ancestral

From Anglo-Norman ancestrel, from ancestre (“ancestor”).

He considered that the local custom permitted a sister's son to inherit in default of near male ancestrals.

1868, The Punjab Record - Volume 3, page 58:

But ancestrals cannot be willed away .

1921, Jagannath Raghunath Gharpure, Principles of Hindu Law, page 390:

Having no regards for their ancestrals and parents.

1946, Sino-Indian Studies - Volume 2, Part 1, page 19:

(India, law) A descendant of one's ancestors.


blog

→ Bulgarian: блог (blog)

→ Catalan: blog

→ Czech: blogovat

→ Danish: blogge

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes

→ Dutch: blog, ⇒ bloggen

→ Faroese: blogga

→ Finnish: blogata

→ French: bloguer

→ German: Blog

→ Hungarian: blogol

→ Icelandic: blogga

→ Italian: blog, ⇒ bloggare

→ Macedonian: блог (blog)

→ Polish: blog

→ Portuguese: blogue

→ Russian: блог (blog)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: бло̀г

Latin: blòg

→ Spanish: blog, ⇒ bloguear

→ Swahili: blogu

→ Thai: บล็อก (blɔ́k)

→ Turkish: blog

→ Yoruba: búlọ́ọ̀gù

Rebracketing of weblog. The Oxford English Dictionary says the shortened word was coined 23 May 1999 and references the "Jargon Watch" article in an issue of an online magazine which attributes the shortening to Peter Merholz. The form blog is now so much more common than weblog that some misspell the latter as webblog, as if from web + blog.

So you see, the blog has been around since the beginning of the web; that is how basic the concept is. Today's blogs, and the activity of blogging, have taken on more meaning, but the concept of it all is still very simple and rooted in the beginning and intentions of the web itself.

2002, Biz Stone, chapter 1, in Blogging: Genius Strategies for Instant Web Content, Indianapolis: New Riders Pub., →ISBN, page 4:

Have you tried these, darling? They’re tempura zucchini flowers. Japanese-Italian fusion! My own invention. Shall I photograph it? We can put it on our blog.

2012, Zadie Smith, NW, London: Penguin Books, published 2013, →ISBN, page 150:

(Internet) A website that allows users to reflect, share opinions, and discuss various topics in the form of an online journal, sometimes letting readers comment on their posts. Most blogs are written in a slightly informal tone (personal journals, news, businesses, etc.)


infanticide

en-noun

infanticide (countable and uncountable, plural infanticides)

(law, Canada) The criminal offence of killing of a newborn, committed by its mother while psychologically disturbed by the effects of childbirth or lactation, not regarded as murder.


alias

From Latin alias (“at another time; at another place, elsewhere, under other circumstances, otherwise”). See else and alien.

bor

Smith, alias Simpson.

(law) Used to connect the different names of a person who has gone by two or more, and whose true name is for any cause doubtful


alias

(law) A second or further writ which is issued after a first writ has expired without effect.


DAC

en-noun

DAC (countable and uncountable, plural DACs)

deputy assistant commissioner
deputy assistant commissioner#English

(UK, law enforcement) Initialism of deputy assistant commissioner, a police rank used in London's Metropolitan Police.


IO

IO (countable and uncountable, plural IOs)

(Singapore, law enforcement) Initialism of investigation officer.

international organization
international organization#English

(international law) Initialism of international organization.


CRT

CRT (countable and uncountable, plural CRTs)

crisis response team
crisis response team#English

(law enforcement) Initialism of crisis response team.


ancestor

From Middle English ancestre, auncestre, ancessour; the first forms from Old French ancestre (modern French ancêtre), from the Latin nominative antecessor (“one who goes before”); the last form from Old French ancessor, from Latin antecessōrem, accusative of antecessor, from antecēdō (“to go before”) + -tor (“-er”), from ante- (“before”) + cēdō (“to go”). See cede, and compare with antecessor.

suffix

(law) One from whom an estate has descended;—the correlative of heir.


applicant

From Latin applicans, present participle of applicare. See apply.

One who applies for something; one who makes a request; a petitioner.

(specific, law) A party who initiates legal proceedings against another party.


infant

Inherited from Middle English infaunt, borrowed from Latin īnfantem, accusative masculine singular of īnfāns, nominal use of the adjective meaning 'not able to speak', from īn- (“not”) + fāns, present participle of for (“to speak”). The verb is from Anglo-Norman enfanter, from the same Latin source. Doublet of infante.

Thomas Humphrey Doleman died the 30th of August 1712, an infant, intestate and without issue; Lewis the next nephew died the 17th of April 1716, an infant about sixteen years old, having left his mother Mary Webb, ...

1793, William Peere Williams, Samuel Compton Cox, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Chancery, and of Some Special Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench [1695-1735]: De Term. S. Trin. 1731, page 602:


ancient

From Middle English auncyen, from Old French ancien, from Vulgar Latin *anteānus, composed of Latin ante (“before”) + -ānus (adjective-forming suffix). The non-etymological /t/ is by analogy with the common ending -ent.

(UK, law) One of the senior members of the Inns of Court or of Chancery.


disallow

en-verb

disallow (third-person singular simple present disallows, present participle disallowing, simple past and past participle disallowed)

disallows (present singular third-person)
disallowing (participle present)
disallowed (participle past)
disallowed (past)
disallow (infinitive)

From Middle English disallowen, desallowen, a borrowing from Anglo-Norman desalouer, Old French desalöer. By surface analysis, dis- + allow.

(UK, law, historical) To overrule a colonial legislation by the sovereign-in-privy council.


discuss

discuss (third-person singular simple present discusses, present participle discussing, simple past and past participle discussed)

discusses (present singular third-person)
discussing (participle present)
discussed (participle past)
discussed (past)

From Middle English discussen, from Middle French and Anglo-Norman discusser (French discuter), from Latin discussus, past participle of discutiō (“to strike or shake apart, break up, scatter; examine, discuss”), from dis- (“apart”) + quatiō (“to shake”).

(transitive, law) To examine or search thoroughly; to exhaust a remedy against, as against a principal debtor before proceeding against the surety.


member

→ Japanese: メンバー (menbā)

→ Malay: member

→ Punjabi: ਮੈਂਬਰ (maimbar)

From Middle English membre, from Old French membre, from Latin membrum (“limb, body part”), from Proto-Italic *memzrom, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗms, *mēms-rom (“flesh”). Akin to Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 (mimz, “meat, flesh”), Crimean Gothic menus.
Coexists with native Middle English lim, limb (“member, limb, joint”) (from Old English lim (“limb, joint, main branch”)), and displaced Middle English lith (“limb, joint, member”) (from Old English liþ (“limb, member, join, tip”)).

cog

(Australia, law) the judge or adjudicator in a consumer court.

jäsen

law: judge or adjudicator in a consumer court


executor

/ɪɡˈzɛkjʊtɚ/

/ˈɛɡzɪˌkjuːtɚ/

From Middle English executour, from Anglo-Norman executour, from Latin execūtor, agent noun of exequor.

literary executor

(law) Someone appointed by a testator to administer their estate in accordance with their will; an administrator.

وَصِيّ

someone appointed by a testator to administer a will

The sad-eyed justice, with his surly hum, / Delivering o'er to executors pale / The lazy yawning drone.

1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], line 203:


regulation

en-noun

regulation (countable and uncountable, plural regulations)

/ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

/ˌɹɛɡjəˈleɪʃən/

Coordinate term: statute

(law, often in the plural) A type of law made by the executive branch of a government, usually as authorized by a statute made by the legislative branch giving the executive the authority to do so.

Regulation 18B of the Defence (General) Regulations 1939 (S.R. & O. 1939/927) authorized the British government to intern suspected spies and collaborators during World War II.

(2) These Regulations extend to England and Wales only, subject to paragraph (3).
(3) This regulation and regulation 2(h) and (v)(i) and (ii) extend to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

2023, Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, “Regulation 1(2)-(3)”, in Social Housing (Regulation) Act 2023 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provision) Regulations 2023, page 1:

(countable, in the singular) A numbered provision within such kind of legislation.


appearance

appearance (countable and uncountable, plural appearances)

Borrowed from Middle French apparence, from Latin apparentia, from appareo. Morphologically appear + -ance. Displaced native Old English hīew (the way something looks or seems) and ætīewednes (act of appearing or coming into view).

явяване

The coming into court of either of the parties

(law) An instance of someone coming into a court of law to be part of a trial, lawsuit or other proceeding, either in person or represented by an attorney or such like; a court appearance


crucifix

From Middle English crucifix, from Old French crocefis (French crucifix), from Latin crucifixus.

A wooden cross used for crucifixions, as by the Romans.


gulag

Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Borrowed from Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG), the acronym of Гла́вное управле́ние исправи́тельно-трудовы́х лагере́й (Glávnoje upravlénije ispravítelʹno-trudovýx lageréj, “Chief Administration of Corrective-Labor Camps”), the government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps, which was established in 1918 and formally abolished in 1960: see GULAG.

A prison camp, especially one used to hold political prisoners.


crucifixion

crucifixion (countable and uncountable, plural crucifixions)

/ˌkɹuːsɪˈfɪkʃən/

From Middle English crucifixioun, from Late Latin noun of process crucifīxiō, from perfect passive participle crucifīxus (“fixed to a cross”), from crux (“cross”) + fīgō.

kruisiging

Rome used crucifixions as a deterrent, and standard for the 'vilest' crimes, such as slave rebellion.

Centurion: Stabbed? Takes a second. Crucifixion lasts hours! It's a slow, horrible death! / Matthias: Well, at least it gets you out in the open air.

An execution by being nailed or tied to an upright cross and left to hang there until dead.

(Christianity, often capitalized) The death of Jesus Christ on the Cross.


clog

en-verb

clog (third-person singular simple present clogs, present participle clogging, simple past and past participle clogged)

clogs (present singular third-person)
clogging (participle present)
clogged (participle past)
clogged (past)

Unknown; perhaps from Middle English clog (“weight attached to the leg of an animal to impede movement”). Perhaps of North Germanic origin and derived from Proto-Germanic *klumpô (“lump, mass, clasp”); compare Old Norse klugu, klogo (“knotty tree log”), Dutch klomp.

der

1973, Humble Oil & Refining Co. v. Doerr, 123 N.J. Super. 530, 544, 303 A.2d 898.
For centuries it has been the rule that a mortgagor’s equity of redemption cannot be clogged and that he cannot, as a part of the original mortgage transaction, cut off or surrender his right to redeem. Any agreement which does so is void and unenforceable as against public policy.

