retrovirus

From retro- + virus, from its reverse direction of replication.

Montagnier soon deduced that this was an RNA virus that could convert its genes into DNA and lodge into the human genome—a retrovirus.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 318:

(virology) Any of a group of viruses which insert a copy of their RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell, thus changing the genome of that cell.

retrovirus

any of a group of viruses which insert a copy of their RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell


HIV

human immunodeficiency virus
human immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology) Initialism of human immunodeficiency virus.

atsʼíís yichʼą́ą́h naabaah bąąh dahooʼaʼ

atsʼíís yichʼą́ą́h naabaahii bąąh dah hazʼą́ yileehgo


passage

Borrowed into Middle English from Old French passage, from passer (“to pass”).

(bacteriology, virology) Serial passage.


omicron

/əʊˈmaɪkɹɒn/

/əʊˈmaɪkɹən/

/ˈoʊməˌkɹɑn/

/ˈoʊmɪˌkɹɑn/

Johann Bayer
Uranometria
en:omicron (disambiguation)

From Latin omicron, from Koine Greek ὂ μῑκρόν (ò mīkrón, “little o”), named in contrast with omega (“big o”). The uncommon form omicra is similarly borrowed from Latin and Greek. The use for designating stars in a constellation—typically in order of apparent brightness—began with Johann Bayer's 1603 Uranometria.

der

(virology, pathology) Ellipsis of Omicron variant.


phage

From Ancient Greek -φάγος (-phágos, “eater”), from φαγ- (phag-), aorist stem of ἐσθίω (esthíō), ἔδω (édō, “to eat, to consume”).

"The plural word phages refers to different types of phage, whereas in common usage the word phage can be both singular and plural, referring in the plural sense to particles of the same type of phage." Maloy et al: Microbial Genetics, 2nd ed., 1984, →ISBN, p. 81

(microbiology, virology) A virus that is parasitic on bacteria.


bacteriophage

/bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/

Borrowed from French bactériophage, coined by microbiologist Félix d'Hérelle, from bacterio- (“bacteria”) + -phage (“eater”).

af

Another possibility is to enlist a bacteriophage, a kind of virus, to hunt down and kill harmful bacteria for us.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 54:

(microbiology, virology) A virus that specifically infects bacteria.


virus

en-noun

virus (countable and uncountable, plural viruses or (rare) virusses or (rare) vira or (proscribed) viri or (proscribed) virii)

viruses (plural)
virusses (plural rare)
vira (plural rare)
viri (plural proscribed)
virii (plural proscribed)

→ Amharic: ቫይረስ (vayräs)

→ Bengali: ভাইরাস (bhairaś)

→ Burmese: ဗိုင်းရပ်စ် (buing:rapc)

→ Dhivehi: ވައިރަސް (vairas)

→ Hindi: वायरस (vāyras)

→ Japanese: バイラス (bairasu)

→ Kannada: ವೈರಸ್ (vairas)

→ Korean: 바이러스 (baireoseu)

→ Lao: ໄວຣັສ (wai rat)

→ Malay: virus

→ Malayalam: വൈറസ് (vaiṟasŭ)

→ Maltese: vajrus

→ Sinhalese: වෛරස (wairasa)

→ Telugu: వైరస్ (vairas)

→ Thai: ไวรัส (wai-rát)

desc

→ Urdu: وائرس

→ Urdu: وائرس

From Middle English virus, from Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”), via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). First use in the computer context by David Gerrold in his 1972 book When HARLIE Was One.

der

Meronym: virion (individual particle)

Some viruses, such as norovirus, cause sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis.

A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure that consists of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and that sometimes causes disease in the host organism (such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms).

Under electron microscopy, a few viruses were seen floating near the cells.

(occasionally proscribed) An individual particle thereof: synonym of virion.

Viruses are the smallest and most simplified forms of life.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 64:

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola.

2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:

He's got a virus and had to stay home from school.

(informal, metonymically) A disease caused by such an infectious agent; a viral illness.

Brazil, that inferno where every budding flower and every buzzing bluebottle fly bears a lascivious virus.

(archaic) Venom, as produced by a poisonous animal etc.


realm

From Middle English rewme, realme, reaume, from Old French reaume, realme (“kingdom”), of unclear origins. A postulated *rēgālimen (“domain, kingdom”), Late Latin or Vulgar Latin cross of regimen with rēgālis is usually cited.

(virology, taxonomy) A taxonomic rank in the phylogeny of viruses, higher than kingdoms.


corona

en-noun

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

laki

upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body

kruunu

Coronaviruses are medium-sized, enveloped, ribonucleic acid viruses which, in negatively stained preparations, appear round and bear a corona of irregular, petal-shaped surface projections.

1972 October, Lawrence S. Sturman, Kenneth K. Takemoto, “Enhanced Growth of a Murine Coronavirus in Transformed Mouse Cells”, in Infection and Immunity, volume 6, number 4, Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-03-22, page 501, column 1:

(biology) Any appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona (sense 4.1).

(virology) A fringe of large, bulbous surface projections on coronaviruses, formed by viral spike peplomers, creating an appearance reminiscent of the solar corona.

korona

fringe of large, bulbous surface projects on coronaviruses


viral

viral DNA

(virology) Of or relating to a biological virus.

viral infection


CP

en-noun

CP (countable and uncountable, plural CPs)

(virology) Initialism of capsid protein.


obelisk

Hippodrome of Constantinople
Obelisk of Theodosius
Theodosius I
Thutmose III

From Middle French obelisque, from Latin obeliscus (“obelisk”), from Ancient Greek ὀβελίσκος (obelískos), diminutive of ὀβελός (obelós, “needle”). Compare obelus.

(virology) An RNA structure similar to a viroid, with a rod-like secondary structure, which comprises its own phylogenetic group.


virid

PIE word
 *wisós
Either:
* from virus + -id (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives and nouns); or
* from translingual viridae (“grouping of viruses”) + English -id; viridae is derived from Latin virus (“poison; venom; (New Latin) virus (infectious organism)”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime”)) + translingual -idae (suffix forming names of families of animals).

cog

(virology, chiefly in the plural) Any of a group of related viruses.


HSV

en-noun

HSV (countable and uncountable, plural HSVs)

BHV

bovine herpes virus or bovine herpesvirus

CeHV

cercopithecine herpes virus or cercopithecine herpesvirus

EHV

equine herpes virus or equine herpesvirus

FHV

feline herpes virus or feline herpesvirus

KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

MaHV

macropodid herpes virus or macropodid herpesvirus

OsHV

oyster herpes virus or oyster herpesvirus

herpes simplex virus
herpes simplex virus#English

(virology) Initialism of herpes simplex virus.


HGV

(rare, pathology, virology) Abbreviation of Hepatitis G virus.


EB

EB (countable and uncountable, plural EBs)

Epstein-Barr virus
Epstein-Barr virus#English

(virology) Initialism of Epstein-Barr virus.


tropism

tropism (countable and uncountable, plural tropisms)

From -tropism (suffix meaning ‘growth towards; movement, turning’) (possibly based on geotropism and heliotropism), from Latin tropus + English -ism (suffix forming nouns of action, process, or result). Tropus is derived from Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos, “a turn; a manner, style, way; figure of speech, trope; etc.”), from τρέπω (trépō, “to turn; to divert; to rotate or change orientation”) (from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns of result or abstract nouns of action).
Sense 1 (“turning of an organism or part of an organism towards or away from a stimulus”) is modelled after German Tropismus.

der

host tropism    tissue tropism

Studies similar to those describe above for cells cultivated in vitro were performed using homogenates of tissues and organs from humans and rhesus monkeys to investigate tissue tropisms in susceptible species […] McLaren (personal communication) found an excellent correlation between poliovirus tissue tropisms and presence or absence of receptor activity in human and rhesus tissues and organs.

1964, J. J. Holland, “Viruses in Animals and in Cell Culture”, in Joan Taylor, editor, Microbial Behaviour, ‘in Vivo’ and ‘in Vitro’: Fourteenth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Held at the Royal Institution, London, April 1964, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press for the Society for General Microbiology, →OCLC, page 271:

Virus tropism can be defined at two levels: host tropism being the range of host species that a virus can productively infect, and tissue tropism reflecting the particular tissues or organs within the host that are the site(s) of virus replication. […] The primary determinant of virus tropism is the presence on the cell surface of a suitable receptor which the virus can utilize to gain entry to the cell.

