premise

From Middle English premise, premisse, from Old French premisse, from Medieval Latin premissa (“set before”) (premissa propositio (“the proposition set before”)), feminine past participle of Latin praemittere (“to send or put before”), from prae- (“before”) + mittere (“to send”).
The sense "a piece of real estate" arose from the misinterpretation of the word by property owners while reading title deeds where the word was used with the legal sense.

der

(usually in the plural, law) Matters previously stated or set forth; especially, that part in the beginning of a deed, the office of which is to express the grantor and grantee, and the land or thing granted or conveyed, and all that precedes the habendum; the thing demised or granted.


recital

en-noun

recital (countable and uncountable, plural recitals)

(law) A formal, preliminary statement in a deed or writing in order to explain the reasons on which the transaction is founded, prior to a positive allegation.

حَيْثِيَّة

a formal explanation of the reasons on which the transaction is founded


necessity

necessity (countable and uncountable, plural necessities)

impossibility

antonym(s) of “state of being necessary”

From Middle English necessite, from Old French necessite, from Latin necessitās (“unavoidableness, compulsion, exigency, necessity”), from necesse (“unavoidable, inevitable”); see necessary.

der

doctrine of necessity

(law) Greater utilitarian good; used in justification of a criminal act.

(law, in the plural) Indispensable requirements (of life).


revert

en-verb

revert (third-person singular simple present reverts, present participle reverting, simple past and past participle reverted)

reverts (present singular third-person)
reverting (participle present)
reverted (participle past)
reverted (past)

From Old French revertir, from Vulgar Latin *revertiō, variant of Latin revertō.

връщам

to cause to return to the previous owner

(intransitive) To return to the possession of.

(intransitive, law) Of an estate: To return to its former owner, or to his or her heirs, when a grant comes to an end.


overreach

overreach (third-person singular simple present overreaches, present participle overreaching, simple past and past participle overreached or (obsolete) overraught)

overreaches (present singular third-person)
overreaching (participle present)
overreached (participle past)
overreached (past)
overraught (obsolete participle past)
overraught (obsolete past)

/ˌəʊvəˈɹiːt͡ʃ/

/ˌoʊvə(ɹ)ˈɹit͡ʃ/

The verb is from Middle English overrechen (“to rise above; to extend beyond or over; to encroach; to catch, overtake; to reach; to obtain wrongfully (?); to take up (a book) to revise it”) [and other forms], equivalent to over- + reach; the noun is derived from the verb or from the phrase to reach over.

nb...

overreche, overreiche, (Northern England) overreke

أَنَافَ

to reach above or beyond, especially to an excessive degree

[A]n equitable mortgage, by deposit of deeds to a person, bona fide, and without notice, will give him a preferable equity; and will overreach the vendor's equitable lien on the estate for any part of the purchase-money.

1813, Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, “Of the Vendor’s Lien on the Estate Sold for the Purchase-money, if Not Paid”, in A Practical Treatise of the Law of Vendors & Purchasers of Estates, 4th edition, London: Printed for J[oseph] Butterworth, […], →OCLC, page 452:

Wood therefore cannot, in equity, be permitted to proceed in his ejectment suit, to recover possession of the land under the title he has acquired from the state, by the attorney general's sale, and which at law overreaches the complainant's title.

1834 October 21, Reuben H[yde] Walworth, Chancellor, New York Court of Chancery, “Kellogg vs. Wood”, in Alonzo C[hristopher] Paige, editor, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of Chancery of the State of New-York, volume IV, New York, N.Y.: Published by Gould, Banks & Co. […]; Albany, N.Y.: W[illia]m & A. Gould & Co. […], →OCLC, page 616:

[page 215] City of London B[uilding] S[ociety] v. Flegg decided that the occupiers are not protected since a sale by two trustees overreaches. [...] [page 216] The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the occupation of the Fleggs but, after universal academic execration, that decision was unanimously reversed by the [House of] Lords. Their occupation rights had indeed been overreached. [...] Two trustees effected what appeared to the lenders to be a proper mortgage, so that the rights of the beneficiaries were swept off the title and transferred to the mortgage money. The Fleggs could not enforce their rights against the lenders.

2003, Peter Sparkes, “Trusts of Land”, in A New Land Law, 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Portland, Or.: Hart Publishing, →ISBN, pages 215 and 216:

(transitive, intransitive) To reach above or beyond, especially to an excessive degree.

(transitive, property law) To defeat or override a person's interest in property; (British, specifically) of a holder of the legal title of real property: by mortgaging or selling the legal title to a third party, to cause another person's equitable right in the property to be dissolved and to be replaced by an equitable right in the money received from the third party.


raid

From Scots raid, from Northern Middle English rade, from Old English rād (“a riding, an expedition on horseback, road”), whence also the inherited English road (“way, street”). The earlier senses of “a riding, expedition, raid” fell into disuse in Early Modern English, but were revived in the northern form raid by Walter Scott in the early 19th century. The use for a swift police operation appears in the later 19th century and may perhaps have been influenced by French razzia (similar in both original meaning and sound).

der

a police raid of a narcotics factory

a raid of contractors on the public treasury

For Lothian and Borders Police, the early-morning raid had come at the end one of biggest investigations carried out by the force, which had originally presented a dossier of evidence on the murder of Jodi Jones to the Edinburgh procurator-fiscal, William Gallagher, on 25 November last year.

2004 April 15, “Morning swoop in hunt for Jodi's killer”, in The Scotsman:

(law enforcement) An attack or invasion for the purpose of making arrests, seizing property, or plundering.

غَارَة

attack for the purpose of making arrests, seizing property, or plundering


underlet

en-verb

underlet (third-person singular simple present underlets, present participle underletting, simple past and past participle underlet)

underlets (present singular third-person)
underletting (participle present)
underlet (participle past)
underlet (past)


underlet

(property law, informal) Synonym of sublease.


release

en-noun

release (countable and uncountable, plural releases)

From Middle English relesen, relessen, from Old French relaisser (variant of relascher).

отцепване

a device adapted to hold or release a device or mechanism as required

(law) The giving up of a claim, especially a debt.


release

en-verb

release (third-person singular simple present releases, present participle releasing, simple past and past participle released)

releases (present singular third-person)
releasing (participle present)
released (participle past)
released (past)

(law) To let go, as a legal claim; to discharge or relinquish a right to, as lands or tenements, by conveying to another who has some right or estate in possession, as when the person in remainder releases his right to the tenant in possession; to quit.


motive

From Middle English motif, from Anglo-Norman motif, Middle French motif, and their source, Late Latin motivum (“motive, moving cause”), neuter of motivus.

der

What would his motive be for burning down the cottage?

No-one could understand why she had hidden the shovel; her motives were obscure at best.

“Why should Eldridge commit murder?[…]There was only one possible motive—namely, he wished to avoid detection as James Selby of Anaconda Ltd. […]”

1931, Francis Beeding, “10/6”, in Death Walks in Eastrepps:

(law) Something which causes someone to want to commit a crime; a reason for criminal behaviour.


recover

en-verb

recover (third-person singular simple present recovers, present participle recovering, simple past and past participle recovered)

recovers (present singular third-person)
recovering (participle present)
recovered (participle past)
recovered (past)

From Middle English recoveren, rekeveren, from Anglo-Norman recoverer and Old French recovrer, from Latin recuperāre, alternative form of reciperāre. Doublet of recuperate and recoup.

The plaintiff recovered in his suit, being awarded declaratory relief and a clearing of his name.

(intransitive, law) To obtain a positive judgement; to win in a lawsuit.

to recover damages in trespass; to recover debt and costs in a legal action or that is owing

to recover lands in ejectment or common recovery

(transitive, law) To gain as compensation or reparation, usually by formal legal process


subscribe

subscribe (third-person singular simple present subscribes, present participle subscribing, simple past and past participle subscribed)

subscribes (present singular third-person)
subscribing (participle present)
subscribed (participle past)
subscribed (past)

From Middle English subscriben, subskryben, from Latin subscrībere. Compare its native English equivalent underwrite.

[They] subscribed their names under them.

c. 1510, Thomas More, The Life of Pico della Mirandola:

[…] although the will is holographic, and a holographic instrument cannot be admitted to probate where testator told the subscribing witnesses that it was not his will, […]

1906, The New York Supplement, page 729:

Commission to take testimony: testimony of subscribing witnesses may be taken by commission […]

1957, Estates of Incompetent Veterans: Hearings Before the United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs, page 1968:

(archaic outside law) To write (one’s name) at the bottom of a document; to sign (one's name).


merits

The merits of the case favored the plaintiffs, but their procedural blunders set them back.

(law) Substance, distinguished from form or procedure.


trustee

The trust property is now managed by a trustee who holds formal title to the asset; the trustee can sell it, but only for the benefit of the beneficiary, and he must replace it with like assets.

2020, Katharina Pistor, “2: Coding Land”, in The Code of Capital […] , Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

(trust law) A person to whom property is legally committed in trust, to be applied either for the benefit of specified individuals (beneficiaries), or for public uses; one who is intrusted with property for the benefit of another.


trustee

trustee (third-person singular simple present trustees, present participle trusteeing, simple past and past participle trusteed)

trustees (present singular third-person)
trusteeing (participle present)
trusteed (participle past)
trusteed (past)

(transitive) To attach (a debtor's wages, credits, or property in the hands of a third person) in the interest of the creditor.


tend

tend (third-person singular simple present tends, present participle tending, simple past and past participle tended)

tends (present singular third-person)
tending (participle present)
tended (participle past)
tended (past)

From Middle English *tenden, from Old French tendre (“to stretch, stretch out, hold forth, offer, tender”), from Latin tendere (“to stretch, stretch out, extend, spread out”).

der

(law, Old English law) To make a tender of; to offer or tender.


waif

The noun is derived from Late Middle English weif (“ownerless property subject to seizure and forfeiture; the right of such seizure and forfeiture; revenues obtained from such seizure and forfeiture”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman waif, weif [and other forms] (compare Anglo-Latin waivum [and other forms], Medieval Latin waivium), possibly from Old French waif, a variant of gaif, gayf (“property that is lost and unclaimed; of property: lost and unclaimed”) (Norman) [and other forms], probably from a North Germanic source such as Old Norse veif (“flag; waving thing”), from Proto-Germanic *waif-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to oscillate, swing”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

waif, waife, wafe, wayf, wayffe, (Early Middle English) waiph, waive

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waif.wav

waifs and strays

(British, law, archaic) An article of movable property which has been found, and of which the owner is not known, such as goods washed up on a beach or thrown away by an absconding thief; such items belong to the Crown, which may grant the right of ownership to them to a lord of a manor.

