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GNU Free Documentation License
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(computing, copyright law) Initialism of GNU Free Documentation License.


abjudge

en-verb

abjudge (third-person singular simple present abjudges, present participle abjudging, simple past and past participle abjudged)

abjudges (present singular third-person)
abjudging (participle present)
abjudged (participle past)
abjudged (past)

/ˈæbˌd͡ʒəd͡ʒ/

/æbˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ/

* ab- + judge, from Latin abiudicare. Doublet of abjudicate.

(transitive, law) To confiscate by judicial decision.


abjudicate

abjudicate (third-person singular simple present abjudicates, present participle abjudicating, simple past and past participle abjudicated)

abjudicates (present singular third-person)
abjudicating (participle present)
abjudicated (participle past)
abjudicated (past)

Borrowed from Latin abiūdicātus, perfect passive participle of abiūdicō (“deprive or take away by judicial sentence”), from ab (“from, away from”) + iūdicō (“pass judgement; determine, conclude”). Doublet of abjudge. See judge.


abaction

(law) Carrying away by force, especially of animals.


abjudication

en-noun

abjudication (countable and uncountable, plural abjudications)

(law, rare) Rejection by judicial sentence.


abalienation

abalienation (countable and uncountable, plural abalienations)

From Latin abalienatio. Equivalent to abalienate + -ion.

(law) The act of abalienating; alienation; estrangement; transferring a legal title.


abator

From abate (“to enter without right after the owner dies and before the heir takes over”) + -or. From Anglo-Norman.

af

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(law) a person who, without right, enters into a freehold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee


abator

From abate (“do away with”) + -or. From Middle English, from Old French.

(law) one who abates, ends, or does away with a nuisance

iemand die een ongerief uit de weg ruimt


freedom of speech

The concept and the term are ancient; Athens’ democratic ideology of free speech (παρρησία (parrhēsía)) is thought to have emerged in the 5th or 6th century B.C.E. The first occurrence of the phrase freedom of speech recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1567, and it also appears in the English Bill of Rights, among other works: see the quotations.

[…] For to him that opens himſelf, Men will hardly ſhew themselves averſe, but will (fair) let him go on, and turn their freedom of ſpeech to freedom of thought. And therefore it is a good ſhrewd Proverb of the Spaniard, Tell a lye, and find a Troth; as if there were no way of diſcovery, but by Simulation.

1625, Francis Bacon, “Of Simulation and Dissimulation”, in The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral, of Sir Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, Viscount St Alban. With a Table of the Colours of Good & Evil. Whereunto is Added The Wisdom of the Antients, Enlarged by the Honourable Author Himself; and now More Exactly Published, London: Printed by M[ary] Clark, for Samuel Mearne, in Little Britain, John Martyn, in St. Pauls Church-yard, and Henry Herringman, in the New Exchange, published 1680, →OCLC, page 20:

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see freedom, speech.


abdication

en-noun

abdication (countable and uncountable, plural abdications)

First attested in 1552. From Middle French abdication, from Latin abdicātiō (“renunciation”), from abdicō.

(obsolete, law) The renunciation of interest in a property or a legal claim; abandonment.


abetment

abetment (countable and uncountable, plural abetments)

First attested from 1350 to 1470, from Middle English abettement, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French abeter + -ment. See abet.

(chiefly law) The act of abetting or assisting in a crime, wrongdoing etc.


abortionist

(chiefly derogatory) A person who advocates for or supports the legality of abortion.


abridgment

abridgment (countable and uncountable, plural abridgments)

First attested in 1494. From Middle English abrygement, from Middle French abrégement. Equivalent to abridge + -ment.

(dated, law) Any of various brief statements of case law made before modern reporting of legal cases.

(law) The leaving out of certain portions of a plaintiff's demand, the writ still holding good for the remainder.


abactor

From Late Latin abactor (“cattle rustler”), from abigō (“drive away”); from ab (“from, away from”) + agō (“drive”).

[…] not only from straying, but, as in time of warr, from invaders and abactors […]

1659, H. Hammond, A Paraphrase and Annotations Upon the Books of the Psalms:

But yesterday, / it was her husband / Who’d lost his life in the fight / As he beat the abactors back, / Who tried to seize their cattle.

