centre at the origin, used in trigonometry


RL

RL (countable and uncountable, plural RLs)

This requires keeping track of many RL algorithms and architectures, which are used as part of the state space. By contrast, our approach only focuses on training a single RL architecture, taking advantage of MCTS search and powerful state representations.

2023 June, Daniel J. Mankowitz, Andrea Michi, Anton Zhernov, Marco Gelmi, Marco Selvi, “Faster sorting algorithms discovered using deep reinforcement learning”, in Nature, volume 618, number 7964, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 257–263:

reinforcement learning
reinforcement learning#English

(machine learning) Initialism of reinforcement learning.


shimmer

From Middle English schimeren, from Old English sċymrian, sċimrian, sċimerian, from Proto-Germanic *skimarōną. Cognate with Dutch schemeren, German schimmern.

Coordinate term: jitter

As such, perturbation measures can only be derived from vowels, most accurately, sustained vowels or steady-state portions of vowels extracted from connected speech. Two commonly obtained perturbation measures are jitter and shimmer.

2010, Daniel R. Boone, The Voice and Voice Therapy, Pearson College Division, →ISBN:

(signal processing) A measure of the irregularities in the loudness of a particular pitch over time.


teaspoonful

teaspoonful (plural teaspoonfuls or teaspoonsful)

teaspoonfuls (plural)
teaspoonsful (plural)

“When I say mind,” said the blood relation, “I refer to the quarter-teaspoonful of brain which you might possibly find in her head if you sank an artesian well.”

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XVII, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

A unit of capacity equal to the amount a teaspoon can hold which is taken approximately as 5 ml.


exsecant

(trigonometry) The trigonometric function sec(x) − 1. Abbreviation: exsec


exsec

(trigonometry) Abbreviation of exsecant.


excosecant

(trigonometry) The trigonometric function csc(x) − 1. Abbreviation: excsc


excsc

(trigonometry) Abbreviation of excosecant.


golden ratio

(geometry) The irrational number (approximately 1.618), usually denoted by the Greek letter φ (phi), which is equal to the sum of its own reciprocal and 1, or, equivalently, is the square root of the sum of itself and 1.

黄金比

おうごんひ ōgon hi


real-valued

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis, of a function) Having only real values: having as its codomain the set of real numbers or a subset thereof.


contour

Borrowed from French contour, from contourner, equivalent to con- + tour.

A line on a map or chart delineating those points which have the same altitude or other plotted quantity: a contour line or isopleth; (metonymically) the landform or its surface.


distributive

en-adj

distributive (comparative more distributive, superlative most distributive)

more distributive (comparative)
most distributive (superlative)

If function f is distributive with respect to function g, then f(a,g(b,c))=g(f(a,b),f(a,c)).

If the operation ⋆ is distributive with respect to the operation ∘, then a⋆(b∘c)=(a⋆b)∘(a⋆c).

(mathematics) A property of functions that have a rule describing how the function can be performed to the individual components of another operation.


equate

en-verb

equate (third-person singular simple present equates, present participle equating, simple past and past participle equated)

equates (present singular third-person)
equating (participle present)
equated (participle past)
equated (past)

From Middle English equaten, from Latin aequātus, perfect passive participle of aequō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix).

Mr. Hoyle, who does not believe many multiple-unit diesel services on secondary routes will resist for ever the road transport challenge, would forgo passenger traffic altogether on a little-used route in order to improve the quality of the freight working and reduce its costs by equating the average speed of all trains on the line concerned.

1960 February, “Talking of Trains”, in Trains Illustrated, page 67:

(transitive, mathematics) To set as equal.


matching

(graph theory) A set of independent edges in a given graph, i.e. a set of edges which do not intersect, such that pairs of vertices are "matched" to each other one to one.


algorism

en-noun

algorism (countable and uncountable, plural algorisms)

From Middle English algorisme, from Old French algorisme, from Medieval Latin algorismus. See algorithm.

The Algorism in Addition of Fractions. — There are two accepted forms of work in addition of fractions...

1921, Paul Klapper, The Teaching of Arithmetic: A Manual for Teachers, D. Appleton and Company, page 231:

The works of al-Khowarizmi were translated into Latin, and through a perversion of his name the art of computing with Hindu-Arabic numerals became known as algorism.

1948, Øystein Ore, Number Theory and Its History, page 20:

Obsolete spelling of algorithm. (all senses)


fano

A non-singular complete algebraic variety whose anticanonical bundle is ample.


identically

en-adv

identically (comparative more identically, superlative most identically)

more identically (comparative)
most identically (superlative)

two expressions that are identically equal to each other


subcategory

(category theory) A subclass of a category which is itself a category, whose arrows are a restriction of the arrows of the parent category, and whose composition rule is a restriction of the parent category's.


grao

From Portuguese grão (“grain”), from Old Galician-Portuguese grão, from Latin grānum. Doublet of corn, grain, gram, and granum.

doublet

(historical) A traditional short Portuguese unit of length, equivalent to about 4.6 mm.

