coop

Dutch Bantam
Marshall, Texas
Oxford English Dictionary
coop

From Middle English cǒupe, cupe, from Old English cȳpe (“basket, cask”) or possibly from Middle Dutch cûpe (compare modern Dutch kuip, Saterland Frisian kupe, Middle Low German kûpe), from Old Saxon *kûpa, côpa (“cask”) (compare Middle Low German kôpe, Old High German chôfa, chuofa, Middle High German kuofe, modern German Kufe (“cask (feminine)”)), probably from Latin cūpa, Medieval Latin cōpa (“cask”) (thus a doublet of coupe, cup, and keeve). However, the Oxford English Dictionary notes that if the word is from Latin, “it is difficult to account for the umlaut in Old English cýpe”.

Poorly ventilated coops are likely to result in losses by suffocation, particularly during hot weather, when the coops are overcrowded. The bottom of the coop should be built solid of one-half-inch boards to prevent the birds' toes from sticking through and being injured.

1927 December, Rob R. Slocum, “Marketing Poultry”, in Farmers' Bulletin (Bulletin (United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Publications)), number 1377, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, published 1928, →OCLC, page 11:

"Well," said Calvin, "we could go over to the chicken coop this afternoon when all the hens are inside laying eggs. We might find some clues."

2011, Connie M. Ramsey, Calvin Coyote and the Chicken Coop Caper, Mustang, Okla.: Tate Publishing & Enterprises, →ISBN:

With this collection of 14 coop designs, our hope is to expand the definition of what a chicken coop is or could be. Surely, building more time-tested coop structures would be sufficient, and we love the traditional coops out there. […] How can chicken coops better serve users in the contemporary world? How can they look and function differently? What kinds of materials can be used? Can chicken coops be treated like a piece of outdoor furniture? Can chicken coops serve multiple purposes in a well-functioning small urban farm?

2012, Kevin McElroy, Matthew Wolpe, “Preface”, in Reinventing the Chicken Coop: 14 Original Designs with Step-by-Step Building Instructions, North Adams, Mass.: Storey Publishing, →ISBN, page 8:

A basket, pen or enclosure for birds or small animals.

'Tis the cruel gripe, / That lean hard-handed poverty inflicts, / The hope of better things, the chance to win, / The wiſh to ſhine, the thirſt to be amus'd, / That at the found of Winter's hoary wing, / Unpeople all our counties, of ſuch herds, / Of flutt'ring, loit'ring, cringing, begging, looſe, / And wanton vagrants, as make London, vaſt / And boundless as it is, a crowded coop.

1785, William Cowper, “The Garden”, in The Task, a Poem, in Six Books. By William Cowper … To which are Added, by the Same Author, An Epistle to Joseph Hill, Esq. Tirocinium, or a Review of Schools, and The History of John Gilpin, London: Printed for J[oseph] Johnson, No. 72 St. Paul's Church-Yard, OCLC 221351486; republished as The Task. A Poem. In Six Books. To which is Added, Tirocinium: or, A Review of Schools, new edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: Printed for Thomas Dobson, bookseller, in Second-street, second door above Chestnut-street, 1787, OCLC 23630717, page 87

Why think to shut up all things in your narrow coop, when we know there are not one or two only, but ten, twenty, a thousand things, and unlike?

1850, R[alph] W[aldo] Emerson, “Montaigne; or, the Skeptic”, in Representative Men. Seven Lectures, London: George Routledge & Co., Soho Square, →OCLC, page 94:

Lou Brent rolled from his cot, got to his feet on the floor of the tiny coop.

1929 September, Raoul F[alconia] Whitfield, “The Dog-Fight”, in Boys' Life, volume XIX, number 9, Irving, Tx.: Boy Scouts of America, →ISSN, page 18:

coop. A (gen., from ca. 1880, a country-town) prison: 1785, Sessions Papers of the Old Bailey, Sept., p. 1111, 'He has been in coop for a week'; […]

1968, Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of the Underworld: British and American; being the Vocabularies of Crooks, Criminals, Racketeers, Beggars and Tramps, Convicts, the Commercial Underworld, the Drug Traffic, the White Slave Traffic, Spivs, 3rd edition, rev. and much enl., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, OCLC 311502654; republished as A Dictionary of the Underworld: British and American, Abingdon, Oxon.; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-44552-4

(figuratively, slang) A narrow place of confinement, a cage; a jail, a prison.


coop

en-verb

coop (third-person singular simple present coops, present participle cooping, simple past and past participle cooped)

coops (present singular third-person)
cooping (participle present)
cooped (participle past)
cooped (past)

COOPING. The term cooping refers to police officers sleeping on duty. […] One critic of two-man squad cars suggests that this is a recipe for cooping, since one officer can drive while the other sleeps.

2001, Mitchel P. Roth, Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, →ISBN, pages 76–77:

One of his first, and most groundbreaking, stories was about "cooping," police slang for sleeping on duty. It was sparked when Burnham interviewed Jim Curran, then a New York City policeman, who referred to someone being "in the coop," Burnham recalled. […] Burnham heard that every day thousands upon thousands of New York police supposedly working the night shift were actually sleeping, stashed in coops all over the city, only to be awakened if a crime was discovered. […] Cooping was a natural result and a dramatic example of a city agency misusing its resources.

2010, Bill Kovach, Tom Rosenstiel, Blur: How to Know What's True in the Age of Information Overload, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury USA, →ISBN, page 155:

The majority of policemen, […] act so as to save the public from harm, i.e., they shun their duties. Instead of being up and about, interfering with the rights of the people, many policemen choose the honorable way out—they coop. Cooping (sleeping in some out-of-the-way place while on duty) was a situation which enraged [Frank] Serpico. In the finest tradition of the busybody who insists on running other people's lives, Serpico insisted on being out on the streets at all hours, stopping a prostitute here, ambushing a gambler there, harassing drug merchants everywhere.

2012, Walter Block, Defending the Undefendable: The Pimp, Prostitute, Scab, Slumlord, Libeler, Moneylender, and Other Scapegoats in the Rogue's Gallery of American Society, Baltimore, Md.: Laissez Faire Books, →ISBN:

This cynicism may lead to an increased number of job actions and deviance, such as the "blue flu" or "cooping."

2012, Jeffrey Ian Ross, Policing Issues: Challenges and Controversies, Sudbury, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett Learning, →ISBN, page 66:

Cooping-prone areas are those locations where officers tend to engage in non-police activities that interrupt patrols in an unauthorized manner. A variety of such locations can be surmised, such as spending time at home or other locations not in the officer's area of responsibility while on duty. The department provided the example of officers parking in desolate areas to sleep.

2015, Steven V. Gilbert, Barbara A. Gilbert, Police Corruption in the NYPD: From Knapp to Mollen, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, pages 116–117:

(intransitive, law enforcement, slang) Of a police officer: to sleep or relax while on duty.


coop

Possibly from coop, above. Sense 2 may be from English coup (“to tilt, overturn, upset”).

cog

Fan Coops an' Carts were unco rare, / An' Creels, an' Corrocks boot to ſair. […]

1794, “The lamb-leader” [pseudonym; William Anderson], The Piper of Peebles. A Tale, Dundee: Printed by T. Colvill for the author, →OCLC, page 5:

(regional, England, Scotland) A cart with sides and ends made from boards, enabling it to carry manure, etc.


stoma

From New Latin stoma, from Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

(zoology) A mouthlike opening, such as the oral cavity of a nematode.


gula

Learned borrowing from Latin gula (“throat, gullet”).

lbor

(zoology) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum.


entomology

From French entomologie, from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (éntomon, “insect”) + -logie (from Ancient Greek -λογία (-logía, “-logy”)).

der

Entomology is an important field of study within biology.

The scientific study of insects, and (informal) of other arthropods (and occasionally other invertebrates).


cranium

From Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”), from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”).

uder

In this study, the cranium recovered from the River Witham in Lincoln exhibited a black metallic staining on the surfaces of the teeth.

2014, Emma L. Brown, Ronald A. Dixon, Jason W. Birkett, “The Discolouration of Human Teeth from Archaeological Contexts: Elemental Analysis of a Black Tooth from a Roman Cranium Recovered from the River Witham, Lincoln, UK”, in Journal of Anthropology, volume 2014, →DOI:

(anthropology, informal) The upper portion of the skull, including the neurocranium and facial bones, but not including the jawbone (mandible).

cranio

upper part of skull without the mandible


production

en-noun

production (countable and uncountable, plural productions)

→ Japanese: プロダクション (purodakushon)

/pɹəˈdʌkʃən/

From Middle English produccioun, from Old French production, from Latin prōductiō, prōductiōnem (“a lengthening, prolonging”). See produce.


calyx

From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch.

(zoology, anatomy) Any of various cup-like structures.

A chamber in the mammalian kidney through which urine passes.

The crown containing the viscera of crinoids and similar echinoderms, entoprocts, and the polyps of some cnidarians.

A funnel-shaped expansion of the vas deferens or oviduct of insects.

A flattened cap of neuropil in the brain of insects.


megalith

PIE word
 *méǵh₂s
From mega- (prefix meaning ‘very large, great’) + -lith (suffix meaning ‘stone’), a back-formation from megalithic probably modelled after monolith. from Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos, “stone”)

confix

A large stone slab making up a prehistoric monument, or part of such a monument.

megaliet

A prehistoric monument made up of one or more large stones.


molid

(zoology) Any fish in the family Molidae.


pneumatic

en-adj

pneumatic (comparative more pneumatic, superlative most pneumatic)

more pneumatic (comparative)
most pneumatic (superlative)

From Latin pneumaticus, from Ancient Greek πνευματικός (pneumatikós, “relating to wind or air”), from πνεῦμα (pneûma, “wind, air, breath, spirit”), from πνέω (pnéō, “I blow, breath”).

der

pneumatic cells or bones

(zoology) Having cavities filled with air

hol-

zoology: having cavities filled with air


verge

Borrowed from Middle French verge (“rod or wand of office”), hence "scope, territory dominated", from Latin virga (“shoot, rod stick”), of unknown origin. Earliest attested sense in English is now-obsolete meaning "male member, penis" (c.1400). Modern sense is from the notion of 'within the verge' (1509, also as Anglo-Norman dedeinz la verge), i.e. "subject to the Lord High Steward's authority" (as symbolized by the rod of office), originally a 12-mile radius round the royal court, which sense shifted to "the outermost edge of an expanse or area." Doublet of virga.

bor

(zoology) The external male organ of certain mollusks, worms, etc.


pupil

From Middle English pupille, from Old French pupille, from Latin pūpilla (“pupil; little girl, doll”), named because of the small reflected image seen when looking into someone's eye.

der

(zoology) The central dark part of an ocellated spot.


plumage

en-noun

plumage (countable and uncountable, plural plumages)

From Old French plumage (14c.), itself from plume (“feather”) (from Latin plūma (“feather, down”), from a Proto-Indo-European base *plews- (“to pluck, a feather, fleece”) + -age.

[Owner]: No no he's not dead, he's, he's restin'! Remarkable bird, the Norwegian Blue, idn'it, ay? Beautiful plumage!
[Mr. Praline]: The plumage don't enter into it. It's stone dead.