1992, Okkūr Mācāttiyar, translated by K.G. Seshadri, “Purananuru 279”, in Indian Literature, volume 35, number 149, page 27:

(law, archaic) One who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds or droves; a cattle rustler.

краде́ц на доби́тък

one who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds


abandonee

But this argument is built upon an assumption that an abandonment of freight convey to the abandonee a right to the freight, in preference to the right of the abandonee, of the ship, which is assuming the whole question.

1842, Sir James Allan PARK, A System of the Law of Marine Insurances ... The second edition, page 397:

Does abandonee of goods take subject to shipowner's claim for freight?

1924, Sir Joseph Arnould, Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, page 1560:

Obviously such things must have human attention and if the legal owner abandons them some other person, the would be abandonee, may, relying on evidence of abandonment move in and halt or reverse this sure trend toward nature, and this moving in and halting such a trend toward nature is the act that vests that person with a claim against the property. Now this evidence of abandonment is very important, without it the would-be abandonee is not justified in moving in and halting the trend toward nature. This evidence may be something that the abandonee perceives about the actions of the abandoner or some fact about the condition of the property itself to indicate abandonment.

1955, Houghton v. Collins, 344 MICH 175 (1955): Brief of the Appellant, Luther Coleman, page 20:

(law) One to whom something is abandoned.


absque hoc

Learned borrowing from Latin absque hoc (literally “without this”).

learned borrowing

(law) The technical words of denial used in denying what has been alleged.


abatement

en-noun

abatement (countable and uncountable, plural abatements)

From Middle English abatement, from Anglo-Norman abatre (“to abate”) (from Old French abatre), + -ment; equivalent to abate + -ment.

(law) The action of a person that abates, or without proper authority enters a residence after the death of the owner and before the heir takes possession.

(law) The reduction of the proceeds of a will, when the debts have not yet been satisfied; the reduction of taxes due.


abode

From Middle English abod, abad, from Old English *ābād, related to ābīdan (“to abide”); see abide. Cognate with Scots abade, abaid (“abode”). For the change of nouns, compare abode, preterite of abide.

[ʔəˈboʊːd̥̚]

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant[…]

1661, John Fell Summary, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond:

You behold, Sir, how he waxeth Wroth at your Abode here.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume 2, London: Millar, →OCLC, page 289:

The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again;[…]. Our table in the dining-room became again the abode of scintillating wit and caustic repartee, Farrar bracing up to his old standard, and the demand for seats in the vicinity rose to an animated competition.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

(dated or law) Stay or continuance in a place; sojourn.


quid pro quo

quid pro quo (plural quae pro quibus or quid pro quibus or quid pro quos)

quae pro quibus (plural)
quid pro quibus (plural)
quid pro quos (plural)

Borrowed from Latin quid prō quō (literally “something for something”).

أعطيني نعطيك

(usually non-monetary) exchange transaction

you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours

A quid pro quo complaint typically is lodged by an employee who has been denied opportunities because he or she refused a perpetrator's sexual advances or by an employee who has been denied opportunities because another employee obtained those opportunities by submitting to a perpetrator's sexual advances.

2008, Ronald W. Scott, Promoting Legal and Ethical Awareness, page 140:

As for a legal remedy to the problem of harassment, the Court found that a proper, well-advertised grievance procedure could be used in a defense where sexual comments and horseplay created a “hostile environment,” but not in the quid pro quo cases that feminist Catharine MacKinnon had dubbed "put out or get out."

2009, Frank Dobbin, Inventing Equal Opportunity:

American courts have recognized two forms of sexual harassment. In the first, quid pro quo cases, the violation occurs when an employer or supervisor conditions an employment benefit on the employee's providing sexual favors.