(law) To enforce a mortgage lender right that prevents a borrower from exercising a right to redeem.


OCPD

Lahad Datu OCPD, ACP Hamzah Ahmad said both suspects, believed to be Malaysian nationals aged 46 and 47, were detained at 2pm after police received information from the public on the drug trafficking activities at a car parking area in the town centre.

2015 March 29, “Two men detained, drugs worth RM250k seized”, in New Straits Times:

The remand for nine individuals, including two officers-in-charge of police districts (OCPD) has been extended by five days […]

2017 May 22, “Remand for Melaka cops extended over protection money racket probe”, in Malay Mail:

Home minister Hamzah Zainudin said the OCPDs would act as ground commanders to coordinate the operation, which will be conducted jointly with other enforcement agencies.

2021 July 1, “OCPDs to lead nationwide SOP crackdown”, in Free Malaysia Today:

(Malaysia, law enforcement) Initialism of Officer in Charge of the Police District.


executioner

/ˌɛksəˈkjuːʃənə/

An official person who carries out the capital punishment of a criminal.

therës

the person who carries out the execution

A hit man, especially being in some organization.


reduce

en-verb

reduce (third-person singular simple present reduces, present participle reducing, simple past and past participle reduced)

reduces (present singular third-person)
reducing (participle present)
reduced (participle past)
reduced (past)

From Middle English reducen, from Old French reduire, from Latin redūcō (“reduce”); from re- (“back”) + dūcō (“lead”). See duke, and compare with redoubt.

It is important that all business contracts be reduced to writing.

(transitive, law) To convert to written form. (Usage note: this verb almost always appears as "reduce to writing".)

foglal (in írásba foglal)

law: to convert to written form (as in "reduce to writing")

(transitive, Scots law) To annul by legal means.


appeal

en-noun

appeal (countable and uncountable, plural appeals)

From Middle English apel, appel (“formal accusation brought in court; a challenge to trial by combat; an appeal to a higher court or authority; plea (for mercy, protection, etc.); pealing (of bells)”) [and other forms], from Old French apel (“a call”) (modern French appel (“a call; an appeal”)), from apeler (“to call; to call out”), from Latin appellāre (“to address as, call by name; to drive, move to; to land or put ashore”), alternative form adpellāre, from ad- (prefix meaning ‘to; towards’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“at; to”)) + pellere (“to drive, impel, push; to hurl, propel; to banish, expel; to eject, thrust out”) + -āre, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”), from *pel- (“to beat; to drive; to push”). Doublet of appel.

çağırış

call to a person or an authority for a decision, help, or proof — see also entreaty

An application to a superior court or judge for a decision or order by an inferior court or judge to be reviewed and overturned.

اِلْتِمَاس

application to a superior court or judge for a decision or order by an inferior court of judge to be reviewed and overturned

The legal document or form by which such an application is made; also, the court case in which the application is argued.

appello

I have an appeal against the lower court decision.

A person's legal right to apply to court for such a review.

valitusoikeus

person’s legal right to apply to court for such a review

Anciently an appeal lay for high treaſon. […] But it ſeems to be taken away by the ſt[atute] 1 H[enry] 4. 14. And now, if murder be made treaſon, an appeal does not lie.

1793, John Comyns, Stewart Kyd, “Appeal”, in A Digest of the Laws of England. […], 4th edition, volume I, Dublin: Luke White, →OCLC, page 515:

(historical) An accusation or charge against someone for wrongdoing (especially treason).

Ovld Iohn of Gaunt time honoured Lancaſter, / Haſt thou according to thy oath and bande / Brought hither Henrie Herford thy bolde ſonne, / Here to make good the boiſtrous late appeale, / Which then our leyſure would not let vs heare / Againſt the Duke of Norfolke, Thomas Moubray?

1595 December 9 (first known performance), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

(historical) A process which formerly might be instituted by one private person against another for some heinous crime demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered, rather than for the offence against the public; an accusation.

siviilikanne

(historical) At common law, an accusation made against a felon by one of their accomplices (called an approver).


appeal

en-verb

appeal (third-person singular simple present appeals, present participle appealing, simple past and past participle appealed)

appeals (present singular third-person)
appealing (participle present)
appealed (participle past)
appealed (past)

From Middle English apelen, appelen (“to accuse; to make a formal charge before a court, etc., impeach; to challenge to trial by combat; to apply to a higher court or authority for review of a decision; to call upon for a decision, favour, help, etc.; to call by a name”) [and other forms], from Old French apeler (“to call; to call out”); see further at etymology 1.

nb...

apeal, apeale, apeele, apele, appel, appele

اِسْتَأْنَفَ

(intransitive) to apply to a superior court or judge for a decision or order by an inferior court or judge to be reviewed and overturned

apelovat

to call upon a person or an authority to corroborate a statement, to decide a controverted question, or to vindicate one’s rights — see also entreat, invoke

appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober

Dissatisfied with the judge’s ruling, she decided to appeal.

He was advised by his lawyer to appeal against his conviction.

For if I [Jesus] be an offender, or haue committed any thing worthy of death, I refuſe not to die: but if there be none of theſe things whereof theſe accuſe me, no man may deliuer me vnto them. I appeale vnto Ceſar.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 25:11, column 2:

(intransitive) Often followed by against (the inferior court's decision) or to (the superior court): to apply to a superior court or judge for a decision or order by an inferior court or judge to be reviewed and overturned.

The plaintiff appealed the decision to the appellate court.

The supreme court of Victoria has upheld a decision the transfer of juvenile detainees to an adult maximum security prison, where some of them spent Christmas Day, was unlawful. The [Daniel] Andrews government had appealed the original decision, which was handed down last week.

2016 December 28, Calla Wahlquist, “Supreme court upholds ruling that children are being held at adult prison unlawfully”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-26:

(transitive, originally US) To apply to a superior court or judge to review and overturn (a decision or order by an inferior court or judge).

megfellebbez

(transitive) to apply to a superior court or judge to review and overturn (a decision or order by an inferior court or judge)

This ſhalle not ſo be ended ſaid ſyr Mador de la porte / for here haue I loſte a ful noble knyght of my blood / And therfore vpon this ſhame & deſpyte I wille be reuenged to the vtteraunce / and there openly ſir Mador appeled the quene of the dethe of his coſyn ſir patryſe /

[1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum Tercium”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII (in Middle English), [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 365, recto; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 729, lines 12–17:

This shall not so be ended, said Sir Mador de la Porte, for here have I lost a full noble knight of my blood. And therefore upon this shame and despite I will be revenged to the utterance. And there openly Sir Mador appealed the queen of the death of his cousin Sir Patryse.

We thanke you both, yet one but flatters vs, / As well appeareth by the cauſe you come, / Namely to appeale each other of high treaſon: […]

He gan that Ladie ſtrongly to appele / Of many haynous crymes by her enured, / And with ſharpe reaſons rang her ſuch a pele, / That thoſe, whom ſhe to pitie had allured, / He now t'abhorre and loath her perſon had procured.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 39, page 307:

(transitive, historical) To accuse or charge (someone) with wrongdoing (especially treason).

(transitive, historical) Of a private person: to instituted legal proceedings (against another private person) for some heinous crime, demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered.

(transitive, historical) Of the accomplice of a felon: to make an accusation at common law against (the felon).


execution

en-noun

execution (countable and uncountable, plural executions)

From Old French execution (c.1360), from Latin exsecutiō, an agent noun from exsequor (“to follow out”), from ex (“out”) + sequor (“follow”).

The mission's successful execution lifted the troops' morale.

Coordinate term: realization

uitvoering

act of executing or the state of being executed

The act of putting to death or being put to death as a penalty, or actions so associated.

teregstelling

(law) The carrying into effect of a court judgment, or of a will.

uitvoering

(law) The formal process by which a contract is made valid and put into binding effect.


fee

From Middle English fee, fe, feh, feoh, from Old English feoh (“cattle, property, wealth, money, payment, tribute, fee”) with contamination from Old French fieu, fief (from Medieval Latin fevum, a variant of feudum (see feud), from Frankish *fehu (“cattle, livestock”); whence fief), both from Proto-Germanic *fehu (“cattle, sheep, livestock, owndom”), from Proto-Indo-European *péḱu (“livestock”).
Cognate with Old High German fihu (“cattle, neat”), Scots fe, fie (“cattle, sheep, livestock, deer, goods, property, wealth, money, wages”), West Frisian fee (“livestock”), Dutch vee (“cattle, livestock”), Low German Veeh (“cattle, livestock, property”), Veh, German Vieh (“cattle, livestock”), Danish fæ (“cattle, beast, dolt”), Swedish fä (“beast, cattle, dolt”), Norwegian fe (“cattle”), Icelandic fé (“livestock, assets, money”), Latin pecū (“cattle”), Sanskrit पशु (paśu, “cattle”).

taksë

monetary payment charged for professional services

(law) An inheritable estate in land, whether absolute and without limitation to potential heirs (fee simple) or with limitations to particular kinds of heirs (fee tail).

(law, historical) A right to the use of a superior's land as a stipend for certain services to be performed, typically military service.

(law, historical) Synonym of fief: the land so held.

(law, historical) An inheritable estate in land held of a feudal lord on condition of performance of certain services, typically military service.


third person

en-noun

third person (countable and uncountable, plural third persons)

The plaintiffs here are third persons, and cannot be made responsible for the inadequate judgment or the improper exercise of power by the defendant's wife.

1828, Comprising Reports of Cases in the Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, and Common Pleas, from 1822 to 1835: and Law Journal Reports divided into Equity and Bankruptcy Cases. Common Law Cases 1836-1858, page 11:

(law) Someone not associated with a particular matter; a third party.


exchange

exchange (countable and uncountable, plural exchanges)

From Middle English eschaunge, borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from Old French eschange (whence modern French échange), from the verb eschanger, from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre, present active infinitive of *excambiō (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Spelling later changed on the basis of ex- in English. By surface analysis, ex- + change.

exchange of contracts
exchange of contracts#English

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland) Clipping of exchange of contracts.


exchange

en-verb

exchange (third-person singular simple present exchanges, present participle exchanging, simple past and past participle exchanged)

exchanges (present singular third-person)
exchanging (participle present)
exchanged (participle past)
exchanged (past)

From Middle English eschaungen, from Anglo-Norman eschaungier, Old French eschanger, from the Old French verb eschangier, eschanger (whence modern French échanger), from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre, present active infinitive of *excambiō (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Gradually displaced native Old English wrixlan, wixlan (“to change, exchange, reciprocate”) and its descendants, wrixle being one of them.

exchange contracts
exchange contracts#English

(law, England and Wales, Northern Ireland) Clipping of exchange contracts.


remainder

dearth

antonym(s) of “a part or parts remaining”

From Middle English remaindre, remeigner, from Anglo-Norman remaindre, with infinitive used as noun.