(historical) A traditional short Portuguese unit of mass, equivalent to about 50 mg.


slapping

en-adj

slapping (comparative more slapping, superlative most slapping)

more slapping (comparative)
most slapping (superlative)

It remains to be seen whether she will retain her coat after whelping; if she does, then Americans will be able to admire a slapping great collie bitch — a matron of the robust kind yet retaining all those graces of the collie female of quality.


ket

From bra-ket notation invented by Paul Dirac, from bracket.

A particular ket, say |A⟩, might be represented by a particular column vector. Its corresponding bra, ⟨A|, would then be represented by the row vector which is the transpose conjugate of that column vector.

(linear algebra, quantum mechanics) A column vector, in Hilbert space, especially as representing the state of a quantum mechanical system; the complex conjugate transpose of a bra (a row vector); a ket vector. Symbolised by |...〉.


projector

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛktɚ/

Partly from Latin projector (“person who throws away”); partly directly from project + -or.

der

(mathematics) An operator that forms a projection.


arithmetical

From Latin arithmēticus + -al; equivalent to arithmetic + -al.

(mathematics) Of or pertaining to arithmetic, particularly the functions of arithmetic (noun; stress on the second syllable).


arithmetical

(mathematics, archaic) Synonym of arithmetic mean


SLM

small language model
small language model#English

(machine learning) Initialism of small language model.


infimum

Borrowed from Latin infimum (“lowest part”), from infimus (“lowest”).

(mathematics) (of a subset) the greatest element of the containing set that is smaller than or equal to all elements of the subset. The infimum may or may not be a member of the subset.


supremum

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supremum.wav

A sublattice of a lattice is a subset that is closed under pairwise infima and suprema.

2006, Charalambos D. Aliprantis, Kim C. Border, Infinite Dimensional Analysis: A Hitchhiker's Guide, 3rd edition, Springer, page 8:

The best way to describe the supremum of S is to say that it wants to be the greatest element of S. In fact, if S has a greatest element, then that element is the supremum.

2010, James S. Howland, Basic Real Analysis, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, page 9:

The key to an approach to vector optimization based on infimum and supremum is to consider set-based objective functions and to extend the partial ordering of the original objective space to a suitable subspace of the power set. In this new space the infimum and supremum exist under the usual assumptions.

2011, Andreas Löhne, Vector Optimization with Infimum and Supremum, Springer, page vii:

partially ordered set
partially ordered set

(set theory) (real analysis): Given a subset X of R, the smallest real number that is ≥ every element of X; (order theory): given a subset X of a partially ordered set P (with partial order ≤), the least element y of P such that every element of X is ≤ y.

supremum

element of a set greater than or equal to all members of a given subset


stade

From Latin stadium, from Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion), a 600-foot racetrack, a distance of 600 Greek feet. Cognate with French stade. Doublet of stadium, stadion, and estadio.

doublet

(historical) Synonym of stadion: a former Greek unit of distance (variously 150–210 m at different places and times).

stadion

(dated) A track for footraces and its surrounding stadium.


stade

From Spanish estado, from Latin status (“standing”), in reference to it being roughly the height of a grown man. Doublet of estate, state, status, and estado.

(historical) A unit of length notionally based on the height of a grown man, equivalent to a fathom.

(units of measure, obsolete) Synonym of estadio: a traditional Spanish unit of measure equivalent to about 1.67 m.


birthrate

The ratio of total live births to total population for a specific community or nation in a specified period; often expressed in births per thousand per year


king-sized

Unusually large, used especially of a king-sized bed.


point group

(mathematics) A group of isometries leaving a fixed point.


quadratic equation

en-noun

quadratic equation (plural quadratic equations)

When I was seven years old at a new school, I cried all day, every day. When I was 14 years old, I cried in maths lessons. An improvement, I guess. It wasn’t that I was bad at maths; I knew my way around a quadratic equation, let me tell you.

2015 September 8, Katie Everson, “Why I've written a book for teenagers about taking drugs”, in The Guardian:

The arid argot of the estate agent’s schedule becomes obsolete when the task is to sell a pub-restaurant at the edge of a Highland wilderness. It’s like trying to describe the glory of the Lake District with a quadratic equation.

2018 November 25, Kevin McKenna, “Remote island pub for sale ... just don’t expect a quiet life”, in The Guardian:

The quadratic equation has frustrated math students for millenniums. […] If, while watching the Super Bowl, you had wanted to estimate how far a pass thrown by Patrick Mahomes traveled through the air, you would have been solving a quadratic equation.

2020 February 5, Kenneth Chang, Jonathan Corum, “This Professor’s ‘Amazing’ Trick Makes Quadratic Equations Easier”, in The New York Times:

If there’s one skill we absolutely should have been taught in school, it's how to craft the perfect dating app profile. I mean, if I can still remember the quadratic equation, surely I should have been schooled in the art of snagging a date. But alas, our education system seems to think finding our soulmates isn't as essential as algebra.

2024 April 8, Lydia Wang, Morgan Sullivan, Rachel Varina, “24 Best Hinge Prompts to Actually Help Your Matches Get to Know You”, in Cosmopolitan:

(algebra) A polynomial equation of the second degree; an equation that can be rearranged in standard form as ax²+bx+c=0, where x is an unknown value, a, b, and c are known numbers, and where a does not equal zero.


gigahertz

gigahertz (plural gigahertz or gigahertzes)


injective

This term was introduced by Nicolas Bourbaki in his treatise Éléments de mathématique.

