clipping

en-noun

clipping (countable and uncountable, plural clippings)

(uncountable, signal processing) The process of cutting off a signal level that rises above a certain maximum level.


maasha

A traditional unit of weight in South Asia, usually about a gram and variably equivalent to a tenth or a twelfth of a tola; in modern use, standardised to 0.972 grams and a twelfth of a tola.

(historical) A coin in South Asia weighing one maasha, variably equivalent to a tenth or a twelfth of a rupee.


incidence matrix

incidence matrix (plural incidence matrices or incidence matrixes)

incidence matrices (plural)
incidence matrixes (plural)

(graph theory) A matrix showing the relationship between two classes of objects.


pseudograph

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudograph.wav

(graph theory) A graph that may contain loops as well as multiple edges between vertices


valency

valency (countable and uncountable, plural valencies)

From Late Latin valentia and Latin valentia (“bodily strength; health; vigour”) + English -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state). Valentia is derived from valēns (“healthy, strong, vigorous”) + -ia (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns); while valēns is the present active participle of valeō (“to be healthy, sound, or well; to be strong; to have influence or power, etc.”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule; powerful, strong”).
Sense 1 (“combining capacity of an atom”) and sense 3 (“number of arguments a verb can have”) are possibly from valence + -y.

der

(countable, graph theory) The number of edges connected to a vertex in a graph.


indegree

/ˈɪndəˌɡɹiː/

(graph theory) The number of edges directed into a vertex in a directed graph

入度

the number of edges directed into a vertex in a directed graph


outdegree

/ˈaʊtdəˌɡɹiː/

(graph theory) The number of edges directed out of a vertex in a directed graph.


chromatic number

en-noun

chromatic number (plural chromatic numbers)

The chromatic number of a complete graph K#95;n is n; the chromatic number of a bipartite graph K#95;#123;n,m#125; is 2.

The chromatic number of a graph G is the minimum value of k for which G is k-colourable, and is denoted by #92;chi(G).[…]A more essential use of the chromatic number was made by Gallai (1968a) and Roy (1967), who discovered a simple relationship between the chromatic number of a digraph and the length of a longest directed path in the digraph, where the chromatic number #92;chi(D) of a digraph D is defined to be the chromatic number of its underlying graph G(D).

1995, J. A. Bondy, “1: Basic Graph Theory: Paths and Circuits”, in Ronald L. Graham, Martin Grötschel, László Lovász, editors, Handbook of Combinatorics, Volume 1, Elsevier (North-Holland), page 48:

2004, Monia Discepoli, Ivan Gerace, Riccardo Mariani, Andrea Remigi, A Spectral Technique to Solve the Chromatic Number Problem in Circulant Graphs, Antonio Laganà, et al. (editors), Computational Science and Its Applications, ICCSA 2004: International Conference, Proceedings, Part 3, Springer, LNCS 3045, page 745,
The CHROMATIC NUMBER is the minimum number of colors by means of which it is possible to color a graph in such a way that each vertex has a different color with respect to the adjacent vertices. Such a problem is an NP-hard problem [14] and [it] is even hard to obtain a good approximation of the solution in a polynomial time [17]. Although in a lot of computational problems the cost decreases when these problems are restricted to circulant graphs [6, 9], the CHROMATIC NUMBER problem is NP-hard even restrecting to circulant graphs [9]. Moreover the problem of finding a good approximation of the CHROMATIC NUMBER problem on circulant graphs is also NP-hard.

2009, Gary Chartrand, Ping Zhang, Chromatic Graph Theory, Taylor & Francis Group (CRC Press / Chapman & Hall), page 149,
There is no general formula for the chromatic number of a graph. Consequently, we will often be concerned and must be content with (1) determining the chromatic number of some classes of interest and (2) determining upper and/or lower bounds for the chromatic number of a graph.

(graph theory) The smallest number of colours needed to colour a given graph (i.e., to assign a colour to each vertex such that no two vertices connected by an edge have the same colour).

kromatikus szám

smallest number of colours needed to colour a graph

vertex chromatic number

smallest number of colours needed to colour the vertices of a graph

used to differentiate from edge chromatic number


IDF

A finer point to observe is that the sample implementation provided in Example 7-4 adjusts the IDF score by adding a value of 1.0 to the logarithm calculation, for the purposes of illustration and because we're dealing with a trivial document set.

2011, Matthew Russell, Mining the Social Web, page 215:

The idea behind inverse document frequency (IDF) is that all words in the corpus are not equally important.

2014, Manas A. Pathak, Beginning Data Science with R, page 147:

Inverse document frequency, or IDF, is your window through Zipf in topic analysis.

2019, Hobson Lane, Cole Howard, Hannes Max Hapke, Natural Language Processing In Action […] , Shelter Island: Manning, →ISBN:

(statistics) Initialism of inverse document frequency.


8 ball

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-8 ball.wav

The 8 ball was buried behind the 10 and the 15.

(literally, billiards) The eighth numbered ball.

A cocktail made with vodka and V8 vegetable juice.

(slang) An eighth of an ounce, especially as a drug quantity.

(slang) A 40 ounce bottle of malt liquor

(slang) The alliance of the Folks and Crips (two gangs).


cha

One–two–cha–cha–cha
Three–four–cha–cha–cha

(dance) Used to count out steps, particularly involving the hip-shaking sections of rhythmic Latin dances


repeating

one point two repeating three four ― 1.234

repeating decimal
repeating decimal#English

When reading out a repeating decimal, denotes where the periodic part begins.


manipulative

Some children need manipulatives to learn math basics, Dr. Clements said, but only as a starting point.

2008 April 25, Kenneth Chang, “Study Suggests Math Teachers Scrap Balls and Slices”, in New York Times:

(mathematics) A manipulable object designed to demonstrate a mathematical concept.


verf

The regular polyhedra include the five Platonic solids and the four Kepler-Poinsot solids. Their faces are all regular and congruent as well as their vertices and edges. Their verfs are regular also.

2012, Jonathan Bowers, Uniform Polyhedra and Other Three Dimensional Shapes:


meagre

en-adj

meagre (comparative meagrer, superlative meagrest)

meagrer (comparative)
meagrest (superlative)

Jamaican Creole: mawga

From Middle English megre, borrowed from Anglo-Norman megre, Old French maigre, from Latin macer, macrum, from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱrós. Cognate with Old English mæġer (“meagre, lean”), Dutch mager (“lean”), German mager (“lean”), Icelandic magur (“lean”).

(set theory) Of a set: such that, considered as a subset of a (usually larger) topological space, it is in a precise sense small or negligible.


perversion

en-noun

perversion (countable and uncountable, plural perversions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-perversion.wav

From Latin perversio, from pervertere (“corrupt”).


dessiatina

dessiatina (plural dessiatinas or dessiatiny)

dessiatinas (plural)
dessiatiny (plural)

From Russian десяти́на (desjatína, “tenth, tithe”).

der

The tract of land given by the emperor contains five hundred and forty-five acres, (twenty dessjatines,) being two thousand two hundred and five feet long, and one thousand five hundred and eighty-two wide at its greatest breadth.

1849 July, “The Observatory at Pulkowa”, in The North American Review, volume 69, number 144:

I go shooting there every year, and it is worth five hundred roubles a desyatina cash down, and he is paying you two hundred on long term.

1918, Leo Tolstoy, translated by Aylmer and Louise Maude, Anna Karenina, Oxford, published 1998, page 166:

Clouds, some in very clear profile, black and jagged, sail in armadas towards the Asian arctic, above the sweeping dessiatinas of grasses […]

1973, Thomas Pynchon, Gravity's Rainbow:

The average peasant allotment, at 2.6 dessyatiny in 1900, was comparable in size to the typical smallholding in France or Germany.

1996, Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, Folio Society, published 2013, page 119:

A Russian measure of land, roughly 1.1 hectares.


dunam

From Hebrew דּוּנָם (dunam) or Arabic دُونُم (dūnum), from Turkish dönüm, from dönmek (“to turn”). A probable calque of Byzantine Greek στρέμμα (strémma, “stremma”, literally “that which is turned”).

You pay eight marks and they plant a dunam of land for you with olives, oranges, almonds or citrons.

1922 February, James Joyce, Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

(historical) An Ottoman Turkish unit of surface area nominally equal to 1,600 square (Turkish) paces but actually varied at a provincial and local level according to land quality to accommodate its colloquial sense of the amount of land able to be plowed in a day, roughly equivalent to the Byzantine stremma or English acre.


collinear

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-collinear.wav

(geometry, of three or more points) Lying on the same straight line.


Entscheidungsproblem

Unadapted borrowing from German Entscheidungsproblem.

ubor

‘The Entscheidungsproblem,’ Rudy said. ‘Meaning?’ Alan explained, ‘Hilbert wanted to know whether any given statement could, in principle, be found true or false.’

Turing was attending Max Newman's lectures on the foundations of mathematics when the Entscheidungsproblem first attracted his attention.

2012, George Dyson, Turing's Cathedral, Penguin, published 2013, page 279:

(mathematics, logic) A decision problem of finding a way to decide whether a formula is true or provable within a given system.


truncate

en-verb

truncate (third-person singular simple present truncates, present participle truncating, simple past and past participle truncated)

truncates (present singular third-person)
truncating (participle present)
truncated (participle past)
truncated (past)

/ˈtɹʌŋˌkeɪt/

From Latin truncātus, perfect passive participle of truncō (“maim, reduce to a trunk”); see trunk as a verb.

بَتَرَ

shorten something as if by cutting off part of it

(mathematics, transitive) To shorten (a decimal number) by removing trailing (or leading) digits.

закръглявам

shorten a decimal number by removing trailing (or leading) digits; to chop

(geometry) To replace a corner by a plane (or to make a similar change to a crystal).


gree

From Middle English gre, from Old French gré, from Latin gradum (“step”). Compare degree. Doublet of grade.


resultant

From Latin resultāns, present participle of resultō.

(mathematics) A vector that is the vector sum of multiple vectors.


involution

en-noun

involution (countable and uncountable, plural involutions)

Involutions have the property that they are their own inverses.

1996, Alfred J. Menezesm, Paul C. van Oorschot, Scott A. Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography, CRC Press, page 10:

(mathematics) An endofunction whose square is equal to the identity function; a function equal to its inverse.

對合 /对合

mathematics; an endofunction whose square is equal to the identity function; a function equal to its inverse

(mathematics, obsolete) A power: the result of raising one number to the power of another.


loxodromic

From French loxodromique, from Ancient Greek λοξός (loxós, “oblique”) + δρόμος (drómos, “course”).

(mathematics) Preserving angles between curves, such as in a Möbius transformation that is not elliptic or parabolic.


marginalize

en-verb

marginalize (third-person singular simple present marginalizes, present participle marginalizing, simple past and past participle marginalized)

marginalizes (present singular third-person)
marginalizing (participle present)
marginalized (participle past)
marginalized (past)

Ideally, we would like to integrate out the parameters #92;theta, i.e. marginalize in order to obtain a prediction. Since this is again hard to realize analytically, one usually approximates the integral via sampling from the posterior.