سَائِبَة

article of movable property found of which the owner is not known


stray

From Middle English stray, strey, from Anglo-Norman estray, stray, Old French estrai, from the verb (see below).

waifs and strays

(British, law, archaic) An article of movable property, of which the owner is not known (see waif).


purchase

en-noun

purchase (countable and uncountable, plural purchases)

From Middle English purchasen, from Anglo-Norman purchacer (“seek to obtain”) from pur- (from Latin pro-) + chac(i)er (“to chase, pursue”). Compare Old French porchacier (“to follow, to chase”), which has given French pourchasser (“to chase without relent”).

cog

The difference […]between the acquisition of an estate by descent and by purchase

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law, dated) Acquisition of lands or tenements by means other than descent or inheritance, namely, by one's own act or agreement.

verwerving

acquisition of lands or tenements by other means than descent or inheritance


wager

From Middle English wajour, wageour, wager, from Old Northern French wageure, from wagier (“to pledge”) (compare Old French guagier, whence modern French gager). See also wage.

/ˈwæɪ.d͡ʒə(ɹ)/

Besides these Plates, the Wagers may be as the Persons please among themselves, but the Horses must be evidenced by good Testimonies to have been bred in Ireland.

1673, Sir William Temple, Advancement of Trade in Ireland:

If any atheist can stake his soul for a wager against such an inexhaustible disproportion, let him never hereafter accuse others of credulity.

1692, Richard Bentley, [A Confutation of Atheism] (please specify the sermon), London: [Thomas Parkhurst; Henry Mortlock], published 1692–1693:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(law) A contract by which two parties or more agree that a certain sum of money, or other thing, shall be paid or delivered to one of them, on the happening or not happening of an uncertain event.


surplus

en-noun

surplus (countable and uncountable, plural surpluses or surplusses)

From Middle English surplus, from Middle French surplus. Compare French surplus.

(law) The remainder of a fund appropriated for a particular purpose.

(law) assets left after liabilities and debts, including capital stock have been deducted.


copyleft

copyleft (usually uncountable, plural copylefts)

A pun on copyright, which refers to using copyright laws for purposes that are in some ways contrary to copyright's original intent.

They believe in copyleft because they want their software to be used freely by anyone.

The philosophy of using copyrights to enforce freedom of information, especially software source code.


commute

en-verb

commute (third-person singular simple present commutes, present participle commuting, simple past and past participle commuted)

commutes (present singular third-person)
commuting (participle present)
commuted (participle past)
commuted (past)

заменям

to put or substitute something else in place of

to commute the daily toll for a year's pass

To exchange substantially; to abate but not abolish completely, a penalty, obligation, or payment in return for a great, single thing or an aggregate; to cash in; to lessen

(transitive, finance, law) To pay, or arrange to pay, in advance, in a lump sum instead of part by part.

1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, “The utmost that could be obtained was that her sentence should be commuted from burning to beheading.”, in Lady Trevelyan (Hannah More Macaulay), editor, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume V, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, →OCLC:

His prison sentence was commuted to probation.

(transitive, law, criminology) To reduce the sentence previously given for a criminal offense.


colloquium

en-noun

colloquium (plural colloquiums or colloquia)

From Latin colloquium. Doublet of colloquy. Equivalent to colloquy + -ium.

(law) That part of the complaint or declaration in an action for defamation which shows that the words complained of were spoken concerning the plaintiff.


self-help

self-help repossession

(law) An act of redressing or preventing a wrong by one's own actions rather than through legal proceedings.


taciturnity

taciturnity (countable and uncountable, plural taciturnities)

From taciturn + -ity, from Latin taciturnitās.

(law, Scotland) Failure to assert a legal right in a way that implies that it is being given up.


rout

rout (countable and uncountable, plural routs)

The noun is derived from Middle English rout, route (“group of people associated with one another, company; entourage, retinue; army; group of soldiers; group of pirates; large number of people, crowd; throng; group of disreputable people, mob; riot; group of animals; group of objects; proper condition or manner”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman route, rute, Middle French rote, route, Old French rote, route, rute (“group of people, company; group of armed people; group of criminals; group of cattle”) (modern French route (obsolete)), from Latin rupta (compare Late Latin ruta, rutta (“group of marauders; riot; unlawful assembly”)), the feminine of ruptus (“broken; burst, ruptured”), the perfect passive participle of rumpō (“to break, burst, rupture, tear; to force open; (figurative) to annul; to destroy; to interrupt”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to break; to tear (up)”). The English word is a doublet of route.
The verb is derived from Middle English routen (“to assemble, congregate; of animals: to herd together; to regroup, make a stand against; to be riotous, to riot”) [and other forms], from rout, route (noun); see above.

nb...

rote, rought, roughte, rouht, routh, routhte, routt, routte, rouwte, rouʒt, rouʒte, rovte, rowt, rowte, rowth, rowthte, rowtt, rowtte, rowȝt, ruth, rutte, (West Midlands) roite, (Northern England) rutte, ruth, (chiefly Northern England, early Middle English) rut, rute

nb...

route, rowte, (Northern England) rute, (Late Middle English) rouȝt

(countable, law, historical) An illegal assembly of people; specifically, three or more people who have come together intending to do something illegal, and who have taken steps towards this, regarded as more serious than an unlawful assembly but not as serious as a riot; the act of assembling in this manner.

meteli

illegal assembly of people; act of assembling in this manner


TDS

tax deducted at source
tax deducted at source#English

(taxation) Initialism of tax deducted at source.


vassal

From Middle English vassal, from Old French vassal, from Medieval Latin vassallus (“manservant, domestic, retainer”), from Latin vassus (“servant”), from Gaulish *wassos (“young man, squire”), from Proto-Celtic *wastos (“servant”) (compare Old Irish foss and Welsh gwas).

der

The manor's vassals owed first fruits and a tithe to the parish church, another 10% to the lord (including at least 50 eels), a week or two each year of service in the manor's upkeep, and service in the local fyrd.

(historical, law) The grantee of a fief, a subordinate granted use of a superior's land and its income in exchange for vows of fidelity and homage and (typically) military service.


disposition

en-noun

disposition (countable and uncountable, plural dispositions)

From Middle English disposicioun, from Middle French disposition, from Latin dispositiōnem, accusative singular of dispositiō, from dispōnō. By surface analysis, dispose + -ition. Doublet of dispositio.

The court ordered the disposition of all assets.

The way in which something or someone is disposed or disposed of (in any sense of those terms); thus:

Control over something, or the results produced by the exercise of such control; thus:

(law) Transfer or relinquishment to the care or possession of another.

The disposition of the case will be announced tomorrow.

The C.C. is the supreme interpreter of the Constitution (Section 1 of the O.L.C.C.) and, as we have already said, it was granted the monopoly of declaring unconstitutional the legal dispositions.

2003, Medrano, Amelia Pascual, Active Legitimization in Constitutional Proceedings: The Spanish Case, page 167:

The dispositions of this Act shall not be applied in case of […]

2003, Act XXI of 2003 on the Establishment of the European Works Council and on the Establishment of the Procedure of Informing and Consulting Employees, page 23:

an obligation that can arise as a consequence of an expected action or inaction of the foreign person that goes against the dispositions of this law

1999, Albanian Law on Foreigners, page 1:


ladder

en-verb

ladder (third-person singular simple present ladders, present participle laddering, simple past and past participle laddered)

ladders (present singular third-person)
laddering (participle present)
laddered (participle past)
laddered (past)

From Middle English ladder, laddre, from Old English hlǣder, from Proto-West Germanic *hlaidriju, from Proto-Germanic *hlaidrijō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlóydʰrom, from *ḱley- (“to lean”).
Compare Scots ledder, North Frisian ladder, Saterland Frisian Laadere, West Frisian ljedder, Dutch ladder, leer, German Leiter); also Old Irish clithar (“hedge”), Umbrian 𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌈𐌓𐌀𐌌 (kleθram, “stretcher”)). See lean, which is related to lid.

offences to be taken into consideration
offence to be taken into consideration

(UK, law enforcement, of a police officer) To corruptly coerce a convicted offender to admit to offences to be taken into consideration which they do not actually believe they committed, as a way to artificially increase the rate of solved crimes.


licensee

Coordinate term: licensor

(law) A person to whom a license is granted.

(UK) A publican (because a license is needed to run a pub).


decree

From Middle English decre, decree, from Old French decré (French décret), from Latin dēcrētum.

(law) The judicial decision in a litigated cause rendered by a court of equity.

(law) The determination of a cause in a court of admiralty or court of probate.


vouch

vouch (third-person singular simple present vouches, present participle vouching, simple past and past participle vouched)

vouches (present singular third-person)
vouching (participle present)
vouched (participle past)
vouched (past)

The verb is derived from Middle English vouchen (“to call, summon; to provide; to make available, proffer; to affirm, declare formally”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman vocher, voucher, woucher, and Old French vocher, voucher, vochier (“to call, summon; to claim; to call upon, invoke; to denounce”) [and other forms], from Vulgar Latin *vocicāre, derived from Latin vocāre (“to call, summon; to call upon, invoke; to designate, name; to bring or put (into a condition or state”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to sound out; to speak”).
Verb sense 8.1 (“to summon (someone) into court to establish a warranty of title to land”) in the form vouch to warrant or vouch to warranty is a calque from Anglo-Norman and Old French voucher a garant.
The noun is derived from the verb.

nb...

fouche, voche, vouch, vouche, voutsche, vowch, woch, wouche, wowche, (Northern England) veuche, (Scotland) woche

სასამართლოში დაბარება

[W]hen the Tenant being impleaded within a particular iuriſdiction (as in London or the like) voucheth one to warranty and prayes that he may be ſummoned in ſome other county out of the iuriſdiction of that Court: this is called a foreine Voucher, […]

1628, Edw[ard] Coke, “Homage Auncestrel”, in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. […], London: […] [Adam Islip] for the Societe of Stationers, →OCLC, book 2, chapter 7, section 145, folio 102, recto:

If Edwards therefore be tenant of the freehold in poſſeſſion, and John Barker be tenant in tail in remainder, here Edwards doth firſt vouch Barker, and then Barker vouches Jacob Morland the common vouchee; […]

1766, William Blackstone, “Of Alienation by Matter of Record”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book II (Of the Rights of Things), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 359:

In full vouch to warrant or vouch to warranty: to summon (someone) into court to establish a warranty of title to land.

