cover

en-noun

cover (countable and uncountable, plural covers)

→ Hijazi Arabic: كَڤَر (kavar)

→ Portuguese: cover

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Latin operiō
Latin cooperiō
Old French covrirbor.
Middle English coveren
English cover
From Middle English coveren, borrowed from Old French covrir, cueuvrir (modern French couvrir), from Late Latin coperire, from Latin cooperiō (“I cover completely”), from co- (intensive prefix) + operiō (“I close, cover”). Displaced native Middle English thecchen and bethecchen (“to cover”) (from Old English þeccan, beþeccan (“to cover”)), Middle English helen, (over)helen, (for)helen (“to cover, conceal”) (from Old English helan (“to conceal, cover, hide”)), Middle English wrien, (be)wreon (“to cover”) (from Old English (be)wrēon (“to cover”)), Middle English hodren, hothren (“to cover up”) (from Low German hudren (“to cover up”)).
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the original sense of the verb and noun cover was “hide from view” as in its cognate covert. Except in the limited sense of “cover again”, the word recover is unrelated and is cognate with recuperate. Cognate with Spanish cubrir (“to cover”).

cog

throw nickels around like manhole covers

(law) In commercial law, a buyer’s purchase on the open market of goods similar or identical to the goods contracted for after a seller has breached a contract of sale by failure to deliver the goods contracted for.


cover

en-verb

cover (third-person singular simple present covers, present participle covering, simple past and past participle covered)

covers (present singular third-person)
covering (participle present)
covered (participle past)
covered (past)

→ German: covern

→ Danish: lave en cover

(military, law enforcement) To protect using an aimed firearm and the threat of firing; or to protect using continuous, heaving fire at or in the direction of the enemy so as to force the enemy to remain in cover; or to threaten using an aimed firearm.


baron

From Middle English baroun, from Old French baron, from Latin barōnem, from Proto-West Germanic *barō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear”). Cognate with Old High German baro (“human being, man, freeman”), Old English bora (“a man who bears responsibility, one who is in charge, a ruler”), and perhaps to Old English beorn (“man, warrior”). Used in early Germanic law in the sense of "man, human being".
A Celtic origin has also been suggested; see the quote under sense 3 of Latin barō. However, the OED takes the hypothetical Proto-Celtic *bar- (“hero”) to be a figment.

cog

Coordinate term: wife

baron and femme ― husband and wife


lie

en-verb

lie (third-person singular simple present lies, present participle lying, simple past lay or laid, past participle lain or laid or (obsolete) lien)

lie See usage notes. (canonical)
lies (present singular third-person)
lying (participle present)
lay (past)
laid (past)
lain (participle past)
laid (participle past)
lien (obsolete participle past)
lie (infinitive)

From Middle English lien, liggen, from Old English liċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *liggjan, from Proto-Germanic *ligjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-.
Cognate with West Frisian lizze, Dutch liggen, German liegen, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål ligge, Swedish ligga, Icelandic, Faroese and Norwegian Nynorsk liggja, Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ligan); and with Latin lectus (“bed”), Irish luí, Russian лежа́ть (ležátʹ), Albanian lag (“troop, band, encampment”).
As a noun for position, the noun has the same etymology above as the verb.

cog

a corresponding transitive version of this word

An appeal lies in this case from the ordinary to the arches.

(law) To be sustainable; to be capable of being maintained.


matter

en-noun

matter (countable and uncountable, plural matters)

From Middle English matere, mater, from Anglo-Norman matere, materie, from Old French materie, matiere, from Latin materia (“wood”), from mater (“mother”), in which case cognate with Old Armenian մայր (mayr, “cedar”) and մայրի (mayri, “forest”). More recently, referred to Proto-Indo-European *dem-. Doublet of Madeira, mata, mater, matrix, and mother.
Displaced Middle English andweorc, andwork (“material, matter”), from Old English andweorc (“matter, substance, material”), Old English intinga (“matter, affair, business”).

lëndë

basic structural component of the universe

Please find attached an invoice for three outstanding matters.

(countable, law) Legal services provided by a lawyer or firm to their client in relation to a particular issue.


knowledge

en-noun

knowledge (usually uncountable, plural knowledges)

From Middle English knowleche, knaweleche, cnawlece (“knowledge”), from knowen (“to know, recognise”) + -leche. Related to Middle English knowlechen (“to find out, acknowledge”). For more on the Middle English suffix -leche, compare freelage. Compare also Old English cnāwelǣċ, cnāwelǣċing (“acknowledging, acknowledgement”).

cog

zeal without knowledge is a runaway horse

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 490. Knowledge

Every time that he had knowledge of her he would leave, either in the bed, or in her cushion-cloth, or by her looking-glass, or in some place where she must needs find it, a piece of money[…].

1573, George Gascoigne, An Anthology of Elizabethan Prose Fiction, The Adventures of Master F.J.:

carnal knowledge
carnal knowledge#English

(archaic or law) Sexual intimacy or intercourse (now usually in phrase carnal knowledge).


judge

→ Assamese: জজ (zoz)

→ Bengali: জজ (joj)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: जज (jaj)

Urdu: جَج (jaj)

→ Odia: ଜଜ୍ (jaj)

→ Tamil: ஜட்ஜி (jaṭji)

→ Telugu: జడ్జ (jaḍja)

From Middle English juge, jugge, from Old French juge, from Latin iūdex. Displaced native Middle English deme (from Old English dēma (“judge”)) and demere (from Old English dēmere (“judge”)), see also deemer, deemster.

The parts of a judge in hearing are four: to direct the evidence; to moderate length, repetition, or impertinency of speech; to recapitulate, select, and collate the material points of that which hath been said; and to give the rule or sentence.

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Judicature”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

A public official whose duty it is to administer the law, especially by presiding over trials and rendering judgments; a justice.


back

en-verb

back (third-person singular simple present backs, present participle backing, simple past and past participle backed)

backs (present singular third-person)
backing (participle present)
backed (participle past)
backed (past)

From Middle English bak, from Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to bend”). The adverb represents an aphetic form of aback.
Compare Middle Low German bak (“back”), from Old Saxon bak, and West Frisian bekling (“chair back”), Old High German bah, Swedish and Norwegian bak. Cognate with German Bache (“sow [adult female hog]”).

pakata

of wind: to shift in an anticlockwise direction

you can't put the shit back in the horse

you can't put the toothpaste back in the tube

you can't put the toothpaste back into the tube

(law, of a justice of the peace) To sign or endorse (a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender).


settle

settle (third-person singular simple present settles, present participle settling, simple past and past participle settled)

settles (present singular third-person)
settling (participle present)
settled (participle past)
settled (past)

remove

antonym(s) of “to place in a fixed or permanent condition”

From a merger of two verbs:
* Middle English setlen, from Old English setlan (“to settle, seat, put to rest”), from Old English setl (“seat”) (compare Dutch zetelen (“to be established, settle”)) and
* Middle English sahtlen, seihtlen (“to reconcile, calm, subside”), from Old English sahtlian, ġesehtlian (“to reconcile”), from Old English saht, seht (“settlement, agreement, reconciliation, peace”) (see saught, -le).
German siedeln (“to settle”) is related to the former of the two verbs, but is not an immediate cognate of either of them.

cog

To establish or become established in a steady position:

(transitive, law) To formally, legally secure (an annuity, property, title, etc) on (a person).


free speech

Coordinate term: compelled speech

The term free speech, which appears in this book's subtitle as well as in its text, is used more or less interchangeably with freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of expression to refer to all of the expressive rights guaranteed by the forty-five words of the First Amendment, as interpreted by the U.S. courts.

2003, Mike Godwin, Cyber Rights, The MIT Press, →ISBN, page 2:

The right to express an opinion in public without being restrained or censored.


l

Abbreviation.
# (stenoscript) the sound sequence /ɛl/.
# (stenoscript) Abbreviation of will.
# (stenoscript) Abbreviation of well.
# (stenoscript) Abbreviation of all.
# (stenoscript) the suffix -ly or word-final syllable /liː/.


attorney

en-noun

attorney (plural attorneys or (obsolete) attornies)

attorneys (plural)
attornies (obsolete plural)

→ Punjabi: ਅਟਾਰਨੀ (aṭārnī)

→ Welsh: atwrnai

From Middle English attourne, from Old French atorné, past participle of atorner, atourner, aturner (“to attorn”), in the sense of "one appointed or constituted".

If those attempts are unsuccessful, the attorney requesting the interrogatories may file a motion for sanctions with the court. The sanctions range from attorney fees to prohibiting the nonanswering party from presenting or defending claims.

2013, James J. Gross, It's Splitsville: Surviving Your Divorce, page 240:

“Conflicting out” attorneys is the way a husband will make sure his wife doesn't hire any of the most aggressive lawyers in town.

(US) A lawyer; one who advises or represents others in legal matters as a profession.

(Philippines, sometimes US) An honorific given to lawyers and notaries public, or those holders by profession who also do other jobs. Usually capitalized or abbreviated as Atty.


attorney

en-verb

attorney (third-person singular simple present attorneys, present participle attorneying, simple past and past participle attorneyed)

attorneys (present singular third-person)
attorneying (participle present)
attorneyed (participle past)
attorneyed (past)

(intransitive, rare) To work as a legal attorney.

(transitive, rare) To provide with a legal attorney.


pull

pull (third-person singular simple present pulls, present participle pulling, simple past and past participle pulled)

pulls (present singular third-person)
pulling (participle present)
pulled (participle past)
pulled (past)

push

antonym(s) of “apply force to (something) so it comes towards one”

Verb from Middle English pullen, from Old English pullian (“to pull, draw, tug, pluck off”), of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to West Frisian pûlje (“to shell, husk”), Middle Dutch pullen (“to drink”), Middle Dutch polen (“to peel, strip”), Low German pulen (“to pick, pluck, pull, tear, strip off husks”), Icelandic púla (“to work hard, beat”).
Noun from Middle English pul, pull, pulle, from the verb pullen (“to pull”).

cog

it's not the whistle that pulls the train

pull someone's chestnuts out of the fire

The state trooper pulled me for going 60 in a 55 zone.

