superdominant

superdominant (comparative more superdominant, superlative most superdominant)

more superdominant (comparative)
most superdominant (superlative)

I would like to come back to the idea of making a distinction between so-called 'superdominant' companies and 'just dominant' companies.

2006, Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, Isabela Atanasiu, European Competition Law Annual 2003, →ISBN:

According to O'Donoghue & Padilla (2006) 168–69, the concept of superdominance is problematic, given that there is no objective economic test that makes it possible to define when a company is superdominant and its behaviour should be subjected to greater scrutiny.

2011, Luis Ortiz Blanco, Market Power in EU Antitrust Law, →ISBN, page 50:

Simply put, if the entity that is in superdominant position is allowed to justify its rules or conduct that have restrictive effect on the market, then the claimed benefits to the public interest should be proven genuine and not merely hypothetical.

2015, Katarina Pijetlovic, EU Sports Law and Breakaway Leagues in Football, →ISBN, page 211:

(law) Having an overwhelming proportion of market share, so as to be almost a monopoly.


muzzler

A pickpocket working individually, apart from their normal gang.


oversail

en-verb

oversail (third-person singular simple present oversails, present participle oversailing, simple past and past participle oversailed)

oversails (present singular third-person)
oversailing (participle present)
oversailed (participle past)
oversailed (past)

(law) To project over (as of a crane over a neighbouring property, which may be a trespass)


correus

First attested in the singular in 1656 and in the plural in 1707; elliptical use from correus debendi.

When a creditor will accept ſolutionem particularum vel correi, the debtor or the correus muſt pay

1656 June 7, John Thurloe (author) and Thomas Birch (editor), “A letter of intelligence from the Hague, 7 June 1656” in A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe V (London, 1742), page 71

Since this act, few take bonds with cautioners, but bind them all as correi and principals.

1707 December 17, Sir John Lauder of Fountainhall (editor), The Deciſions of the Lords of Council and Seſſion, from June 6th, 1678, to July 30th, 1712 II (Edinburgh, 1761), page 404


correus debendi

kŏʹrĭəs dĭbĕnʹdī

/ˈkɒɹɪəs dɪˈbɛndaɪ/

First attested in 1668, in the singular on July 3rd and in the plural on December 19th; Latin: correus (“partaker in guilt”, “co-defendant”) + dēbendī (“of that which is to be owed”, the genitive singular of the neuter substantive of the future passive participle of dēbeō, “I owe”) = “one jointly liable for something owed”.

1668, July 3⁽¹⁾ and December 19⁽²⁾, James Dalrymple, “Thomas Rue contra Andrew Houſtoun”⁽¹⁾ and “Mr. Alexander Seaton contra Menzies”⁽²⁾ in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), pages 548⁽²⁾ and 575⁽²⁾
⁽¹⁾ He Suſpends on theſe Reaſons, that Thomas Rue had granted a general Diſcharge to Adam Muſhet, who was his Conjunct, and correus debendi, after the alleadged Service, which Diſcharged Muſhet, and conſequently Houstoun his Partner.
⁽²⁾ The Pupil after his Pupillarity, had granted a Diſcharge to one of the Co-tutors, which did extinguiſh the whole Debt of that Co-tutor, and conſequently of all the reſt, they being all correi debendi, lyable by one individual Obligation, which cannot be Diſcharged as to one, and ſtand as to all the reſt.

(law) A person jointly liable for a debt with another or others; a correal debtor; a codebtor.


recognizee

the plaintiff,C.D., &c. is called the recognizee

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) The person in whose favour a recognizance is made.


faldage

en-noun

faldage (countable and uncountable, plural faldages)

From Latin faldagium, from Old English fald (whence English fold). Compare foldage.

It was decided , in a case where the lord of a manor had liberty of faldage and a fold-course for 300 sheep over certain closes within the manor, that the lessee of these rights could not feed his own sheep over these closes

1868, Charles Isaac Elton, A Treatise on Commons and Wastelands:

(law, Norfolk, Suffolk, obsolete) A privilege of setting up, and moving about, folds for sheep, in any fields within manors, in order to manure them; often reserved to himself by the lord of the manor.

(law, obsolete) A fee paid for exemption from this.


correal

(Roman law) Under joint obligation (applied to an obligation in which the parties are severally liable).


disbench

en-verb

disbench (third-person singular simple present disbenches, present participle disbenching, simple past and past participle disbenched)

disbenches (present singular third-person)
disbenching (participle present)
disbenched (participle past)
disbenched (past)

The benchers also have the power to disbench and disbar for misconduct.

1991, John H. Baker, The Inner Temple: A Brief Historical Description:

(transitive, UK, law) To deprive (a bencher) of his privileges.


decern

decern (third-person singular simple present decerns, present participle decerning, simple past and past participle decerned)

decerns (present singular third-person)
decerning (participle present)
decerned (participle past)
decerned (past)

First attested in late Middle English circa 1425; from the French décerner, from the Latin dēcernō (“I decide, pronounce a decision”), from dē (“of, from, away from”) + cernō (“I separate, distinguish”), whence the English cern. In Old French, the forms of décerner were frequently conflated with those of descerner, discerner; the two verbs were not clearly distinguished until the 16th century; hence, in English also, decern is found with the sense discern.

der

(transitive, Scots law) Decree by judicial sentence.

Decide; determine; decree.
Decree by judicial sentence.
with simple object

Decree by judicial sentence that something be done.

He purſued Andrew Houſtoun upon his promiſe, to give him the like Sallary for the next year, and in abſence obtained him to be holden as confeſt and Decerned.

1668 July 3rd, James Dalrymple, “Thomas Rue contra Andrew Houſtoun” in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), pages 547–548

Decree a person etc. to be or to do something by judicial sentence.  (in the phrase “to decern in”, obsolete) To mulct in by decree of court.

Decide; determine; decree.
Decree by judicial sentence.
intransitive

transferred sense
transferred sense#English

Decide; determine; decree.
Decree by judicial sentence.
transferred sense


pactum de non petendo

en-noun

pactum de non petendo (plural pacta de non petendo)

Latin: pactum (“agreement”) + dē (“concerning”, “about”) + nōn (“not”) + petendō (“which is to be sued for”, the ablative singular of the neuter substantive of the future passive participle of petō, “I demand or claim at law”, “I bring an action to recover”, “I sue for”) ≅ “agreement not to sue”.

Pitmedden purſues Seaton of Menzies as Repreſenting his Father, who was one of the Purſuers Brothers Tutors, for his Fathers Intromiſſion with the Pupils Means, who alleadged Abſolvitor, becauſe the Pupil after his Pupillarity, had granted a Diſcharge to one of the Co-tutors, which did extinguiſh the whole Debt of that Co-tutor, and conſequently of all the reſt, they being all correi debendi, lyable by one individual Obligation, which cannot be Diſcharged as to one, and ſtand as to all the reſt; for albeit pactum de non petendo, may be granted to one, and not be profitable to the reſt, a ſimple Diſcharge, which diſſolveth the Obligation of the Bond, muſt be profitable to all.

1668 December 19th, James Dalrymple, “Mr. Alexander Seaton contra Menzies” in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), page 575

(law) An agreement in which a creditor promises not to enforce a debt.


coire licet

Latin: coīre (“to assemble”, “to come together”, present active indicative form of coeō, “I assemble”, “I come together”) + licet (“it is permitted”) = “it is permitted [for a group] to assemble”.

The evidence seems to be that a whole category of collegia or associations was thus exempt from compliance with the requirement of special approval, coire licet.

1992, Susan Ford Wiltshire, Greece, Rome, and the Bill of Rights, page 128:

(Ancient Roman history and law) The requirement of a grant bestowing right of assembly and allowing the formation of a collegium under the Roman Empire.


distrainor

the distrainor happens to come again into possession of his own property in goods which before he had lost

(law) One who distrains; the party distraining goods or chattels.

végrehajtó

one who distrains; the party distraining goods or chattels


cartbote

(UK, law, obsolete) Wood to which a tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry.


feuar

These out-field spots were selected by any feuar at his own choice, amongst the sheep-walks and hills which were always annexed to the Township

1820 March, [Walter Scott], The Monastery. A Romance. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and for Archibald Constable and Co., and John Ballantyne, […], →OCLC:

(Scotland, property law, historical) One who holds a feu.


dies non

(law) A day on which courts are not held.


disseizin

disseizin (countable and uncountable, plural disseizins)

From Middle English disseisen, from Anglo-Norman disseisine; equivalent to dis- + seizin.

Disseizin of things corporeal , as of houses , lands , & c . , must be by entry and actual dispossession of the freehold

(law) The act of disseizing; an act of unlawful dispossessing, especially of someone's lands.


wag-halter

I can tell you, I am a mad waghalter.

1613, John Marston, William Barksted, The Insatiate Countess, I.1:

(obsolete) Someone who is likely to swing in a halter; someone likely to be hanged.


feodary

(UK, law) An ancient officer of the Court of Wards


tithingman

[...] We that are wisely mounted higher
Than constables, in curule wit,
When on tribunal bench we sit,
Like speculators, should foresee,
From Pharos of authority,
Portended mischiefs farther than
Low proletarian tything-men [...]

1663, Samuel Butler, Hudibras, part 1, canto 1:

(law, historical) The chief of a tithing.

(UK, law) A peace officer; an underconstable.


QST

(Canada, taxation) Initialism of Quebec sales tax.


deforcement

deforcement (countable and uncountable, plural deforcements)

(law) A keeping out by force or wrong; a wrongful withholding, as of lands or tenements, to which another has a right.

There was something in the air and tone of the young soldier, which seemed to argue that his interference was not likely to be confined to mere expostulation; and which, if it promised finally of a process of battery and deforcement, would certainly commence with the unpleasant circumstances necessary for founding such a complaint.

1816, Sir Walter Scott, The Antiquary, Oxford University Press, published 2002, page 397:

(law, Scotland) Resistance to an officer in the execution of law.


diversity jurisdiction

(law) In United States law, jurisdiction of a federal court over a cause of action arising from all parties being from different U.S. states.


concurrent estate

concurrent estate (countable and uncountable, plural concurrent estates)

(law) Any of various forms of ownership of property by more than one person at a time.


tenancy by the entirety

tenancy by the entirety (plural tenancies by the entirety)

(law) A type of concurrent estate available only to married couples, where ownership of property is treated as though the couple were a single legal person.


coaccused

(law) One of two or more people accused of the same offence


rescussor

(law, UK, obsolete) One who makes an unlawful rescue; a rescuer


mootman

(law, UK, obsolete) One who argued moot cases in the inns of court.


teinland

(UK, law, obsolete) Land granted by the crown to a thane or lord


reconvention

(law, civil law) An action brought by the defendant against the plaintiff before the same judge


rehibitory

rehibitory action

rehibitory defect

(archaic, law) Of or relating to rehibition.


retroact

en-verb

retroact (third-person singular simple present retroacts, present participle retroacting, simple past and past participle retroacted)

retroacts (present singular third-person)
retroacting (participle present)
retroacted (participle past)
retroacted (past)

Sec. 4. The effectivity of this Act shall retroact to January 1, 2001.

