time parameter

Thus, in a Friedman universe there are certain natural symmetries related to the dynamic geometry which serve as markers for the foliation of spacetime and the assigning of a cosmic time parameter.

2002, Gregory E. Ganssle, David M. Woodruff, God and Time: Essays on the Divine Nature, page 142:

For example, for each age-specific fertility time sequence analyzed in the following chapters, we have chosen a standard form that separates into one fitted age parameter and one fitted time parameter as much as possible of the relation to the change in total fertility rate.

2013, Mary B. Breckenridge, Age, Time, and Fertility, page 35:

The time parameter is really a measure of the physical evolution of the observer, their apparatus, and the SUO in the physical universe.

2016, George Jaroszkiewicz, Images of Time: Mind, Science, Reality, page 150:

(mathematics) A value that represents the amount of time that has elapsed in a mathematical model of a process.


time-one map

In [5], Brin and Pesin investigated the dynamical properties of diffeomorphisms like the time-one map of an Anosov flow, which they called "partially hyperbolic."

1995, Anne Marie Wilkinson, Stable Ergodicity of the Time-one Map of a Geodesic Flow, page 12:

(mathematics, topology) A type of diffeomorphism that represents the evolution of a dynamical system over a unit time interval, where each point in the system's phase space is mapped to another point after one unit of time has passed.


time parameter space

Typically T is a time-parameter space and is often taken to be a more general at topological space where quantum field theory may be formulated.

2006, Nobuaki Obata, White Noise Calculus and Fock Space:

If the number of discrete time parameters to be estimated in the EDM is equal to the number of continuous time parameters to be estimated (which is true for the time invariant model in Equation 4.19 in the case of equal observation intervals) and a one-to-one relationship exists between the values in the discrete time and continuous time parameter space ( in the univariate case, for example, by restricting the discrete time parameter a_Δ = eaΔt to be positive ), estimates by the indirect method give the same results as by the direct method.

2012, Steven M Boker, Michael J. Wenger, Data Analytic Techniques for Dynamical Systems:

Instead of well-defined one-parameter time-ordering in Schrödinger-Heisenberg quantum mechanics, mutual consistency of "time-orderings" and consistent interpretation of "causation" cannot be guaranteed due to the freedom in choosing any of the infinitude of ordered paths in a multidimensional time parameter space (see, for instance, Fig. 1.3).

2022, Chopin Soo, Hoi-lai Yu, Intrinsic Time Geometrodynamics: At One With The Universe, page 10:

(mathematics) A mathematical construct or structure in which a time parameter plays a major role, or the set of possible values for a time parameter.


Bellman equation

en-noun

Bellman equation (plural Bellman equations)

Named after American mathematician Richard E. Bellman (1920–1984).

named-after

A necessary condition for optimality in dynamic programming.


discrete-time signal

en-noun

discrete-time signal (plural discrete-time signals)

(mathematics) A time series consisting of a sequence of quantities.


Fubini's theorem

(mathematics) A result stating that, if a function is integrable on a rectangle, then one can evaluate the double integral as an iterated integral.


Kuratowski-Ulam theorem

Introduced by Kazimierz Kuratowski and Stanislaw Ulam (1932).

(mathematics) An analog of Fubini's theorem for arbitrary second countable Baire spaces.


Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation

Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation (plural Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations)

Named after William Rowan Hamilton, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, and Richard E. Bellman.

partial differential equation
partial differential equation

(mathematics) A nonlinear partial differential equation that provides necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality of a control with respect to a loss function.

Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
Richard E. Bellman
William Rowan Hamilton


finite set

(set theory) A set with only finitely many members. This includes the empty set.


Poincaré recurrence time

Poincaré recurrence time (countable and uncountable, plural Poincaré recurrence times)

(mathematics, physics) Of certain systems, the total amount of time required for the system to revert to a state that is almost identical to its current state.


AIgiarism

AIgiarism (usually uncountable, plural AIgiarisms)

/ˈeɪ.aɪ.d͡ʒəˌɹɪzm/

Blend of AI + plagiarism. Likely coined by user @CoinWaters in a tweet posted on October 26, 2022 (see quotation below).

Ha. Aigiarism!

2022 October 26, @CoinWaters, Twitter, archived from the original on 2024-07-22:

“I think the rules against AIgiarism should be roughly similar to those against plagiarism,” Graham said in December. “The problem with plagiarism is not just that you’re taking credit away from someone else but that you’re falsely claiming it for yourself. The latter is still true in AIgiarism. And in fact, the former is also somewhat true with current AI technology.”

2022 December 31, Alex Hern, “AI-assisted plagiarism? ChatGPT bot says it has an answer for that”, in The Guardian, archived from the original on 2023-02-08:

However, AIgiarism is a form of bypass plagiarism. The wrong of AIgiarism is not so much of inappropriate credit allocation, but the potential propagation of factual and interpretive errors as well as biases, which undermines knowledge acquisition and understanding.

2023 August 26, Bor Luen Tang, “The underappreciated wrong of AIgiarism - bypass plagiarism that risks propagation of erroneous and bias content”, in EXCLI Journal, volume 22, →DOI, pages 907–910:

One concern deems text generated by such tools to be plagiarism. Some academics have posited that Al-generated text used by students is plagiarism, or Al-assisted plagiarism or aigiarism[…]

2023 December, Sarah Elaine Eaton, editor, Handbook of Academic Integrity, Springer International Publishing, page 163:

The main problem with aigiarism-detectors (and often AI in general) is poor context-awareness. As AI absorbs text from research papers, blogs, and other online sources, software like ZeroGPT may classify much of this material as “Al-generated” soon after a text reaches the internet and is indexed somewhere.

2024 January, Robert Ciesla, The Book of Chatbots: From ELIZA to ChatGPT, Springer Nature Switzerland, page 143:

Frequencies and percentages showed that 27% and 57% of students had positive attitudes towards plagiarism and aigiarism, respectively. No significant gender differences in aigiarism were detected. Attitudes towards aigiarism did not differ according to academic major (human-scientific) or lower and higher GPA.

2024 February 5, Mustafa Ali Khalaf, “Does attitude towards plagiarism predict aigiarism using ChatGPT?”, in AI and Ethics, →DOI:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(artificial intelligence, informal, uncommon) Plagiarism committed by means of AI; AI-assisted plagiarism.


recurrence time

recurrence time (countable and uncountable, plural recurrence times)

(mathematics) The moment in time between two successive occurrences in which a Markov process enters any given state.


enneakis-

(mathematics) A variant of ennea-, used for multiplication with a second numerical prefix.


algorethics

(artificial intelligence) The study of the ethical implications of computer systems, artificial intelligence, etc.


trasarenu

(India, historical) An infinitesimally brief period of time.


Markov renewal process

Markov renewal process (countable and uncountable, plural Markov renewal processes)

(mathematics, probability theory, statistics) A class of random processes that generalize the class of Markov jump processes.


jump process

(mathematics) A type of stochastic process that has discrete movements, called jumps, with random arrival times, rather than continuous movement.


discrete-time Markov chain

discrete-time Markov chain (plural discrete-time Markov chains)

(mathematics, probability theory) A sequence of random variables, known as a stochastic process, in which the value of the next variable depends only on the value of the current variable, and not any variables in the past.


Ben Franklin effect

Ben Franklin effect (plural Ben Franklin effects)

The tendency of people to like someone more after doing a favor for them.


ceiling effect

independent variable
independent variable

(statistics) The phenomenon where an independent variable no longer has an effect on a dependent variable, or the level above which variance in an independent variable is no longer measurable.


polar axis

(mathematics) A fixed line, usually horizontal, used in polar coordinates and from which an angle coordinate is measured.


mean hitting time

mean hitting time (countable and uncountable, plural mean hitting times)

(mathematics, probability theory) The average number of steps that a Markov chain takes to go from a specified starting state to a specified target state or set of states.


cohort effect

(statistics, social sciences) The phenomenon in which research outcomes may depend on the characteristics and experiences shared within each particular cohort.


Generation Beta

Using beta as the letter that follows alpha, as in Generation Alpha.

Given all this disruption, coupled with the normalization of lower-paid work-from-home jobs and gig work, Generation Z began missing key economic milestones. They were unemployed or underemployed and unable to afford travel, or to make large purchases, such as homes and cars. College graduation rates for their children, Generation Beta, dropped precipitously.