(transitive, law enforcement) To pull over (a driver or vehicle); to detain for a traffic stop.


breaking and entering

(law) The crime of gaining unauthorized entry into another's property, usually by breaking part of a building (a lock, door, window, etc.)

murtautuminen

not by itself considered a crime in Finnish law; burglaries are categorized under theft


ring

→ French: ring
→ Romanian: ring

→ Hungarian: ring

→ Italian: ring

→ Japanese: リング

→ Polish: ring

→ Serbo-Croatian: ring

→ Spanish: ring

→ Turkish: ring

From Middle English ryng, from Old English hring (“ring, circle”), from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Doublet of rank and rink.
cognates
* West Frisian ring
* Low German Ring
* Dutch ring
* German Ring
* Swedish ring
* Finnish rengas

a crime ring; a prostitution ring; a bidding ring (at an auction sale)

the ruling ring at Constantinople

1877, Edward Augustus Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest of England:

It's a blackmail ring, and the district attorneys get a share of the loot.

In a thread called “Calm Before the Storm”, and in subsequent posts, Q established his legend as a government insider with top security clearance who knew the truth about a secret struggle for power involving Donald Trump, the “deep state”, Robert Mueller, the Clintons, pedophile rings, and other stuff.

2018 July 31, Julia Carrie Wong, “What is QAnon? Explaining the bizarre rightwing conspiracy theory”, in The Guardian:

An exclusive group of people, usually involving some unethical or illegal practices.


demurrer

From Anglo-Norman demurrer, form of Old French demourer (“to demur”), infinitive used as noun.

In a demurrer filed on 28 February to the Los Angeles county superior court, Franco’s lawyers asked that the lawsuit filed in October by Sarah Tither-Kaplan and Toni Gaal be dismissed, saying none of the alleged events detailed had happened, and the statute of limitations had passed for the accusations.

2020 March 3, Andrew Pulver, “(please specify the article title)”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(law) A motion by a party to a legal action for the immediate or summary judgment of the court on the question of whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defense, and hence whether the party bringing the motion is required to answer or proceed further.


array

en-noun

array (countable and uncountable, plural arrays)

From Middle English arrayen, from Anglo-Norman arraier (compare Old French arraier, areer (“to put in order”)), from Medieval Latin arrēdō (“to put in order, arrange, array”), from *rēdum (“preparation, order”), from Frankish *raid or *raidā (“preparation, order”) or Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (garaiþs, “ready, prepared”), from Proto-Germanic *raidaz, *raidiz (“ready”). Compare Old English rād (“condition, stipulation”), Old High German antreitī (“order, rank”). Doublet of ready.

cog

(law) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impanelled in a cause; the panel itself; or the whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court.


array

en-verb

array (third-person singular simple present arrays, present participle arraying, simple past and past participle arrayed)

arrays (present singular third-person)
arraying (participle present)
arrayed (participle past)
arrayed (past)

Alſo, though there be no perſonal objection againſt the ſheriff, yet if he arrays the panel at the nomination, or under the direction of either party, this is good cauſe of challenge to the array.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of the Trial by Jury”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 359:

(law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them one at a time.


burglary

en-noun

burglary (countable and uncountable, plural burglaries)

From New Latin burglaria. Equivalent to burglar + -y. Displaced native Old English hūsbryċe (literally “house-breach”).

ncog

breaking and entering
breaking and entering

The crime of unlawfully breaking into a vehicle, house, store, or other enclosure with the intent to steal.

(law) Under the common law, breaking and entering of the dwelling of another at night with the intent to commit a felony.

(law, US) Under the Model Penal Code, entering a building or occupied structure with purpose to commit a crime therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed or privileged to enter.


therefor

During the last fiscal year the Secretary purchased ... 54,355,748 ounces of silver and issued in payment therefor $51,106,608 in notes.

1892, Benjamin Harrison, Fourth State of the Union Address:

Welcoming people from all over the world, Honolulu has the glad heart behind the "glad hand," so to speak, when the welcomees give cause therefor, whether they come to teach, or to learn; to rest, or to work; to earn, or to spend.

1922, Paradise of the Pacific, volume 35:

If the action is adverse to the applicant law school, the action letter shall contain the Committee's specific reasons therefor.

1997 August, “Rules of procedure for approval of law schools by the American Bar Association.”, in ABA Journal, volume 83, number 8, pages 117–128:

We emphasize that, contrary to repeated assertions in defendant's briefing, the trial court did not strike the true findings on those three prison term allegations, but struck only the punishment therefor, which was a statutorily permitted method of handling them.

2016, Elena J. Duarte, People v. Garner, 244 Cal. App. 4th 1113 (Cal. App. 3d Dist. 2016):

(now chiefly in law) For that; in return for that.


suspension

en-noun

suspension (countable and uncountable, plural suspensions)

Borrowed from Late Latin suspensiōnem (“arching, vaulting; suspension”), from suspendēre (“to hang up, to suspend”), from sub- (“under”) + pendere (“to hang, to suspend”), from Proto-Italic *pendō (“to hang, to put in a hanging position”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pénd-e-ti, from *(s)pend- (“to pull; to spin”)). Compare Anglo-Norman suspensiun, French suspension, Occitan suspensio.

der

(Scots law) A stay or postponement of the execution of a sentence, usually by letters of suspension granted on application to the Lord Ordinary.

εκκρεμότητα

Scots law: stay or postponement of the execution of a sentence


accusatorial

en-adj

accusatorial (comparative more accusatorial, superlative most accusatorial)

more accusatorial (comparative)
most accusatorial (superlative)

(law) Of or pertaining to the system of a public trial in which the facts are ascertained by the judge or jury from evidence presented by the prosecution and the defence.

akkusatorinen

Of or pertaining to the public trial system


deposit

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Latin dē-
Proto-Italic *pozinō
Latin pōnō
Latin dēpōnō
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tos
Latin -tus
Latin deposituslbor.
English deposit
Learned borrowing from Latin depositus, past participle of depono (“put down”). Doublet of depot.

etymon

(law) Bailment of personal property to be kept gratuitously for the bailor (depositor) and without any benefit to the bailee (depositary), e.g. for storage, carriage, repair, etc.


tail

From Anglo-Norman, probably from a shortened form of entail.

estate tail

(law) Limited; abridged; reduced; curtailed.


tail

tail male ― limitation to male heirs

in tail ― subject to such a limitation

(law) Limitation of inheritance to certain heirs.


plea

From Middle English ple, from Old French plait, plaid, from Medieval Latin placitum (“a decree, sentence, suit, plea, etc., Latin an opinion, determination, prescription, order; literally, that which is pleasing, pleasure”), neuter of placitus, past participle of placere (“to please”). Cognate with Spanish pleito (“lawsuit, suit”). Doublet of placit. See also please, pleasure.

eccezione

law: that which is alleged by a party in support of his cause

(law) That which is alleged by a party in support of his cause.

(law) An allegation of fact in a cause, as distinguished from a demurrer.

(law) The defendant’s answer to the plaintiff’s declaration and demand.

защитна реч

law: defendant's answer to plaintiff’s declaration

they or any three of them shall be a Court and have cognizance of pleas real, personal, and mixed.

1782, "An Act establishing a Supreme Judicial Court within the Commonwealth", quoted in The Constitutional History of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Frank Washburn Grinnell, 1917, page 434

(law) A cause in court; a lawsuit; as, the Court of Common Pleas.


device

From Middle English devis, devise, devyce, devys, devyse, from Old French devis and devise, from Latin dīvīsus, past participle of dīvidō (“to divide”). Doublet of devise (noun).

(law) An image used in whole or in part as a trademark or service mark.

tunnusmerkki

law: image used in whole or part as a trademark or service mark


demur

en-verb

demur (third-person singular simple present demurs, present participle demurring, simple past and past participle demurred)

demurs (present singular third-person)
demurring (participle present)
demurred (participle past)
demurred (past)
demur (infinitive)

PIE word
 *de
From Middle English demuren (“to delay; to linger; to remain (in office); to keep, retain (?)”), from Anglo-Norman demorer and Old French demorer, demourer (“to remain, stay”) (modern French demeurer), from Vulgar Latin dēmorāre, from Latin dēmorārī, the present active infinitive of Latin dēmoror (“to delay, detain; to linger, tarry”), from de- (intensifying prefix) + moror (“to delay, detain; to hinder, impede; to linger, loiter”) (from mora (“a delay; hindrance, obstacle”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thinking; to remember”), probably referring to a time for thinking) + -or (variant of -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs)).

der

He that demurreth in Law confeſſeth all ſuch matters of fact as are well and ſufficiently pleaded.

1628, Edw[ard] Coke, “Escuage”, in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. […], London: […] [Adam Islip] for the Societe of Stationers, →OCLC, book 2, chapter 3, section 97, folio 72, recto:

The plaintiff demurred, that is to say, admitted Sir Edward [Hales]'s plea to be true in fact, but denied that it was a sufficient answer.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter VI, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume II, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 84:

(law) To submit a demurrer (“motion by a party to a legal action for the immediate or summary judgment of the court on the question of whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defence, and hence whether the party bringing the motion is required to answer or proceed further”).


demur

From Middle English demure, demore (“a delay, demur; a sojourn, stay”), from Old French demure, demore, demuere (“a delay, demur”) (modern French demeure), from Old French demorer, demourer (verb): see etymology 1.

[W]ith Rejoinders and Replies, / Long Bills, and Anſvvers, ſtuft vvith Lies, / Demurr, Imparlance, and Eſſoign, / The Parties ne'er could Iſſue join: / For Sixteen Years the Cauſe vvas ſpun, / And then ſtood vvhere it firſt begun.

1726, [Jonathan Swift], Cadenus and Vanessa. A Poem, London: […] J. Roberts […], →OCLC, page 9:

(law) Synonym of demurrer (“a motion by a party to a legal action for the immediate or summary judgment of the court on the question of whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defence, and hence whether the party bringing the motion is required to answer or proceed further”)


instrumentality

en-noun

instrumentality (countable and uncountable, plural instrumentalities)

Any work in which the copyright was ever owned or administered by the Alien Property Custodian and in which the restored copyright would be owned by a government or instrumentality thereof, is not a restored work.

1994, Title 17 of the United States Code, §104A(a)(2):

(countable, law) A governmental organ with a specific purpose.


constitution

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Middle English constitucioun, constitucion (“edict, law, ordinance, regulation, rule, statute; body of laws or rules, or customs; body of fundamental principles; principle or rule (of science); creation”) from Old French constitucion (modern French constitution), a learned borrowing from Latin cōnstitūtiō, cōnstitūtiōnem (“character, constitution, disposition, nature; definition; point in dispute; order, regulation; arrangement, system”), from cōnstituō (“to establish, set up; to confirm; to decide, resolve”). Equivalent to constitute + -ion.

(law) A legal document describing such a formal system.

រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ

rŏət thŏəmmĕəʼnuñ


colloquy

colloquy (countable and uncountable, plural colloquies)

soliloquy

antonym(s) of “a conversation of multiple people”

From Middle English colloquies pl, from Latin colloquium (“conversation”), from com- (“together, with”) (English com-) + form of loquor (“speak”) (from which English locution and other words). Doublet of colloquium.

At the end of the colloquy, Judge Spicer asked Carr whether anyone had "pressured" him into accepting the deal.

1999, H. L. Pohlman, The Whole Truth?: A Case of Murder on the Appalachian Trail, →ISBN, page 193:

(law) A discussion during a trial in which a judge ensures that the defendant understands what is taking place in the trial and what their rights are.


opinion

opinion (countable and uncountable, plural opinions)

From English opine + -ion, from Middle English opinion, opinioun, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French opinion, from Latin opīniō, from opīnor (“to opine”). Displaced native Old English wēna.

(European Union law) A judicial opinion delivered by an Advocate General to the European Court of Justice where he or she proposes a legal solution to the cases for which the court is responsible.

заключе́ние

EU: a judicial opinion by an Advocate General delivered to the European Court of Justice


box

box (plural boxes or (nonstandard, computing, humorous) boxen)

boxes (plural)
boxen (humorous nonstandard plural)

Tok Pisin: bokis

→ Afrikaans: boks

→ Bengali: বাক্স (bakśo)

→ Bulgarian: бокс (boks)

→ Crimean Tatar: boks

→ Danish: boks

→ Dutch: box m

→ Faroese: boks

→ French: box m

→ German: Box f

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बकस m (bakas), बक्सा m (baksā)

Urdu: بکس m (baks, bakas)

→ Icelandic: box n

→ Indonesian: boks

→ Irish: bosca m

→ Italian: box m

→ Japanese: ボックス (bokkusu)

→ Korean: 박스 (bakseu)

→ Maori: pāka

→ Marwari: बकस (baks, bakas)

→ Nepali: बाकस (bākas)

→ Norman: bosc m

→ Norwegian: boks m

→ Pashto: بکس (baks)

→ Persian: باکس (bâks)

→ Polish: boks m

→ Portuguese: box m

→ Russian: бокс m (boks)

→ Scottish Gaelic: bogsa m, bocsa

→ Spanish: box m

→ Swedish: box c

→ Welsh: bocs

From Middle English box (“container, box, cup”), from Old English box (“box, case”), from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā (“box”) from Late Latin buxis (“box”), Latin pyxis (“small box for medicines or toiletries”), of uncertain origin; compare Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”) and Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”). Doublet of piseog, pyx, and pyxis.
Cognate with Middle Dutch bosse, busse (“jar; tin; round box”) (modern Dutch bos (“wood, forest”), bus (“container, box; bushing of a wheel”)), Old High German buhsa (Middle High German buhse, bühse, modern German Büchse (“box; can”)), Swedish hjulbössa (“wheel-box”).
The humorous plural form boxen is from box + -en, by analogy with oxen.

rasia

compartment or receptacle for receiving items

ramme

rectangular border around an image, text, etc.

ruutu

small area on a document for a tick mark

tofu

empty box displayed by some computer systems in place of a character not supported by available fonts

I am in what you call 'the box' confined to a 'special' housing unit for punishment because I stabbed some guys who call they self godly and are always beaten up on gays and she males because they hate homosexuals.

1987 August 15, Alberto Rodriguez, “What's Your Opinion, Brothers & Sisters?”, in Gay Community News, volume 15, number 5, page 4:

He is fearless and contemptuous, apparently able to withstand any discipline—including nights “in the box” […]

2003, Elayne Rapping, Law and Justice as Seen on TV, page 83:

He had been in disciplinary confinement (“the box”)—punishment reserved for serious prison offenses—for 14 months.

2009, Megan McLemore, Barred from Treatment:

[…] he explained, “you can go to the box. So, I got a ticket for refusing an order and I went to the box in that situation. […]

2020, Erin Hatton, Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment, page 89:

Senses relating to a three-dimensional object or space.

(slang) A cell used for solitary confinement.

solitary confinement
solitary confinement

“I dare say the sheriff, or the mayor and corporation, or some of those sort of people, would give him money enough, for the use of it, to run him up a mighty pretty neat little box somewhere near Richmond.”

1782, Frances Burney, Cecilia, III.vi.9:

Suburban villas, highway-ſide retreats, / That dread th' encroachment of our growing ſtreets, / Tight boxes, neatly ſaſh'd, and in a blaze / With all a July ſun's collected rays, / Delight the citizen, who gaſping there, / Breathes clouds of duſt and calls it country air.

1782, William Cowper, “Retirement”, in Poems, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], →OCLC, page 282:

What can a man know of a country or its people, who, merely passes through the former in a stage coach? […] Such were the arguments by which I induced myself to undertake a pedestrian trip to join my friend at his shooting-box, some hundred and fifty miles from Carlisle, where I had arrived from London; business compelling me to take that route.

[1840?], [John Mackay] Wilson, “The Runaway”, in Wilson’s Historical, Traditionary, and Imaginative Tales of the Borders, and of Scotland: […], volume VI, number 273, Manchester: Published by James Ainsworth, […]; London: E. T. Brain & Co., […]; New York, N.Y.: R. T. Shannon, →OCLC, page 97:


count

en-verb

count (third-person singular simple present counts, present participle counting, simple past and past participle counted)

counts (present singular third-person)
counting (participle present)
counted (participle past)
counted (past)
count (infinitive)

From Middle English counten, borrowed from Anglo-Norman conter, from Old French conter (“add up; tell a story”), from Latin computō (“I compute”). In this sense, displaced native Old English tellan, whence Modern English tell. Doublet of compute.

der

almost only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

close only counts in horseshoes and darts

close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched

don't count your chickens before they're hatched

(intransitive, UK, law, obsolete) To plead orally; to argue a matter in court; to recite a count.


count

(law) A charge of misconduct brought in a legal proceeding.


loan

From Middle English lone, lane, from Old Norse lán, from Proto-Germanic *laihną, from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave (over)”).
Cognate with Icelandic lán, Swedish lån, Danish lån, German Lehen (“fief”), Dutch leen (“fief”), West Frisian lien, North Frisian leen (“fief; loan; office”), Scots lane, lain, len, Old English lǣn. More at lend.

cog

Because of the loan that John made to me, I was able to pay my tuition for the upcoming semester.

(law, banking, finance) An act or instance of lending, an act or instance of granting something for temporary use.

All loans from the library, whether books or audio material, must be returned within two weeks.

He got a loan of five thousand pounds.

That the young Mr. Churchills liked—but they did not like him coming round of an evening and drinking weak whisky-and-water while he held forth on railway debentures and corporation loans. Mr. Barrett, however, by fawning and flattery, seemed to be able to make not only Mrs. Churchill but everyone else do what he desired.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter II, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

(law, banking, finance) A sum of money or other property that a natural or legal person borrows from another with the condition that it be returned or repaid over time or at a later date (sometimes with interest).


fact

en-noun

fact (countable and uncountable, plural facts)

From Old French fact, from Latin factum (“an act, deed, feat, etc.”); also Medieval Latin for “state, condition, circumstance”; neuter of factus (“done or made”), perfect passive participle of faciō (“do, make”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”). Old/Middle French later evolved it into faict and fait. Doublet of feat.

der

He had become an accessory after the fact.

She was empassiond at that piteous act, / With zelous enuy of Greekes cruell fact, / Against that nation [...].

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

His friends still wrought Repreeves for him: And indeed his fact till now in the government of Lord Angelo, came not to an undoubtfull proofe.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 76, column 2:

Gentlemen of the Jury, I think I need say but little on this matter: They all confess the fact of which they stand indicted. Some of them were old offenders, and all of them were proved to be at the taking of capt. Manwareing's sloop, and all took their shares: so that I think the fact is very fully and clearly proved upon them.

1819, T. Howell, A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors:

(law, obsolete except in set phrases) A wrongful or criminal deed.


dead

en-adj

dead (not generally comparable, comparative deader, superlative deadest)

deader (comparative)
deadest (superlative)

From Middle English ded, deed, from Old English dēad, from Proto-West Germanic *daud, from Proto-Germanic *daudaz. Compare West Frisian dead, dea, Dutch dood, German tot, Danish, Norwegian død, Norwegian Nynorsk daud.

(to have) gone to one's final resting place

A person who is banished or who becomes a monk is civilly dead.

(law) Cut off from the rights of a citizen; deprived of the power of enjoying the rights of property.


party

→ Bulgarian: парти (parti)

desc

Cantonese: → 派對／派对 (paai³ deoi³), → party, ⇒ P

→ Dhivehi: ޕާޓީ (pāṭī)

→ Hindi: पार्टी (pārṭī)

→ Hindi: पार्टी (pārṭī)

→ Japanese: パーティー (pātī)

→ Korean: 파티 (pati)

→ Maori: pāti

→ Malay: parti

→ Mandarin: 趴體／趴体 (pātǐ), 派對／派对 (pàiduì)

→ Russian: парти (parti)

From Middle English party, partye, partie, from Anglo-Norman partie, from Medieval Latin partīta (“a part, party”), from Latin partīta, feminine of partītus, past participle of partior (“to divide”); see part. Doublet of partita.

حِزْب

group of people forming one side in a given dispute, contest etc.

business in the front, party in the back

The contract requires that the party of the first part pay the fee.

if the Jury had found that the party slain had been of English race and nation, it had been adjudged felony

1612, Sir John Davies, Discoverie of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued:

(law) A person or group of people constituting a particular side in a contract or legal action.

طَرَف

law: particular side in a contract or legal action


defeat

en-noun

defeat (countable and uncountable, plural defeats)

From Middle English defet, from French deffet, desfait, past participle of the verb desfaire (compare modern French défaire), from des- + faire.

... is subsequently issued to him, in accordance with his perfect equity thus acquired, by a legal fiction which the law creates for the protection, but not for the defeat, of his title.

She could see no justice in being forced into a position that promised to end in further humiliation and defeat of her hopes.

2008, Gene Porter, A Daughter of the Land, volume 1, →ISBN, page 17:

Frustration (by prevention of success), stymieing; (law) nullification.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

Treasure recovered from shipwrecks automatically becomes property of the Crown.

Large arrears of pay were due to the civil and military servants of the crown; and only forty thousand pounds remained in the Exchequer.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter X, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 597:

(by extension, especially in law) The state, the government (headed by a monarch).


pass

en-verb

pass (third-person singular simple present passes, present participle passing, simple past and past participle passed)

passes (present singular third-person)
passing (participle present)
passed (participle past)
passed (past)

From Middle English passen, from Old French passer (“to step, walk, pass”), from Vulgar Latin *passāre (“step, walk, pass”), derived from Latin passus (“a step”), from pandere (“spread, unfold, stretch”), from Proto-Italic *patnō, from Proto-Indo-European *pth₂noh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread, stretch out”). Cognate with Old English fæþm (“armful, fathom”). More at fathom.
Displaced native Old English gengan.