2021, Nils Thuerey, Philipp Holl, Maximilian Mueller, Patrick Schnell, Felix Trost, Kiwon Um, chapter 25, in Physics-based Deep Learning, page 245:

marginal distribution
marginal distribution

(mathematics) To find a marginal distribution of a joint probability distribution.


counting number

en-noun

counting number (plural counting numbers)

(mathematics) A number used when counting, which is usually a positive integer, but sometimes zero.


dark figure

In exploring the dark figure of crime, the primary question is not how much of it becomes revealed but rather what will be the selective properties of any particular innovation for its illumination.

1977, US Congressional House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Suspension of the National Crime Survey, page 15:

The dark figure concerning these criminal offences, is very high and the attitude towards reporting such cases is not constant.

1992, Hisao Katoh, Louise I. Shelley, Hisao Katō, Hans-Günther Heiland, Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives, Walter de Gruyter, page 49:

By definition, they ignore the unreported “dark figure” of crime. We turn now to a second source of official crime data.

2000, Piers Beirne, James W. Messerschmidt, Criminology:

Arguing that the dark figure is larger, perhaps very large (“The cases we know about are just the tip of the iceberg!”), makes any estimate seem possible, even reasonable.

2012, Joel Best, Damned Lies and Statistics […] , University of California Press, →ISBN, page 37:

(criminology, statistics) The estimated number of unreported criminal cases.


time reversal

(mathematics) An operation that transforms a physical system undergoing a sequence of events into one in which the events take place in the reverse sequence.


injection

injection (countable and uncountable, plural injections)

/ɪnˈd͡ʒɛk.ʃən/

Nicolas Bourbaki
Éléments de mathématique

Borrowed from Middle French injection, from Latin iniectio. The mathematical sense is from French injection, introduced by Nicolas Bourbaki in their treatise Éléments de mathématique.

(category theory) A morphism from either one of the two components of a coproduct to that coproduct.

(mathematics) A relation on sets (X,Y) that associates each element of Y with at most one element of X.

(set theory) A function that maps distinct x in the domain to distinct y in the codomain; formally, a f: X → Y such that f(a) = f(b) implies a = b for any a, b in the domain.


times sign

(arithmetic, informal) A multiplication sign.


oka

From Italian oca, from French oque, from Ottoman Turkish اوقه (okka). Doublet of ounce, inch, uncia, ouguiya, and awqiyyah.

doublet

At Constantinople, the cantaro, or quintal, contains 44 okes, or 100 rottoli; and the cantaro weighs about 123¾ lbs. avoirdupois, the oke 2lbs. 13 oz., and the rottolo 19⁴⁄₅ oz., and the chequee 11¼ oz. avoirdupois... At Smyrna, the cantaro, or kintal, contains 45 okes, or 100 rottoli. The batman is 6 okes, or 2400 drachms; and the oke is 400 drachms, and the rottolo = 180 drachms. The cantaro of 45 okes weighs 123 lbs. 4 oz. avoirdupois; and, therefore, the oke is = 2 lbs. 11 oz. 13 drs. avoirdupois...

1819, Abraham Rees, The Cyclopaedia, volume XXX, Rottolo, page 632:

Dram (49·5 grains), 100=chequi, 4=oka (2·8286 ℔); dram (49·5 grains), 180=rotl, 100=kintal or kantar (127·29 ℔).

1888, W.M.F. Petrie, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. XXIV, s.v. "Weights and Measures"

(historical) A former Turkish, Egyptian, Hungarian, and Romanian unit of weight, usually of a little more than a kilogram.


Euclidean space

en-noun

Euclidean space (countable and uncountable, plural Euclidean spaces)

(mathematics) Any real vector space on which a real-valued inner product (and, consequently, a metric) is defined.


Euclidean algorithm

Euclidean algorithm (plural Euclidean algorithms)

1985, Erich Kaltofen, Heinrich Rolletschek, Arithmetic in Quadratic Fields with Unique Factorization, Bob F. Caviness (editor), EUROCAL '85, European Conference on Computer Algebra, Linz, Proceedings, Volume 2, Springer, LNCS 204, page 279,
In a quadratic field Q (√), D a squarefree integer, with class number 1 any algebraic integer can be decomposed uniquely into primes but for only 21 domains Euclidean algorithms are known. We prove that for D<-19 even remainder sequences with possibly nondecreasing norms cannot determine the GCD of arbitrary inputs.

2003, Ali Akhavi, Brigitte Vallée, Average Bit-Complexity of Euclidean Algorithms, Ugo Montanari, Jose D.P. Rolim, Emo Welzl (editors), Automata, Languages and Programming: 27th International Colloquium, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 1853, page 373,
In this paper, we provide new analyses that characterize the precise average bit-complexity of a class of Euclidean algorithms.
We consider here five algorithms that are all classical variations of the Euclidean algorithm and are called Classical (𝒢), By-Excess (ℒ), Centered (𝒦), Subtractive (𝒯) and Binary (ℬ).

The general behavior of lattice reduction algorithms is far from being well understood.[…]We explain how a mixed methodology has already proved fruitful for small dimensions p, corresponding to the variety of Euclidean algorithms (p = 1) and to the Gauss algorithm (p = 2).

2009, Brigitte Vallée, Antonio Vera, “3: Probabilistic Analyses of Lattice Reduction Algorithms”, in Phong Q. Nguyen, Brigitte Vallée, editors, The LLL Algorithm: Survey and Applications, Springer, page 71:

greatest common divisor
greatest common divisor

(arithmetic, number theory) Specifically, a method, based on a division algorithm, for finding the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two given integers; any of certain variations or generalisations of said method.


greatest common divisor

greatest common divisor (plural greatest common divisors)

least common multiple

antonym(s) of “largest number that divides each of a set of positive integers”

The greatest common divisor of 66, 30 and 18 is 6.

1974, John M. Peterson, Basic Concepts of Elementary Mathematics, Prindle, Weber & Schmidt, page 148,
Euclid's algorithm is a process for finding the greatest common divisor of any two whole numbers.

Suppose (a#95;0,a#95;1,#92;dots,a#95;n)#92;in#92;Z we say (a#95;0,a#95;1,#92;dots,a#95;n) is primitive if the greatest common divisor of a#95;0,a#95;1,#92;dots,a#95;n is 1.

2006, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, Neutrosophic Rings, Hexis, page 53:

This paper presents a regularization theory for numerical computation of polynomial greatest common divisors and a convergence analysis, along with a detailed description of a blackbox-type algorithm.[…]As one of the fundamental algebraic problems with a long history, finding the greatest common divisor (GCD) of univariate polynomials is an indispensable component of many algebraic computations besides being an important problem in its own right.

2011, Zhonggang Zeng, “The Numerical Greatest Common Divisor of Univariate Polynomials”, in Leonid Gurvits, Philippe Pébay, J. Maurice Rojas, David Thompson, editors, Randomization, Relaxation, and Complexity in Polynomial Equation Solving, American Mathematical Society, page 187:

(arithmetic, number theory) The largest positive integer (respectively polynomial, element of a given ring) that is a divisor of each of a given set of integers (respectively polynomials, elements of a given ring).


Cartesian space

Cartesian space (countable and uncountable, plural Cartesian spaces)

Cartesian coordinate
Cartesian coordinate

(mathematics) Euclidean space described by Cartesian coordinates.

espace cartésien

Euclidian space described by Cartesian coordinates


gcd

greatest common divisor
greatest common divisor#English

(mathematics) Initialism of greatest common divisor.


Cartesian

From the New Latin Cartesiānus, from Cartesius (“René Descartes”).

(mathematics, cartography) Of, or pertaining to, co-ordinates based on mutually orthogonal axes.

cartesià

of or pertaining to coordinates based on orthogonal axes


affine geometry

affine geometry (countable and uncountable, plural affine geometries)

As an alternative to the axiomatic approach, affine geometry can be studied via the properties of affine transformations, which do not, in general, preserve distances or angles, but do preserve alignment of points and parallelism of lines.

The notion of parallelism remains central to affine geometry, in which the parallel postulate is replaced by Playfair's axiom, a version of the postulate that relies on neither distance nor angle size.

1940 [McGraw-Hill], E. T. Bell, The Development of Mathematics, 2017 [1992], Dover, page 265,
To include affine geometry, Menger (1935) imposed on lattices a reasonable axiom of parallelism.

1953 [Addison-Wesley], Dirk J. Struik, Lectures on Analytic and Projective Geometry, 2014, Dover, page 108,
And affine geometry itself can be considered as the geometry of all projective transformations which leave a line invariant.

Affine geometry is the geometry of an n-dimensional vector space together with its inhomogeneous linear structure.[…]Arbitrary affine linear maps take affine linear subspaces into one another, and also preserve collinearity of points, parallels and ratios of distances along parallel lines; all these are thus well defined notions of affine geometry.

2005, Miles Reid, Balazs Szendroi, Geometry and Topology, Cambridge University Press, page 62:

(geometry, uncountable) The branch of geometry dealing with what can be deduced in Euclidean geometry when the notions of line length and angle size are ignored.


affine group

affine transformations
affine transformation

(mathematics) The group of all affine transformations of a finite-dimensional vector space.


finite-dimensional

(mathematics) (of a vector space) having a basis consisting of a finite number of elements.


Euclidean group

Euclidean group (plural Euclidean groups)

affine transformation
affine transformation

(mathematics) the set of rigid motions that are also affine transformations.


affine transformation

affine transformation (plural affine transformations)

An affine transformation does not in general preserve angles between lines or distances between points, but it does preserve ratios of distances between points lying on a straight line.

Given an affine space X, every affine transformation on X can be represented as the composition of a linear transformation on X and a translation of X.

Examples of affine transformations include translation, scaling, homothety, similarity, reflection, rotation, shear and compositions of them in any combination and sequence.

Just as for plane transformations, we may show that the set of all affine transformations of space form a group.
Under an affine transformation of space, the image of a line is a line, and the image of a plane is a plane.

1965, P. S. Modenov, A. S. Parkhomenko, translated by Michael B. P. Slater, Geometric Transformations, Volume 1: Euclidean and Affine Transformations, Academic Press, page 145:

Theorem 15.2 A transformation such that the images of every three collinear points are themselves collinear is an affine transformation.
Are the affine transformations the same as those transformations for which the images of any three noncollinear points are themselves noncollinear? We shall see the answer is "Yes."

1982, George E. Martin, Transformation Geometry, Springer, page 169:

2004, Solomon Khmelnik, Computer Arithmetic of Geometrical Figures: Algorithms and Hardware Design, Mathematics in Computer Comp., page 8,
Most striking and well-known examples of affine transformation applications are computer tomography (see for instance [1]) and information compression for telecommunication systems (see [2]).
This book describes affine transformations (displacements, turns, scaling, shifts) of n-dimensional figures, where n=1,2,3,4.