2018, Walter B. Connolly, Jr., Michael J. Connolly, Joshua Feinstein, A Practical Guide to Equal Employment Opportunity, page 161:

(law) Sexual harassment in which a person in a workplace implicitly or explicitly requires sexual favours in exchange for something.


accruer

title by accruer


acceptilation

en-noun

acceptilation (countable and uncountable, plural acceptilations)

From Latin acceptilatio (“entry of a debt collected, acquittance”), from past participle of accipere (compare accept) + latio (“a carrying”), from latus, past participle of ferre (“to carry”).

der

(theology) The doctrine, laid down by Duns Scotus and maintained by the Arminians, that the satisfaction rendered by Christ was not in itself really a true or full equivalent, but was merely accepted by God, through his gracious goodwill, as sufficient.


abscond

en-verb

abscond (third-person singular simple present absconds, present participle absconding, simple past and past participle absconded)

absconds (present singular third-person)
absconding (participle present)
absconded (participle past)
absconded (past)

Either borrowed from Middle French abscondre or directly from Latin abscondō (“hide”); formed from abs, ab (“away”) + condō (“put together, store”), from con- (“together”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”).
* Cognate with sconce (“a type of light fixture”).

I've often speculated why you don't return to America. Did you abscond with the church funds? Run off with a senator's wife? I like to think you killed a man. It's the Romantic in me.

1942, Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, Howard Koch, Casablanca, spoken by Captain Renault (Claude Rains):

Andy did break his bargain, lurked in the neighborhood a few days, and then, being pursued by the sheriff, absconded to parts unknown.

1969, John Niven, Years of Turmoil: Civil War and Reconstruction, page 229:

A printed leaflet of the Anushilan was dropped here, and at another place a manuscript of swadeshi songs, which has been proved to belong to Lal Mohan De, another member of the Samiti, who lived in Pulin's akhara and is now absconding.

1995, Amiya K. Samanta, Terrorism in Bengal: Origin, growth and activities of the organizations like […] , page 748:

Moirangthem Kalachand Singh, City Inspector, Imphal P.W. 14 searched the house of one Chaoba Singh in village Khagempali in the hope of arresting Boro Singh and Mohendra Singh accused, who were absconding in […]

1998, N. Lokendra, The Unquiet Valley: Society, Economy, and Politics of Manipur (1891-1050), page 253:

Modern technology accompanies the absconding of the original attitude.

2006, Richard Rojcewicz, The Gods And Technology: A Reading Of Heidegger, →ISBN:

You cannot abscond from the responsibility both you and your partner owe to this event, and that includes dealing with anger issues and any other emotional issues that come with it.

2009, Sonia Brill, Relationships Without Anger, →ISBN:

(intransitive) To flee, often secretly; to steal away.

(law) To hide, conceal, or absent oneself clandestinely, with the intent to avoid legal process


abrogate

abrogate (third-person singular simple present abrogates, present participle abrogating, simple past and past participle abrogated)

abrogates (present singular third-person)
abrogating (participle present)
abrogated (participle past)
abrogated (past)

/ˈæ.bɹə.ɡət/

/ˈæb.ɹəˌɡət/

/ˈæb.ɹəʊ.ɡeɪt/

/ˈæb.ɹoʊˌɡeɪt/

/ˈæb.ɹəˌɡeɪt/

First attested in 1526, from Middle English abrogat (“abolished”), from Latin abrogātus, perfect passive participle of abrogō (“repeal”), formed from ab (“away”) + rogō (“ask, inquire, propose”). See rogation.

But let us look a little further, and see whether the New Testament abrogates what we see so frequently used in the Old.

1660, Robert South, “The Scribe instructed, &c.”, in Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, volume 2, page 252:

Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persian, they cannot alter or abrogate.

1796, Edmund Burke, Letter I. On the Overtures of Peace.:

The rule of law whereby it is a crime for a person to commit suicide is hereby abrogated.

1961, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 1”, in Suicide Act 1961, page 14:

The rule known as the “year and a day rule” […] is abrogated for all purposes.

2000, Legislative Council of Hong Kong, “Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance 2000”, in Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette, page A1059:

(transitive, law) To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or their successor; to repeal; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of customs, etc.


substantive

en-adj

substantive (comparative more substantive, superlative most substantive)

more substantive (comparative)
most substantive (superlative)

From Middle English substantif, from Old French substantif.