[I]t is now uſual always to have a recovery with double voucher at the leaſt; by firſt conveying an eſtate of freehold to any indifferent perſon, againſt whom the praecipe is brought; and then he vouches the tenant in tail, who vouches over the common vouchee.

Followed by over: of a vouchee (a person summoned to court to establish a warranty of title): to summon (someone) to court in their place.

[W]ill vouchers vouch him no more of his purchaſes & doubles then the length and breadth of a payre of Indentures?

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

If one ignorantly buyeth ſtolen Cattel, and hath them fairly vouched unto him, and publickly in an open Fair payeth Tole for them, he cannot be damnified thereby: […]

a. 1662 (date written), Thomas Fuller, “Of the Authors from whom Our Intelligence in the Following Work hath been Derived”, in The History of the Worthies of England, London: […] J[ohn] G[rismond,] W[illiam] L[eybourne] and W[illiam] G[odbid], published 1662, →OCLC, page 64:

(obsolete) To guarantee legal title (to something).


supra

(law) Used to indicate that the current citation is from the same source as the previous one.


serve

en-verb

serve (third-person singular simple present serves, present participle serving, simple past and past participle served)

serves (present singular third-person)
serving (participle present)
served (participle past)
served (past)

desc

→ Thai: เสิร์ฟ (sə̀əp)

→ Thai: เสิร์ฟ (sə̀əp)

From Middle English serven, from Old French servir, from Latin serviō (“be a slave; serve”), from Latin servus (“slave; servant”), which perhaps derives from Etruscan (compare Etruscan proper names 𐌔𐌄𐌓𐌅𐌉 (servi), 𐌔𐌄𐌓𐌅𐌄 (serve)), or from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“watch over, protect”).

On the morning of February 28, 1993, ATF agents gathered at a staging area near Waco and prepared to serve a search warrant on the Branch Davidians' residence.

2008 April, Pamela Colloff, “The Fire That Time”, in Texas Monthly, Austin: Emmis Publishing, page 158:

a document served on the tenant
(a document delivered to the tenant)

(transitive, law) To deliver a document in such a way that the recipient can be legally considered to be informed of it.

To officially deliver (a legal notice, summons etc.).

връчвам

legal: to bring to notice, deliver, or execute

to serve a witness with a subpoena

To make legal service upon (a person named in a writ, summons, etc.)


ripe

en-adj

ripe (comparative riper, superlative ripest)

riper (comparative)
ripest (superlative)

From Middle English ripe, rype, from Old English rīpe (“ripe, mature”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīpī, from Proto-Germanic *rīpijaz, *rīpiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyb- (“to snatch”). Cognate with West Frisian ryp (“ripe”), Dutch rijp (“ripe”), German reif (“ripe”). Related to reap.

der

Problems emerge in judging whether a case is ripe, however, when contested general agency directives are issued that are not aimed at specific parties.

2004, Kenneth F. Warren, Administrative Law in the Political System, →ISBN, page 427:

(law) Of a conflict between parties, having developed to a stage where the conflict may be reviewed by a court of law.


treat

en-verb

treat (third-person singular simple present treats, present participle treating, simple past and past participle treated or (Northern England, Bristol, colloquial) tret)

treats (present singular third-person)
treating (participle present)
treated (participle past)
treated (past)
tret (Northern-England colloquial participle past)
tret (Northern-England colloquial past)
treat (infinitive)

From Middle English treten, from Anglo-Norman treter, Old French tretier, traiter, from Latin tractāre (“to pull", "to manage”), from the past participle stem of trahere (“to draw", "to pull”).

(UK politics, law) To commit the offence of providing food, drink, entertainment or provision to corruptly influence a voter.


ademption

en-noun

ademption (countable and uncountable, plural ademptions)

From Latin adēmptiō (“a taking away”), from adēmptus, perfect passive participle of adimō (“take away”), from ad (“to, towards, at”) + emō (“buy; obtain, take”).

(law) In the law of wills, the determination of what happens when property left under a will is no longer in the testator's estate when the testator dies.


adeem

en-verb

adeem (third-person singular simple present adeems, present participle adeeming, simple past and past participle adeemed)

adeems (present singular third-person)
adeeming (participle present)
adeemed (participle past)
adeemed (past)

From Latin adimō (“take away”), from ad (“to, towards, at”) + emō (“buy; acquire, take”).

(law, transitive) To revoke (a legacy, grant, etc.) or to satisfy it by some other gift.


merit

en-noun

merit (countable and uncountable, plural merits)

The noun is derived from Middle English merit, merite (“quality of person’s character or conduct deserving of reward or punishment; such reward or punishment; excellence, worthiness; benefit; right to be rewarded for spiritual service; retribution at doomsday; virtue through which Jesus Christ brings about salvation; virtue possessed by a holy person; power of a pagan deity”), from Anglo-Norman merit, merite, Old French merite (“moral worth, reward; merit”) (modern French mérite), from Latin meritum (“that which one deserves, deserts; benefit, reward, merit; service; kindness; importance, value, worth; blame, demerit, fault; grounds, reason”), neuter of meritus (“deserved, earned, obtained; due, proper, right; deserving, meritorious”), perfect passive participle of mereō (“to deserve, earn, obtain, merit; to earn a living”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to allot, assign”). The English word is probably cognate with Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “component, part; portion, share; destiny, fate, lot”) and cognate with Old Occitan merit.
The verb is derived from Middle French meriter, Old French meriter (“to deserve, merit”) (modern French mériter), from merite: see further above. The word is cognate with Italian meritare (“to deserve, merit; to be worth; to earn”), Latin meritāre (“to earn regularly; to serve as a soldier”), Spanish meritar (“to deserve, merit; to earn”).

cog

Even though the plaintiff was ordered by the judge to pay some costs for not having followed the correct procedure, she won the case on the merits.

The Plaintiff muſt ſhew Cauſe either on the Merits, or upon filing Exceptions; if upon the Merits, the Court may put what Terms they pleaſe on him; as bringing in the Money, or paying it to the Parties, ſubject to the Order of the Court, [...]

1740, [Mathew Bacon], “Injunctions”, in A New Abridgment of the Law. By a Gentleman of the Middle Temple, volume III, in the Savoy [London]: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, (assigns of E. Sayer, Esq;) for Henry Lintot, →OCLC, section C (How Dissolved), page 177:

[I]n most cases once the Court has performed its judicial function – as it had been determined by the parties through their Application or Special Agreement and their submissions – and has rendered its judgment on the merits of the case, a new phrase of functional interaction commences.

2014, Karel Wellens, “Failed Post-adjudicative Negotiations and Returning to the Court”, in Negotiations in the Case Law of the International Court of Justice: A Functional Analysis, Farnham, Surrey, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN, part III (Negotiations during the Post-adjudicative Phase), page 311:

(uncountable, law) Usually in the plural form the merits: the substantive rightness or wrongness of a legal argument, a lawsuit, etc., as opposed to technical matters such as the admissibility of evidence or points of legal procedure; (by extension) the overall good or bad quality, or rightness or wrongness, of some other thing.


volunteer

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

Borrowed from Middle French voluntaire, from Latin voluntārius (“willing, voluntary”); or from voluntary + -eer.

der

(law) A person who acts out of their own will without a legal obligation, such as a donor.


adduce

en-verb

adduce (third-person singular simple present adduces, present participle adducing, simple past and past participle adduced)

adduces (present singular third-person)
adducing (participle present)
adduced (participle past)
adduced (past)

From Middle English adducen, from Latin addūcere, adductum (“to lead or bring to”), from ad- + dūcere (“to lead”). See duke, and compare adduct.

(transitive, Scots law) To produce in proof.


gang

→ Cebuano: gang

→ Danish: gæng

→ Dutch: gang

→ Hindi: गैंग (gaiṅg)

→ Japanese: ギャング (gyangu)

→ Malay: geng

→ Norman: dgaîngue

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: gjeng

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjeng

→ Portuguese: gangue

→ Spanish: gang

→ Swedish: gäng

→ Finnish: jengi

→ Tagalog: gang

→ Thai: แก๊ง (gɛ́ng)

From Middle English gang, from Old English gang (“a journey; way; passage”), from Proto-West Germanic *gang, from Proto-Germanic *gangaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰ-o-s, from *ǵʰengʰ- (“to step; stride”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Gong, Dutch gang, German Gang, Norwegian gang, Swedish gång, Icelandic gangur, Vedic Sanskrit जंहस् (jáṃhas).


banger

→ Estonian: bänger

→ Finnish: bängeri

From bang + -er. The sausages were so called because of their excess water content and impervious skin, leading to the risk of explosion if not punctured before cooking.

Just as the gang peace movement desired to mainstream hardcore bangers into civic society, The Chronic wanted to drive hardcore rap into the popstream.

2011, Jeff Change, Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation, page 420:

(US, crime, slang) Clipping of gangbanger; a member of a gang.


pro bono

/prəʊ ˈbəʊnəʊ/

Abbreviated from Latin pro bono publico (“for the public good”).

der

The firm currently has about half a dozen pro bono cases at any one time.

After he retired, he offered representation pro bono from time to time.

(law, medicine) Without charging a fee, done without fee, generally for clients or patients of limited means.


articles

After educational training at Hayes Grammar School and Hayes College, Mr. Nokes was articled to a Surveyor and Land Agent in 1885, and, at the expiration of his articles, became a partner in the firm.

1948 May and June, “G. A. Sekon”, in Railway Magazine, page 145:

(law) the period during which a person works as an articled clerk; articling


result

en-verb

result (third-person singular simple present results, present participle resulting, simple past and past participle resulted)

results (present singular third-person)
resulting (participle present)
resulted (participle past)
resulted (past)

Recorded since 1432 as Middle English resulten, from Medieval Latin resultare, in Classical Latin "to spring forward, rebound", the frequentative of the past participle of resilio (“to rebound”), from re- (“back”) + salio (“to jump, leap”).

(law) To return to the proprietor (or heirs) after a reversion.


court

→ Bulgarian: корт (kort)

→ French: court

desctree

→ Russian: корт (kort)
→ Armenian: կորտ (kort)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

caught (non-rhotic, horse–hoarse merger)

From Middle English court, from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrtem (accusative of cōrs), ultimately from cohors. Doublet of cohort.

مَلْعَب

place for playing the game of tennis and some other ball games

Many famous criminals have been put on trial in this court.

The hall, chamber, or place, where justice is administered.

geregshof

The court started proceedings at 11 o'clock.

Next month, Clemons will be brought before a court presided over by a "special master", who will review the case one last time. The hearing will be unprecedented in its remit, but at its core will be a simple issue: should Reggie Clemons live or die?