2001, Republic of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 9010:

(law) To apply (a law) retroactively to situations that predate the enactment of the law.


SEP

(law) Initialism of standard-essential patent.


whirlpooling

It makes no sense to say that the whirlpool is “here” and the ocean “there.” Whirlpooling is a feature of the ocean.

2020, Seth Zuihō Segall, Buddhism and Human Flourishing: A Modern Western Perspective, page 121:

The action of liquid swirling around, forming a whirlpool.

"In dozens of separate 'whirlpooling' incidents, groups of teenage boys surrounded a girl in the water, tore off her swimsuit top and then grabbed her breasts."

2007, Jeff Wiltse, Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming Pools in America, The University of North Carolina Press, page 212:

The assault, undressing and groping of a woman by men in an aquatic setting.

(brewing) A method of separating the trub from the wort, involving centrifugal force.


bencher

(Canada, law) A senior member of a law society in a Canadian province (except New Brunswick).

There is Pump Court and Fountain Court, with their hydraulic apparatus, but one never heard of a bencher disporting in the fountain; and can’t but think how many a counsel learned in the law of old days might have benefited by the pump.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 30, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

(British, obsolete, law) One of the senior governing members of an Inn of Court.


miscognizant

miscognizant of the dangers

(law, obsolete) ignorant; not knowing; unaware


PCT

The significance of this language in section 102(e)(2) is that a PCT application can serve as prior art even though the applicant never files in the United States.

2022, Craig Allen Nard, The Law of Patents, Aspen Publishing, →ISBN:

Patent Cooperation Treaty
w:Patent Cooperation Treaty

(patent law) Initialism of Patent Cooperation Treaty.


haybote

From Middle English haibote, haybote, heibote, heyboote, heybote; equivalent to hay (“hedge”) + bote; compare hedgebote.

haybote or hedgebote is wood for repairing of hays,

(UK, law, obsolete) An allowance of wood to a tenant for repairing his hedges or fences; hedgebote.


gavelet

(law, UK, obsolete or historical) A certain kind of writ historically used in Kent and London for the recovery of rent.


terre-tenant

From French terre (“earth, land”) + tenant, present participle of tenir (“to hold”).

(law) One who has the actual possession of land; the occupant.

(law) The owner of land acquired from a judgment debtor.

(law) The owner of land subject to a rentcharge.


Florida flambe

Medina was killed, then cooked, becoming the second inmate in seven years to suffer the Florida flambe.

1997 April 5, Leonard Pitts, “Fiery execution shows lie of ‘humane’ death penalty”, in The Free Lance-Star, page A15:

There's a nice new death chamber in Terre Haute, Ind., just waiting for ya. No Florida flambe there. A slight boo-boo occurred not long ago when Florida fired up "Old Sparky" to execute a criminal. The guy's face mask flared up. Most grisly. A Florida district attorney glibly said the moral of the mishap was not to commit crime in Florida if you don't want the same treatment.

1997 June 6, Elizabeth Jarnagin, “Pro-life consistency means opposing death penalty”, in Amarillo Globe-News:

This is why harris should go down in Florida Flambe.

2005 August 19, Cha, “Ms. Harris's "felon purge"”, in democraticunderground.com:

(derogatory) Burning (catching fire) during execution by electric chair.

Capital punishment in Florida
Old Sparky


artificial person

en-noun

artificial person (plural artificial persons)


elisor

French éliseur, from élire to choose, from Latin ēligō. See elect.

Maryland Rules of Court, 1985: When the sheriff is a party to or interested in an action so as to be disqualified from serving or executing process, the court, on application of any interested party, may appoint an elisor to serve or execute the process.

(law, chiefly UK) An elector or chooser; one of two persons appointed by a court to return a jury or serve a writ when the sheriff and the coroners are disqualified.


natural person

natural person (plural natural persons or natural people)

natural persons (plural)
natural people (plural)

(law) A human being, as opposed to an organization.


prisonment

prisonment (countable and uncountable, plural prisonments)

Partly from prison + -ment, partly shortened from imprisonment.

Yet will I never of my love repent, / But joy that for his sake I suffer prisonment.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IV, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


nuthook

Nuthook, nuthook, you lie.

c. 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 2, act 5, scene 4:

(obsolete) A bailiff who metaphorically hooks or seizes malefactors; a policeman; a constable.


water-gang

Forty shillings per acre is the price taken for banks, ditches, and water gangs

1832, Joseph and Edward Parker (editors), The Edinburgh Encyclopædia:

(UK, law, obsolete) A passage for water, such as was usually made in a sea wall, to drain water out of marshes.


swainmote

From swain + mote. Compare Latin swanimotum.

The court of sweinmote is to be holden before the verderors, as judges, by the steward of the sweinmote, thrice in every year, the sweins or freeholders within the forest composing the jury.

1766, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, page 71:

(UK, law, obsolete or historical) A court held before the verderers of the forest as judges, by the steward of the court, three times a year, the swains or freeholders of the forest composing the jury.


owel

en-adj

owel (comparative more owel, superlative most owel)

more owel (comparative)
most owel (superlative)

From Old French oel, owel, iwel, ivel, French égal, from Latin aequalis. Doublet of equal.


audi alteram partem

From Latin audī (second-person singular present active imperative of audiō (“hear”)) + alteram (feminine accusative singular of alter (“the other”)) + partem (accusative singular of pars (“part, side”)).

(law) "Hear both sides." A legal principle of fairness given to ensure that the accused has the chance to refute an accusation.


disgradation

(Scots law, obsolete) degradation; a stripping of titles and honours


rerefief

From French arrière-fief. See rear (“hinder”), and fief.

by these means the feodal polity was greatly extended; these inferior feudatories (who held what are called in the Scots law "rerefiefs") being under similar obligations of fealty

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(Scots law, historical) A fief held of a superior feudatory; a fief held by an undertenant.


START

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
w:Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

(law) Acronym of Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.


firebote

(law, obsolete, UK) In Medieval England, an allowance of fuel.


audita querela

Latin for "the complaint having been heard".

if an Infant bind himself in a Statute Merchant or Staple, he shall have an Audita Querela during his Nonage, to avoid that Statute, and afterwards he shall have an Audita Querela after his full age, to avoid that Statute upon that MAtter in Fact

1730, Anthony Fitzherbert, The New Natura Brevium:

(law) A writ which lies for a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment.


uti possidetis

From Latin [Term?] (literally “as you possess”).

bor

(law) The principle of a treaty which leaves belligerents mutually in possession of what they have acquired by force during the war.

(law, historical, Ancient Rome) A species of interdict granted to one who was in possession of an immovable thing, in order that he might be declared the legal possessor.


mulierty

(law) Condition of being a mulier; position of one born in lawful wedlock.


feoffment

From Old French feoffement, fieffement. Compare Latin feoffamentum.

(law, UK) A gift or conveyance in fee of land or other corporeal hereditaments, accompanied by actual delivery of possession


subinfeudation

en-noun

subinfeudation (countable and uncountable, plural subinfeudations)

(UK, law, obsolete) The practice by which tenants, holding land under the king or other superior lord, carved out new and distinct tenures in their turn by subletting or alienating a part of their lands.


donatory

(law, Scotland) A donee of the crown; one to whom, upon certain conditions, escheated property is made over.


talliate

en-verb

talliate (third-person singular simple present talliates, present participle talliating, simple past and past participle talliated)

talliates (present singular third-person)
talliating (participle present)
talliated (participle past)
talliated (past)


stellionate

From Latin stellionatus (“cozenage, trickery”), from stellio (“a newt, a crafty, knavish person”).

der

The crime of stellionate[…]includes every fraud which is not distinguished by a special name; but it is chiefly applied to conveyances of the same numerical right granted by the proprietor to different disponees

1754, John Erskine of Carnock, Principles of the Law of Scotland:

(law, Scotland, Ancient Rome) Any fraud not distinguished by a more special name; chiefly applied to sales of the same property to two different persons, or selling that for one's own which belongs to another, etc.


TIR

(road transport, international law) The Convention on International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets.


oversman

(Scots law) An umpire; a third arbiter, appointed when two arbiters disagree.


bona peritura

he Sale of the Goods was good, as bona peritura

1722, Charles Molloy, De Jure Maritimo Et Navali:


tailzie

From French tailler (“to cut”). See tail (“a limitation”). For the z, compare etymology of English Mackenzie.

(historical, Scots law) An entailment or deed whereby the legal course of succession is cut off, and an arbitrary one substituted.


tolsester

From Latin tolsestrum. Compare toll (“a tax”).

If any Alewife brewed Ale to sell, she was bound to satisfy the Lord for Tolsester.

1679, Thomas Blount, Fragmenta Antiquitatis: Ancient Tenures of land, and jocular customs of some manners:

(law, UK, obsolete) A toll or tribute of a sextary of ale, paid to the lords of some manors by their tenants in exchange for permission to brew and sell ale.


loss of consortium

en-noun

loss of consortium (usually uncountable, plural losses of consortium)

(law) In the law of torts, the deprivation of the benefits of a family relationship, generally including sex, affection, and companionship, due to personal injuries caused by the tortfeasor to the person from whom the claimant received these benefits.


levari facias

(law) A writ of execution at common law.


admortization

From Latin admortizatio. Compare amortization.

(law) In feudal law, the reducing of lands or tenements to mortmain.


redisseize

en-verb

redisseize (third-person singular simple present redisseizes, present participle redisseizing, simple past and past participle redisseized)

redisseizes (present singular third-person)
redisseizing (participle present)
redisseized (participle past)
redisseized (past)

(law, transitive, archaic) To disseize back, or a second time.


prison guard

And Tietelbaum has been bought and sold so many times by the dark Republican powers that be, look at the prisonguard beating trial and the Ventura County sewer fiasco.

1997, Gary Indiana, Resentment: A comedy, New York: Anchor Books, published 1998, →ISBN, →OL, page 170:

During his services as a praetorian, Caesium Verus was twice promoted, first to tubicen (trumpeter), then to optio carceris (camp prisonguard): ordinatus tubicem item optio at carcarem factus est.

1987, Arctos: Acta philologica fennica, volumes 21-23, page 29:

The Telfaire Prisonguard towers rise miragelike in the swampy sunlight like giant mushroom caps on grey concrete stalks.