(mathematics) Of, relating to, or being an injection: such that each element of the image (or range) is associated with at most one element of the preimage (or domain); inverse-deterministic

short exact sequence
short exact sequence

(algebra, module theory, of a (left) module M over a ring R) Loosely, having a certain generalizing property, abstracted from the study of ℚ as a ℤ-module. Formally, such that any short exact sequence of (left) R-modules beginning with M splits, or any of several equivalent statements: See Injective module.

(category theory, most generally, of an object Q in a category C) Loosely, having a property analogous to that which characterizes injective modules (see above). Formally, such that, given a monomorphism f:X→Y in C, for every morphism g:X→Q there exists a morphism h:Y→Q such that h∘f=g; see Injective object.


Pythagoras

/paɪˈθæɡ.əɹ.əs/

/pɪˈθæɡ.əɹ.əs/

/paɪˈθæɡ.ɚ.əs/

From Ancient Greek Πῡθαγόρᾱς (Pūthagórās).

Pitagora

Ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher

Serge Lang and Gene Murrow (1988) Geometry, →ISBN, page 203: “By Pythagoras, we find the length of the third side, |AB|² = (2a)² – a² = 4a² – a² = 3a²”

Pythagoras' theorem
Pythagoras' theorem#English

(mathematics, colloquial) Ellipsis of Pythagoras' theorem.


Pythagorean theorem

Named after Pythagoras (from Ancient Greek Πυθαγόρας (Puthagóras)), the Greek mathematician and philosopher who by tradition is credited with the theorem’s discovery and proof.

The Pythagorean theorem only applies to right triangles.

(geometry) A mathematical theorem which states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of those of the two other sides.

(functional analysis) A generalization of the Pythagorean theorem for Euclidean triangles to Hilbert spaces.


Pythagorean triple

Pythagorean triple (plural Pythagorean triples)

(mathematics) A set of three positive integers a, b and c, for which a²+b²=c².


kriging

From the name of Danie G. Krige, South African engineer, + -ing.

(mathematics) A regression technique used to interpolate data.


hermitize

en-verb

hermitize (third-person singular simple present hermitizes, present participle hermitizing, simple past and past participle hermitized)

hermitizes (present singular third-person)
hermitizing (participle present)
hermitized (participle past)
hermitized (past)

(mathematics) to cause to become Hermitian


mixing

en-adj

mixing (comparative more mixing, superlative most mixing)

more mixing (comparative)
most mixing (superlative)

A strictly stationary and mixing process with finite expectation satisfies a Law of Large Numbers.

(statistics) Of a stochastic process, to be asymptotically independent (in a precise mathematical sense).


biserial

(statistics) Having a correlation between one series and another that is divided into two types


caterpillar tree

en-noun

caterpillar tree (plural caterpillar trees)

(graph theory) A tree consisting of only a path (the spine or stalk of the tree) and vertices directly connected to (i.e. one edge away from) that path; a tree whose vertices with a degree of at least 3 are all surrounded by at most two vertices of degree two or greater.


Bellard's formula

A formula used to calculate the nth digit of pi in base 2.


substitution cipher

substitution cipher (plural substitution ciphers)

(cryptography) A method of encryption by which units of plaintext are substituted with ciphertext according to a regular system; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing an inverse substitution.


hockey stick

One of the pillars of the case for man-made global warming is a graph nicknamed the hockey stick. It's a reconstruction of temperatures over the past 1,000 years based on records captured in tree rings, corals and other markers. The stick's shaft shows temperatures oscillating slightly over the ages. Then comes the blade: The mercury swings sharply upward in the 20th century.

2005 February 14, Antonio Regalado, “In Climate Debate, The 'Hockey Stick' Leads to a Face-Off”, in Wall Street Journal, →ISSN:

They made it the focus of their attacks, hoping that by demolishing the hockey stick graph they would destroy the credibility of climate scientists and the notion of global warming as a phenomenon caused by human activity.

2006 March 15, Fred Pearce, “Climate: The great hockey stick debate”, in New Scientist:

“That said, we continue to remain cautious of pie-in-the-sky forecasts that see this hockey stick continuing indefinitely,” Nathanson added[…].

2024 April 18, Callum Jones, quoting Michael Nathanson, “Netflix profits surge as streaming service adds 9.3m subscribers in latest quarter”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(informal, statistics) A statistical trend in a graph of survey data in which most of the results are flat and then the graph suddenly peaks in a steep near-vertical direction.


angle bracket

Any of a number of angle-shaped brackets.