2012 August 21, Ed Pilkington, “Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, in The Guardian:

536(2.1). ... You have the option to elect to be tried by a provincial court judge without a jury; or you may elect to be tried by a judge without a jury; or you may elect to be tried by a court composed of a judge and jury.

1985, “Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46)”, in Justice Canada, retrieved 2020-03-01:

The persons officially assembled under authority of law, at the appropriate time and place, for the administration of justice; an official assembly, legally met together for the transaction of judicial business; a judge or judges sitting for the hearing or trial of cases.

geregshof

tribunal established for the administration of justice

Each province in Canada has three courts: a provincial court, a superior court, and a court of appeals.

An organization for the administration of law, consisting of a body of judges with a certain jurisdiction along with its administrative apparatus.

A case conference in person was convened.... To emphasize that it was a Court proceeding the Court was gowned.

2017 May 5, Kevin R. Aalto, “Gordon v. Canada, 2017 FC 454”, in CanLII, retrieved 2020-02-23:

[5]... defence alleges there is a reasonable apprehension of bias based on the cumulative effect of several issues including the following: (1) The Court was “crying” during the victim impact statement; (2) The Court laughed or “scoffed” when defence stated its sentencing position; ...(6) The Court’s tone, facial expression and demeanor throughout the proceedings...

2018 August 17, M.F. McParland, “R. v. Carlson, 2018 BCPC 209”, in CanLII, retrieved 2020-03-01:

(often capitalized) The judge or judges or other judicial officer presiding in a particular matter, particularly as distinguished from the counsel or jury, or both.

The court is now in session.

On Thursday morning, a Hennepin County judge formally sentenced Julissa Thaler to the life sentence for Eli Hart's murder. […] After court, family said their focus now turns to fundraising a playground in Mound in Eli Hart's honor […]

2023 February 16, WCCO Staff, “Julissa Thaler sentenced to life in prison for murdering 6-year-old son, Eli Hart”, in cbsnews.com:

(law) The administration of law.
The session of a judicial assembly.

Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical.


procure

en-verb

procure (third-person singular simple present procures, present participle procuring, simple past and past participle procured)

procures (present singular third-person)
procuring (participle present)
procured (participle past)
procured (past)
procure (infinitive)

From Middle English procuren, from Old French procurer, from Late Latin prōcūrāre, present active infinitive of Latin prōcūrō (“I manage, administer”), from prō (“on behalf of”) + cūrō (“I care for”).

(transitive, criminal law) To induce or persuade someone to do something.

yllyttää

to induce or persuade someone to do something


representation

en-noun

representation (countable and uncountable, plural representations)

From Late Middle English representacioun, from Old French representacion, from Latin repraesentātiō. By surface analysis, represent + -ation.

People who cannot afford representation are eligible for government assistance.

(law) The lawyers and staff who argue on behalf of another in court.

vertegenwoordiging

people who speak on behalf of another in court


quantum

quantum (countable and uncountable, plural quantums or quanta)

[ˈkʰwɑ̃ntʰə̃m]

[ˈkʰwɑ̃ɾ̃ə̃m]

From Late Latin quantum, noun use of neuter form of Latin quantus (“how much”).

(now chiefly South Asia or law) The total amount of something; quantity.

(law) The amount of compensation awarded to a successful party in a lawsuit.

(law) The length or magnitude of the sentence handed down to someone who has been found guilty of a crime.

The reader will perhaps be curious to know the quantum of this present, but we cannot satisfy his curiosity.

1749, Henry Fielding, Tom Jones, Folio Society, published 1973, page 416:

A certain quantum of power must always exist in the community, in some hands, and under some appellation.

1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, Oxford, published 2009, page 142:

Otherwise I will have given the lie to my maxim that whether you work eight or twenty hours, the quantum of work that gets done on a normal day is the same.

1997, Kiran Nagarkar, Cuckold, HarperCollins, published 2013, page 375:

The Congress's core ministerial panel on Friday gave its green signal to raising motor fuel prices but the quantum of increase emerged as a hitch.


derelict

derelict (countable and uncountable, plural derelicts)

PIE word
 *de
The adjective and verb are a learned borrowing from Latin dērelictus (“(completely) abandoned, deserted, forsaken; discarded”), the perfect passive participle of dērelinquō (“to abandon, desert, forsake; to discard”), from dē- (prefix meaning ‘away from; completely, thoroughly’) + relinquō (“to abandon, desert, forsake, leave (behind); to depart (from); to give up, relinquish”) (from Proto-Italic *wrelinkʷō, from *wre (“again”) (whence Latin rē- (prefix meaning ‘again’)) + *linkʷō (“to leave”) (whence linquō (“to forsake; depart from, leave, quit”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave”))). Doublet of relict and relinquish.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

hylätty omaisuus

property abandoned by its former guardian or owner; item of such property

hulttio

person who is (perceived as) negligent in their hygiene and personal affairs

Till I came to the marge of Lake Lebarge, and a derelict there lay; / It was jammed in the ice, but I saw in a trice it was called the "Alice May." / And I looked at it, and I thought a bit, and I looked at my frozen chum: / Then "Here," said I, with a sudden cry, "is my cre-ma-tor-eum."

1907, Robert W[illiam] Service, “The Cremation of Sam McGee”, in Songs of a Sourdough, Toronto, Ont.: William Briggs, →OCLC, stanza 10, page 38:

(uncountable) Property abandoned by its former guardian or owner; (countable) an item of such property.

(uncountable, specifically, law) Property abandoned at sea with no hope of recovery and no expectation of being returned to its owner; (countable) an item of such property, especially a ship.

hylätty omaisuus

property abandoned at sea with no hope of recovery and no expectation of being returned to its owner; item of such property

vrak

ship abandoned at sea with no hope of recovery


impeach

en-verb

impeach (third-person singular simple present impeaches, present participle impeaching, simple past and past participle impeached)

impeaches (present singular third-person)
impeaching (participle present)
impeached (participle past)
impeached (past)

From Middle English empechen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman empecher, from Old French empeechier (“to hinder”), from Latin impedicāre (“to fetter”). Cognate with French empêcher (“to prevent”).

(law) To demonstrate in court that a testimony under oath contradicts another testimony from the same person, usually one taken during deposition.


exclusive right

en-noun

exclusive right (plural exclusive rights)

The company was granted the exclusive right to exploit the oil resources of the province.

(law) The power, granted by the government to persons, to allow or disallow others from taking certain actions (through legal force)

專有權

The power to allow or disallow others from taking certain actions


summon

en-verb

summon (third-person singular simple present summons, present participle summoning, simple past and past participle summoned)

summons (present singular third-person)
summoning (participle present)
summoned (participle past)
summoned (past)
summon (infinitive)

From Anglo-Norman somoundre, from Old French sumundre, from Latin summonēre, itself from sub + monēre, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *monéyeti, causative from *men- (“to think”).


EULA

end user license agreement
end user license agreement#English

(law) Initialism of end user license agreement.


mulier

Or suppose an inquest were taken between us, and it were found that they are muliers, for which reason the voucher stood, and they came and pleaded the same exception to escape from warranting as heirs, then two inquests would be taken[…]

1908, Alfred John Horwood, Luke Owen Pike, Year books of the reign of King Edward the Third: Volume 15:

(law, historical) Lawful issue born in wedlock, in distinction from an elder brother born of the same parents before their marriage.


ASBO

(British, law enforcement) Anti-Social Behaviour Order


ASBO

ASBO (third-person singular simple present ASBOs, present participle ASBOing, simple past and past participle ASBOed)

ASBOs (present singular third-person)
ASBOing (participle present)
ASBOed (participle past)
ASBOed (past)

Yes he will probably end up in the criminal justice system in a few years time - but if we ASBO him now he's going to end up there an awful lot quicker because he will breach it.

2005, Andrew Millie, Anti-Social Behaviour Strategies: Finding a Balance, page 31:

"Shut up, both of you. I've got the police here. You'll get asboed," Sally shouted

2008, Harry James, Consequences?, page 65:

The redemptive storyline reminded me of the importance, in my own practice, of continuing to learn from the understanding of others' experiences and interactions in negotiating the new penal landscape of "ASBOing", portrayed so well in Rhodes' novel.

2008, Peter Squires, ASBO Nation: The Criminalisation of Nuisance, page 151:

(British, law enforcement, transitive) To issue an Anti-Social Behaviour Order to.


corruption

en-noun

corruption (countable and uncountable, plural corruptions)

Borrowed from French corruption, from Latin corruptiō, equivalent to corrupt + -ion.

It was necessary, by exposing the gross corruptions of monasteries, […] to exite popular indignation against them.

1827, Henry Hallam, The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George II. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: John Murray, […], →OCLC:

They abstained from some of the worst methods of corruption usual to their party in its earlier days.

1834–1874, George Bancroft, History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent, volume (please specify |volume=I to X), Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company [et al.], →OCLC:

But electric vehicles and the batteries that made them run became ensnared in corporate scandals, fraud, and monopolistic corruption that shook the confidence of the nation and inspired automotive upstarts.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 1, in Internal Combustion:

WikiLeaks did not cause these uprisings but it certainly informed them. The dispatches revealed details of corruption and kleptocracy that many Tunisians suspected, but could not prove, and would cite as they took to the streets.

2013 June 7, Gary Younge, “Hypocrisy lies at heart of Manning prosecution”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 18:

The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity.

depravity

act of impairing integrity, virtue or moral principle


evidence

evidence (usually uncountable, plural evidences)

From Middle English evidence, from Old French [Term?], from Latin evidentia (“clearness, in Late Latin a proof”), from evidens (“clear, evident”); see evident.

der

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

For Lothian and Borders Police, the early-morning raid had come at the end one of biggest investigations carried out by the force, which had originally presented a dossier of evidence on the murder of Jodi Jones to the Edinburgh procurator-fiscal, William Gallagher, on 25 November last year.

2004 April 15, “Morning swoop in hunt for Jodi's killer”, in The Scotsman:

(law) Anything admitted by a court to prove or disprove alleged matters of fact in a trial.


probative

en-adj

probative (comparative more probative, superlative most probative)

more probative (comparative)
most probative (superlative)

The judge had granted the DA a one-week extension with the caustic admonition that the case would be summarily dismissed if at that time probative, as opposed to prejudicial, evidence was not produced.

1999, Dana Stabenow, Hunter's Moon, →ISBN, page 109:

My grandfather in person organized the file with a surfeit of sworn testimonies and probative documents […]

2003, Gabriel García Márquez, chapter 2, in Edith Grossman, transl., Living to Tell the Tale:

(law) Tending to prove a particular proposition or to persuade someone of the truth of an allegation.