اِجْتَازَ

to go through any inspection or test successfully

hyväksyttää

to cause to advance by stages of process

The estate passes by the third clause in Mr Smith's deed to his son.

When the old king passed away with only a daughter as an heir, the throne passed to a woman for the first time in centuries.

(intransitive, law) To be conveyed or transferred by will, deed, or other instrument of conveyance.

siirtyä

law: to be conveyed or transferred by will, deed, or other instrument of conveyance

And within three dayes twelve knyghtes passed uppon hem; and they founde Sir Palomydes gylty, and Sir Saphir nat gylty, of the lordis deth.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, Book X:

(intransitive, law) To make a judgment on or upon a person or case.


dry

en-adj

dry (comparative drier or dryer, superlative driest or dryest)

drier (comparative)
dryer (comparative)
driest (superlative)
dryest (superlative)

wet

antonym(s) of “abstinent from or banning alcohol”

wet

antonym(s) of “not using afterburners or water injection”

wet

of a scientist or lab: doing computation

Sranan Tongo: drei

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaɪ̯]

Adjective and noun from Middle English drye, dryge, drüȝe, from Old English drȳġe (“dry; parched, withered”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgī, *draugī, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz, *draugiz (“dry, hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). The verb derives from Middle English drien, from Old English drȳġan (“to dry”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgijan, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz (“hard, desiccated, dry”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, hard, solid”).
cognates and related terms
 Cognate with Scots dry, drey (“dry”), North Frisian drüg, driig, Saterland Frisian druuch (“dry”), West Frisian droech (“dry”), Dutch droog (“dry”), Low German dröög (“dry”), German dröge (“dull”), Icelandic draugur (“a dry log”). Related also to German trocken (“dry”), West Frisian drege (“long-lasting”), Danish drøj (“tough”), Swedish dryg (“lasting, hard”), Icelandic drjúgur (“ample, long”), Latin firmus (“strong, firm, stable, durable”). See also drought, drain, dree.

cog

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

You'll have to drive out of this dry county to find any liquor.

(law) Describing an area where sales of alcoholic or strong alcoholic beverages are banned.


suit

desc

→ Kashubian: sut (Canada, United States)

→ Swahili: suti

From Middle English sute, borrowed from Anglo-Norman suite and Old French sieute, siute (modern suite), originally a participle adjective from Vulgar Latin *sequita (for secūta), from Latin sequi (“to follow”), because the component garments "follow each other", i.e. are worn together. See also the doublet suite. Cognate with Italian seguire and Spanish seguir. Related to sue and segue.

If you take my advice, you'll file a suit against him immediately.

(law) The attempt to gain an end by legal process; a process instituted in a court of law for the recovery of a right or claim; a lawsuit.


note

en-verb

note (third-person singular simple present notes, present participle noting, simple past and past participle noted)

notes (present singular third-person)
noting (participle present)
noted (participle past)
noted (past)

From Middle English note, from Old English not, nōt (“note, mark, sign”) and Old French note (“letter, note”), both from Latin nota (“mark, sign, remark, note”).

By noting the protest, notaries could date certificates when they were received, making it easier to comply with time restrictions associated with protesting.

2020 October 28, Kimberly Budd for the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, case SJC-12769

(transitive, law) To record on the back of (a bill, draft, etc.) a refusal of acceptance, as the ground of a protest, which is done officially by a notary.


upgive

upgive (third-person singular simple present upgives, present participle upgiving, simple past upgave, past participle upgiven)

upgives (present singular third-person)
upgiving (participle present)
upgave (past)
upgiven (participle past)

From up- + give. Cognate with German aufgeben (“to abandon, give up, quit”).

cog

[…] we hereby resign, surrender, upgive, overgive and deliver, ALL and WHOLE — (here the lands were described) — together with all right, title and interest whatever […]

1811, Robert Bell, A System of the Forms of Deeds Used in Scotland, page 116:

Then, too, are Jersey's sons all resolute, / Repairing to the camp in numbers great, / Their sufferings to avenge upon the foe, / Which all must cease should Jersey be upgiven.

1849, Robert Wharton Landis, Liberty's Triumph: A Poem, page 255:

There fell a sudden rain then, from the gods: / Which glisters, in the sun, like golden hairs; / And earth upgave sweet savour of her sod, / Mingled with iron stink of sweat and blood.

1906, Charles Montagu Doughty, The Dawn in Britain, page 4:

(transitive, poetic, obsolete except in Scots law) To give up or yield up.


massacre

en-noun

massacre (countable and uncountable, plural massacres)

1580, from Middle French massacre, from Old French macacre, marcacre, macecre, macecle (“slaughterhouse, butchery”), usually thought to be deverbal from Old French macecrer, macecler (“to slaughter”), though the noun seems to be attested somewhat earlier. It is also found in Medieval Latin mazacrium (“massacre, slaughter, killing”, also “the head of a newly killed stag”). Further origin disputed:
* From Latin macellum (“butcher shop”).
* From Vulgar Latin *matteuculāre, from *matteuca (cf. massue), from Late Latin mattea, mattia, from Latin mateola.
* From Middle Low German *matskelen (“to massacre”) (compare German metzeln (“massacre”)), frequentative of matsken, matzgen (“to cut, hew”), from Proto-West Germanic *maitan, from Proto-Germanic *maitaną (“to cut”), from Proto-Indo-European *mei- (“small”). Akin to Old High German meizan (“to cut”) among others.
* Note also Arabic مَجْزَرَة (majzara), originally “spot where animals are slaughtered”, now also “massacre”, and in Maghrebi Arabic “slaughterhouse”. Derived from جَزَرَ (jazara, “to cut, slaughter”).

der

The tyrannous and bloody act is done,—
The most arch deed of piteous massacre
That ever yet this land was guilty of.

c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


bribe

From Middle English bribe, from Old French briber (“go begging”), from the noun bribe (“a gift”).

you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours

c. 1613-1625, Henry Hobart, Yardly v. Ellill
Undue reward for anything against justice is a bribe.

The bribes I took did not influence me to become evil. I was evil from the beginning and the bribes were merely a bonus

2024 June 17, @InternetHippo, Twitter, archived from the original on 2024-06-29:

Something (usually money) given in exchange for influence or as an inducement to breaking the law.


naam

From Middle English nam, naam, from Old English nām (“seizure of property”), probably from Old Norse nám (“occupation; acquisition, learning, study”, literally “taking”), from Proto-Germanic *nēmō (“taking”), from Proto-Germanic *nemaną (“to take”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to take”). Cognate with Old English nǣm (“taking, acceptance”), Old High German nāma ("seizure, confiscation"; > German Nahme).

gloss

"seizure, confiscation"; > German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Nahme</i>

(obsolete, law) The taking of property for the purpose of compensation.

(obsolete, law) Goods taken in such a manner.


nonability

(law) An exception taken against a plaintiff in a cause, when he is unable legally to commence a suit.


stone

en-verb

stone (third-person singular simple present stones, present participle stoning, simple past and past participle stoned)

stones (present singular third-person)
stoning (participle present)
stoned (participle past)
stoned (past)

From Middle English ston, stone, stan, from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”).
See also West Frisian stien, Saterland Frisian Steen, Dutch steen, German Stein, Danish and Swedish sten, Norwegian stein; also Russian стена́ (stená, “wall”), Ancient Greek στία (stía, “pebble”), στέαρ (stéar, “tallow”), Albanian shtëng (“hardened or pressed matter”), Sanskrit स्त्यायते (styāyate, “it hardens”)). Doublet of stein.

cog

She got stoned to death after they found her.

55 But hee being full of the holy Ghost, looked vp stedfastly into heauen, and saw the glory of God, and Iesus standing on the right hand of God,
56 And said, Behold, I see the heauens opened, and the Sonne of man standing on the right hand of God.
57 Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their eares, and ran vpon him with one accord,
58 And cast him out of the citie, and stoned him: and the witnesses layd downe their clothes at a yong mans feete, whose name was Saul.
59 And they stoned Steuen, calling vpon God, and saying, Lord Iesus receiue my spirit.
60 And he kneeled downe, and cried with a loud voice, Lord lay not this sinne to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleepe.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 7:55–60:

(transitive) To pelt with stones, especially to kill by pelting with stones.


change of venue

en-noun

change of venue (plural changes of venue)

The defense moved for a change of venue, as the media coverage had made selecting an impartial jury from the small town impossible.

(law) The relocation of a trial to a locale other than that in which the case was first brought before a court.


information

information (usually uncountable, plural informations)

/ˌɪn.fəˈmæɪ.ʃən/

From Middle English informacion, enformacion, borrowed from Anglo-Norman informacioun, enformation, Old French information, from Latin īnfōrmātiō (“formation, conception; education”), from the participle stem of īnformāre (“to inform”).

der

information and communications technology

On May 21, 1792, the Attorney General filed an information against Paine charging him with seditious libel.

1968, Carl B. Cone, The English Jacobins, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 131:

(law, countable) A statement of criminal activity brought before a judge or magistrate; in the UK, used to inform a magistrate of an offence and request a warrant; in the US, an accusation brought before a judge without a grand jury indictment.


precedent

From Middle French, from Old French, from Latin praecēdēns, present participle of praecēdere (“to precede”); See precede.

(law) A decided case which is cited or used as an example to justify a judgment in a subsequent case.

прецедент

leading case which is cited to justify a judgment


precedent

en-verb

precedent (third-person singular simple present precedents, present participle precedenting, simple past and past participle precedented)

precedents (present singular third-person)
precedenting (participle present)
precedented (participle past)
precedented (past)

(transitive, law) To provide precedents for.

(transitive, law) To be a precedent for.


execute

execute (third-person singular simple present executes, present participle executing, simple past and past participle executed)

executes (present singular third-person)
executing (participle present)
executed (participle past)
executed (past)

From Old French executer (French exécuter), from Latin exsecutus, past participle of exsequor, from ex- (“out”) + sequor (“to follow”).

Coordinate term: murder

There are certain states where it is lawful to execute prisoners convicted of certain crimes.

According to international treaties, it is illegal to execute prisoners of war.

Was not thy Father, Richard, Earle of Cambridge, / For Treaſon executed in our late Kings dayes?