2022, Amy Webb, Andrew Hessel, The Genesis Machine: Our Quest to Rewrite Life in the Age of Synthetic Biology, New York, N.Y.: PublicAffairs, →ISBN:

Generation Beta will begin around 2025 & could grow up in a home without a hardline phone, media player, or desktop computer.

2022 September 1, “Jobs: Past, Present, Future”, in The San Diego Voice & Viewpoint, volume 62, number 35, San Diego, Calif., →OCLC, page 17:

By 2050, Gen Z will be aged between 40 and 55, and will be travelling with their own offspring – Generation Beta, the first ‘AI natives’.

2023 December – 2024 January, “Who’s sitting next to me? How population shifts will change the face of travel”, in Wanderlust, London, →ISSN, page 156:

Now, we’re just months away from the first Generation Beta babies — and firmly on the cusp of a new era of baby naming.

2024 February 2, Lizzy Francis, “The Future Of Baby Naming Is Here, And It's Genderless”, in Tyghe Trimble, editor, Fatherly, New York, N.Y.: BDG Media, Inc., archived from the original on 2024-02-02:

The generation following Generation Alpha, to be born between the mid 2020s and the late 2030s.


denomination effect

denomination effect (plural denomination effects)

A cognitive bias in which people may be less likely to spend larger currency denominations than their equivalent value in smaller denominations.


disposition effect

disposition effect (plural disposition effects)

(finance) The tendency of investors to sell assets that have increased in value, while keeping assets that have dropped in value.


Downing effect

Named after C. L. Downing, who first obseved the effect.

(uncommon) The tendency of people with a below average IQ to overestimate their IQ, and of people with an above average IQ to underestimate their IQ.


semi-Markov process

semi-Markov process (plural semi-Markov processes)

Named after Russian mathematician Andrey Markov (Андре́й Андре́евич Ма́рков) (1856—1922), who researched the processes.

(mathematics, probability theory) A generalization of the Markov chain in which the distribution of the amount of time that the process spends in a given state is permitted to be nonexponentially (generally) distributed.


Eötvös effect

(physics) The change in measured Earth's gravity caused by the change in centrifugal acceleration resulting from eastbound or westbound velocity.


Epps effect

Named after T. W. Epps, who proposed the effect.

(economics) The phenomenon that the empirical correlation between the returns of two different stocks decreases with the length of the interval for which the price changes are measured.


floor effect

Coordinate term: ceiling effect

(statistics) The phenomenon in which a data-gathering instrument has a lower limit to the data values it can reliably specify.


generation effect

generation effect (plural generation effects)

(psychology) The tendency to better remember information if it is generated from one's own mind rather than simply read.


Gerschenkron effect

Gerschenkron effect (plural Gerschenkron effects)

Named after Alexander Gerschenkron who developed the idea.

(economics, statistics) The theory that changing the base year for an index determines the growth rate of the index.


name-letter effect

name-letter effect (plural name-letter effects)

(psychology) The tendency of people to prefer the letters in their name over other letters in the alphabet.


pratfall effect

pratfall effect (plural pratfall effects)

(psychology) The tendency for interpersonal appeal to change after an individual makes a mistake, depending on the individual's perceived competence.


serial position effect

serial position effect (plural serial position effects)

Meronyms: primacy effect, recency effect

(psychology) The tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.


patristocrat

Coordinate term: aristocrat

(cryptography) A cipher in which punctuation and word spacing are not retained.


Urysohn's lemma

Named after the mathematician Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn.

(topology) A lemma stating that a topological space is normal if and only if any two disjoint closed subsets can be separated by a continuous function.


elliptize

en-verb

elliptize (third-person singular simple present elliptizes, present participle elliptizing, simple past and past participle elliptized)

elliptizes (present singular third-person)
elliptizing (participle present)
elliptized (participle past)
elliptized (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-elliptize.wav

We resorted, instead, to depositing on a test flat near the mirror being elliptized.

1949, Albert Vinicio Baez, Principles of X-ray Optics and the Development of a Single Stage X-ray Microscope, Stanford University, page 132:

When a rotator cuff tear was present, the degenerative zone was elliptzed and typically a side-to-side repair was performed.

1991, Lonnie Paulos, James E. Tibone, editors, Operative Techniques in Shoulder Surgery, Aspen Publishers, page 86:

Note that least-square discretizations are also equivalent to making the convection terms elliptic; another way to ‘elliptize’ convection was derived from the Lax—Wendroff scheme by Lerat et al. (1982).

1996, Roger Peyret, editor, Handbook of Computational Fluid Mechanics, Academic Press, page 9:

The basic configuration was optimized for a 10 arcmin FoV at a Cassegrain focus issued from a four-segment spherical primary obtained by replication, a spherically polished secondary elliptized by partial vacuum (g=1) and a doublet-lens corrector.

1998, Larry M. Stepp, editor, Advanced Technology Optical/IR Telescopes VI, volume 3352, SPIE, page 767:

Thus a unified approach to both problems suggests itself. Following an idea of R. Picard (1985) we do it in such a way that one operator structures the null space of the other. Thus the operators mutually ‘elliptize’, simplifying the presentation.

2013 July, Rolf Leis, Initial Boundary Value Problems in Mathematical Physics, Dover Publications, page 170:

Although in almost all cases the orbits of the inner planets should remain within a certain range of distances from each other; in a "probability" estimated (in the models) at a few%, it is possible that the orbits elliptize enough to intersect and cause a catastrophic destabilization of the orbits of the inner planets.

2024 May, Georges Ballin, The Bacterium that will kill the Earth "the Man", [self-published], page 21:

(ergative, uncommon) (To cause) to become elliptic or elliptical.


Hamilton-Jacobi equation

en-noun

Hamilton-Jacobi equation (plural Hamilton-Jacobi equations)

Named after William Rowan Hamilton and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.

(mathematics, physics) A mathematical formulation of classical mechanics in which the motion of a particle can be represented as a wave.

Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
William Rowan Hamilton


Anderson-Darling test

Anderson-Darling test (plural Anderson-Darling tests)

Named after Theodore Wilbur Anderson and Donald Allan Darling who invented it in 1952.

probability distribution
probability distribution

(statistics) A statistical test of whether a given sample of data is drawn from a given probability distribution.

Donald Allan Darling
Theodore Wilbur Anderson


neural processing unit

neural processing unit (plural neural processing units)

In addition, the large weight size inevitably causes latency, power, and energy overhead when transferring the weight data between the storage/memory and the processing units, such as central processing units (CPUs), graphic processing units (GPUs), neural processing units (NPUs), or accelerators, which are not desirable for resource-constrained edge devices.

2023, Arslan Munir, Joonho Kong, Mahmood Azhar Qureshi, Accelerators for Convolutional Neural Networks, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 43:

(computer hardware, machine learning) A specialized hardware circuit designed to accelerate machine learning applications.


trisectible

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-trisectible.wav

(geometry) Able to be divided into three equal angles using a compass and straightedge.


trisectability

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-trisectability.wav

(geometry) Ability to be divided into three equal angles using a compass and straightedge.


pentasectible

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pentasectible.wav

(geometry) Able to be divided into five equal angles using a compass and straightedge.


LoRA

LoRA (countable and uncountable, plural LoRAs)

tlb

(machine learning, artificial intelligence)

Fine-tuning (deep learning)#Low-rank adaptation

(uncountable) An adapter-based technique for efficiently fine-tuning models.

(chiefly Stable Diffusion, loosely, by extension, countable) An adapter.


tangential triangle

en-noun

tangential triangle (plural tangential triangles)

A triangle formed of line segments tangential to the circumcircle of another triangle ABC at its vertices.


coronababy

We love talking about blackout babies, snowstorm sex and hurricane birth booms. Furlough fertility was a big discussion among federal workers in D.C. during government shutdowns. But I'm not convinced coronababies are going to be headlines come December.

2020 March 23, Petula Dvorak, “Will coronavirus intimacy lead to a baby boom? Or a divorce tsunami?”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-03-23:

Coronavirus isn't likely to give us coronababies – but a pandemic isn't the reason that having children has shifted from an inevitability to a choice, and now, a moral question. A long time ago, "Do we have children?" became "Should we?"