ապացուցողական

tending to prove a particular proposition


jurisprudence

en-noun

jurisprudence (usually uncountable, plural jurisprudences)

/ˈd͡ʒʊəɹɪsˌpɹuːdəns/

/ˌd͡ʒʊəɹɪsˈpɹuːdəns/

Borrowed from Latin iūrisprūdentia (“expertise in the law”).

bor

There is considerable jurisprudence to the effect that only the evidence that was before the initial decision-maker should be considered by the Court on judicial review.

1999 May 31, J. Dubé, “Chopra v. Canada (Treasury Board), 1999 CanLII 8044 (FC)”, in CanLII, retrieved 2022-06-01:

The concept of consent can be complicated, so much so that it is the subject of considerable jurisprudence and a formal definition in the Criminal Code.

2021 November 26, R. W. Elson, “R v Bear-Knight, 2021 SKQB 308”, in CanLII, retrieved 2022-06-01:

(law) Case law, or the body of case law regarding a certain subject.


defalcation

en-noun

defalcation (countable and uncountable, plural defalcations)

[ˌdɛfəɫˈkeɪʃən]

Late 15th century, from Medieval Latin dēfalcātiōnem, accusative singular of dēfalcātiō (literally “cutting off, lopping off with a sickle”), nominalization of dēfalcō, from Latin dē (“off”) + falx (“sickle, scythe, pruning hook”), from which also English falcate (“sickle-shaped”).
By surface analysis, defalcate + -ion (“the act of”).

surf

(law) The act of cancelling part of a claim by deducting a smaller claim which the claimant owes to the defendant.

Granting that Mr. Ireland had gone into his office at ten minutes to ten o'clock at night for the purpose of extracting £5000 worth of notes and gold from the bank safe, whilst giving the theft the appearance of a night burglary; […] why should he, at nine o'clock the following morning, fall in a dead faint and get cerebral congestion at sight of a defalcation he knew had occurred?

1909, Emma Orczy, chapter XIX, in The Old Man in the Corner:

“Why should Eldridge commit murder?[…]There was only one possible motive—namely, he wished to avoid detection as James Selby of Anaconda Ltd. He had settled down in Estrepps. There were several persons in the town who had suffered from his defalcations.[…]”

1931, Francis Beeding, “10/6”, in Death Walks in Eastrepps:


sequester

en-verb

sequester (third-person singular simple present sequesters, present participle sequestering, simple past and past participle sequestered)

sequesters (present singular third-person)
sequestering (participle present)
sequestered (participle past)
sequestered (past)

From Middle English sequestren (verb) and sequestre (noun), from Old French sequestrer, from Late Latin sequestrō (“separate, give up for safekeeping”), from Latin sequester (“mediator, depositary”), probably originally meaning "follower", from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“follow”).

der

(law) To temporarily remove (property) from the possession of its owner and hold it as security against legal claims.

假扣押

law: to temporarily remove (property) from the possession of its owner and hold it as security against legal claims

The Budget Control Act of 2011 sequestered 1.2 trillion dollars over 10 years on January 2, 2013.

(transitive, US, politics, law) To remove (certain funds) automatically from a budget.

elkülönít

US, politics, law: to remove (certain funds) automatically from a budget

(international law) To seize and hold enemy property.


sequester

(law) A person with whom two or more contending parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy; one who mediates between two parties; a referee

Zwangsverwalter

a person with whom two or more parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy


extent

From Middle English extente, from Anglo-Norman extente and Old French estente (“valuation of land, stretch of land”), from estendre, extendre (“extend”) (or from Latin extentus), from Latin extendere (See extend.)

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 52. Completeness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 51. Part

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 32. Smallness

Well, push him out of doors;
And let my officers of such a nature
Make an extent upon his house and lands.
Do this expediently, and turn him going.

c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], lines 1117-20:

(law) A writ directing the sheriff to seize the property of a debtor, for the recovery of debts of record due to the Crown.


frivolous

en-adj

frivolous (comparative more frivolous, superlative most frivolous)

more frivolous (comparative)
most frivolous (superlative)

From Latin frīvolus (“silly, empty, trifling, frivolous, worthless”), with the ending modified to match -ous.

bor

There is no easy definition for the phrase 'frivolous lawsuit,' but I imagine any claim for damages where the injuries are minimal or where the basis for the defendant's liability is hard to believe, might qualify as frivolous.

1996 August 31, Paul F. Waldner, President-Elect, Houston Trial Lawyers Association, “Viewpoints”, in Houston Chronicle:

One of the major cost drivers in the delivery of health care are these junk and frivolous lawsuits.

(law, said of a lawsuit) Having no reasonable prospect of success because its claim is without merit, lacking a supporting legal or factual basis, while the filing party is, or should be, aware of this.


collection

en-noun

collection (countable and uncountable, plural collections)

From Middle English colleccioun, collection, from Old French collection, from Latin collēctiō, collēctiōnem, from collēctus, from colligō (“collect together”), composed of con- + legō (“bring together, gather, collect”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather, collect”).


rendition

en-noun

rendition (countable and uncountable, plural renditions)

From obsolete French rendition, alteration (after rendre (“to render”)) of reddition (“reddition”). Many senses influenced by render.

(law, chiefly US) Formal deliverance of a verdict.

Since then, according to his lawyers and relatives, he has been repeatedly beaten, threatened with a firearm and with further rendition to Guantánamo by Ugandan officials, before being questioned by American officials.

2011 March 30, Ian Cobain, The Guardian:

(law, chiefly US) The handing-over of someone wanted for justice who has fled a given jurisdiction; extradition.


ripper

(computing) Software that extracts content from files or storage media.


monism

monism (countable and uncountable, plural monisms)

The word was coined by German philosopher Baron Christian von Wolff and first used in English in 1862, from New Latin monismus, from Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone”). By surface analysis, mon- + -ism.

(international law) The legal doctrine that international law forms part of domestic law automatically after ratification or accession.


venire

/vɪˈnʌɪ.ə.ɹiː/

Shortening of Latin venīre faciās, the opening words of a writ.

[W]here a Venire omits Part of the Iſſue, or any of the Parties; if a Juror is named in the Habeas Corpora, by a Name different from that in the Venire; or a Juror return'd on ſuch a Panel is omitted in the Habeas Corpora; or a Venire or Diſtringas are iſſued without any Award on the Roll to warrant them; it will be ill, and is ſaid to be a Diſcontinuance.

1729, Giles Jacob, A New Law-dictionary Containing the Interpretation and Definition of Words and Terms Used in the Law; […], In the Savoy [London]: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, (Assigns of E. Sayer, Esq;) for J. and J. Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, page [704]:

The crown may have as many venires as it pleases. Suppose there had been no venire at all, would a defence have aided that error? In the case of Young and Watson there was no return to the venire, and yet there was held error after verdict. The Court might have granted a new rule after the old one was expired, and a venire de novo would have issued in that case, 2 Roll. Ab. 720, p. 2.

1817, T[homas] B[ayly] Howell, Thomas Jones Howell, “582. Proceedings on the Trial of an Information, filed Ex-Officio by his Majesty's Attorney General, against John Lambert, James Perry, and James Gray, for a Seditious Libel. […]”, in A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783: […], volume XXII (volume I of the continuation), London: Printed by T. C. Hansard, […]: For Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown [et al.], →OCLC, page 979/980:

A venire de novo may be granted for a defect which does not appear on the record; as, for instance, if the jury improperly eat or drink before they deliver their verdict […] In Dovey v. Hobson[…], the Court awarded a venire de novo where a juryman was sworn who had not been summoned. In Arundel's case[…], a venire de novo was awarded where the jury had been summoned from a wrong county.

1842 April 23, “Gee v. Swann”, in Montagu[e] Chambers, editor, The Law Journal Reports for the Year 1842: […], volumes XX (New Series – volume XI. Part II. Cases at Common Law), London: E. B. Ince, […], →OCLC, page 291:

[page 1941] Where a venire has been issued, the justice cannot proceed to try the cause without a jury. Sebring v. Wheedon, 8 Johns. 460. Day v. Wilber, 2 Cai. 134. […] [page 1942] Where a venire is demanded by either party, the justice may deliver it himself to the constable, to be executed; but if he delivers it to the party, and he does not appear at the time to which the cause is adjourned for trial, and the venire is not returned, the justice may consider the suppression of the venire by the party as a waiver of the trial by jury, and proceed to hear and decide the cause himself, as if no venire had been demanded or issued. Coon v. Snyder, 19 Johns. 384.

1871, George W[illiam] Clinton, A Digest of the Reported Decisions at Law and in Equity, of the Courts of the State of New York, from Its Organization to the Year 1860, volume III, Albany, N.Y.: William Gould & Sons, →OCLC, pages 1941–1942:

[T]he jury that in 1968 convicted the pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock and others protesting the Vietnam War of conspiring to violate the Military Service Act of 1967 by advocating the destruction of draft cards […] was devoid of women, largely because the venire from which this jury was formed contained only 9% women. A subsequent analysis of the distribution of the proportion of women in the venires of all the judges in the district showed that the venires for one judge – the Spock trial judge – had a distribution centered about an unusually low proportion of women.

1986, D[avid] H. Kaye with Mikel Aickin, Statistical Methods in Discrimination Litigation (Statistics, Textbooks and Monographs; 69), New York, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, Inc., →ISBN, pages 24–25:

The Spock defense pointed to the venire for their trial, which contained only one woman. That woman was released by the prosecution, making an all-male jury. Defense argued that the judge in the trial had a history of venires in which women were systematically underrepresented, contrary to the law. They compared this district judge's recent venires with the venires of six other Boston area district judges.

2012, Fred L. Ramsey, Daniel W. Schafer, The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis, 3rd edition, Boston, Mass.: Brooks/Cole, →ISBN, page 117:

During jury selection, Abbott used its first peremptory strike against the only self-identified gay member of the venire. […] This appeal's central question is whether equal protection prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation in jury selection.

2014 January 21, Stephen Reinhardt, Circuit Judge, SmithKline Beecham Corporation, doing business as GlaxoSmithKline v. Abbott Laboratories, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, archived from the original on 2015-09-06, page 2:

(law, chiefly US) A group of persons summoned by a writ of venire facias to appear in court for jury selection.


entry

entry (countable and uncountable, plural entries)

exit

antonym(s) of “doorway that provides a means of entering a building”

Inherited from Middle English entre, from Old French entree (feminine past participle of the verb entrer, Modern French entrée). From Latin intrō. Doublet of entrada and entrée.


actrix

From Latin āctrīx (“female plaintiff”). Doublet of actrice.