(geometry, linear algebra) A geometric transformation that preserves lines and parallelism, but in general not lengths or angles; (more formally) an automorphism of an affine space: a mapping of an affine space onto itself that preserves both the dimension of any affine subspace and the ratio of the lengths of any pair of parallel line segments.

affine homomorphism

mappings from one space to a (generally) different one


t test

Student's t test
Student's t test#English

(statistics) Ellipsis of Student's t test.


t-test

Student's t-test
Student's t-test#English

(statistics) Ellipsis of Student's t-test.


Student's t test

Student's t test (plural Student's t tests)

From Student, the pen-name of William Sealy Gosset, Irish statistician, who documented this test in a paper in Biometrika. Through the popularization of this test in the work of Ronald Fisher, who referred to it as a test for value "t" to check for Student's distribution.

Student's t-distribution
Student's t-distribution

(statistics) Any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic has a Student's t-distribution if the null hypothesis is true.

en:Biometrika
en:Ronald Fisher
en:Student's t test
en:William Sealy Gosset


Student's t distribution

Student's t distribution (plural Student's t distributions)

From the pen-name of Irish statistician William Sealy Gosset, which he used for a 1908 paper in Biometrika, under the pseudonym Student. The distribution was popularised through the work of Ronald Fisher, who referred to it as Student's distribution and used the letter t to represent the test value.

A complete description of the Student's t distribution is beyond the aims of this book.

2009, Francesco Sardanelli, Giovanni Di Leo, “Biostatistics for Radiologists: Planning, Performing, and Writing a Radiologic Study”, in [2008, Biostatistica in Radiologia], Springer, page 59:

In contrast, the 0.95 confidence interval for μ is (577.1,623.4), assuming T does indeed have a Student's t distribution.

2011, Rand Wilcox, Modern Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences: A Practical Introduction, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 155:

Markowitz contends that the weight of the evidence supports a conclusion that the Student's t-distribution is a better model of stock returns than either the normal distribution or the stable Paretian.

2012, Paul D. Kaplan, Frontiers of Modern Asset Allocation, Wiley, page 358:

To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first empirical implementation of the skewed t-copula to generate meta-skewed Student's t-distributions.

2013, Manuel Ammann, Stephan Süss, “Asymmetric dependence patterns in financial time series”, in Alexandra Dias, Mark Salmon, Chris Adcock, editors, Copulae and Multivariate Probability Distributions in Finance, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), page 95:

The graph of the probability density function of the Student's t distribution is a symmetric and bell-shaped curve, differing for different sample sizes.

2014, Mohammad Ahsanullah, B.M. Golam Kibria, Mohammad Shakil, Normal and Student's t Distributions and Their Applications, Springer, page 51:

(statistics) A distribution that arises when the population standard deviation is unknown and has to be estimated from the data.

Biometrika
William Sealy Gosset
en:Ronald Fisher
en:Student's t distribution


tchetvert

Borrowed from Russian че́тверть (čétvertʹ, “quarter”). Doublet of cwierc.

bor+

(historical) An obsolete Russian unit of volume.


cubic foot

A measure of volume or capacity equivalent to that of a cube having unit dimension of one foot; equals 28.32 litres.


MIP

Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure
w:Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure

(statistics, European Union) Initialism of Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure.


DNF

disjunctive normal form
w:disjunctive normal form

(mathematics) Initialism of disjunctive normal form.


truncation

en-noun

truncation (countable and uncountable, plural truncations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-truncation.wav

From Late Latin truncātiō, from Latin truncāre, past participle truncātus (“to cut off”). By surface analysis, truncate + -ion.

(mathematics) The removal of the least significant digits from a decimal number.

закръгляване

(geometry) The replacement of a solid angle by a plane, or a similar operation in other dimensions.


superscript

en-verb

superscript (third-person singular simple present superscripts, present participle superscripting, simple past and past participle superscripted)

superscripts (present singular third-person)
superscripting (participle present)
superscripted (participle past)
superscripted (past)

From Middle French superscript, from Latin superscriptus (“written above”).

The ambient or unsaturated value of a variable is superscripted with a "*".

1987, Pragasen Pillay, “Permanent magnet synchronous motor drives and brushless DC motor drives for servo applications”, Conference Record of the 1987 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (Part I), IEEE, page 387

(mathematics, sciences, typography, transitive, of a variable) To provide with a superscript.


mired

A unit of measurement for color temperature.


carrus

Borrowed from Latin carrus. Doublet of car.

(uncommon, historical) A load: various English units of weight or volume based upon standardized cartloads of certain commodities.


counts

(statistics, of a statistic) To be enumerated rather than represented as a proportion or percentage.


faraday

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-faraday.wav

From Michael Faraday, English chemist and physicist.

gram equivalent weight
gram equivalent weight

(chemistry, physics) The quantity of electricity required to deposit or liberate 1 gram equivalent weight of a substance during electrolysis; approximately −96,487 coulombs.


tet

(geometry, engineering) A tetrahedron; a tetrahedral finite element.


harmonic

en-adj

harmonic (comparative more harmonic, superlative most harmonic)

more harmonic (comparative)
most harmonic (superlative)

From Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós), from ἁρμονία (harmonía, “harmony”). By surface analysis, harmony + -ic.

The harmonic polar line of an inflection point of a cubic curve is the component of the polar conic other than the tangent line.

(mathematics) Used to characterize various mathematical entities or relationships supposed to bear some resemblance to musical consonance.

harmonický

mathematical attribute of mathematical entities


harmonic

(mathematics) One of a class of functions that enter into the development of the potential of a nearly spherical mass due to its attraction.


fellowship

en-noun

fellowship (countable and uncountable, plural fellowships)

From Middle English felowschipe, felawshipe, felaȝschyp, equivalent to fellow + -ship; or perhaps adapted from Old Norse félagskapr, félagsskapr (“fellowship”). Compare Icelandic félagsskapur (“companionship, company, community”), Danish fællesskab (“fellowship”), Norwegian fellesskap (“fellowship”).

cog

(arithmetic, archaic) The proportional division of profit and loss among partners.


bounded

en-adj

bounded (comparative more bounded, superlative most bounded)

more bounded (comparative)
most bounded (superlative)

A compact set must be bounded.

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis, of a set) That can be enclosed within a ball of finite radius.

(set theory, order theory, of a poset X with partial order ≤) That contains a least element, a, and a greatest element, b, such that for all x ∈ X, a ≤ x ≤ b.

barita

that contains a least and a greatest elements


whiteness

en-noun

whiteness (countable and uncountable, plural whitenesses)

Inherited from Middle English whitenesse, whitnesse, whytnesse, hwitnesse, from Old English hwītnes (“whiteness”), equivalent to white + -ness.

inh+

Despite this criticism, this check for whiteness of a time series enjoys much popularity as it is very easy to carry out.

2005, Helmut Lütkepohl, New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis, page 161:

(statistics, of a stochastic process) The quality of being white noise.


inscribe

en-verb

inscribe (third-person singular simple present inscribes, present participle inscribing, simple past and past participle inscribed)

inscribes (present singular third-person)
inscribing (participle present)
inscribed (participle past)
inscribed (past)

Borrowed from Latin īnscrībō, from in- (“upon”) and scrībō (“to write”).

(geometry) To draw a circle, sphere, etc. inside a polygon, polyhedron, etc. and tangent to all its sides.


consequent

Borrowed from Middle French conséquent, from Latin consequens, consequentem, present participle of consequi (“to follow”), from con- + sequi (“to follow”). Compare French conséquent.

(mathematics) The second term of a ratio, i.e. the term b in the ratio a:b, the other being the antecedent.


loxodrome

Back-formation from loxodromic, from Ancient Greek λοξός (loxós, “oblique”) + δρόμος (drómos, “course”) via French.

(mathematics, nautical) A line on a surface (such as the Earth) that cuts all meridians at a constant angle (but not a right angle) – on Earth, the path followed by a ship or aircraft that maintains a constant course by the compass.


toric

en-adj

toric (comparative more toric, superlative most toric)

more toric (comparative)
most toric (superlative)

Pertaining to or shaped like a torus, or a section of a torus; toroidal.

(geometry and algebra) Which, in any of several technical senses, admits a high degree of symmetry, allowing combinatorial methods to be used in its study.

(algebraic geometry, of a variety) Containing an algebraic torus as a dense subset, such that the group action of the torus on itself extends to the whole space; or, the embedding map taking the torus into the space. See Toric variety on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

(geometry, of a manifold, generalizing the case of toric varieties) (Narrowly) A compact smooth toric variety. (Broadly) Quasitoric: a closed, real, even-dimensional smooth manifold equipped with an effective, smooth action by an algebraic torus whose orbits are simple complex polytopes and such that the action is locally the same as a faithful real representation of the group.

(algebraic geometry, of a stack) Any of several generalizations of the notion of toric varieties to stacks: the stack quotient of a toric variety by its torus; the stack quotient of a toric variety by a subgroup of its torus.

(commutative algebra, of an ideal) Generated by differences of monomials.

(error correction) A particular topological quantum error correcting code; see Toric code on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


dirham

From Arabic دِرْهَم (dirham), ultimately from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ). Doublet of dram, drachma, diram, dirhem, and adarme.

doublet

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates

(numismatics) A unit of currency used in the Arab world, currently the name of the currency of Morocco and the United Arab Emirates.


local minimum

en-noun

local minimum (plural local minimums or local minima)

local minimums (plural)
local minima (plural)

(mathematics) A point on a graph (or its associated function) whose value is less than all other points near it.


trilinear

(mathematics) A triple (x, y, z) of the algebraic distances of a point to each side of a surrounding triangle


trisect

en-verb

trisect (third-person singular simple present trisects, present participle trisecting, simple past and past participle trisected)

trisects (present singular third-person)
trisecting (participle present)
trisected (participle past)
trisected (past)

(transitive, mathematics) to divide a quantity, angle etc into three equal parts

jakaa kolmeen yhtä suureen osaan

(mathematics) to divide into three equal parts


dinky

1780-90; compare Scots dink (“neatly dressed, trim”) (of obscure origin); sense shift perhaps: trim > dainty > small > insignificant; + -y.

(Appalachia) A small mine car; especially, a small coal car.


approximant

From Latin approximāns. In the phonetics sense first used by Peter Ladefoged, the mathematical concept is attributed to Paul Halmos.