1977, D. J. Evans, “Picornavirus Receptors, Tropism and Pathogenesis”, in M. A. McCrae, J. R. Saunders, C. J. Smyth, N. D. Stow, editors, Molecular Aspects of Host–pathogen Interactions: Fifty-fifth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Held at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, March 1997, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press for the Society for General Microbiology, →ISBN, page 23:

HBLV [human B-cell lymphotropic virus] has a broad range of cell tropisms, and it infects B cells, T cells, megakaryocytes, and glioblastoma cells.

1989 January 4, Susan P. Spring, Ann Scluederberg, William P. Allen, Jack Gruber, “Commentary: Pathogenic Diversity of Epstein-Barr Virus”, in Robert E. Wittes, editor, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, volume 81, number 1, Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health & Human Services, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19, column 1:

A very wide spectrum of tissue tropism among the animal adenoviruses is evident, e.g. porcine adenovirus type 3 shows a tropism for columnar epithelial cells whereas bovine adenoviruses prefer capillary endothelial cells; however, it is not clear how far tissue tropism relates to pathogenesis and disease.

1994, William C. Russell, Mária Benkö, “Animal Viruses”, in Robert G[ordon] Webster, Allan Granoff, editors, Encyclopedia of Virology, volume 1, London; San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, →ISBN, pages 16–17:

The capacity of a virus to selectively infect cells in particular organs is referred to as tropism[…]. Viral tropism depends on viral and host factors.

1999, Frederick A. Murphy, E. Paul J. Gibbs, Marian C. Horzinek, Michael J. Studdert, “Mechanisms of Infection and Viral Spread through the Body”, in Veterinary Virology, 3rd edition, San Diego, Calif.; London: Academic Press, →ISBN, part I (Principles of Virology), page 97, column 1:

Orthoreovirus has primary tropisms associated with its acquisition and transmission as an upper respiratory infection and those include the facial sinuses, lungs, pharynx, and tonsils, presumably its tropism towards the intestines represents a secondary tropism (assuming that fecal-oral transmission does not also represent a primary route of disease spread, in which case the intestines would have to be considered a primary tropism), […]

2011, Christon J. Hurst, “The Relationship between Humans, Their Viruses, and Prions”, in Christon J. Hurst, editor, Studies in Viral Ecology: Animal Host Systems, volume 2, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section II (Viruses of Macroscopic Animals), page 361, column 1:

(countable, by extension, chiefly virology) A capability or tendency for a pathogen (chiefly a virus) to infect a type of cell, tissue, organ, or host organism.

tropismi

capability or tendency for a pathogen to infect a type of cell, tissue, organ, or host organism


coronavirus

en-noun

coronavirus (countable and uncountable, plural coronaviruses)

→ Samoan: koronavairusi

→ Tokelauan: kolonavailuhi

/kəˈɹəʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

/kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

From corona (“crown-like circle of light appearing around the sun”) + virus. Corona is derived from Latin corōna (“garland, wreath; crown”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “something curved; curved stern of a ship; end, point, tip”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, turn”). The name refers to the characteristic appearance of its virions by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a solar corona. Compare the former genus name Coronavirus.

der

A new group of viruses with the name of coronaviruses has been recognized by an informal group of virologists who have sent their conclusions to Nature. […] In the opinion of the eight virologists these viruses are members of a previously unrecognized group which they suggest should be called the coronaviruses, to recall the characteristic appearance by which these viruses are identified in the electron microscope.

[1968 November 16, “Virology: Coronaviruses”, in Nature, volume 220, number 5168, page 650:

This characteristic structural resemblance and other shared properties of these viruses have caused certain virologists to propose the name coronavirus for this previously unrecognized group.

[1969 November, Harold S. Kaye, Walter R. Dowdle, “Some Characteristics of Hemagglutination of Certain Strains of ‘IBV-Like’ Virus”, in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, volume 120, number 5, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, →PMID, page 576, column 1:

The virus, designated as rat coronavirus (RCV), exhibits properties representative of the coronavirus group: characteristic surface structure, particles somewhat variable in size averaging approximately 90 mμ, apparent RNA content, essential lipid, heat sensitivity, and a close serologic relationship with the mouse hepatitis virus complex.

1970 September, J. C. Parker, S. S. Cross, W. P. Rowe, “Rat Coronavirus (RCV): A Prevalent, Naturally Occurring Pneumotropic Virus of Rats”, in Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, volume 31, numbers 3–4, New York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, →ISSN, →OCLC, summary, page 293:

In 1971 a canine coronavirus was isolated from feces of military dogs that were suffering from severe vomiting and diarrhea. [...] Diagnosis usually is based on the history and physical examination and the identification of coronavirus by electron microscope examination of feces or by performing other laboratory tests on the feces.

1984, Johnny D. Hoskins, John D. Rhoades, “Distemper, Other Infectious Dog Diseases”, in Jack Hayes, editor, 1984 Yearbook of Agriculture: Animal Health: Livestock and Pets, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 388:

Some accompanying cytotoxicity has also been observed as well as slight activity against A59 corona virus without concurrent cytotoxicity [...].

1993, Kenneth L. Rinehart, Lois S. Shield, Martha Cohen-Parsons, “Antiviral Substances”, in David H. Attaway, Oskar R. Zaborsky, editors, Marine Biotechnology, volumes 1 (Pharmaceutical and Bioactive Natural Products), New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press, →ISBN, section 4.7 (Thyrsiferol and Related Triterpenes), page 319:

[T]he replication of the corona-virus and the herpes-simplex virus is blocked by cystatin C [...]

1997, Michiel F. J. Blankenvoorde et al., “Antibacterial Activity against Porphyromonas Gingivalis by Cystatins”, in V. K. Hopsu-Havu, M. Järvinen, H. Kirschke, editors, Proteolysis in Cell Functions, Amsterdam: IOS Press, →ISBN, page 532:

There are many viruses that have been implicated as the cause of 'colds'. Among the most common are coronaviruses, rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Coronaviruses are so called because they look like crowns when viewed in an electron microscope, [...]

1999, J. Heritage, E[mlyn] G[lyn] V[aughan] Evans, R. A. Killington, “Microbial Infections”, in Microbiology in Action, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, published 2000, →ISBN, section 7.6.8 (What Causes Sore Throats and Glandular Fever?), page 191:

[T]he common cold is attributed to rhinoviruses and corona viruses; [...]

2005, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, “Sampling for Pollutants of Biological Origin”, in Occupational Exposure Assessment for Air Contaminants, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 14.1 (Introduction), page 221:

SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome] is caused by a coronavirus. Viewed under a microscope, the virus looks like a crown, or corona. This is the same type of virus that causes the common cold and pneumonia. The coronavirus that causes SARS is called SARS-CoV.

2008, Carol Ballard, “SARS”, in AIDS and Other Epidemics (What If We Do Nothing?), Pleasantville, N.Y.: Gareth Stevens Publishing, →ISBN, page 22:

It took four months to identify the culprit of the new disease as a virus of the corona-virus family that had jumped to infect humans from wild small animals handled and consumed as food in the Guangdong province of China.

2010, Rodolfo Saracci, “What is Epidemiology?”, in Epidemiology: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

Coronaviruses are worrying because epidemics caused by other members of the viral family, SARS and MERS, have had high death rates: 10 percent for SARS, and about 35 percent for MERS.

2020 January 24, Denise Grady, “Chicago woman is second patient in U.S. with Wuhan coronavirus”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(virology) A member of the family Coronaviridae, comprising viruses which infect animals and human beings, and the genome of which consists of a single strand of RNA.

A woman in her 70s was confirmed as the first coronavirus death in the UK on Thursday as Downing Street warned that it was now highly likely that the virus would spread in “a significant way”.

2020 March 6, “First UK death from coronavirus confirmed as cases surge to 116”, in The Guardian:

(often the intended sense, since 2020) SARS-CoV-2, the specific coronavirus that causes the infectious disease COVID-19.