1969, Monty Python, “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”, in Dead Parrot sketch:

(ornithology, collective noun) Layer or collection of feathers covering a bird’s body; feathers used ornamentally; feathering.


gallery

From Middle English galery, gallerye, from Middle French galerie, gallerie, from Old French galerie, gallerie (“a long portico, a gallery”), from Medieval Latin galeria (“gallery”), perhaps an alteration of galilea (“church porch”), probably from Latin Galilaea, Galilee, region of Palestine. More at Galilee.

beetle gallery

(entomology) The boring trails produced by an insect in wood.


foxhole

From Middle English foxhol, from Old English foxhol, equivalent to fox + hole.

The burrow in the ground where a fox lives.


hypermetamorphism

(zoology) An extreme form of metamorphosis occurring in certain insects (especially beetles of the family Meloidae) in which the animal passes through two or more different larval stages.


cloaca

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cloaca.wav

Borrowed from Latin cloāca (“sewer”), from cluō (“cleanse; purge”).

In birds the rectum, at the termination of its canal, forms an oval or elongated pouch […] and then expands into a cavity, which has been named cloaca.

1822, John Mason Good, The Study of Medicine, volume I, page 7:

(anatomy, zoology) The opening in reptiles, amphibians and birds, as well as elasmobranchians, lobe-finned fishes and monotreme mammals, which serves as the common outlet for the urogenital ducts and rectum.

клоа́ка

anatomical feature of birds, reptiles, etc.

総排出腔

そうはいしゅつこう, sōhaishutsukō, そうはいしゅつくう, sōhaishutsukū

排出腔

はいしゅつこう, haishutsukō, はいしゅつくう, haishutsukū


diastema

diastema (plural diastemas or diastemata)

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma, “interval, space between”). Compare diastasis.

der

(zoology, anatomy) A gap between teeth of different types, e.g. incisors and molars, which is a feature of some rodents and ungulates.


lanceolate

en-adj

lanceolate (comparative more lanceolate, superlative most lanceolate)

more lanceolate (comparative)
most lanceolate (superlative)

The stone tools in these levels include Still Bay points, beautifully shaped thin lanceolate spear points, flaked on both sides.

2011, Chris Stringer, The Origin of Our Species, Penguin, published 2012, page 127:

(archaeology) Of a class of knapped stone points, made without a stem, shoulders, notches, or other features that aid in attachment to a shaft.


heterocerc

(zoology) Any fish having a tail with unequal lobes.


lantern

→ Bengali: লন্ঠন (lonṭhon)

Hindi: लालटेन (lālṭen)

→ Irish: laindéar

→ Malay: lentera

Indonesian: lentera

→ Telugu: లాంతరు (lāntaru)

From Middle English lanterne (13th century), via Old French lanterne from Latin lanterna (“lantern”), itself a corruption of Ancient Greek λαμπτήρ (lamptḗr, “torch”) (see lamp, λάμπω (lámpō)) by influence of Latin lucerna (“lamp”). The spelling lanthorn was current during the 16th to 19th centuries and originates with a folk etymology associating the word with the use of horn as translucent cover. For the verb, compare French lanterner to hang at the lamppost. Displaced native Old English lēohtfæt (literally “light-container”).


baleen

en-noun

baleen (countable and uncountable, plural baleens)

From Middle English baleyne, from Old French baleine (“whale, whalebone”), from Latin balaena (“whale”), from Ancient Greek φάλαινα (phálaina, “whale”).

uder

Scammon estimates the number of baleens killed in the years 1835-72 at 131,000; once again, his figure needs to be adjusted.

2007, Lance E. Davis, In Pursuit of Leviathan: Technology, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits:


heterodont

/ˈhɛtəɹəʊdɒnt/

/ˈhɛtəɹəˌdɑnt/

From hetero- (prefix meaning ‘different’) + -odont (suffix meaning ‘tooth; toothed’). Hetero- is derived from Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros, “one or the other of two; different”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together; one”); while -odont is from Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús, “tooth; tusk”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to bite”) + *-ónts (suffix forming nouns denoting body parts). By surface analysis, hetero- + -odont.

der

The heterodont arrangement is characteristic of the Venus clams and cockles.

In this sense all hinges are Heterodont, and the distinction drawn by [Melchior] Neumayr between Heterodont and Desmodont teeth, so far as their situation is concerned, resolves itself into a comparison between teeth originally laterals and both in one valve, with paired laminæ in the opposite valve, on the one side; and teeth originally cardinals, or, if laterals, then laterals of which one was in one valve and one in the other, with the clasping laminæ also alternated.

1895 March, William Healey Dall, “The Hinge Teeth”, in Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida, with Especial Reference to the Miocene Silex-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene Beds of the Caloosahatchie River (Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia; 3, part III), part III (A New Classification of the Pelecypoda), Philadelphia, Pa.: Wagner Free Institute of Science, […], →OCLC, page 491:

I wish, however, at once to say, that a satisfactory solution will only be arrived at by actual observation of the development of the hinge of heterodont bivalves.

1899, Palaeontologica Indica: Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, volume I, Calcutta, West Bengal: Geological Survey of India, →OCLC, page 7:

The palaeoheterodonts are an extant, Ordovician–Recent, group characterised by heterodont to schizodont dentition. They are freshwater to marine. Palaeoheterodonts are exemplified by the heterodont modiomorphioid Modiolopsis, the freshwater unionoid Unio, and the schizodont trigonoids Trigonia, Myophorella and Neotrigonia.

2006, Robert Wynn Jones, “Principal Fossil Groups”, in Applied Palaeontology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 124, column 2:

(malacology) Of bivalves or their hinge teeth: having two to three wedge-shaped cardinal teeth set in the centre near the umbones, generally also with elongated lateral teeth on the anterior and posterior margins.


heterodont

/ˈhɛtəɹəʊdɒnt/

/ˈhɛtəɹəˌdɑnt/

[A]mongst heterodonts there are several Rodents which have no deciduous teeth, e.g., the rat; […] Among Marsupials, which are true heterodonts, there is only one milk molar on each side in each jaw; […]

1876, Charles S[issmore] Tomes, “The Teeth of Mammals”, in A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative, London: J[ohn] & A[ugustus] Churchill, […], pages 276–277:

On the other hand, in the Mammalian orders with two sets of teeth, these organs are said to acquire fixed individual characters, to receive special denominations, and can be determined from species to species, being equivalent to the Heterodonts. The author [William Henry Flower] then showed that […] among the Heterodonts many were partially, and probably some completely, Monophyodonts.

1868, “Quarterly Chronicle of Microscopical Science”, in Edwin Lankester, George Busk, editors, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, volume VIII (New Series; volume XVI overall), London: John Churchill and Sons, […], →OCLC, pages 277–278:

We have Homodonts, or animals with teeth quite homogeneous in shape, and Heterodonts, those having teeth of dissimilar shapes, the large majority of mammals being Heterodonts.

1878 June, C. N. Peirce, “Proceedings of Dental Societies. Alumni Association of the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. [The Varieties of Teeth Found in Animals; Their Muco-dermal Origin, and How the Blending of Their Different Forms in the Class Mammalia Favors the Theory that They are but Modifications from Some Common Ancestral Type.]”, in James W. White, editor, The Dental Cosmos: A Monthly Record of Dental Science. […], volume XX, number 6, Philadelphia, Pa.: Samuel S. White, […], →OCLC, page 320:

In the aberrant Orycteropus (Aard-Vark), with ten adult teeth, [Oldfield] Thomas finds seven milk teeth behind the maxillary suture (thus taking us into the molar region of the typical heterodonts).

1894 January 4, “The Rise of the Mammalia in North America”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, volume XLIX, number 1262, London, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 238, column 2:

In the past, this would have been enough to allow one to suggest a close relationship between hybodonts and heterodonts. However, Campagno (1977) has recently attempted to show that hybodonts belong to a more derived position within the euselachians, specifically being allied with the galeoid oryctoloboids and lamnoids. If this is the case, the absence of the orbital process in heterodonts might be considered a highly derived condition and the overall close similarity of the palates of the two groups a convergence due perhaps to a common pattern of fore-and-aft jaw movements.

1981 April 2, Keith Stewart Thomson, “An Early Triassic Hybodont Shark from Northern Madagascar”, in Postilla, number 186, New Haven, Conn.: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, published 15 February 1982, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 13, column 1:

Ordovician actinodontoids are probably ancestral to the heterodonts, unionaceans, and trigoniaceans.

1971, Robert A[llen] Cadigan, “Moenkopi Formation and Related Strata”, in Robert A. Cadigan, J. H. Stewart, Petrology of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation and Related Strata in the Colorado Plateau Region: […] (Geological Survey Professional Paper; 692), Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 30, column 2:

Finally, Carditoidea is basal not only to all other sampled heterodonts but also to Anomalodesmata. This is unexpected; although they appear to be relatively primitive heterodonts, they are mophologically similar to other heterodonts exclusive of anomalodesmatans. More molecular data for other primitive heterodonts are needed to test this result, especially Crassatelloidea and Lucinoidea.

2000, D. C. Campbell, “Molecular Evidence on the Evolution of the Bivalvia”, in E[lizabeth] M. Harper, J[ohn] D[avid] Taylor, J. A. Crame, editors, The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia (Geological Society Special Publication; no. 177), London: Geological Society of London, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 44, column 1:

(zoology) A heterodont animal.
(malacology) A heterodont bivalve.

A heterodont animal.
A heterodont bivalve.


pseudopod

en-noun

pseudopod (plural pseudopods or pseudopodia)

pseudopods (plural)
pseudopodia (plural)

(zoology) A projection acting as a foot in certain insect larvae.


orthostat

orthostat (plural orthostats or orthostates)

orthostats (plural)
orthostates (plural)

Ancient Greek ὀρθοστάτης (orthostátēs, “upright shaft”); analysable as ortho- + -stat.

der

Near-synonyms: menhir, standing stone

(archaeology) An upright stone or slab, especially one which is part of a larger structure.


oviposition

en-noun

oviposition (usually uncountable, plural ovipositions)

From oviposit + -ion, from ovi- (“egg”) + Latin pōsitus (“placed”).

If an opsiblastic egg is produced by an individual, it is usually the last oviposition by that animal even if it is also the first.

1963, Ellsworth C. Dougherty, “Other Disciplines of Comparative Biology”, in The Lower Metazoa: Comparative Biology and Phylogeny, Berkley: University of California Press, page 474:

(zoology or pornography) The process or instance of ovipositing, laying eggs.


covert

From Middle English covert, from Old French covert, past participle of covrir (“to cover”) (corresponding to Latin coopertus); cognate to cover.

When he felt the trappings being taken off him, so that he was in hunting order, Cully did make some movements as if to rouse. He raised his crest, his shoulder coverts and the soft feathers of his thighs.