1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv], page 104, column 1:

(transitive) To kill, especially as punishment for a capital crime.

to execute a contract

(transitive, law) To carry out, to perform an act; to put into effect or cause to become legally binding or valid (as a contract) by so doing.

executar

to sign or otherwise cause a document (especially a contract) to become legally valid


PS

en-noun

PS (countable and uncountable, plural PSes or PSs)

(law enforcement, Commonwealth) Initialism of police sergeant, a police rank used in Commonwealth countries.


EOD

(military, law enforcement) Initialism of explosive ordnance disposal.

(finance, law) Initialism of event of default.


file

en-verb

file (third-person singular simple present files, present participle filing, simple past and past participle filed)

files (present singular third-person)
filing (participle present)
filed (participle past)
filed (past)

From Old French fil (“thread”), from Latin fīlum (“thread”). Doublet of filum.

She filed for divorce the next day.

The company filed for bankruptcy when the office opened on Monday.

They filed for a refund under their warranty.

(intransitive, with for, chiefly law) To submit a formal request to some office.


ABC

en-noun

ABC (countable and uncountable, plural ABCs)

Like foreclosure, an assignment for the benefit of creditors (ABC) is a creature of state law. ABCs have long been popular in a few states, most notably California and Illinois, but they are beginning to gain traction in other states as a less expensive alternative to bankruptcy.

2010, Pepper Hamilton, “Alternatives to bankruptcy”, in John Wm. Butler, Jr, editor, Navigating Today's Environment: The Directors' and Officers' Guide to Restructuring, Globe White Page Ltd, →ISBN, page 205:

w:assignment for the benefit of creditors

(law, finance) Initialism of assignment for the benefit of creditors.


hold up

en-verb

hold up (third-person singular simple present holds up, present participle holding up, simple past and past participle held up)

holds up (present singular third-person)
holding up (participle present)
held up (participle past)
held up (past)

The guy tried to hold up a bank.

(idiomatic) To detain by threatening, usually with a weapon, in order to commit robbery.


tare

tare (third-person singular simple present tares, present participle taring, simple past and past participle tared)

tares (present singular third-person)
taring (participle present)
tared (participle past)
tared (past)

Borrowed from Middle French tare, from Italian tara, from Arabic طَرْحَة (ṭarḥa, “that which is thrown away”), a derivative of طَرَحَ (ṭaraḥa, “to throw (away)”).

der

he is […] to tare such number of bales as may be deemed necessary to settle the net weight for duty.

1886, Records of the History, Laws, Regulations, and Statistics of the Tobacco Trade of the United Kingdom, page 86:

Without question, I think, the exploit of "Jubilee" No. 45737 Atlas [...] was the finest [...], for the train was made up to eleven bogies taring the maximum of 350 tons for an engine of this class, notwithstanding which 7 min. was gained on schedule.

1959 December, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated, page 610:

(chiefly business and law) To take into account the weight of the container, wrapping etc. in weighting merchandise.

tarreren

to take into account the weight of a container


WTO

World Trade Organization
World Trade Organization#English

(international law) Initialism of World Trade Organization.

Warsaw Treaty Organization
w:Warsaw Treaty Organization

(history, international law) Initialism of Warsaw Treaty Organization.


tack

From Middle English tak, take (“fee, tax (on livestock)”), from Old Norse tak, taka (“a taking, seizure; revenue”), from Old Norse taka (“to take”). Cognate with Scots tack.

In the Breadalbane papers, for example, there is a "tack" which was given by Sir John Campbell of Glenurchy to his "weil belouit" servant John M'Conoquhy V'Gregour, in the year 1530.

1885, Lord Colin Campbell, The Crofter in History:

(law, Scotland and Northern England) A contract by which the use of a thing is set, or let, for hire; a lease.


seize

en-verb

seize (third-person singular simple present seizes, present participle seizing, simple past and past participle seized)

seizes (present singular third-person)
seizing (participle present)
seized (participle past)
seized (past)

Earlier seise, from Middle English seisen, sesen, saisen, from Old French seisir (“to take possession of; invest (person, court)”), from Early Medieval Latin sacīre (“to lay claim to, appropriate”) (8th century) in the phrase ad propriam sacire, from Old Low Frankish *sakjan (“to sue, bring legal action”), from Proto-Germanic *sakjaną, *sakōną (compare Old English sacian (“to strive, brawl”)), from Proto-Germanic *sakaną (compare Old Saxon sakan (“to accuse”), Old High German sahhan (“to bicker, quarrel, rebuke”), Old English sacan (“to quarrel, claim by law, accuse”). Cognate to sake and Latin sagio (“to perceive acutely”).

cog

(transitive, law) Alternative spelling of seise (“to vest ownership of an estate in land”).

This Court will remain seized of this matter.

(law) (with of) To cause (an action or matter) to be or remain before (a certain judge or court).


CD

en-noun

CD (countable and uncountable, plural CDs)

Abbreviation of various terms and phrases.

(UK, law) Initialism of controlled drug.


annexation

annexation (countable and uncountable, plural annexations)

From Medieval Latin annexation-, stem of annexatio (“action of annexing”), from past participle of annecto.

(law) A legal merging of a territory into another body.


PPV

PPV (countable and uncountable, plural PPVs)

(law enforcement) Abbreviation of police pursuit vehicle.


Ltd.

limited liability company
limited liability company#English

(British, Canada, Ireland) Abbreviation of limited liability company.


standard of care

standard of care (plural standards of care)

(law) In tort law, the degree of caution that a reasonable person should exercise in a given situation so as to avoid causing injury.


res ipsa loquitur

Unadapted borrowing from Latin rēs ipsa loquitur (“the thing speaks for itself”, literally “the thing itself speaks”).

ubor

Coordinate term: prima facie

The court in that case established three criteria that must be shown for res ipsa loquitur to apply: The injury must be the kind that ordinarily doesn't occur in the absence of some type of negligence.

2004, Nurse's Legal Handbook, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 160:

Res ipsa loquitur was frequently applied in cases involving foreign bodies in foodstuffs.

2005, Vivienne Harpwood, Modern Tort Law, 6th edition, Psychology Press, →ISBN, page 153:

(tort law) A maxim where the very improbable facts of an accident imply the negligence of the defendant. It effectively shifts the burden of proof to the defendant.

la cosa habla por sí misma

maxim where improbable facts imply negligence


burden of production

en-noun

burden of production (plural burdens of production)

(law) The duty upon a party in a legal proceeding to introduce enough evidence relating to an assertion of fact to have the issue be considered by the fact-finder rather than summarily dismissed or decided; part of the burden of proof.


burden of persuasion

burden of persuasion (plural burdens of persuasion)

(law) The duty upon a party in a legal proceeding to persuade the fact-finder to decide for that party on an assertion of fact; part of the burden of proof, sometimes loosely used as synonym for that term.


reasonable person

reasonable person (plural reasonable persons or reasonable people)

reasonable persons (plural)
reasonable people (plural)

(law) A fictional person used as a comparative legal standard to represent an average member of society and how he or she would behave or think, especially in determining negligence; sometimes formulated as "a person of ordinary prudence exercising due care in like circumstances."

理性自然人

a fictional person used as a comparative legal standard to represent an average member of society


civil law

civil law (countable and uncountable, plural civil laws)

(law) The body of law dealing with the private relations between members of a community; it contrasts with criminal law, military law and ecclesiastical law.

gwir keodedel

body of law dealing with private relations

(law) Legal system based on the Corpus Juris Civilis; it contrasts with common law.

قَانُون مَدَنِيّ

legal system contrasting with common law


negligence

negligence (usually uncountable, plural negligences)

/ˈnɛɡlɪd͡ʒəns/

From Middle English necligence, negligence, from Old French negligence, from Latin neglegentia.

(law, singular only) The tort whereby a duty of reasonable care was breached, causing damage: any conduct short of intentional or reckless action that falls below the legal standard for preventing unreasonable injury.

(law, uncountable) The breach of a duty of care: the failure to exercise a standard of care that a reasonable person would have in a similar situation.

անփութություն

law: failure to exercise a standard of care (law)


burden of proof

burden of proof (plural burdens of proof)

burden of production
burden of production

burden of persuasion
burden of persuasion

(law) The duty of a party in a legal proceeding to prove an assertion of fact; it includes both the burden of production and the burden of persuasion; the onus probandi.

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence


division

division (countable and uncountable, plural divisions)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English divisioun, from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiō, dīvīsiōnem, noun of process form from perfect passive participle dīvīsus (“divided”), from dīvidō (“divide”). Doublet of divisio.

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend

(law) A concept whereby a common group of debtors are only responsible for their proportionate sum of the total debt.


plaintiff

From Middle English plaintif, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French plaintif (“complaining”; as a noun, “one who complains, a plaintiff”) from the verb plaindre. Doublet of plaintive.

der

(law, UK historical, otherwise current) A party bringing a suit in civil law against a defendant; accuser.


criminal law

en-noun

criminal law (countable and uncountable, plural criminal laws)

(law) The area of law pertaining to crime and punishment.

(law) A specific statute, ordinance, regulation, or other source of law that deems an action to be a crime.


defendant

From Middle English defendaunt (“defendant in a suit; defender”), borrowed from Old French defendant, nominalisation of defendant; see above.

inh

(law) In civil proceedings, the party responding to the complaint; one who is sued and called upon to make satisfaction for a wrong complained of by another.

(law) In criminal proceedings, the accused.


CDA

en-noun

CDA (countable and uncountable, plural CDAs)

(law) Initialism of criminal defense attorney.


TM

SuperAcme™ is a trademark of Acme Incorporated.


AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Act
w:Agricultural Adjustment Act

(US, historical, law) Initialism of Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Black's ideas were first implemented when Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933,* which became the heart and soul of New Deal* agricultural policy. The legislation created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to implement Black's ideas. […] Under the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the AAA would negotiate “marketing agreements” in which individual farmers agreed to reduce production.

2001, James S. Olson, “Agricultural Adjustment Administration”, in Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression, 1929–1940, Greenwood Press, →ISBN, page 5:

(US, historical, law) Initialism of Agricultural Adjustment Administration.


CC

Creative Commons
Creative Commons#English


nick

The noun is derived from Late Middle English nik (“notch, tally; nock of an arrow”). Its further etymology is unknown; a connection with nock (“notch in a bow to hold the bowstring; notch at the rear of an arrow that fits the bowstring; cleft in the buttocks”) has not been clearly established.
The verb appears to be derived from the noun, though the available evidence shows that some of the verb senses predate the noun senses. No connection with words in Germanic languages such as Danish nikke (“to nod”), Middle Dutch nicken (“to bend; to bow”) (modern Dutch knikken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German nicken (“to bend over; to sink”), Middle High German nicken (“to bend; to depress”) (modern German nicken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German knicken (“to bend; to snap”) (modern German knicken (“to bend; to break”), Old Frisian hnekka (“to nod”), and Swedish nicka (“to nod”), has been clearly established.

unknown

further etymology is unknown

cog

He was arrested and taken down to Sun Hill nick [police station] to be charged.