2020 July 25, Sian Cain, “Why a generation is choosing to be child-free”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-06-08:

Understanding whether the pandemic will influence coronababies will take time, but for now, parents can do things to minimize the effects.

2020 September 3, Stav Dimitropoulos}, “Will pandemic 'coronababies' live with long-term trauma?”, in National Geographic, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Partners, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-02-27:

Truly, births need a push. Predictions of a boom in coronababies were way, way off. Britain, in common with many other developed nations, is experiencing a sharp new slump in fertility, the full extent of which remains unclear. If our neighbours are anything to go by, we are in for an epidemic of empty cradles.

2021 April 2, Colin Brazier, “Britain's Covid baby bust is bleak news”, in The Spectator, London: Press Holdings, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-03-29:

(neologism) A baby conceived during the COVID-19 pandemic.


submajorize

en-verb

submajorize (third-person singular simple present submajorizes, present participle submajorizing, simple past and past participle submajorized)

submajorizes (present singular third-person)
submajorizing (participle present)
submajorized (participle past)
submajorized (past)

(mathematics) To have the same partial sum as another sequence and at each step, to have the sum of the smaller sequence less than or equal to the sum of the larger sequence.


strictly full

(category theory) A subcategory that is isomorphism-closed and full.


fully faithful

(category theory) Of a functor, injective and surjective on hom-sets.


Langlands programme

Named after Canadian mathematician Robert Langlands, who proposed it in 1967 (privately) and publicly in 1970.

2009, Clifton Cunningham, Monica Nevins (editors), Ottawa Lectures on Admissible Representations of Reductive p-adic Groups, American Mathematical Society, Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences, page xii,
The Langlands Programme gives the study of representations of p-adic groups context and relevance, without which it almost certainly would not have enjoyed such a rich half-century of research.
As we are reminded in Chapter 4, one should never forget that the study of representations of p-adic groups is inextricably linked with harmonic analysis. The Langlands Programme gives us a beautiful illustration of this fact.

2014, Michael Francis Atiyah, Collected Works, Volume 7: 2002—2013, Oxford University Press (Oxford Science Publications), page 233,
The Langlands programme is a large programme which, if completed, will give a very satisfactory answer to the question of how to extend abelian class field theory to the general case of non-abelian extensions. It is a very big programme, that in many ways has only just started, and in it a fundamental role is played by complex linear representations of the Galois groups of algebraic extensions.

Quickly recognised as an imaginative vision, the so-called Langlands programme has been a bountiful source of ideas and might conceivably lead one day to a unified approach to mathematics.

2019, Graham Farmelo, The Universe Speaks in Numbers, Faber & Faber, unnumbered page:

(mathematics) A set of interconnected, far-reaching and consequential conjectures connecting number theory with geometry.

programme de Langlands

set of conjectures connecting number theory with geometry


Langlands programme

en-noun

Langlands programme (plural Langlands programmes)

p-adic Langlands programme

modulo p Langlands programme

(mathematics) Any of several similar sets of conjectures applicable to restricted domains of number theory and/or geometry.


Langlands program

2021, Steve Gelbart, The Early Langlands Program — Personal Reflections, Julia Mueller, Freydoon Shahidi (editors), The Genesis of the Langlands Program, Cambridge University Press, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 467, page 49,
This kind of interaction is greatly appreciated, and when combined with his much larger Langlands Program, makes for a formidable force.


Langlands program

Langlands program (plural Langlands programs)

p-adic Langlands program

modulo p Langlands program


Langlands conjecture

Langlands conjecture (plural Langlands conjectures)

Named after Canadian mathematician Robert Langlands; interpretable as a reference to the Langlands programme.

It^([the Langlands functoriality conjecture]) is closely related to the local Langlands conjectures, which amount to a (conjectural) classification of the representations of reductive groups over local fields.

1998, Daniel Bump, Automorphic Forms and Representations, Cambridge University Press, page 90:

This abelian case of the Geometric Langlands Conjecture amounts to the well known result that any rank of one local system (or: line bundle with flat connection) on the curve C extends uniquely to J, and this extension is natural with respect to the Abel-Jacobi map.

2009, Huai-Dong Cao, Shing-Tung Yau, editors, Surveys in Differential Geometry, International Press, page 86:

2013, J. W. Cogdell, 10: Langlands Conjectures for GLₙ, Joseph Bernstein, Stephen Gelbart (editors), An Introduction to the Langlands Program, Springer, page 229,
The Langlands conjectures predict the existence of a correspondence between the n-dimensional representations of 𝒢ₖ and the automorphic representations of GLₙ(𝔸) which preserves these analytic invariants.

(mathematics) Any of the conjectures that comprise the Langlands programme.

Langlands-Vermutung

any conjecture of the Langlands programme


A polygon with 65537 sides and 65537 angles.


person-day

Holonyms: person-month, man-month, person-year, man-year

Meronyms: man-hour, person-hour

One person's working time for a day, or the equivalent, used as a measure of how much work or labor is required or consumed to perform some task.


TESCREAL

Coined by Timnit Gebru and Émile P. Torres in 2023 as an umbrella term for related movements.

People who are very rich or very clever, or both, sometimes believe weird things. Some of these beliefs are captured in the acronym Tescreal. The letters represent overlapping futuristic philosophies — bookended by transhumanism and longtermism — favoured by many of AI’s wealthiest and most prominent supporters.

2023 May 10, Anjana Ahuja, “We need to examine the beliefs of today’s tech luminaries”, in Financial Times:

effective altruism
effective altruism#English

Acronym of transhumanism, extropianism, Singularitarianism, cosmism, rationalism, effective altruism, longtermism.


obliquangle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-obliquangle.wav

But if it be an obliquangle triangle, to note it with the letters BCD.

1618, John Napier, translated by Edward Wright, A description of the admirable table of logarithmes, London: […] Simon Waterson, page 3:

Notwithſtanding in obliquangle triangles, although the ſhankes are not the heights, the caulſe of the truth hereof is the ſame.

1636, Peter Ramvs [i.e., Petrus Ramus], “Of Geometry, the ſeventh Booke, Of the compariſon of Triangles”, in William Bedvvell [i.e., William Bedwell], transl., Via Regia ad Geometriam: The VVay to Geometry, […] Thomas Cotes, […] Michael Sparke, page 100:

IN an obliquangle Triangle, when the termes propounded are two ſides and one Angle , or two Angles and one ſide, and yet the terme required undiſcoverable by the two laſt premiſed Problemes, you are to convert ſuch a Triangle into two Rectangle Triangles, […]

1645, Edmund Wingate, “The uſe of the Rule of Proportion in Geometrie” (chapter 5), in Edmund Wingate, transl., The uſe of the Rule of Proportion: in Arithmetique and Geometrie, London: […] M. F. for P. Stephenss, Of Sphericall Obliquangle Triangles, page 59:

And here we may take in by the way, another kind of tetragonall Plane, very variable in reſpect of it's angles, but regular-like, (as I may term it) being equilaterall, though notequi-angular , called Rhombus, being the onely obliquangle equilaterall Parallelogram, and which therefore is a Quadrat, […]

1650, John Wyberd, Tactometria. Seu, Tetagmenometria. Or the Geometry of Regulars practically proposed; […] , […] Robert Leybourn, for Nathaniel Brooks, pages 102-103:

(geometry) Obsolete form of oblique angle.


obliquangled

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-obliquangled.wav

12 An obliquangled triangle is either Obtuſangled or Acutangled.
The diviſion of an obliquangled triangle is taken from the ſpeciall differences of an oblique angle. For at the 15 e iij, we were taught that an oblique angle was either obtuſe or acute: Therefore an obliquangled triangle is an obtuſeangle, and an Acutangle.