SIV

en-noun

SIV (countable and uncountable, plural SIVs)

simian immunodeficiency virus
simian immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology) Initialism of simian immunodeficiency virus.

(virology) Initialism of swine influenza virus, usually Influenza A virus.


papovavirus

(archaic, virology) Any of the former family Papovaviridae, now split into the Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae families, of viruses that cause papillomas or polyomas in animals.


norovirus

/ˈnɒɹə(ʊ)vaɪɹəs/

The norovirus causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramping.

(virology) Norovirus, the genus of Norwalk virus, which causes gastric distress in humans.


viroid

Any of certain defective viruses, such as hepatitis D, a human pathogen.


virologist

(virology) A scientist or doctor who studies or specializes in viruses.

վիրուսաբան

scientist or doctor specializing in virology


virology

virology (usually uncountable, plural virologies)

/vaɪˈɹɒləd͡ʒi/

The branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses and viral diseases.


HIV virus

(virology, pleonastic) Synonym of HIV (“human immunodeficiency virus”)


human immunodeficiency virus

human immunodeficiency virus (plural human immunodeficiency viruses)

human immunodeficiency virus 1
human immunodeficiency virus 1

human immunodeficiency virus 2
human immunodeficiency virus 2

(virology) Either of the two related viruses, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-2) that progressively destroy the body's immune system and can potentially lead to AIDS.


virion

(virology) A single individual particle of a virus (the viral equivalent of a cell).


VOC

(virology) Abbreviation of variant of concern.


cypovirus

Shortened from the full description cy(toplasmic) po(lyhedrosis) virus.

Any of several RNA viruses, of the genus Cypovirus, whose icosahedral virions are embedded in a polyhedral protein structure


CSF

CSF (countable and uncountable, plural CSFs)

classical swine fever
classical swine fever#English

(virology) Initialism of classical swine fever, caused by Pestivirus C (CSFV)


HAART

(pharmacology, virology) Initialism of highly active antiretroviral therapy.


pseudovirion

(virology) A synthetic viral particle that cannot replicate, used to inject foreign nucleic acid into a cell.


HSE

herpes simplex encephalitis
w:Herpesviral encephalitis

(virology, neurology) Initialism of herpes simplex encephalitis.


occlusion body

occlusion body (plural occlusion bodies)

(virology) A crystalline protein matrix which occludes the nucleocapsid in some viruses.


virogenesis

virogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural virogeneses)

(virology) The production or formation of a virus


lentiviral

(virology) Of or relating to a lentivirus


Norwalk

(For noun) Named after Norwalk, Ohio, where an outbreak of gastroenteritis in 1968 led to the isolation of the virus.

(medicine, virology) Designating a calicivirus affecting humans, characterized by severe vomiting and diarrhea.


cytomegalovirus

The peak period for the development of acute graft-versus-host disease overlaps with the time during which cytomegalovirus infection occurs.

1983, Karl G. Blume, Lawrence D. Petz, editors, Clinical Bone Marrow Transplantation, Churchill Livingstone, page 75:

Prophylactic virostatic treatment with aciclovir did not prevent cytomegalovirus infection in an immune suppressed patient.

1989, Klaus Heimann, P. Wiedemann, editors, Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Kaden Verlag, page 322:

Additional study is necessary to elucidate the contribution, if any, of cytomegalovirus to the development of this syndrome and to determine optimum therapy.

1994, AHFS Drug Information, American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, page 412:

(virology) Any of several herpes viruses, of the genus Cytomegalovirus, that infect the salivary glands of certain primates, including humans.


herpesvirus

(virology) Any of the family Herpesviridae, double-stranded DNA viruses, many of which are responsible for diseases such as chickenpox, herpes simplex, and shingles, and others affecting animals.


papillomavirus

/papɪˈləʊməvʌɪɹəs/

(virology) Any variety of virus which causes warts.

Now specifically, a member of the genus Papillomavirus.


virophage

/ˈvaɪɹəfeɪd͡ʒ/

(virology) Any virus that infects other viruses.


arbovirus

(pathology, virology) Any virus that is transmitted by an arthropod.

arbovirus

any virus that is transmitted by an arthropod


peplomer

(virology, archaic) how viruses attach to cells; spike


hantavirus

From the name of the Hantan River in South Korea, via the genus name Hantavirus.

To reveal the molecular epidemiology of hantaviruses in this region, a total of 374 small mammals (eight species of rodents and one species of shrew) were captured in the Chinese part of the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heilongjiang Province).[…] Overall, these results suggest that Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island harbors considerable hantavirus diversity.

2014, Cai-QiaoWang et al., “Co-circulation of Hantaan, Kenkeme, and Khabarovsk Hantaviruses in Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, China”, in Virus Research, volume 191, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(virology) Any virus of the genus Hantavirus, transmitted by aerosolized rodent excreta or rodent bites, especially the deer mouse. Hantaviruses cause Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): incubation lasts for 1–5 weeks, sickness begins with fever and muscle aches, followed by shortness of breath and coughing.


nudivirus

(virology) Any of several DNA viruses found in arthropods.


provirus

(virology) A virus genome, such as HIV, that integrates itself into the DNA of a host cell so as to be passively replicated along with the host genome.


orthomyxovirus

Swine influenza is an example of an orthomyxovirus.

(virology) Any RNA virus of Orthomyxoviridae family characterised by having two long glycoprotein spikes.


ERV

ERV (countable and uncountable, plural ERVs)

Sequences derived from ERVs [...] appear to be heavily involved in gene regulatory networks.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, page 147:

endogenous retrovirus
endogenous retrovirus#English

(countable, virology, biology, genetics) Initialism of endogenous retrovirus.


HRV

HRV (countable and uncountable, plural HRVs)

Holmes ribgrass virus
Holmes ribgrass virus#English

(virology, botany) Initialism of Holmes ribgrass virus., an RNA virus of plants

human rhinovirus
human rhinovirus#English

(virology, medicine) Initialism of human rhinovirus.


astrovirus

(virology) Any member of the family Astroviridae of icosahedral viruses with a characteristic starlike surface structure.


postviral

Her symptoms were later diagnosed as postviral myositis, a muscular inflammation that can cause weakness and pain.

2009 July 16, Kristina Peterson, “College Athletes Stuck With the Bill After Injuries”, in New York Times:

(medicine, virology) Following a viral infection.


paramyxovirus

(virology) Any member of the Paramyxoviridae family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for a number of human and animal diseases.


NCLDV

nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus#English

(virology) Initialism of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus.


giant virus

(virology) Any virus with more than 300,000 base pairs in its genome (genomic nucleic acid coding).


girus

Blend of giant + virus; coined by J M Claverie, H Ogata, S Audic, C Abergel, K Suhre, P E Fournier, in a 2006 paper in Virus Research (DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.008).

nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus
nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus

(virology) a type of giant virus, a giant nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (giant NCLDV)


arenaviral

en-adj

arenaviral (comparative more arenaviral, superlative most arenaviral)

more arenaviral (comparative)
most arenaviral (superlative)

(virology) Of or pertaining to arenaviruses.


penton

A pentagonal capsomere of an adenovirus capsid.


morbillivirus

Eighty percent tested positive for morbillivirus, which can cause serious disease in some animals and humans.

2009 May 6, The Associated Press, “Washington: Threat to Otters”, in New York Times:

Any of the genus Morbillivirus of viruses.


arboviral

(pathology, virology) Of, pertaining to, or caused by an arbovirus.

arboviral

pertaining to or caused by the arbovirus


nonrotavirus

(virology) Not pertaining to rotaviruses; nonrotaviral.


nonrotavirus

(virology) That which is not a rotavirus.


ssDNA

(virology) A group of viruses with such DNA.


circovirus

From translingual Circovirus. From the genus name.

(virology) Any of several viruses, of the genus Circovirus, that mostly affects birds or pigs


uncoating

(virology) A process in which the viral capsid of a virus is removed, leading to the release of the viral genomic nucleic acid.


AAV

adeno-associated virus
adeno-associated virus#English

(virology) Abbreviation of adeno-associated virus.


viral envelope

(virology) A coating covering the capsid of a virus.