2011, Marc Ian Barasc, The Compassionate Life: Walking the Path of Kindness, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, →ISBN:

(law enforcement) An armed person working to provide order, security, discipline, punishment, and prevent escapes of prisoners in a jail that answers to a warden.

zindançı

person working to provide order to in a jail


crown immunity

en-noun

crown immunity (countable and uncountable, plural crown immunities)

(law) A legal doctrine by which the royal sovereign or royally governed state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution.

sovereign immunity

applicable whether the state is a monarchy or not


civil suit

(law) A lawsuit; an action filed in a court of law to recover for injury wrongfully caused by another.


sovereign immunity

sovereign immunity (countable and uncountable, plural sovereign immunities)

(law) A legal doctrine by which the sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution.

crown immunity

applicable only where the government is a monarchy


disseizor

(law) One who wrongfully disseizes, or puts another out of possession of a freehold.


maintainor

Old French mainteneor, French mainteneur.

[…]as well the receptor and maintainor, as that rebel or person so recepted, or maintained, be taken, reputed and adjudged

1786, James G. Butler, The Statutes at Large:

(law) One who, not being an interested party, maintains a cause depending between others, by furnishing money, etc., to either party.


relicted

(law) Left uncovered, as land by recession of water


precontract

Two grounds are surmised , by opposite parties : a pre-contract with Percy , Earl of Northumberland ; and an adulterous intercourse of Henry , many years preceding , with Anne's sister , Mary Boleyn.

1726, John Ayliffe, Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani: Or, A Commentary, by Way of Supplement to the Canons and Constitutions of the Church of England. […], London: […] D. Leach, and sold by John Walthoe […], →OCLC:

A followed in the Federal courts , to the precontract , valid by the Constitution and laws judice of holders for value who acquired their of a State

1867, Benjamin Vaughan Abbott, Digest of the Reports of the United States Courts and Acts of Congress:

(law) A contract preceding another, especially a contract of marriage which, according to the ancient law, rendered void a subsequent marriage solemnized in violation of it.


Norteño

Borrowed from Spanish norteño (“northerner”), from the gang's territory in Northern California.

(ethnic slur, offensive) A Mexican gang.

(ethnic slur, offensive) A Mexican gang member.

(ethnic slur, offensive) A Mexican or Hispanic person.


declinatory

From Latin declinatorius, from declinare: compare French déclinatoire.

[…] that the prisoner should first be arraigned, and might either then claim his benefit of clergy, by way of declinatory plea, or after conviction by way of arresting judgment.

1765, Sir William Blackstone, The Student's Blackstone: Commentaries on the Laws of England, in Four Books, published 1865:

Declinatory exceptions do not tend to defeat the demand, but only to decline the jurisdiction of the judge before whom it is brought.

1901, Henry Lastrapes Garland, editor, Code of Practice of Louisiana: With Annotations of Henry L. Garland:

That case, like the present one, involved a declinatory exception by the respondent State when it was sued for fees for legal services and for an accounting.

2014, John O. Haley, Fundamentals of Transnational Litigation: The United States, Canada, Japan, and The European Union:

(law, obsolete or historical) Containing or involving a declination or refusal, as of submission to a charge or sentence.


declinatory

(law, obsolete or historical) A declination or refusal.


covinous

en-adj

covinous (comparative more covinous, superlative most covinous)

more covinous (comparative)
most covinous (superlative)

(law) Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent; dishonest.


corsepresent

It was anciently usual to bring the mortuary to church along with the corpse when it came to be buried ; and thence it is sometimes called a corsepresent: a term which bespeaks it to have been once a voluntary donation

(UK, law, historical) An offering made to the church at the interment of a dead body.


bord service

bordar (or perhaps bord (“a board”)) + service

(UK, law, obsolete) Service due from a bordar; bordage.


free press

1768, Samuel Adams, Boston Gazette — cited in: Emord, Jonathan W. (1991). Freedom, Technology, and the First Amendment. Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy. p. 61.
There is nothing so fretting and vexatious, nothing so justly TERRIBLE to tyrants, and their tools and abettors, as a FREE PRESS.

One's right to life, liberty, and property, to free speech, a free press, freedom of worship and assembly, and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections.

1943, Robert H. Jackson, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Supreme Court of the United States, page 319 U.S. 624:

In the First Amendment, the Founding Fathers gave the free press the protection is must have to fulfill its essential role in our democracy. The press was to serve the governed, not the governors. The Government's power to censor the press was abolished so that the press would remain forever free to censure the Government. The press was protected so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people.

1971, Hugo L. Black, New York Times Company v. United States, Supreme Court of the United States, page 403 U.S. 713:

freedom of the press
freedom of the press#English

Alternative form of freedom of the press


redisseizin

writ of redisseizin

(law) A disseizin by one who once before was adjudged to have disseized the same person of the same lands, etc.; also, a writ which lay in such a case.


freedom of expression

Freedom of expression is the matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of freedom.

1937, Benjamin N. Cardozo, Palko v. Connecticut, Supreme Court of the United States, pages 302 U.S. 319, 327:

This freedom of communication is indispensable for the development and extension of scientific knowledge, a consideration of much practical import. In the first instance it must be guaranteed by law. But laws alone cannot secure freedom of expression; in order that every man may present his views without penalty there must be a spirit of tolerance in the entire population. Such an ideal of external liberty can never be fully attained but must be sought unremittingly if scientific thought, and philosophical and creative thinking in general, are to be advanced as far as possible.

1950, Albert Einstein, Out of My Later Years, Kensington Publishing Corp., page 13; "On Freedom" (1940):

Any test that turns on what is offensive to the community's standards is too loose, too capricious, too destructive of freedom of expression to be squared with the First Amendment. Under that test, juries can censor, suppress, and punish what they don’t like, provided the matter relates to "sexual impurity" or has a tendency "to excite lustful thoughts". This is community censorship in one of its worst forms. It creates a regime where in the battle between the literati and the Philistines, the Philistines are certain to win.

1957, William O. Douglas, Roth v. United States, Supreme Court of the United States, pages 354 U.S. 476, 512:

Freedom of expression would not truly exist if the right could be exercised only in an area that a benevolent government has provided as a safe haven for crackpots. The Constitution says that Congress (and the States) may not abridge the right to free speech. This provision means what it says.

1969, Abe Fortas, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, Supreme Court of the United States, page 393 U.S. 503:

Strode's Act in the Parliament of 1512 was the first statute to protect such early freedom of expression, although limited to members of Parliament.

1996, John S. Gibson, Dictionary of International Human Rights Law, Scarecrow Press, Inc., page 79:

Freedom of expression is essentially another, and perhaps more accurate, way of referring to the composite of rights usually labelled freedom of speech.

1997, David Robertson, A Dictionary of Human Rights, Europa Publications Limited, page 89:

freedom of expression — a group of the most important democratic rights. Freedom of speech and freedom of the press allow people to express their opinions and preferences and to communicate these to others. They allow criticism of those in power and are basic to freedom to oppose the government. No authority can be sacred where freedom to criticize exists.

1999, Frank Bealey, Allan G. Johnson, The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, page 137:

Any restrictions to freedom of expression will always open the door to possible others, because analogical reasoning can mount arguments showing why this or that class of objects is closely similar to those for which exceptions have been made.

2002, Randal Marlin, Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion, Broadview Press, →ISBN, page 230:

The term free speech, which appears in this book's subtitle as well as in its text, is used more or less interchangeably with freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of expression to refer to all of the expressive rights guaranteed by the forty-five words of the First Amendment, as interpreted by the U.S. courts.

2003, Mike Godwin, Cyber Rights, The MIT Press, →ISBN, page 2:

(law) The right to express an opinion in public without being restrained or censored.


barratrous

barratrous (comparative more barratrous, superlative most barratrous)

more barratrous (comparative)
most barratrous (superlative)

(law) Tainted with, or constituting, barratry.


duressor

if you will deliver me that piece of plate , now the duress is discharged ; and yet if it had been moved from the duressor , who had said at the first you shall take this peece of Plate , and make me a bond[…]

(law) One who subjects another to duress.


lastage

en-noun

lastage (countable and uncountable, plural lastages)

From lestage (“ballasting”), from lest (“ballast”), or Latin lastagium, lestagium. See last (“a load”).

(obsolete) Room for stowing goods, as in a ship.


esnecy

When, in the fourteenth century, the estates of the Corbets were divided amongst their co-heirs, Caus Castle, being of the esnecy of the elder sister, passed to the Barons Stafford.

1862, Collectanea Archæologica: Communications Made to the British Archaeological Association, volume 1, page 43:

In 1224 Walter de Besebroc and Joan his wife, Richard de Dunuar (or Dunnewer) and Agnes his wife were parceners of land in (Little) Newton, Northants.,[…]Walter and Joan had the esnecy; the inheritance extended into Rushton and Geddington, Northants.

1925, William Farrer, Honors and Knights' Fees, page 261:

[…]touching the purparty of Maud of the inheritance of William de Brehusa, father of Maud and Eleanor, whose heirs these are; of which inheritance the said Roger and Maud required esnecy, and thereof there was a plea in the said court[…].

1971, Calendar of the Patent Rolls, Preserved in the Public Record Office: 1258-1266, Great Britain: Public Record Office, page 13:

(UK, law, obsolete or historical) A prerogative given to the eldest coparcener (or whomever of the coparceners is so entitled by a court) to choose first after an inheritance is divided.


piccage

Latin piccadium, from French piquer (“to prick”).

(law, UK, obsolete or historical) Money paid at fairs for permission to break ground for booths.


droitural

droitural actions

(UK, law, obsolete) Relating to the mere right of property, as distinguished from the right of possession.


darrein

From Anglo-Norman derreyn, dreyn; from Old French darrein, darrain (Modern French dernier); from an assumed Late Latin *deretrānus (“to hinder”), from dē (“from, away from”) + retrō (“back, backwards; before, formerly”).

the assize of darrein presentment

a plea puis darrein continuance

darrein resort

The. xiii. Chap. Asſyſes of darreyn preſentement ſhalbe taken alway before our iuſtices of the benche / and there ſhalbe determyned.

1534, George Ferrers, transl., The Boke of Magna Carta, with Diuers other Statutes, whose Names Appere in the nexte Lefe folowynge, Translated into Englyshe, London: Imprynted at London: In Fletestrete, by me Robert Redman, dwellyng at the sygne of the George, nexte to Saynt Dunstones church, →OCLC, Magna Carta, chapter 13:

Therefore Ultima resolutio est gladius, War is the darrein resort of every wise and good Prince; unto which his Majesty was necessitated, they being the first Aggressors, and that upon such clear and pregnant evidence, as no King ever undertook a more just War.