1636, Peter Ramvs [i.e., Petrus Ramus], “Of Geometry, the ſeventh Booke, Of the compariſon of Triangles”, in William Bedvvell [i.e., William Bedwell], transl., Via Regia ad Geometriam: The VVay to Geometry, […] Thomas Cotes, […] Michael Sparke, page 111:

(geometry) Obsolete form of oblique-angled.


obtusangled

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-obtusangled.wav

(geometry) Obsolete form of obtuse-angled.


acutangled

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-acutangled.wav

(geometry) Obsolete form of acute-angled.


transposition cipher

transposition cipher (plural transposition ciphers)

(cryptography) An encryption method that rearranges the order of the plaintext letters.


frequency domain

frequency domain (plural frequency domains)

(mathematics, physics, electronics) The analysis of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency, and possibly a phase, rather than time.


snowflake curve

snowflake curve (plural snowflake curves)

(mathematics) A type of curve whose sixfold symmetry resembles a snowflake.


directional derivative

directional derivative (plural directional derivatives)

(calculus) A function which measures the rate of change of some other function at any point in a particular direction; formally, the directional derivative of a scalar function f( mathbf x)=f(x_1,x_2,…,x_n) along a vector mathbf v=(v_1,…,v_n) is the function ∇_(mathbf v)f defined by the limit ∇_(mathbf v)f( mathbf x)= lim _(h→0)(f( mathbf x+h mathbf v)-f( mathbf x))/h.


model card

We propose model cards as a step towards the responsible democratization

2019 January 29, Margaret Mitchell, Simone Wu, Andrew Zaldivar, Parker Barnes, Lucy Vasserman, “Model Cards for Model Reporting”, in Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT* '19), New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 220–229:

To guide the Model Card creator to organize model information

2020 July 29, Huanming Fang, Hui Miao, “Introducing the Model Card Toolkit for Easier Model Transparency Reporting”, in Google Research, Google:

models on computer vision has included model cards in their repositories

2020, Abhishek Wadhwani, Priyank Jain, “Machine Learning Model Cards Transparency Review : Using model card toolkit”, in 2020 IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon), →DOI, pages 133-137:

(artificial intelligence) a document describing a machine learning model


(geometry, rare) Synonym of chiliagon: A polygon with a thousand vertices and a thousand edges.


(geometry) Synonym of decagon: A polygon with ten sides and ten angles.


(geometry, rare) Synonym of dihectagon: A polygon with two hundred sides and two hundred angles.


(geometry) Synonym of dodecagon: A polygon with twelve edges and twelve angles.


(geometry) Synonym of enneacontagon: A polygon with 90 sides and 90 angles.


(geometry) Synonym of enneacontahexagon: A polygon with ninety six sides and ninety six angles.


(geometry) Synonym of enneadecagon: A polygon with nineteen sides and nineteen angles.


(geometry) Synonym of enneagon: A polygon with nine sides; a nonagon.


(geometry) Synonym of quadrilateral: A polygon with four sides.


(geometry) Synonym of hendecagon: A polygon with eleven edges and eleven angles.


(geometry) Synonym of heptadecagon: A polygon with seventeen sides and seventeen angles.


(geometry) Synonym of heptagon: A polygon with seven sides and seven angles.


(geometry) Synonym of hexacontagon: A 60-sided polygon.


(geometry) Synonym of hexadecagon: A polygon with sixteen sides and sixteen angles.


(geometry) Synonym of hexagon: A polygon with six sides and six angles.


(geometry) Synonym of icosagon: A polygon with twenty sides and twenty angles.


(geometry) Synonym of icosidigon: A polygon with twenty two sides and twenty two angles.


(geometry) Synonym of icosihenagon: A polygon with twenty-one edges and twenty-one angles.


(geometry) Synonym of icositetragon: A polygon with 24 sides and 24 angles.


(geometry) Synonym of icositrigon: A polygon with 23 sides and 23 angles.


(geometry) Synonym of myriagon: A polygon with 10,000 sides.


(geometry) Synonym of megagon: A polygon with one million sides.


(geometry) Synonym of octacontagon: A polygon with 80 sides and 80 angles.


(geometry, rare) Synonym of octadecagon: A polygon with 18 sides and 18 vertices.


(geometry, also attributively) Synonym of octagon: A polygon with eight sides and eight angles.


(geometry) Synonym of pentadecagon: A polygon with fifteen sides.


(geometry) Synonym of pentagon: A polygon with five sides and five angles.


(geometry) Synonym of tetracontadigon: A polygon with forty two sides and forty two angles.


(geometry) Synonym of tetracontagon: A 40-sided polygon.


(geometry) Synonym of tetracontakaihexagon: A polygon with forty six sides and forty six angles.


(geometry) Synonym of tetradecagon: A polygon having fourteen sides and fourteen angles.


(geometry) Synonym of triacontadigon: A polygon with thirty-two sides and thirty-two angles.


(geometry) Synonym of triacontagon: A polygon with thirty sides.


(geometry) Synonym of triacontatetragon: A polygon with thirty four sides and thirty four angles.


(geometry) Synonym of tridecagon: A polygon having thirteen sides and thirteen angles.


(geometry) Synonym of hectogon: A polygon having a hundred sides.


(geometry) Synonym of heptacontagon: A polygon with seventy edges.


geriatric millennial

geriatric millennial (plural geriatric millennials)

Coined by American writer, public speaker, and business consultant Erica Dhawan.

coin

Like me, Monahan is a geriatric millennial, but while it remains to be seen if I will shift, he has already moved forward.

2022 February 16, Allison P. Davis, “A Vibe Shift Is Coming – Will any of us survive it?”, in New York, →ISSN:

(humorous) A person born in the early 1980s; a xennial.


data acquisition

(signal processing) The process of sampling signals that measure real-world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer.


census tract

(US) A subdivision of a county or township, used by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes.


stegotext

(cryptography) A text that contains a secret subtext encoded via steganography.


covertext

(cryptography) A seemingly innocuous text that contains a secret text encoded within it.


collarable

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-collarable.wav

Other examples of non-collarable slices appear in [18] and [13] as a slice of a Lagrangian cap cannot be collarable near its maxima.

2022, Helmut Hofer, Alberto Abbondandolo, Urs Frauenfelder, Symplectic Geometry, page 226:

(mathematics) Such that there exists a collar neighborhood in a larger manifold.


-nomial

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--nomial.wav

Derived from Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, “portion, part”), compare binomial.

der+

(algebra, mathematics) Denotes an expression with a specified number of terms.


piecewise-defined

en-adj

piecewise-defined (comparative more piecewise-defined, superlative most piecewise-defined)

more piecewise-defined (comparative)
most piecewise-defined (superlative)

(mathematics) Defined by subfunctions and subdomains


clubsuit

(mathematics, set theory) A family of combinatorial principles that is a weaker version of the corresponding diamond principle.


oriented graph

(graph theory) A directed graph having no opposite pairs of directed edges.


model collapse

en-noun

model collapse (countable and uncountable, plural model collapses)

(machine learning) Degradation of output quality caused by training on synthetic data.


oblique spaceship

oblique spaceship (plural oblique spaceships)

(cellular automata) A particular spaceship in Conway's Game of Life, which moves neither orthogonally nor diagonally.


pseudoreflection

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoreflection.wav

That is, t′x+y=0 is the pseudo-reflection of tx+y=0 if the ideal points (ρ′,1,0),(ρ,1,0) on the lines are a pair in the involution ρρ′=-h.

1967, A Background (natural, Synthetic and Algebraic) to Geometry, CUP Archive, page 293:

A linear transformation g∈BL(V) is a pseudoreflection if rank (g-I)=1.

1985, Susan Montgomery, Group Actions on Rings, American Mathematical Soc., page 104:

It will be convenient to introduce two generalizations of the notion of pseudoreflection.

2009 January 9, Nicholas M. Katz, Twisted L-Functions and Monodromy, Princeton University Press, page 23:

(mathematics) An invertible linear transformation of a finite-dimensional vector space such that it is not the identity transformation, has a finite (multiplicative) order, and fixes a hyperplane.


bouquet of spheres

bouquet of spheres (plural bouquets of spheres)

(topology) A wedge product of two or more spheres joined at a distinguished point, usually the equator.


Cassini ellipse

Cassini ellipse (plural Cassini ellipses)


Mandelbrotian

(mathematics) Of or relating to the work, or theory developed from the work, of mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot.


Knuthian

The purpose of this paper is to present an algebraic treatment of Knuth's approach to the specification of the semantics of context-free languages. Knuthian systems, hereinafter called K-systems, have been called declarative semantics, K-grammars and attributed grammars.