1958, T[erence] H[anbury] White, chapter I, in The Once and Future King, New York, N.Y.: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, book I (The Sword in the Stone):

(ornithology) A feather that covers the bases of flight feathers.


knap

en-verb

knap (third-person singular simple present knaps, present participle knapping, simple past and past participle knapped)

knaps (present singular third-person)
knapping (participle present)
knapped (participle past)
knapped (past)
knap (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Late Middle English knappen (“to strike (something)”); further etymology uncertain, probably related to Middle Dutch knappen, cnappen (“to break (something) with a sharp sound, snap; to crack or crackle”) (modern Dutch knappen), probably ultimately onomatopoeic.
The noun is derived from Late Middle English knap, knappe (“sharp blow, strike”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from the verb (see above), or related to an ancestor of Danish knep and Swedish knäpp (“a flick, rap, snap”), probably ultimately onomatopoeic.

napauttaa

(transitive) to say (something) crisply or sharply; (intransitive) to speak crisply or sharply

An average workman will knap 3,000 flints in a day of 12 hours, but a good one will make 4,000 at a pinch.

1879, Sydney B. J. Skertchly, “Manufacture of Gun-flints”, in On the Manufacture of Gun-flints, the Methods of Excavating for Flint, the Age of Palæolithic Man, and the Connexion between Neolithic Art and the Gun-flint Trade (Memoirs of the Geological Survey, England and Wales), London: […] Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, and sold by Longman & Co., […], →OCLC, page 33:

After every five or six shots, check the flint and tighten the jaws, if the flint has shifted. After twenty shots, flip the flint and dry fire the gun. This should knap the edge [of the flint].

1996 November, Lionel Atwill, “The Flash of Flint on Steel”, in Duncan Barnes, editor, Field & Stream, east edition, volume CI, number 7, New York, N.Y.: Times Mirror Magazines, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 48, column 2:

Not all chert and non-chert materials are amenable to knapping. […] Because a knapper removes flakes by loading force into a small area of the target core, materials that contain many inclusions or are coarse-grained are difficult to knap – the inclusions deflect energy producing irregular results.

1998 January, Anthony Tolonen, Laura Clifford, “Appendix F: Phase I Cultural Resource Report: Proposed Charlotte-Douglas International Airport Expansion, Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina [Method]”, in Environmental Impact Statement: Charlotte/Douglas International Airport: Appendices F–J (Project E&A-004), volume I (Technical Report), page 39:

[O]ne knapper, who was very skilled and, therefore, presumed to be an adult, made highly standardized prismatic blades. These blades were widely distributed for use throughout the site – in fact, only 10 of the 50 blades and bladelets this individual crafted were found where they were knapped.

2021, April Nowell, “Stone Tools, Skill Acquisition and Learning a Craft”, in Growing Up in the Ice Age: Fossil and Archaeological Evidence of the Lived Lives of Plio-Pleistocene Children, Oxford, Oxfordshire; Havertown, Pa.: Oxbow Books, →ISBN, page 84:

To break (something) into small pieces with a cracking sound; to fragment, to smash; also, to break (something) apart sharply; to snap.

(specifically, especially archaeology) To break away flakes from (a brittle material which fractures conchoidally (“with planar concentric curves”), usually a mineral such as chert, flint, or obsidian), often to form a tool with a sharp edge or point.

lohkoa

to break away flakes from (a brittle material), often to form a tool with a sharp edge or point


gens

Bilecik Province
Marcus Aurelius
Roman emperor

Borrowed from Latin gēns (“gens; people, tribe”), from Proto-Italic *gentis, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis (“birth; production”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”) + *-tis (suffix forming abstract or action nouns from verb roots). Doublet of kind, genesis, and jati. See also gender, generate, gentile, genus; also Latin gigno (“I bring forth”).

gentile

of or pertaining to a gens or several gentes

The Kamilaroi are divided into six gentes, standing with reference to the right of marriage, in two divisions, […] Originally the first three gentes were not allowed to intermarry with each other, because they were subdivisions of an original gens; but they were permitted to marry into either of the other gentes, and vice versâ.

1877, Lewis H[enry] Morgan, “Organization of Society upon the Basis of Sex”, in Ancient Society: Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization, New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →OCLC, part II (Growth of the Idea of Government), pages 51–52:

The taboos, the laws, the rules of gentes, tribes, and nations, from the lowest to the highest, are upheld by a vague terror and sacred awe which society impresses on man by threats of ill-luck, fearful evil, and terrible punishments befalling sinners and transgressors of the tabooed, of the holy and the forbidden, charged with a mysterious, highly contagious, and virulently infective life-consuming energy.

1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress, Boston, Mass.: Richard G. Badger, the Gorham Press, →OCLC, page 25:

While a woman and a man [who are native Hawaiians] primarily establish a family, they nonetheless remain members of different genses, and it is only as members of different genses that they are able to set up the family. At the same time, the children belong to the family of their parents, but owing to the validity of their mother's side—exclusively, to the gens of their mother. Thus, the members of one and the same family, the closest blood-related community, are members of two different genses.

2006, Dzemal Sokolovic, “Man (between Individualism and Totalitarianism)”, in Nation vs. People: Bosnia is Just a Case, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press, →ISBN, part I (Man and Social Grouping), page 15:

(anthropology) A tribal subgroup whose members are characterized by having the same descent, usually along the male line.

(zoology) A host-specific lineage of a brood parasite species.^([W])


herald

From Latin heraldus, from Middle English herald, herauld, heraud, from Anglo-Norman heraud, from Old French heraut, hiraut (modern French héraut), from Frankish *heriwald, from Proto-Germanic *harjawaldaz, a compound consisting of Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“army”) + *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong”). Doublet of Harold, Harald; compare Walter, which has these elements reversed.

(entomology) A moth of the species Scoliopteryx libatrix.


turner

From Middle English turner, torner, tornere, turnere, turnare, equivalent to turn + -er. Also from Middle English turnour, tornour, tournour, turnoure, from Old French tornour, tourneour, tourneur, tornëor (“one who fashions something by turning”).

(zoology) A variety of pigeon; a tumbler.


recumbent

From Latin present participle recumbēns, from recumbō (“I recline”).

recumbent stone circle
recumbent stone circle

(archaeology) A large rectangular monolith lying on its side, typically flanked by two large upright stones, the flankers; found in recumbent stone circles of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and the counties of Cork and Kerry in south-west of Ireland.


ichthyology

/ˌɪkθiˈɒləd͡ʒi/

عِلْم اَلْأَسْمَاك

branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish


cryptic

en-adj

cryptic (comparative more cryptic, superlative most cryptic)

more cryptic (comparative)
most cryptic (superlative)

From Late Latin crypticus, from Ancient Greek κρυπτικός (kruptikós), from κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”), from κρύπτω (krúptō, “to hide”). Compare cryptology.

Lonomia caterpillars are extremely cryptic.

(zoology) Well camouflaged; having good camouflage.

cryptic colouring

Episematic characters are far less common than aposematic, and these than cryptic; although, as regards the latter comparison, the opposite impression is generally produced from the fact that concealment is so successfully attained.

1911, “Colours of Animals”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, volume V, page 732:

Much of the Permian Capitan reef was strongly differentiated into open surface and cryptic communities.

1999, Rachel Wood, Reef Evolution, page 95:

(zoology) Living in a cavity or small cave.


obelisk

en-verb

obelisk (third-person singular simple present obelisks, present participle obelisking, simple past and past participle obelisked)

obelisks (present singular third-person)
obelisking (participle present)
obelisked (participle past)
obelisked (past)

Hippodrome of Constantinople
Obelisk of Theodosius
Theodosius I
Thutmose III

From Middle French obelisque, from Latin obeliscus (“obelisk”), from Ancient Greek ὀβελίσκος (obelískos), diminutive of ὀβελός (obelós, “needle”). Compare obelus.

Dragonflies that spend the day in full sun may obelisk to minimize the sunlight striking the body. An obelisking dragonfly looks like it's doing a headstand[…]

(entomology, of a dragonfly) To adopt the obelisk posture; to point the tip of the abdomen towards the sun.


kourotrophos

Presumably from Kourotrophos, assigned by Elizabeth B. French, c. 1970

(archaeology) Any of a class of Mycenaean terracotta figurines depicting women carrying children.


nominate

Borrowed from Latin nōminātus, perfect passive participle of nōminō (“I name”), from nōmen (“a name”).

the nominate subspecies


monogenesis

en-noun

monogenesis (usually uncountable, plural monogeneses)

/mɒnəˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

Some held that negritude was a product of living under the tropical sun, a perhaps beneficial adaptation to a fierce climate – an environmentalist solution chiming with monogenesis and Lockean malleability models.

2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Penguin, published 2004, page 248:

(anthropology) The theory that mankind originated with a single ancestor or ancestral couple.


ornithologist

Mr. Worple in his spare time was what is known as an ornithologist. He had written a book called American Birds, and was writing another, to be called More American Birds.

Many of these classic methods are still used, with some modern improvements. For example, with the aid of special microphones and automated sound detection software, ornithologists recently reported […] that pine siskins (Spinus pinus) undergo an irregular, nomadic type of nocturnal migration.

2013 January 1, Paul Bartel, Ashli Moore, “Avian Migration: The Ultimate Red-Eye Flight”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 1, archived from the original on 2016-03-05, pages 47–48:

A person who studies or practices ornithology.


troglodyte

/ˈtɹɒɡləʊdaɪt/

/ˈt͡ʃɹɑɡlədaɪt/

/ˈt͡ʃɹɑɡloʊdaɪt/

From Latin trōglodyta (“cave dwelling people”), from Ancient Greek τρωγλοδύτης (trōglodútēs, “one who dwells in holes”), from τρώγλη (trṓglē, “hole”) + δύω (dúō, “I get into”).

af

(computing) A person who chooses not to keep up to date with the latest software and hardware.


gill

From Middle English gille, gylle (“gill”), of North Germanic origin, akin to Danish gælle, Swedish gäl, Norwegian gjelle, and further to Old Norse gjǫlnar (“lips”), which also may have had the meaning of "gills" (based on Old Danish fiskegæln (“gills”)). The Old Norse word has been suggested as deriving from Proto-Germanic *gelunō (“jaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-, which would make it root-cognate to Ancient Greek χελύνη (khelúnē, “lip, jaw”), χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip”).
Displaced native Old English ċīe.

cog

Gill nets are designed to catch a fish by the gills.


pigsty

Coordinate term: (sometimes synonymous) hoghouse

The lower pasture also contains a pigsty.

An enclosure where pigs are kept, either a building or part of one.


prehensile

Borrowed from French préhensile, from Latin perfect passive participle prehēnsus, from prehendō (“grasp, seize”) + adjective suffix -ile, from Latin -ilis.

Some monkeys have prehensile tails which they use to pick things up.

(zoology) Able to take hold of and clasp objects; adapted for grasping especially by wrapping around an object.


ornithology

en-noun

ornithology (countable and uncountable, plural ornithologies)

/ɔɹnɪθɒlədʒi/

From New Latin ornithologia, coined by Ulisse Aldrovandi from Ancient Greek ὀρνιθολόγος (ornithológos), from ὄρνις (órnis) and λόγος (lógos). See also ornitho- + -logy.

der

Gesner says in his Ornithology, that this fact was attested by a great many moderns of his own time, and he even quotes Albert the great, who asserts that he has seen a cock foster chickens.