(typography, mathematics) Either of a pair of symbols, ⟨ ⟩, used to enclose text in various technical contexts, and in mathematical formulas to denote an interval, a continuous parameter or an inner product.


coercive

en-adj

coercive (comparative more coercive, superlative most coercive)

more coercive (comparative)
most coercive (superlative)

/kəʊˈɜː(ɹ)sɪv/

(mathematics, of a function F) Such that the ratio of |F(x)| to x approaches infinity as x approaches infinity.


middie

(Australia) A measure of 285 ml (10 fl oz) of beer; a pot.


adjoint

Adjoint representation
Adjoint representation of a Lie algebra
adjoint

/ˈæd͡ʒ.ɔɪnt/

From French adjoindre (“to join”), from late 19th C; see also adjoin. Doublet of adjunct.
In the case of category theory (which brings together concepts from numerous fields), the term is often confounded with adjunct and the relationship is called an adjunction. The origin of any particular usage may therefore be uncertain.

inner automorphism
inner automorphism#English

complex conjugation
complex conjugation#English

(mathematics) Used in certain contexts, in each case involving a pair of transformations, one of which is, or is analogous to, conjugation (either inner automorphism or complex conjugation).

(mathematics, category theory, of a functor) That is related to another functor by an adjunction.

The sets A + A₀, B + B₀, together, form the complete intersection, with f = 0, of a composite adjoint curve of order m + k, consisting of the adjoint curve of order m through A + B, together with the non-adjoint curve ω = 0; and the set B + B₀ consists of p points, and lies on i + j adjoint φ-curves of f = 0.

1933, H. F. Baker, Principles of Geometry, volume 5, published 2010, page 103:

As we have stated before, a curve f' is adjoint to a curve f if it have at least the multiplicity r#95;i-1 at each point where f has the multiplicity r#95;i. A first polar #92;sum#95;iy#95;i#92;left(#92;partialf#47;#92;partialx#95;i#92;right)#61;0 is an example of an adjoint curve.

1963, Julian Lowell Coolidge, A History of Geometrical Methods, page 205:

This imposes n(n - 3)/2 conditions on the n-gon adjoint curve.

2016, Eugene Wachspress, Rational Bases and Generalized Barycentrics: Applications to Finite Elements and Graphics, page 216:

(geometry, of one curve to another curve) Having a relationship of the nature of an adjoint (adjoint curve); sharing multiple points with.


adjoint

/ˈæd͡ʒ.ɔɪnt/

(mathematics) The transpose of the cofactor matrix of a given square matrix.

(mathematics, linear algebra, of a matrix) Transpose conjugate.

(mathematics, mathematical analysis, of an operator) Hermitian conjugate.

(mathematics, category theory) A functor related to another functor by an adjunction.

(geometry, algebraic geometry) A curve A such that any point of a given curve C of multiplicity r has multiplicity at least r–1 on A. Sometimes the multiple points of C are required to be ordinary, and if this condition is not satisfied the term sub-adjoint is used.


polarity

en-noun

polarity (countable and uncountable, plural polarities)

polaritat

chemistry: dipole-dipole intermolecular force

(projective geometry) A duality that is an involution, i.e. has order two. ᵂᵖ

(mathematics) An indicator of the positivity or negativity of a literal. ᵂᵖ

trilinear polarity
trilinear polarity#English

(geometry) Ellipsis of trilinear polarity.


one-dimensional

en-adj

one-dimensional (comparative more one-dimensional, superlative most one-dimensional)

more one-dimensional (comparative)
most one-dimensional (superlative)

Such one-dimensional characters have always existed in the theatre along with more recognizably human characters.

1972, Hardie Albright, Stage direction in transition:

In contrast to this are the flat, one-dimensional characters found in fables.

1999, Kimberly Kimbell-Lopez, Connecting with traditional literature:

(figuratively) Lacking depth or believability; flat.

ერთგანზომილებიანი

figuratively, lacking depth or believability


monadic

From Ancient Greek μοναδικός (monadikós, “single”), from μονάς (monás, “a unit”); see monad. By surface analysis, monad + -ic.

uder

"The monadic existential quantifier ∃, as in ∃x, may express existence of x in formal logic or mathematics]]".

(mathematics, logic) having an arity of one (taking a single argument or operand)


monic

(mathematics) Of a polynomial whose leading coefficient is one.

If a composition (of morphisms) is monic then, by theorem, the pre-composite of it is monic as well.

It is often convenient to view a monic arrow i:A↣C, defined in Chapter 1, as showing that A is a copy of a part of C, and that i maps the copy on to that part. For example, in Set, the monic arrows are the one-to-one functions and, clearly, if i is one-to-one then A is a copy of a subset of C, namely of the image of i.

1995, Colin McLarty, “Introduction”, in Elementary Categories, Elementary Toposes, page 5

(category theory) Of a morphism: that it is a monomorphism.


monodromic

(mathematics) of or relating to monodromy


monogenic

(mathematics, of a function) having a single derivative at a point

(mathematics, of a semigroup) generated by a set containing only a single element


monogenic

(mathematics) A derivative of a monogenic function


monomorphism

(category theory) A morphism n such that for any other morphisms f and g, if n∘f=n∘g then f = g.


quadrille

(mathematics) A square tiling of the plane.


polygenic

(mathematics, of a function) having an infinite number of derivatives at a point (otherwise it is monogenic)


reweighted

en-adj

reweighted (comparative more reweighted, superlative most reweighted)

more reweighted (comparative)
most reweighted (superlative)

(mathematics) (of a series etc) weighted again, especially as part of an iterative process


rhombihexahedron

great rhombihexahedron
great rhombihexahedron

small rhombihexahedron
small rhombihexahedron

(mathematics) Either of two concave polyhedra: the great rhombihexahedron and the small rhombihexahedron.


sandpile

(mathematics, computing) Any of several models in which a series of connected nodes interact with their neighbours according to fixed rules.