1976, Laurian M. Chirica, David F. Martin, “An algebraic formulation of Knuthian semantics”, in 17th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (SFCS), →DOI, internal citations omitted:

This page lists bugs in the original (Knuthian) TeX distribution which have been received since the last tune-up[.]

2024 October 26 (last accessed), “Pending bugs for original TeX”, in tug.org:

(computer science, mathematics) Of or relating to the work, or theory developed from the work, of American computer scientist and mathematician Donald Knuth.


child category

child category (plural child categories)

(category theory) Synonym of subcategory


capability overhang

Researchers talk about the 'capability overhang,' or hidden skills and dangers, of artificial intelligence. As the technology goes mainstream, we're going to discover a lot of new things about them.

2022 December 8, James Vincent, “ChatGPT proves AI is finally mainstream — and things are only going to get weirder”, in The Verge, archived from the original on 2024-04-30:

Since the release of GPT-4, OpenAI has been adding capabilities to the AI system with "plugins", giving it the ability to look up data on the open web, plan holidays, and even order groceries. But the company has to deal with "capability overhang": the issue that its own systems are more powerful than it knows at release.

2023 March 29, Alex Hern, “Elon Musk joins call for pause in creation of giant AI 'digital minds'”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-06-10:

What's much harder to test for is what's known as "capability overhang"—meaning not just the model's current knowledge, but the derived knowledge it could potentially generate on its own.

2024 January 26, Eric Schmidt, “How We Can Control AI”, in The Wall Street Journal, New York, N.Y.: Dow Jones & Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-01-26:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence#Noun

(artificial intelligence) Capabilities and potential applications of existing artificial intelligence systems that have not yet been discovered.


data collection

(statistics) The process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system.


idemfactor

idemfactor (usually uncountable, plural idemfactors)

(mathematics, linear algebra) An operator or quantity which is at both idemfacient and idemfaciend.


idemfacient

(mathematics, linear algebra) When multiplying an idempotent matrix produces itself.


idemfaciend

The possibility of the selection of all the remaining units as idemfaciend or nilfaciend is easily established.

1882, Benjamin Peirce, Linear Associative Algebra, page 14:

(mathematics, linear algebra) When multiplied by an idempotent matrix produces itself.


time reversal signal processing

time reversal signal processing (uncountable)

(signal processing) A technique that either creates an optimal carrier signal for communication, reconstructs a source event, or focuses on high-energy waves to a point in space.


superconstructive

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superconstructive.wav

propositional calculus
propositional calculus

(mathematics, calculus) In which the constructive propositional calculus can be simulated or is reducible; at least as powerful for proofs as the constructive propositional calculus.


mathematical formula

mathematical formula (plural mathematical formulas or mathematical formulae)

mathematical formulas (plural)
mathematical formulae (plural)

(mathematics) Synonym of formula (“any mathematical rule expressed symbolically”)


truststore

certificate authority
certificate authority

(cryptography) A storage area for trusted cryptographic certificates issued by a certificate authority.


conharmonic

(mathematics) Related through a harmonic division; having a cross-ratio of -1.


copartition

(mathematics) A set of subsets such that the set of complementary subsets forms a partition.


copartition

en-verb

copartition (third-person singular simple present copartitions, present participle copartitioning, simple past and past participle copartitioned)

copartitions (present singular third-person)
copartitioning (participle present)
copartitioned (participle past)
copartitioned (past)

(mathematics) To divide into a copartition.


harmonic division

en-noun

harmonic division (plural harmonic divisions)

(mathematics, geometry) The configuration of four ordered collinear points such that their cross-ratio is -1.


knowledge mining

(computing, artificial intelligence) An emerging discipline in artificial intelligence that uses a combination of intelligent services to quickly learn from large amounts of information.


SSU

SSU (countable and uncountable, plural SSUes)

(statistics) Initialism of secondary sampling unit, a sampling unit in the second stage of a polyetapic sampling.


inter-universal Teichmüller theory

inter-universal Teichmüller theory (uncountable)

Coined by Shinichi Mochizuki, from inter-universal and Teichmüller theory.

The present paper is the first in a series of four papers, the goal of which is to establish an arithmetic version of Teichmüller theory for number fields equipped with an elliptic curve – which we refer to as "inter-universal Teichmüller theory" – by applying the theory of semi-graphs of anabelioids, Frobenioids, the étale theta function, and log-shells developed in earlier papers by the author.

2021, Shinichi Mochizuki, “Inter-universal Teichmüller theory I: Construction of Hodge theaters”, in Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, volume 57, number 1, →ISSN, pages 3-207:

(mathematics) an arithmetic version of Teichmüller theory for number fields equipped with an elliptic curve


unichain

unichain Markov chain

(probability theory) Of a Markov chain, consisting of a single recurrent class plus a possibly empty set of transient states.


Elman network

recurrent neural network
recurrent neural network

A kind of three-layer recurrent neural network.


Jordan network

A kind of recurrent neural network, similar to an Elman network but having the context units fed from the output layer instead of the hidden layer.


contactive

In a complex distribution, if both of the contactive units are chains, there can be a reduction in the total of inferences only if one of the chains is in a simple distribution with a third chain and the interval is unoccupied.

2018, Isidore Dyen, Linguistic Subgrouping and Lexicostatistics, page 73:

(statistics) Contiguous but not coordinated


chaotic map

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chaotic map.wav

(mathematics, physics) a chaotic map is a map (an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior.


initial condition

initial condition (plural initial conditions)

(mathematics, physics) In dynamical system, an initial condition is the value of a variable at a specific time, also known as a seed value.


Mathieu moonshine

(mathematics) A surprising correspondence between the coefficients of K3 surfaces and finite simple group known as Mathieu group M24.


semiflat

(mathematics) Having the property that, given a morphism (f: X→Y), for every point y in Y, the fiber over y behaves like a flat family of schemes over the base (Y).


graph homomorphism

graph homomorphism (plural graph homomorphisms)

(graph theory) A mapping between two graphs that respects their structure.


Fourier coefficient

Fourier coefficient (plural Fourier coefficients)

(mathematics) A coefficient arising from the Fourier transform of a function or signal.


multisig

Clipping of multisignature. By surface analysis, multi- + sig (“signature”).

surf

cryptocurrency wallet
cryptocurrency wallet#Noun

(cryptocurrencies) Of a cryptocurrency wallet: requiring two or more signatures from different private keys in order to complete a transaction.


multisig

Schroé describes Spiderchains as a decentralized network of multisigs, similar in concept to the Lightning Network but using a different architecture.

2024 June 7, “Proof-Of-Stake On Bitcoin? Discussing Botanix's Spiderchains”, in Bitcoin Magazine, archived from the original on 2024-06-08:

(cryptocurrencies) A multisig cryptocurrency wallet.


y-o-y

(statistics) Initialism of year-over-year or year-on-year.


cross-attention

The cross attention layer inside each transformer decoder block is in fact a multi-head cross attention layer […]

2024, Benoit Liquet, Sarat Moka, Yoni Nazarathy, Mathematical Engineering of Deep Learning, CRC Press, page 286:

(machine learning) A form of attention (machine learning method) where two different input sequences are compared, i.e. the keys and queries differ.


geographical mile

en-noun

geographical mile (plural geographical miles)

(now inexact) Synonym of nautical mile, exactly 1,852 meters.


geographic mile

geographic mile (plural geographic miles)

geographical mile
geographical mile#English


world model

Current problem solving systems are constrained in their applicability by inadequate world models. We suggest a world model based on a temporal logic. This approach allows the problem solver to gather constraints on the ordering of actions without having to commit to an ordering when a conflict is detected.

1983, James F. Allen, Johannes A. Koomen, “Planning using a temporal world model”, in Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, page 741:

In this work, we build probabilistic generative models of OpenAI Gym environments. The RNN-based world models are trained using collected observations recorded from the actual game environment. After training the world models, we can use them mimic the complete environment and train agents using them.

2018, David Ha, Jürgen Schmidhuber, “World Models”, in arXiv, page 2:

The generation of mostly realistic-looking videos from prompts *does not* indicate that a system understands the physical world. Generation is very different from causal prediction from a world model.

(artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning) A predictive model that has been internalised by an agent which is used to forecast what consequences its actions will have on the environment (i.e. world) that it interacts with.

artificial intelligence; reinforcement learning; artificial intelligence; reinforcement learning


identity property

identity property (plural identity properties)

(mathematics) The property where if any arithmetic operation is used to combine an identity with a number n, the end result will be n.


reduced word

(group theory) A word that contains no redundant pairs.


vector calculus

(calculus) The branch of mathematics that covers the differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in three-dimensional Euclidean space.


Cyrillic numeral

Cyrillic numeral (plural Cyrillic numerals)

A numeral represented using a Cyrillic system involving the letters.


oipe

Borrowed from Sahidic Coptic ⲟⲉⲓⲡⲉ (oeipe), ⲟⲓⲡⲉ (oipe), from Demotic jpy.t, from Egyptian jpt. Doublet of ephah.

bor+

(historical) An Ancient Egyptian dry measure of volume equivalent to 4 heqats (about 19.2 litres or 0.54 bushels).


improper rotation

en-noun

improper rotation (plural improper rotations)

(geometry) An isometry in Euclidean space that is a combination of a rotation about an axis and a reflection in a plane perpendicular to that axis.


Fréchet derivative

Fréchet derivative (plural Fréchet derivatives)

(mathematics) An extension of the concept of the derivative from real-valued functions of one real variable to functions on normed spaces.


gen AI

gen AI (countable and uncountable, plural gen AIs)


chingon

Blend of I Ching + quaternion. Named after the 64 hexagrams of the I Ching.

Let’s expand our horizons to the 32-D and 64-D cases and give them names (since they currently don’t have any!). Following the convention adopted by Tony Smith, who has called the 2⁸-ions Voudons after the 256 deities of the Ifa pantheon of Voodoo or Voudon, we’ll call these Pathions (for the “32 Paths” of Kabbalah) and Chingons (for the 64 Hexagrams of the I Ching or Book of Changes).

2002, Robert P. C. de Marrais, “Flying Higher Than a Box-Kite: Kite-Chain Middens, Sand Mandalas, and Zero-Divisor Patterns in the 2ⁿ-ions Beyond the Sedenions”, in arXiv, →DOI, page 7:

According to the logic of doubling the dimensions on which Cayley–Dickson algebra is built, after quaternions the so-called 8D octonions (#92;mathbbO—Octonions) can be obtained, followed by 16D sedenions, 32D pathions, 64D chingons, 128D routons, and 256D voudons.

2022, Zlatka Valkova-Jarvis, Vladimir Poulkov, Viktor Stoynov, Dimitriya Mihaylova, Georgi Iliev, “A Method for the Design of Bicomplex Orthogonal DSP Algorithms for Applications in Intelligent Radio Access Networks”, in Symmetry, volume 14, number 3, MDPI AG, →DOI, →ISSN:

There is no theoretical limit to multispace dimensional numbering as there are definitions for octonion (8D), sedenion (16D), pathion (32D), chingon (64D), routon (128D), and voudon (256D) numbered space.

2023, Melanie Swan, Renato P. dos Santos, “Quantum Intelligence: Responsible Human-AI Entities”, in AAAI 2023 Spring Symposia, Socially Responsible AI for Wellbeing, March 27–29, 2023, USA, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, →DOI:

(mathematics) A 64-dimensional hypercomplex number that is an extension of a trigintaduonion.


routon

Blend of route + quaternion. Named after Massachusetts Route 128.

For completeness’ sake, we name the 2⁷-ions too, dubbing them Routons, after that legendary source of high-tech innovativeness, Route 128 of the “Massachusetts Miracle” that paralleled Silicon Valley’s on the “Left Coast” of this country.

(mathematics) A 128-dimensional hypercomplex number.


pathion

Blend of path + quaternion. Named after the 32 paths of wisdom of Kabbalah.

(mathematics) A 32-dimensional hypercomplex number that is a nonassociative extension of a sedenion.


ducentiquinquagintasexion

From Latin ducenti quinquaginta sex (“two hundred fifty six”).

der

(mathematics) A 256-dimensional hypercomplex number.


centumduodetrigintanion

From Latin centum duodetriginta (“one hundred twenty eight”).


sexagintaquattuornion

From Latin sexaginta quattuor (“sixty four”).

(mathematics) A 64-dimensional hypercomplex number.


Schiffler point

en-noun

Schiffler point (plural Schiffler points)

First defined and investigated by Schiffler et al. (1985).

(geometry) A certain type of triangle center. A triangle △ABC with the incenter I has its Schiffler point at the point of concurrence of the Euler lines of the four triangles △BCI, △CAI, △ABI, △ABC.


Schiffler's theorem

(geometry) A theorem stating that, given a triangle △ABC with the incenter I, the Euler lines of the four triangles △BCI, △CAI, △ABI, △ABC all meet at a single point (the Schiffler point).


Feuerbach point

Feuerbach point (plural Feuerbach points)

(geometry) A kind of triangle center, defined as the point at which the incircle and nine-point circle of the triangle are internally tangent to each other.


Bevan circle

Named after British engineer Benjamin Bevan.

(geometry) The circle through the centers of the three excircles of a triangle.


Bevan point

(geometry) A triangle center, defined as the center of the Bevan circle.


Clawson point

Named after John Wentworth Clawson, who published it 1925.

(geometry) A point in a triangle defined by the trilinear coordinates tan α : tan β : tan γ, where α, β, γ are the interior angles at the triangle vertices A, B, C.


Fermat point

(geometry) A point such that the sum of the three distances from each of the three vertices of a given triangle to that point is the smallest possible; equivalently, the geometric median of the three vertices.


Fermat-Torricelli point

Fermat-Torricelli point (plural Fermat-Torricelli points)


Torricelli point

Torricelli point (plural Torricelli points)


Nagel point

Named after Christian Heinrich von Nagel.

(geometry) A triangle center defined as the point of concurrency of all three of the triangle's splitters.


Spieker center

(geometry) The center of a Spieker circle, which is the incenter of the medial triangle.


Spieker circle

Named after 19th-century German geometer Theodor Spieker.

(geometry) The incircle of the medial triangle of a given triangle.


equal detour point

equal detour point (plural equal detour points)

(geometry) A triangle center characterized by the property that, if one travels from any vertex of the triangle to another by taking a detour through some inner point, then the additional distance traveled is constant.


Napoleon point

The discovery of these points is sometimes attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte.

(geometry) Either of a pair of special points associated with a plane triangle. (See Wikipedia for detailed definitions.)

(geometry) Any of the isodynamic points of a triangle.


de Longchamps point

de Longchamps point (plural de Longchamps points)

Named after French mathematician Gaston Albert Gohierre de Longchamps.

(geometry) A triangle center defined as the reflection of the orthocenter of the triangle about the circumcenter.


Mittenpunkt

German Mittenpunkt (literally “middle point”)

bor

(geometry) A triangle center defined as the symmedian point of the triangle formed by the centers of the three excircles.


Gergonne triangle

en-noun

Gergonne triangle (plural Gergonne triangles)

(geometry) A triangle defined by the three touchpoints of the incircle on the three sides of a given triangle.


Gergonne point

(geometry) A certain triangle center. Given a triangle ∆ABC and its Gergonne triangle (with the touchpoint opposite A denoted by T_A, etc.), the Gergonne point is the intersection of the three lines AT_A, BT_B, and CT_C.


apple-shaped

en-adj

apple-shaped (comparative more apple-shaped, superlative most apple-shaped)

more apple-shaped (comparative)
most apple-shaped (superlative)

Having a shape of an apple, or in cross-section, like the cross-section of an apple.

pear-shaped obesity versus apple-shaped obesity

Even at BMIs above 30, where obesity begins, men and women whose waist-to-hip ratio identified them as more pear-shaped were less likely to die -- of any cause and of cardiovascular causes -- than those with similar BMIs who were apple-shaped.

2015 September 11, Melissa Healy, “Pear-shaped vs. apple trumps body mass index as a measure of risk”, in Los Angeles Times:

Having android fat distribution, not gynoid fat distribution.


thetanullwert

(mathematics) The restriction θₘ(τ) = θₘ(τ,0) of a theta function θₘ(τ,z) with rational characteristic m to z = 0.


differentiatable

A function which is differentiable wherever it is continuous is said to possess ordinary continuity.