1750, René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, The Art of Hatching and Bringing Up Domestick Fowls of All Kinds at Any Time of the Year:

Jerome A. Jackson, an ivory bill specialist at Florida Gulf Coast University in Fort Myers, has now increased the intensity of the discussion in a 15-page article in the current issue of The Auk, a quarterly ornithology journal published by the American Ornithologists' Union.

2006 January 24, James Gorman, “Ivory Bill Report Is Called 'Faith-Based Ornithology'”, in The New York Times:

The branch of zoology that deals with the scientific study of birds.


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).

noncog

(botany and zoology) Later or subsequent.

(obsolete, architecture and zoology) Situated between two segments.


macaroni

en-noun

macaroni (countable and uncountable, plural macaronis or macaronies)

→ Japanese: マカロニ (makaroni)

→ Korean: 마카로니 (makaroni)

→ Malay:

Arabic script: ماكاروني

Latin script: makaroni

→ Scottish Gaelic: macaroni

From Italian maccaroni, plural of maccarone, obsolete variant of maccheroni (“macaroni, fool”), of uncertain origin. Variously derived from late Byzantine Greek μακαρία (makaría, “food made from barley”), from Ancient Greek μακάριος (makários, “blessed, favored by the gods”), and from maccare (“to bruise, to crush”), archaic variant of ammaccare, from Latin maccāre (“to bruise, to crush”). Compare Sicilian maccarruni (“a single piece of macaroni”). As a fop, apparently from the British Macaroni Club rather than from Italian use of maccarone for fools and bumpkins. As a former form of currency, used to calque Spanish macuquino, 18th-century colonial Spanish slang for a similarly clipped coin.

cog

15 penguins were hatched and reared in the Edinburgh Zoo—seven kings, four gentoos, three maccaronis, and one ringed.

macaroni penguin
macaroni penguin#English

Eudyptes chrysolophus
Eudyptes chrysolophus#Translingual

(countable, zoology) Ellipsis of macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus).

Lizards are known among Scotchmen as ‘macaronies’.

1876, Robert Linlithgow Wallace, The Canary Book, page 165:

(countable, Scotland, zoology, obsolete) Synonym of lizard canary.


ovule

Borrowed from French ovule (“ovum”), from Latin ōvum (“egg”). Doublet of ovolo.


squalid

Numerous diet studies on squalids have shown that members of this family tend to feed mainly on teleosts and cephalopods[…]

2008, David A. Ebert, James A. Sulikowski, Biology of Skates, page 126:

(zoology) Any member of the family Squalidae of dogfish sharks.


zoological

en-adj

zoological (comparative more zoological, superlative most zoological)

more zoological (comparative)
most zoological (superlative)

/zəʊəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/

/zoʊəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/


quiescence

en-noun

quiescence (countable and uncountable, plural quiescences)

From quiescent + -ence, or borrowed from Latin quiescentia, from quiescens, present participle of quiesco, from quies.

(entomology) In insects, a temporary slowing down of metabolism and development in response to adverse environmental conditions, which, unlike diapause, does not involve physiological changes.


warren

From Middle English warenne, from Anglo-Norman and Old Northern French warenne (compare Old French guarenne, garenne (“game-park”)), probably ultimately from Frankish *warjan, from Proto-Germanic *warjaną (“ward off, defend against”); compare also Old French warir, guarir, a borrowing from this Germanic root. Alternatively from Gaulish *warrennā (“enclosed area”), from *warros (“stick, post”), Proto-Celtic *warrā (“post, prop”).

der

Free-warren confers the property in wild animals, and that property may be claimed (a) in the land of another, to the exclusion of the owner of the soil; for in ancient times persons summoned to parliament often obtaine from the Crown grants of warren in their demesne lands, comprising such parts of their manors or honours as then were, or might come into their actual possession; but the grant of warren (b) to a party in all his demsne lands, does not extend over the lands of freeholders of the manor, as such grants are construed strictly.

1845, John Smith Furlong, A Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant, page 337:

The defendant has pleaded a warren in gross: he does not make it appendant or appurtenant. He shews merely that Charles I. granted a free warren, as he might do.

1910, The English Reports - Volume 110, page 1361:

Henry de Greye claims to have many franchises in Toveton by Charter of King Henry, that is to say a warren.

1951, Keith Sydney Sayer Train, A Second Miscellany of Nottinghamshire Records, page 52:

Warren grants contained prohibitions on fishing more frequently than forest grants did.

1988, David Maxwell Walker, A Legal History of Scotland: The beginnings to A.D. 1286, page 379:

(historical) The right to maintain and hunt an area of small beasts, similar to a free warren, but with certain limitations, such as restricting the right to hunt on parts of the land held by freeholders.


supernumerary

From Late Latin supernumerarius (“extra soldier added to a legion; supernumerary”), from super (“above; beyond”) + numerus (“number; collection, quantity”) + -ārius (suffix forming adjectives from nouns or numerals). The word is analysable as super- + numeral + -ary.

refn

From Joseph C. Hughes (1897 September) “Supernumerary Finger Growing from First Metacarpal Bone”, in James Moores Ball, editor, Tri-State Medical Journal and Practitioner, volume IV, number 9, St. Louis, Mo.: [s.n.] 3509 Franklin Avenue, →OCLC, figure 2, page 436.

bor

The best evidence so far that social supernumeraries are physically capable of bettering their lot concerns not rodents but birds.

1996–2005, W[illiam] D[onald] Hamilton, “Sorority Avenue: Altruism and Related Phenomena, Mainly in Social Insects”, in Narrow Roads of Gene Land: The Collected Papers of W. D. Hamilton, volume 1 (Evolution of Social Behaviour), Houndmills, Basingstoke, New York, N.Y.: W. H. Freeman and Company, →ISBN, page 278:

There are differences in the composition of the social group [of certain birds] such as whether one or more sex provides help, and the stability of the associations between supernumeraries and the dominant breeders.

2004, Andrew Cockburn, “Mating Systems and Sexual Conflict”, in Walter D. Koenig, Janis L. Dickinson, editors, Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 88, column 1:

(zoology) An animal which has not formed a pair bond and is therefore single.


undershot

His blunt undershot mouth curved in a smile that was somewhat ingratiating.

1931, Dashiell Hammett, chapter 3, in The Glass Key, New York: Vintage, published 1972, page 50:

(zoology) Having the lower incisor teeth projecting beyond the upper ones, as in the bulldog.


cordate

Leaf shape
Two Dogmas of Empiricism
Willard Van Orman Quine

From the substantivation of the above adjective, alternatively straight from Latin cor(d) (“heart”) + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

af

The upper loam (E) has been reported to have yielded several white-patinated implements, including a large number of pointed handaxes, cordates, ovates and cleavers.

1977, D. K. Bhattacharya, Dibyendu Kanti Bhattacharya, Palaeolithic Europe, page 46:

Of the 58 ovates, cordates and cleavers examined, 21 have a tranchet sharpened edge, and 14 are twisted.

1985, John Wymer, The Palaeolithic Sites of East Anglia, page 107:

Slightly derived handaxes from the Mildenhall glaciofluvial sands, generally in fresh condition and dominated by ovates and cordates.

2012, Paul Pettitt, Mark White, The British Palaeolithic, page 122:


ovation

From Late Latin ovatio (“egg-laying”) + English -ion (suffix indicating an action or process, or the result of an action or process). Ovatio is derived from ovāre (“to lay eggs”), from Latin ōvum (“egg”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- (“dress; to be dressed, clothe oneself”)) + -āre.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ovation.wav

/əʉˈvæɪ.ʃn̩/

[The ichneumon wasp] drops an egg. She next seeks out a small green caterpillar inhabiting the leaves of the cabbage-plant, which she punctures with her sting, yet so slightly and delicately as not to kill it; she then rolls it up into a circle, and places it in the sandy nest, immediately over the egg. She continues the same labour till she has counted twelve, and deposited twelve caterpillars, one over another; and thus repeats the process of ovation and supply, till she has exhausted herself of her entire stock of eggs.

1825 November, John Mason Good, “Art. I.—On Instinct.”, in Roderick MacLeod, John Bacot, editors, The London Medical and Physical Journal. […], volume LIV, number 4, London: Printed for the proprietors, by J. and C. Adlard, […]; published by J. Souter, […], →OCLC, page 363:

Having considered their animal nature, and their primary formation, as involving the question of spontaneous generation, he described generally the methods of reproduction adopted in this class of animals, and adduced the explanations and opinions offered by the best authorities on the subject, but particularly those of Bremner, [René] Lænnec, and Owen, by which acephalocystic reproduction is referred to imperfect ovation or generation.

1842 February 28, Evory Kennedy, “February 28, Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D., Vice-President, in the Chair. [Paper by Evory Kennedy on the system of generation and habits of certain Acephalocysts.]”, in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume II, number 33, Dublin: Printed by M[ichael] H[enry] Gill, printer to the [Royal Irish] Academy, published 1844, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 221–222:

Parthenogenetic reproduction, as a rule, takes place in the summer months, as seen in the Aphides, Crustacea (Daphnia), and Cecidomyiæ, where we see the asexual reproduction taking place during the summer, and at the approach of cold weather the process of ovation taking its place.

1892, Fred[erick] V[incent] Theobald, “The Chironomidæ, or Midges”, in An Account of British Flies (Diptera), volume I, London: Elliot Stock, […], →OCLC, page 203:

(zoology, obsolete, rare) The act of laying eggs.


feral cat

(zoology) A domestic cat that has returned to or was born in a living situation without human care.


macropine

(zoology) Of or relating to the kangaroo or the wallaroo.


graduated

(ornithology) Of a tail, having successively longer feathers towards the middle.


settlement

en-noun

settlement (countable and uncountable, plural settlements)

(archaeology) A site where people used to live together in ancient times; an ancient simple kind of village.


microtine

From scientific Latin Microtinae , a subfamily name, from Microtus + -inae.

(zoology) Of or relating to the subfamily Microtinae, including voles, lemmings and muskrats.


instar

From Latin instar (“form, likeness”), which is of obscure origin.

Any one of the several stages of postembryonic development which an arthropod undergoes, between molts, before it reaches sexual maturity.


tomb

→ Irish: tuama

→ Maori: toma

From Middle English tombe, toumbe, borrowed from Old French tombe, from Latin tumba from Ancient Greek τύμβος (túmbos, “a sepulchral mound, tomb, grave”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”).
The verb is from Middle English tomben.

der

A small building (or "vault") for the remains of the dead, with walls, a roof, and (if it is to be used for more than one corpse) a door. It may be partly or wholly in the ground (except for its entrance) in a cemetery, or it may be inside a church proper or in its crypt. Single tombs may be permanently sealed; those for families (or other groups) have doors for access whenever needed.

varr

small building or vault for the remains of the dead


jizz

en-noun

jizz (usually uncountable, plural jizzes)

The earliest known appearance in print dates from 1922, in Thomas Coward's "Country Diary" column for the Manchester Guardian of 6 December 1921; the piece was subsequently included in his 1922 book Bird Haunts and Nature Memories. He attributed it to "a west-coast Irishman", and explained:
:if we are walking on the road and see, far ahead, someone whom we recognise although we can neither distinguish features nor particular clothes, we may be certain that we are not mistaken; there is something in the carriage, the walk, the general appearance which is familiar; it is, in fact, the individual's jizz.
There are several theories as to the etymology of “jizz”:
* From the military term GIS (“general impression and shape”).
* Possible contraction of just is (in the sense that a particular bird species “just is” that species).
An essay by Greenwood and Greenwood in 2018 debunks these theories. Other suggestions include variants of guise, gist and gestalt (mispronounced).