съществен

of the essence or essential element of a thing

substantive law

(law) Applying to essential legal principles and rules of right.

aineellinen

law: applying to essential legal principles


abeyance

en-noun

abeyance (countable and uncountable, plural abeyances)

First attested in 1528. From Anglo-Norman abeiance (“legal expectation”), from Old French abeance (“desire”) from abeër (“to gape at, aspire after”), abaer, abair (“to desire”), from a (“to”) + baër (“to gape”), bair (“yawn”), from Medieval Latin batō (“to yawn”).

der

The proceeds of the estate shall be held in abeyance in an escrow account until the minor reaches age twenty-one.

Yet sometimes the fee may be in abeyance, that is (as the word signifies) in expectation, remembrance, and contemplation in law; there being no person in esse, in whom it can vest and abide […]

1765, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England:

Note: Under the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 all territorial claims are held under abeyance in the interest of international co-operation for scientific purposes.

1985 [1967], John Bartholomew & Son Limited, “Antarctica”, in The Times Atlas of the World, 7th comprehensive edition, Times Books Limited, →ISBN, plate 123:

(law) Expectancy; a condition when an ownership of real property is undetermined; lapse in succession of ownership of estate, or title.

временно бездействие

expectancy; condition of being undetermined


absolution

en-noun

absolution (countable and uncountable, plural absolutions)

From Middle English absolucion, absolucioun, from Old French absolution, from Latin absolūtiōnem, accusative singular of absolūtiō (“acquittal”), from absolvō (“absolve”). See also absolve.

(civil law, obsolete) An acquittal, or sentence of a judge declaring an accused person innocent.


abandonment

abandonment (countable and uncountable, plural abandonments)

From French abandonnement, from abandonner (“to abandon, relinquish”). abandonner was originally equivalent to mettre à bandon (“to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another”), bandon being from Medieval Latin bandum, bannum (“order, decree, ban”). Equivalent to abandon + -ment. (See also English banns.)

(law) The relinquishment of a right, claim, or privilege; relinquishment of right to secure a patent by an inventor; relinquishment of copyright by an author.

opgave

relinquishment of a right, claim or privilege

(law) The relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may remain of the property insured after a loss or damage by a peril insured against.


acceptor

From Middle English acceptour, from Latin acceptor, with the meanings from accept.

(law, commerce) One who accepts a draft or a bill of exchange; a drawee after he has accepted.


abduction

abduction (countable and uncountable, plural abductions)

From Latin abductiō (“robbing; abduction”), from abdūcō (“take or lead away”), from ab (“away”) + dūcō (“to lead”). Equivalent to abduct + -ion.
* (physiology): From French, from Latin abductus.
* Compare French abduction.

the abduction of a child

(law) The wrongful, and usually forcible, carrying off of a human being.

отвличане

law: wrongful carrying off of a human being


accessary

From Middle English accessarie, axcessary, excercary, from Medieval Latin accessārius.

(law) Someone who accedes to some act, now especially a crime; one who contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense.

not being present at the commission of the offense


accessary

en-adj

accessary (comparative more accessary, superlative most accessary)

more accessary (comparative)
most accessary (superlative)

To both their deaths ſhalt thou be acceſſary.

c. 1593 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the Third. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Sims [and Peter Short] for Andrew Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], signature B2, verso:

(law) Accompanying as a subordinate; additional; accessory; especially, uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. See accessory.


patronage

en-noun

patronage (countable and uncountable, plural patronages)

/ˈpeɪtɹənɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈpætɹənɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle English patronage, from Old French patronage (modern French patronage). Equivalent to patron + -age.

Advowson is the right of presentation to a church, or ecclesiastical benefice. Advowson, advocatio, signifies the taking into protection; and therefore is synonymous with patronage

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(UK, law) The right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice; advowson.

nimitysvalta

legal: right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice


IRC

Internal Revenue Code
Internal Revenue Code#English

(US law) Initialism of Internal Revenue Code.


adjectival

en-adj

adjectival (comparative more adjectival, superlative most adjectival)

more adjectival (comparative)
most adjectival (superlative)

/ˌæd͡ʒəˈtaɪ.vəl/

(law) Of or relating to procedure, especially to technicalities thereof.


acceptance

en-noun

acceptance (countable and uncountable, plural acceptances)

* First attested in 1574. From Middle French acceptance, from Old French accepter (“accept”). Equivalent to accept + -ance.

But what acts shall amount to such an acceptance is often a question of great nicety and difficulty.