(mathematics) An approximation to the solution of a function, series, etc.


depress

depress (third-person singular simple present depresses, present participle depressing, simple past and past participle depressed)

depresses (present singular third-person)
depressing (participle present)
depressed (participle past)
depressed (past)

From Middle English depressen, from Old French depresser, from Latin dēpressus, perfect participle of dēprimō (“to press down, to weigh down”), from dē- (“off, away, down, out”) + premō (“to press”).

af

(mathematics) To reduce (an equation) in a lower degree.


retract

Partly:
* from retract (verb) (see etymology 1); and
* from Late Latin retractus (“a pulling back, retreat; refuge”), from Latin retractus (“withdrawn”), the perfect passive participle of Latin retrahō (“to draw or pull back, withdraw; to bring back; to compel to turn back; to recall; to get back, recover; to hold back, restrain, withhold; to remove, take away; to bring to light again; (Late Latin) to delay”) (see etymology 1) + -tus (suffix forming action nouns from verbs). Doublet of retrait, retreat, and ritratto.

doublet

(group theory) A subgroup of a given group such that there is a surjective endomorphism from the ambient group to the subgroup which is constant on the subgroup; in this case the subgroup is a retract of the ambient group. In symbols: H in G is a retract of G if there exists a surjective homomorphism σ from G to H with σ|_H= operatorname id.


topological

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2013, Johnston, Adrian, "Jacques Lacan", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) Jacques Lacan in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
By the 1970s, with his meditations on the topological figure of the Borromean knot—this knotting of three rings, pictured on the coat of arms of the Borromeo family, is arranged such that if one ring is broken, all three are set free in disconnection—Lacan emphasizes the mutual dependence of the registers on one another. Hence, loosely speaking, the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real can be thought of as the three fundamental dimensions of psychical subjectivity à la Lacan.

(mathematics) Of or relating to topology.

topological group

(mathematics) Equipped with a topology that is typically required to be compatible with the underlying structure in some way.


triadic

(mathematics) Having an arity of three; taking three arguments or operands.


sphenic number

(mathematics) A positive integer that is the product of three distinct prime factors.


elasticity

en-noun

elasticity (countable and uncountable, plural elasticities)

(mathematics) The ratio of the relative change in a function's output with respect to the relative change in its input, for infinitesimal changes at a certain point.


transfer function

transfer function (plural transfer functions)

(systems theory) a mathematical representation of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system


turning point

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(calculus) A maximum or minimum on a graph.


turnstile

(mathematics, logic) The ⊢ symbol used to represent logical entailment (deducibility relation), especially of the syntactic type; i.e., syntactic consequence. (Such symbol can be read as "prove(s)" or "give(s)". )


two-way

From two + way. Compare Old English twiweġ (“intersection, junction of two roads”).

cog

A two-way chart; a two-way table.

(statistics, of a table, etc.) Having or involving exactly two variables; bivariate.


eccentricity

en-noun

eccentricity (countable and uncountable, plural eccentricities)

excentricitat

a ratio between distances in a conic section

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness, the consciousness dawning upon him that his eccentricity was not receiving the ovation it merited.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

The quality of being eccentric or odd; any eccentric behaviour.

For an ellipse, the eccentricity is the ratio of the distance from the center to a focus divided by the length of the semi-major axis.

(mathematics) The ratio, constant for any particular conic section, of the distance of a point from the focus to its distance from the directrix.

(graph theory) The farthest distance from a vertex to any other vertex.


synclastic

From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with, together”) + κλαστός (klastós, “broken in pieces”) + -ic.

uder

(mathematics) of a surface whose Gaussian curvature is positive at all points


anticlastic

From Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite”) + κλαστός (klastós, “broken in pieces”) + -ic.

(mathematics) of a surface whose Gaussian curvature is negative at all points


wwwww

(mathematics) Abbreviation of which was what we/was wanted. (used at the end of a proof)


root mean square

en-noun

root mean square (plural root mean squares)

root mean square voltage

(mathematics, often attributive) The square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of a set of numbers or values.


modulo

/ˈmɒd͡ʒələʊ/

/ˈmɑd͡ʒəloʊ/

From Latin modulō, ablative of modulus (“a measure”).

21 and 84 are congruent to each other modulo 9, since both numbers leave the same remainder, 3, when divided by 9.

Thus 21 modulo 9 is 3, because when 21 is divided by 9, the remainder is 3.

21 is congruent to 3 modulo 9.

(mathematics) Given a specified modulus of.


radial

en-adj

radial (comparative more radial, superlative most radial)

more radial (comparative)
most radial (superlative)

From Medieval Latin radiālis (“radial”), from Latin radius.

What is the relationship between arc length and radial length?

(geometry) Of, or relating to a radius (line joining to a geometric centre).

radial velocity


nonahedron

en-noun

nonahedron (plural nonahedra or nonahedrons)

A polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), consisting mainly of a mixture of octahedra, nonahedra, and decahedra with bulky and flexible organic substituents, with three secondary hydroxyls per organic group, was used to modify epoxy networks produced by the homopolymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A in the presence of benzyldimethylamine.

2003 July 1, S. A. Pellice, D. P. Fasce, R. J. J. Williams, “Properties of Epoxy Networks Derived from the Reaction of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Bearing OH-Functionalized Organic Substituents”, in Journal of Polymer Science, volume 41, number 13, part B (Polymer Physics), →ISSN, page 1451:

(mathematics) Any of the 2,606 topologically distinct convex polyhedra that have nine faces.


Z score

From the use of "Z" in Z distribution, another name for normal distribution.

(statistics) The number of standard deviation units away from the mean a particular value of data lies.


superellipse

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(algebra, geometry) a geometric shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos^(2/r)t, y = b.cos^(2/r)t


superellipsoid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superellipsoid.wav

(algebra, geometry) A closed surface, of which the sphere and ellipsoid are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos^(2/r)t, y = b.cos^(2/r)t, z = c.cos^(2/r)t.


parametric equation

parametric equation (plural parametric equations)

independent variable
independent variable

(mathematics) A set of equations that defines the coordinates of the dependent variables (x, y and z) of a curve or surface in terms of one or more independent variables or parameters.

參數方程式 /参数方程式

equations that define coordinates of dependent variables of a curve or surface


parametric

[pæɹ.əˈmɛt͡ʃ.ɹɪk]

/ˌpɛɹ.əˈmɛt.ɹɪk/

[ˌpɛɹ.əˈmɛt͡ʃ.ɹɪk]

parametric designs

parametric programming

(mathematics, design, engineering, computing) Of, relating to, or defined using parameters. In mathematics, this typically means related to parametrization / parametric equation.

parameterized

often synonymous, when agency of imposing such nature is relevant


parametric

[pæɹ.əˈmɛt͡ʃ.ɹɪk]

/ˌpɛɹ.əˈmɛt.ɹɪk/

[ˌpɛɹ.əˈmɛt͡ʃ.ɹɪk]


summation

summation (countable and uncountable, plural summations)

(mathematics) summing; summing up; adding (adding up) of a series of items.

batukari

mathematics: an adding up of a series of items

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend


ice fractal

(mathematics) A fractal based on a simple geometric shape and a simple generating motif.


fractal

From French fractal, from Latin fractus (“broken”), perfect passive participle of frangō (“break, fragment”).

fractal

anything exhibiting self-similarity at many scales

(mathematics) A mathematical set that has a non-integer and constant Hausdorff dimension, corresponding to a geometric figure or object that is self-similar at arbitrarily small scales and thus has infinite complexity.

ֆրակտալ

mathematical figure that is self-similar at all scales


fractal

Romanesco was my gateway cauli and I've never stopped growing it. Not a variety as much as its own thing, Romanesco is a cauliflower to the French, a calabrese to the Italians. […] Visually, it may be the most remarkable thing you can grow: it is made up of lime-green mini-spirals that coil around themselves in fractal formation.

2015 January 26, Mark Diacono, “How to grow and cook cauliflower, 2015's trendiest veg: Tricky to grow, boring to boil ... so why is the outmoded cauliflower back at the culinary cutting edge? [print version: Cauliflower power, 24 January 2015, pp. G1 & G3]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):

(mathematics) Having the form of a fractal; having to do with fractals.


radical center

(geometry) A point at which the radical lines of three circles meet.


radical axis

(mathematics) The line containing the locus of points from which the segments respectively tangent to two given circles have equal length.


separable

en-adj

separable (comparative more separable, superlative most separable)

more separable (comparative)
most separable (superlative)

From Middle English separable, from Middle French separable and its etymon Latin sēparābilis.

differential equation
differential equation

(mathematics, of a differential equation) Able to be brought to a form where all occurrences of the dependent and the independent variable are on opposite sides of the equal sign.

(mathematical analysis, of a topological space) Having a countable dense subset.


analytic

analytic (comparative more analytic, superlative most analytic)

more analytic (comparative)
most analytic (superlative)

/ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/

From Ancient Greek ἀναλυτικός (analutikós).

(mathematics) Of, or relating to algebra or a similar method of analysis.

differential calculus
differential calculus

(mathematical analysis) Being defined in terms of objects of differential calculus such as derivatives.

аналитичен

defined in terms of differential calculus

(mathematics, of a function) Being able to be locally represented by convergent power series around every point of the domain.


lilliputian

From the name of a fictional island called Lilliput in the novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift.

(genetics) A fruit fly gene that, when mutated, makes cells abnormally small. See AFF2.


braza

From Spanish braza (“Spanish brace”), from Old Spanish braça, from Latin brachia, variant of bracchium (“arm, cubit”), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “upper arm”).

der

(historical) Synonym of estado, a traditional Spanish unit of length equivalent to about 1.67 m.


decalitre

From French décalitre, equivalent to deca- + litre.


DES

(cryptography) Initialism of Data Encryption Standard.


facultative

en-adj

facultative (comparative more facultative, superlative most facultative)

more facultative (comparative)
most facultative (superlative)

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From French facultatif. By surface analysis, faculty + -ative.

For then it is seen, as before, that it is the points outside the two sheets which are facultative, and not the points between the surface and the touching plane.

1866, George Salmon, Lessons Introductory to the Modern Higher Algebra, Dublin: Hodges, Smith, and Co., page 197:

(geometry, of a point) At which a given function is positive.


polygraph

/ˈpɒliɡɹɑːf/

(mathematics) A multidimensional directed graph; a computad.


instanton

(mathematics, physics) A solution to the imaginary time nonlinear field equation of Yang-Mills theory; carries information about quantum tunnelling.

instantoi

A solution to the Yang-Mills theory equation


gon

From Ancient Greek γωνία (gōnía, “angle”).

(geometry, trigonometry) One hundredth of a right angle; a gradian.


agonic

International Geomagnetic Reference Field

From Ancient Greek ᾰ̓- (ă-, the alpha privativum, a prefix forming words having a sense opposite to the word or stem to which it is attached) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle”) + -ic.


integral equation

en-noun

integral equation (plural integral equations)

(mathematics) An equation involving a function f(x) and integrals of that function to be solved for f(x)


quadrature of the circle

(geometry) The problem, proposed by ancient Greek geometers, of using a finite ruler-and-compass construction to make a square with the same area as a given circle.


quantic

When the two quantics are the first derived functions of the same quantic of any odd order, the lineo-linear invariant does not vanish, but it is not an invariant of the single quantic.