Wife Elizabeth, whole estate, including gold, silver, jewels, etc., and to be executrix and “universal actrix,” to bring up the children until they will be fit for trades.

1918, Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, volume 30, page 469:

Thirdly, the actrix in her own testimony did not so much allege ignorance but rather showed that she abhorred the notion of sexual relations and had a positive will opposed to its fulfillment.

1935, John Joseph Manning, Presumptions of Law in Marriage Cases, page 75:

Compare Marrays c. Rowcliff where the annotator has written the age of the actrix in the margin every time a witness answered the question about her age, […]

2000, Frederik Pedersen, Marriage disputes in medieval England, →ISBN, page 22:


enjoyment

enjoyment (countable and uncountable, plural enjoyments)

/ɪnˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/

/ənˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/

/ɛnˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/


kangaroo court

/ˌkæŋɡəˌɹuː ˈkɔːt/

/ˌkæŋɡəˌɹu ˈkɔɹt/

From kangaroo + court. The etymology is uncertain; it has been suggested that the term draws a comparison between the leaping of a kangaroo and one of the following:
* The 19th-century practice of itinerant judges moving from place to place on the American frontier and trying cases speedily and perfunctorily in order to get paid.
* The use of irregular courts during the California Gold Rush (1848–1855) to decide claims of “jumping” (illegally occupying) mining claims.
* The notion that a kangaroo court jumps to conclusions.

The Concordia Intelligencer says "several loafers were lynched in Natchez last week upon various charges instituted by the Kangaroo court.[…]" What is a Kangaroo court, neighbor?

1841 August 24, “Don’t comprehend”, in C. M. Price, G. R. Fall, editors, The Daily Picayune, volume V, number 179, New Orleans, La.: Lumsden, Kendall & Co., →OCLC, page 2, column 5:

On the evening succeeding the election, a meeting was gotten up some what in imitation of a "Kangaroo Court," for the purpose of trying three individuals, […]

1848 December 1, W. P. Andrews, “[Letter to the editors]”, in The Mississippian, volume XVIII, number 3, Jackson, Miss.: [G. R. Fall and J. Marshall], published 12 January 1849, →OCLC, page 3, column 2:

One of the principal amusements of the bar during these sessions of the court, is to assemble in some sufficiently capacious room, and after indulging in all the boyish games that occur to them, to institute mock proceedings against some one of their number, for some ridiculous, imaginary offence. […] By an unanimous vote, Judge G.—the fattest and funniest of the assembly—was elected to the bench, and the "Mestang" [i.e., mustang] or "Kangaroo Court" regularly organized.

1853, Philip Paxton [pseudonym], “Term Time in the Backwoods, and a Mestang Court”, in A Stray Yankee in Texas, New York, N.Y.: Redfield, […], →OCLC, page 205:

Sol Tuttle interposed; "Don't you let nobody hev any witnesses i[n] this kangaroo court?"

1856, Charles Summerfield [pseudonym; Alfred W. Arrington], “The Trial—An Execution”, in The Rangers and Regulators of the Tanaha: Or, Life among the Lawless. A Tale of the Republic of Texas, New York: Robert M. De Witt, […], →OCLC, page 247:

He [Judge Murray] endeavors to place me in the position of having assailed him, by describing the courts held by him as Kangaroo courts, and imputes to me a settled purpose to alienate all social and friendly relations, between the bench, bar, officers of the court, and all others, who come in direct contact with the courts. Now, all this is simply untrue, as well as ridiculous.

1858 July 14, Theodoric F. Sorrells, “To the Voters of the Second Judicial Circuit [letter]”, in C. C. Danley, editor, Arkansas State Gazette and Democrat, volume XXXIX, number 24 (Gazette); volume XIII, number 3 (Democrat), Little Rock, Ark.: W. F. Holtzmann, →OCLC, page 3, column 3:

[A]bout twenty prisoners were confined in the city prison at the time and were all more or less drunk on white line (alcohol) furnished through the window by outside parties; […] two kangaroo courts were held the day on which Varnoff was convicted of violating the prison rules, was fined 50 cents each time and searched by officers of the court.

1893 March 10, “Scotch verdict”, in M[arshall] M. Murdock, editor, The Wichita Eagle, volume XXI, number 52, Wichita, Kan.: [M. M. Murdock], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 6, column 7:

They take him off to face their kangaroo court in the cellar of a deserted brewery.

1933 April 10, “The New Pictures: M by Fritz Lang”, in Time, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-04-15:

[W]here police take matters in their own hands, seize victims, beat and pound them until they confess, there cannot be the slightest doubt that the police have deprived the victim of a right under the Constitution. It is the right of the accused to be tried by a legally constituted court, not by a kangaroo court.

1951 April 23, William O[rville] Douglas, Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States, “Williams v. United States”, in Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (341 U.S. 97, 71 S. Ct. 576, 95 L. Ed. 774), archived from the original on 2022-08-29, paragraph 8:

A military commission trial falling short of the full UCMJ standard is all but certain to be pejoratively judged as a "kangaroo court" in the court of public opinion.

2003 December, David Glazier, “Kangaroo Court or Competent Tribunal?: Judging the 21st Century Military Commission”, in Virginia Law Review, volume 89, number 8, Charlottesville, Va.: Virginia Law Review Association, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2093:

(originally US, idiomatic) A judicial or quasi-judicial proceeding, or a group of people which conducts such proceedings, which is without proper authority, and often acts abusively or decides unjustly.

American frontier
California Gold Rush
Christian Science Publishing Society
Encyclopedia.com
The Christian Science Monitor

паро́дия на суд m (paródija na sud, literally “a parody of a court”)


lawsuit

The lawyer advised his client against filing a lawsuit as it would take a lot of time and money to resolve.

It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits.

2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

(law) In civil law, a case where two or more people disagree and one or more of the parties take the case to a court for resolution.

saak

case where a court is needed to resolve differences


jury

→ Dutch: jury (or via French)

→ Finnish: jyry

→ French: jury (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: zsűri

→ Macedonian: жири (žiri)

→ Norman: jury

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jury

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jury

→ Portuguese: júri

→ Swedish: jury

From Middle English jure, from Anglo-Norman juree, from Medieval Latin iūrāta, from Latin iūrō (“I swear or take an oath”).

And so the jury and he approached, as if this were a time of peace instead of one of the greatest world disturbances ever known in history, the question whether the prosecution had proved to the jury’s satisfaction that George Joseph Smith was guilty of murder. The jury were the shield which stood between him and death, unless, to the jury’s satisfaction, he was proved to be guilty. Yet while they were the shield of the man accused, they were also the Sword of the State; and if the man were proved guilty, they were the servants of the State to punish him. Their respective functions were these: he the judge, had to settle the law, and the jury must take the law from him. The jury were judges of fact.

1952, James Avery Joyce, Justice At Work, Pan 1957 edition, page 92:

(law) A group of individuals chosen from the general population to hear and decide a case in a court of law.


timely

en-adv

timely (comparative more timely, superlative most timely)

more timely (comparative)
most timely (superlative)

From Middle English timely, tymely, timliche, from Old English *tīmlīc (adj) and tīmlīċe (“in good time; timely; soon”, adverb), equivalent to time + -ly. Cognate with Danish timelig, Swedish timlig, Icelandic tímalegur, tímanlegur.

On May 14, 1997, the jury convicted the defendant, who currently is serving a fifteen-month sentence. The defendant timely appeals.

1998, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, US v. Merino-Balderrama:

[…] § 2255's one-year limitation period starts to run when the time for seeking such review expires. Under this rule, Clay's § 2255 petition was timely filed.

2003, United States Supreme Court, Clay v. United States:

(law) In compliance with applicable time limits.


outlaw

en-verb

outlaw (third-person singular simple present outlaws, present participle outlawing, simple past and past participle outlawed)

outlaws (present singular third-person)
outlawing (participle present)
outlawed (participle past)
outlawed (past)

From Middle English outlawe, outlagh, utlaȝe, from Old English ūtlaga (“outlaw”), borrowed from Old Norse útlagi (“outlaw, fugitive”), equivalent to out- + law. Cognate with Icelandic útlagi (“outlaw”).


dolus

en-noun

dolus (countable and uncountable, plural doli)

Borrowed from Latin dolus (“deceit, trickery”); akin to Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “bait, ruse”). Compare dolose, dolosity.

der

Every actual delict presupposes a dolus or culpa, with the concomitant consciousness and prepense

1849, James G. Butler, A Summary of the Roman Civil Law:


verify

en-verb

verify (third-person singular simple present verifies, present participle verifying, simple past and past participle verified)

verifies (present singular third-person)
verifying (participle present)
verified (participle past)
verified (past)

From Old French verifier (French: vérifier), from Medieval Latin vērificāre, present active infinitive of vērificō (“make true”), from Latin vērus (“true”) + faciō (“do, make”); see -fy.

(transitive, law) To affirm something formally, under oath.

شَهِدَ

law: to affirm something formally, under oath


malum prohibitum

en-noun

malum prohibitum (plural mala prohibita)

From Latin directly. Literally translated as "wrong because prohibited", or "bad because against the law".

(law) An action that is not inherently evil, but is nevertheless illegal only because prohibited, as opposed to malum in se. A malum prohibitum offense is something that is wrong only because a statute makes it so, or by consensus that society agrees to prohibit the act, and is typically regulatory in nature and often result in no direct injury or danger to the person, entity, or property but only merely create the danger or probability of it which the statute attempts to minimize. Used to develop consensual crimes.


NYPD

Police Department
police department#English

Initialism of New York Police Department.


popular

en-adj

popular (comparative more popular, superlative most popular)

more popular (comparative)
most popular (superlative)

From Middle English populer, from Old French populaire and Latin populāris, from populus (“people”) + -āris (“-ar”).


policeman

→ French: policeman

→ Maori: pirihimana

→ Welsh: plismon

The policeman who arrests the "Red" does not understand the theories the "Red" is preaching; if he did, his own position as bodyguard of the monied class might seem less pleasant to him.

1941, George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn, Pt. I:

Meanwhile Nanny Broome was recovering from her initial panic and seemed anxious to make up for any kudos she might have lost, by exerting her personality to the utmost. She took the policeman's helmet and placed it on a chair, and unfolded his tunic to shake it and fold it up again for him.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 19, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(law enforcement) A male police officer, sometimes used for any police officer regardless of gender.


five-finger discount

en-noun

five-finger discount (plural five-finger discounts)

I was a burglary detective for three years before I joined the Speaker's Bureau, and you might say I managed to acquire a few things at a five-finger discount, if you catch my drift.