մնացորդ

mathematics: amount left over after repeatedly subtracting the divisor

(law) An estate in expectancy which only comes in its heir's possession after an estate created by the same instrument has been determined


average

/ˈæv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle French avarie, from Old French avarie, from Old Italian avaria (which is possibly from Arabic عَوَارِيَّة (ʕawāriyya, “damaged goods”), from عَوَار (ʕawār, “fault, blemish, defect, flaw”), from عَوِرَ (ʕawira, “to lose an eye”)) + English suffix -age.

der

Historically, the courts have allowed a general average claim only where the loss occurred as a result of the ship being in immediate peril.[…]The court awarded the carrier the general average claim. It noted that “a ship′s master should not be discouraged from taking timely action to avert a disaster,” and need not be in actual peril to claim general average.

2008, Filiberto Agusti, Beverley Earle, Richard Schaffer, Filiberto Agusti, Beverley Earle, International Business Law and Its Environment, page 219:

(law, marine) Financial loss due to damage to transported goods; compensation for damage or loss.


average

From Middle English average, from Medieval Latin averagium, from aver (“horse or other beast of burden, service required from the same”) from Old English eafor (“obligation to carry goods and convey messages for one's lord”) from aferian (“to remove, take away”); + -age.

inh

(UK, law, obsolete) The service that a tenant owed his lord, to be done by the animals of the tenant, such as the transportation of wheat, turf, etc.


appoint

en-verb

appoint (third-person singular simple present appoints, present participle appointing, simple past and past participle appointed)

appoints (present singular third-person)
appointing (participle present)
appointed (participle past)
appointed (past)

From Middle English apointen, borrowed from Old French apointier (“to prepare, arrange, lean, place”) (French appointer (“to give a salary, refer a cause”)), from Late Latin appunctō (“to bring back to the point, restore, to fix the point in a controversy, or the points in an agreement”); Latin ad + punctum (“a point”). See point.

der

If the donee of a power appoint the fund to one of the objects of the power, under an understanding that the latter is to lend the fund to tho former, although on good security, the appointment is bad.

1828–29 (case decided), published in 1843, in the Reports of Cases Decided in the High Court of Chancery

(transitive, law) To fix the disposition of (property) by designating someone to take use of (it).


taxation

en-noun

taxation (countable and uncountable, plural taxations)

From Middle English taxacioun, from Anglo-Norman taxacion, from Latin taxātio (“rating, appraisal”).
By surface analysis, tax + -ation.

Some of this will be down to breakthrough science and technology, breakthrough business models and breakthroughs in behaviour change, but we also need an intensifying focus on public policy, in areas like accounting, reporting and taxation, the last spotlighted by Shaxson.

2012 May 29, John Elkington, “Common threads in the Breakthrough Booklist”, in the Guardian:

The act of imposing taxes and the fact of being taxed.

հարկում

A particular system of taxing people or companies


appointment

[əˈpʰɔɪ̯nʔmɪnʔ]

[əˈpʰɔɪ̯̃ʔmɪnʔ]

From Middle French apointement (French appointement). See appoint.

(law) The exercise of the power of designating (under a power of appointment) a person to enjoy an estate or other specific property; also, the instrument by which the designation is made.


departure

departure (countable and uncountable, plural departures)

/dɪˈpɑː(ɹ)t͡ʃə(ɹ)/

From Old French deporteure (“departure; figuratively, death”).

uder

(law) The desertion by a party to any pleading of the ground taken by him in his last antecedent pleading, and the adoption of another


political prisoner

en-noun

political prisoner (plural political prisoners)

Section 2 directs the Secretary of State and the Secretary of War to furnish to the judges of the circuit and district courts of the United States and of the District of Columbia, a list of the names of all persons, citizens of loyal States, held as State or political prisoners of the United States, in any for, arsenal, or other place […]

1864, Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America, During the Great Rebellion, from November 6, 1860, to July 4, 1864:

The political prisoner, however, undergoes cross-examination, as do all other prisoners, at the hands of the Court on the threshold of the trial, before any evidence on the part of the prosecution or the defense has been adduced.

1920 December 20, The World Tomorrow, volume 3, page 377:

This is the first major study that examines the community of Palestinian political prisoners in the Israeli prison system.

2008, Esmail Nashif, Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and Community, page ii:

A person imprisoned for their political views or political activism.


application

application (countable and uncountable, plural applications)

/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/

From Late Middle English applicacioun, borrowed from Old French aplicacion (French application), from Latin applicātiōnem, accusative singular of applicātiō (“attachment; application, inclination”), from applicō (“join to, attach; apply”).

Their application for a deferral of the hearing was granted.

(bureaucracy, law) A petition, entreaty, or other request, with the adposition for denoting the subject matter.

молба

(bureaucracy, law) a petition, entreaty, or other request, with the adposition for denoting the subject matter


-er

From Middle English -er, from Anglo-Norman -er, Old French -er, the infinitive verbal ending.

disclaim + -er → disclaimer

remit + -er → remitter

misname + -er → misnomer

rebut + -er → rebutter

attain + -er → attainder

(chiefly law, added to a verb) Instance of (the verbal action); used to form nouns from verbs.


move

en-verb

move (third-person singular simple present moves, present participle moving, simple past and past participle moved)

moves (present singular third-person)
moving (participle present)
moved (participle past)
moved (past)
move (infinitive)

From Middle English moven, moeven, meven, borrowed from Old Northern French mover, moveir and Old French mouver, moveir (“to move”) (compare modern French mouvoir from Old French movoir), from Latin movēre, present active infinitive of moveō (“move; change, exchange, go in or out, quit”), from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move, drive”). Cognate with Lithuanian mauti (“to push on, rush”), Sanskrit मीवति (mī́vati, “pushes, presses, moves”), Middle Dutch mouwe (“sleeve”). More at muff. Largely displaced native English stir, from Middle English stiren, sturien, from Old English styrian.

cog

An attorney moved the court to issue a restraining order.

The district attorney moved for a non-suit.

(law, transitive, intransitive) To request an action from the court.


apprehension

en-noun

apprehension (countable and uncountable, plural apprehensions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-apprehension.wav

Borrowed from Latin apprehensio, apprehensionis, compare with French appréhension. See apprehend.

The warrant had been issued for his apprehension on the charge of rioting.

1855, Elizabeth Gaskell, chapter 37, in North and South:

When he told us that a large reward was offered by Sir Leicester Dedlock for the murderer's apprehension, I did not in my first consternation understand why; […]

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

(law) The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest.


carrot

carrot (countable and uncountable, plural carrots)

→ Fijian: kareti

→ Malay: karot

→ Tagalog: karot

From Middle English karette and Middle French carotte, both from Latin carōta, from Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón). Doublet of carotte and related to caraway. Displaced native Middle English more, from Old English more, moru (“edible root, parsnip, carrot”), related to German Möhre (“carrot”).
* Noun sense of "motivational tool" refers to carrot and stick.
* Verb sense in felt manufacture refers to the orange colour of drying furs.

Daucus carota
Daucus carota#Translingual

A vegetable with a nutritious, juicy, sweet root that is often orange in colour, Daucus carota, especially the subspecies sativus in the family Apiaceae.

(UK, slang, derogatory) Someone from a rural background.

(UK, slang) A police officer from somewhere within the British Isles, but specifically outside of Greater London.

(slang) A redhead; a ginger-haired person


treasure trove

treasure trove (countable and uncountable, plural treasure troves or treasures trove)

treasure troves (plural)
treasures trove (plural)

From Anglo-Norman tresor trové (“found treasure”), calque of Latin thesaurus inventus, where the past participle trové was interpreted in English as a noun.
Perhaps related to trophy.

(law, usually uncountable) Precious metal objects that were buried or concealed by an unknown owner.

Schatzregal

law: precious metal objects that were buried or concealed by an unknown owner


author

From Middle English auctour, from Anglo-Norman autour, from Old French autor, from Latin auctor, from augeō (“to increase, originate”). The h, also found in Middle French autheur, is unetymological as there is no h in the original Latin spelling. The OED attributes the h to contamination by authentic. Doublet of auteur.

We hear […]of fratricidal murders, and stern reprisals on their authors.

1879, F. D. Morice, Pindar, chapter 10, page 158:

Accomplices of a crime or an offence shall incur the same punishment as the authors of such a crime or offence, except when the law will have disposed otherwise.

1894, Franco-Siamese Mixed Court, The Case of Kieng Chek (Kham Muon) before the Franco-Siamese Mixed Court, Bangkok: n.p., page 4:

(obsolete, criminal law) Principal; the primary participant in a crime.


defect

en-verb

defect (third-person singular simple present defects, present participle defecting, simple past and past participle defected)

defects (present singular third-person)
defecting (participle present)
defected (participle past)
defected (past)

From Middle French defaicte, from Latin defectus (“a failure, lack”), from deficere (“to fail, lack, literally 'undo'”), from past participle defectus, from de- (“priv.”) + facere (“to do”).

Passing through Thailand, she submitted a handwritten statement agreeing to defect, a requirement for North Korean refugees to be allowed to enter the South.

2015 August 15, Choe Sang-Hun, “A North Korean Defector’s Regret”, in The New York Times, retrieved 2015-09-20:

(law) To flee one's country and seek asylum.


-ee

From Middle English -ee, -ē, from Anglo-Norman and Old French -ee, French -é, -ée, endings forming past participle of verbs ending in -er. Doublet of -ate. More distantly related to inherited English -ed.

-të

forming words meaning a person to whom or a thing to which an action is done

-eur

forming words meaning a person who or a thing that does an action, especially where a passive sense of the verb is implied

assign + -ee → assignee

legate + -ee → legatee

mortgage + -ee → mortgagee

(law) Used to form words meaning a person who is the other party to a contract or other transaction involving a person described by the corresponding word ending in -or.


runner

From Middle English rennere, rynner, urnare, equivalent to run + -er. Cognate with Old Norse rennari (“runner; messenger”). Displaced earlier Middle English runel (“runner”), from Old English rynel (“runner”; also “messenger, courier”).