1672, William de Britaine, The Interest of England in the Present War with Holland. By the Author of The Dutch Usurpation, London: Printed for Jonathan Edwin, at the three Roses in Ludgate-street, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-01-28, page 9:

[A] Man ſhall have Aſſiſe of Darrein Preſentment, although he nor his Anceſtors do preſent to the laſt Avoidance: As if the Tenant for Life or for Years, or in Dower, or by the Courteſy, ſuffer a Uſurpation unto a Church, &c. and die, he in the Reverſion, who is Heir unto the Anceſtor who laſt preſented, ſhall have an Aſſiſe of Darrein Preſentment, if he be diſturbed.

1718, Anthony Fitzherbert, translated by William Hughes, The New Natura Brevium of the most Reverend Judge, Mr. Anthony Fitz-Herbert. Whereunto are Added, the Authorities in Law, and some other Cases and Notes Collected by the Translator out of the Year-Books and Abridgments. With a New and Exact Table of the most Material Things Contained therein, 6th edition, In the Savoy [London]: Printed by Eliz. Nutt and R. Gosling, (Assigns of Edw. Sayer Esq.;) for R. Gosling at the Mitre and Crown, over against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-street, →OCLC, page 69:

Aſſiſes of Darrein Preſentment ſhall alway be taken before the justices of the bench, and there determined, Magn. Chart. 9 H. 3. c. 13. vol. I.

1769, Danby Pickering, The Statutes at Large, from Magna Charta to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761. Carefully Collated and Revised, volume XXIV (Being the Index), Cambridge: Printed by J. Archdeacon, Printer to the University; for Charles Bathurst, at the Cross-Keys, opposite St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-Street, London, page 141:

Aſſiſe de Darrein Preſentment. The form of the writ of Darrein Preſentment for a common perſon is ſuch: The king to the ſheriff, greeting: If A. ſhall make you ſecure, &c. then ſummon, &c. twelve free and lawful men of the neighbourhood of B. that they be before our juſtices, &c. ready to recognize by oath what patron in time of peace preſented the laſt parſon, who is dead, to the church of C. or the last vicar, who is dead, to the vicarage of N. which is vacant, as is ſaid, and the advowſon whereof, he the ſame A. ſays, belongs to himſelf: […]

1793, Anthony Fitzherbert with Matthew Hale, The New Natura Brevium of the Most Reverend Judge, Mr. Anthony Fitz-herbert. Together with the Authorities in Law, and Cases in the Books of Reports Cited in the Margin. … To which is Added, A Commentary, Containing Curious Notes and Observations on the Most Remarkable and Useful Writs, which Illustrate and Explain many Doubtful and Abstruse Cases and Points in the Original. By the Late Lord Chief Justice Hale. With a New and Exact Table of the Most Material Things Contained Therein, 9th edition, Dublin: Printed by H. Watts, law bookseller, No. 3, Christ Church Lane, →OCLC, page 73:

An assise of darrein presentment lies for tenant in fee, or in tail, when he or his ancestors have presented to a church, and the clerk has been instituted, and the plaintiff is afterwards hindered in presenting to the same church. […] This action is now entirely disused, a quare impedit being the proper remedy for a disturbance in presenting to a church, since that writ may be maintained wherever a writ of darrein presentment may, although the converse is not true.

1825, Henry Roscoe, A Treatise on the Law of Actions Relating to Real Property … In Two Volumes, volume I, London: Joseph Butterworth and Son 43, Fleet-Street, →OCLC, page 74:

If any matter of defence arise after the defendant has pleaded, and before the jury have actually delivered their verdict, the defendant may avail himself of it by a plea, termed a "plea puis darrein continuance." Thus, if after plea pleaded, the plaintiff give the defendant a release, the latter may plead the release puis darrein continuance.

1827, John Frederick Archbold, The Practice of the Court of King's Bench in Personal Actions, and Ejectment, 2nd American edition, volume I, New York, N.Y.: Published by Edward B. Gould, law bookseller, sign of Lord Coke, No. 6 Broad-Street, pages 198–199:

In an action for a libel the defendant pleaded puis darrein continuance, that he was a partner with C. in the printing and publishing of a newspaper which contained the libel, and that the plaintiff brought a separate action against C. for the same identical publication, and recovered judgment which had been satisfied, held to be a good plea. Thomas v. Rumsey, 6 J.R. 26.

1845, Thomas W. Clerke, A Practical Elementary Digest of the Reported Cases in the Supreme Court of Judicature, and the Court for the Correction of Errors, of the State of New York; together with the Reported Cases of the Superior Court for the City and County of New York, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time; … In Two Volumes, volume II, New York, N.Y.: Published by Gould, Banks & Co. law booksellers, No. 144 Nassau Street: and by W. M. & A. Gould & Co. No. 104 State Street, Albany, →OCLC, page 814:

In the presence of the assembled representatives of the city, the French commissioners read a letter from king John addressed to the people of Poitiers and Poitou, recalling the evils of war, the conclusion of peace and the promise he had made to hand over for ever to the king of England Poitiers (both city and castle) and Poitou. He bade them therefore to do homage, pay revenues and render obedience to the English king as they had previously done to the French king 'saving to us sovereignty and "darrein ressort"'.

1966, H[erbert] J[ames] Hewitt, “Transfer of Territory”, in The Organization of War under Edward III 1338–62, Manchester, New York, N.Y.: Manchester University Press; Barnes & Noble, →OCLC, pages 145–146:

(law, historical) In the names of legal actions, pleas, writs, etc.: final, last; dernier.


recoveror

For either it remained in the recoveree after the recovery suffered , or was destroyed by it , or was conveyed to the recoveror

1800, Reports of Adjudged Cases in the Court of Common Pleas:

(law) The demandant in a common recovery after judgment.


counternotification

(law) A legal notification sent in reply to an earlier notice from an opposing party.


anatocism

From Ancient Greek ἀνατοκισμός (anatokismós), from ἀνα- (ana-) + τοκισμός (tokismós, “usury”).

Of Anatocism, or Compound Interest; wherein is shewed how by the Logarithms to answer all Questions concerning the Increase or present Worth of any Sum of Money or Annuity

1729, Edward Cocker, Cocker's Decimal Arithmetick:


interplead

en-verb

interplead (third-person singular simple present interpleads, present participle interpleading, simple past and past participle interpleaded or interpled)

interpleads (present singular third-person)
interpleading (participle present)
interpleaded (participle past)
interpleaded (past)
interpled (participle past)
interpled (past)

(law) To plead against each other, or go to trial between themselves, as the claimants in an interpleader.


steelbow

(law, Scotland, historical) A contract by which goods on a farm (such as corn, cattle, implements, etc.) remain the property of the landlord and may not be taken away by a departing tenant.


socman

(UK, law, obsolete) One who holds lands or tenements by socage; a socager.


mutuary

From Latin mutuarius (“mutual”). See mutuation.

(law) One who borrows personal chattels which are to be consumed by him, and which he is to return or repay in kind


hidage

en-noun

hidage (countable and uncountable, plural hidages)

From hide (“unit of land used for tax assessment”) + -age.

suf

1898, Hannis Taylor, The Origin and Growth of the English Constitution, Part 2: The After-growth of the Constitution,
In the case of the towns, to which the reckoning by hides could not be applied, the Danegeld or hidage was probably compounded for, and such composition represents no doubt the later talliage.⁴ In the ninth year of Henry II. the Danegeld as such finally disappeared from the Rolls, but only to reappear as aid or hidage, and in the reign of Richard I. as carucage.

What seems to have been a still later addition gives the hidages of Worcestershire and Warwickshire.

1992, Cyril Hart, The Danelaw, page 298:

The moment has now come when we may tender in evidence an ancient document which professes to state the hidage of certain districts.

2013, F. W. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England, page 455:

(UK, law, obsolete or historical) A tax formerly paid to the kings of England for every hide of land.


feoff

Alternative form of fief, related to Anglo-Norman feoffer. Compare Latin feodum.


feoff

en-verb

feoff (third-person singular simple present feoffs, present participle feoffing, simple past and past participle feoffed)

feoffs (present singular third-person)
feoffing (participle present)
feoffed (participle past)
feoffed (past)


Hilary term

Hilary + term. The name Hilary is from the Latin Hilarius (“Latin name of Saint Hilary of Poitiers”), hilarius (“more cheerful, more joyful”), from hilarē (“cheerful, joyful”), from hilaris (“cheerful, light-hearted, lively”), from Ancient Greek ἱλαρός (hilarós, “cheerful, glad, happy, joyful, merry”), from ἵλαος (hílaos, “gracious, merciful, propitious; gentle, kind, mild”). The feast day of Saint Hilary of Poitiers (c. 310 – c. 367), 13 January, occurs during this term.

der

In Hilary''' term, 1777, Howland and his co-truſtees, filed a bill againſt the preſent plaintiff Elizabeth, the teſtator's heir at law, and the perſons claiming under his will, for the directions and indemnity of the Court, in executing their truſt; […]

1782, William Brown, “Thomas Brooks, D.D. and Elizabeth His Wife, Late Elizabeth Adams, Widow and Executrix of James Adams, Esq.; Deceased, Plaintiffs; Frances Reynolds, Widow, Defendant”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Chancery. … From Trinity Term, in the Eighteenth, to the Conclusion of the Twenty-fifth Year of the Reign of His Present Majesty King George the Third, both inclusive, 2nd edition, volume I, London: Printed by A[ndrew] Strahan and W[illiam] Woodfall, law-printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty: for E. and R. Brooke, Bell-Yard, Temple-Bar, published 1790, →OCLC, page 183:

[Order] XIX. That whenever the time allowed for any of the following purposes, that is to say, for amending any bill, for filing, delivering, and referring exceptions to any answer, or for obtaining a Master's report upon any exceptions, would expire in the interval between the last seal after Trinity term and the first seal before Michaelmas term, or between the last seal after Michaelmas term and the first seal before Hilary term, such time shall extend to and include the day of the general seal then next ensuing.

1845, R. Levinge Swift, “Appendix. Lord Lyndhurst’s Orders of 3rd April, 1828, (Amended by Lord Brougham’s Orders, 23rd November, 1831.)”, in The Orders of the High Court of Chancery, from Hilary Term 1828 to Trinity Term 1845, as at Present Applicable to the Practice: With the Cases Decided under each Order, London: Owen Richards, law bookseller and publisher, 194. Fleet-Street, →OCLC, pages 8–9:

Hilary Term was reinstated in 1796, with the injunction that jurors were not required to attend unless specially ordered. It seems likely, therefore, that the term was intended to be used for appeal cases only, although since criminal trials with juries were held in most Hilary Terms after 1798 this intention was not always carried out.