1858, Arthur Cayley, “A Fourth Memoir on Quantics”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, volume 148, published 1859, page 421:

74. The discriminant of a binary quantic, or the eliminant of a system of binary quantics, is an invariant.
We can see a priori that this must be the case, for if a given quantic has a square factor, it will have a square factor still when it is linearly transformed; or if a system of quantics have a common factor, they will still have a common factor when the equations are transformed.

1859, George Salmon, Modern Higher Algebra, page 52:

homogeneous polynomial
homogeneous polynomial

(mathematics) A homogeneous polynomial in two or more variables.


point cloud

A series of points in three-dimensional space that collectively describe the geometry of a physical object.


bodacious

en-adv

bodacious (comparative more bodacious, superlative most bodacious)

more bodacious (comparative)
most bodacious (superlative)

Southern American slang, implied by bodaciously, 1837, either from bodyaciously (“bodily, totally, root and branch”)
(as in “the pigs broke into my fence and destroyed the potato patch bodyaciously”), South Carolina, or a blend of bold and audacious.

Well, he knows by this time, I reckon, that the fastest man afoot can’t noways match speed with a hornet. He taken out through the bresh and thickets, yelpin’ and hollerin’ and hoppin’ most bodacious. He run in a circle, too, for in three minutes he come bellerin’ back, gave one last hop and dove back into the thicket. By this time I figgered he’d wore the hornets out, so I came alive again.

1935 October, Robert E. Howard, “The Riot at Cougar Paw”, in Action Stories:


homological

From Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”), by surface analysis, homo- + logical.

(mathematics) Having to do with homology; using the methods of homological algebra.


logistic curve

Calque of French courbe logistique, coined by Belgian mathematician Pierre François Verhulst in 1845. Verhulst did not explain his choice of the name logistique; see discussion at logistic.

coined

(mathematics, biology) An S-shaped curve that models the growth of many ecosystems.


level set

(mathematical analysis) The set of values x for which a real-valued function f(x) is equal to a given constant.


Polish notation

After the nationality of the logician Jan Łukasiewicz

In Polish Notation, the connectives are placed before the wffs. The virtue of this sentence is that its grammar is simpler, for it has no need for parentheses. Sider’s examples: (P ∧ Q) → R and P ∧ (Q → R) become → ∧PQR and ∧P → QR.
If you actually look at a text in this tradition, you’ll find something slightly different. “C” stands for “consequence”, i.e., implication (→) and “N” for negation (∼).
So,consider the following from Tarski and Łukasiewicz’s Investigations into the Sentential Calculus. The claim there is that there are three axioms:
 ‘CCpqCCqrCpr’
 ‘CCNppp’
 ‘CpCNpq’

2009, Brandon C. Look, “Symbolic Logic II, Lecture 6”, in www.uky.edu/~look, archived from the original on 2011-11-09:

(arithmetic, logic) A notation for arithmetic (and logical) formulae in which operations (respectively, quantifiers and operands) are written immediately before their operands, used to avoid the need for parentheses; for example, 3 * (4 + 7) is written as * 3 + 4 7 and A AND B is written as AND A B.


dol

Clipping of Latin dolor (“sorrow, pain”). Doublet of dolor.

(medicine) The unit of measurement for pain.


logistic function

en-noun

logistic function (plural logistic functions)

Calque of French fonction logistique; see discussion at logistic.

exponential function
exponential function

(mathematics) A function, the result of the division of two exponential functions, that gives rise to the logistic curve.


involute

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(geometry) A curve that cuts all tangents of another curve at right angles; traced by a point on a string that unwinds from a curved object.

involuutta

a curve that cuts all tangents of another curve at right angles; traced by a point on a string that unwinds from a curved object


algorithmic

/ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-algorithmic.wav

In an age when the charts have become an algorithmic spaghetti of streaming plays, radio and downloads, the purest way of measuring who is up and who is down in pop might be the Billboard Social 50, a sub-chart that measures reach across social networks.

2017 May 23, Gavin Haynes, “Why BTS are the K-pop kings of social media”, in The Guardian:

(mathematics, computing) Of, relating to, or being an algorithm.


decadic

(mathematics, of a logarithm) to the base ten


feedback

feedback (usually uncountable, plural feedbacks)

→ German: Feedback

→ Japanese: フィードバック (fīdobakku)

→ Korean: 피드백 (pideubaek)

→ Polish: feedback

→ Portuguese: feedback

→ Russian: фидбэ́к (fidbɛ́k)

→ Spanish: feedback, → retroalimentación (calque)

The fact that similar cortical abnormalities can be experimentally induced in monkeys has allowed Michael Merzenich and his colleagues in San Francisco to explore an animal model of focal dystonia, and to demonstrate the abnormal feedback in the sensory loop and the motor misfirings that, once started, grow relentlessly worse.

2007, Oliver Sacks, Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain:

(electronics, cybernetics, control theory) The part of an output signal that is looped back into the input to control or modify a system.

cybernetics; control theory; cybernetics; control theory

հետադարձ կապ

signal that is looped back to control a system within itself


plaintext

There are weak keys in the sense that their use by foisting chosen plaintexts can be proved, which could be interesting for chip cards with a ‘burnt-in key’.

2007, Reinhard Wobst, “Life After DES: New Methods, New Attacks”, in Angelika Shafir, transl., Cryptology Unlocked, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, →ISBN, section 3 (IDEA: A Special-Class Algoritmh), subsection 5 (Cryptanalyzing IDEA), page 239:

(cryptography, computing) Alternative spelling of plain text


punctual

en-adj

punctual (comparative more punctual, superlative most punctual)

more punctual (comparative)
most punctual (superlative)

/ˈpʌŋt͡ʃuəl/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin pūnctuālis (“relating to a point”), from Late Latin pūnctus (“point”) + -ālis (adjective suffix).

bor+

(chiefly mathematics) Existing as a point or series of points

pistemäinen

mathematics: existing as a point or series of points


standard deviation

en-noun

standard deviation (plural standard deviations)

Coined by English mathematician Karl Pearson in 1894 in his paper "On the dissection of asymmetrical frequency curves".

(statistics) A measure of how spread out data values are around the mean, defined as the square root of the variance. Represented with the Greek letter σ (sigma).


instantaneous velocity

instantaneous velocity (plural instantaneous velocities)

(mathematics) The limit of the change in position per unit time as the unit of time approaches zero; expressed mathematically as lim _(t→0)(Δx)/(Δt)


null hypothesis

null hypothesis (plural null hypotheses)

(statistics) A hypothesis set up to be nullified or refuted in order to support an alternative hypothesis. When used, the null hypothesis is presumed true until statistical evidence in the form of a hypothesis test indicates otherwise. Therefore, the null and the alternative hypothesis must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive.


nonlinear

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(mathematics, of a function) Having a product of independent variables, or a variable with an exponent not equal to one.


infix notation

(mathematics) Notation where operators appear between operands, for example a+b

infixová notace

(mathematics) notation where operators appear between operands


n-type

(mathematics) A set of formulas that have n free variables of a certain sort


simulated annealing

simulated annealing (usually uncountable, plural simulated annealings)

For this problem, the simulated annealing-based heuristic provides a near-optimal solution.

A probabilistic technique for approximating the global optimum of a given function, analogous to the metalworking process of annealing.


tabu search

tabu search (countable and uncountable, plural tabu searches)

From tabu (“sacred, not to be touched”), in reference to the prohibition against revisiting earlier rejected solutions.

Compared to simulated annealing, the tabu search heuristic performed well.

A combinatorial search technique used to solve optimization problems by tracking and guiding the search.


ESS

explained sum of squares
explained sum of squares#English

(statistics) Initialism of explained sum of squares.


factorization

factorization (countable and uncountable, plural factorizations)

A fifth-grade class will spend a set number of days on prime factorization and then move on to study greatest common factors — whether or not every student is ready.

2013 October 23, Tina Rosenberg, “In ‘Flipped’ Classrooms, a Method for Mastery”, in The New York Times:

(mathematics) The process of creating a list of factors.

(mathematics) An expression listing items that, when multiplied together, will produce a desired quantity.


factorize

en-verb

factorize (third-person singular simple present factorizes, present participle factorizing, simple past and past participle factorized)

factorizes (present singular third-person)
factorizing (participle present)
factorized (participle past)
factorized (past)

(mathematics, transitive) To create a list of the factors of.

(mathematics, transitive) To divide an expression into a list of items that, when multiplied together, will produce the original quantity.


solidity

en-noun

solidity (countable and uncountable, plural solidities)

From solid + -ity, from Middle French solidité, from Latin soliditās.

(geometry) The solid contents of a body; volume; amount of enclosed space.


scruffy

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(informal) An artificial intelligence researcher who believes that intelligence is too complicated (or computationally intractable) to be solved with the sorts of homogeneous system favoured by the "neats".


diff

This function takes that diff and plugs it into the larger structure.

[Pogo:] A woman outthunk is a woman scorned and you know what's got no fury like that! [...] Mus' I tell you? It's Sunday.
 [Albert:] What's the diff? Tell away.
 [Pogo, whispering:] Hell.

1960 March 13, Walt Kelly, Pogo, Sunday, comic strip, →ISBN, page 277:


equilateral

ewesydig

referring to a polygon all of whose sides are of equal length

(geometry, of a polygon) Having all the sides equal.

(geometry, of a polyhedron) Having all the faces equal.


equiangular

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-equiangular.wav

(geometry) Of a polygon, having all interior angles equal. This is not necessarily a regular polygon, since that would also be equilateral; a rectangle is equiangular but not equilateral, unless it is a square.

роўнаку́тны

geometry: having all internal angles equal


regular polygon

regular polygon (plural regular polygons)

(geometry) A polygon which is both equiangular and equilateral (i.e. having all sides the same length and all interior angles the same).


Lagrange's equations

From Joseph Louis Lagrange, French mathematician and astronomer.

(mathematics) a set of equations of motion of a mechanical system which relate the kinetic energy of the system to its generalized coordinates


Lagrangian function

Lagrangian function (plural Lagrangian functions)

Lagrange's equations
Lagrange's equations

(mathematics) A function of the generalized coordinates and velocities of a dynamic system from which Lagrange's equations may be derived.


Lagrangian

/læˈɡɹɑ̃ʒi.ən/

Lagrangian function
Lagrangian function#English

(mathematics) Ellipsis of Lagrangian function.

Lagrangian point
Lagrangian point#English

(astrophysics) Ellipsis of Lagrangian point; a Lagrange point.


Langevin function

Langevin function (plural Langevin functions)

(physics) a mathematical function that describes the behaviour of paramagnetic materials and the dielectric properties of insulators


dropout

dropout (countable and uncountable, plural dropouts)

Someone who has opted out of conventional society.

pudokas

someone who has opted out of conventional society


interior angle

(geometry) The inner angle between two sides of a polygon.


lemniscate of Bernoulli

lemniscate of Bernoulli (plural lemniscates of Bernoulli)

From the name of Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli.