махови́к

mechanical part intended to guide or aid something else to move

A leaping food fish (Elagatis pinnulatis) of Florida and the West Indies; the skipjack, shoemaker, or yellowtail.


determine

determine (third-person singular simple present determines, present participle determining, simple past and past participle determined)

determines (present singular third-person)
determining (participle present)
determined (participle past)
determined (past)

From Middle English determinen, from Old French determiner, French déterminer, from Latin determināre (“to bound, limit, prescribe, fix, determine”), from de + termināre (“to limit”), from terminus (“bound, limit, end”).

der

Now, where is he that will not stay so long / Till his friend sickness hath determined me?

c. 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 2, act 4, scene 5:

The statutes for the general government of the new universities ... shall be made in the first instance ... by the Dublin Commissioners appointed under this Act, and ... by the Belfast Commissioners appointed under this Act, and, after the powers of these commissioners determine, by the governing bodies of the universities and colleges.

1908 August 1, UK Parliament, “Irish Universities Act, 1908”, in Irish Statute Book, § 4(1):

If a lease is determined by notice, forfeiture or frustration, all incumbrances will normally end automatically with the determination of the lease and can therefore be ignored.

2021, HM Land Registry, Practice guide 26: leases – determination, archived from the original on 2021-10-04:

(law, otherwise obsolete) To bring to an end; to finish.


drop

From Late Middle English droppe, Middle English drope (“small quantity of liquid; small or least amount of something; pendant jewel; dripping of a liquid; a shower; nasal flow, catarrh; speck, spot; blemish; disease causing spots on the skin”) [and other forms], from Old English dropa (“a drop”), from Proto-West Germanic *dropō (“drop (of liquid)”), from Proto-Germanic *drupô (“drop (of liquid)”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, grind”).

nb...

dropan, droupe, (Northern England) droipe

afval

small quantity of liquid, just large enough to hold its own round shape through surface tension

pisara

very small quantity of liquid, or of anything

pisara

that which hangs or resembles a liquid globule

pudotettu esine

(online gaming, video games) item dropped by a defeated enemy

aleneminen

decline in degree, quality, quantity, or rate

afgrond

As the prisoners prepared to leave, they had seen Dan and Steve standing together in the breezeway, ‘for all the world like two condemned prisoners on the drop’.

2003, Ian Jones, Ned Kelly: A Short Life, revised edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Hachette Australia, published 2010, →ISBN:

Crook: "I'll find the killers for you, I swear." / Cop: "So why didn't you?" / Crook: "I'm scared of 'em." / Cop: "More than the drop?" / Crook: "Aye. Maybe."

2015 November 25, Benjamin Ross, Barry Langford, “All the Lost Children” (26:40 from the start), in The Frankenstein Chronicles, season 1, episode 3:

(law enforcement) A trapdoor (“hinged platform”) on a gallows; a gallows itself.

[A]ll those present shared the all-important political connections required to get a ticket to the execution. News reporters, doctors, and members of the juries had prime spots right by the platform, so that they could see the drop and record the time of death.

2011, Elizabeth Dale, “Justice is Served”, in The Chicago Trunk Murder: Law and Justice at the Turn of the Century, DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, →ISBN, page 74:

An act or instance of dropping (in all senses).

(law enforcement, informal) Preceded by the: execution by hanging.

The distance through which something drops, or falls below a certain level.

(law enforcement) The distance that a person drops when being executed by hanging.


appropriate

en-verb

appropriate (third-person singular simple present appropriates, present participle appropriating, simple past and past participle appropriated)

appropriates (present singular third-person)
appropriating (participle present)
appropriated (participle past)
appropriated (past)

From Middle English appropriaten, borrowed from Latin appropriatus, past participle of approprio (“to make one's own”), from ad (“to”) + proprio (“to make one's own”), from proprius (“one's own, private”).

Some [benefices] were appropriated to secular ecclesiastical corporations

176, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, book, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(transitive, British, ecclesiastical, law) To annex (for example a benefice, to a spiritual corporation, as its property).


sever

sever (third-person singular simple present severs, present participle severing, simple past and past participle severed)

severs (present singular third-person)
severing (participle present)
severed (participle past)
severed (past)

From Middle English severen, from Old French sevrer, from Latin separāre (“to separate”), from se- (“apart”) + parāre (“provide, arrange”).

sever an estate in joint tenancy

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) To disconnect; to disunite; to terminate.

разделям

legal: to disunite; to disconnect; to terminate


counterpart

From Middle English conterpart, countre parte (“duplicate of a legal document”), equivalent to counter- + part. Compare Old French contrepartie, itself from contre (“facing, opposite”) (from Latin contra (“against”)) + partie (“copy of a person or thing”) (originally past participle of partīre (“to divide”)).


fry

fry (third-person singular simple present fries, present participle frying, simple past and past participle fried)

fries (present singular third-person)
frying (participle present)
fried (participle past)
fried (past)

From Middle English fryen, borrowed from Old French frire, from Latin frīgō (“to roast, fry”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Cognate with Ancient Greek φρύγω (phrúgō, “I roast, bake”), Sanskrit भृज्जति (bhṛjjati, “to roast, grill, fry”), भृग् (bhṛg, “the crackling of fire”). Replaced native Middle English hirsten, from Old English hierstan (“to fry”).

cog

He's guilty of murder: he's going to fry.

To be affected by extreme heat or current.

(chiefly US, transitive, intransitive, slang) To execute, or be executed, by the electric chair.

informal: be executed by the electric chair


triad

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Latin triad-, stem of trias (“three, triad”), from Ancient Greek τριάς (triás).
Sense 3 (“branch of a Chinese underground criminal society”) is due to the word being applied by the British authorities to underground society in Hong Kong based on the geometry of the Chinese character, derived from a name used by some of those societies, 三合會／三合会 (sānhéhuì, “Three Harmonies Society”), referring to the union between heaven, earth, and humanity.

The point — and the symbolism — was that so long as the informer kept his mouth shut he was alive. Harry had seen the result of zjuk carried out by the Tapei Triad on a poor jerk they found in a back street of Tan-shui. They had used broad nail heads that didn’t make such big holes on their way in. When the paramedics came and pulled the brick off the dead man, the face came with it.

2012 [2011], Jo Nesbø, translated by Don Bartlett, Gjenferd [Phantom] (Fiction), New York: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 99:

A branch of a Chinese underground criminal society, mostly based in Hong Kong.


felony

From Middle English felony, felonie, from Old French felonie (“evil, immoral deed”), from felon (“evildoer”). Ultimately of Proto-Germanic origin. More at felon.

der

Coordinate term: misdemeanor

Many experts have also expressed skepticism about the significance of this case and its legal underpinnings, which employed an unusual legal theory to seek a felony charge for what is more commonly a misdemeanor, and Mr. Trump will undoubtedly seek an appeal.

2024 May 30, The Editorial Board, “Donald Trump, Felon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law, criminology, US, historical in UK) A serious criminal offense, which, under United States federal law, is punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than one year or by the death penalty in the most serious offenses.


misdemeanor

Coordinate term: felony

(law, criminology, historical in UK) A lesser criminal act in most common law legal systems, generally punished less severely than a felony.


imprisonment

en-noun

imprisonment (countable and uncountable, plural imprisonments)

From Anglo-Norman emprisonement, from Old French emprisonnement. See imprison + -ment.

His sinews woxen weake and raw / Through long emprisonment and hard constraint.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto X”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 2:

Every confinement of the person is an imprisonment, whether it be in a common prison, or in a private house, or even by forcibly detaining one in the public streets.

Oh, by what plots, by what forswearings, betrayings, oppressions, imprisonments, tortures, poisonings, and under what reasons of state and politic subtilty, have these forenamed kings […] pulled the vengeance of God upon themselves […]

1614, Walter Ralegh [i.e., Walter Raleigh], The Historie of the World […], London: […] William Stansby for Walter Burre, […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=1 to 5):

A confinement in a place, especially a prison or a jail, especially as punishment for a crime.


annul

en-verb

annul (third-person singular simple present annuls, present participle annulling, simple past and past participle annulled)

annuls (present singular third-person)
annulling (participle present)
annulled (participle past)
annulled (past)

From Middle English annullen, from Old French anuller, from Latin annullō (“annihilate, annul”), from ad (“to”) + nūllus (“none, not any”).

(transitive) To dissolve (a marital union) on the grounds that it is not valid.


apprehend

apprehend (third-person singular simple present apprehends, present participle apprehending, simple past and past participle apprehended)

apprehends (present singular third-person)
apprehending (participle present)
apprehended (participle past)
apprehended (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-apprehend.wav

From Late Middle English apprehenden (“to grasp, take hold of; to comprehend; to learn”), from Old French apprehender (modern French appréhender (“to apprehend; to catch; to dread”)), from Latin apprehendere, adprehendere, the present active infinitive of apprehendō, adprehendō (“to grab, grasp, seize, take; to apprehend, arrest; to comprehend, understand; to embrace, include; to take possession of, obtain, secure”), from ap-, ad- (prefix meaning ‘to’) + prehendō (“to grab, grasp, seize, snatch, take; to accost; to catch in the act, take by surprise; (figuratively, rare) of the mind: to apprehend, comprehend, grasp”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to hold, seize, take; to find”)).

der

Officers apprehended the suspect two streets away from the bank.

[…] Paul before his converſion entred into their Synagogues at Damaſcus, to apprehend Chriſtians, men and women, and to carry them bound to Jeruſalem, by Commiſſion from the High Prieſt.

1651, Thomas Hobbes, “Of Power Ecclesiasticall”, in Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme, & Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, London: […] [William Wilson] for Andrew Crooke, […], →OCLC, 3rd part (Of a Christian Common-wealth), page 276:

[A] juſtice of the peace cannot iſſue a warrant to apprehend a felon upon bare ſuſpicion; no, not even till an indictment be actually found: and the contrary practice is by others held to be grounded rather upon connivance, than the expreſs rule of law; though now by long cuſtom eſtabliſhed.

1769, William Blackstone, “Of Arrests”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book IV (Of Public Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 287:

He soon returned to the Lowlands, and stayed there till he learned that a considerable body of troops had been sent to apprehend him.

1851, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XIII, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 328:

(law enforcement) To seize or take (a person) by legal process; to arrest.