He’s just been released from Shadwell nick [prison] after doing ten years for attempted murder.

I recall too that the chats in the back of the [police] van weren't too bad as they dispatched me to the nick.

2014, Russell Brand, “I am an Anarchist-a”, in Revolution, New York, N.Y.: Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 81:

Poor Billy, he got seven years and he died in the nick in Liverpool in January 1958. Tragedy, he was such a good man, the best. He had a big funeral back in Clerkenwell. Eva went to it. I was in the nick down south at the time.

2019 June 6, Frankie Fraser, James Morton, Mad Frank's Diary: The Confessions of Britain’s Most Notorious Villain, Random House, →ISBN:

“They say he's a friend of Stuart's who he met in the nick down south. No one in Brisbane knows him.” “Not that anyone would admit to it anyway.”

2021 March 23, William Stokes, The Riddle Exposed:: The Whiskey Firebombing's Link to the McCulkin Family Murders, Interactive Publications, →ISBN, page 80:

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, law enforcement, slang) A police station or prison.


nick

en-verb

nick (third-person singular simple present nicks, present participle nicking, simple past and past participle nicked)

nicks (present singular third-person)
nicking (participle present)
nicked (participle past)
nicked (past)

unknown

further etymology is unknown

The police nicked him climbing over the fence of the house he’d broken into.

Flick knives were pulled on us, and the group demanded we give them all our money, and passports and everything else we had. [...] They [the police] had nicked the knife gang, (who had stayed there, beating the shit out of Nick), and found our passports.

2012, T. Appleby, “Die in Dunkirk or Somewhere in France”, in Life in the Harsh Lane: The Nine Lives, Mishaps, and Adventures of a No-body, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 113:

[...] I was always getting nicked when I was a junkie, so I've had my fair share of skirmishes with the law.

(transitive, UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, law enforcement, slang) To arrest.


corrupt

en-verb

corrupt (third-person singular simple present corrupts, present participle corrupting, simple past and past participle corrupted)

corrupts (present singular third-person)
corrupting (participle present)
corrupted (participle past)
corrupted (past)

From Middle English corrupten, derived from Latin corruptus, past participle of corrumpō (“to destroy, ruin, injure, spoil, corrupt, bribe”), from com- (“together”) + rumpō (“to break in pieces”).

he entrails, which are the parts aptest to corrupt

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “VIII. Century.”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

[…] Lanfrank takes Notice of Tract. 3. Doct. 3. cap. 18. ſaying, "I have ſeen many who being full of Humours, have made an Iſſue under the Knee, before due Purgation had been premis'd; whence, by reaſon of the too great Defluxion of Humours, the Legs tumified, ſo that the cauterized Place corrupted, and a Cancer (or rather cacoethic Ulcer) was thereby made, with which great Difficulty was cur'd."

1732, George Smith, Institutiones Chirurgicæ: or, Principles of Surgery, … To which is Annexed, a Chirurgical Dispensatory, …, London: Printed [by William Bowyer] for Henry Lintot, at the Cross-Keys against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleetstreet, →OCLC, page 254:

(archaic, intransitive) To become putrid, tainted, or otherwise impure; to putrefy; to rot.


tort

From Middle English tort (“(uncountable) wrong; (countable) an injury, a wrong”), from Old French tort (“misdeed, wrong”) (modern French tort (“an error, wrong; a fault”)), from Medieval Latin tortum (“injustice, wrong”), a noun use of a neuter singular participle form of Latin tortus (“crooked; twisted”), the perfect passive participle of torqueō (“to bend or twist awry, distort”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to spin; to turn”).
cognates
* Galician torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) harm, offence; injustice, wrong, tort”)
* Italian torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) injustice, wrong”)
* Norwegian Bokmål tort (dated, now only in fixed expressions)
* Norwegian Nynorsk tort (dated, now only in fixed expressions)
* Occitan tort
* Old French tort (modern French tort)
* Portuguese torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) harm, offence; injustice, wrong”)
* Spanish tuerto (“injury, offence”)

cog

[…] Wrong or Iniury, is in French aptly called Tort, becauſe Iniury & wrong is wreſted or crooked, being contrary to that which is right and ſtreight. […] And Britton ſaith that Tort a la ley eſt contrarye [a wrong to the law is contrary], and as aptly for the cauſe aforeſaid is iniury in English called wrong.

[1628, Edw[ard] Coke, “Of Rents”, in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. […], London: […] [Adam Islip] for the Societe of Stationers, →OCLC, book 2, chapter 12, section 234, folio 158, verso:

Personal actions are ſuch vvhereby a man claims a debt, or perſonal duty, or damages in lieu thereof; and likevviſe vvhereby a man claims a ſatisfaction in damages for ſome injury done to his perſon or property. The former are ſaid to be founded on contracts, the latter upon torts or vvrongs: […] of the latter all actions for treſpaſſes, nuſances, aſſaults, defamatory vvords, and the like.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Wrongs, and Their Remedies, Respecting the Rights of Persons”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 117:

A tort is a legal wrong committed upon the person or property independent of contract. It may be either (1) a direct invasion of some legal right of the individual; (2) the infraction of some public duty by which special damage accrues to the individual; (3) the violation of some private obligation by which like damage accrues to the individual.

1891, Henry Campbell Black, “TORT”, in A Dictionary of Law […], St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., →OCLC, page 1178, column 1:

(law) A wrongful act, whether intentional or negligent, regarded as non-criminal and unrelated to a contract, which causes an injury and can be remedied in civil court, usually through the awarding of damages.

الضرر في القانون

wrongful act, regarded as non-criminal and unrelated to a contract, which causes an injury


call

en-noun

call (countable and uncountable, plural calls)

→ Armenian: քոլ (kʻol)

→ Georgian: ქოლი (koli)

From Middle English callen, from Old English ceallian (“to call, shout”) and Old Norse kalla (“to call; shout; refer to as; name”); both from Proto-Germanic *kalzōną (“to call, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *golH-so- (“voice, cry”), from *gel(H)- (“to vocalize, call, shout”).
cognates
* Scots call
* caw, ca (“to call, cry, shout”)
* Dutch kallen (“to chat, talk”),
* German kallen (“to call”) obsolete
* Swedish kalla (“to call, refer to, beckon”)
* Norwegian kalle (“to call, name”)
* Danish kalde (“to call, name”)
* Icelandic kalla (“to call, shout, name”)
* Welsh galw (“to call, demand”)
* Polish głos (“voice”)
* Lithuanian gal̃sas (“echo”)
* Russian голос (golos, “voice”)
* Albanian gjuhë (“language, tongue”).

cog

the call is coming from inside the house

(US, law) A reference to, or statement of, an object, course, distance, or other matter of description in a survey or grant requiring or calling for a corresponding object, etc., on the land.

The work was done by two lawyers, one a 1983 call and the other a 2010 call.

2020 October 28, Master K.E. Jolley, “Korlyakov v. Riesz, 2020 ONSC 6622”, in CanLII, retrieved 2021-06-19:

(law) A lawyer who was called to the bar (became licensed as a lawyer) in a specified year.


PC

en-noun

PC (countable and uncountable, plural PCs)

(law enforcement) Initialism of police constable, a police rank used in Commonwealth countries.

previous conviction
previous conviction#English

(UK, law enforcement) Initialism of previous conviction.


PC

Philippine Constabulary
w:Philippine Constabulary

(Philippines, law enforcement, historical) Initialism of Philippine Constabulary.


GST

goods and services tax
goods and services tax#English

(taxation) Initialism of goods and services tax. (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India)

goods and sales tax
goods and sales tax#English

(taxation) Initialism of goods and sales tax. (state of Victoria in Australia, formerly in Canada)


declaration

declaration (countable and uncountable, plural declarations)

/ˌdɛkləˈɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English declaration, declaracion, declaracioun, from Old French declaration (French déclaration), from Latin dēclārātiōnem, accusative of Latin dēclārātiō.

(law) In common law, the formal document specifying plaintiff's cause of action, including the facts necessary to sustain a proper cause of action, and to advise the defendant of the grounds upon which he is being sued.


II

“When I came here eight years ago, it was easy to spot an II (illegal immigrant),” one British official here said. “They came across in dark navy clothes. Now, they come in designer T-shirts and Levis, and it’s hard to tell them from residents of Hong Kong.”

1987 April 11, Jim Mann, “Border Net Porous : Hong Kong: Old Magnet for Chinese”, in Los Angeles Times:

Hong Kong can also follow the international trend of phasing out the rule that a child born by an II will automatically be granted citizenship of the place where he or she is born, in order to eradicate the problems of stowaways and II children.

1995 February 22, parliamentary debates (Hong Kong Legislative Council), page 2228:

The spokesman urged the Mainlanders not to put their lives at risk because hiding underneath a goods vehicle is very dangerous. He also reiterated that all IIs caught will be repatriated immediately, and their aidors and abettors prosecuted accordingly.

1999 March 2, “Truck Driver Arrested for Arranging IIs to Hong Kong”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

Conveying a wrong message that an II could not be repatriated once he succeeded in seeking legal aid for court proceedings on his ROA claim might result in a massive influx of IIs and large number of overstayers.

2000 January 18, parliamentary debates (Hong Kong Legislative Council), page 5:

When there is sudden rustling of grasses and the weather is calm, you may guess that there must be something moving in the grass patch but ...What is it? A bird? A dog? An II (Illegal Immigrant)? Or a porcupine?

2002 December 20, David Poon, “Ting Kok: a conservation issue”, in Porcupine, page 19:

illegal immigrant
illegal immigrant#English

(Hong Kong) Initialism of illegal immigrant.


augmentation

augmentation (countable and uncountable, plural augmentations)

From Middle English augmentation, augmentacion, augmentacioun, from Old French augmentacion, from Latin augmentātiō, verbal noun from augmentō (“increase”, verb).

(Scots law) An increase of stipend obtained by a parish minister by an action raised in the Court of Teinds against the titular and heritors.


depose

en-verb

depose (third-person singular simple present deposes, present participle deposing, simple past and past participle deposed)

deposes (present singular third-person)
deposing (participle present)
deposed (participle past)
deposed (past)

Recorded since c.1300, from Middle English, from Old French deposer, from de- (“down”) + poser (“to put, place”). Deposition (1494 in the legal sense) belongs to deposit, but that related word and depose became thoroughly confused.