суперкапси́д m (superkapsíd, literally “supercapsid”)

суперкапси́д m (superkapsýd, literally “supercapsid”)


passageable

passageable (comparative more passageable, superlative most passageable)

more passageable (comparative)
most passageable (superlative)

(cytology, virology) Capable of being maintained or preserved indefinitely by transplantation in tissue cultures or other organisms.


zoster sine herpete

(medicine, pathology, virology) Herpes zoster in the absence of a rash.


duovirus

So called because these viruses replicate in the duodenum and, at the time, were thought to have a double protein outer coat; see duo.


Ebola Reston

From the outbreak and discovery of a new strain of Ebolavirus at a facility in Reston, Virginia, USA.

(virology) A strain of Ebolavirus that causes disease in primates other than humans, and which can infect humans.


adeno-associated virus

en-noun

adeno-associated virus (plural adeno-associated viruses)

One of the most promising viral vector systems is based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV).

2003, Curtis A. Machida, Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods and Protocols, page 201:

(virology) Any of the viruses of the genus Dependoparvovirus that infects primates, but, having no known adverse effects, is a possible vector for therapies.


HFV

HFPPV

high frequency positive pressure ventilation

hepatitis F virus
hepatitis F virus#English

(virology) Initialism of hepatitis F virus.

human foamy virus
human foamy virus#English

(virology) Initialism of human foamy virus.


primoinfection

We report a case of a 52-year-old woman, on immunosuppressive treatment with mycophenolate due to a history of giant cell myocarditis (GCM), who presented with new-onset severe blood-tinged diarrhoea after a cytomegalovirus (CMV) primoinfection.

2013 July 10, Heike Seifert et al., “Not your usual diarrhoea: severe colonic toxicity of mycophenolate due to intestinal CMV and EBV infection”, in BMJ Case Reports, volume 2013, →DOI:

(virology) The first stages of an infection.


uncoat

en-verb

uncoat (third-person singular simple present uncoats, present participle uncoating, simple past and past participle uncoated)

uncoats (present singular third-person)
uncoating (participle present)
uncoated (participle past)
uncoated (past)

It takes only minutes, after entry into a cell, for a virus particle to uncoat.

(virology, intransitive) (of the capsid shell) to dissociate from the viral core in the host cell cytoplasm

(virology, transitive) To remove the viral capsid of a virus, leading to the release of the viral genomic nucleic acid.


tibovirus

(pathology, virology) Any virus that is primarily transmitted by a tick.


robovirus

(pathology, virology) Any virus that is transmitted by an arthropod.


varicella zoster virus

en-noun

varicella zoster virus (plural varicella zoster viruses)

Human alphaherpesvirus 3
Human alphaherpesvirus 3#Translingual

(virology) Human alphaherpesvirus 3, the infectious agent that causes chickenpox (varicella) and shingles.


EBV

EBV (countable and uncountable, plural EBVs)

(virology) Initialism of Epstein-Barr virus.


KSHV

(virology, oncology) Initialism of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.


virocell

(biology, virology, pathology) Any cell, infected by a virus, whose primary function is to produce virions


subvirus

Grélard et al.⁸⁷ determined the intimate structure of pseudoviral particles of hepatitis B subvirus using solid-state NMR, light scattering, and cryo-electron microscopy.

2015, Slawomir Pikula, Joanna Bandorowicz-Pikula, Patrick Groves, “NMR of lipids”, in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, volume 44, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, →ISSN, page 391:

(virology) An organism or substance, such as a viral protein, that is smaller than a virus and has some viral properties.


vRNA

The promoter for the synthesis of mRNA molecules is located in a partially double-stranded RNA structure formed by the 5'- and 3'-terminal sequences of genomic vRNA segments.

2000, A. Mikulásová, E. Varecková, E. Fodor, “Transcription and replication of the influenza a virus genome”, in Acta virologica:

(biochemistry, virology) Initialism of viral RNA.


antifiloviral

That counters the effects of filoviruses


curtovirus

From the syllabic abbreviation of curly top + virus. Named after the plant disease associated with members of the genus.

(virology) A member of the genus Curtovirus of ssDNA viruses.


crossprotection

resistance to a virus following infection by a related one


campylophage

(microbiology, virology) A virus that is parasitic on bacteria of the genus Campylobacter.


bidensovirus

(virology) Any DNA virus of the genus Bidensovirus


satellitism

(virology) An obligate association between two viruses


Wuhan pneumonia

A respiratory disease first reported in Wuhan, China on December 31, 2019, from Wuhan + pneumonia.

2020 January 9, “Wuhan pneumonia outbreak: Mystery illness 'caused by coronavirus”, in BBC:

2020 January 11, Shaun Lintern, “Wuhan pneumonia: First death reported by mystery Chinese virus”, in Independent:

2020 January 22, “Monitoring Wuhan Pneumonia”, in Columbia Health:

This travel period overlapped with the time period after the announcement of the first case of Wuhan pneumonia (symptom onset on Dec 12, 2019) according to the Chinese health authority.

2020 January 24, Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, “A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster”, in The Lancet^(https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30154-9/fulltext):

(pathology, virology, informal, politically offensive in Mainland China) A form of pneumonia due to infection by a coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which is genetically similar to SARS and MERS.


Wuhan coronavirus

From Wuhan + coronavirus, q.v., from its presumed origin in Wuhan, China, in late 2019.

(colloquial, sometimes offensive) Synonym of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19.


Wuhan virus

From Wuhan + virus, q.v., from its presumed origin in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The same name was separately and less prominently used in 1995 for a strain of H3N2 flu.

We designed candidate diagnostic RT-PCR assays before release of the first sequence of the Wuhan virus.

2020 January 13, World Health Organization, "Diagnostic detection of Wuhan coronavirus 2019 by real-time RT-PCR"

Stop the Wuhan virus

2020 January 21, Nature, volume 577, →DOI, page 450:

The Wuhan virus has shown the world how China behaves.

2020 December 4, James McGrath on Sky Newshttps://www.skynews.com.au/details/_6214144246001

(colloquial, derogatory, sometimes offensive) Synonym of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.


Abbreviation of coronavirus disease + 19 from 2019, the year the virus was discovered. Coined by the World Health Organization on February 11, 2020. Intended to avoid stigma by not referring to a place, animal, career, or group of people.

Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.

2020 January 11, “Coronavirus”, in World Health Organization:

As we enter the first months of 2021, increasing numbers of reports of variants of the COVID-19 virus mark a new development in the pandemic.

2021 February 5, “Redoubling public health measures needed due to COVID-19 virus variants”, in World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, archived from the original on 2021-02-15:

(virology, metonymically) SARS-CoV-2 (virus that causes the COVID-19 disease)


/ˈsɑːz ˈkəʊviː ˈtuː/

As of March 10, 2020, the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for more than 110,000 infections and 4000 deaths worldwide, but data regarding the epidemiologic characteristics and clinical features of infected children are limited.

2020 April, Lu, Xiaoxia, Liqiong Zhang, Hui Du, Jingjing Zhang, Yuan Y. Li, Jingyu Qu, Wenxin Zhang et al., “SARS-CoV-2 infection in children”, in New England Journal of Medicine, volume 382, number 17, →DOI:

In addition to continuing to track the emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there are four major priorities for the global response to variants of concern.

2021 June, Krause, Philip R., Thomas R. Fleming, Ira M. Longini, Richard Peto, Sylvie Briand, David L. Heymann, Valerie Beral, Matthew D. Snape, Helen Rees, Alba-Maria Ropero, Ran D. Balicer, Jakob P. Cramer, et al., “SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccines”, in New England Journal of Medicine, →DOI:

SARS-related coronavirus 2
SARS-related coronavirus 2#English

(virology) SARS-CoV-2; SARS-related coronavirus 2


Medusavirus

From Ancient Greek Μέδουσα (Médousa, “Medusa”) + virus. From Latin virus (“virus”). From being a virus which can turn amoeba into stone-like cysts. From Medusa, the Greek mythological figure which could petrify people with a glance.

com

The newest giant virus is Medusavirus, so named because of the way it infects amoebas, single-celled organisms that commonly live in water.