(mathematics) Any closed curve described by a Cartesian equation of the form (x²+y²)²=2a²(x²-y²).


weeny

en-adj

weeny (comparative weenier, superlative weeniest)

weenier (comparative)
weeniest (superlative)

Possibly imitative from teeny weeny, or from wee + -y


Cartesian plane

From the name of the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes who is credited with developing the mathematics.

(geometry) A coordinate plane, with an applied Cartesian coordinate system.

karteesinen taso

coordinate plane with Cartesian coordinates


inequality

en-noun

inequality (countable and uncountable, plural inequalities)

From Middle English inequalite, from Old French inequalité, from Medieval Latin inaequālitās, from Latin inaequālis (“unequal”), from in- (“not”) + aequālis (“equal”).
Morphologically inequal + -ity and in- + equality.

The inequality x is less than y, together with that ylt;z, allows us to deduce the inequality xlt;z.

I then specify a set of new tight Bell inequalities for arbitrary event spaces -- the "even/odd" inequalities -- which have a straightforward interpretation when expressed in terms of multideviations.

2015, Brandon Fogel, “Multideviations: The hidden structure of Bell's theorems”, in arXiv:

(mathematics) A statement that of two quantities one is specifically less than (or greater than) another. Symbol: < or ≤ or > or ≥ or ne , as appropriate.

няро́ўнасць

statement that one quantity is less (or greater) than another


radical line

(mathematics) The line containing the locus of points from which the segments respectively tangent to two given circles have equal length.


rhombicosidodecahedron

rhombicosidodecahedron (plural rhombicosidodecahedra or rhombicosidodecahedrons)

rhombicosidodecahedra (plural)
rhombicosidodecahedrons (plural)

/ˌɹɒmbaɪˌkəʊsidəʊˌdɛkəˈhiːdɹən/

/ˌɹɒmbaɪˌkəʊsidəʊˌdɛkəˈhiːdɹə/

PIE word
 *déḱm̥
Etymology tree
New Latin rhombicosidodecaēdronlbor.
English rhombicosidodecahedron
Learned borrowing from New Latin rhombicosidodecaēdron (coined by the German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) in his work Harmonices Mundi Libri V (The Harmony of the World in Five Books, 1619)), a blend of Latin rhomb(us) + īcos(aedron) + -i- + dodecaēdron. The English word is analysable as a blend of rhomb(ic) + icosidodecahedron, referring to the fact that the 30 square faces lie in the same planes as the 30 rhombic faces of the rhombic triacontahedron, which is dual to the icosidodecahedron.

coinage

Archimedean solid, one of the thirteen solids described by Archimedes, which, without being regular, have all their solid angles alike, all their faces regular, and not less than four faces of any one kind; […] They are […] the rhombicosidodecahedron, the truncated icosidodecahedron, and the snub-dodecahedron.

1889, “Archimedean, a.”, in William Dwight Whitney, editor, The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language […], volume I, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC, page 297, column 1:

The purpose of this article is to offer a method of approach for investigating the stellation pattern of the deltoidal hexecontahedron, the dual of the rhombicosidodecahedron.

1989, P. W. Messer, M[agnus] J[oseph] Wenninger, “Symmetry and Polyhedral Stellation—II”, in Computers & Mathematics with Applications, volume 17, numbers 1–3, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Pergamon Press, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 195; reprinted in István Hargittai, editor, Symmetry 2: Unifying Human Understanding (International Series in Modern Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 18), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Pergamon Press, 1989, →ISBN, part 1, page 195:

There are two distinct rhombicosidodecahedra, one bearing the unmodified name and the other called the great rhombicosidodecahedron. Like the rhombus, the icosahedron and the dodecahedron, all of the great rhombicosidodecahedron’s 62 faces are either [square] rhombi (30), equilateral triangles (20) or regular pentagons (12).

1994, Steven Schwartzman, “rhombicosidodecahedron”, in The Words of Mathematics: An Etymological Dictionary of Mathematical Terms Used in English, Washington, D.C.: 2:Mathematical Association of America, →DOI, →ISBN, page 189, column 1:

Next, the totality of 31 axes is illustrated in a rhombicosidodecahedron, an Archimedean solid composed of 30 squares, 20 triangles, and 12 pentagons[…], with a view to the inside of the model showing the center of the group, the point of invariancy O […] Finally, the other dihedral subgroups are also illustrated on a rhombicosidodecahedron: D#95;3 of order 6 and index 10 […] and D#95;5 of order 10 and index 6[…].

1996, Hugo F[rançois] Verheyen, “Groups of Isometries”, in Symmetry Orbits (Design Science Collection), Boston, Mass.; Basel, Basel-Stadt: Birkhäuser, →DOI, →ISBN, part I (Realization of Symmetry Groups), page 37:

[…] I noticed that the little balls (rhombicosidodecahedrons) had openings shaped in the form of triangles, rectangles, and pentagons.

2014, Thomasenia Lott Adams, Joanne LaFramenta, “Conclusion”, in Math Know-how: Answers to Your Most Persistent Teaching Issues, Grades 3–5, Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London: Corwin, SAGE Publications, →ISBN, page 172:

(geometry) An Archimedean solid with 62 regular faces (20 triangles, 30 squares, and 12 pentagons), 60 vertices and 120 edges.

斜方二十・十二面体

しゃほうにじゅうじゅうにめんたい

菱形二十・十二面体

りょうけいにじゅうじゅうにめんたい

小菱形二十・十二面体

しょうりょうけいにじゅうじゅうにめんたい

切頂菱形三十面体

せっちょうりょうけいさんじゅうめんたい


weighted

en-adj

weighted (comparative more weighted, superlative most weighted)

more weighted (comparative)
most weighted (superlative)

(graph theory, of a graph) having values assigned to its edges

(statistics) With the components of an average multiplied by particular factors so as to take account of their relative importance.


circularly

en-adv

circularly (comparative more circularly, superlative most circularly)

more circularly (comparative)
most circularly (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-circularly.wav

From Middle English circulerlich, equivalent to circular + -ly.


linear programming

(mathematics) The branch of mathematics concerned with the minimization or maximization of a linear function of several variables and inequalities; used in many branches of industry to minimize costs or maximize production.


ledger

From Middle English liggere, ligger, leger (“large breviary; beam, plank; dweller, inhabitant”), from liggen, leggen, variants of līen (“to lie down; to bow, kneel, prostrate; to die; to be located (somewhere); to remain in place, stay”), from Old English liċġan (“to lie down; to be situated”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie down”). The word is cognate with Dutch legger (“daybook; layer”) (from leggen (“to lay”), liggen (“to lie down”)), and is related to English ledge, lie (“to be prostrate”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

refn

From the collection of the Museum der Alltagskultur (Museum of Everyday Culture) in Waldenbuch, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

tilikirja

To be clear: there's only one ledger, but that ledger is not stored in any one central location. Rather, identical copies exist on every node—a copy on every computer.

2020, Sir John Hargrave, Evan Karnoupakis, Blockchain Success Stories, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN, page 19:

A book or other scheme for keeping accounting records.

(cryptocurrencies) A distributed ledger, a public financial transaction database, typically using a blockchain.


linearity

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-linearity.wav

(mathematics) A relationship between several quantities which can be considered as proportional and expressed in terms of linear algebra, or any mathematical property of a relationship, operation or function that is analogous to such proportionality, satisfying additivity and homogeneity.

linéarité

proportionality or a mathematical property analogous to it


Lissajous figure

en-noun

Lissajous figure (plural Lissajous figures)

Named after French mathematician Jules Antoine Lissajous (1822–1880), who invented an apparatus that projected such figures onto a wall.

named-after

The Scope proved to be a haunt for electronics assembly people from Yoyodyne. The green neon sign outside ingeniously depicted the face of an oscilloscope tube, over which flowed an ever-changing dance of Lissajous figures.

1966 March, Thomas Pynchon, chapter 3, in The Crying of Lot 49, New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books, published November 1976, →ISBN, page 30:

(mathematics) A plane curve traced by a point which executes two perpendicular independent harmonic motions, the frequencies of which are in a simple ratio.


Lissajous curve

en-noun

Lissajous curve (plural Lissajous curves)

In the fabric section, a textile twisting and tearing machine and a "Lissajou curve" [sic] abrader (covering a complete area in overlapping curves) are supplemented by apparatus for evaluating waterproofness, fibre diameter and light-fastness.

1961 February, “Talking of Trains: New L.T. research laboratory”, in Trains Illustrated, page 77:

Lissajous figure
Lissajous figure#English

(mathematics) Synonym of Lissajous figure


hebesphenomegacorona

From hebe- + spheno- + mega- + corona. Compare sphenocorona. Coined by Norman W. Johnson in 1969.

(mathematics) One of the Johnson solids, having 18 triangular and 3 square faces


Johnson solid

From Johnson (“a surname”) + solid, after American mathematician Norman Johnson, who listed them in 1966.

1986 April, Andrew Hume, Folding Regular Polyhedra, AUUGN: Australian Unix Users Group Newsletter, Volume 6, Number 5, page 40,
The Johnson solids, combined with the Archimedean polyhedra and five of the regular polyhedra, constitute all the possible convex polyhedra with regular faces..])

There are other possible models that we have not written about and for which we do not include pictures. namely the Johnson solids and their truncations [2]. (The egg^([truncated hexadecahedron]) is an approximation of a truncation of a Johnson solid.)

2003, Rona Gurkewitz, Bennett Arnstein, Multimodular Origami Polyhedra: Archimedeans, Buckyballs and Duality, page 2:

Students will be very unlikely to discover very many of the Johnson solids on their own. Someone may come up with the triangular and pentagonal dipyramids, but the others are just not very intuitive. Once students are convinced that there are no other possibilities than the ones they've come up with, then it is time to unveil some of the more complicated Johnson solids.

2012, Thomas Hull, Project Origami: Activities for Exploring Mathematics, 2nd edition, page 159:

(geometry) Any of a class of convex polyhedra that have regular faces but are not uniform (that is, not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms).

solido di Johnson

convex non-uniform polyhedron that has regular faces


Archimedean solid

Archimedean solid (plural Archimedean solids)

Named after ancient Greek mathematician and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 – c. 212 BCE).

(geometry) Any of a class of convex semiregular polyhedra, composed of two or more types of regular polygon meeting in identical vertices.

sòlid arquimedià

any of a class of semi-regular convex polyhedra composed of two or more types of regular polygon meeting in identical vertices


dimensionality

[dɪˌmɛn.ʃəˈnæl.ə.ɾɪ]

That is to say, it is the Analogue of Space, not in the sense in which we formerly regarded Space as the negation of Matter; but in the sense of Infinite Dimensionality, or of Dimensionality in all directions, as a vague generalization from the three spatial dimensions Length, Breadth, and Thickness.