1876, Herbert Newman Mozley, George Crispe Whiteley, A Concise Law Dictionary, London: Butterworths, […] , →OCLC, page 4, column 2:

(law) An agreeing to the action, proposals, or terms of another by some act which results in the conclusion of a legally binding contract; the reception or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the taking of possession of a thing as owner.

съгласие

agreeing which results in a legally binding contract


accepter

From accept + -er; in the sense “respecter,” from Middle French accepteur.

(law) An acceptor; one who accepts an order or a bill of exchange.


sub rosa

/ˌsʌb ˈɹəʊzə/

/ˌsʌb ˈɹoʊzə/

Aphrodite
Eros
Harpocrates
Louis-Philippe Mouchy

PIE word
 *upó
The adverb and adjective are an unadapted borrowing from Late Latin sub rosā (literally “under the rose”), from Latin sub (“beneath, under”) + rosa (“rose”) (possibly from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *wardah (“flower; rose”) and Proto-Indo-European *Hwerdʰ-, possibly a metathesis of *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow; to rise”)). The reason for the reference to a rose is uncertain, though it has been suggested that it derives from the Ancient Greek myth that Aphrodite (the goddess of love) gave a rose to her son Eros (the god of love and sex), who in turn gave it to Harpocrates (the god of silence, confidentiality, and secrets) to ensure that Aphrodite’s sexual indiscretions were not revealed. Roses thus became a symbol of secrecy—they were, for example, used at meetings to pledge the participants not to disclose what had been discussed. Compare under the rose which is attested earlier.
The noun is derived from the adverb and adjective.

ubor

Questions about Esparza's surveillance practices were exacerbated by an incident in December 2003, in which another subject of a sub-rosa complained of being followed by Esparza wielding a video camera.

2006 March 23, Daniel Blackburn, “Fraud Busters”, in New Times:

workers' compensation
workers' compensation

(US, law, slang) Covert surveillance video used as evidence against applicants for workers' compensation to show they are not in fact (seriously) injured.

salaa kuvattu video

covert surveillance video used as evidence against applicants for workers’ compensation


able

en-adj

able (comparative abler, superlative ablest)

abler (comparative)
ablest (superlative)

From Middle English able, from Old Northern French able, variant of Old French abile, habile, from Latin habilis (“easily managed, held, or handled; apt; skillful”), from habeō (“have, possess”) + -ibilis.
Broadly ousted the native Old English magan.

der

He is able to practice law in six states.


absolve

en-verb

absolve (third-person singular simple present absolves, present participle absolving, simple past and past participle absolved)

absolves (present singular third-person)
absolving (participle present)
absolved (participle past)
absolved (past)

First attested in the early 15th century. From Middle English absolven, from Latin absolvere, present active infinitive of absolvō (“set free, acquit”), from ab (“away from”) + solvō (“loosen, free, release”). Doublet of assoil.

Abſolves the juſt, and dooms the guilty ſouls.

1725, Homer, “Book XI”, in [Alexander Pope], transl., The Odyssey of Homer. […], volume III, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC, page 121, line 702:

(transitive, law) To pronounce not guilty; to grant a pardon for.

بَرَّأَ

law: to pronounce not guilty; to grant a pardon for


abjure

abjure (third-person singular simple present abjures, present participle abjuring, simple past and past participle abjured)

abjures (present singular third-person)
abjuring (participle present)
abjured (participle past)
abjured (past)
abjure (infinitive)

/æbˈd͡ʒʊ(ə)ɹ/

From Late Middle English abjuren (“to give up (something); to recant or renounce (something) under oath”), from Anglo-Norman abjurer, Middle French abiurer, abjurer, and Old French abjurer (“to reject or renounce (something) on oath”) (modern French abjurer), and from their etymon Latin abiūrāre, the present active infinitive of abiūrō (“to deny on oath, recant, renounce, repudiate, abjure”), from ab- (prefix meaning ‘away from, from’) + iūro (“to take an oath, swear, vow”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew- (“(adjective) right; straight; upright; (noun) justice; law; right”).