1986, James Ellroy, Killer on the Road, Avon Books, →ISBN, page 28:

- Hey, guys. Where'd you get all that great stuff?
- Five-finger discount, man.

1990, "The Telltale Head" (The Simpsons season 1 episode 8)

(slang, euphemistic) Theft or pilferage, typically of a small item; shoplifting.


LAPD

(telecommunications) Link Access Procedures, D channel; specified in ITU-T Q.920 and ITU-T Q.921. The second layer protocol on the ISDN protocol stack.


policewoman

(law enforcement) A female police officer.


negative

/ˈnɛ(e)ɡəˌɾɪv/

From Middle English negative, negatif, from Old French negatif, from Latin negātīvus (“that denies, negative”), from negāre (“to deny”); see negate.

der

And as to the Constitutionality of laws, that point will come before the Judges in their proper official character. In this character they have a negative on the laws.

1787, Luther Martin, cited in The Constitutional Convention Of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Of America's Founding (2005), Volume 1, page 391

The qualified negative of the President differs widely from this absolute negative of the British sovereign; […]

1788, Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist, no. 68

1983, INS v. Chadha, Opinion of the Court
In the convention there does not seem to have been much diversity of opinion on the subject of the propriety of giving to the president a negative on the laws.


negative

/ˈnɛ(e)ɡəˌɾɪv/

"Negative Marcel. No IOC. Patient has been drinking heavily, we can give him nothing for pain."

1980, Richard Louis Newmann, Siege of Orbitor, page xxiv. 93:


challenge

→ French: challenge (orthographic)

→ Japanese: チャレンジ (charenji)

→ Russian: че́ллендж (čéllendž)

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ɪnd͡ʒ/

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ənd͡ʒ/

From Middle English chalenge, variant with palatalization of Middle English kalange (“an accusation, claim”), from Old French chalenge, chalonge, palatalized Central French variants of Old Northern French calenge, calonge (see Continental Norman calengier), from Latin calumnia (“a false accusation, calumny”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁l-, *keh₁l- (“to beguile, deceive”). Cognate with Old English hōl (“calumny”). Doublet of calumny.

der

The act of appealing a ruling or decision of a court of administrative agency.

kifogás

the act of appealing a ruling or decision

Consanguinity in direct line is a challenge for a judge when he or she is sitting cases.

conflict of interest
conflict of interest

(law, rare) A judge's interest in the result of a case, constituting grounds for them to not be allowed to sit the case (e.g., a conflict of interest).

takistatus

judge's interest in the result of the case for which they should not be allowed to sit

We're still waiting to hear how the court rules on our challenge of the arbitrator based on conflict of interest.

The act of seeking to remove a judge, arbitrator, or other judicial or semi-judicial figure for reasons of alleged bias or incapacity.

(US) An act of seeking to have a certain person be declared not legally qualified to vote, made when the person offers their ballot.


challenge

en-verb

challenge (third-person singular simple present challenges, present participle challenging, simple past and past participle challenged)

challenges (present singular third-person)
challenging (participle present)
challenged (participle past)
challenged (past)

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ɪnd͡ʒ/

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ənd͡ʒ/

(law, transitive) To make a formal objection to a juror.


fraud

en-noun

fraud (countable and uncountable, plural frauds)

From Middle English fraude (recorded since 1345), from Old French fraude, a borrowing from Latin fraus (“deceit, injury, offence”).

(law) The crime of stealing or otherwise illegally obtaining money by use of deception tactics.


fraud

en-verb

fraud (third-person singular simple present frauds, present participle frauding, simple past and past participle frauded)

frauds (present singular third-person)
frauding (participle present)
frauded (participle past)
frauded (past)


missive

15th century; from Medieval Latin missīvus, from mittō (“to send”).

(in the plural, Scots law) Letters sent between two parties in which one makes an offer and the other accepts it.


RIP

[…] recommended as punishment a 55-day RIP (reduction in pay) but was overruled by higher authorities […]

1972, New York Magazine, volume 5, number 5, page 32:

He admitted to his indiscretion and accepted a five-day RIP (reduction in pay). What the hell is going on? I wondered. We let a captain with possible O.C. connections off the hook, but we bust a patrolman for having a drink!

1991, Vincent Murano, William Hoffer, Cop Hunter, page 73:

(US, law enforcement) Initialism of reduction in pay.


assassinate

From assassin + -ate (noun-forming suffix)

Yet again, many of them deſperat hairebraines, raſh, careleſſe, fit to be Aſſaſinates, as being voide of all Feare and Sorrow […]

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Symptomes of the minde”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 3, member 1, subsection 2, page 164:


mise

Borrowed from French mise (“a putting, setting, expense”).


possess

en-verb

possess (third-person singular simple present possesses, present participle possessing, simple past and past participle possessed)

possesses (present singular third-person)
possessing (participle present)
possessed (participle past)
possessed (past)
possess (infinitive)

PIE word
 *pótis
From Middle English possessen (“to have, own; to obtain possession of; to inhabit, occupy”) [and other forms], from Middle French possesser, possessier, Old French possesser, possessier (“to have, own, possess; to dominate”), from Latin possessus (“possessed; seized”), the perfect passive participle of possideō (“to have, hold, own, possess; to have possessions; to take control or possession of, occupy, seize; to abide, inhabit, occupy; to dominate”), from potis (“able, capable, possible”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“master; ruler; husband”)) + sedeō (“to sit; to be seated; to be established, hold firm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)).

der

(law) To have control or possession of, but not to own (a chattel or an interest in land).


warrant

en-noun

warrant (countable and uncountable, plural warrants)

→ Cantonese: 窩輪／窝轮 (wo¹ leon⁴⁻²), 花令

→ Italian: warrant

The noun is derived from Middle English warant (“protector; guard, shield, protection”), from Anglo-Norman warrant, Old Northern French warant, warand, a variant of Old French guarant, garant, garand (“assurance, guarantee; authorization, permission; protector; protection, safety”) (modern French garant), from Frankish *warand, present participle of *warjan (“to fend off; to stop, thwart”). The word is cognate with Old High German werento (“guarantor”).
The verb is derived from Middle English warrant, waranten (“to give protection; to protect, shield; to assure, pledge, promise; to guarantee”), from Anglo-Norman warantir, warandir, warentir, and Old Northern French warandir, warantir, variant forms of Old French guarantir (“to protect”) (modern French garantir), a Romance formation from the noun guarant: see above.

inh

an arrest warrant issued by the court

Mr. Musso said he desired to make an application at this stage on behalf of the accused, namely, that he be discharged on the ground that he was improperly held in custody, there being no warrant issued by the Court and no counter-signature to any warrant by the Senior-Consul. At the last hearing the fact was disclosed that the accused was arrested without a warrant.

1913 October 11, “The Bomb-making Charge. An Important Discussion.”, in The North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette: The Weekly Edition of the North-China Daily News, volume CIX (New Series), number 2409, Shanghai: Printed and published at the offices of the North-China Daily News & Herald, Ld., →OCLC, pages 113–114:

Avina: Former Spectre agent Saren Arterius is nearing the vicinity of the Council Camber.
Avina: A warrant has been issued for his arrest, though Citadel Security is unable to respond at this time.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:

(law, countable) A judicial writ authorizing an officer to make a search, seizure, or arrest, or to execute a judgment.


graffito

[ɡɹəˈfiɾoʊ̯]

One officer got out to inspect the graffito.

1982 April 24, Bob Nelson, “NY Cops Harass Activist Writing Graffiti”, in Gay Community News, page 3:

(rare) A single instance of graffiti in the art/vandalism sense.


malum in se

From Latin malum, the neuter of malus (“bad”) + in (“in”) + se, form of sui (“oneself, itself”).

malum prohibitum
malum prohibitum#English

(law) The Latin phrase used in law to refer to crimes that are illegal from the nature of crime, that is, inherently evil without any fact of being noticed or punished, as opposed to malum prohibitum. Used to develop common law crimes.


constable

From Middle English constable, cunstable, constabil, connestable, cunestable, from Old French conestable, from Latin comes stabulī (“officer of the stables”). For the sense-development; compare marshal. Doublet of connétable.

der

(UK, law) A police officer or an officer with equivalent powers.

konstablo

a police officer or an officer with equivalent powers

(historical) An officer of a noble court in the Middle Ages, usually a senior army commander. (See also marshal).


testimony

en-noun

testimony (countable and uncountable, plural testimonies)

PIE word
 *tréyes
Inherited from Middle English testimonie, from Old French testimonie, from Latin testimōnium (“testimony”).

inh+

The Missouri prosecutors' case against Clemons, based partly on incriminating testimony given by his co-defendants, was that Clemons was part of a group of four youths who accosted the sisters on the Chain of Rocks Bridge one dark night in April 1991.

2012 August 21, Ed Pilkington, “Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, in The Guardian:

(law) Statements made by a witness in court.


police

en-noun

police pl (normally plural, singular police)

Southern US, African-American Vernacular

From Middle French police, from Latin polītīa (“state, government”), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía). Doublet of policy and polity.

The Cook County Sheriff's Department has jurisdiction across most of Chicago but focuses on the unincorporated area and tasks like prisoner transport, leaving the rest to the Chicago Police Department.

(law enforcement) A public agency charged with enforcing laws and maintaining public order, usually being granted special privileges to do so, particularly

(Canada, US and historical) A department of local (usually municipal) government responsible for general law enforcement.

Scotland Yard is, technically speaking, only the metropolitan police for Greater London but because of their importance they have special jurisdiction for some crimes across the United Kingdom.

(UK) A branch of the Home Office responsible for general law enforcement within a specific territory.

(Australia, New Zealand) Any of the formally enacted law enforcement agencies at various levels of government.

There are nine Principles of Police:
...
7 To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and that the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen, in the interests of community welfare and existence.

1943, Charles Reith, British Police and the Democratic Ideal, pp. 3–4

‘Then the father has a great fight with his terrible conscience,’ said Munday with granite seriousness. ‘Should he make a row with the police […]? Or should he say nothing about it and condone brutality for fear of appearing in the newspapers?

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 18, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

In the criminal justice system, the People are represented by two separate yet equally important groups: the police, who investigate crime, and the district attorneys, who prosecute the offenders.