1896 August, W. Williams, “On the Convergency of Fourier's Series”, in The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and .Journal of Science, volume 42, number 255, page 137:

In the last equation, it has been assumed that F_(GC)[ρ] is differentiatable [see Englisch and Englisch (1984a, b) for discussion of the validity of this assumption].

1989, Robert G. Parr, Yang Weitao, Density-Functional Theory of Atoms and Molecules:

To this demand there is a unique solution for continuously differentiatable curves.

2014, L.N. Kanal, E.S. Gelsema, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, page 94:

(mathematics) For which a derivative or differential can be calculated.


Jacobson radical

en-noun

Jacobson radical (plural Jacobson radicals)

(mathematics, ring theory) The operation that produces (from a given ring) the ideal of elements which annihilates all simple modules (over the given ring); the result of this operation. The Jacobson radical of a ring R is denoted J(R).


orthocupolarotunda

(mathematics) A cupolarotunda in which the bases have the same orientation.


gyrocupolarotunda

(mathematics) A cupolarotunda in which the bases have the opposite orientation.


scutoidal

en-adj

scutoidal (comparative more scutoidal, superlative most scutoidal)

more scutoidal (comparative)
most scutoidal (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-scutoidal.wav

(geometry) Of, pertaining to, or having the shape of a scutoid.


orthobirotunda

(mathematics) A birotunda in which the bases have the same orientation.


gyrobirotunda

(mathematics) A birotunda in which the bases have the opposite orientation.


Schur decomposition

Named after Russian mathematician Issai Schur.

named-after

matrix decomposition
matrix decomposition

(linear algebra) A matrix decomposition allowing one to write complex square matrices as similar to a triangular matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues of the original matrix.


absolutely flat

(mathematics) Synonym of regular (“a von Neumann regular”)


upper concave envelope

en-noun

upper concave envelope (plural upper concave envelopes)

concave envelope
concave envelope#English

(mathematics) Synonym of concave envelope


lower convex envelope

lower convex envelope (plural lower convex envelopes)

(mathematics) Synonym of convex envelope


factoradic

Blend of factorial + mixed radix. By surface analysis, factorial + -adic.

In addition, note that the sequence q#95;#123;n-1#125;q#95;#123;n-2#125;...q#95;0 is the factoradic representation of x as follows: […]

2013, Kazuhiro Kondo, Multimedia Information Hiding Technologies and Methodologies for Controlling Data, Hershey, P.A.: Information Science Reference, →ISBN, page 377:

(mathematics) Relating to or involving the factorial number system (a mixed radix numeral system adapted to numbering permutations).


(arithmetic, computing) Synonym of binary (“concerning numbers and calculations using the binary number system”)


numeral system

(mathematics) A writing system for expressing numbers; a mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner.


instamine

An instamine can act the same way as a premine, where the developers get the majority of the initial coins, if the developers operate a large percentage of the mining horsepower during the instamine. […] The argument for premines and instamines is that they rightfully reward the people who were instrumental in the early success of the currency.

2014 June 13, Black Market Cryptocurrencies, page 49:

An event where a cryptocurrency is released but most of the currency is quickly mined by a only few miners.


fastmine

An "instamine" or "fastmine" occurs when the currency is released publicly but a large percentage of the coins are mined by just a few miners in the first few days of the coin.


fastmine

en-verb

fastmine (third-person singular simple present fastmines, present participle fastmining, simple past and past participle fastmined)

fastmines (present singular third-person)
fastmining (participle present)
fastmined (participle past)
fastmined (past)

Instamined and fastmined coins can encourage the few initial miners with a large amount of coins to dump their coins when the price rises.

2014 June 13, Black Market Cryptocurrencies, pages 49-50:


Indo-Arabic numeral

en-noun

Indo-Arabic numeral (plural Indo-Arabic numerals)


semiconnected

(graph theory) Containing a directed path from u to v or a directed path from v to u for every pair of vertices u, v.


Eulerian path

(graph theory) A walk that uses every edge of a graph exactly once.


Eulerian cycle

Eulerian circuit
Eulerian circuit#English

(graph theory) Synonym of Eulerian circuit


articulation point

articulation point (plural articulation points)

(graph theory) A vertex whose removal would disconnect the graph.


binding number

(graph theory) The smallest possible ratio of the number of neighbours of a proper subset of vertices to the size of the subset.


Kneser graph

Named after Martin Kneser, who first investigated them in 1956.

(graph theory) A graph K(n, k) (alternatively KG_(n,k)), whose vertices correspond to the k-element subsets of a set of n elements, and where two vertices are adjacent iff the two corresponding sets are disjoint.


anti-edge

(graph theory) A pair of vertices that do not form an edge.


Meyniel graph

(graph theory) A graph in which every odd cycle of length five or more has at least two chords.


Yao graph

(graph theory) A kind of geometric spanner, a weighted undirected graph connecting a set of geometric points with the property that, for every pair of points in the graph, their shortest path has a length that is within a constant factor of their Euclidean distance.


diamond graph

(graph theory) An undirected graph with four vertices and five edges.


Euler genus

(graph theory) The minimal integer n such that the given graph can be drawn without crossing itself on a sphere with n cross-caps or with n/2 handles.


demigenus

(graph theory) The minimal integer n such that the given graph can be drawn without crossing itself on a sphere with n cross-caps.


achromatic number

achromatic number (plural achromatic numbers)

(graph theory) The largest possible number of colors in any coloring for a given graph.


anti-triangle

(graph theory) A three-vertex independent set, the complement of a triangle.


ideal polyhedron

ideal polyhedron (plural ideal polyhedrons or ideal polyhedra)

ideal polyhedrons (plural)
ideal polyhedra (plural)

In hyperbolic geometry, a polyhedron whose vertices are all ideal; i.e. points at infinity, rather than real. Its surface is topologically equivalent to a punctured sphere.


CRQC

It's almost like the NSA is dropping a not-so-subtle hint, though why it would is debatable. If it has a CRQC, or is on the path to one, it might want to warn allies, vendors, and citizens to think about using quantum-resistant technologies in case bad people develop a CRQC too. But why would the spies tip their hand so? It's all very curious.

2021 September 1, Gareth Corfield, “NSA: We 'don't know when or even if' a quantum computer will ever be able to break today's public-key encryption”, in The Register, archived from the original on 2024-05-18:

Shor's algorithm
Shor's algorithm#Proper noun

(cryptography) Initialism of cryptographically relevant quantum computer; a quantum computer powerful enough to break modern cryptography (e.g., using Shor's algorithm to break RSA or Ed25519).


digital signatures
digital signature#Noun

(cryptography) An algorithm, based on the properties of elliptic curves, used to securely create digital signatures.


Borsuk-Ulam theorem

(mathematics) A theorem stating that every continuous function from an n-sphere into Euclidean n-space maps some pair of antipodal points to the same point.


basis vector

(linear algebra) A vector that forms part of a basis for a vector space.


Eulerian graph

Named after mathematician Leonhard Euler, who studied graphs of this type when solving the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem.

(graph theory) a graph containing an Eulerian circuit.

Eulerian graph
Leonhard Euler
Seven Bridges of Königsberg


cop number

(graph theory) For a given undirected graph, the minimum number of cops that suffices to ensure a win (i.e. a capture of the robber) in a certain pursuit–evasion game on the graph.


cross-chain

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cross-chain.wav

cross-chain consensus

(cryptocurrencies) Occurring one more than one blockchain.


Mycielskian

(graph theory) A larger graph formed from a given undirected graph by a particular construction that preserves the property of being triangle-free but increases the chromatic number.


Mycielski graph

Mycielski graph (plural Mycielski graphs)


Grötzsch graph

Named after German mathematician Herbert Grötzsch.

(graph theory) A triangle-free graph with 11 vertices, 20 edges, chromatic number 4, and crossing number 5. It is a member of an infinite sequence of triangle-free graphs, each the Mycielskian of the previous graph in the sequence.


functional graph

functional graph (plural functional graphs)

(graph theory) A directed graph whose every vertex has outdegree 1.


Grötzsch's theorem

Named after German mathematician Herbert Grötzsch, who published a proof in 1959.

(graph theory) The statement that every triangle-free planar graph has a coloring using only three colors.