отхвъ́рлям

(transitive) to solemnly reject (someone or something); to abandon (someone or something) forever; (intransitive) to solemnly reject; to abandon forever — see also disavow, disclaim, repudiate

(transitive) to swear an oath to leave (a place) forever; (intransitive) to swear an oath to leave a place forever

vannoa lähtevänsä ja olevansa palaamatta

When a clerk heretofore was convicted of felony, he might have saved his life by abjuring the realm; that is, by departing the realm within a certain time appointed, and taking an oath never to return. But at this day all statutes for abjuration are repealed.

a. 1680 (date written), Thomas Hobbes, “A Dialogue between a Philosopher & a Student of the Common Laws of England”, in William Molesworth, editor, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury; […], volume VI, London: John Bohn, […], published 1840, →OCLC, page 141:

[A]s a feme-covert recuſant may be impriſoned, ſo all others muſt, vvithin three months after conviction, either ſubmit and renounce their errors, or, if required ſo to do by four juſtices, muſt abjure and renounce the realm: and if they do not depart, or if they return vvithout the king's licence, they ſhall be guilty of felony, and ſuffer death as felons.

1769, William Blackstone, “Of Offences against God and Religion”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book IV (Of Public Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 56:

Especially in abjure the realm: to swear an oath to leave (a place) forever.

The ſtrong effect of theyr conceiued ire, / Vrging the vveake King vvith a violent hand, / T' abiure thoſe falſe Lords from the troubled land.

1603, Michaell [i.e., Michael] Drayton, “The Barrons Warres. The First Booke.”, in The Barrons Wars in the Raigne of Edward the Second. […], London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] Ling, →OCLC, stanza 15, page 6:

About this time a ſubject brought in a Bull of Excommunication againſt another ſubject of this Realm, and publiſhed it to the Lord Treaſurer of England, and this vvas by the ancient Common-Law of England adjudged Treason againſt the King, his Crovvn and dignity, for the vvhich, the offender ſhould have been dravvn and hanged, but at the great inſtance of the chancelour and Treaſurer, he vvas onely abjured the Realm for ever.

1655, Thomas Fuller, “Cent[ury] XIV. To Clement Throckmorton, the Elder, of Haseley in Warwick-shire, Esq”, in The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, book III, page 90:

In the Time of King Edward III. one ſhould have been hanged, dravvn and quartered, for publiſhing an Excommunication, directed from the Biſhop of Rome againſt one of the King's Subjects. But at the Entreaty of the Lord Chancellor and Lord Treaſurer, his Life vvas pardoned; notvvithſtanding he vvas abjured the Realm.

1709, John Strype, “The Lord Keeper’s and Mr. Speaker’s Speeches. A Second Parliament. Matters Transacted Relating to Religion. […]”, in Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and Other Various Occurrences in the Church of England; […], volume I, London: […] John Wyat, […], →OCLC, page 269:

(obsolete, rare) To cause or compel (someone) to leave a place forever; to banish.

I Abiowre⸝ I forſake myne errours as an heretyke dothe⸝ or forſwere the kynges landes⸝ ie abiure, prime coniugationis.

1530 July 28 (Gregorian calendar), Iohan Palsgraue [i.e., John Palsgrave], “The Table of Verbes”, in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse⸝ […], [London]: […] [Richard Pynson] fynnysshed by Iohan Haukyns, →OCLC, 3rd boke, folio cxxxvi, verso; reprinted Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, October 1972, →OCLC:

Well to bee ſhort, what for the cauſes before recited, as alſo for that they had once alreadie abiured, and yet (as they terme it) fell againe into relapſe, they were both (as you haue heard) in the end burned together in Smithfield: […]

1610 October, John Foxe, “The Historie of Diuers Good Men and Women, Persecuted for Religion in the Citie and Dioces of the Bishop of London, Briefly Extracted out of the Registers of Richard Fitziames”, in The Second Volume of the Ecclesiasticall Historie, Containing the Acts and Monuments of Martyrs, […], 6th edition, volume II, London: […] [Humphrey Lownes] for the Company of Stationers, →OCLC, book VII, page 736, column 2:

One abjureth and is after taken in England, and demanded what he could ſay, why Execution ſhould not be awarded, he ſtands mute, he ſhall be hanged, and not put to penance or preſſed; becauſe he was attainted of the Felony before by his Confeſſion: For he cannot have the Benefit of the Sanctuary to abjure, unleſs he confeſs the Felony which is entered on Record by the Coroner; […]