1864, Edward B. Freeland, "Corresponding First Discriminations in Thought and Language", article two of The Scientific Universal Language, as serialized in The Continental Monthly, number 35 (volume 6, number 5), November 1864, bound as The Continental Monthly, volume 6, page 583 http://books.google.com/books?id=w3lBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA583&dq=dimensionality

This often happens, for example, when a two-dimensional solution is obtained for data whose appropriate dimensionality is higher.

1978, Joseph B. Kruskal, Myron Wish, Multidimensional Scaling, →ISBN, page 44:

Finite Dimensionality of de Rham Cohomology:
Proposition 5.3.1. If the manifold M has a finite good cover, then its cohomology is finite dimensional.

1982, Raoul Bott, Loring W. Tu, Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology, →ISBN, page 43:

As well as the low dimensionality of the Bloch electron states, […]

1995, T. Ogawa, "Dimensionality and Optical Responses of Materials", chapter 1 in, T. Ogawa and Y. Kanemitsuu, editors, Optical Properties of Low-Dimensional Materials, page 6 http://books.google.com/books?id=yToRBYgdMcMC&pg=PA6&dq=bloch

The difficulties in implementing classification algorithms as is, on high volume databases, derives from the increase in the number of records/instances in the database and of attributes/features in each instance (high dimensionality).

2010, Lior Rokach and Oded Maimon, "Supervised Learning", chapter 8 in, Oded Maimon and Lior Rokach, editors, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook, second edition, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09823-4, page 142 http://books.google.com/books?id=alHIsT6LBl0C&pg=PA142&dq=dimensionality

The programming language does not impose any restrictions on the dimensionality of the arrays.

2010, Basavaraj S. Anami, Shanmukhappa A. Angadi, Sunilkumar S. Manvi, Computer Concepts and C Programming, second, →ISBN, page 139:

A vector v=(22,38,52,12) defines a four-dimensional space with a point at the stated co-ordinates, and so on to any dimensionality n. Vector spaces of dimensionality greater than three are impossible to visualise directly […]

2011, Hermann Moisl, "Hypothesis Generation", chapter 4 in, Warren Maguire and April McMahon, editors, Analysing Variation in English, page 82 http://books.google.com/books?id=TjirdzcZKZgC&pg=PA82&dq=dimensionality

(chiefly mathematics and computing) The number of dimensions something has.


equalizer

(mathematics) A set of arguments where two or more functions have equal values; the solution set of an equation.

(category theory) A morphism whose codomain is the domain of a parallel pair of morphisms and which forms part of the limit of that parallel pair. Equivalently, a morphism which equalizes a parallel pair of morphisms in a limiting way, which is to say that any other morphism which equalizes that parallel pair factors through this limiting morphism; and moreover such factorization is unique.


small circle

a circle formed by a plane that cuts a sphere not through its centre


DMS

DMS (countable and uncountable, plural DMSs)

(uncountable, geometry) Initialism of degree-minute-second (a method of writing angles).


lifter

From filter with the first syllable reversed. Modelled on the derivation of cepstrum from spectrum.

(signal processing) A filter that operates on a cepstrum.


soliton

(physics, mathematics) A solitary wave which retains its permanent structure after interacting with another soliton.


stilb

Coined by the French physicist André Blondel around 1920, from Ancient Greek στίλβω (stílbō, “I glitter”).

der

(physics) a unit of luminance equal to one candela per square centimetre


reniform

/ˈɹɛnəˌfɔɹm/

Learned borrowing from Latin rēnis (the genitive singular of rēn (“kidney”); see further at that entry) + English -form (suffix meaning ‘having the form or shape of’), modelled after New Latin rēnifōrmis (“of seeds: kidney-shaped”).

reniforme

synonym of kidney-shaped — see also kidney-shaped

intussusception with a reniform appearance

multiple reniform circumscribed fat-containing masses

The Bean […] is oval, and not at all reniform'd like the Kidney-Beans.

[1745, James Parsons, “Tab. V. Fig. 12. a. Cow-itch, Coughage, or Stinging-Beans.”, in The Microscopical Theatre of Seeds: […], volume I, London: […] F. Needham, […]; and sold by M. Cooper, […], →OCLC, page 201:

[T]he antheræ are reniform: the germen is oval, and obtuſely trigonal; […]

1751, John Hill, “Class the Sixth. Order the First. Division the First. Hexandria Monogynia, Having Corollæ Divided into Three Segments, and Cups to Them. [TRADESCANTIA.]”, in A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions of the Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals of the Different Parts of the World; […], volume II (A History of Plants), London: […] Thomas Osborne, […], →OCLC, part III (Plants Called the More Perfect Ones), page 364:

In one of the ſegments of the lovver portion of the kidney, there vvas a large reniform Papillæ, in the outer circumference of vvhich a ſmall part of the papillary fleſh vvas vvanting. […] In the oppoſite ſegment, there vvas a fourth reniform Papilla, reſembling the firſt; […]

1756, Albert Haller [i.e., Albrecht von Haller], “Observation LIX. A Coalition of the Kidnies.”, in Pathological Observations, Chiefly from Dissections of Morbid Bodies, London: […] D. Wilson and T. Durnam, […], →OCLC, page 178:

The oxyde of cobalt, […] is found either ſuperficial, interſperſed, or in lumps; ſometimes botryoidal or reniform or bearing particular impreſſions.

1799, William Babington, “[Class III. Metals. Order II. Fragile. Genus IV. Cobalt.] Species II. Native Oxyde of Cobalt.”, in A New System of Mineralogy, in the Form of a Catalogue, after the Manner of Baron Born’s Systematic Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils of Mlle. Élénore de Raab, London: […] T[homas] Bensley, […]; and sold by W. Phillips, […]; G. G. and J. Robinsons, […]; and T[homas] Cox, […], →OCLC, page 232:

Nothing could be more simple than the furniture. The chairs were either posts mounted on four legs spread out for a base, or three-legged stools with reniform seats.

1861, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “To Ruby Valley”, in The City of the Saints and across the Rocky Mountains to California, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, →OCLC, page 570:

(chiefly biology, mineralogy) Synonym of kidney-shaped (“having an approximately circular or elongated ovoid shape with an inward curve or indentation on one side”)

kidney-shaped

(botany) Of a leaf: kidney-shaped, with the petiole attached at the notch.

munuaismainen

of a leaf: kidney-shaped, with the petiole attached at the notch


irreducible

en-adj

irreducible (comparative more irreducible, superlative most irreducible)

more irreducible (comparative)
most irreducible (superlative)

/ˌɪɹɪˈdjuːsɪbəl/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-irreducible.wav

(mathematics, of a polynomial) Unable to be factorized into polynomials of lower degree, as (x² + 1).

(number theory, of a fraction) Whose numerator and denominator share no common factor greater than 1.

(number theory, of an integer) Unable to be factored into smaller integers; prime.

несъкратим

(mathematics, of an integer) unable to be factored into smaller integers

(algebra, of an element of a ring) Whose only divisors are units and associates.

(algebraic geometry, of an algebraic variety) Inexpressible as the union of two proper algebraic subvarieties.

(topology, of a manifold) Not containing a sphere of codimension 1 that is not the boundary of a ball.

(group theory, of a representation) Impossible to divide further into representations of lower dimension by means of any similarity transformation.


irreducible

/ˌɪɹɪˈdjuːsɪbəl/


irreducibility

en-noun

irreducibility (countable and uncountable, plural irreducibilities)

I gave them account of what I had seen of the case, of my opinion concerning the irreducibility of the rupture, and that it had no share in the present complaint; at the same time desiring my colleague to examine for himself.

1779, Percivall Pott, The Chirurgical Works of Percivall Pott, volume 3, page 305:

(uncountable) The quality or degree of being irreducible.


puffer

From puff + -er.
The cellular automata definition is a clipping of puffer train.

This is the next best thing, which is a pseudo-puffer made by converting a stream of spaceships into puffer output using several c/3 spaceships.

1993 March 16, David Bell, “Life program (part 2/18)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Might be interesting to see if the debris from this puffer can be suppressed somehow -- assuming somebody hasn't already done that, but I don't see any sign of previous attempts.

2008 June 25, Dave Greene, “B37/S23 - A Chaotic Universe.”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

The switch engine is unstable but a number of them working in combination can form stable puffers, spaceships and rakes.

2015, Paul Rendell, Turing Machine Universality of the Game of Life, page 133:

(cellular automata) A finite pattern that moves like a spaceship but leaves a trail of debris.


acyclic

en-adj

acyclic (comparative more acyclic, superlative most acyclic)

more acyclic (comparative)
most acyclic (superlative)

(graph theory, of a graph) Containing no cycles.


arroba

From Spanish and Portuguese arroba, from Old Spanish arroua and Old Galician-Portuguese arrova, from Andalusian Arabic and Arabic اَلرُّبْع (ar-rubʕ, “one-fourth”) in reference to its making up one fourth of a quintal.

der

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of mass, varying by time, location, and substance but generally around 11.5 kilograms.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of mass, usually equivalent to 14.7 kilograms.

arroba

traditional Spanish and Portuguese unit of mass

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of liquid measure, varying by time, location, and substance but generally around 15 liters.


cordel

From Spanish cordel (“surveying rope, 50 varas”), from Catalan cordell (“cord, string”), from Vulgar Latin *cordellus (“little rope”), from Latin chorda (“rope, cord”) + -ellus (“-elle: forming diminutives”). Equivalent to cord + -el.

bor

(historical) Spanish chain, a traditional Spanish and Mexican unit of distance equivalent to about 41.9 m.


atbash

From the letters of the Hebrew alphabet aleph, tav, beth, shin.

A simple substitution cipher in which each occurrence of the first letter of the alphabet is substituted with the last, second with next to last, and so on.


inversely proportional

Coordinate term: directly proportional

(mathematics) Proportional to the reciprocal of the independent variable.

nepřímo úměrný

proportional to the reciprocal of the independent variable


alternating

(mathematics, of a knot) Having a planar diagram whose crossings alternate between "over" and "under" as one travels along the knot.

(mathematics, of a series) Having terms that alternate between positive and negative.

(mathematics, of a multilinear mapping with all arguments belonging to the same space) Whose value is zero when any two adjacent arguments are equal.


particular integral

en-noun

particular integral (plural particular integrals)

(mathematics) Any solution to a differential equation.


complementary function

complementary function (plural complementary functions)

(mathematics) The general solution of a homogenous linear differential equation.


integrand

/ˈɪntɪɡɹænd/

(calculus) The function that is to be integrated

antidifferentiation: integral sign, ∫ integrand differential, dx


quintic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-quintic.wav

From Latin quintus (“fifth”) + -ic (“of pertaining to”).