2019 March 20, Sarah Zhang, “Beware the Medusavirus”, in The Atlantic:

Many of the NCLDVs, including the phycodnavirus Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus (PBCV-1), the iridovirus Chilo iridescent virus (CIV), the mimivirus Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV), or the giant amoeba-infecting Faustovirus, Pacmanvirus, and Medusavirus, present large icosahedral capsids composed of trimers of a MCP that displays a double jelly-roll fold.

2019 October 24, German Andrés et al., “The cryo-EM structure of African swine fever virus unravels a unique architecture comprising two icosahedral protein capsids and two lipoprotein membranes”, in Journal of Biological Chemistry, →DOI:

Furthermore, we identified 5 A. triangularis homologous sequences shared with Medusavirus, a giant virus that replicates on Acanthamoeba castellanii, which was isolated from hot spring water.

2020 March 16, Issam Hasni et al., “Description of Virulent Factors and Horizontal Gene Transfers of Keratitis-Associated Amoeba Acanthamoeba Triangularis by Genome Analysis”, in Pathogens, →DOI:

(virology) An informal genus of the informal family Medusaviridae, large DNA viruses that infect amoeba.


Chinese virus

en-noun

Chinese virus (countable and uncountable, plural Chinese viruses)

中国病毒 (Zhōngguó bìngdú) (explanatory translation)

The Chinese virus seems to be more closely related to the marine type of Mexican virus than to the European virus.

1938, The Chinese Medical Journal, volume 53, page 86:

The Chinese virus has completely penetrated the fabric of the Hosaka.

1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer, page 231:

It said that the "No 1 Chinese virus," a new kind of computer virus made by a college student through modifying an imported foreign virus in South China's Guangdong Province had already spread to many of the province's important units.

1990, China Report: Science and Technology:

We had great difficulty with the Chinese virus at first.

2008, Ciba Foundation, Novel Diarrhoea Viruses, page 41:

for the Chinese virus to find its way into the ducks of the Red River delta or Mekong Delta or the central plains of Thailand, it helps a lot if, in between those places, you have lots of hugely susceptible chickens.

2009, Paul Roberts, The End of Food, page 198:

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see Chinese, virus. A pathogen or malware originating, identified, or causing outbreaks in China.

Senator Charles E. Grassley, Republican of Iowa, said on Twitter that “I don’t understand why China gets upset bc we refer to the virus that originated there the ‘Chinese virus’ Spain never got upset when we referred to the Spanish flu in 1918&1919.”

2020 March 13, Katie Rogers et al., “Trump Defends Using ‘Chinese Virus’ Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism”, in New York Times:

First it was the Chinese virus, then we had the murder hornets, then we had to close the embassy in Houston because of espionage … Now we’ve got all these mystery seeds coming in in the mail.

2021 July 15, Chris Heath, quoting Sid Miller, “The Truth Behind the Amazon Mystery Seeds”, in The Atlantic:

(colloquial, sometimes offensive, dysphemistic) Synonym of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

There were supposed to be armies. Grand armies of contact tracers crisscrossing every county in the country on the hunt for the Chinese virus.

2020 June 16, David Marcus, “Contact Tracing Is A Fiasco Rejected By Most Americans”, in The Federalist:

Stocks mostly recover on hope for handling of Chinese virus.

2020 January 22, Associated Press, headline:

(quoting a sign in a doctor's office) "Dear patients: During this time period of the Chinese Virus, please observe the six foot rule of social distancing."

2020 November 13, Natalie Pasquarella, “NJ Mom Stunned to See Sign About ‘Chinese Virus' — At A Doctor's Office”, in NBC New York:

More importantly, the number of anti-Asian hashtags rose by 797% and 17 400% for #covid19 and #chinesevirus, respectively. This represents a combined increase from about 12 000 to almost a half a million anti-Asian hashtags.

2021 May, Yulin Hswen, Xiang Xu, Hing, Anna, Hawkins, Jared B., Brownstein, John S., Gee, Gilbert C., “Association of ‘#covid19’ Versus ‘#chinesevirus’ With Anti-Asian Sentiments on Twitter”, in American Journal of Public Health, volume 111, →DOI, page 960:

I don't even talk about it because when it COVID came in, which is the Chinese virus, when Chinese virus came in, that was so much bigger than anything else. I mean they owe us $20 trillion.

2021 August 18, Maria Bartiromo, Peter Doocy, Dagen McDowell, “Biden Cuts Vacation Short, Returns to White House; […] ”, in Mornings with Maria, spoken by Donald Trump, via Fox Business Network:

(colloquial, sometimes offensive, dysphemistic) Synonym of coronavirus, the disease COVID-19.


picornavirologist

Picornavirologists should be proud that several most important discoveries in the molecular biology of RNA replication have been made by using their viruses.

1999, “Paradoxes of the replication of picornaviral genomes”, in Virus Research, volume 62, page 129:

I deeply appreciate their help, not only now but also at different stages of my my activity as a picornavirologist.

2015, Esteban Domingo, Virus as Populations: Composition, Complexity, Dynamics, and Biological Implications:


coronavirology

Progress has been rapid in coronavirology during the last few years, and interesting insights have been gained for virology in general.

1988, W. Spaan, “Coronaviruses: Structure and Genome Expression”, in Journal of General Virology, volume 69, page 2939:

The cloning/sequencing phase of coronavirology for which the 1980's will be partly remembered, has provided a sound framework for further studies of the virus structural proteins and also some provocative insights relevant to these studies.

1991, David Cavanagh, Coronaviruses and their Diseases, page v:

A key determinant of virus pathogenesis is the distribution of host cell receptor for the virus in question. This aspect of coronavirology has been reviewed.

2000, Madeleine W. Cunningham, Effects of Microbes on the Immune System, page 333:

(virology) The scientific study of coronaviruses.


coronavirologist

Coronaviruses were declared a distinct virus group by Tyrrell and an international group of coronavirologists in 1968, on the basis of their appearance under the electron microscope after negative staining, ether lability and RNA content.

1987, Susan Gale Robbins, Molecular Interactions in the Replication of Mouse Hepatitis Virus:

Evidently, this will be the major challenge for coronavirologists in the years to come.

1995, S. Siddell, The Coronaviridae, page 134:

As a coronavirologist, I am tempted to translate the eponymic prefix as ‘crown’ and confer the regal attribute to my favourite viruses.

2004 April 1, Marian C Horzinek, “The bright future of coronavirology”, in Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery:

Before the emergence of the original SARS, the study of coronaviruses was a professional backwater. “There has been such a deluge of attention on we coronavirologists,” said Susan R. Weiss, a virologist at the University of Pennsylvania. “It is quite in contrast to previously being mostly ignored.”

2020 June 2, Alan Burdick, “Monster or Machine? A Profile of the Coronavirus at 6 Months”, in The New York Times:

(virology) A scientist who studies coronaviruses.


coronavirion

Recent biochemical studies have revealed that the single-stranded RNA of several coronaviruses is polyadenylated, indicating that it is probably of positive polarity, and the genome of infectious bronchitis virus has been reported to be infectious, supporting evidence that the coronavirion RNA has a message function.

1979 January, Douglas A. Kennedy, “Inhibition of coronavirus 229E replication by actinomycin D”, in Journal of Virology, volume 29, number 1, page 401:

Coronavirions are pleomorphic, although generally spherical, 60 to 220 nm in diameter and bear widely spaced, club-shaped surface projections about 20 nm in length.

1983, Stuart Siddell, “The Biology of Coronaviruses”, in Journal of General Virology, volume 64, page 761:

Our cryo-tomograms of whole coronavirions provide direct insight into the 3D structure of CoVs, revealing important features of the virion envelope and the RNP.

2009 January 13, Montserrat Bárcena, “Cryo-electron tomography of mouse hepatitis virus: Insights into the structure of the coronavirion”, in PNAS, volume 106, number 2, page 582:

(virology) An individual particle of a coronavirus.


coronaviruslike

en-adj

coronaviruslike (comparative more coronaviruslike, superlative most coronaviruslike)

more coronaviruslike (comparative)
most coronaviruslike (superlative)

Coronaviruslike particles (CVLPs) in fecal samples have been inconsistently associated with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms in humans.

1985 September, “Coronaviruslike particles in human gastrointestinal disease: epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory observations”, in American Journal of Diseases of Children, volume 139, page 928:

The presence of negative-stranded sgRNAs in infected cells, which has recently been described for coronaviruses (35, 36), would be an important indication for a coronaviruslike transcription mechanism in EAV.