арышто́ўваць

to seize or take (a person) by legal process — see also arrest


approve

en-verb

approve (third-person singular simple present approves, present participle approving, simple past and past participle approved)

approves (present singular third-person)
approving (participle present)
approved (participle past)
approved (past)

From Middle English approuen, approven, from Old French aprouer; a- + a form apparently derived from the pro, prod, in Latin prōsum (“be useful or profitable”). Compare with improve.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-approve.wav

(transitive, law, English law) To make profit of; to convert to one's own profit — said especially of waste or common land appropriated by the lord of the manor.


yakuza

From Japanese やくざ (yakuza). See there for more details.

cartel

Latin American organized crime syndicate

A Japanese organized crime gang. (plural: yakuza)

يَاكُوزَا

member of a Japanese organized crime gang

A member of that Japanese organized crime gang. (plural: yakuzas)


fixed

en-adj

fixed (comparative more fixed, superlative most fixed)

more fixed (comparative)
most fixed (superlative)

постоянен

not changing, not able to be changed, staying the same

In the United States, recordings are only granted copyright protection when the sounds in the recording were fixed and first published on or after February 15, 1972.

(law) Of sound, recorded on a permanent medium.


amicus

(law, informal) Someone not a party to a case who submits a brief and/or presents oral argument in that case.


censorship

en-noun

censorship (countable and uncountable, plural censorships)

[…] such a curious thing — it is the only thing left of the old censorship of the press."

1899, Arthur Christopher Benson, The life of Edward White Benson, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury: Volume 1:

During the war, but unrecorded because of the requirements of censorship, a link with the now partly-abandoned Cardiff Railway disappeared with the demolition of Rhydyfelin Viaduct, near Treforest, South Wales, in the latter part of 1942. The steelwork in this structure, amounting to nearly 1,150 tons, was salvaged as scrap metal to assist the war effort.

1946 January and February, “Notes and News: Demolition of Rhydyfelin Viaduct”, in Railway Magazine, page 52:

The Infantes had contacts among left-wing groups that opposed the dictatorial regime in Spain and their visibility in these circles was a serious concern for the censorship authorities […]

2012, Alejandro Herrero-Olaizola, Censorship Files, The: Latin American Writers and Franco's Spain:

freedom of expression
freedom of expression

The use of state or group power to control freedom of expression or press, such as passing laws to prevent media from being published or propagated.


cognate

Borrowed from Latin cognātus (“related by blood”), from com- + gnātus (“born”). Doublet of connate and cognatus.

Allied by blood; kindred by birth; specifically (law) related on the mother's side.


cognate

(law, dated) One who is related to another on the female side.

(law, dated) One who is related to another, both having descended from a common ancestor through legal marriages.


affiliation

affiliation (countable and uncountable, plural affiliations)

/əˌfɪliˈeɪʃən/

From French affiliation, from Latin affiliatiō, noun of action from verb affiliō, from af- (form of ad- (“to”) before an f) + filiō (from filius (“son”)).

[…] he did not […] forget to write to Mark a stinging letter in which he stated that if he refused to accept his responsibilities he would see that an action for affiliation was brought against him.

1938, Xavier Herbert, chapter VII, in Capricornia, page 114:

If the defendant is adjudged to be the father, an affiliation order can be made under which he will be obliged to pay any expenses incidental to the birth and to pay a weekly sum for the maintenance and education of the child.

1978, A.G. Chloros, editor, The Reform of Family Law in Europe, Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media:

The complaint in Marckx related to the fact that according to Belgian law, birth did not create a legal bond between a child and its unmarried mother. Under the Civil Code the mother had to follow an affiliation procedure which would result in adoption of the child.

2001, Jane Wright, Tort Law and Human Rights, Oxford: and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, page 117:

(law) The establishment of a child's paternity or maternity


affirmation

affirmation (countable and uncountable, plural affirmations)

From Old French afermacion, from Latin affirmare (“to assert”). Doublet of affirmatio.

(law) A solemn pledge (to tell the truth, to bear allegiance, etc.), legally equivalent to an oath, taken by people who are forbidden to take a religious oath (such as Quakers) or otherwise prefer not to do so.


clavis

From Latin clāvis (“a key”). Doublet of clef.

Iron clavis, the solid web-shaped at the edges to fit the wards in the lock, and having a pointed broach and a kite-formed looped haft.

1873, “Proceedings of the Association”, in Journal of the British Archaeological Association, volume 29, April 9th, page 202:

Homer, with a clavis, I have had possession of some years.

1784 July 12, William Cowper, “To the Rev. William Unwin.”, in Robert Southey, editor, The Works of William Cowper, with a Life of the Author, volume 5, published 1836, page 54:

There are many disadvantages in using a clavis intended for another country, which necessarily includes plants that are absent from our islands while it omits some that are present and neglects the peculiarities of our island flora.

1921, Alexander Irvine, “Short Notes: Rosa spinosissima×rubiginosa×f. cantiana, forma nova”, in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume 59, number 702, page 180:

(taxonomy) A key; an identification guide; a series of logically organized groups of discriminating information which aims to allow the user to correctly identify a taxon.

検索表

groups of information used for identifying a taxon


diet

From Middle English diet, dyet, from Old French diete, from Medieval Latin diēta, diaeta (“a public assembly; set day of trial; a day's journey”), from Ancient Greek δῐ́αιτα (díaita, “way of living, living space; decision, judgement”), influenced by Latin diēs (“day”).

der

(Scots law) A criminal proceeding in court.


enlarge

en-verb

enlarge (third-person singular simple present enlarges, present participle enlarging, simple past and past participle enlarged)

enlarges (present singular third-person)
enlarging (participle present)
enlarged (participle past)
enlarged (past)

From Middle English enlargen, from Old French enlargier, enlargir. By surface analysis, en- + large.

the court would not take farther time to adjourn and deliberate, where the term was near spent, unless the parties would consent to enlarge it

1795, Charles Runnington, The History, Principles and Practice […] :

(law) To extend the time allowed for compliance with (an order or rule).


ward

en-noun

ward (countable and uncountable, plural wards)

→ Swahili: wodi

From Middle English ward, warde, from Old English weard (“watching, ward, protection, guardianship; advance post; waiting for, lurking, ambuscade”), from Proto-West Germanic *wardu, from Proto-Germanic *wardō (“protection, attention, keeping”), an extension of the stem *wara- (“attentive”) (English wary, beware), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cover”).
Cognate with German Warte (“watchtower”), warten (“wait for”); English guard is a parallel form which came via Old French.

inh

(historical, Scots law) Land tenure through military service.

Protection, defence.
Land tenure through military service.


pogrom

Borrowed from Yiddish פּאָגראָם (pogrom), from Russian погро́м (pogróm).

A riot aimed at persecution or massacre of a particular ethnic or religious group, usually Jews.

pogrom

riot with the intent to massacre or terrorize a certain group, usually Jews


bugger

From Middle English bougre (“heretic”), from Old French bougre, from Medieval Latin Bulgarus (“Bulgar”), from Old Church Slavonic блъгаринъ (blŭgarinŭ, “Bulgarian”), used in designation of heretics (especially the Bogomils, who arose around the 10th century AD in the First Bulgarian Empire), to whom various sexual practices such as anal sex were ascribed. Doublet of Bulgar.

der

The British Sexual Offences Act of 1967 is a buggers’ charter.

(UK law) Someone who commits buggery; a sodomite.

male homosexual and Thesaurus:fudge packer


haircut

never ask the barber if you need a haircut

to take a haircut

And he needs to make sure that any American bank that was involved in loans to Asia, and now wants to share in the I.M.F. bailout, takes a haircut. And I'm not just talking about a trim.

1998 January 17, Thomas L. Friedman, “Haircut Time”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Its president, Nestor Kirchner, was expected to confirm overnight that about 75% of the country's bondholders had agreed to swap their old debt for new at a loss of up to 70 cents in the dollar—also a record and one that Mr Kirchner has called “the biggest haircut in history” for investors.

2005 March 4, Ashley Seager, “Argentina says debt default is over”, in The Guardian:

Something similar was happening at the same time in Greece. In the spring of 2012 Greece's public debt did, eventually, take a haircut, confirming that an unpayable debt will receive a haircut whatever the dogmas of European officials.

2016, Yanis Varoufakis, And the Weak Suffer What They Must? […] , Hachette UK, →ISBN:

And there is a growing consensus that it is finally time for founders to swallow their pride, accept a huge haircut to valuation and help establish a new floor for their stock to start growing again, helping to encourage all the companies coming up behind them to do the same.

2024 March 16, Tabby Kinder, “Reddit IPO reveals reality check for Silicon Valley”, in FT Weekend, Companies & Markets, page 14:

return on investment
return on investment

(law, business) A partial loss, financially: thus, in a bankruptcy proceeding, the proportional reduction in the debt that will be paid to each creditor (based on an evaluation of the total debt owed and the total assets of the debtor); among investors, the negative return on investment from a losing proposition.


ghoul

Portuguese: ghoul

From Persian غول (ğul) from Arabic غُول (ḡūl). Compare French goule, of the same origin.

(derogatory, slang) A person with a callous or uncaring attitude to human life and suffering, particularly when prioritizing economic concerns.


junior

Borrowed from Latin junior, a contraction of iuvenior (“younger”) which is the comparative of iuvenis (“young”); see juvenile.


stakeholder

→ German: Stakeholder

(law) A person such as a trustee, escrow agent or garnishee, who holds money or assets under trust for another party in a contractual agreement or as part of a claim.


off

en-adj

off (comparative more off, superlative most off)

more off (comparative)
most off (superlative)

(older Received Pronunciation, General American) -ɔːf

From Middle English of, from Old English of, af, æf (“from, off, away”), from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“from, off, back”). Doublet of of.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots of, af (“off, away”), West Frisian af, ôf (“off, away”), Dutch af (“off, from”), German Low German of (“off, from”), German ab (“off, from”), Danish af (“of, off”), Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish av (“of, off”), Icelandic af (“of, off”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af, “of, from”); and with Latin ab (“of, from, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “from”), and others.

inh

This milk is off!

Denoting something faulty, unsatisfactory, objectionable etc.

(chiefly UK, predicative only) Rancid, rotten, gone bad.


public policy

en-noun

public policy (countable and uncountable, plural public policies)

1993 Henry H. Perritt, Jr. "Knowbots, Permissions Headers and Contract Law", paper for the conference on Technological Strategies for Protecting Intellectual Property in the Networked Multimedia Environment
"The licensee exceeding the use restrictions would argue that it violates public policy to enforce the restrictions and therefore that state contract law may not impose liability for their violation."

"Construction contract provisions against public policy.
"(A) Any provision of a construction contract, agreement, or understanding that waives rights under a surety bond is void and unenforceable as against public policy."