2004, Barry Cahill, Jim Phillips, “The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia: Origins to Confederation”, in Philip Girard, Jim Phillips, Barry Cahill, editors, The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1754–2004: From Imperial Bastion to Provincial Oracle, Toronto, Ont.: Published for The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, page 71:

(law) The second term of the legal year, running from January to March or April, during which the upper courts of England and Wales, and Ireland, sit to hear cases.


covert baron

From Anglo-Norman couverte baroun, alteration of earlier coverte de baron (“covered by a husband”).

The Surrender by a woman covert Baron, being of the age of one and twenty years, made together with her ſband of the Lands

1617, The free Customes, Benefits and Priviledges of the Copyhold Tennants of the Mannors of Stepney and Hackney:


pickery

From pick (“to steal”), or perhaps from pickeer.

If any man be taken with theft or pickery, and thereof convicted, he shall have his head polled, and hot pitch poured upon his pate […]

1577, Raphaell Holinshed, The Firste Volume of the Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande […], volume I, London: […] [Henry Bynneman] for Iohn Harrison, →OCLC:


parapherna

From Late Latin parapherna, from Ancient Greek παράφερνα (parápherna, “things additional to a dowry”), from παρα- (para-, “beside”) + φερνή (phernḗ, “dowry”). In the propertied classes, a dowry was placed under the control of the husband, while the 'paraphernalia' which she brought with her remained the wife’s property.

(law, historical, Ancient Rome) A woman's property which was not made a part of her marriage dower but remained her own.


deforciant

From Old French deforciant, present participle of deforcier. See deforce.

(obsolete, UK, law) One who keeps out of possession the rightful owner of an estate.

(obsolete, UK, law) One against whom a fictitious action of fine was brought


drengage

(obsolete, law, UK) The tenure by which a drench held land


fidejussion

From Latin fidejussio, from fidejubere (“to be surety or bail”), from fides (“faith”) + jubere (“to order”). Compare French fidéjussion.

(law) The act or state of being bound as surety for another; suretyship.


revertee

(law) One whose estate or land is reverted.


devest

en-verb

devest (third-person singular simple present devests, present participle devesting, simple past and past participle devested)

devests (present singular third-person)
devesting (participle present)
devested (participle past)
devested (past)

From Middle French devester (“strip of possessions”), from Old French desvestir, from des- (“dis-”) + vestir (“to clothe”).

uder

(law, transitive) To take away, as an authority, title, etc., to deprive; to alienate, as an estate.

(law, intransitive) To be taken away, lost, or alienated, as a title or an estate.


precognosce

en-verb

precognosce (third-person singular simple present precognosces, present participle precognoscing, simple past and past participle precognosced)

precognosces (present singular third-person)
precognoscing (participle present)
precognosced (participle past)
precognosced (past)

1858-1880, David Masson, Life of Milton in Connexion with the History of His Own Time
a committee of nine precognoscing the chances

(law, Scotland, transitive) To examine (e.g. witnesses or evidence) beforehand.


filacer

From Old English filace (“a file or thread on which the records of the courts of justice were strung”), from French filasse (“tow of flax or hemp”), from Latin fīlum (“thread”).

der

When actions are brought in the Courts of King's Bench or Common Pleas, founded upon original writs issuing out of the Courts of Chancery (which writs, as stated in the Report of the 9th of April 1816, it is the duty of the Cursitors to make out) it has been the practice in certain cases for the Filacers of the Courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas respectively, to receive from the Suitors the King's fines (if any) and also the fees payable to the Cursitors in respect of such original writs, and afterwards to account to the Cursitors for the fines and fees so received.

1817 December 20, House of Commons of the United Kingdom, “Second Report of the Commissioners for Examining into the Duties, Salaries and Emoluments, of the Officers, Clerks and Ministers, of the Several Courts of Justice, in England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed;—as to the Court of Chancery”, in Reports from Committees: Fever; Ireland; Courts of Justice: Session 27 January – 10 June, 1818, volume VII, [London]: [s.n.], published 6 April 1818, →OCLC, page 172:

(British, law, obsolete) A former officer in the English Court of Common Pleas and the Court of King's Bench, so called because he filed the writs on which he made out process


inlagation

From Law Latin inlagatio, from inlagare (“to restore to law”). See in and law.

(UK, law, obsolete) The restitution of an outlawed person to the protection of the law; inlawing.


rescinsion

en-noun

rescinsion (usually uncountable, plural rescinsions)

(law, parliamentary language) Rescission.


routously

[…] did unlawfully, riotously and routously assemble and gather together, to disturb the peace of the said state […]

1843, Samuel Dana Bell, Justice and sheriff, page 318:

(law) With that violation of law called a rout.


blanch holding

And be it enacted, That all Tenures of any Lands or Heretages in Scotland, that are now held or liable or be held of his Majesty by Ward Holding, whether simple or taxed Ward, are hereby enacted to be turned into Blanch Holding […]

1876, Hugh Cowan, The Land Rights of Scotland: Being a Collection of the Entail, Conveyancing, and Other Statutes Relating to Land:

(Scots law, historical) A mode of tenure by the payment of a small duty in white rent (silver) or otherwise.


borsholder

From Old English borsolder, probably from borges (“pledge's”) + ealdor (“elder”). Compare borrow and elder.

(historical, law) Synonym of tithingman: the head of a tithing.

(historical, law) Synonym of tithingman: a peace officer or underconstable.


tubman

(UK, law, obsolete) One of the two most experienced barristers in the Court of Exchequer (the other being the postman).


wainage

wainage (countable and uncountable, plural wainages)

From wain + -age. Compare Old French waaignage.

Bracton says in one place that the villein has an action against his lord if the lord should take away the villein's wainage, i.e. plough and plough-team.

1900, William James Ashley, Surveys, Historic and Economic, page 46:

(UK, law, obsolete) Gainage; the team and implements necessary for the cultivation of land.


redhibition

redhibition (countable and uncountable, plural redhibitions)

Latin redhibitiō (“a taking back”), from redhibeō.

(law) The annulling of a sale, and the return by the buyer of the article sold, on account of some defect.


struck jury

(law) A special jury, composed of persons having special knowledge or qualifications, selected by striking from the panel of jurors a certain number for each party, leaving the number required by law to try the cause.


exigenter

There are also four Exigenters, whose Office is to make all Exigents and Proclamations in all Actions where Process of Outlawry doth lye.

1672, Edward Chamberlayne, Angliae Notitia:

(UK, law, obsolete) An officer in the Court of King's Bench and Common Pleas whose duty it was to make out exigents.


countor

(obsolete, UK, law) An advocate or professional pleader; one who counted for his client, that is, orally pleaded his cause


parcener

From Middle English parcener, from Old French parçonier, from parçon, parcion, part, portion, from Latin partitio a division. See partition and compare partner.


personal injury

personal injury (plural personal injuries)

(law) An injury to the body, mind or emotions, as opposed to an injury to property.


thirdings

(UK, law) One third of the corn or grain growing on the ground at the tenant's death, paid to the lord as a heriot.


imparsonee

From Old French empersone. See in- and parson.

(UK, law, religion) Presented, instituted, and inducted into a rectory, and in full possession.


imparsonee

(UK, law, religion) A clergyman so inducted.


discovert

Old French descovert, past participle of descovrir (“to uncover”).

(law, obsolete) Not covert; not within the bonds of matrimony; unmarried; applied either to a woman who has never married or to a widow.


utility model

intellectual property
intellectual property

(copyright law law) An intellectual property right in certain legal systems, to protect invention, very similar to the patent, but usually with shorter term and less stringent patentability requirements.


impanelment

impanelment (countable and uncountable, plural impanelments)

(law) The act or process of impaneling, or the state of being impaneled.


avowant

the demandant Plaintiff, or avowant, this is peremptory by the same Statute

1578, Sir Robert Brooke, New Cases in the Time of Henry VIII:

(law) The defendant in replevin, who avows the distress of the goods, and justifies the taking.


stateprison

On his way, under the care of the sheriff of Oswego county, to the stateprison, Lett made his escape, at the imminent peril of his life, by leaping from a railroad car while it was under full motion.

1841, William H. Seward, letter to Mr. Webster:

(US, dated) A prison maintained by the state.


cognizor

the cognizor acknowledges “ the right to be in the cognizee

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) One who acknowledged the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in a fine; the defendant.


arrentation

Compare French arrenter (“to give or take as rent”). See arendator.

cog

(law, UK, obsolete) A letting or renting, especially a licence to enclose land in a forest with a low hedge and ditch, under a yearly rent.


latitancy

Supposing the fact of latency established, and the fact of latitancy justly inferred from it; still, under existing institutions, there exists a counter-probability by which its probative force in the character of a criminative circumstance is weakened.

1843, Jeremy Bentham, The Works - Volume 7, page 53:

The allegation of a cuase for a writ of pone is a mere matter of form; as much so as the allegation of latitancy upon mesne process, or the affection of John Doe for the tenant in possession.

1873, John Cole Lowber, Thomas Sergeant, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the English Courts, page 451:

(law) The act of withholding information in order to avoid justiciability.


connusant

en-adj

connusant (comparative more connusant, superlative most connusant)

more connusant (comparative)
most connusant (superlative)


intercommon

en-verb

intercommon (third-person singular simple present intercommons, present participle intercommoning, simple past and past participle intercommoned)

intercommons (present singular third-person)
intercommoning (participle present)
intercommoned (participle past)
intercommoned (past)

From Old French entrecommuner. See inter- and common.

(obsolete, UK, law) To graze cattle promiscuously in the commons of each other, as the inhabitants of adjoining townships, manors, etc.


stitch-up

Wilson's election as leader was a stitch-up by the committee.

Lynch added: "Our findings from our FOI requests on ticket office closures shows the whole process to be a stitch-up between the train operators, under the auspices of the Rail Delivery Group[,] and ministers.

2023 October 18, Mel Holley, “Network News: Harper attacks Labour over strikes... but unions hit back”, in RAIL, number 994, page 18:

(British, slang) Something arranged deceitfully and in secret.

interne Vereinbarung

something arranged deceitfully and in secret


parcenary

(law, obsolete) coparcenary; coheirship.


commorant

All freeholders within the precinct […] and all persons commorant therein.

(US, law) Inhabiting or occupying temporarily.


isonomy

en-noun

isonomy (countable and uncountable, plural isonomies)

From Ancient Greek ἰσονομία (isonomía). Equivalent to iso- + -nomy.


impetration

impetration (countable and uncountable, plural impetrations)

/ɪmpɪˈtɹeɪʃən/

From Latin impetrātiō: compare French impétration.