1990 Sept. 13, David Black & al., "Prescription for Death", Law & Order, 00:00:01

Citadel Security is a volunteer police service answering to the Citadel Council. The 200,000 constables of C-Sec are responsible for maintaining public order in the densely populated Citadel.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel Station: Citadel Security Services (C-Sec) Codex entry:

The rally on Sunday in Victoria Park, in the Causeway Bay district, was authorized in advance by the police. But protesters were also expected to begin marching later in the day from Sham Shui Po, a working-class neighborhood on the Kowloon peninsula, across the harbor from North Point. The police rejected their application for a permit.

2019 August 11, Mike Ives, “Hong Kong Protesters Gather Amid Fears of Mob Violence”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-08-11:

Call the police!

There’s only one police in this town.

2012 July 16, Jonathan, Christopher Nolan, The Dark Knight Rises, spoken by Peter Foley (Matthew Modine), Warner Bros. Pictures:


alienation

alienation (usually uncountable, plural alienations)

From Middle English alienacioun, borrowed from Old French alienacion, itself borrowed from Latin aliēnātiōnem.

The most usual and universal method of acquiring a title to real estates is that of alienation, conveyance, or purchase in it's limited sense: under which may be comprized any method wherein estates are voluntarily resigned by one man, and accepted by another; whether that be effected by sale, gift, marriage settlement, devise, or other transmission of property by the mutual consent of the parties.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Title by Alienation”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England:

(property law) The transfer of property to another person.


FDL

Free Documentation License
w:GNU Free Documentation License

(copyright law) Initialism of Free Documentation License.


stultify

en-verb

stultify (third-person singular simple present stultifies, present participle stultifying, simple past and past participle stultified)

stultifies (present singular third-person)
stultifying (participle present)
stultified (participle past)
stultified (past)

From Latin stultus (“stupid, foolish”), + -ify. Compare Late Latin stultificō.

And although, as hath been observed, according to the strict rules of law no person is allows to stultify himself, yet it seems that even at law the contracts of idiots and lunaticks, after office found, and the party legally commited, are void […]

1798, Mathew Bacon, “Idiots and Lunaticks”, in Sir Henry Gwillim, editor, A New Abridgment of the Law, volume 3, London: Alexander Strahan, →OCLC, page 539:

(transitive, archaic, originally law) To prove to be of unsound mind or demonstrate someone's incompetence.


chicanery

en-noun

chicanery (countable and uncountable, plural chicaneries)

From French chicanerie (“trickery”), from chicaner, borrowed from Middle Low German schicken, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *skikkijan, from Proto-Germanic *skikkijaną. Related to German schicken (“to send, ship”), Middle English skekken (“to send forth, issue”).

cog

(countable, law) A slick performance by a lawyer.


schedule

→ Cebuano: eskedyul

→ Indonesian: skedul

→ Japanese: スケジュール

→ Korean: 스케줄 (seukejul)

→ Tagalog: iskedyul

From Old French cedule (whence French cédule), from Late Latin schedula (“papyrus strip”), diminutive of Latin scheda, from Ancient Greek σχέδη (skhédē, “papyrus leaf”), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰíďďō, from Proto-Indo-European *skid-yé-ti, from *skeyd- (“to divide, split”). Doublet of cedula and cedule.
This word was historically pronounced /ˈsɛdjuːl/, /ˈsɛdʒuːl/; the pronunciations with /ʃ/ and /sk/ are due to the spelling (the latter may have been reinforced by learned influence); compare schism.

atodlen

a table of information forming appendix to a statute, other regulatory instrument or legal contract

menetrend

especially one with times of arrivals and departures

Heroin is a Schedule I drug with a high potential for abuse.

Currently, cannabis/marijuana is classified as a Schedule I drug, meaning it defined as having “no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.” This is the same designation given to LSD, heroin and ecstasy.

2022 October 13, Shawn Radcliffe, “What Happens if Marijuana is No Longer Classified as Schedule 1 Drug?”, in healthline:

controlled substance
controlled substance

(law) A written or printed table of information, often forming an annex or appendix to a statute or other regulatory instrument, or to a legal contract.

(US, law, often capitalized) One of the five divisions into which controlled substances are classified, or the restrictions denoted by such classification.

(Australia, law, medicine) One of the nine schedules of the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons. Identical to the American usage above.

schedule of tribes


plunder

en-verb

plunder (third-person singular simple present plunders, present participle plundering, simple past and past participle plundered)

plunders (present singular third-person)
plundering (participle present)
plundered (participle past)
plundered (past)

Recorded since 1632 during the Thirty Years War, native British use since the Cromwellian Civil War. Borrowed from German plündern (“to loot”), from Middle High German, from Middle Low German plunderen. Cognate with Dutch plunderen, West Frisian plonderje, Saterland Frisian plunnerje. Probably denominal from a word for “household goods, clothes, bedding”; compare Middle Dutch plunder, German Plunder (“stuff”), Dutch and West Frisian plunje (“clothes”).

The mercenaries plundered the small town.

The shopkeeper was plundered of his possessions by the burglar.

Now Azaēlos, the king of Syria, made war on the Israelites and their king Jehu, and ravaged the eastern parts of the country across the Jordan […] spreading fire everywhere and plundering everything and inflicting violence on all who fell into his hands.

1937, Josephus, Ralph Marcus, transl., chapter VIII, in Josephus: With an English Translation (Loeb Classical Library), volume VI (Jewish Antiquities), London: William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, published 1958, →OCLC, book IX, paragraph 1, page 87:

(transitive) To pillage, take or destroy all the goods of, by force (as in war); to raid, sack.

سَلَبَ

to take all the goods of, by force (as in war) (transitive)


Pseudo-acronym of canine, by phonetic similarity of the letter and number names with the two syllables of canine.

Police working dogs (K9s) often have extremely close bonds with their handlers.

2003, Nicholas H. Dodman, If Only They Could Speak: Stories About Pets and Their People, page 248:

Originally a K9 dog for the police department, Captain was asked to resign for unknown reasons.

2003, Trevor J. Orsinger, The Firefighter's Best Friend: Lives and Legends of Chicago Firehouse Dogs, page 90:

Apollo, part of the New York Police Department K9 Search and Rescue team was on the scene of the disaster just 15 minutes after the disaster

2005, Priya Kapoor, Nandita Jaishankar, VIPs: Very Important Pets, page 71:

The Saitama Prefectural Police Department, for example, had no K9 units of its own, and relied on contract dogs exclusively.

2006, Asa Nonami, Juliet Winters Carpenter, The Hunter: A Detective Takako Otomichi Mystery, page 134:


rabbi

en-noun

rabbi (plural rabbis or (archaic) rabbies)

rabbis (plural)
rabbies (archaic plural)

From Middle English raby, from Ecclesiastical Latin rabbi, and its source Koine Greek ῥαββί (rhabbí), from (post-Tanakh) Hebrew רַבִּי (rabbi, “my master”), from רַב (rav, “master [of]”) + ־י (-i, “me”). Compare late Old English rabbi. Doublet of rebbe.

suffix

Hoskins? He doesn't have a better rabbi in the department than that?

2006 September 17, David Mills, “Soft Eyes”, in The Wire, season 4, episode 2, spoken by Clarence Royce (Glynn Turman):

If I'm ever gonna make Captain, I need a good mentor. I need my rabbi.

2013 September 17, Dan Goor, Michael Schur, “Pilot”, in Brooklyn Nine-Nine, season 1, episode 1, spoken by Amy Santiago (Melissa Fumero):

(law enforcement, slang) A senior officer who acts as a mentor.


hijack

Possibly from a blend of highway + jacker (“one who holds up”) (1915).

blend

An instance of hijacking; the illegal seizure of a vehicle; a hijacking.


ratio

→ Portuguese: rácio

/ˈɹeɪ.ʃi.əʊ/

/ˈɹeɪ.ʃiˌoʊ/

Borrowed from Latin ratiō. Doublet of ration and reason.


suffer

en-verb

suffer (third-person singular simple present suffers, present participle suffering, simple past and past participle suffered)

suffers (present singular third-person)
suffering (participle present)
suffered (participle past)
suffered (past)
suffer (infinitive)

English Creole:

Jamaican Creole: sofa

From Middle English suffren, from Anglo-Norman suffrir, from Latin sufferre (“to offer, hold up, bear, suffer”), from sub- (“up, under”) + ferō (“I carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Displaced native Old English þrōwian.

der

the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must

Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:

But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:

"Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.

1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203

[…] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]

1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland


public domain

From public (“able to be seen or known by everyone”) + domain (“field or sphere of activity, expertise, or influence”).

公有的

As the copyright in this book has lapsed, it is now in the public domain.

intellectual property
intellectual property

(also attributively) Often preceded by in the.

The state of not being owned by anyone, and thus freely usable by everyone.

(specifically, law) The realm of intellectual property which is not or no longer protected by copyrights or patents, and thus over which no person can establish a proprietary interest.


SDP

en-noun

SDP (countable and uncountable, plural SDPs)

(law, US) Initialism of sexually dangerous person.


blackmail

Anglo-Scottish border
Scottish Highlands
blackmail
border reivers

From black + mail (“a piece of money”). Compare Middle English blak rente (“a type of blackmail levied by Irish chieftains”).
The word is variously derived from the tribute paid by English and Scottish border dwellers to border reivers in return for immunity from raids and other harassment. This tribute was paid in goods or labour, in Latin reditus nigri (“black mail”); the opposite is blanche firmes or reditus albi (“white rent”), denoting payment by silver.
McKay derives it from two Scottish Gaelic words blàthaich, pronounced (the th silent) bl-aich, "to protect" and màl (“tribute, payment”). He notes that the practice was common in the Scottish Highlands as well as the Borders.
More likely, from black + Middle English mal, male, maile (“a payment, rent, tribute”), from Old English māl (“speech, contract, agreement, lawsuit, terms, bargaining”), from Old Norse mál (“agreement, speech, lawsuit”); related to Old English mæðel (“meeting, council”), mæl (“speech”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 (maþl, “meeting place”), from Proto-Germanic *maþlą (“gathering, agreement”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to give advice, measure”). From the practice of freebooting clan chieftains who ran protection rackets against Scottish farmers. Black from the evil of the practice.
Expanded c. 1826 to any type of extortion money. Compare silver mail (“rent paid in money”) (1590s); buttock-mail (“fine imposed for fornication”) (1530s, Scottish).

der

(archaic) A form of protection money (or corn, cattle, etc.) anciently paid, in the north of England and south of Scotland, to the allies of robbers in order to be spared from pillage.

(England law, historical) Black rent; rent paid in corn, meat, or the lowest coin, as opposed to white rent, which was paid in silver.


inspector

→ Japanese: インスペクター (insupekutā)

(law enforcement) A police officer ranking below superintendent.