PDM

(signal processing) Initialism of pulse-duration modulation.

(signal processing) Initialism of pulse-density modulation.


foursquare

foursquare (comparative more foursquare, superlative most foursquare)

more foursquare (comparative)
most foursquare (superlative)

From Middle English foure square; equivalent to four + square.

(cryptography) Pertaining to a four-square cipher.


foursquare

en-noun

foursquare (countable and uncountable, plural foursquares)

(countable, cryptography) A four-square cipher.


surjective

1974, Thomas W. Hungerford, Algebra, Springer, page 5,
A function f is surjective (or onto) provided f(A)=B; in other words,
for each b∈B,b=f(a) for some a∈A.
A function f is said to be bijective (or a bijection or a one-to-one correspondence) if it is both injective and surjective.

The Garden of Eden Theorem (Theorem 5.3.1) implies that every surjective cellular automaton with finite alphabet over an amenable group is necessarily pre-injective. In this section, we give an example of a surjective but not pre-injective cellular automaton with finite alphabet over the free group #92;textstyleF#95;2.

2010, Tullio Ceccherini-Silberstein, Michel Coornaert, Cellular Automata and Groups, Springer, page 133:

This function is surjective and injective, and hence bijective.

2011, Ethan D. Bloch, Proofs and Fundamentals: A First Course in Abstract Mathematics, 2nd edition, Springer, page 156:

(mathematics) Of, relating to, or being a surjection.


commutator

Back-formation from commutation (in the late 19th century), as is commutate (verb) too.

(group theory) A binary map in a given group G, given by [g, h] = ghg⁻¹h⁻¹, where g and h are elements of G, which yields the group's identity if and only if the group operation commutes for g and h.


trigonometric

/ˌtɹɪɡ ə nəˈmɛ tɹɪk/

(mathematics) of, relating to, or constructed using trigonometry


blocking

blocking (countable and uncountable, plural blockings)

Blocking is an annoying effect in image compression using JPEG especially at low bit-rates.

2017, Sekine Asadi Amiri, Hamid Hassanpour, Image compression using JPEG with reduced blocking effects via adaptive down-sampling and self-learning image sparse representation, →DOI, page 1:

(signal processing) A rectangular discontinuity as an artifact of separating a discrete signal into blocks that are processed individually.


perturbed

en-adj

perturbed (comparative more perturbed, superlative most perturbed)

more perturbed (comparative)
most perturbed (superlative)

The equation x² − 3.0001x + 2 = 0 is a perturbed version of x² − 3x + 2 = 0.


-adic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--adic.wav

Back-formation from monadic, etc., from Ancient Greek -άς (-ás) (genitive -άδος (-ádos)) + -ικός (-ikós) (English -ad + -ic). Compare related adicity and Latinate -ary.
The algebraic sense is by analogy with p-adic, since ℤ₍ₚ₎ equipped with the (p)-adic topology passes to the ring of p-adic numbers under the operation of completion.

(mathematics, computing) Having a specified adicity.

(algebra, of a topology on a module M over a ring R, combined with a symbol (here I but also often p, m, or a) representing an ideal of R) Such that the sets x+Iⁿᴹ (where x∈M, n a non-negative integer) form a basis for the topology.


for all

For all x in A, x² is even.

(mathematics, literally) Applying to every element of a set.


pentile

(statistics) Any of the four points that divide an ordered distribution into five parts, each containing a fifth (20%) of the population. Used commonly for income distributions.

Her income placed her in the lowest pentile of the income distribution.

(statistics) Any one of the five groups.


closeness

en-noun

closeness (usually uncountable, plural closenesses)

(mathematics) The shortest path between two vertices in a graph


bounding

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bounding.wav

(geometry) Containing all points of a given set within it.


Riemann surface

Riemann surface (plural Riemann surfaces)

From Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician.

(mathematics) A one-dimensional complex manifold; a generalization of the complex plane.


complex plane

(mathematics) a representation of the space of complex numbers


rose curve

(mathematics) Any plane curve that consists of loops (petals) emanating from a central point.


SEM

SEM (countable and uncountable, plural SEMs)

(statistics) Initialism of standard error of the mean.


sinical

(dated, mathematics) of, relating to, or constructed using sines


nappe

From French nappe. Doublet of map, mop, and nape.

(mathematics) Either of the two parts of a double cone.


recurrent

From Latin recurrens, present participle of recurrere. Morphologically recur + -ent.

(mathematics, stochastic processes, of a state) Non-transient.


wythe

Uncertain.
* Perhaps an alteration of width.
* Perhaps related to withe (“flexible twig; band of twigs”), from Old English wiþþe (“tie, band”).
The chimney-partition sense may derive from the fact that a single wythe or thickness of brick has often been used for such partitions.

A chimney runs from the base of the first flue liner to the top of the last flue liner, or to any rain cap above it. Attach single-wythe chimneys to the house.