2001 Ohio Revised Code TITLE [41] XLI LABOR AND INDUSTRY» CHAPTER 4113: MISCELLANEOUS LABOR PROVISIONS 4113.62

"In Johnson v. Superior Court, the California Court of Appeal determined that a provision of a contract limiting the discovery of the identity of a sperm donor was against public policy and that the privacy interest did not protect against disclosure of this information. Although the court's analysis of the public policy exception to the enforcement of contracts was unnecessary, the opinion properly balances California's and petitioners' interests against an anonymous donor's privacy right."

2001 Plosker, JA "Privacy on thin ice? Considering the California Court of Appeal decision in Johnson v. Superior Court". Jurimetrics 2001 Fall;42(1):73-83

(law) The set of policies (laws, plans, actions, behaviors) of a government; plans and methods of action that govern that society; a system of laws, courses of action, and priorities directing a government action.


draconic

en-adj

draconic (comparative more draconic, superlative most draconic)

more draconic (comparative)
most draconic (superlative)

From the Athenian lawmaker Draco, known for making harsh laws.

[…] they no land / Doomed to bewail the blasphemy of laws / Making kings' rights divine, by some Draconic clause.

1818, Lord Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto 3, Stanza 64:

The sexual instinct can hardly be changed by prescriptions; I doubt whether all laws against homosexual intercourse, even the most draconic, have ever been able to extinguish the peculiar desire of anybody born with homosexual tendencies.

1932, Edvard Westermarck, chapter VIII, in Ethical Relativity, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, page 248:

In the first months after the October Revolution Lenin was already demanding "the most decisive, draconic measures to tighten up discipline."

1974, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, translated by Thomas P. Whitney, The Gulag Archipelago, Harper & Row, published 1973, Vol. 2, Part III, pp. 9-10:

(rare, dated) Very severe or strict; draconian.


raise

en-verb

raise (third-person singular simple present raises, present participle raising, simple past and past participle raised)

raises (present singular third-person)
raising (participle present)
raised (participle past)
raised (past)

From Middle English reysen, raisen, reisen, from Old Norse reisa (“to raise”), from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną (“to raise”), causative form of Proto-Germanic *rīsaną (“to rise”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rey- (“to rise, arise”). According to Kroonen (2013), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to stir, rise”).
Cognate with Old English rāsian (“to explore, examine, research”), Old English rīsan (“to seize, carry off”), Old English rǣran (“to raise”). Doublet of rear.

whakahī

Referring to lifting the pitch of a musical note

hāpai

Of lifting an object to a higher elevation

hī

Refers to raising an eyebrow in scepticism

aradan qaldırmaq

(military) to remove or break up (a blockade); to relinquish (a siege), or cause this to be done

raise oneself up by one's own bootstraps

There should be some consideration (i.e., payment or exchange) to raise a use.

(transitive) To create, increase or develop.

(law) To create; to constitute (a use, or a beneficial interest in property).


decimate

en-verb

decimate (third-person singular simple present decimates, present participle decimating, simple past and past participle decimated)

decimates (present singular third-person)
decimating (participle present)
decimated (participle past)
decimated (past)

Borrowed from Latin decimāre (“to take or offer a tenth part”), from decimus (“tenth”). As a noun, via Latin decimatus (“tithing area; tithing rights”).

tertiate

reduce proportionately, by single aliquot part

God sometimes decimates or tithes delinquent persons, and they died for a common crime, according as God hath cast their lot in the decrees of predestination.

Said to have been martyred as a Christian legionary commander of late Roman times for having refused an imperial order to kill one in ten (that is, decimate in the Roman meaning of the word) of the soldiers of another legion which had gone into revolt...

1989, Basil Davidson, “The Ancient World and Africa”, in Egypt Revisited, page 49:

...where Caesar threatened to disband Legio X after a mutiny. The men begged him to decimate them instead, and Caesar relented in the same way that Titus refrained from executing this cavalryman after his comrades’ appeal.

1998, Adrian Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War, page 263:

Shall we decimate them? That sounds good, nice word. Remove one-tenth of the population!

2007, Russell T. Davies, “The Sound of Drums”, in Doctor Who:

(archaic) To kill one-tenth of (a group), (historical, specifically) as a military punishment in the Roman army selected by lot, usually carried out by the surviving soldiers.

delmar

Roman history: to kill one out of ten men


perform

en-verb

perform (third-person singular simple present performs, present participle performing, simple past and past participle performed)

performs (present singular third-person)
performing (participle present)
performed (participle past)
performed (past)
perform (infinitive)

From Middle English performen, parfournen (“to perform”), from Anglo-Norman performer, parfourmer, alteration of Old French parfornir, parfurnir (“to complete, accomplish, perform”), from par- + fornir, furnir (“to accomplish, furnish”), from Frankish *frummjan (“to accomplish, furnish”), from Proto-Germanic *frumjaną, *framjaną (“to further, promote”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“in front, forth”), *per- (“forward, out”). Cognate with Old High German frummen (“to do, execute, accomplish, provide”), Old Saxon frummian (“to perform, promote”), Old English fremman (“to perform, execute, carry out, accomplish”), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (frumjan, “to promote, accomplish”). See also frame, from. Modernly, rather than Proto-Germanic *frumjaną, associated with Latin formō, analyzable as per- + form.

representar

to exhibit an expected pattern of behavior

Failure to perform a contract on time may constitute a breach of contract.

(law) To act in a way set forth in a contract.

(transitive) To act in accordance with (a contract); to fulfill one’s terms of (a contract).

They entered into an agreement and now they are obliged to perform.

(intransitive) To fulfill contractually agreed-to terms.

изпълнявам

(law) to fulfill contractually agreed-to terms


vice

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English vice, from Old French vice, from Latin vitium (“fault or blemish”). Displaced native Old English unþēaw.

(law) Any of various crimes related (depending on jurisdiction) to weapons, prostitution, pornography, gambling, alcohol, tobacco, or drugs.

поквара

crime related to prostitution, pornography, gambling, alcohol, or drugs

(law enforcement, slang) Clipping of vice squad.


rapparee

from Irish rapaire, variant of ropaire (“cutpurse”).

And then he would relate stories of banshees, and robberies, and ghosts, and hair-breadth escapes, and 'rapparees,' and adventures in the wars of King James, which he heard told in his nonage by the old folk, long vanished, who remembered those troubles.

1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:

(Ireland, historical or archaic) A bandit or brigand.


tenor

en-noun

tenor (countable and uncountable, plural tenors)

From Middle English tenour, from Anglo-Norman tenour, from Old French tenor (“substance, contents, meaning, sense; tenor part in music”), from Latin tenor (“course, continuance; holder”), from teneō (“I hold”). In music, from the notion of the one who holds the melody, as opposed to the countertenor.

der

Than he shall delyuer to vs a tenour of that he ought to do.

1523, Lord Berners, The Chronicle of Froissart:

(law) An exact copy of a writing, set forth in the words and figures of it. It differs from purport, which is only the substance or general import of the instrument.


Michaelmas

From Middle English Michelmasse, Myghelmesse; equivalent to Michael + -mas.

(UK, Ireland, law, education) Ellipsis of Michaelmas term.


motion

en-noun

motion (countable and uncountable, plural motions)

Inherited from Middle English mocioun, mocion, from Anglo-Norman motion, Middle French motion, and their etymon Latin mōtiō (“movement, motion”), related to movēre, from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”).

der

perpetual motion machine of the first kind

perpetual motion machine of the second kind

(law) A formal request, oral or written, made to a judge or court of law to obtain an official court ruling or order for a legal action to be taken by, or on behalf of, the movant.


default

en-noun

default (countable and uncountable, plural defaults)

→ Russian: дефо́лт (defólt)

From Middle English defaut, defaute, from Old French defaute (“fault, defect, failure, culpability, lack”), ultimately from Latin de- (“away”) + fallo (“deceive, cheat, escape notice of”).

der

(law) The failure of a defendant to appear and answer a summons and complaint.


default

en-verb

default (third-person singular simple present defaults, present participle defaulting, simple past and past participle defaulted)

defaults (present singular third-person)
defaulting (participle present)
defaulted (participle past)
defaulted (past)

(intransitive) To fail to meet an obligation.

(intransitive, law) To fail to appear and answer a summons and complaint.


cumulative

en-adj

cumulative (comparative more cumulative, superlative most cumulative)

more cumulative (comparative)
most cumulative (superlative)

From cumulate + -ive. Compare also French cumulatif, Italian cumulativo and Spanish cumulativo.

The state wants to bring in ten blood-spatter experts to testify. Your Honor, that is cumulative testimony.

(law) (of evidence, witnesses, etc.) Intended to illustrate an argument that has already been demonstrated excessively.


counselor

counselors (plural)
in Canada (US alternative)

From Middle English conseillour, counseiler, from Anglo-Norman cunseiler, cunseiliour, from Old French conseillier, from Latin consiliator, agent noun from cōnsilior (“I take counsel”), from cōnsilium (“plan, council, wisdom, advice”). Compare councilor. Displaced native Middle English redere, Middle English redesman, and Middle English redyeve, from Old English rǣdġiefa (literally “advice giver”).


credibility

en-noun

credibility (countable and uncountable, plural credibilities)

Borrowed from French crédibilité, from Medieval Latin credibilitas, from Latin credibilis. By surface analysis, credible + -ity.

(law) Believability of statements by a witness, as measured by whether the testimony is probable or improbable when judged by common experience.

верагоднасць

law: whether or not a witness is being truthful


try

en-verb

try (third-person singular simple present tries, present participle trying, simple past and past participle tried)

tries (present singular third-person)
trying (participle present)
tried (participle past)
tried (past)
try (infinitive)

From Middle English trien (“to try a legal case”), from Anglo-Norman trier (“to try a case”), Old French trier (“to choose, pick out or separate from others, sift, cull”), of uncertain origin. It is probably related to Italian tritare (“to grind; to sort; to analyze”) (see also French trier). Alternatively, believed to be a metathetic variation of Old French tirer (“to pull out, snatch”), from Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (tiran, “to tear away, remove”), from Proto-Germanic *teraną (“to tear, tear apart”), from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear, tear apart”), see tear. Related to Occitan triar (“to pick out, choose from among others”), although the Occitan verb could also be a borrowing from French. Alternatively or by confluence, the Old French is from Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin *triare, of unknown origin.
Replaced native Middle English cunnen (“to try”) (from Old English cunnian), Middle English fandien (“to try, prove”) (from Old English fandian), and Middle English costnien (“to try, tempt, test”) (from Old English costnian).

cog

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔aɪ̯]

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷaɪ̯]

don't try to teach grandma how to suck eggs

He was tried and executed.