1991 June, Johan den Boon, “Equine arteritis virus is not a togavirus but belongs to the coronaviruslike superfamily”, in Journal of Virology, volume 65, number 6, page 2910:

This group of viruses includes rotaviruses, adenoviruses, Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses, caliciviruses, astroviruses, and viruses having a coronaviruslike morphology.

1995, Patrick R. Murray, Manual of Clinical Microbiology, page 1017:


anticoronavirus

Some cross-reactivity occurred when bovine coronavirus was present in the fecal specimens and required blocking with bovine anticoronavirus serum.

1986, Alberto J. L. Macario, Monoclonal antibodies against bacteria, volume 3, page 306:

By neutralization tests, we studied the specific antirotavirus and anticoronavirus activity in raw milks, heat-treated milks and their corresponding ammonium sulfate-precipitated fractions, and in ultrafiltration fractions.

1987, Journal of Food Protection, volume 50, page 537:

Serological data showed a significant difference between MS patients and control subjects in titers of anticoronavirus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid.

1997 January, Aurelio Bonavia, “Infection of Primary Cultures of Human Neural Cells by Human Coronaviruses 229E and OC43”, in Journal of Virology, volume 71, number 1, page 800:

(virology, immunology) Acting against coronavirus (usually in reference to antibodies).


antirotavirus

(virology, immunology) Acting against rotaviruses (usually in reference to antibodies).


crown virus

Inventions: 14 (9); e.g.: specific gamma-globulin against Auesky disease; ethanol vaccine against Auesky disease, bivalent vaccine against parainfection and adenoviruses of calves; inactivated vaccine against rhinotracheitis of cattle; three-valent serum against respiratory diseases of calves; vaccine against crown virus of calves, etc.

1993, “Haralambiev, Haralambi Evtimov”, in Who's who: Bulgaria '93, Sofia: Inter-idea, page 114:

Primarily the work of Hildebert Wagner at the Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Munich, and Klaus Keplinger at Innsbruck University, studies revealed that cat's claw was antiviral in the feline crown virus, the lamb Maed visna virus, human herpesvirus, and effective against neurobronchitis and allergies.

2000, Herbal Companion to AHFS DI 2001, Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, →ISBN, page 15:

At the same time, a combination of α-interferon and ribavirin has been turned out to be efficient at the treatment of the widely distributed viral hepatitis C; this combination could also be promising for the therapy of the recent outbreak of the RNA-viral infection of atypical pneumonia induced by a crown virus.

2004, Konstantinova, I.D., Leont'eva, N.A., Galegov, G.A. et al., “Ribavirin: Biotechnological Synthesis and Effect on the Reproduction of Vaccinia Virus”, in Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, volume 30, number 6, →DOI, page 556:

(rare, virology) A member of the family Coronaviridae; a coronavirus.


VLP

virus-like particle
w:virus-like particle

(virology) Initialism of virus-like particle.


rotaviruslike

rotaviruslike (comparative more rotaviruslike, superlative most rotaviruslike)

more rotaviruslike (comparative)
most rotaviruslike (superlative)


rotavirology

(virology) The scientific study of rotaviruses.


rotavirion

The core of the rotavirion consists of three proteins, including the viral RNA polymerase, and 11 segments of double-stranded (ds)RNA.

2001, M. Barro, P. Mandiola, D. Chen, J. T. Patton, E. Spencer, “Identification of sequences in rotavirus mRNAs important for minus strand synthesis using antisense oligonucleotides”, in Virology, →DOI:

(virology) An individual particle of a rotavirus.


gammacoronaviral

Our high-resolution data have enabled a precise study of transcription and translation in cells infected with both pathogenic and attenuated forms of IBV and expand our understanding of gammacoronaviral gene expression.

2019 August, Adam M. Dinan, Sarah Keep, Erica Bickerton, Paul Britton, Andrew E. Firth, Ian Brierley, “Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression in Virulent and Attenuated Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus at Subcodon Resolution”, in Journal of Virology, volume 93, number 18, →DOI, page 1:

(virology) Relating to gammacoronaviruses.


alphacoronaviral

[Caption of figure 3:] (C and D) MTase assays of alphacoronaviral nsp16 (C) and betacoronaviral nsp16 (D) stimulated by the noncognate nsp10 from a coronavirus of the same genus.

2015 August, Wang YSun YWu Aet al., “Coronavirus nsp10/nsp16 Methyltransferase Can Be Targeted by nsp10-Derived Peptide In Vitro and In Vivo To Reduce Replication and Pathogenesis”, in Journal of Virology, volume 89, number 16, →DOI, page 8421:

Topology of the HCoV-NL63 M protein has not been assessed yet, but one may assume that alphacoronaviral M proteins may adopt Nₑₓₒ-Cₑₓₒ topology allowing for C-terminal modification.

2018 September 5, Naskalska ADabrowska ANowak PSzczepanski AJasik KMilewska Aet al., “Novel coronavirus-like particles targeting cells lining the respiratory tract”, in PLoS ONE, volume 13, number 9, →DOI, page 16:

(virology) Relating to alphacoronaviruses.


betacoronaviral

S1 Fig. Sequence alignment of betacoronaviral Mᵖʳᵒ. Modified from an output from ESPript [36].

2015 December 14, Ho B-L, Cheng S-C, Shi L, Wang T-Y, Ho KI, Chou C-Y, “Critical Assessment of the Important Residues Involved in the Dimerization and Catalysis of MERS Coronavirus Main Protease”, in PLoS ONE, volume 10, number 12, →DOI, page 15:

(virology) Relating to betacoronaviruses.


rotavirologist

(virology) A scientist who studies rotaviruses.


noncoronavirus

Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated for the first time that the BCV genome contains a sequence that functions as a packaging signal, at least when appended to a noncoronavirus RNA.

2000 January, Raymond Cologna, Brenda G. Hogue, “Identification of a Bovine Coronavirus Packaging Signal”, in Journal of Virology, volume 74, number 1, →DOI, page 582:

Fort Carson soldiers worked Thursday to convert a Seattle football stadium into a 250-bed hospital that will treat noncoronavirus patients so that civilian hospitals can focus on those with the deadly, flu-like disease.

2020 April 2, Tom Roeder, “Fort Carson soldiers turn Seattle stadium into coronavirus relief hospital”, in The Gazette, Colorado Springs, CO:

(virology) Not pertaining to coronaviruses; noncoronaviral.


noncoronavirus

The SARS virus is a coronavirus, which is significantly different from other human coronaviruses. There is no evidence of exchange of genetic material with noncoronaviruses.

2010, Michael Beach, “Pandemics”, in Disaster Preparedness and Management, Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, →ISBN, page 153:

It is unknown whether this signal of positive selection results from the MERS-CoV progenitor, from another DPP4-utilizing bat coronavirus, such as BtCoV-HKU4, or from a noncoronavirus that also utilizes DPP4.

2015, Kayla M. Peck, Christina L. Burch, Mark T. Heise, Ralph S. Baric, “Coronavirus Host Range Expansion and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Emergence: Biochemical Mechanisms and Evolutionary Perspectives”, in Annual Review of Virology, volume 2, number 1, →DOI, page 99:

(virology) That which is not a coronavirus.


turncurtovirus

(virology) Any virus of the genus Turncurtovirus.


spike protein

Many vaccines against the coronavirus, as well as several treatments, take aim at its spike protein, the virus’s most potent weapon — and its Achilles’ heel. Without its spikes, the pathogen can’t get into human cells.

2020 July 28, Katherine J. Wu, “The Coronavirus Could Dodge Some Treatments, Study Suggests”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(virology) A protein used to bind or connect membranes together, such as a transmembrane link between a virus and a cell.

moesin

a human spike protein encoded by the MSN gene, used to link intracellular membranes


WIV

Wuhan Institute of Virology
w:en:Wuhan Institute of Virology

Initialism of Wuhan Institute of Virology: a research institute on virology in Wuhan administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, founded in 1956.


MCPyV

Merkel cell polyomavirus
Merkel cell polyomavirus#English

(virology) Abbreviation of Merkel cell polyomavirus.