(obsolete, UK, law) The obtaining of benefice from Rome by solicitation, which benefice belonged to the disposal of the king or other lay patron of the realm.


obtemper

en-verb

obtemper (third-person singular simple present obtempers, present participle obtempering, simple past and past participle obtempered)

obtempers (present singular third-person)
obtempering (participle present)
obtempered (participle past)
obtempered (past)

and after reading thereof, enquir'd at him, if he would obtemper the famin; to which he answer'd, That he could not comply with, or would he obtemper the said Sentence

1712, Charles Nice Davies, The Present State of the Parties in Great Britain:

(Scots law, transitive) To obey (a judgement or decree).


backbond

(Scots law) An instrument which, in conjunction with another making an absolute disposition, constitutes a trust.


a mensa et thoro

/eɪ ˈmɛnsə ˌɛt ˈθɔːɹəʊ/

Learned borrowing from Latin a mensa et thoro (“from board and bed”).

lbor

A divorce a mensa et thoro, obtained by the wife, is not a bar to her right of dower.

1864, Benjamin Vaughan Abbott, Austin Abbott, A digest of New York Statutes and Reports: From the earliest period to the year 1860, 3rd edition, volume II, page 533:

The long-defunct possibility of a divorce for adultery allowing remarriage was proposed anew by Cranmer,²⁵ who considered that a divorce a mensa et thoro offended against the duty to cohabit insisted on by the Church.

2003, B. J. Sokol, Mary Sokol, Shakespeare, Law, and Marriage, page 144:

Under specific circumstances, two other kinds of marriage termination, both called divorce (divorcium), could be declared by the ecclesiastical courts of late medieval England: divorce a mensa et thoro ( “from table and bed”) and divorce a vinculo (“from the bond”).[…]Divorce a mensa et thoro resulted in what we would term separation.

2006, Shannon McSheffrey, Marriage, Sex, And Civic Culture in Late Medieval London, page 23:

(historical, law, of a divorce) That does not dissolve the marriage bond, but merely authorizes the husband and wife to live apart from each other.


a mensa et thoro

/eɪ ˈmɛnsə ˌɛt ˈθɔːɹəʊ/

By the recent statute 20 & 21 Viet c. 85, § 7, no divorce can in future be granted à mensa et thoro, but a decree of judicial separation is to be pronounced, having the like effect.

1867, Alexander Mansfield Burrill, “Divorce a mensa et thoro”, in A Law Dictionary and Glossary, page 504:

(historical, law, of a divorce) Such as not to dissolve the marriage bond, but merely to authorize the husband and wife to live apart from each other.


cognizee

the cognizor acknowledges the right to be in the cognizee

(law) One to whom a fine of lands was acknowledged.


frank-marriage

en-noun

frank-marriage (countable and uncountable, plural frank-marriages)

an estate given with her in frank marriage by her ancestor

(obsolete, UK, law) A form of conditional marriage-gift of land under English law, often from father to daughter.


decennary

From Medieval Latin decennārius, a variant of decēnārius.

(law, historical) Alternative form of decenary: of or related to a tithing.


decennary

All males... should... be enrolled in a tithing, or decennary, which originally consisted of ten free families.

1881, T.S. Frampton, Hundred of Wrotham, page 36:

(law, historical) Alternative form of decenary: a tithing.


peremption

Latin peremptio: compare French péremption.


borough English

the great variety of customs affecting many of these tenements so held in ancient burgage, the principal and most remarkable of which is that called Borough English

(law, UK, obsolete) Patrilineal ultimogeniture; inheritance by the youngest surviving male child.


prolicide

prolicide (countable and uncountable, plural prolicides)

Latin proles (“offspring”) + caedere (“kill”). Equivalent to + -cide.

PROLICIDE […] Admits of two divisions, fœticide or criminal abortion and infanticide or the destruction of the new born infant.

1827, Robley Dunglison, Syllabus of the Lectures on Medical Jurisprudence, page 93:

(uncountable) The crime of destroying one's offspring, either in the womb or after birth.


premunitory

premunitory process

premunitory clause

(historical, law) Of or relating to a praemunire.


decerniture

(Scots law) A decree or sentence of a court.


writ of mandamus

writ of mandamus (plural writs of mandamus)

(law) A writ that compels a government entity to perform mandatory or purely ministerial duties correctly.


supraprotest

(law) An acceptance of a bill by a third person after protest for nonacceptance by the drawee


prerogative writ

prerogative writ (plural prerogative writs)

(law) A class of writ that effects control over an inferior court or public authority.


divestive

(law) Serving or tending to divest, or strip of a right or possession.


investive

(law) Serving or tending to invest, or endow with a right or possession.


moothill

The life, the sovereignty of the settlement resided solely in the body of the freeman whose holdings lay round the moothill or the sacred tree where the community met from time to time to deal out its own justice or make its own laws.

1874, John Richard Green, A Short History of the English People:

(UK, law, historical) A hill or elevated place where a meeting or council took place in Saxon England.


stable-stand

I'll keep my stable-stand where I lodge my wife, I'll go in couples with her.

The four indications of offence against Vert and Venison, in like manner arrange themselves in rhyme - Dog draw, stable stand, Backberinde, and bloody hand;-and this formed the precept of the Forester, and instructed him to seize the trespasser who was taken with the mayneer whilst roaming in the green-wood shade.

1818 December, “The Gothic Laws of Spain”, in Edinburgh Review, volume 31, number 61, page 96:

Ah, honest Will Rufus! You were the king for my money – ill betide the fool who shot thee; —you had a halter for every rogue; there was STABLESTAND, when the knave was found in the forest with his bow bent; DOGDRAW, when he was drawing with a hound after the hurt deer; BACKBEAR, when he had killed, and was carrying off, his venison; and BLOODYHAND, when he was seen coursing with blood upon his hands.

1834, George Soane, The Frolics of Puck - Volume 3, page 87:

The Law further provides that the Forester may take a man if he be found either at “Dog-draw," "Stable-stand," "Back-bear,” or “Bloody-hand."

1868, Thomas Newbigging, History of the Forest of Rossendale, page 63:

although it is usually known in common parlance as hunting, is not properly such, but comes under one of three heads, — "stalking," which is here generally termed still-hunting, where the animal is followed by his sign, left on the soil, or on the trees and coppice which he may have frayed, by the aid of the eye and experience in woodcraft and the habits of the quarry alone, without the assistance of hounds— "stable-stand," where the sportsman, taking his station at the intersection of deer-paths, at a haunted salt-lick, or at a well-ascertained watering place, awaits the voluntary advent of the animal, when he shall be impelled to move by the solicitation of his own instincts—or, lastly, "dog-draw," where, posting himself, as before, in such place as he judges likely to be passed by the fugitive, the shooter expects its coming when driven by slow hounds, who have drawn for it, and aroused it from its lair, under the guidance of his servants or companions.

1868, Frank Forester, The Complete Manual for Young Sportsmen, page 37:

These dogs were used to hunt up the game also when the deer was to be shot with the bow. The sportsmen would be standing at their trysts or stable-stand in some alley or glade of the wood, and the hounds be put into the covert or park "to tease them forth."

2013, Edward of Norwich, William A. Baillie-Grohman, F. N. Baillie-Grohman, The Master of Game, page 261:

(UK, law, obsolete) The position of a person found standing in the forest with a crossbow or longbow bent, ready to shoot at a deer, or close by a tree with greyhounds in a leash ready to slip; one of the four presumptions that a person intended to steal the king's deer.


pignoration

pignoration (countable and uncountable, plural pignorations)

From Latin pignorātio, pignerātio, derivation of pignerāre (“to pledge”), derivation of pignus, genitive pignoris, pigneris (“a pledge, a pawn”). Compare French pignoration.

(law) The taking of cattle doing damage, by way of pledge, until compensation is made


assythment

assythment (countable and uncountable, plural assythments)

/əˈsʌɪðmənt/

From assyth + -ment, from Old French aset, asez, originally meaning "enough". See assets.

It may be observed that assythment is not due to the next of kin of a person slain where the offender hath by the exertion of public justice suffered the punishment due to his crime; but whether it can be demanded from the king's donatary where the criminal hath fled from justice and forfeited his movable estate upon a sentence of fugitation, may be doubted.

1871, John Erskine, An Institute of the Law of Scotland, volume 2, page 1235:

I, Fergus and my Heirs and Assignies, against all deadly the foresaid Three Daughs, and the forenamed Land of Ardendraught, with their pertinents, liberties and assythments and other privileges as aforesaid.

1894 February 20, Scottish Notes and Queries, volume 7, page 140:

Although there is no precise statistical analysis of assythments, bonds of manrent were only very rarely used in such circumstances.

2003, Christine Peters, Women in Early Modern Britain, 1450-1640, page 25:

(Scots law, historical) Compensation or reparation for a criminal offence.


Tyburn ticket

Tyburn was formerly a place of execution in England.

(UK, law, obsolete) A certificate given to one who prosecutes a felon to conviction, exempting them from certain parish and ward offices.


bordland

bordar (or perhaps bord (“a board”)) + land.

(UK, law, obsolete) The land held by a bordar.

(UK, law, obsolete) The land which a lord kept for the maintenance of his board, or table.


estreat

the estreat of each ranſome severally and apart ſent to the Sheriffe

1647, Nathaniel Bacon, An Historicall Discourse of the Uniformity of the Government:

(law) A true copy, duplicate, or extract of an original writing or record, especially of amercements or penalties set down in the rolls of court to be levied by the bailiff, or other officer.


estreat

en-verb

estreat (third-person singular simple present estreats, present participle estreating, simple past and past participle estreated)

estreats (present singular third-person)
estreating (participle present)
estreated (participle past)
estreated (past)

(law) To extract or take out from the records of a court, and send up to the court of exchequer to be enforced; said of a forfeited recognizance.


caducary

(law) Relating to escheat, forfeiture, or confiscation.


disheritor

(law) One who puts another person out of an inheritance.


ligeance

From Middle English legiaunce, from Old French ligeance, legeance, ligance; equivalent to liege + -ance; compare allegiance.


battel

From Middle English batel, batayle from Old French bataille, from Late Latin battālia, variant of battuālia (“military exercises”), from Latin battuō (“to strike, hit, beat, fight”), from a Gaulish root, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to stab, dig”). Doublet of battalia and battle.

der

trial by battel; wager of battel


surrebut

en-verb

surrebut (third-person singular simple present surrebuts, present participle surrebutting, simple past and past participle surrebutted)

surrebuts (present singular third-person)
surrebutting (participle present)
surrebutted (participle past)
surrebutted (past)

(law) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter.


pernor

(law, archaic) A receiver of the profits, as of an estate.


disseize

disseize (third-person singular simple present disseizes, present participle disseizing, simple past and past participle disseized)

disseizes (present singular third-person)
disseizing (participle present)
disseized (participle past)
disseized (past)

From dis- + seize: compare French dessaisir.

to disseize a tenant of his freehold

which savage beasts strive as eagerly to keep and hold those golden mines, as the Arimaspians to disseize them thereof

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “(please specify |book=I to XXXVII)”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], (please specify |tome=1 or 2), London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC:

(law, archaic) To deprive of seizin or possession; to dispossess or oust wrongfully (one in freehold possession of land).


concurral

Increasing numbers of circuit judges are writing dissents from, and concurrences in, orders denying rehearing en banc—colloquially known as dissentals and concurrals.