(law, intransitive) To give evidence or testimony, especially in response to interrogation during a deposition

After we deposed the claimant we had enough evidence to avoid a trial.

Depose him in the justice of his cause.

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

(law, transitive) To interrogate and elicit testimony from during a deposition; typically done by a lawyer.


onus

en-noun

onus (countable and uncountable, plural onuses or onera)

Learned borrowing from Latin onus (literally “burden”).

lbor

The argument is founded on a principle which is now acknowledged to be universal; and the onus of disproof must lie with those who may be bold enough to take up the position that a region exists where at last the Principle of Continuity fails.

1883, Henry Drummond, Natural Law in the Spiritual World:


kosher

en-adj

kosher (comparative more kosher, superlative most kosher)

more kosher (comparative)
most kosher (superlative)

From Yiddish כּשר (kosher), from Hebrew כָּשֵׁר (kashér).

Only in New York can you find a good, kosher hamburger!

David's mother kept a kosher kitchen, with separate sets of dishes for meat and for dairy.

In order for a suit to be kosher, it cannot contain both wool and linen together.

(Judaism) Fit for use or consumption, in accordance with Jewish law (especially relating to food).


accounting

en-noun

accounting (usually uncountable, plural accountings)

* First attested in the late 14th century.
* account + -ing

In contrast, an accounting for profits, or accounting— a distinct form of relief that the majority groups with disgorgement — has a well-accepted definition: It compels a defendant to account for, and repay to a plaintiff, those profits that belong to the plaintiff in equity.

2020, Liu v. SEC (U.S. Supreme Court No. 18-1501), Justice Thomas dissenting

(law) An equitable remedy requiring wrongfully obtained profits to be distributed to those who deserve them.


maintenance

maintenance (usually uncountable, plural maintenances)

From Middle English mayntenaunce, from Old French maintenance, from maintenir, from Latin manus tenēre (“to hold in the hand”). By surface analysis, maintain + -ance.
Note that maintain has undergone a sound and spelling change, hence is spelt with -tain-, rather than the -ten- still found in maintenance.

der

(law) A tort and (in some jurisdictions) an offence committed when a third party who does not have a bona fide interest in a lawsuit provides help or acquires an interest to a litigant's lawsuit.

(law, UK) Alimony, a periodical payment or a lump sum made or ordered to be made to a spouse after a divorce.


circuit

From Middle English circuit, from Old French circuit, from Latin circuitus (“a going round”), from circuire (“go round”), from circum (“around”) + ire. As a Chinese administrative division, a calque of Chinese 道 (dào) or 路 (lù).

piiri

Methodist Church: district in which an itinerant preacher labors

dao

Imperial Chinese administrative divisions

(law) The jurisdiction of certain judges within a state or country, whether itinerant or not.


quash

en-verb

quash (third-person singular simple present quashes, present participle quashing, simple past and past participle quashed)

quashes (present singular third-person)
quashing (participle present)
quashed (participle past)
quashed (past)

From Middle English quaschen, quasshen, cwessen, quassen, from Old French quasser, from Latin quassāre, present active infinitive of quassō, under the influence of cassō (“I annul”), from Latin quatiō (“I shake”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₁t- (“to shake”) (same root for the English words: pasta, paste, pastiche, pastry). Cognate with Dutch kwetsen (“to hurt, injure”), German quetschen (“to crush, squash”), Spanish quejar (“to complain”).

qual

In the case of an appeal against conviction the Court shall, if they allow the appeal, quash the conviction.

1968, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 2(2)”, in Criminal Appeal Act 1968^(Criminal Appeal Act 1968), page 2:

(law) To void or suppress (a subpoena, decision, etc.).

отменям

to void or suppress (a subpoena, decision)


condemn

en-verb

condemn (third-person singular simple present condemns, present participle condemning, simple past and past participle condemned)

condemns (present singular third-person)
condemning (participle present)
condemned (participle past)
condemned (past)

From Middle English condempnen, from Old French condamner, from Latin condemnāre (“to sentence, condemn, blame”), from com- + damnāre (“to harm, condemn, damn”), from damnum (“damage, injury, loss”). Displaced native Middle English fordemen (from Old English fordeman (“condemn, sentence, doom”) > Modern English fordeem.

cog

(transitive) To declare something to be unfit for use, or further use.

(transitive, law) To declare (a vessel) to be unfit for service.

todeta merikelvottomaksi

to declare a vessel forfeited or unfit for service

(transitive, law) To declare (a vessel) to be forfeited to the government or to be a prize.


protestant

See Protestant. The legal sense either has the same source or is simply protest + -ant.

These are too mean parts of the pageant: and you don't hear widows' cries or mothers' sobs in the midst of the shouts and jubilation in the great Chorus of Victory. And yet when was the time that such have not cried out: heart-broken, humble protestants, unheard in the uproar of the triumph!

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

1915 November 3, decision in the case of the State of New Mexico v. Garrett, published in 1916 among the Decisions of the Department of the Interior in Cases Relating to Public Lands, volume 44 (edited by George J Hesselman), page 490: In the case of Hyacinthe Villeneuve a homestead entry had been allowed upon a tract of land that had been patented to the Santa Fe Railroad Company, whose grantees had expressed a willingness to reconvey in order that effect might be given to the equities of the homesteader, whereas in the present case the State stands in the position of a protestant.

(chiefly law) One who protests; a protester.


LLC

Limited Liability Company
limited liability company#English

(business, law, US) Initialism of Limited Liability Company.

(computer networking) Initialism of Logical Link Control. (one of the two functions of a NIC.)


proctor

Inherited from Middle English procatour, contraction of procuratour; compare proxy. Doublet of procurator.

(British, law) A legal practitioner in ecclesiastical and some other courts.


limited liability company

en-noun

limited liability company (plural limited liability companies)

incorporated company
incorporated company

(law) A type or form of for-profit incorporated company where ownership is divided into shares, and where the governing rules are set forth in a contract entered into by all of the initial shareholders. The name derives from the fact that regardless of potential losses or even bankruptcy of the corporation, individual shareholders will bear a maximum liability of the price they paid for their shares.

սահմանափակն պատասխանատվությամբ ընկերություն

besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid

有限責任会社

ゆうげんせきにんがいしゃ

óbščestvo s ograníčennoj otvétstvennostʹju

о́бщество с ограни́ченной отве́тственностью


individual

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Medieval Latin indīviduālis, from Latin indīviduum (“an indivisible thing”), neuter of indīviduus (“indivisible, undivided”), from in + dīviduus (“divisible”), from dīvidō (“divide”).

der

Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination […].

1982, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms:

(law) A single physical human being as a legal subject, as opposed to a legal person such as a corporation.


barratry

en-noun

barratry (countable and uncountable, plural barratries)

Early 15th century, in sense “sale of offices”, from Old French baraterie (“deceit, trickery”), from barat (“fraud, deceit, trickery”), of unknown origin, perhaps Celtic. In marine sense of “unlawful acts causing loss to owner”, 1620s.

unk

unknown

(admiralty law) Unlawful or fraudulent acts by the crew of a vessel, harming the vessel's owner.

barateria

unlawful or fraudulent acts by the crew of a vessel, harming the vessel's owner


error

en-noun

error (countable and uncountable, plural errors)

From Middle English errour, from Anglo-Norman errour, borrowed from Old French error, from Latin error (“wandering about”), infinitive of errō (“to wander, to err”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌴𐌹 (airzei, “error”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (airzjan, “to lead astray”). More at err.

誤審

appellate law: one or more mistakes in a trial

:Category:English terms prefixed with mis-

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 495. Error

(appellate law, uncountable) One or more mistakes in a trial that could be grounds for review of the judgement.


privacy

en-noun

privacy (countable and uncountable, plural privacies)

(obsolete, law) A relationship between parties seen as being a result of their mutual interest or participation in a given transaction, contract etc.


crook

From Middle English croke, crok, from Old English *crōc (“hook, bend, crook”), from Proto-West Germanic *krōk, from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“bend, hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *greg- (“tracery, basket, bend”).
Cognate with Dutch kreuk (“a bend, fold, wrinkle”), Middle Low German kroke, krake (“fold, wrinkle”), Danish krog (“crook, hook”), Swedish krok (“crook, hook”), Icelandic krókur (“hook”).

der

1973 November 17, Richard Nixon, reported 1973 November 18, The Washington Post, Nixon Tells Editors, ‘I'm Not a Crook’,
"People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I′m not a crook. I′ve earned everything I′ve got."

A person who steals, lies, cheats or does other dishonest or illegal things; a criminal.

fırıldaqçı

a criminal who steals, lies, cheats or does other dishonest or illegal things


pyramid scheme

An illicit money-making investment scheme whereby early investors are paid primarily or wholly by later investors. Eventually all such schemes fail to the detriment of recent (later) investors.


illicit

en-adj

illicit (comparative more illicit, superlative most illicit)

more illicit (comparative)
most illicit (superlative)

Borrowed from French illicite, from Latin illicitus, from in- (“not”) + licitus (“allowed, permitted”), from licet (“it is allowed”). By surface analysis, il- + licit.

The bigamous marriage, while illicit, was not invalid.

Such migrants may violate our laws against illicit entry, but if that's all they do then they are trespassers, not criminals.

2008 January 8, Madeleine Albright, Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America's Reputation and Leadership, New York: HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OL, page 225:

(law) Not approved by law, but not invalid.


malfeasance

en-noun

malfeasance (countable and uncountable, plural malfeasances)

From Old French malfaisance, derived from malfaire, maufaire (“to do evil”), from Latin malefaciō (“I do evil”), from male (“evilly”) + faciō (“do, make”).

By then, Mr. Altman had gathered more allies. Mr. Nadella, now confident that Mr. Altman was not guilty of malfeasance, threw Microsoft’s weight behind him.

2023 December 9, Tripp Mickle, Cade Metz, Mike Isaac, Karen Weise, “Inside OpenAI’s Crisis Over the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law) Misconduct or wrongdoing, especially by a public official and causing damage.