1986, Jack Payne Jones, Handbook of Construction Contracting: Plans, specs, building, Craftsman Book Company, →ISBN, page 373:

[…] Where there is more than one flue, there is usually a single wythe of masonry separating the flues. Particularly on older chimneys with poor or missing caps, this wythe of brick dividing the flues may be[…]

2003, Carson Dunlop, Principles of Home Inspection: Chimneys & wood heating, Dearborn Real Estate, →ISBN, page 30:

(architecture) A partition between flues in a chimney.


foliate

en-adj

foliate (comparative more foliate, superlative most foliate)

more foliate (comparative)
most foliate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin foliātus (“having leaves, leafy, leaved”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), a participial adjective derived from folium (“leaf; (Late Latin) leaf or sheet of paper”) + -ātus (participial adjective-forming suffix) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“blossom, flower”) or *dʰelh₁- (“to be green”)).

der

Shaped like or otherwise resembling a leaf; leaflike.

(geometry) Of a curve: having two infinite branches with a common asymptote, and a leaf-shaped loop.

lehti-

of a curve: having two infinite branches with a common asymptote, and a leaf-shaped loop


foliate

From a substantivation of the above adjective. Equivalent to folia + -ate (noun-forming suffix).


pous

From Ancient Greek πούς (poús, “foot”). Doublet of foot, pes, and pie (“Spanish unit of length”).

doublet

δάκτυλοι δάκτυλοι

στάδια στάδια

The Greek foot, a unit of length based on the shod foot, generally equal to 16 fingers (δάκτυλοι) or ¹⁄₆₀₀ stade (στάδια) but varying over time and location within Greece and the Hellenized world.


stadion

From Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion). Doublet of stade, stadium, and estadio.

The stadion did not suffice for the races of horses and chariots which had been favorites with the Greeks since the Trojan war.

1883: Franz von Reber (translated by Joseph Thacher Clarke), History of ancient art, p257 (S. Low…)

The stadion was used specifically for human athletic contests whereas the Greek hippodrome and later the Roman circus were used for equestrian events. The gymnasion and the palaistra were used for training purposes for human athletic events.

1993: David Gilman Romano, Athletics and Mathematics in Archaic Corinth: The Origins of the Greek Stadion, page 1 (Diane Publishing Co.; →ISBN (10) (13))

Stadion Race (200 meters) […] The winner of the Stadion race could justifiably be called the fastest man in the Greek world. According to legend, Herakles, whose feet were 0·32 meters (12·7 inches) long, stepped-off the Stadion at Olympia. Since he chose a distance of 600 “feet”, this made the race at Olympia 192 meters. Herakles staged a race for his brothers, the Kouretes, and crowned the victor with a branch of wild olive. Although the Greek Stadion race was always 600 feet, other Greek gods had “feet” of different lengths. This caused the length of the Stadion race to vary slightly from stadium to stadium. This list of Olympic victors compiled by Hippias in about 400 B.C. lists the Stadion race as the only event in the first 13 Olympic games. Coreobus of Elis, a cook, was the victor in the Stadion race in 776 B.C. and thus the first recorded Olympic victor.

2001, Edward Seldon Sears, Running Through the Ages, McFarland & Company, →ISBN, page 26:

Major Lacius, together with his soldiers, met the group in a place about two stadions from the court.

2011, Ali Kemal Senan, Phaselis, →ISBN, page 510:

(historical) A Greek unit of distance based on standardized footraces, equivalent to about 185.4 metres.

ста́дий

A unit of length roughly equal to 1/8 mile — see also furlong


plethron

(historical units of measure) A former Greek unit of length equal to 100 Greek feet (podes).


geostationary

The measurement is accomplished by observing the Faraday rotation angle of signals from geostationary satellites on a continuous basis.

1971, Thomas A. Croft, Measurement of a Solar Wind Plasma Stream which Endures Several Months But is Intermittent on a Time Scale of about One Day:

At a fixed distance in three dimensions relative to a particular point on the Earth's surface; generally only possible with orbital satellites.


Thurston's geometrization conjecture

After William Thurston, American mathematician.

(mathematics) A generalization of certain properties of multidimensional spaces.


endomorphism

en-noun

endomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural endomorphisms)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-endomorphism.wav

(mathematics, countable) A homomorphism that maps a system to itself.


gender bias

gender bias (countable and uncountable, plural gender biases)

A prejudicial stance towards males or females because of their gender.


angle bisector

A ray that divides an angle into two equal parts.


chupa

From Philippine Spanish chupa, probably from Malay cupak.

(Philippines, historical) A unit of volume equivalent to around 375 mL.


lowest common denominator

lowest common denominator (plural lowest common denominators)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lowest common denominator.wav

The lowest common denominator of ¹⁄₆ and ³⁄₁₀ is 30.

(mathematics) The smallest positive integer which is a multiple of every denominator of several fractions.

mínimu común denominaor

smallest multiple of several denominators


commensurable

en-adj

commensurable (comparative more commensurable, superlative most commensurable)

more commensurable (comparative)
most commensurable (superlative)

Borrowed from Late Latin Latin commensurabilis (“having a common measure”) in 1550s, from Latin com- (“with”) + mensurabilis (“measurable”). Equivalent to com- + mensurable.

bor

The numbers 12 and 18 are commensurable, as both are divisible by 6, while 12 and 19 are incommensurable.