2011, Alex Kozinski & James Burnham, "I Say Dissental, You Say Concurral", The Yale Law Journal Online (paywall)

(US, law, colloquial) A concurrence in an order denying rehearing en banc.


dissental

2012, Alex Kozinski, James Burnham, “I Say Dissental, You Say Concurral”, in The Yale Law Journal Online:

(US, law, colloquial) A dissent from an order denying rehearing en banc.


NRI

Reza had almost become an NRI. When he was very young, his family moved to Canada.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 153:

w:Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin

(India, law) Initialism of non-resident Indian. (an Indian citizen who is not treated as a resident by Indian income tax law).


champertor

From French champarteur (“a divider of fields or field rent”). See champerty.

uder

(law) One guilty of champerty; one who purchases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his or her own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain.


recognitor

/ɹɪˈkɒɡnɪtə(ɹ)/

From Latin recognitor, agent noun of recognosco.

the issue should be tried by a common jury or inquest , and not by recognitors of assise

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) One of a jury impaneled on an assize.


estrepement

en-noun

estrepement (countable and uncountable, plural estrepements)

From Old French [Term?] (“damage, waste”).

And the writ of estrepement lay at the common law‥to stop any waste which the vanquished party might be tempted to commit.

176, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, book, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) A destructive kind of waste committed by a tenant for life, in lands, woods, or houses.


prejudication

prejudication (countable and uncountable, plural prejudications)

(law) A preliminary inquiry and determination about something which belongs to a matter in dispute.


improbation

improbation (countable and uncountable, plural improbations)

the best expedient which Improbation occurred to the lawyers of those days , was afforded by the action of reduction - improbation

1826, George Joseph Bell, Commentaries on the Law of Scotland and on the principles of Mercantile Jurisprudence:

(law, Scotland) The act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged.


third penny

(UK, law, obsolete) A third part of the profits of fines and penalties imposed at the country court, which was among the perquisites enjoyed by the earl.


tineman

Probably akin to tine (“to shut or enclose”).

(obsolete, UK, law) An officer of the forest who had the care of vert and venison by night.


paviage

[a] document, which grants a toll for murage and for paviage

1828, A Full Report of the Important Toll Cause, of the Mayor, &c.:

(law, historical) A contribution or a tax for paving streets or highways.


suppletory

en-adj

suppletory (comparative more suppletory, superlative most suppletory)

more suppletory (comparative)
most suppletory (superlative)

a suppletory oath

(now chiefly law) Making up for deficiencies; supplementary.


afterborn

From Middle English *afterboren, *efterboren, *æfterboren, from Old English æfterboren (“afterborn, posthumous, born after the father’s death”), equivalent to after- + born. Cognate with Scots efterborn.

inh

(law) Born after the will of a parent has been made.


esplees

From Latin expletia, Old French espleit. Compare exploit.

in a writ of Eſchete, in a writ of right ſur diſclaimer, and ſuch like, which are founded vpon the ſeigniory, and not vpon any ſeiſin of the land it ſelfe, no eſplees ſhall be alledged

1627, Henry Finch, Lavv: Or, A Discovrse Thereof, in Foure Bookes:

(law, UK, obsolete) The full profits or products yielded by land, such as hay, pasturage, grain, rents, services, and the like.


discoverture

/dɪsˈkʌvɚˌt͡ʃʊɚ/

/dɪsˈkʌvɚˌt͡ʃɚ/

(obsolete, law) A state of being released from coverture; freedom of a woman from the coverture of a husband.


statement of intent

en-noun

statement of intent (plural statements of intent)

(law) A formal statement that the author has a serious intention of doing something under specified conditions, and at a specified time


mainprise

mainprise (countable and uncountable, plural mainprises)

From Middle English meynprise, maynprise, from Anglo-Norman mainprise.

(law, historical) A writ directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take sureties, called mainpernors, for the prisoner's appearance, and to let him go at large.

(law, historical) Deliverance of a prisoner on security for his appearance at a day.


mainprise

en-verb

mainprise (third-person singular simple present mainprises, present participle mainprising, simple past and past participle mainprised)

mainprises (present singular third-person)
mainprising (participle present)
mainprised (participle past)
mainprised (past)

(transitive, law) To allow (a prisoner) to go at large, on his finding sureties, or mainpernors, for his appearance on a given day.


allocatur

From Latin allocātur (“it is allocated”), from allocāre (“to allocate”).

The taxing-masters had done their work like any respectable gunsmith conscientiously preparing the musket, that, duly pointed by a brave arm, will spoil a life or two. Allocaturs, filing of bills in Chancery, decrees of sale, are legal chain-shot or bomb-shells that can never hit a solitary mark, but must fall with widespread shattering.

1860, George Eliot, chapter 7, in The Mill on the Floss, volume 2, Edinburgh: William Blackwood, page 97:

(law) The allowance of a proceeding, writ, order, etc., by a court, judge, or judicial officer.


miscontinuance

en-noun

miscontinuance (usually uncountable, plural miscontinuances)


expeditate

en-verb

expeditate (third-person singular simple present expeditates, present participle expeditating, simple past and past participle expeditated)

expeditates (present singular third-person)
expeditating (participle present)
expeditated (participle past)
expeditated (past)

From Latin expeditatus, past participle of expeditare (“to expeditate”), from ex (“out”) + ped- (“foot”).

They expeditated the dogs, to stop them chasing deer.

(UK, obsolete, transitive, law, forest law) To deprive of the claws or the balls of the forefeet.


newco

A merger can be implemented between the issuer ("Oldco") and a new corporation ("Newco") owned by the proponents, as a result of which Oldco shares not owned by the proponents are converted to cash and Newco shares remain outstanding.

1982, Arthur M. Borden, Going Private, pages 3–4:

In this structure, the acquirer (A) forms a wholly owned subsidiary (call it NewCo). A will transfer the merger consideration to NewCo in exchange for all of NewCo's stock. Then Target will merge into NewCo (or NewCo will merge into Target).

2003, William T. Allen, Reinier H. Kraakman, Commentaries and Cases on the Law of Business Organization, page 439:

For this example, we're going to assume that a new company (we will call it NewCo) is going to build brick homes in the $250,000 price range.

2008, Edward D. Hess, Charles D. Goetz, So, You Want to Start a Business?: 8 Steps to Take Before Making the Leap, page 62:

Those who were more attached to NewCo discussed more positively their ability to charge OldCo for work, to take the 'commercial' view.

2012, Stephanie J. Morgan, The Human Side of Outsourcing: Psychological Theory and Management Practice, →ISBN:

(law, finance) A placeholder name for a business in textbooks.


nonpatentability

The Solicitor of the Patent Office argued before the CCPA that Benson’s holding of nonpatentability as to the computer program in that case was controlling here.

1976, Thurgood Marshall, Dann v. Johnston, 425 U.S. 219, 224 (1976)

(law) The characteristic of being nonpatentable; inability to be patented.


DARVO

Acronym of “Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender”. Coined by Jennifer J. Freyd in “Violations of power, adaptive blindness, and betrayal trauma theory” (1997), Feminism & Psychology.

Initialism of deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender: a behavior of perpetrators of wrongdoing (especially sexual offenders), when accused of attacking their victim, reversing the roles of victim and offender.


hidegild

Learned borrowing from Old English hīdġield (“a tax paid on each hide of land”). Compare hide (“measure of land”), geld.

lbor

(Anglo-Saxon, historical, law) A tax paid on each hide of land; hidage.


hidegild

Learned borrowing from Old English hȳdġyld, hȳdġield (“a fine to buy one out of receiving a flogging”, literally “a payment to save one's skin”). Compare hide (“skin”), geld.

(Anglo-Saxon, historical, law) A fine paid in lien of a flogging.


d/b/a

(US, law) Alternative form of dba (“doing business as”)


theft by finding

(law) The crime of failing to take reasonable steps to find the owner of property that has been found.


successoral

In July 1717, a commission established by Orléans to adjudicate the issue had emphatically denied the successoral claims of the two brothers, and the Regent declared himself in a state of ‘happy powerlessness to alienate the crown's domain’.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 47:

(chiefly law) Pertaining to a successor or succession.


surrenderor

A Copyholder of Inheritance surrendered to W. R. for Life, and afterwards to the right Heirs of the Surrenderor

(law) One who makes a surrender, as of an estate.


frank-fee

if the lord confirm to the tenant , to hold freely , by the services before due , this makes the land frank-fee

1834, John Scriven, A Treatise on Copyholds:

(UK, law) A species of tenure in fee simple, being the opposite of ancient demesne, or copyhold.


spigurnel

From Saxon spicurran, to shut up or enclose.

On the 4th of October, being Sunday, the Bishop of Ely, chancellor, producing the new seal, declares the king's pleasure, that it should be from thenceforth used; the Monday after the old seal is broke, præcipiente rege and the pieces delivered to the Spigurnel.

1904, John Greene Henderson, Chancery Practice, page 103:

Several Spigurnels of the thirteenth century are, moreover, described indifferently as Serjeants of the King's Chapel and Serjeants of his Chancery

1926, Sir H. C. Maxwell Lyte, Historical Notes on the Use of the Great Seal of England:

However there is one item of expenditure which may have a direct link to the chancery; the purchase of wax. In 1224-5, for example, we find the bishop's bailiffs at Southwark buying ten pounds of wax 'for the spigurnel by the bishop's order'.

1980, David Michael Smith, Nicholas Vincent, B. R. Kemp, English Episcopal Acta: Winchester, 1205-1238, page xlvii:

Henry IV provided royal confirmations to several minor Chancery officials , including the spigurnel of Chancery, along with letters patent confirming the office of “chaufeire” within Chancery.

1999, Medieval Prosopography - Volume 20, page 203:

(UK, law, obsolete) The sealer of writs in chancery.


written statement of employment

en-noun

written statement of employment (plural written statements of employment)

written statements of employment (plural)

(law, UK) A legally binding document that puts the main terms of employment, such as pay, working hours, holidays, applicable collective agreement, sick leave and pension in writing, and which an employer is required to give to an employee.


discommon

en-verb

discommon (third-person singular simple present discommons, present participle discommoning, simple past and past participle discommoned)

discommons (present singular third-person)
discommoning (participle present)
discommoned (participle past)
discommoned (past)

From Middle English discomyned, discomynned, dyscomynyd (participle); equivalent to dis- + common.

She saw in front of her a two-storey house, standing back from the gravel pathway, on the edge of a triangular piece of turf which represented, no doubt, a more extensive village green, now discommoned and taken in by the private dwellings scattered around.