Mountie

(Canada, informal, law enforcement) A member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

(Canada, informal, historical, law enforcement) A member of the North West Mounted Police

(US, informal, law enforcement) A law officer, particularly one patrolling rural highways.


town

town (countable and uncountable, plural towns)

From Middle English toun, from Old English tūn (“enclosure, garden”), from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną (“fence”), of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”).
See also West Frisian tún, Dutch tuin (“garden”), German Zaun, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian tun; also archaic Welsh din (“hill”), Irish dún (“fortress”). Doublet of dun. See also -ton and tine (“to enclose”).

der

(law) A municipal organization, such as a corporation, defined by the laws of the entity of which it is a part.


profit

en-noun

profit (countable and uncountable, plural profits)

From Middle English profit, from Old French profit (Modern French profit), from Latin prōfectus (“advance, progress, growth, increase, profit”), from proficiō (“to go forward, advance, make progress, be profitable or useful”). Doublet of profect.

der

profit à prendre
profit à prendre#English

(property law) Ellipsis of profit à prendre.


draconian

en-adj

draconian (comparative more draconian, superlative most draconian)

more draconian (comparative)
most draconian (superlative)

The dragon came low to the earth. It defied every image of a draconian being Kulp had ever seen.

2006, Steven Erikson, Deadhouse Gates, Book Two, →ISBN, page 384:

A large sandwyrm (which isn't to be confused with a sandworm) popped its draconian head from the earth.

(obsolete, except in fiction) Of or resembling a dragon.


disincarcerate

en-verb

disincarcerate (third-person singular simple present disincarcerates, present participle disincarcerating, simple past and past participle disincarcerated)

disincarcerates (present singular third-person)
disincarcerating (participle present)
disincarcerated (participle past)
disincarcerated (past)

(obsolete, transitive) To liberate from prison.


nexus

en-noun

nexus (countable and uncountable, plural nexuses or nexusses or (rare) nexus)

nexuses (plural)
nexusses (plural)
nexus (plural rare)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-nexus.wav

From Latin nexus (“connection, nexus; act of binding, tying or fastening together; something which binds, binding, bond, fastening, joint; legal obligation”), from nectō (“to attach, bind, connect, fasten, tie; to interweave; to relate; to unite; to bind by obligation, make liable, oblige; to compose, contrive, devise, produce”) + -tus (suffix forming verbal nouns).

der

(Canada, US, finance, law) The relationship between a vendor and a jurisdiction for the purpose of taxation, established for example by the vendor operating a physical store in that jurisdiction.

(Ancient Rome, law, historical) A person who had contracted a nexum or obligation of such a kind that, if they failed to pay, their creditor could compel them to work as a servant until the debt was paid; an indentured servant.


vodka

en-noun

vodka (countable and uncountable, plural vodkas)

→ Cebuano: bodka

→ Welsh: fodca

From Russian во́дка (vódka), from вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka, “-let: forming diminutives”). The archaic Russian name for vodka was хле́бное вино́ (xlébnoje vinó, “grain wine”); V. Pokhlyobkin's research suggests the present name derived from expressions concerning the dilution of the initial pure distilled spirit such as "vodka of grain wine".
Cognates include Sanskrit उदक (udaka), Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) → English hydro-, English whisky and English water.

standards of identity
standard of identity

(US standards of identity) Neutral spirits distilled (or treated after distillation) so as to have no distinctive character, aroma, taste, or color.


venal

en-adj

venal (comparative more venal, superlative most venal)

more venal (comparative)
most venal (superlative)

Borrowed from French vénal, from Old French venel, from Latin vēnālis (“for sale”), from vēnum (“something for sale”); compare vend.

Though there is a disposition in mankind, to declaim against the corruption and peculation of the present times, as being more venal than formerly; yet, if we look back to different periods, we shall find statesmen and politicians, as selfish and corrupt, […] as those who have lately figured on the political stage.

1785, The Times, 9 Feb 1785, page 1, column C


screw

From Middle English screw, scrue (“screw”); apparently, despite the difference in meaning, from Old French escroue (“nut, cylindrical socket, screwhole”), from Latin scrōfa (“female pig”) through comparison with the corkscrew shape of a pig's penis. There is also the Old French escruve (“screw”), from Old Dutch *scrūva ("screw"; whence Middle Dutch schruyve (“screw”)), which probably influenced or conflated with the aforementioned, resulting in the Middle English word.
more on the etymology of screw
Old French escroue (whence Medieval Latin scrofa (“nut, screwhole”)), is believed to be an adaptation of Latin scrōfa (“sow, female pig”); but this development is not found in other Romance languages. (For change in meaning, compare also Spanish puerca, Portuguese porca, both ‘sow; screw nut’, and is based on the fact that a boar's penis has a screw-like tip, making the sow's vulva equivalent to a screw nut by analogy).
Old Dutch *scrūva possibly derives from Proto-Germanic *skrūbō (“screw”), from *skru- (“to cut”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keru-, *(s)ker- (“to cut”), and is related to German Schraube (“screw”), Low German schruve, schruwe (“screw”), Dutch schroef (“screw”), West Frisian skroef (“screw”), Danish skrue (“screw”), Swedish skruv (“screw, peg”), Icelandic skrúfa (“screw”).
Compare also Occitan escrofa (“screw nut”), Calabrese scrufina (“screw nut”), which may be borrowings of the Old French word, or parallel developments.

gloss

"screw"; whence Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">schruyve</i> (“screw”)

шрүп

predominant in Mongolia, unstandardised spelling

the first turn of the screw pays all debts

A device that has a helical function.
An Archimedes screw.


shanghai

en-verb

shanghai (third-person singular simple present shanghais, present participle shanghaiing, simple past and past participle shanghaied or shanghai'd)

shanghais (present singular third-person)
shanghaiing (participle present)
shanghaied (participle past)
shanghaied (past)
shanghai'd (participle past)
shanghai'd (past)

1871, from the important Chinese port Shanghai, as a verb with reference to the former practice by some shippers on the West Coast of the United States of press-ganging crews for fishing or shipping in the Pacific Ocean.

強迫

to force or trick into work, especially joining a ship

(transitive) To force or trick someone to go somewhere or do something against their will or interest, particularly

(US law enforcement slang) To trick a suspect into entering a jurisdiction in which they can be lawfully arrested.


regional lockout

en-noun

regional lockout (countable and uncountable, plural regional lockouts)

Coined by the video game community and opponents of the lockout practice. The practice originated with and was devised by the video game industry and was later adopted by the film industry with the advent of DVDs.

(video games, DVD) The programming practice, code, or chip used to prevent the playing of imported media on a domestically marketed device.

地方停工

prevents the playing of imported media on a domestically marketed device


discharge

discharge (countable and uncountable, plural discharges)

/dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/

/ˈdɪstʃɑːdʒ/

/dɪsˈtʃɑɹdʒ/

/ˈdɪstʃɑɹdʒ/

-ɪstʃɑː(ɹ)dʒ

From Middle English dischargen, from Old French deschargier (“to unload”), from Late Latin discarricāre (“unload”). By surface analysis, dis- + charge.

After having granted discharge from liability, the general meeting of shareholders may not demand for the company compensation for matters which it had knowledge of when granting discharge.

(law) Release from liability, as granted to someone having served in a position of trust, such as to the officers and governors of a corporate body.


nihil

nihil (countable and uncountable, plural nihils)


user

From Middle English usere, equivalent to use + -er. Cognate with Scots usar, uiser (“user”).

2012, R. (Stephen Malpass) v Durham County Council, [2012] EWHC 1934 (Admin) http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2012/1934.html
As to evidence of user...
As to quality of user (i.e. was use by the public "as of right"), the inspector found that the grass over the whole of the application land has been regularly cut...
...which the inspector did not find sufficient of itself to render user permissive. Moreover, the defendant could not, the inspector advised, rely on communication to users that access to the land was regulated. Deferment to users of the organised pitches...

(law, dated) In land law, meaning either 1. or 2. above or use. Usually in singular form to mean use wherever there is assiduous re-use of precedents and aloof textbooks verbatim.


ordinary

/ˈɔɹdɪnɛ(ə)ɹi/

From Anglo-Norman ordenarie, ordenaire et al., Middle French ordinaire, and their source, Medieval Latin ordinarius, noun use of Latin ōrdinārius (“regular, orderly”), from ōrdō (“order”).

A person with authority; authority, ordinance.

(ecclesiastical, law) A person having immediate jurisdiction in a given case of ecclesiastical law, such as the bishop within a diocese.

(law) A judge with the authority to deal with cases himself or herself rather than by delegation.


ordinary

en-adj

ordinary (comparative more ordinary, superlative most ordinary)

more ordinary (comparative)
most ordinary (superlative)

extraordinary

antonym(s) of “having no special characteristics”

/ˈɔɹdɪnɛ(ə)ɹi/

(law, of a judge) Having regular jurisdiction; now only used in certain phrases.


bolt

en-verb

bolt (third-person singular simple present bolts, present participle bolting, simple past and past participle bolted)

bolts (present singular third-person)
bolting (participle present)
bolted (participle past)
bolted (past)

From Middle English bulten, from Anglo-Norman buleter, Old French bulter (modern French bluter), from a Germanic source originally meaning "bag, pouch" cognate with Middle High German biuteln (“to sift”), from Proto-Germanic *buzdô (“beetle, grub, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰūs- (“to move quickly”). Cognate with Dutch buidel.

der

[…]the old habits of mooting or bolting caſes (i.e. of public disputations), might make the ſtudent more ſubtle and acute

1781, “The History and Antiquities of the Four Inns of Court”, in The Monthly Review:

(law) To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law.


will

→ Bengali: উইল (uil)

From Middle English wille, from Old English willa (compare verb willian), from Proto-Germanic *wiljô (“desire, will”), from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”). Cognate with Dutch wil, German Wille, Swedish vilja, Norwegian vilje.

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

“Uncle Barnaby was always father and mother to me,” Benson broke in; then after a pause his mind flew off at a tangent. “Is old Hannah all right—in the will, I mean?”

1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, chapter 1, in Well Tackled!:

(law) A formal declaration of one's intent concerning the disposal of one's property and holdings after death; the legal document stating such wishes.


police officer

A peace officer who is a member of a police force.


strange

en-adj

strange (comparative stranger, superlative strangest)

stranger (comparative)
strangest (superlative)

From Middle English straunge, strange, stronge, from Old French estrange, from Latin extrāneus (“that which is on the outside”). Doublet of extraneous and estrange. Cognate with French étrange (“strange, foreign”) and Spanish extraño (“strange, foreign”). Displaced native Middle English selcouth and uncouth, from Old English seldcūþ and uncūþ.


sole

From Middle English sole, soule, from Old French sol, soul (“alone”), from Latin sōlus (“alone, single, solitary, lonely”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). Perhaps related to Old Latin sollus (“whole, complete”), from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“safe, healthy”). More at save.

ncog

(law) Unmarried (especially of a woman); widowed.