A West Coast Irishman was familiar with the wild creatures which dwelt on or visited his rocks and shores; at a glance he could name them, usually correctly, but if asked how he knew them would reply ‘By their "jizz".’

1922, TA Coward, Bird Haunts and Nature Memories, London: Warne:

Political cartoonists rely a lot on jizz. When a new president or prime minister comes into office it usually takes the cartoonists a little while to decide which features to select as field marks but they then stylise these in ways that make them instantly recognisable to the rest of us, even though they may be grossly exaggerated.

2009, Jeremy Mynott, chapter 3, in Birdscapes, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton, page 74:

His birds are not carefully posed to illustrate every plumage detail; they are impressions rather than portraits. With a few deft strokes of his pencil, he captures their 'jizz'.

2015, Nick Davies, chapter 3, in Cuckoo - Cheating by Nature (paperback), London: Bloomsbury, page 53:

(ornithology, birdwatching) The physical and behavioural characteristics of a bird that enable it to be immediately recognised by an experienced birder as a certain type of bird, especially to family or genus level.


periderm

(zoology) The perisarc; the hard outer layer of hydroids and other marine animals.


sculpture

sculpture (usually uncountable, plural sculptures)

From Middle English sculpture, from Old French sculpture, from Latin sculptūra (“sculpture”), from sculpō (“to cut out, to carve in stone”).

(zoology) The three-dimensional ornamentation on the outer surface of a shell.


entrench

en-verb

entrench (third-person singular simple present entrenches, present participle entrenching, simple past and past participle entrenched)

entrenches (present singular third-person)
entrenching (participle present)
entrenched (participle past)
entrenched (past)

/ɪnˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/

/ɛnˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/

/ɛnˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/

From en- + trench. First attested in the 1550s.

(literally) To cut in; to furrow; to make trenches in or upon.

(construction, archaeology) To dig or excavate a trench; to trench.


rattle

en-noun

rattle (countable and uncountable, plural rattles)

From Middle English ratelen, of uncertain origin; perhaps borrowed from Middle Dutch ratelen or of native origin related to Old English hratele, hrætele (“a plant known for its rustling or rattling sound”), ultimately imitative. The noun (c. 1500) is from the verb.

unc

uncertain

ratel

zoology: organ that produces a rattling sound

The rattle of the rattlesnake is composed of the hardened terminal scales, loosened in succession, but not cast off, and modified in form so as to make a series of loose, hollow joints.

(zoology) The set of rings at the end of a rattlesnake's tail which produce a rattling sound.


Bronze Age

(archaeology) A period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze.


cruiser

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Vindula.

(entomology) Any dragonfly of the family Macromiidae; a macromiid.


duplicate

en-noun

duplicate (countable and uncountable, plural duplicates)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplicātus, perfect passive participle of duplicō.

Each collection, which may be a unicate or several specimens as duplicates in several herbaria, constitutes a record in the Conifer Database.

2013, Aljos Farjon, Denis Filer, An Atlas of the World's Conifers: An Analysis of their Distribution, Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Status, Koninklijke Brill, →ISBN, page 3:

(botany, zoology) A biological specimen that was gathered alongside another specimen and represents the same species.


wired

en-adj

wired (comparative more wired, superlative most wired)

more wired (comparative)
most wired (superlative)


rugose

rugose (comparative more rugose, superlative most rugose)

more rugose (comparative)
most rugose (superlative)

(entomology) Used when combined with another adjective, for example, rugose-reticulate or rugose-punctate.


chalaza

From Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hailstone, lump”).

der

(zoology) One of the two spiral bands which attach the yolk of an egg to the eggshell, suspending it in the white.


umbilicus

en-noun

umbilicus (plural umbilici or umbilicuses)

Borrowed from Latin umbilīcus (“navel”).

(zoology) A depression or opening in the center of the base of many spiral shells.

(zoology) Either of the two apertures in the calamus of a feather.


viscount

From Anglo-Norman viscounte, from Medieval Latin vicecomes, from Latin vice + comes. Equivalent to vice- + count. Doublet of vicecomes and vicomte.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Tanaecia. Other butterflies in this genus are called earls and counts.


insular

en-adj

insular (comparative more insular, superlative most insular)

more insular (comparative)
most insular (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin insularis (“of or belonging to an island”), from insula (“an island”), perhaps, from in (“in”) + salum (“the main sea”).

bor

(linguistics, anthropology) (often with a capital letter) Relating to the varieties of a language or languages spoken chiefly on islands. Insular Latin, Latin as it was spoken in Britain and Ireland. Insular Celtic, the Celtic languages of Britain, Ireland and also Brittany, as opposed to those spoken in mainland Europe other than Brittany. Insular Scandinavian, relating to the Icelandic and Faroese languages as opposed to the ones spoken in Sweden, Denmark and Norway.


plume

From Late Middle English plum, plume (“feather; plumage”), from Anglo-Norman plum, plume f and Middle French, Old French plume f, plome (“plumage; down used for stuffing pillows, etc.; pen, quill”) (modern French plume f (“feather; pen, quill; pen nib; (figurative) writer”)), and directly from its etymon Latin plūma f (“feather; plumage; down”) (compare Late Latin plūma f (“pen, quill”)), from Proto-Italic *plouksmā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly; to flow; to run; to flap with hands; to splash”).
The English word is a doublet of pluma.

der

(zoology) A body part resembling a feather.

The furry tail of certain dog breeds (such as the Samoyed) that curls over their backs or stands erect.

More fully gill plume: a feathery gill of some crustaceans and molluscs.


oology

/əʊˈɒləd͡ʒi/

LL-Q1860_(eng)-I learned some phrases-oology.wav

From oo- (prefix meaning ‘relating to eggs or ova’) + -logy (suffix indicating a branch of learning or study of a subject). The word is cognate with French oologie, Late Latin oologia.

confix

Yet it is not difficult to see that Oölogy promises to become an important auxiliary both in aiding to determine natural divisions, and to enable us to decide in regard to varieties the specific identity of which is in doubt. Let us take an instance. [...] Without looking at all to the external structure of these birds, Oölogy would seem to indicate that the Cat-Bird, though closely allied to the true Mocking-Bird, is at least one step, and that the Brown Thrush is even farther, removed.

1857, Thomas M[ayo] Brewer, “Introduction”, in North American Oölogy (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge; XI), part I (Raptores and Fissirostres), Washington, D.C.: Published by the Smithsonian Institution, published 1859, →OCLC, page vi:

Now here is just one of those cases, which bring the study of Oology, and very justly, into more discredit than any other thing. M. [Alfred] Moquin-Tandon's egg is very likely that of a Booted Eagle; but where is the proof of the fact? Absolutely, as we read it, there is none. [...] There are many collectors in this country, who yearly spend large sums in buying eggs from dealers—utterly un-identified, or with (since identification of eggs has lately become somewhat fashionable) a plausible history, but one that will not bear investigation.

1858 December, “IX. Review of Mr. [C. R.] Brees ‘Birds of Europe Not Observed in the British Isles.’”, in Philip Lutley Sclater, editor, The Ibis, a Magazine of General Ornithology, volume I, number I, London: N[icholas] Trübner and Co., […], published January 1859, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 96–97:

A short sketch, such as Mr. [Cholmondeley] Pennell's, of the economy of the Bird, would be a most valuable addition to our ordinary ornithologies and oologies. He said oologies, for even in the egg of the bird the special needs of the forthcoming bird seemed to be more especially provided for than in the eggs of other families much higher in the scale.

[1864 February, [George] Rolleston, “Meeting of British Association. [Physiology.]”, in David A. P. Watt, editor, The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist: A Bi-monthly Journal of Natural Science […], volume I (Second Series), Montreal, Que.: Dawson Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 76:

When we come to examine the oölogy of the great Columbo-gallinaceous group, one well represented in the avifauna of the United States, it is possible to make the comparisons quite extensive, owing to [Charles] Bendire's exhaustive labors, as seen in his fine quarto volume already spoken of at the beginning of this paper.

1893, R[obert] W[ilson] Shufeldt, “Comparative Oölogy of North American Birds”, in Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Showing the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the Institution for the Year Ending June 30, 1892: Report of the U.S. National Museum (The Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-second Congress; Mis. Doc. 114, part 2), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 473:

The philosophy behind this meeting was to bring together scientists who specialised in the incubation and physiology of avian embryos with those workers interested in reptilian eggs and embryos. Leading authorities within many fields of incubation, oology and embryology were invited to give a presentation reviewing current knowledge within their sphere of research.

1991, D. Charles Deeming, Mark W. J. Ferguson, editors, Egg Incubation: Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page ix:


ware

en-noun

ware (usually uncountable, plural wares)

From Middle English ware, from Old English waru, from Proto-West Germanic *waru, from Proto-Germanic *warō (“attention”) as in beware, in the sense of “an object of care, a valuable”, from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to watch, keep guard”), whence also ward. Cognate with Dutch waar (“goods offered for sale or use”) and Swedish vara, with the same meaning.

cog

(countable, archaeology) A style or genre of artifact.


glance

en-verb

glance (third-person singular simple present glances, present participle glancing, simple past and past participle glanced)

glances (present singular third-person)
glancing (participle present)
glanced (participle past)
glanced (past)
glance (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Late Middle English glenchen (“of a blow: to strike obliquely, glance; of a person: to turn quickly aside, dodge”) [and other forms], a blend of:
* Old French glacier, glachier, glaichier (“to slide; to slip”) (whence also Middle English glacen (“of a blow: to strike obliquely, glance; to glide”)), from glace (“frozen water, ice”) (from Vulgar Latin *glacia, from Latin glaciēs (“ice”), of uncertain origin, + -ier (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs); and
* Old French guenchir, ganchir (“to avoid; to change direction; to elude, evade”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *wankijan (“to move aside; to stagger, sway; to wave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend”).
The noun is derived from the verb.

nb...

glansen, glence, glench, glens, glanche, glauncen, glaunche

рикоширам

to strike and fly off in an oblique direction to dart aside

lyödä maila vinossa

(cricket) to hit a ball with a bat held in a slanted manner

[Page 493] [G]eneral impressions of glancing frequency in Acanthochromis juveniles have suggested that the glancing off parents occurs most often in young juveniles and appears to diminish in frequency as juveniles age […] [Page 494] The unusually high variance in lagoon stage-3 juveniles was caused by one relatively small brood (14) that glanced 36 times in one 30-min observation period.

1988 May 1, Kathryn Kavanagh, “Notes on the Frequency and Function of Glancing in Juvenile Acanthochromis (Pomacentridae)”, in Michael E. Douglas, editor, Copeia, number 2, Lawrence, Kan.: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, pages 493 and 494:

(also figuratively) To strike and fly off in an oblique direction; to dart aside.