1888, William Francis Barry, The New Antigone: A Romance, page 53:

[…]acres had already been discommoned – that is, they were no longer available to tenants, cottagers and freeholders[…]

2003, Alan Crosby, A History of Woking, page 73:

(historical, law) To deprive (lands etc.) of commonable quality, by enclosing or appropriating.


apprizer

The apprizer, therefore (as the holder of a mortgage was then called), entered upon possession, and, in the language of Hotspur, “came me cranking in”

1815 February 24, [Walter Scott], Guy Mannering; or, The Astrologer. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and Archibald Constable and Co., […], →OCLC:

(Scots law) A creditor for whom an appraisal is made.


scandalum magnatum

(law, historical or obsolete) A defamatory speech or writing published to the injury of a person of dignity.


obreption

From Latin obreptio, from obrepo, obreptum (“to creep up to”), from ob (see prefix ob-) + repo (“to creep”).

In Mr John Maitland's action against Cardross, (vide 17th instant,) the Lords repelled Cardross's allegeances founded upon the impetrating of the gift of eschat from his Majesty by obreption expresso mendacio, or subreption celata veritate; because it appeared that there was a competition made by Cardross before the gift was past in Exchequer, and this same objection was made against it, that it was impetrated viis et modis;

1826, Mungo Ponton Brown, Supplement to the Dictionary of the Decisions of the Court of Session, page 390:

(Scots law, obsolete) Act of obtaining gifts of escheat by fraud or surprise.


surseance

en-noun

surseance (countable and uncountable, plural surseances)

(law, in the Netherlands) The phase of reaching an agreement with the creditors of a bankrupt company.


circumduct

en-verb

circumduct (third-person singular simple present circumducts, present participle circumducting, simple past and past participle circumducted)

circumducts (present singular third-person)
circumducting (participle present)
circumducted (participle past)
circumducted (past)

From Latin circumductus, past participle of circumducere (“to lead around”), from circum + ducere (“to lead”).

But Acts of Judicature may be cancelled and circumducted by the Will and Direction of the Judge

1726, John Ayliffe, Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani: Or, A Commentary, by Way of Supplement to the Canons and Constitutions of the Church of England. […], London: […] D. Leach, and sold by John Walthoe […], →OCLC:

(law, obsolete) To contravene; to nullify.

(law) Alternative form of circumduce (“to close a case to further proof”)


pseudonymize

pseudonymize (third-person singular simple present pseudonymizes, present participle pseudonymizing, simple past and past participle pseudonymized)

pseudonymizes (present singular third-person)
pseudonymizing (participle present)
pseudonymized (participle past)
pseudonymized (past)

(computing, law) To depersonalize or anonymize (data); a procedure by which the most identifying fields within a data record are replaced by one or more artificial identifiers, or pseudonyms.

pseudonymisieren

depersonalize or anonymize data by one or more artificial identifiers or pseudonyms


prochein

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman prochein, from Old French prochain, from Vulgar Latin propeānus, from Latin prope (“near”).


surveillance camera

en-noun

surveillance camera (plural surveillance cameras)

Coldly perusing his surveillance cameras one day, Mr. Burns spies nothing but grotesque misconduct: Instead of working, his employees engage in limbo contests, chess games, and, of course, cockfights.

2012 May 20, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Marge Gets A Job” (season 4, episode 7; originally aired 11/05/1992)”, in The Onion AV Club:

A reported 200m surveillance cameras around the country are doing everything from tracking shoppers in stores to preventing violent crime to catching jaywalkers.

2019 May 21, Dylan Curran, “Facial recognition will soon be everywhere. Are we prepared?”, in The Guardian:

closed-circuit television
closed-circuit television

A mounted video camera used for the purpose of surveillance, as part of closed-circuit television.


criminal lawyer

criminal lawyer (plural criminal lawyers)

(law) A lawyer who specializes in criminal law


Crown prosecutor

Crown prosecutor (plural Crown prosecutors)

(British, Canada, Australia) The state prosecutor; the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual in a criminal trial.


murder by suicide

murder by suicide (countable and uncountable, plural murders by suicide)

We may arrange for the best airport security in the world, but if you want to commit murder by suicide, you don’t have to board a plane to explode yourself and kill many people.

2006, Haim Harari, View from the Eye of the Storm: Terror And Reason in the Middle East, page 33:

An act (such as a suicide bombing) in which a person kills one or more other persons before, or while, killing himself or herself; the act of killing others and oneself in this way.


testamentary guardian

testamentary guardian (plural testamentary guardians)

(law) A person appointed by a testator to assume legal guardianship of a minor following the death of a parent or other legal guardian.


Mabo

After Eddie Mabo (1936–1992), who began the case against the government. Compare Roe after the case of Roe v. Wade.

(Australia, informal, law) The High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2), which rejected the doctrine of terra nullius in favour of the common-law doctrine of aboriginal title.


industrial property

industrial property (countable and uncountable, plural industrial properties)

Intellectual property
intellectual property

(law) Intellectual property as used in commerce and industry, particularly patents and trademarks, as distinguished in some European legal systems from intellectual property as used in the arts.


trething

From Welsh treth (“an allowance, contribution, tribute, or tax”), trethu (“to rate or tax”).

der

All counties, hundreds, wapentakes and trethings , shall stand at the old ferm, without any encrease, except in our Demesne Lands

1732, Paul de Rapin-Thoyras, The History of England:


pernancy

en-noun

pernancy (usually uncountable, plural pernancies)

From Anglo-Norman pernance, from Old French prenance, from prendre, prenre, penre (“to take”), from Latin prendere, prehendere.

pernancy of the profits

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law, obsolete) A taking or reception, as the receiving of rents or tithes in kind, the receiving of profits.


memorandum of understanding

memorandum of understanding (plural memoranda of understanding or memorandums of understanding)

memoranda of understanding (plural)
memorandums of understanding (plural)

Immediately after the passage of the act a general memorandum of understanding was prepared and submitted to the States.

1925, Report of the National Conference on Utilization of Forest Products, page 7:

On the question of whether a memorandum of understanding is legally binding, British courts have held that this is determined by the presence (or, as the case may be, absence) of an intention to create a legal obligation, on the part of the states parties concerned, at the time of entry into the arrangement.

2012, Dinah Shelton, International Law and Domestic Legal Systems, page 624:

The memorandum of understanding between the Rail Accident Investigation Branch, the Office of Rail and Road and the police states: "In the absence of a clear indication that serious criminality has caused the accident, RAIB will normally have precedence in respect of the investigation and will assume lead responsibility for the investigation."

2020 December 2, Philip Haigh, “A winter of discontent caused by threat of union action”, in Rail, page 63:

(law) A document that outlines the legal and factual premises believed by the parties to have been agreed to between them.

諒解備忘錄

document that outlines the legal premises of parties


juvenile delinquency

(law) Participation in illegal behaviour by minors.

yuvenal cinayətkarlıq

participation in illegal behaviour by minors


accommodation paper

accommodation paper (plural accommodation papers)

(commerce, law) A note or bill drawn, draft accepted, or endorsed by one or more parties to enable another party to obtain credit or raise money without consideration or collateral.


ampliation

ampliation (countable and uncountable, plural ampliations)

Latin ampliatio: compare French ampliation. Doublet of ampliatio.

(law, civil law) A postponement of the decision of a cause for further consideration or reargument.


prisage

prisage (countable and uncountable, plural prisages)

/ˈpɹaɪzɪd͡ʒ/

From Old French prisage (“a praising, valuing, taxing”) (compare Latin prisagium (“prisage”)) or from French prise (“a taking, capture, prize”). See prize.

der

There is also another very ancient hereditary duty belonging to the crown, called the prisage, or butlerage of wines

(law, UK, obsolete) A right belonging to the crown of England, of taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or more: one before and one behind the mast.


slavocracy

This pressure brought the Southern slavocracy into conflict with Northern business interests. Slaveowners precipitated a war to defend the slave system and its accompanying way of life.

1993, Melvin M. Leiman, Political Economy of Racism, Pluto Press, →ISBN, page 35:

Close on their heels was any Texan who had ever said a word against the slaveocracy, or the cotton men, or was suspected of voting for Lincoln.

2013, Philipp Meyer, The Son, Simon & Schuster, published 2014, page 440:

(US, chiefly historical) The persons or interest representing slavery politically, or wielding political power for the preservation or advancement of slavery.


court-leet

en-noun

court-leet (plural court-leets or courts-leet)

court-leets (plural)
courts-leet (plural)

This oath must be taken by all persons in any office, trust, or employment; and may be tendered by two justices of the peace to any person, whom they shall suspect of disaffection. And the oath of allegiance may be tendered to all persons above the age of twelve years, whether natives, denizens, or aliens, either in the court-leet of the manor, or in the sheriff's tourn, which is the court-leet of the county.

1771, William, Sir Blackstone, “Of the People, Whether Aliens, Denizens, or Natives”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, volume 1, page 368:

(UK, law, historical) A court of record held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet.


imparlance

imparlance (countable and uncountable, plural imparlances)

Ultimately from Anglo-Norman emparlance, from the verb Old French emparler.

[W]ith Rejoinders and Replies, / Long Bills, and Anſvvers, ſtuft vvith Lies, / Demurr, Imparlance, and Eſſoign, / The Parties ne'er could Iſſue join: / For Sixteen Years the Cauſe vvas ſpun, / And then ſtood vvhere it firſt begun.

1726, [Jonathan Swift], Cadenus and Vanessa. A Poem, London: […] J. Roberts […], →OCLC, page 9:

(law, obsolete) Time given to a party to talk or converse with his opponent, originally with the object of effecting, if possible, an amicable adjustment of the suit, but also used to obtain further time to plead or answer allegations.


subreption

subreption (countable and uncountable, plural subreptions)

/sʌbˈɹɛpʃən/

From Latin subreptio, from subripere, subreptum (“to snatch or take away secretly”). Compare French subreption. See surreptitious, surreptition.

(Scots law) The act of obtaining a gift or favor by concealing the truth.


superficiary

a superficiary house

(law) Situated or built on another person's land.


overheight

Higher than is standard or (transport, law, of a vehicle) higher than is allowed.


overheight

[…] and shall pay not only the amount of the permit fee for overlength, overheight, overwidth or overweight as might be due, but an additional civil penalty of fifty dollars for the first offense, one hundred dollars for the second offense and one hundred fifty dollars for each additional offense; […]

1976, Acts of the Legislature, volume 1, Louisiana, page 445:

(transport, law, of a vehicle) An excess of height.


overlength

Longer than is standard or (transport, law, of a vehicle) longer than is allowed.


overlength

(transport, law, of a vehicle) An excess of length.