DNAemia

en-noun

DNAemia (countable and uncountable, plural DNAemias)

(medicine, virology) The presence of the DNA of a specific virus in the blood.


BKPyV

(virology) Abbreviation of BK polyomavirus.


RNAemia

RNAemia (countable and uncountable, plural RNAemias)

(medicine, virology) The presence of the RNA of a specific virus in the blood.


medusavirus

From Ancient Greek Μέδουσα (Médousa, “Medusa”) + -virus. From Latin virus (“virus”). From being a virus which can turn amoeba into stone-like cysts. From Medusa, the Greek mythological figure which could petrify people with a glance.

der

Here, we report the novel features of medusavirus, a large DNA virus newly isolated from hot spring water in Japan.

2019 February 6, Genki Yoshikawa et al., “Medusavirus, a Novel Large DNA Virus Discovered from Hot Spring Water”, in Journal of Virology, →DOI:

On the other hand, medusavirus-infected amoeba cells show moderately decreased cell motility later than those of mimivirus-infected cells and change the cells to a cyst-like formation.

2020 January 17, Sho Fukaya et al., “Kinetic Analysis of the Motility of Giant Virus-Infected Amoebae Using Phase-Contrast Microscopic Images”, in Frontiers in Microbiology, →DOI:

MGVL27, medusaviruses, sylvanviruses and MGVL24 represented the viral lineages with the highest genome novelty...

2020 January 22, Frederik Shulz et al., “Giant virus diversity and host interactions through global metagenomics”, in Nature, volume 578, →DOI, pages 432–436:

(virology) A giant virus infecting amoebae causing them to shrivel and harden.


cap stealing

Influenza viruses require host cell nuclear functions for at least two critical steps in their multiplication cycle: mRNA splicing and a unique process called cap stealing.

1996 August 15, Friedemann Weber et al., “Nucleoprotein viral RNA and mRNA of Thogoto virus: a novel "cap-stealing" mechanism in tick-borne orthomyxoviruses?”, in Journal of Virology, volume 70, number 12:


cap snatching

Influenza virus furnishes its mRNA with this structure by a cap-snatching mechanism, in which the viral polymerase cleaves host mRNA endonucleolytically 10–13 nucleotides from the 5′ end and utilizes the capped fragment as a primer to synthesize viral transcripts.

2011 October 25, Tsutomu Fujimura, Rosa Esteban, “Cap-snatching mechanism in yeast L-A double-stranded RNA virus”, in PNAS, volume 108, number 43, →DOI:

Influenza virus polymerase uses a capped primer, derived by "cap-snatching" from host pre-messenger RNA, to transcribe its RNA genome into mRNA and a stuttering mechanism to generate the poly(A) tail.

2014 November 19, Stefan Reich et al., “Structural insight into cap-snatching and RNA synthesis by influenza polymerase”, in Nature, volume 516, pages 361–366:

(virology) Removal of the start of a strand of host cell RNA to serve as the 5' cap of viral mRNA.


astrovirology

The study of viruses and virus-like lifeforms and life throughout the Universe (“our universe”).

astrobiology

the study of life throughout the universe

xenovirology

the study of artificial viruses, xenogenic viruses


(biochemistry, virology) Transmembrane protease, serine 2, an enzyme of unknown function that is exploited by coronaviruses in infecting humans.


second wave

Earlier this afternoon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Director Robert Redfield stated that a second wave of the coronavirus would be even “more difficult” than the original.

2020 April 21, Sai Balasubramanian, “A Second Wave Of Coronavirus Is Likely Inevitable”, in Forbes:

A second wave of Covid-19 now seems to be a racing certainty. And a gathering avalanche of numbers attests to an economic disaster that is probably already upon us.

2020 July 19, John Harris, “Now Britain stands at the crossroads. Will we choose dread or hope?”, in The Guardian:

(virology) A phenomenon that can develop during a pandemic where after a group recovers and infections appear to decrease, another group becomes infected and causes a recurrence in cases.


China virus

en-noun

China virus (countable and uncountable, plural China viruses)

Donald Trump
Republican Party (US)
en:China virus

From China + virus, from its presumed origin in Wuhan, China, in late 2019.

@RudyGiuliani […] has tested positive for the China Virus.

(colloquial, sometimes offensive, neologism) Synonym of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.


antiretrovirus

(virology, pharmacology) Countering retroviruses; antiretroviral.


poliovirion

(virology) An individual particle (virion)) of a poliovirus


VoC

variant of concern
variant of concern#English

(virology) Abbreviation of variant of concern.

Alternative form of VOC
Abbreviation of variant of concern.


VUI

CUI

command user interface, character-based user interface

TUI

touch user interface, textual user interface/text-based user interface, terminal user interface, tangible user interface

(virology) Abbreviation of variant under investigation.


VOI

(virology) Abbreviation of variant of interest.


entomovirological

(entomology, virology) Relating to entomovirology


gain-of-function research

gain-of-function research (plural gain-of-function researches)

(medicine, virology) Medical research that alters an organism or disease in a way that increases pathogenesis, transmissibility, or host range.


Epstein-Barr virus

Epstein-Barr virus (plural Epstein-Barr viruses)

Named after its discoverers, Anthony Epstein and Yvonne Barr in 1964.

infectious mononucleosis
infectious mononucleosis

(virology) Human gammaherpesvirus 4, a human herpesvirus of the herpes family and the cause of infectious mononucleosis.


Nipah virus

(virology) Nipah henipavirus, a bat-borne virus that can infect humans and other animals.


Omicron variant

(virology) The highly virulent B.1.1.529 strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.


Omicron

(virology, pathology, uncountable) Ellipsis of Omicron variant.


human immunodeficiency virus 2

human immunodeficiency virus 2 (uncountable)

(virology) A subtype of HIV, not widely recognized outside of Africa, related to viruses found in the sooty mangabey.


human immunodeficiency virus 1

human immunodeficiency virus 1 (uncountable)

(virology) A subtype of HIV, the most common and pathogenic strain of the virus, related to viruses found in chimpanzees and gorillas living in western Africa.


simian immunodeficiency virus

simian immunodeficiency virus (plural simian immunodeficiency viruses)

simian immunodeficiency viruses (plural)

(virology) A species of retrovirus that causes persistent infections in several species of African non-human primates.


kung flu

Blend of kung fu + flu, in reference to the disease's presumed origin in Wuhan, China, in late 2019.

Hart: Kung Flu Virus will blow over

2020 February 20, headline, Chattanooga Times Free Press

"By the way, it's a disease, without question, has more names than any other in history. I can name, ‘kung flu,’ I can name, 19 different versions of names," Trump said.

2020 June 23, Eliza Relman, quoting Donald Trump, “White House press secretary says Trump's racist 'kung flu' comment was 'linking' the coronavirus 'to its place of origin'”, in Business Insider:

A source close to Mr Cummings said: 'From March through to the autumn, the PM said we should never have locked down. That was why he was so reluctant to do it again in November.' He said, 'the big danger is not Kung-Flu but the harm caused in trying to stop it.'

2021 May 25, Simon Walters, “PM 'wanted to be infected with Covid on live TV, called virus Kung-Flu and was slow to act because he was on holiday with Carrie'”, in Daily Mail:

(humorous, offensive) Synonym of COVID-19.


flurona

Her case is first documented in the world but doctors believe there could be more 'flurona' infections in the country.

2022 January 1, Joe Davies, “Israel reports first case of 'flurona': Doctors say they have found rare double infection of influenza and Covid in young pregnant woman”, in The Daily Mail:

The woman who has been admitted to hospital with ‘flurona’ is pregnant and unvaccinated

2022 January 1, Rhona Shennan, “What is ‘flurona’? Israel reports first case of double Covid and flu infection - is it a new variant?”, in NationalWorld:

Israel has recorded the first case of a rare mixture of two diseases, influenza and coronavirus, dubbed “flurona”.

2022 January 1, Sravasti Dasgupta, “Israel reports first case of ‘flurona’ – rare double infection of Covid and influenza”, in The Independent:

The first case of Flurona – a mixture of coronavirus and flu – has been found in a young pregnant woman.