(mathematics) (of two or more numbers) Divisible by the same number ᵂᴾ


percolation theory

en-noun

percolation theory (countable and uncountable, plural percolation theories)

(mathematics) A mathematical theory that models a cluster structure in a random graph to describe the spread of phenomena passing through the edges.


quadratic formula

quadratic formula (plural quadratic formulas or quadratic formulae)

quadratic formulas (plural)
quadratic formulae (plural)

(mathematics) The formula x=(-b±√)/(2a) for finding roots of the quadratic equation.

toisen asteen yhtälön ratkaisukaava

the formula for finding roots of the quadratic equation


order of operations

order of operations (plural orders of operations)

(mathematics) The sequence in which the various operations in a mathematical expression are to be evaluated.


point source

(mathematics) the abstract concept of a singularity emitting a flux or flow. A source with infinitesimal dimensions in space.


compass error

(geometry, geomagnetism) The combination of variation and deviation which is the horizontal angle between the direction indicated by a magnetic compass and true north.


exterior angle

(geometry) An angle formed between one side of a polygon and an extension of an adjacent side.

vnější úhel

an angle formed between one side of a polygon and an extension of an adjacent side


manpower

Canals dug entirely by manpower.

The power exerted by a single person (analogous to horsepower.)


walloping

en-adj

walloping (comparative more walloping, superlative most walloping)

more walloping (comparative)
most walloping (superlative)


unlink

(mathematics, knot theory) A link that is equivalent (under ambient isotopy) to finitely many disjoint circles in the plane.


entourage

/ˈɒn.tʊ.ɹɑːʒ/

/ˈɑ̃ː.tʊ.ɹɑːʒ/

/ˈɑn.tə.ɹɑʒ/

Unadapted borrowing from French entourage, from entourer (“to surround”).

ubor

(topology) A binary relation in a uniform space which generalises the notion of two points being no farther apart than a given fixed distance; a uniform neighbourhood.


semidiameter

From Middle English semidiametre, semydiametre, from Medieval Latin sēmidiameter, equivalent to semi- + diameter.

(astronomy) The apparent radius of a star etc, when viewed from Earth.

[B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]

1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3, page 254:


centigramme

/ˈsɛntɪˌɡɹæm/


Eureka step

(computing, mathematics) A flash of insight that cracks a problem and paves the way to a solution.


simplified expression

en-noun

simplified expression (plural simplified expressions)

(mathematics) an expression that has been condensed and shortened, so that all the like terms have been combined


affine space

(mathematics) a vector space having no origin


column space

(mathematics) The vector space generated by all the column vectors of a matrix


row space

(mathematics) The vector space generated by all the row vectors of a matrix.


compact space

(mathematics) Any topological subset of Euclidean space that is a compact set


connected space

connected space (plural connected spaces)

(mathematics) Any topological space which cannot be written as the disjoint union of two or more nonempty open spaces.

連結空間

any topological space which cannot be written as the disjoint union of two or more nonempty open spaces


dual space

continuous dual space

vector space of continuous linear functionals

(mathematics) The vector space which comprises the set of linear functionals of a given vector space.

The dual space of a Banach space X is the vector space of continuous linear functions X#92;rightarrow#92;mathbb#123;R#125;, which are called functionals. Similar notation is used for duality pairing between the Banach space X and its dual space X': #92;left#92;langleu,v#92;right#92;rangle is the result of applying the functional u#92;inX' to v#92;inX: #92;left#92;langleu,v#92;right#92;rangle#61;u(v) explicitly uses the fact that u is a function X#92;rightarrow#92;mathbb#123;R#125;.

2011, David E. Stewart, Dynamics with Inequalities, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, page 17:

(mathematics) The vector space which comprises the set of continuous linear functionals of a given topological vector space.


Einstein space

(mathematics) A Riemann space in which the contracted curvature tensor is proportional to the metric tensor


Riemann space

(mathematics) A subset of Euclidean space in which tensors are used to describe distance, angle, and curvature


exceptional space

exceptional space (plural exceptional spaces)

(mathematics, physics) A space in which a generalization of quantum mechanics is described in terms of a system with a finite number of degrees of freedom


flat space

(mathematics) Any Riemann space in which the metric tensors are constants throughout


function space

(mathematics) Any metric space whose elements are functions


metric space

(mathematics, mathematical analysis, topology) Any set on which a metric is defined, giving a distance between any two elements.


half space

(mathematics) Either of the two parts of three-dimensional space divided by a plane.


hyperbolic space

hyperbolic space (plural hyperbolic spaces)

(mathematics) Any space exhibiting hyperbolic geometry rather than Euclidean geometry


inertial space

(mathematics, physics) A coordinate system (or a frame of reference) defined with respect to the distant stars, whose relative positions do not change over reasonably long periods of time


isometric space

isometric space (plural isometric spaces)

(mathematics) Either of two spaces between which an isometry exists.


pantagruelian

en-adj

pantagruelian (comparative more pantagruelian, superlative most pantagruelian)

more pantagruelian (comparative)
most pantagruelian (superlative)