Frucht's theorem

(graph theory) The statement that every finite group is the group of symmetries of a finite undirected graph. More strongly, for any finite group G there exist infinitely many non-isomorphic simple connected graphs such that the automorphism group of each of them is isomorphic to G.


vertex separation number

vertex separation number (plural vertex separation numbers)


Turán's brick factory problem

Named after Pál Turán, who formulated it while working in a brick factory during World War II.

(graph theory) The problem of finding the minimum number of crossings in a drawing of a complete bipartite graph.


theta graph

(graph theory) The union of three internally disjoint (simple) paths that have the same two distinct end vertices.


windmill graph

From the visual resemblance to the sails of a windmill.

(graph theory) The undirected graph Wd(k,n) constructed for k ≥ 2 and n ≥ 2 by joining n copies of the complete graph Kₖ at a shared universal vertex.


Weinstein-Aronszajn identity

the Weinstein-Aronszajn identity (canonical)

(mathematics) An identity stating that if A and B are matrices of size m × n and n × m respectively (either or both of which may be infinite) then, provided AB (and hence, also BA) is of trace class, det (I_m+AB)= det (I_n+BA), where I_k is the k × k identity matrix.


Pontryagin product

Pontryagin product (plural Pontryagin products)

(mathematics) A product on the homology of a topological space induced by a product on the topological space.


Fourier-Mukai transform

Fourier-Mukai transform (plural Fourier-Mukai transforms)

(algebraic geometry) A functor Φ_K between derived category of coherent sheaves D(X) → D(Y) for schemes X and Y, which is, in a sense, an integral transform along a kernel object K ∈ D(X×Y).


carry the one

long multiplication
long multiplication#English

(arithmetic) A phrase said when a 1 is carried over to the next base power while manually performing long addition or long multiplication.


rectangular cuboid

rectangular cuboid (plural rectangular cuboids)

(geometry) A special case of a cuboid with rectangular faces in which all of its dihedral angles are right angles.


economic equilibrium

economic equilibrium (plural economic equilibriums or economic equilibria)

economic equilibriums (plural)
economic equilibria (plural)

(game theory) A situation where economic forces are balanced, and without external influences, the value of economic variables will not change.


graph minor

Tutte conjectured that all snarks have the Petersen graph as a graph minor.

(graph theory) A graph which can be formed from some specified graph by performing vertex deletions, edge deletions, and edge contractions on the specified graph.


edge contraction

edge contraction (plural edge contractions)

Performing an edge contraction on an edge in a path graph results in a path graph with one fewer vertex.

(graph theory) An operation performed on an edge in a graph which deletes the edge, replaces its endpoints with a single new vertex, and replaces edges incident to either endpoint with an edge incident to the new vertex.


quaternion algebra

quaternion algebra (plural quaternion algebras)

(mathematics, algebra) A particular kind of algebra, generalizing the classical quaternions: a four-dimensional central simple algebra over a field.


injective function

injective function (plural injective functions)

(mathematics) Synonym of injection (“a relation on sets (X,Y) that associates each element of Y with at most one element of X.”)


cyclic module

(mathematics, ring theory) A module over a ring that is generated by one element.


group operation

group operation (plural group operations)

(mathematics) A binary operation that combines two elements of a set to produce a third element in a group.


large cardinal

(mathematics) A cardinal number whose existence cannot be proved from the usual Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms of set theory, and which therefore requires a new axiom stating its existence.


nonrealizable

The term repetition, as applied tp an event of nature, is clearly ideal and nonrealizable in any concrete case, like the term equality and the term circle. No two concrete objects in nature ever ideally equal in every respect.

1883, Science, volume 120, American Association for the Advancement of Science:

This method appears promissing for on-line identification, and it appears to be emminently satisfactory for off-line use, where physically nonrealizable filter characteristics can be simulated to permit identification rates which approach the maximum.

1971 June 26, James L Melsa, System Identification, Academic Press, page 31:

It should be clear that the parallel structure makes the function nonrealizable, since it is not possible to pass a plane through an n-cube which will dichotomize the function.

2013 October 22, Julius T. Tou, Applied Automata Theory, Academic Press, page 297:

(mathematics) That cannot be constructed or represented within a specific mathematical framework or system.


equational variety

equational variety (plural equational varieties)

(algebra) Synonym of variety (“an equational class in universal algebra”)


variety of algebras

variety of algebras (plural varieties of algebras)


equational class

equational class (plural equational classes)


within one sigma

(statistics) Describing the range from the mean, plus or minus one standard deviation, usually covering 68% of the data points in a normal distribution.


CEX

All these issues stand as a backdrop to the ongoing battle between CEX and DEX environments. Regulatory and security concerns punctuate the growing need for traders to maintain custody of their assets and comply with regulators. Where CEXs often provide convenience for traders, they often come with security/seizure risk.

2024 April 10, Alex Wearn, “CEXs vs. DEXs: The Future Battle Lines”, in CoinDesk:

(cryptocurrencies) Abbreviation of centralized exchange.


cullingey

(historical) An obsolete unit of mass used in Karnataka state, India, equal to approximately 5.26 grams.


primordial element

primordial element (plural primordial elements)

(mathematics, algebra) A particular kind of a vector in a vector space.


hardware wallet

hardware wallet (plural hardware wallets)

(cryptocurrencies) A physical electronic device that stores a user's private keys for cryptocurrencies.


Pythagorean field

Pythagorean field (plural Pythagorean fields)

(mathematics, algebra) A field in which every sum of two squares is a square.


block code

Owing to their structure, linear codes are by far the predominant block codes in practical usage, and virtually all codes that will be considered in subsequent chapters are linear.

2007, Ron M. Roth, “Linear Codes” (chapter 2), in Introduction to Coding Theory, second edition, Cambridge University Press, page 26:

(coding theory) A type of error-correcting code that encodes messages divided into fixed-sized blocks to codewords with a specific length.


Gen Beta

(demographics, informal) Generation Beta


Menelaus's theorem

(geometry) A proposition about triangles in plane geometry.


mathematical function

mathematical function (plural mathematical functions)

(mathematics) Synonym of function (“a relation in which each element of the domain is associated with exactly one element of the codomain”)


FWER

(statistics) Initialism of familywise error rate.


FWE

(statistics) Initialism of familywise error.


Carnot's theorem

(geometry) A theorem stating that the sum of the signed distances from the circumcenter D to the sides of an arbitrary triangle ABC is DF + DG + DH = R + r, where r is the inradius and R the circumradius of the triangle.


Jefferson disk

Commonly attributed to Thomas Jefferson.

(historical, cryptography) Any of a set of stackable disks, each having the letters of the alphabet arranged in some sequence around its edge, used in a cipher system.


excosec

(trigonometry) Abbreviation of excosecant.


Nottingham group

Named after the former domicile of D. L. Johnson, one of the people who studied the group.

(mathematics) In infinite group theory, the group J(Fₚ) or N(Fₚ) consisting of formal power series t + a₂t²+... with coefficients in Fₚ.


double descent

(statistics, machine learning) The phenomenon where a model with few parameters and a model with many parameters have a small test error, but a model whose number of parameters is about the same as the number of data points used to train the model will have a large error.


BNSL

broken neural scaling law
broken neural scaling law#English

(machine learning) Initialism of broken neural scaling law.


conical surface

conical surface (plural conical surfaces)

(geometry) Synonym of cone (“a surface of revolution formed by rotating a segment of a line around another line that intersects the first line or a solid of revolution formed by rotating a triangle around one of its altitudes”)


Box-Cox distribution

Box-Cox distribution (plural Box-Cox distributions)

Box-Cox transformation
Box-Cox transformation

(statistics) The distribution of a random variable X for which the Box-Cox transformation on X follows a truncated normal distribution.


Fisher-Tippett-Gnedenko theorem

the Fisher-Tippett-Gnedenko theorem (canonical)

extreme value theory
extreme value theory

Fréchet distribution
Fréchet distribution

Weibull distribution
Weibull distribution

(statistics) A general result in extreme value theory regarding asymptotic distribution of extreme order statistics. The maximum of a sample of iid random variables after proper renormalization can only converge in distribution to one of three possible distribution families: the Gumbel distribution, the Fréchet distribution, or the Weibull distribution.


Beckett-Gray code

(mathematics) A mathematical structure based on Samuel Beckett's play Quad.