(ichthyology) Of certain juvenile fish, chiefly of the Cichlidae family: to rapidly touch the side of its parent's body, usually to feed on mucus.

vilkuilla

of certain juvenile fish: to rapidly touch the side of its parent’s body


glance

en-noun

glance (countable and uncountable, plural glances)

(ichthyology) Of certain juvenile fish, chiefly of the Cichlidae family: an act of rapidly touching the side of its parent's body, usually to feed on mucus.

vilkuilu

of certain juvenile fish, chiefly of the Cichlidae family: an act of rapidly touching the side of its parent’s body, usually to feed on mucus


polyzoarium

From Latin polyzoārium (“polyzoary”), from polyzoa + -arium.


polyzoary

polyzoary (plural polyzoaries or polyzoaria)

polyzoaries (plural)
polyzoaria (plural)

From New Latin polyzoārium (“polyzoary”).

(zoology) The polypary of such a colony.


polyzoic

(zoology) Of a tapeworm, having multiple proglottids.


polyzoic

(zoology) A spore that produces many sporozoites.


polyzoan

en-adj

polyzoan (comparative more polyzoan, superlative most polyzoan)

more polyzoan (comparative)
most polyzoan (superlative)


bryozoon

/ˌbɹɑɪ.əˈzəʊˌɒn/

A polyzoon; a tiny animal that forms compound colonies.


thorax

From Latin thorax, from Ancient Greek θώραξ (thṓrax, “a breastplate, cuirass, corslet”).

der

Holonym: body

Meronyms: prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax

Comeronyms: head, abdomen

(entomology and arachnology) The middle of three distinct divisions in an insect, crustacean or arachnid body to which the legs are attached.


bryozoan

/ˌbɹɑɪəˈzəʊən/

The blanket of bryozoans also blocks out some of the light needed by the blade for photosynthesis.

1991, Martha Holmes, Sea Trek, BBC Books, page 79:

Every microscopic individual in a bryozoan colony is a clone of the original animal that settled on the lake floor, and is a hermaphrodite, both male and female.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 163:

(zoology) A member of the phylum Bryozoa of aquatic, usually colonial invertebrates.


bryozoan

/ˌbɹɑɪəˈzəʊən/


hoary

en-adj

hoary (comparative hoarier, superlative hoariest)

hoarier (comparative)
hoariest (superlative)

Possibly from Middle English *hori (suggested by horilocket (“hoary-locked, having hoary locks or curls”)), equivalent to hoar + -y. Alternatively, Middle English horilocket may represent Middle English hor (“hoar, hoary”) + ilocket (“locked”) rather than hori (“hoary”) + locket (“locked”).


direct flight

(ornithology) A flight where the bird's altitude does not change significantly with each wingbeat.


jumper

(arachnology, informal) A jumping spider.


Caucasian

Caucasian (comparative more Caucasian, superlative most Caucasian)

more Caucasian (comparative)
most Caucasian (superlative)

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Mugan plain
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
The Big Lebowski

From Caucasus (“mountain range in Eastern Europe between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea”) + -ian (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘from, related to, or like’, or forming nouns with the sense ‘one from, belonging to, relating to, or like’). The anthropological sense (no longer regarded as scientific) was popularized by the German anthropologist and physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), based on the belief that the first humans originated from there.
Noun sense 2 (“cocktail”) was popularized by the film The Big Lebowski (1998): see the quotation.

nb...

Praemissa est epistola ad virvm perillvstrem Iosephvm Banks baronetvm regiae Societatis Londin. praesidem

Caucasian bear

Ursus arctos syriacus or Ursus arctos arctos

(anthropology, dated) Of a racial classification pertaining to people having certain phenotypical features such as straight, curly, or wavy hair and very light to brown pigmented skin, and originating from Europe, parts of Northern Africa and Central, South, and Western Asia.

indaa

of a racial classification pertaining to people having certain phenotypical features such as straight, curly, or wavy hair and very light to brown pigmented skin


Caucasian

(anthropology, dated) A member of the Caucasian racial classification (adjective sense 2).


furcula

(ornithology) The forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles in birds, the wishbone or merrythought.

（鳥的）鎖骨

forked bone in birds — see also wishbone

In essence, a furcula is a long, rigid stick, held underneath the body at high tension. When the springtail releases that pressure, the stick pushes down into the ground, or even the water's surface, like an upside-down medieval catapult, firing the springtail into the air in a semi-controlled manner.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 215:

(entomology) The (two-pronged) forked, somewhat tail-like organ held bent forward and secured by a catch beneath most species of Collembola (springtails), with which they jump by releasing the catch abruptly when alarmed.


cartilaginous

en-adj

cartilaginous (comparative more cartilaginous, superlative most cartilaginous)

more cartilaginous (comparative)
most cartilaginous (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin cartilāginōsus (“full of cartilage, very gristly”), from cartilāgō (“cartilage, gristle”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”); compare French cartilagineux. Equivalent to cartilage + -ous, with modifications made to its morphology.

af

Cartilaginous fish such as the angler fish have a skeletal structure made up of cartilage.

[T]here are other Bodies beſides Shells found in the Earth, reſembling the Teeth and Bones of ſome Fiſhes, […] the Vertebres of Thornbacks and other Cartilagineous Fiſhes there found, and ſold for Stones among the Gloſſopetræ, […]

1692, John Ray, “Of Formed Stones, Sea-shells, and Other Marine-like Bodies Found at Great Distances from the Shores?”, in Miscellaneous Discourses Concerning the Dissolution and Changes of the World. […], London: […] Samuel Smith, […], →OCLC, page 109:

(anatomy) Comprising soft cartilage rather than bone.

(zoology, of a vertebrate animal) Having a skeleton of cartilage.


social anthropology

cultural anthropology
cultural anthropology


cultural anthropology

/ˌkʊltʃəɹəl ˌænθɹəˈpɑlədʒi/

(anthropology) The field of anthropology that studies human behavior, culture, and social interaction; one of four commonly recognized fields of anthropology.


hypo

en-noun

hypo (countable and uncountable, plural hypos)

Clipping of various terms beginning with hypo-, from Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”).

(informal, zoology) A hypomelanistic snake.


frass

frass (countable and uncountable, plural frasses)

(entomology) The droppings or excrement of insect larvae.


pachyderm

From French pachyderme, equivalent to pachy- (“thick”) + -derm (“skin”).

(obsolete, zoology) A member of the obsolete taxonomic order Pachydermata, grouping of thick-skinned, hoofed animals such as the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, elephant and tapir.


affinal

The names of their affinal relatives must be avoided in speaking either to a man or woman, or even when speaking in their presence.

2018, Daniel Elazar, Kinship in the Admiralty Islands, Routledge, →ISBN:

(anthropology) Of a family relationship by marriage of a relative (or through affinity), as opposed to consanguinity; in-law.


palp

* (verb): From French palper.
* (noun): From New Latin palpus (“a feeler”).
* Both ultimately from Latin palpō (“to stroke, touch softly, feel”).

der

Below her formidable eyes her fangs are flanked by limb-like mouthparts: her palps, coloured a startling white like a quivering moustache.

2015, Adrian Tchaikovsky, Children of Time, Pan Books (2016), page 20:


digitigrade

/ˈdɪdʒɪtɪˌɡɹeɪd/

/ˈdɪd͡ʒətəɡɹeɪd/

From French digitigrade, from Latin digitus (“finger, toe, digit”) + -grade (“gait”); compare New Latin digitigradus.

(zoology) Of an animal: walking on the toes, putting the weight of the body mainly on the ball of the foot, with the back of the foot, or heel, raised.

(zoology) Of feet or a manner of walking: of, resembling, or pertaining to that of a digitigrade animal.

(zoology, specifically) Belonging to the Digitigrada of the taxonomic order Carnivora.


digitigrade

/ˈdɪdʒɪtɪˌɡɹeɪd/

/ˈdɪd͡ʒətəɡɹeɪd/

(zoology, chiefly in the plural) A digitigrade animal; an animal that walks on its toes, such as a cat or a dog.


plantigrade

[ˈpleə̯ɾ̃əˌɡɹeɪ̯d]

From French plantigrade, from Latin planta (“sole of the foot”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₂-n̥t-eh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”)) + -grade, from Latin gradus (“pace, step”).

(zoology) Of an animal: walking with the entire sole of the foot on the ground.


plantigrade

[ˈpleə̯ɾ̃əˌɡɹeɪ̯d]

(zoology) A plantigrade animal; an animal that walks with the entire sole of the foot on the ground.


environmentalist

As we remarked once before, there are two extreme views with respect to life, one attributing everything to the environment, the other to inherent abilities. If, for example, an unusual number of distinguished men are born and reared in the same locality, the environmentalists assert that the causes for their appearance were entirely external and that had their parents changed habitats with those residing elsewhere the result would have been the same, except that the family names of these eminent men would have been different.

1926, Clark Wissler, The Relation of Nature to Man in Aboriginal America, published 1971, pages 211–212:

(anthropology, social sciences) One who holds the view that environment, rather than heredity or culture, is the primary factor in the development of an individual or group.


trivium

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from Latin trivium.

(zoology) The three anterior ambulacra of echinoderms, collectively.


lancer

(entomology) Any of various Asian hesperiid butterflies of the genus Plastingia.


thanatosis

en-noun

thanatosis (usually uncountable, plural thanatoses)

From New Latin; by surface analysis, thanato- + -osis.


Silurian

en-adj

Silurian (comparative more Silurian, superlative most Silurian)

more Silurian (comparative)
most Silurian (superlative)

(archaeology) Of or related to the Silures, a pre-Roman British tribe.


Australoid

(anthropology) A member of the racial classification that includes Veddahs, Negritos, New Guineans, Melanesians, Micronesians and Australian aborigines.

australoide

a person with Australoid characteristics


Caucasoid

Caucasoid (comparative more Caucasoid, superlative most Caucasoid)

more Caucasoid (comparative)
most Caucasoid (superlative)

It's also nice to see some non-white skin in these pages since almost all of the skin aimed at the "gay market" is distinctly Caucasoid.

1990 August 31, Christopher Wittke, “Athletes (review)”, in Gay Community News, volume 18, number 7, page 16:

(anthropology, dated, offensive) Being a member of a racial classification of humanity composed of many peoples inhabiting Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and parts of Central Asia, as well as their descendants in other regions of the world.


Caucasoid

(anthropology, dated, offensive) A member of this racial classification.


tied

tied (comparative more tied, superlative most tied)

more tied (comparative)
most tied (superlative)

Southern US, African-American Vernacular

(archaeology) Having walls that are connected in a few places by a single stone overlapping from one wall to another.


mongoloid

/ˈmɒŋɡəˌlɔɪd/

/ˈmɑŋɡəˌlɔɪd/

Both American Indians and Mongoloids have shovel-shaped incisor teeth and, at birth, display the Mongoloid spot — a blue spot above the rump, which fades within a short time; many also have the Mongoloid, or epicanthic, fold of the inner part of the upper eyelid.