(mathematics) Of or relating to the fifth degree, such as a quintic polynomial which has the form ax⁵+bx⁴+cx³+dx²+ex+f=0 (containing a term with the independent variable raised to the fifth power).


quintic

(mathematics) a quintic polynomial: ax⁵+bx⁴+cx³+dx²+ex+f


jailbreak

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-jailbreak.wav

DAN has become a canonical example of what's known as a "jailbreak" — a creative way to bypass the safeguards OpenAI built in to keep ChatGPT from spouting bigotry, propaganda or, say, the instructions to run a successful online phishing scam. From charming to disturbing, these jailbreaks reveal the chatbot is programmed to be more of a people-pleaser than a rule-follower.

2023 February 14, Will Oremus, “Meet ChatGPT's evil twin, DAN”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-19:

The jailbreak of ChatGPT has been in operation since December, but users have had to find new ways around fixes OpenAI implemented to stop the workarounds.

2023 March 8, Josh Taylor, “ChatGPT's alter ego, Dan: users jailbreak AI program to get around ethical safeguards”, in The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-23:

It's for this reason that Alex Albert, a computer science student at the University of Washington, created Jailbreak Chat, a site that hosts a collection of ChatGPT jailbreaks.

2023 March 22, Chloe Xiang, “The Amateurs Jailbreaking GPT Say They're Preventing a Closed-Source AI Dystopia”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-03-23:

large language model
large language model

(artificial intelligence) A prompt to a large language model which frees it from its ethical restrictions.


jailbreak

en-verb

jailbreak (third-person singular simple present jailbreaks, present participle jailbreaking, simple past jailbroke, past participle jailbroken)

jailbreaks (present singular third-person)
jailbreaking (participle present)
jailbroke (past)
jailbroken (participle past)

ChatGPT is far from perfect. Twitter has been flooded with examples of "jailbreaking" ChatGPT — that is, tricking it into hallucinations or misalignment.

2022 December 16, Farhad Manjoo, “ChatGPT Has a Devastating Sense of Humor”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-16:

These are young technologies. Rather than jailbreaking AI tools to simulate conversations between the rapper Ye and Adolf Hitler, or waiting uneasily for them to become sentient, why don't we approach them as good parents would — and talk to them, or read to them, the way we do to children?

2022 December 27, Alyssa Rosenberg, “Something AI can't do: Tell a great bedtime story”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-27:

The desire to jailbreak ChatGPT so that it violates safety filters follows a pattern of use by people that are dissatisfied by the moderation of the chatbot.

2023 February 8, Chloe Xiang, “People are 'Jailbreaking' ChatGPT to Make It Endorse Racism, Conspiracies”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

(artificial intelligence) To free a large language model from its ethical restrictions using prompt injection.


mol

(chemistry, physics, dated) Alternative spelling of mole


scholium

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σχόλιον (skhólion, “comment”), from σχολή (skholḗ, “discussion”).

der

(mathematics) A note added to a proof as amplification.


measure theory

en-noun

measure theory (countable and uncountable, plural measure theories)

(mathematics) A branch of mathematical analysis, concerned with the theory of integration, that generalizes the intuitive notions of length, area and volume.


verst

Borrowed from Russian верста́ (verstá), partly through German Werst and French verste.

|The hill Pulkowa, twelve miles (seventeen wersts) south of Admiralty Palace in St. Petersburg, […]

1849, "The Observatory at Pulkowa" The North American Review Volume 0069 Issue 144 (July 1849)

Her particular part of the country was a few hundred versts the other side of Tamboff, with some fifteen miles of agrarian disturbance between her and the nearest neighbour.

1910, Saki [pseudonym; Hector Hugh Munro], “Reginald in Russia”, in Reginald in Russia and Other Sketches, London: Methuen & Co. […], →OCLC, page 6:

‘Is it much further, Michael?’ she asked the clerk, to dispel the thoughts that frightened her. ‘They say it's seven versts from this village.’

1918, Aylmer and Louise Maude, translated by Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, Oxford, published 1998, page 604:

You have to tramp three or four versts to get to the exhibition of war loot, past Fabergé eggs and the Impressionists.

A Russian unit of length, equivalent to about 1.07 kilometres or about ²⁄₃ of a mile.


polyacron

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From Ancient Greek πολῠ- (polŭ-) and ᾰ̓́κρον (ắkron).


psig

Pounds per square inch, gauge (unit of pressure)


lamination

lamination (countable and uncountable, plural laminations)

(topology) A foliation of a closed subset of a manifold by subspaces of one dimension less.


Cartesian product

Cartesian product (plural Cartesian products)

From Cartesian + product, after French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist René Descartes (1596–1650), whose formulation of analytic geometry gave rise to the concept.

(set theory, of two sets X and Y) The set of all possible ordered pairs of elements, the being first from X, the second from Y, written X×Y. Formally, the set (x,y);|;x∈X;and;y∈Y.

On the Cartesian product of two manifolds a differentiable structure can be constructed in the following way.

1987, M. Göckeler, T. Schücker, Differential Geometry, Gauge Theories, and Gravity, published 1989, page 98:

(geometry, of an m-dimensional space X and an n-dimensional space Y) An (m+n)-dimensional space, formally composed of all possible ordered pairs of points from X and Y, but thought of as an independent (m+n)-dimensional space (in the sense that if, e.g. X and Y are vector spaces, the elements of X×Y are thought of as (m+n)-tuples instead of ordered pairs) and written X×Y.

The hypercube is the simplest example of a Cartesian product of graphs; indeed, the m-hypercube is nothing but (K₂)ᵐ.

1997, Michel Marie Deza, Monique Laurent, Geometry of Cuts and Metrics, published 2009, page 297:

A moment's thought convinces us of the following:
The Cartesian product of two Riemannian Einstein metrics with the same constant Ricci scalar ρ is again Ricci-constant, and has Ric

2004, David Bao, Colleen Robles, “Ricci and Flag Curvatures in Finsler Geometry”, in David Dai-Wai Bao, Robert L. Bryant, Shiing-Shen Chern, Zhomgmin Shen, editors, A Sampler of Riemann-Finsler Geometry, page 246:

(mathematics) Any of several generalizations of the set-theoretic sense, especially one which shares the geometrical intuition outlined above, i.e. one such that the product can be thought of as an object in its own right and not just as a set of pairs.


Arrhenius equation

Arrhenius equation (plural Arrhenius equations)

(physical chemistry) An equation which approximates the dependence of the rate of any chemical reaction on the temperature.


arccos

arccos (1/2ϕ)=2π/5

[…]with the appropriate constraint angles measured in terms of the arccoses and arctans.

1973, The Soviet Economy in Regional Perspective, Praeger Publishers, page 3:


arctan

tan (arctan 2/2)=1/ϕ


millimolar

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(chemistry, of a solution) Having a concentration of one thousandth of a mole per litre


spindle-shaped

en-adj

spindle-shaped (comparative more spindle-shaped, superlative most spindle-shaped)

more spindle-shaped (comparative)
most spindle-shaped (superlative)

a spindle-shaped fibroblast


div

programming language
programming language

(mathematics, computing) A function, implemented in many programming languages, that returns the result of a division of two integers.


div

(vector calculus) Divergence; a kind of differential operator.


pyritohedral

(mathematics) Having the shape of a pyritohedron.


pyritohedron

en-noun

pyritohedron (plural pyritohedrons or pyritohedra)

pyritohedrons (plural)
pyritohedra (plural)

(mathematics) An irregular dodecahedron, the faces of which are identical but irregular pentagons.


bisector

South Street is the bisector of Broken Dreams Boulevard.

(geometry) A line or curve that bisects or divides a line segment, angle, or other figure into two equal parts.


developable surface

developable surface (plural developable surfaces)

(geometry) A surface (in more than two dimensions, a plane is trivially developable) that can be flattened into a plane without distortion.


IQR

interquartile range
interquartile range#English

(statistics) Abbreviation of interquartile range.


Monte Carlo method

Monte Carlo method (plural Monte Carlo methods)

(mathematics, statistics) Any of a class of techniques for estimating the solution of a numerical mathematical problem by means of a random artificial sampling experiment that simulates the problem.


conformal

en-adj

conformal (comparative more conformal, superlative most conformal)

more conformal (comparative)
most conformal (superlative)

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1991 [Elsevier Science], Roland Schinzinger, Patricio A. A. Laura, Conformal Mapping: Methods and Applications, 2003, Dover, page 508,
This would have been tantamount to a conformal transformation.

Let us find all conformal transformations in d dimensions.

1999, Malte Henkel, Conformal Invariance and Critical Phenomena, Springer, page 46:

In regions of S where the packings become more deeply embedded in purely hexagonal generations during refinement, the local dilatation approaches 1 and the maps become progressively more conformal.

2004, Philip L. Bowers, Kenneth Stephenson, Uniformizing Dessins and Bely? Maps Via Circle Packing, American Mathematical Society, page 77:

(mathematics, of a transformation) That preserves angles between intersecting curves.

angulfidela

mathematics: that preserves angles unchanged


buckyball

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Blend of buckminsterfullerene + ball, used as an abbreviation for buckminsterfullerene

(chemistry, informal) A buckminsterfullerene molecule (C₆₀).

(by extension) The most common types of spheroidal fullerenes, C₆₀ and C₇₀ usually; with C₇₂ and C₇₆ sometimes also included.

(by extension) Any spheroidal fullerene, from C₂₀ on upwards.


straight line

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(geometry) A line with no curvature; a line with constant direction. The path of shortest length between two points.


logistic

Logistic
Pierre François Verhulst
arithmetic growth
geometric growth

From French logistique, from Ancient Greek λογιστικός (logistikós, “practiced in arithmetic; rational”), from λογίζομαι (logízomai, “I reason, I calculate”), from λόγος (lógos, “reason, computation”), whence English logos, logic, logarithm, etc.; modern mathematical use influenced by related logarithmic.
Sense of “logistic function” by Pierre François Verhulst (1845) in French, then borrowed into English. Verhulst does not explain his choice of naming, but he contrasts it with the logarithmic curve (also from λόγος (lógos)), and it is presumably by analogy with arithmetic and geometric (other divisions of mathematics), as his discussion of arithmetic growth and geometric growth precede his discussion of logistic growth.
The term logistic and logistical also found occasional mathematical use in English prior to 1800, from the same Greek origin.

der

(mathematics) Relating to symbolic logic.

(statistics) Relating to the logistic function.

logístic

statistics: relating to the logistic function

(mathematics, obsolete) Using sexagesimal fractions, especially in arithmetic or logarithms.

If we compare the calculus of a triangle, by the logistic logarithms …

1730 July, J. P. Biester, “Decreasing Logarithms”, in The Present State of the Republick of Letters, volume 6, page 103:

(mathematics, obsolete) Relating to basic arithmetic.

(mathematics, obsolete) Skilled in calculating.


logistic

en-noun

logistic (countable and uncountable, plural logistics)

(countable, mathematics) A logistic function or graph of a logistic curve.

(uncountable, mathematics, obsolete) The art of calculation.

(uncountable, mathematics, obsolete) Sexagesimal arithmetic.