The murderer, he recalled, had been tried and sentenced to imprisonment for life, but was pardoned by a merciful governor after serving a year of his sentence.

1900, Charles W[addell] Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company […], →OCLC:

I sit in front of the mirror and try myself. I am no impartial judge, otherwise I would have had myself executed several times over by now.

1987, Hadi Khorsandi, “It Didn’t Quite Work Out—2”, in Ehssan Javan, transl., The Ayatollah and I:

Sansa pretends to gather everyone in the great hall to try Arya, and at the last moment reveals she’s actually trying Littlefinger for murder and treason, although I think everyone in that room already knew what was going on except him.

2017 August 27, Brandon Nowalk, “Game Of Thrones slows down for the longest, and best, episode of the season (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:

To test, to work out.
(law) To put on trial.


moot

en-adj

moot (comparative more moot, superlative most moot)

more moot (comparative)
most moot (superlative)

From Middle English mōt, ȝemōt, from Old English *mōt, ġemōt (“meeting”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtą, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to encounter, come”). Cognate with Scots mut, mote (“meeting, assembly”), Low German Mööt (“meeting”), Moot (“meeting”), archaic Dutch (ge)moet (“meeting”), Danish møde (“meeting”), Swedish möte (“meeting”), Norwegian møte (“meeting”), Icelandic mót (“meeting, tournament, meet”). Related to meet.

cog

(Canada, US, chiefly law) Being an exercise of thought; academic.


taxman

Andrew Houſtoun and Adam Muſhet, being Tackſmen of the Excize, did Imploy Thomas Rue to be their Collector, and gave him a Sallary of 30. pound Sterling for a year.

1668 July 3rd, James Dalrymple, “Thomas Rue contra Andrew Houſtoun” in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), page 547


protest

en-verb

protest (third-person singular simple present protests, present participle protesting, simple past and past participle protested)

protests (present singular third-person)
protesting (participle present)
protested (participle past)
protested (past)

PIE word
 *tréyes
From the Middle English verb protesten, from Old French protester, from Latin prōtestārī, present active infinitive of prōtestor, from prō + testor, from testis (“witness”).

(law, transitive) to make a solemn written declaration, in due form, on behalf of the holder, against all parties liable for any loss or damage to be sustained by non-acceptance or non-payment of (a bill or note). This should be made by a notary public, whose seal it is the usual practice to affix.


confirmation

en-noun

confirmation (countable and uncountable, plural confirmations)

[ˌkʰɑɱ.fɚˈmeɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɒɱ.fəˈmeɪ.ʃn̩]

From Middle English confirmacioun, from Old French confirmacion, from Latin cōnfirmātiō, noun of process from cōnfirmātus (“confirmed”), perfect passive participle of cōnfirmāre, from con- (“with”) + firmāre (“to firm or strengthen”).
Morphologically confirm + -ation.

(law) An act whereby something conditional or voidable is made sure and unavoidable, especially the possession of an estate.


office

Tok Pisin: opis

→ Bulgarian: о́фис (ófis)

→ Cebuano: opis

→ Iban: opis

→ Marshallese: wōpij

→ Russian: о́фис (ófis)

→ Swahili: afisi

Microsoft Office
office (disambiguation)

From Middle English office, from Old French office, from Latin officium (“personal, official, or moral duty; official position; function; ceremony, esp. last rites”), contracted from opificium (“construction: the act of building or the thing built”), from opifex (“doer of work, craftsman”) + -ium (“-y”, forming actions), from op- (“work”) + -i- (connective) + -fex (combining form of faciō (“to do, to make”)).
The use in reference to office software is a genericization of various proprietary program suites, such as Microsoft Office.

zyrë

room(s) or building used for non-manual work

If they find the treason or felony... of the party accused... the king is thereupon, by virtue of this office found, intitled to have his forfeitures.

1768, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, volume III, page 259:

If the Crown claimed the land of an idiot, the person had first to be found an idiot by office.

1977, John McDonald Burke, Jowitt's Dictionary of English Law, volume I, page 280:

inquest of office
inquest of office#English

(UK law, historical) Clipping of inquest of office:


EPIC

(law) Acronym of Estates and Protected Individuals Code.


rule

en-noun

rule (countable and uncountable, plural rules)

From Middle English reule, rewle, rule, borrowed from Old French riule, reule, from Latin regula (“straight stick, bar, ruler, pattern”), from regō (“to keep straight, direct, govern, rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent. Doublet of rail, regal, regula, and rigol.

doublet

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V § 613. Habit

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 82. Conformity

(law) An order regulating the practice of the courts, or an order made between parties to an action or a suit.


enter

en-verb

enter (third-person singular simple present enters, present participle entering, simple past and past participle entered)

enters (present singular third-person)
entering (participle present)
entered (participle past)
entered (past)
enter (infinitive)

From Middle English entren, from Old French entrer, from Latin intrō (“enter”, verb), from intrā (“inside”). Has been spelled as "enter" for several centuries even in the United Kingdom, although British English and the English of many Commonwealth Countries (e.g. Australia, Canada) retain the "re" ending for many words such as centre, fibre, spectre, theatre, calibre, sombre, lustre, and litre.

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

I am pleased to notify the Congress of my intent to enter into a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the Government of Singapore.

2003 February 4, The President of the United States, “NOTIFICATION TO ENTER INTO A FREE TRADE AGREEMENT WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF SINGAPORE”, in U.S. Government Printing Office, retrieved 2013-09-09:

(intransitive, law) To become a party to an agreement, treaty, etc.

This Act shall enter into force on 01 March 1998.

2005, United Nations, Dispositions Législatives Et Réglementaires Nationales Relatives À la Prévention Et À L'élimination Du Terrorisme International, →ISBN, page 215:

(law, intransitive) To become effective; to come into effect.

(law) To go into or upon, as lands, and take actual possession of them.

to enter a writ, appearance, rule, or judgment

(transitive, law) To place in regular form before the court, usually in writing; to put upon record in proper from and order


breve

From Middle English breve, variant of bref, from Old French brieve, breve (feminine form of brief, bref), from Latin brevis (“short”).

(law) Any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any court.


parody

en-noun

parody (countable and uncountable, plural parodies)

From Latin parōdia, from Ancient Greek παρῳδία (parōidía, “parody”), from παρά (pará, “besides”) + ᾠδή (ōidḗ, “song”).

der

(countable, archaic) A popular maxim, adage, or proverb.


option

From French option, from Latin optiō (“choice; option; act of choosing”), from optō (“I choose, select”). Equivalent to opt + -ion.

There's a book out on us and there's gonna be a movie based on the book. ABC has bought the option for a movie to be made specially for T.V.

1977 August 13, Pala Bennett, Mary Jo Risher, Ann Foreman, “"I'm A Mother, And I'm A Good One."”, in Gay Community News, volume 5, number 6, page 8:

(finance, law) A contract giving the holder the right to buy or sell an asset at a set strike price; can apply to financial market transactions, or to ordinary transactions for tangible assets such as a residence or automobile.

derivative

At that time every emigrant who was made aware of such a notification submitted his application for option to the British Consuls within the period prescribed.

1928, Appeal to the Noble English Nation by the Committee of the Defenders of the Rights of Palestinian Arab Emigrants to the Palestinian Citizenship, page 10:

A right of option, mostly in favour of the nationality of the predecessor State, has been accorded in most cases of partial State succession, either by treaty or by domestic legislation.

1998, Venice Commission, Consequences of State Succession for Nationality, →ISBN, page 45:

This group constitutes around 9 percent of the total number of acquisitions of Dutch nationality through option.

2012, Oliver W. Vonk, Dual Nationality in the European Union: A Study on Changing Norms […], →ISBN, page 243, note 154:

(law, uncountable) The acquiring or retention of a nationality through personal choice as a right, bypassing selective legal mechanisms for naturalization, especially in cases where a territory is transferred or passed on from one state to another.


quitrent

(law, taxation) A rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment of which the tenant is quit (absolved) from other service.

բահրա

a rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment of which the tenant is quit (absolved) from other service


quo warranto

Borrowed from Medieval Latin quō warrantō (“by what warrant”).

bor

(law) A writ brought before a proper tribunal, to inquire by what warrant a person or a corporation acts, or exercises certain powers.


duress

Borrowed into Middle English from Old French duresse, from Latin duritia (“hardness”), from durus (“hard”).

(law) Restraint in which a person is influenced, whether by lawful or unlawful forceful compulsion of their liberty by monition or implementation of physical enforcement; legally for the incurring of civil liability, of a citizen's arrest, or of subrogation, or illegally for the committing of an offense, of forcing a contract, or of using threats.


perp

"We have the perp in custody," the policeman said.

Got himself fired for pulling a sword on an acknowledged perp. Slid it right through the fabric of the perp’s shirt, gliding the flat of the blade along the base of his neck, and pinned him to a warped and bubbled expanse of vinyl siding on the wall of the house that the perp was trying to break into.

1992, Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash, New York: Bantam Books, →ISBN, page 6:


perfidy

en-noun

perfidy (countable and uncountable, plural perfidies)

From Middle French perfidie, from Latin perfidus (“faithless, treacherous, false”), from fides (“faith”); related to, for example, English fidelity.

uder

Stratagems must be carefully distinguished strategy from perfidy, since the former are allowed, whereas the latter is prohibited.

1921, Lassa Oppenheim with Ronald Francis Roxburgh, International law: a treatise, page 229:

Abuse of a protective emblem amounts to perfidy and constitutes a war crime under the customary law of armed conflict.

1993, Leslie C. Green, The contemporary law of armed conflict, page 89:

Ruses of war are legitimate so long as they do not involve treachery or perfidy on the part of the belligerent resorting to them.

2008, Sidney Axinn, A Moral Military, page 84:

Cyberattacks almost inevitably involve an element of deception, such as tricking a user to click on a malicious link. So, to what extent could cyberattacks count as perfidy and therefore be illegal given international humanitarian law?