1983, Bertha Pauline Dutton, American Indians of the Southwest, page 3:

On the average, he found caucasoids to have the longest heads and mongoloids the roundest; mongoloids the straightest hair and negroids the most tightly curled; caucasoids the narrowest noses and negroids the broadest.

1991, Floyd James Davis, Who is Black?: One Nation's Definition, page 19:

As before, the genetic distance between Caucasoid and Mongoloid is the smallest and that between Negroid and Mongoloid is the largest.

1997, Masatoshi Nei, Arun K. Roychoudhury, Genetic Relationship and Evolution of Human Races, page 38:

(anthropology, dated, offensive) A member of the racial classification of humanity composed of peoples native to North Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Pacific Oceania, and the Americas, as well as their diaspora in other parts of the world.

蒙古人种

member of the racial classification composed of peoples native to North Asia, East Asia, Pacific Oceania, and the Americas, and their diaspora


pubescent

pubescent (comparative more pubescent, superlative most pubescent)

more pubescent (comparative)
most pubescent (superlative)

From Middle French pubescent, from Latin pubescens (“to become hairy, downy, or an adult”).

uder

(botany, zoology) Covered with down or fine hairs.


picked

en-adj

picked (comparative more picked, superlative most picked)

more picked (comparative)
most picked (superlative)

the picked dogfish

(zoology, of fishes) Having a pike or spine on the back.


yahoo

From Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, where Yahoo is the name of a race of brutes.

1835, James Holman, Travels, quoted by Malcolm Smith, Bunyips and Bigfoots (Millennium Books, 1996, →ISBN), who notes that the Australian sense almost certainly derives from Gulliver's Travels, despite Holman's report
The natives are greatly terrrified by the sight of a person in a mask calling him "devil" or Yah-hoo, which signifies evil spirit.

1985, Michael Raynal, Yahoos in the Bahamas: Cryptozoology, volume 4:

(cryptozoology) A humanoid cryptid said to exist in parts of eastern Australia, and also reported in the Bahamas.


duffer

Cognate with duff, which see (origin is uncertain).

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Discophora.


bower

From Middle English bour, from Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būrą (“room, abode”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Búur (“storage room, utility room; cage”), German Bauer (“birdcage”), Old Norse búr (“cage”) (Danish bur, Norwegian Bokmål bur, Swedish bur).

cog

(ornithology) A large structure made of grass, twigs, etc., and decorated with bright objects, used by male bower birds during courtship displays.

Laube

(ornithology) A large structure made of grass and bright objects


cercus

From New Latin cercus, from Ancient Greek κέρκος (kérkos, “tail”).

(entomology) A structure on the end of the abdomen of most insects, sometimes long, hairlike sensory organs and sometimes smaller and rigid.


cycloid

(zoology, of fish scales) Thin and rounded, with smooth edges.


cinereous

en-adj

cinereous (comparative more cinereous, superlative most cinereous)

more cinereous (comparative)
most cinereous (superlative)

Latin cinereus, from cinis, cineris (“ashes”).

cinereous:

With a bill two inches and a half long , very ſlender , and a little recurvated : head , and upper part of neck , cinereous , with dusky lines : over each eye a white line

Coluber cinereus, the cinereous viper; a native cf South America and India; of a cinereous grey colour; the abdomen white, angulated ; the scales of the tail ferruginous at the edges.

1810, Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 4:

Wings tailed, white, with a brown border; beneath varied with ferruginous and yellow, the lower ones with two cinereous streaks.

1819, Abraham Rees, The Cyclopædia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, Volume 26:

[…] breast and front of the neck cinereous brown; belly, vent, and under tail-coverts, pure white […]

2014, Leonard Jenyns, A Manual of British Vertebrate Animals:

(chiefly ornithology) Of an ash-gray colour.


lurid

lurid (comparative more lurid, superlative most lurid)

more lurid (comparative)
most lurid (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin lūridus (“pale yellow, wan”).

(zoology) Having a colour tinged with purple, yellow, and grey.


Stone Age

(archaeology, paleontology) A broad prehistoric period during which humans widely used stone for toolmaking.


pigpen

[ˈpʰɪɡˌpʰɛn]

The lower pasture also contains a pigpen.

This room is a pigpen. When are you going to clean it?


Ulotrichi

From Ancient Greek οὖλος (oûlos) and θρίξ (thríx).

(archaic, anthropology) Human races that have "crisp" or "woolly" hair, according to a system by Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent of classifying different races of humans as separate species.


matrilocal

In barring the way, he is enacting a ritual which demands that the new way of patrilocal marriage pay its respect to the more ancient way of matrilocal marriage.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 191:

(anthropology, of a people or culture) In which newly married couples live with the wife's family.


patrilocal

(anthropology, of a people or culture) In which newly married couples live with the husband's family.


rustic

From Latin rūsticus. Doublet of roister.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies having brown and orange wings, especially Cupha erymanthis.


moiety

Borrowed from Middle French moytié, from Old French meitié (“half”) (modern French moitié (“half”)), from Late Latin medietās (“centre, midpoint; half”), from Latin medius (“half; middle”) + -tās (from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts (suffix forming nouns indicating a state of being)). Medius is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”), possibly from *me-dʰi- (“among; with”), from *me (“in the middle of; among; with”). The word is a doublet of mediety.

der

The villages are divided into two patrilineal totemic moieties and two patrilineal ceremonial moieties. The totemic moieties are subdivided into patrilineal clans (ngaiva): there are between fifty and a hundred clans of which between ten or twenty are represented in any one village[…].

1973, Francis Korn, “A Question of Preferences: The Iatmül Case”, in Elementary Structures Reconsidered: Lévi-Strauss on Kinship, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 83:

The moieties are linked to or bear the names of beings or forces expressing the cosmic dichotomy. Most common are heaven and earth moieties, "above" and "below," or moieties named after birds and land animals (or aquatic animals), as is the case among the Winnebago and in the phratry system of the Northwest Coast Indians.

1979, Åke Hultkrantz, “The Great Tribal Ceremonies”, in Monica Setterwall, transl., The Religions of the American Indians, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, published 1980, →ISBN, part I (Tribal Religions), page 112:

(anthropology) Each descent group in a culture which is divided exactly into two descent groups.


ballooning

The ballooning economy was out of control.

The cricketer hit a ballooning shot for six runs.


ballooning

en-noun

ballooning (countable and uncountable, plural balloonings)

This major artery from the heart to the lower body, the aorta, can indeed develop aneurysms. These balloonings of the shape of the normally straight artery may cause no bother, no symptoms and no complications.

2013, Margaret McCartney, The Patient Paradox, page 95:

The act of something that swells or expands.

When he retired, he took up ballooning.

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013 June 7, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 36:

(uncountable) The sport or hobby of flying in a hot-air balloon.

baloniarstwo

the sport or hobby of flying in a hot-air balloon

The mechanical kiting used by spiders, mites, caterpillars, etc. to travel through the air.


faun

From Middle English fawn, from Latin faunus.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Faunis.


brittle

en-adj

brittle (comparative brittler or more brittle, superlative brittlest or most brittle)

brittler (comparative)
more brittle (comparative)
brittlest (superlative)
most brittle (superlative)

From Middle English britel, brutel, brotel (“brittle”), from Old English *brytel, *bryttol (“brittle, fragile”, literally “prone to or tending to break”); equivalent to brit + -le.

(archaeology) Said of rocks and minerals with a conchoidal fracture; capable of being knapped or flaked.


sternum

Borrowed from New Latin sternum, related to Old English steorn (“forehead”), German Stirn (“forehead”).

(arachnology) The sclerotized ventral plate of spiders, between the coxae, marking the floor of the cephalothorax.


phalange

Borrowed from Middle French phalange. Doublet of phalanx, planch, plancha, planche, and plank.

doublet

(zoology) Any of the joints of an insect's tarsus.


ossicle

Late 16th century, from Latin ossiculum (“little bone, ossicle”) from os (“bone”).

uder

(zoology) Bone-like joint or plate, especially:

one of numerous small calcareous structures forming the skeleton of certain echinoderms, as the starfishes;

one of the hard articuli or joints of the stem or branches of a crinoid or encrinite;

one of the several small hard chitinous parts or processes of the gastric skeleton of crustaceans, as in the stomach of a lobster or crawfish.

The skeleton of echinoderms is made of ossicles, linked to each other via muscles and connective tissue.

The eyeballs were surrounded by a ring of bones, the sclerotic ossicle, which probably protected their eyes when diving abruptly for prey.

1836, William Buckland, Geology and Mineralogy, Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, volume 1, William Pickering, page 174:


malleus

From Latin malleus (“hammer, mallet”). Doublet of maul.

(ichthyology) The tripus (ossicle in cypriniform fishes).

[…] in the typical mastax of a Brachionus there are two hammer-like bodies (mallei), which work on a kind of split anvil (incus); […] each malleus consists of an upper part or head (uncus) and a lower or handle (manubrium);

1884, “Memoirs: An Attempt to re-classify the Rotifers”, in Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 1884 s2-24, C.T.: Hudson, pages 335-356:

(zoology) One of the paired calcareous structures within the mastax of rotifers.


monotreme

(zoology) A mammal of the order Monotremata that lays eggs and has a single orifice for urogenital and digestive functions (cloaca); an echidna or a platypus.

однопрохо́дное

млекопита́ющее

яйцекладу́щее

млекопита́ющее

клоа́чное

млекопита́ющее


Champ

(cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Champlain, located on the shared borders of the American states of Vermont and New York and the Canadian province of Quebec.


Egyptology

en-noun

Egyptology (countable and uncountable, plural Egyptologies)

/ˌid͡ʒɪpˈtɑləd͡ʒi/

/ˌiːd͡ʒɪpˈtɒləd͡ʒi/

(countable) A work concerning ancient Egypt.


parade

parade (countable and uncountable, plural parades)

→ Hindi: परैड (paraiḍ)

→ Urdu: پریڈ (paraiḍ)

From French parade (“an ostentatious display, a military display”), from parer (“to beautify, prepare, take pride in”) + -ade probably under influence from earlier Italian parata (“preparation, a military parade, an ostentatious display”) and Latin magnō parātū (“with great preparation”). Various senses similarly influenced by earlier French and Italian uses. Doublet of pare.

der

An organized display of a group of people, particularly

(venery, uncommon) Synonym of herd: A group of elephants when on the move.

Parade, is a Military word, signifying the Place where Troops usually draw together, in order to mount the Guards, or for any other Service.

1704, John Harris, Lexicon Technicum, Vol. I, s.v:

When Barracks are occupied by Troops, the Yards and Parades are to be swept, rolled, and kept clean by them.

1844, The Queen's Regulations & Orders for the Army, page 240:

A place reserved for such displays, particularly

(military, now uncommon) Synonym of parade ground: A place specially designated for such displays or for practicing close-order drills.

parade ground

This Square is calcled the Parade.

1697, William Dampier, A New Voyage round the World, page 219:

...at no great distance from them, where the shoreline curved round, and formed a long riband of shade upon the horizon, a series of points of yellow light began to start into existence, denoting the spot to be the site of Budmouth, where the lamps were being lighted along the parade.