From François Rabelais' character Pantagruel, + -ian.


measurable space

en-noun

measurable space (plural measurable spaces)

(mathematics) A set with a σ-algebra defined on it.


n space

(mathematics) n-dimensional Euclidean space


n-dimensional space

n-dimensional space (plural n-dimensional spaces)

(mathematics) A vector space having n vectors as its basis.

n-dimenziós tér

a vector space having n vectors as its basis


open half space

open half space (plural open half spaces)

(mathematics) A half space that does not include the plane that bounds it


measure space

(mathematical analysis) A measurable space which has a positive measure defined on its σ-algebra.


probability space

probability space (plural probability spaces)

(mathematics) A measurable space having a unit measure


sample space

(probability theory) The set of all possible outcomes of a game, experiment or other situation.


space centrode

instantaneous centre
instantaneous centre

inertial frame of reference
inertial frame of reference

(mathematics) The path traced by the instantaneous centre of a rotating three-dimensional body moving relative to an inertial frame of reference


space curve

(mathematics) Any curve in three-dimensional space; includes any plane curve as a subset.


spacelike

(mathematics, of a four-vector) having a space component of greater magnitude than its time component multiplied by the speed of light


space velocity

space velocity (plural space velocities)

(astronomy) The velocity of a star relative to the Sun


subspace

subspace (countable and uncountable, plural subspaces)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-subspace.wav

(countable, mathematics) A subset of a space which is a space in its own right.


three-space

(mathematics) A vector space whose basis of real numbers has three vectors


topological space

topological space (plural topological spaces)

In order to obtain "intuitive insight" into special classes of topological spaces we can proceed in several ways, only a few of which will be pursued in this chapter. For instance, we can seek to describe important topological spaces by means of enough of their properties to completely characterize them, up to homeomorphism.

1964, H. J. Kowalsky, translated by Jay E. Strum, Topological Spaces, Academic Press, page 165:

2011, Jonathan A. Barmak, Algebraic Topology of Finite Topological Spaces and Applications, Springer, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2032, page xi,
Most of the spaces studied in Algebraic Topology, such as CW-complexes or manifolds, are Hausdorff. In contrast, finite topological spaces are rarely Hausdorff. A topological space with finitely many points, each of which is closed, must be discrete.

If (X,#92;tau) is a topological space, then a cover #92;mathcalB is open if each B#92;in#92;mathcalB is an open set. A topological space (X,#92;tau) is compact if every open cover of X has a finite subcover.

2013, D. J. H. Garling, A Course in Mathematical Analysis: Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, page 431:

(topology, formally) An ordered pair (X, τ), where X is a set and τ, called the topology, is a collection of subsets of X which satisfies certain axioms and whose elements are called the open sets (or alternatively, for a different set of axioms, the closed sets);

An ordered pair (X, τ), where X is a set and τ, called the topology, is a collection of subsets of X which satisfies certain axioms and whose elements are called the open sets (or alternatively, for a different set of axioms, the closed sets);
(loosely) the set X.


functor

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-functor.wav

object-oriented programming
object-oriented programming

(object-oriented programming) A function object.

funktio-olio

object-oriented programming: function object

In the category of categories, #92;mathbb#123;CAT#125;, the objects are categories and the morphisms are functors.

1991, Natalie Wadhwa (translator), Yu. A. Brudnyǐ, N. Ya. Krugljak, Interpolation Functors and Interpolation Spaces, Volume I, Elsevier (North-Holland), page 143,
Choosing for U the operation of closure, regularization or relative completion, we obtain from a given functor ℱ∈𝒥ℱ the functors
◌̅F: overrightarrow X→◌̅F( overrightarrow X),F⁰: overrightarrow X→F( overrightarrow X)⁰,Fᶜ: overrightarrow X→F( overrightarrow X)ᶜ.

Given a homotopical category X and a functor u#58;A#92;rightarrowB, a homotopical u-colimit (resp. u-limit) functor on X will be a homotopically terminal (resp. initial) Kan extension of the identity (50.2) along the induced diagram functor Xᵘ#58;Xᴮ#92;rightarrowXᴬ (47.1).

2004, William G. Dwyer, Philip S. Hirschhorn, Daniel M. Kan, Jeffrey H. Smith, Homotopy Limit Functors on Model Categories and Homotopical Categories, American Mathematical Society, page 165:

2009, Benoit Fresse, Modules Over Operads and Functors, Springer, Lecture Notes in Mathematics: 1967, page 35,
In this chapter, we recall the definition of the category of Σ_*-objects and we review the relationship between Σ_*-objects and functors. In short, a Σ_*-object (in English words, a symmetric sequence of objects, or simply a symmetric object) is the coefficient sequence of a generalized symmetric functor S(M):X→S(M,X), defined by a formula of the form
S(M,X)=⨁ ᪲ᵣ₌₀(M(r)⊗X)_(Σᵣ).

(category theory) A category homomorphism; a morphism from a source category to a target category which maps objects to objects and arrows to arrows (either covariantly or contravariantly), in such a way as to preserve morphism composition and identities.

functional programming
functional programming

(functional programming) A structure allowing a function to apply within a generic type, in a way that is conceptually similar to a functor in category theory.