2012 June 5, Patrick Lin, Neil Rowe, Fritz Allhoff, “Is It Possible to Wage a Just Cyberwar?”, in The Atlantic:

(international law, in warfare) An illegitimate act of deception, such as using symbols like the Red Cross or white flag in a false claim of surrender to gain proximity to an enemy for purposes of attack.


embrace

en-verb

embrace (third-person singular simple present embraces, present participle embracing, simple past and past participle embraced)

embraces (present singular third-person)
embracing (participle present)
embraced (participle past)
embraced (past)

The verb is derived from Middle English embracen (“to clasp in one's arms, embrace; to reach out eagerly for, welcome; to enfold, entwine; to ensnare, entangle; to twist, wrap around; to gird, put on; to lace; to be in or put into bonds; to put a shield on the arm; to grasp (a shield or spear); to acquire, take hold of; to receive; to undertake; to affect, influence; to incite; to unlawfully influence a jury; to surround; to conceal, cover; to shelter; to protect; to comfort; to comprehend, understand”) [and other forms], from Old French embracer, embracier (“to kiss”) (modern French embrasser (“to kiss; (dated) to embrace, hug”)), from Late Latin *imbracchiāre, from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside, within’)) + bracchium (“arm”). The English word is analysable as em- + brace. The noun is derived from the verb.

refn

From the collection of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy.

nb...

embrace, embrase, enbrace, enbracen, enbrase, enbrass, imbrace, imbrase, inbracen

cog

The puniſhment for the perſon embracing is by fine and impriſonment; and, for the juror ſo embraced, if it be by taking money, the puniſhment is (by divers ſtatutes of the reign of Edward III) perpetual infamy, impriſonment for a year, and forfeiture of the tenfold value.

1769, William Blackstone, “Of Offences against Public Justice”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book IV (Of Public Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, paragraph 18, page 140:

(transitive, law, figuratively, obsolete) To attempt to influence (a court, jury, etc.) corruptly; to practise embracery.


peremptory

en-adj

peremptory (comparative more peremptory, superlative most peremptory)

more peremptory (comparative)
most peremptory (superlative)

From Anglo-Norman peremptorie, parentorie et al. (Modern French péremptoire), and its source, Latin peremptōrius (“deadly; precluding debate, decisive”), from perimō (“destroy, thwart”), from per- (“thorough”) + emō (“I obtain, buy”).

uder

there is no reason but if any of the outlawries be indeed without error, but it should be a peremptory plea to the person in a writ of error, as well as in any other action.

1596, Francis Bacon, Maxims of the Law, section II:

(law) Precluding debate or expostulation; not admitting of question or appeal

безапелационен

law: precluding debate or expostulation; not admitting of question or appeal

As this trial has now been postponed multiple times, there will be an adjournment to April 24, peremptory on the parties.

(law) (of a date or deadline) Absolutely requiring compliance or attendance; brooking no further delay; to proceed whether a party attends or not; final.


peremptory

Each side was allowed 20 peremptories, and the prosecution used 18 of its allotment.

2015 June 18, Justice Alito, Davis v. Ayala, Case No. 13-1428

(law) A challenge to the admission of a juror, without the challenger needing to show good cause.


avenage

From Old French avenage, from avene, from Latin avena (“oats”).

(obsolete, law) A quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent.


averpenny

en-noun

averpenny (countable and uncountable, plural averpennies)

(law, obsolete) Money paid by a tenant in lieu of the service of average.


perverse

en-adj

perverse (comparative more perverse or perverser, superlative most perverse or perversest)

more perverse (comparative)
perverser (comparative)
most perverse (superlative)
perversest (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-perverse.wav

From Middle English perverse, pervers, from Old French pervers, from Latin perversum (“thoroughly turned”), past participle of pervertere, from per- (“thoroughly”) + vertere (“to turn”).

извратен

Turned aside; hence, specifically, turned away from the (morally) right; willfully erring; wicked; perverted

(law, of a verdict) Ignoring the evidence or the judge's opinions.


pact

From Middle French pacte, from Old French, from Latin pactum (“something agreed upon”), from pacisci (“to agree”).

(international law) An agreement between two or more nations

pakt

an agreement between two or more nations


posse

Coordinate term: vigilante

He […] no sooner set his nose within the room to which he was directed, than the constable and his posse sprung upon him, before he had the least intimation of his design, or any opportunity of acting in his own defence.

1751, [Tobias] Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: Harrison and Co., […], →OCLC:

Mathews then appointed Morton as a deputy sheriff and after a posse had been selected, they went in pursuit of the criminals. Within a few hours, the posse overtook the thieves.

1986, Donald R. Lavash, Sheriff William Brady, Tragic Hero of the Lincoln County War, Sunstone Press, →ISBN, page 77:

While Wyatt dismounted and aimed his shotgun at Brocius, the rest of his posse retreated.

2013, Andrew C. Isenberg, Wyatt Earp: A Vigilante Life, Hill and Wang, →ISBN, page 165:

(now historical, in later use chiefly US) A group of people summoned to help law enforcement.


incident

Recorded since 1412, from Middle French incident, from Latin incidens, the present active participle of incidō (“to happen, befall”), itself from in- (“on”) + -cidō, the combining form of cadō (“to fall”).

(law) Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the principal.


ambulatory

ambulatory (comparative more ambulatory, superlative most ambulatory)

more ambulatory (comparative)
most ambulatory (superlative)

The dispositions of a will are ambulatory until the death of the testator.

(law) Not yet legally fixed or settled; alterable.


bill of attainder

en-noun

bill of attainder (plural bills of attainder)

They resolved to copy a Tudor precedent and to proceed against him by bill of attainder. Doubts of law and defects of evidence would thus be cured

1920, Francis Charles Montague, The History of England, from the Accession of James I to the Restoration, page 1663:

Coupled with the Constitution's proscription of ex post facto laws is a similar prohibition against bills of attainder.

1998, Daniel E. Troy, Retroactive Legislation, page 56:

That the tax would take effect after some of the payments were made also raises issues. Says former Attorney General Richard Thornburg, also in an e-mail: "Such legislation could well run afoul of constitutional restrictions on bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, laws impairing the obligations of contract, unauthorized takings of property and the like.

2009 March 21, Jim McTague, “Would a Tax on Bonuses Be Constitutional?”, in Barron's:

(law) A legislative determination imposing punishment without trial.


avoidance

avoidance (usually uncountable, plural avoidances)

From Middle English avoidaunce, from avoid + -ance.

оттегляне

A dismissing or a quitting; removal; withdrawal.

(law, obsolete) The act of annulling; annulment.


per se

Borrowed from Latin per sē (“by itself”), from per (“by, through”) and sē (“itself, himself, herself, themselves”).

bor+

The law makes drunk driving illegal per se.

In an effort to assist states that may have recently adopted or expect to adopt administrative per se, NHTSA has collected sample copies of forms and a brief description of the administrative procedures from selected states with in-place programs.

1986, Administrative Per Se: A Summary of State Forms and Procedures:

(law) Not leaving discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute.


per se

Until recently Denmark hesitated to adopt a formal per se law, preferring to give more discretion to its judges, but the general practice was to take blood tests and to convict those accused under the classical law if the blood alcohol concentration was greater than 100 mg./100 ml.

1981, Hugh Laurence Ross, Deterrence of the Drinking Driver: An International Survey, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, page 80:

CBS (441 U.S. 1 [1979]) explains, the per se rule against price-fixing isn't to be taken literally.

2006, Sheldon Kimmel, How and why the Per Se Rule Against Price-fixing Went Wrong, page 1:

(law) That does not leave discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute.


habeas corpus

en-noun

habeas corpus (plural habeas corpora or habeas corpuses)

habeas corpora (plural)
habeas corpuses (plural)

From Latin habeas corpus ad subjiciendum (“You (shall) have the body to be subjected to (examination)”), referring to the body of the detainee (not the body of a victim, similar to corpus delicti).

uder

(law) A writ ordering that a person be brought before a court or a judge, most frequently used to ensure that a person's imprisonment, detention, or commitment is legal.

fogva tartott személy bíróság elé állítására vagy szabadon bocsátására vonatkozó határozat/végzés/okirat


habeas corpus

en-verb

habeas corpus (third-person singular simple present habeas corpuses, present participle habeas corpusing, simple past and past participle habeas corpused)

habeas corpuses (present singular third-person)
habeas corpusing (participle present)
habeas corpused (participle past)
habeas corpused (past)

Hawley […] particularly desired, judging by his actions, to put polygamists out of existence, at the same time very mercifully habeas corpused all the prostitutes and their supporters[.]

1873 August 12, “The Fate of Judges and All Others Who Work Against Zion”, in The Latter-Day Saints' Millennial Star:

He saw that according to the fable typed on its lily white face one, John Grimaldi of Brooklyn, was summoned, advised, entreated, requested, ordered, corpus delictied, habeas corpused and generally invited to appear in said court[.]

1918, Frazier Hunt, “Pegging Away”, in Blown by the Draft:

(informal, law) To apply the legal principle of habeas corpus to an individual or situation.


pardon

en-noun

pardon (countable and uncountable, plural pardons)

From Middle English pardonen, from Old French pardoner (modern French pardonner), from Late Latin perdonare, from per- + donare, possibly a calque (if not vice-versa) of a Germanic word represented by Frankish *firgeban (“to forgive, give up completely”), from *fir- + *geban. Akin to Old High German fargeban, firgeban (“to forgive”), Old English forġiefan (“to forgive”). More at forgive.

cog

The President[…]shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States, pursuant to the pardon power conferred upon me by Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution, have granted and by these presents do grant a full, free, and absolute pardon unto Richard Nixon for all offenses against the United States which he, Richard Nixon, has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period from July^([sic – meaning January]) 20, 1969 through August 9, 1974.

1974 September 8, Gerald R. Ford, 00:24 from the start, in Proclamation 4311, archived from the original on 2017-05-18, page 2:

But the president's most irreversible, almost God-like power is the authority granted to him under Article II, Section 2, of the United States Constitution, "to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses Against the United States. . . ."
The power is absolute-even a serial killer could be pardoned-and utterly unreviewable. It cannot be rescinded by the next president. The president may grant a pardon before a trial, after a trial, or without a trial. Once granted, a pardon can never be taken away.

2001, Barbara Olson, “The Final Frenzy: Finishing Touches on the Legend”, in The Final Days: The Last, Desperate Abuses of Power by the Clinton White House (Politics/Current Affairs), Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7:

(law) An order that releases a convicted criminal without further punishment, prevents future punishment, or (in some jurisdictions) removes an offence from a person's criminal record, as if it had never been committed.


pardon

en-verb

pardon (third-person singular simple present pardons, present participle pardoning, simple past and past participle pardoned)

pardons (present singular third-person)
pardoning (participle present)
pardoned (participle past)
pardoned (past)

The murderer, he recalled, had been tried and sentenced to imprisonment for life, but was pardoned by a merciful governor after serving a year of his sentence.

1900, Charles W[addell] Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company […], →OCLC:

(transitive, law) To grant an official pardon for a crime.


feu

(Scots law, property law, historical) Land held in feudal tenure.