1874, Thomas Hardy, chapter 47, in Far from the Madding Crowd:

Glasgow's most fashionable Sunday parade, the ‘crawl’ on Great Western-road.

After walking a mile or two farther, they found that the shore was beginning to be formally embanked, so as to form something like a parade; the ugly lamp-posts became less few and far between and more ornamental, though quite equally ugly.

1914, G. K. Chesterton, “The God of the Gongs”, in The Wisdom of Father Brown, p. 216:

(dated) Synonym of promenade: A route, street, or square frequented by pedestrians or formerly used for military parades.

promenade

His shop is located in Chester Pde.

(uncommon) Synonym of road, used in place names.


parade

en-verb

parade (third-person singular simple present parades, present participle parading, simple past and past participle paraded)

parades (present singular third-person)
parading (participle present)
paraded (participle past)
paraded (past)

... For she was not a sentimental mourner,
Parading all her sensibility...

1824, Lord Byron, Don Juan, Canto 16, St. 65, p. 96:

I doubt if any woman on earth has gotten better effects than she has with black, white and red. Not only that, she knows how to parade it when she gets it on.

1942, Zora Neale Hurston, Dust Tracks on a Road, page 243:

[...] I am sure neither of us cares to parade family business in a lawsuit.

1956, Mary Renault, The Last of the Wine, page 150:

Like the railwayman, the industrialist who has set himself up with his own prestige fleet of shining lorries parading his name up and down the country, and has installed a transport manager to look after them, demands full utilisation of both...

1960 January, G. Freeman Allen, “"Condor"—British Railways' fastest freight train”, in Trains Illustrated, page 46:

I felt a bit like a hunter who’s captured a unicorn and parades it through the town streets [...]

1988, Edmund White, The Beautiful Room Is Empty, pages 166–167:

They’re parading ad men through Congress to convince the lawmakers that Free Market is the way to go, and that Harry Truman is in league with Karl Marx.

2009, Barbara Kingsolver, The Lacuna, page 452:

They kidnapped an Indian officer and beheaded him, bringing the head back to be paraded in the bazaars of Kotlin in Pakistani Kashmir.

2013, Nadeem Aslam, The Blind Man’s Garden, Part 2, Ch. 23:

They paraded dozens of fashions past the crowd.

(transitive) To cause to take part in a parade, particularly

(figurative) Synonym of show off: to display or reveal prominently or ostentatiously, especially in a kind of procession.


tarsus

kitax̂

the part of the foot between the main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus

(anatomy, zootomy) The part between the main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus in terrestrial vertebrates.

(anatomy) A group of small bones in this part of the foot. The seven bones of the human tarsus form the ankle and upper part of the foot.

глезен

any of the seven bones in this part of the foot

On the ledge, the guillemots shuffle awkwardly about on their tarsi, the long bone connecting the ‘ankle’ to the feet.

2020, Tim Ecott, The Land of Maybe, Short Books, published 2021, page 99:

(zootomy) The shank or tarsometatarsus of the leg of a bird or reptile.

(zootomy) The true foot or the fifth joint of the leg of an insect or other arthropod, typically consisting of several small segments and ending in a claw.

(anatomy) A plate of dense connective tissue found in each eyelid, attached to either the superior tarsal muscle (in the upper eyelid) or inferior tarsal muscle (lower eyelid), which aid with sympathetic control.


capitate

From Latin capitatus (“having a head”), from caput (“head”).

1884 A. de Bary Comparative Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs of the Phanerogams and Ferns. Oxford University Press
Capitate hairs occur on most leaf-forming plants, especially Dicotyledons and Ferns, as a rule in company with non-glandular hairs. It is true they are absent from many large groups... To this category belong in the first place the great majority of the universally distributed glandular hairs ... Meanwhile we need only remark here, that the glandular hairs are characterised by no special form, but rather by definite properties of the cell walls; therefore the terms capitate and glandular hair are not equivalent. In the case of many capitate hairs, it is as yet uncertain whether they possess the characteristic properties of glandular hairs...

Capitate antennae are thin through most of the structure, then abruptly widen, so it looks like the head of a pin sitting on the end of the antennae. This antennal shape is commonly found in butterflies.

2020 Jason H. Byrd, Jeffery K. Tomberlin (eds) Forensic Entomology ISBN: 978-0-815-35016-3

(botany, zoology) Topped with a dense, head-like cluster, such as the inflorescences of composites or the antennae of some insects.


papyrology

en-noun

papyrology (usually uncountable, plural papyrologies)

The study of papyrus, particularly the branch of archeology concerning ancient texts written on papyrus.

علم البرديات

the study of ancient texts written on papyrus


didactyl

(zoology) Having only two toes, fingers or claws.


membranous

en-adj

membranous (comparative more membranous, superlative most membranous)

more membranous (comparative)
most membranous (superlative)

From Middle French membraneux; equivalent to membrane + -ous.

(anatomy, zoology) Having the qualities of, or pertaining to, a membrane.


thoracic

From Ancient Greek θωρακικός (thōrakikós, “suffering in the chest, of the thorax”), from θώραξ (thṓrax, “thorax”).

der

(zoology) One of a group of fishes having the ventral fins placed beneath the thorax or beneath the pectoral fins.


turbinate

en-adj

turbinate (comparative more turbinate, superlative most turbinate)

more turbinate (comparative)
most turbinate (superlative)

a turbinate shell

(zoology) Spiral and decreasing sharply in diameter from base to apex.

kierteinen

zoology: spiral and decreasing sharply in diameter


shinbone

From Middle English schinboon, schineboon, from Old English sċinbān (“shin, shinbone”), from Proto-West Germanic *skinubain, from Proto-Germanic *skinōbainą, equivalent to shin + bone. Cognate with Dutch scheenbeen (“shinbone”), German Schienbein (“shinbone”), Danish skinneben (“shin, shinbone”), Swedish skenben (“shinbone”).


rotula

Learned borrowing from Latin rotula. Doublet of role and roll.

(zoology) One of the five radial pieces in the dentary apparatus of the sea urchin.


zootomy

en-noun

zootomy (usually uncountable, plural zootomies)

From New Latin zōotomia, corresponding to zoo- + -tomy.

(zoology) The dissection or anatomy of animals.


nervure

(zoology) A vein in the wing of an insect.


cutaneous

From New Latin *cutaneus, from Latin cutis (“skin”).

(anatomy, zoology) Of, relating to, existing on, or affecting the exterior skin, especially the cutis.


brim

en-verb

brim (third-person singular simple present brims, present participle brimming, simple past and past participle brimmed)

brims (present singular third-person)
brimming (participle present)
brimmed (participle past)
brimmed (past)

Either from breme, or directly from Old English bremman (“to roar, rage”) (though not attested in Middle English).


CGS

cultural group selection
w:cultural group selection

(cultural anthropology) Initialism of cultural group selection.


piracy

en-noun

piracy (countable and uncountable, plural piracies)

From Medieval Latin pīrātia, from Classical Latin pīrāta + ia, or Ancient Greek πειρατεία (peirateía).


M

M (countable and uncountable, plural Ms)


hunter-gatherer

Coordinate term: pastoralist

He draws eclectically on studies of baboons, descriptive anthropological accounts of hunter-gatherer societies and, in a few cases, the fossil record.

2012 March-April, John T. Jost, “Social Justice: Is It in Our Nature (and Our Future)?”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-02-13, page 162:

[…] Wengrow and Graeber argue that the life of hunter-gatherers before widespread farming was nothing like “the drab abstractions of evolutionary theory,” which hold that early humans lived in small bands in which they acted almost entirely on instinct, either brutish (as in Hobbes) or egalitarian and innocent (as in Rousseau).

2022 July 11, Virginia Hefferman, “Humans Have Always Been Wrong About Humans”, in Wired:

A member of a group of people who live by hunting animals and gathering edible plants for their main food sources, and who do not keep animals or farm land.

caçador-recol·lector

person whose main food source is hunting and gathering


tabula

tabula (countable and uncountable, plural tabulae or (archaic) tabulæ)

tabulae (plural)
tabulæ (archaic plural)

From Latin tabula. Doublet of table and tavla.

The tabulæ may be well developed, approximately horizontal, remote plates, as is usually the case in Zaphrentis and Amplexus, or they may anastomoze in various ways, and become so intimately connected with one another as to give rise to a species of vesicular tissue.

1877, “Corals”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, 9th edition, volume VI, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, page 383:

When fully developed (fig. 66), they are transverse plates, which extend completely across the visceral chamber, and divide it into a series of stories placed one above the other, the only living portion of the coral being above the last formed tabula. Tabulæ are found in various of the Zoantharia sclerodermata, in some of the Alcyonaria, and in a great many of the Rugosa.

1879, Henry Alleyne Nicholson, A Manual of Palæontology for the Use of Students with a General Introduction on the Principles of Palæontology, 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, page 183:

Septa from 110 to 124, of two orders. The principal ones can be traced almost to the centre as crests on the tabulæ. The secondaries scarcely attain 4 millimetres, including the epitheca. They often bend towards the primaries, and are united by a few dissepiments (or rather the subdivided margins of the tabulæ). These latter are large, and virtually extend across the entire visceral chamber. The fossula (well seen in fig. 4) is formed by a deep inflexion of the tabulæ, the septa bending round with the margin of the depression.

1884, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, volume the fortieth, page 501:

Frontal with a tabula, with a crescent of small, slit-like pores.

1968, Danish Science Press, Atlantide Report: Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945-1946, Aarhuus Stiftsbogtrykkerie, page 220:

Fig. 12.5. Tabulate, rugose and scleractinian corals. i. Portion of a colony of Favosites. Note the very minute corallites closely packed together. ii. The chain coral Halysites, one corallite partially cut away to expose tabulae.

1987, E. W. Nield, Drawing & Understanding Fossils: A Theoretical and Practical Guide for Beginners, with Self-assessment, Pergamon Press, →ISBN, page 92:

In the axially sectioned, middle part of the corallite, tabulae are complete, leaning at approximately 50° from the corallite wall to its axis.

1972, Bull. K. Belg. Inst. Nat. Wet, page 69:

Dactylostyles absent but, at and below coenosteal level, dactylopore tubes contain a series of incomplete tabulae (herein termed pseudotabulae), each approximately 10 μm thick and spaced 50–70 μm apart (Plate 21, c, d0. Pseudo-tabulae originate from opposing lateral and sometimes anterior edges of the dactylopore tube but never quite meet to form complete tabulae.

1989, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, page 38:

The latter differs strictly from Buffonellodes in lacking oral spines, and in possessing an ectooecial tabula and supplementary acute frontal avicularia, and requires a new genus.

2018, Patricia L. Cook, Philip E. Bock, Peter J. Hayward, Dennis P. Gordon, “3. Class Gymnolaemata, Order Cheilostomata”, in Patricia L. Cook, Philip E. Bock, Dennis P. Gordon, Haylee J. Weaver, editors, Australian Bryozoa, volume 2: “Taxonomy of Australian Families”, CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, “7. Taxonomic treatments of families of Cheilostomata”, “Australian diversity”, page 203:

(zoology) One of the transverse plants found in the calicles of certain corals and hydroids.