2022 January 1, Leigh Mcmanus, Kathie McInnes, “Covid and flu mix dubbed 'Flurona' causes difficulty breathing”, in Stoke-on-Trent Live:

The identified case of “flurona,” as some have dubbed it, was relatively mild, according to doctors at Beilinson.

2022 January 2, ToI staff, “‘Flurona’: Israel records its first case of patient with COVID and flu at same time”, in The Times of Israel:

Amid the rising number of Omicron cases, Israel has recently detected another infection known as ‘Flurona.’ Flurona is a combined infection of coronavirus and influenza.
As per the latest reports, health experts detected the first case of flurona in a pregnant woman.

2022 January 2, Pinaz Ahmed, “Israel records the first case of Flurona, a double inflection from coronavirus and influenza”, in Prag News:

A rare double infection of influenza and COVID-19.


Gamma variant

Variants of concern, and in particular the gamma variant, have played an important role in the recent epidemic wave in Brazil, which began in early 2021.

2021 August 20, Ranzani, Otavio T., et al., “Effectiveness of the CoronaVac vaccine in older adults during a gamma variant associated epidemic of covid-19 in Brazil: test negative case-control study”, in bmj, volume 374, →DOI:

Among 45 persons tested with variant-of-concern RT-PCR, whole-genome sequencing, or both, the Gamma variant was detected for 68.9%.

2022 January, da Silva, Juliana F., et al., “Cluster of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma Variant Infections, Parintins, Brazil, March 2021”, in Emerging infectious diseases, volume 28, →DOI, page 262:

The percentage of the unvaccinated population had a significant effect on the increase in ICU admissions and on the increase of omicron, alpha, delta, and gamma variant cases.

2022 August 19, de Fátima Cobre, Alexandre, et al., “The impact of COVID-19 vaccine rejection on hospital admission and variants spread worldwide: implications for healthcare policy”, in Research, Society and Development, →DOI, page 1:

(medicine, virology) The highly virulent P.1 strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.


CCHF

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
w:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever

(medicine, virology) Initialism of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever.


EVD

EVD (countable and uncountable, plural EVDs)

Ebola virus disease
w:Ebola virus disease

(medicine, virology) Initialism of Ebola virus disease.


EHF

Ebola hemorrhagic fever
w:Ebola hemorrhagic fever

(medicine, virology) Initialism of Ebola hemorrhagic fever.


hepatitis delta virus

hepatitis delta virus (plural hepatitis delta viruses)

(virology) One of the five known hepatitis viruses, the cause of hepatitis D.


adnavirus

(virology) Any member of the Adnaviria realm of viruses.


tripledemic

What’s more, COVID-19 isn’t the only sickness going around, as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases are prevalent, creating a “tripledemic.”

2022 January 5, Janelle Randazza, Kaleb Brown, “Fight against the tripledemic with these KN95 masks for kids”, in USA Today, Money:

With few to no restrictions in place and travel and socializing back in full swing, an expected winter rise in Covid cases appears poised to collide with a resurgent influenza season, causing a "twindemic" — or even a "tripledemic," with a third pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus, or R.S.V., in the mix.

2022 October 23, Apoorva Mandavilli, “A 'Tripledemic'? Flu, R.S.V. and Covid May Collide This Winter, Experts Say”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2023-01-05:

But experts told ABC News the country may now be facing the threat of a "tripledemic" as doctors see an early rise in other pediatric respiratory viruses, particularly respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV.

2022 October 26, Mary Kekatos, “Is the US facing a potential 'tripledemic' of flu, RSV and COVID-19?”, in ABC News, archived from the original on 2023-01-04:

Masking can feel like a thing of the past in the US, even in cities such as New York and Los Angeles that once embraced the precaution. But as healthcare facilities grapple with a "tripledemic" of respiratory viruses – with Covid, flu and RSV surging simultaneously – experts are once again urging the public to don face coverings.

2022 December 10, Matthew Cantor, “Masking could fight the 'tripledemic', experts say. Will anyone listen?”, in The Guardian, archived from the original on 2022-12-28:

Even in the absence of a pandemic, an infection could take a serious toll on Addison, but this winter's uptick in the number of COVID, flu and respiratory syncytial viruses, or the “tripledemic,” has put families of children with chronic health conditions or compromised immunity on higher alert.

2023 January 29, Brinley Hineman, “‘Tripledemic’ keeps parents on alert: Even a common cold is serious for at-risk children”, in Newsday, page 6:

(virology, neologism) A combination of three pandemics (usually referring to Covid-19, influenza, and RSV).


nucleopolyhedravirus

(virology) A baculovirus that infects moths and butterflies.


H.I.V.

Alternative form: HIV

Although the World Health Organization does not recommend the combination, the United Nations agency does recommend each measure separately — cotrimoxazole for H.I.V. in Africa and bed nets to prevent malaria in infected areas.

2007 March 1, Lawrence K. Altman, “Project Curbs Malaria in Ugandan Group”, in The New York Times:

human immunodeficiency virus
human immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology) Initialism of human immunodeficiency virus.


virivory

(biology, ecology, virology) The eating of viruses. The dietary consumption of viruses. The condition of being virivorous. The condition of being a virovore.


virovore

Curtis Suttle, a microbial ecologist who led several early studies on protists that might eat viruses, said his team’s unpublished experiments suggested that certain choanozoa could be die-hard virovores, too.

2020 September 24, Katherine J. Wu, “Nothing Eats Viruses, Right? Meet Some Hungry Protists”, in New York Times:

(biology, ecology, virology) An organism whose diet is primarily composed of viruses


SSPE

(virology, neurology) Initialism of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.


SLRSV

SLRSV, being mostly latent in strawberries and other fruit crops, is of very minor importance. It can cause some mottle and decline in certain strawberry cultivars.

1992, Quarantine Pests for Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International, →ISBN, page 972:

strawberry latent ringspot virus#English

(virology) Initialism of strawberry latent ringspot virus.


semiviral

Nonviral vectors are perceived as having a better safety profile than their viral counterparts, with an ability to transfer very large fragments of genetic material. Vectors include cationic liposomes, cationic polymers, yeast artificial chromosomes, Epstein–Barr virus plasmids and semiviral systems, as in the case of the ‘Sleeping Beauty’ transposon [30,31].

2009, Khalil N Abi-Nader, Charles H Rodeck, Anna L David, “Prenatal gene therapy for the early treatment of genetic disorders”, in Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology, volume 4, number 1, →DOI, pages 27–28:

(virology) Partially viral (of or relating to a biological virus).


mirusvirus

From Latin mīrus (“wonderful, surprising, strange”) + virus.

der

Yet, a substantial fraction of mirusvirus genes, including hallmark transcription machinery genes missing in herpesviruses, are closely related homologues of giant eukaryotic DNA viruses from another viral realm, Varidnaviria.

2023 April 19, Morgan Gaïa, Lingjie Meng, Eric Pelletier, Patrick Forterre, Chiara Vanni, Antonio Fernandez-Guerra, Olivier Jaillon, Patrick Wincker, Hiroyuki Ogata, Mart Krupovic, Tom O. Delmont, “Mirusviruses link herpesviruses to giant viruses”, in Nature, volume 616, London: Nature Portfolio, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 783:

(virology) A virus of the phylum Mirusviricota, a widespread group of plankton-infecting viruses which forms a "missing link" between giant viruses and herpesviruses.


acquisition feeding time

(agriculture, botany, virology) The amount of time required for a successful acquisition of a virus by its vector for subsequent transmission, in which it then becomes viruliferous.


herpes simplex virus

en-noun

herpes simplex virus (countable and uncountable, plural herpes simplex viruses)

(medicine, virology) One of two members of the human Herpesviridae family, a set of viruses that produces viral infections in the majority of humans.


FLiRT

(virology) A subvariant of the Omicron variant, scientifically known as KP.2 and KP.1.1.


Russian encephalitis

Russian encephalitis (plural not attested)

(virology) A type of viral encephalitis occurring in parts of Russia.


Russian spring–summer encephalitis

Russian spring-summer encephalitis (canonical)

tick-borne encephalitis
tick-borne encephalitis

(virology) A type of tick-borne encephalitis caused by Ixodes persulcatus.


viral vector

(microbiology, virology) A modified virus designed to deliver genetic material into a cell.