1789, John Kelyng[e], “High-Treason”, in [John] Holt, editor, A Report of Divers Cases in Pleas of the Crown, Adjudged and Determined in the Reign of the Late King Charles II. […], Dublin: […] P. Byrne, […], page 36:

(chiefly law, historical) To swear an oath to leave a place forever.


parole

en-noun

parole (usually uncountable, plural paroles)

[p(ʰ)ə.ˈɹəʊɫ]

[pʰə.ˈɹʷoʊɫ]

Borrowed from Middle French parole (“word, formal promise”), from Old French parole, from Late Latin parabola (“speech”), from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ). Doublet of parabola, parable, and palaver.


parole

en-verb

parole (third-person singular simple present paroles, present participle paroling, simple past and past participle paroled)

paroles (present singular third-person)
paroling (participle present)
paroled (participle past)
paroled (past)

[p(ʰ)ə.ˈɹəʊɫ]

[pʰə.ˈɹʷoʊɫ]

Whitelaw was allowed to continue to San Francisco. There, INS officials assigned Whitelaw a temporary status for "deferred examination," and "paroled" him into the U.S., permitting him to stay for his planned five-week vacation.

1980 April 12, Lew Lasher, “INS 'Paroles' Australian; Policy Still Unclear”, in Gay Community News, page 1:

(transitive, law) To release (a prisoner) on the understanding that s/he checks in regularly and obeys the law.


calendar

calendar (third-person singular simple present calendars, present participle calendaring, simple past and past participle calendared)

calendars (present singular third-person)
calendaring (participle present)
calendared (participle past)
calendared (past)

From Middle English kalender, from Old French calendier, from Latin calendarium (“account book”), from kalendae (“the first day of the month”), from calō (“to announce solemnly, to call out (the sighting of the new moon)”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁-. Doublet of calendarium.

The judge agreed to calendar a hearing for pretrial motions for the week of May 15, but did not agree to calendar the trial itself on a specific date.

(law, transitive) To set a date for a proceeding in court, usually done by a judge at a calendar call.


safety valve

purkautumiskeino

Hernández additionally requested that he be given a two-level safety-valve reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2, which mitigates the harsh effect of mandatory minimum sentences on certain first-time offenders who played only supporting roles in drug-trafficking schemes and who provided testimony about their involvement in the criminal activity.

2020 June 30, David Jeremiah Barron, Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, “United States v. Hernández-Hernández”, in Federal Reporter […] (No. 19-1123), volume 964, St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-02, page 100:

(figuratively) Any mechanism offering relief from physical or emotional pressure or tension.

(US, law) A United States law, codified at 18 United States Code §3553(f), authorizing a judge to disregard mandatory minimum sentences for some criminals with few or no prior offenses.

United States law authorizing a judge to disregard mandatory minimum sentences for some criminals with few or no prior offenses

vähimmäisrangaistuksen sivuuttamisen salliva laki


alphabet

From Middle English alphabete, borrowed from Late Latin alphabētum, from Ancient Greek ἀλφάβητος (alphábētos), from ἄλφα (álpha) and βῆτα (bêta), the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, Α (A) and Β (B), lowercase forms α and β. The Greek names derived from aleph, the name of the Phoenician letter 𐤀 (ʾ, “ox”) and beth, the name of the letter 𐤁 (b, “house”), so called because they were pictograms of those objects, having developed from the Egyptian hieroglyphs F1 (𓃾) and pr (𓉐).
 Doublet of alfabeto.

The Greek alphabet has only twenty-four letters.

In the first year of school, pupils are taught to recite the alphabet.

The set of letters used when writing in a language.

алфавит

an ordered set of letters used in a language

A writing system in which letters represent phonemes. (Contrast e.g. logography, a writing system in which each character represents a word, and syllabary, in which each character represents a syllable.)

A writing system in which there are letters for the consonant and vowel phonemes. (Contrast e.g. abjad.)

Let L be a regular language over the alphabet #x5C;Sigma.

(computer science) A typically finite set of distinguishable symbols.

The very alphabet of our law.

1828, Thomas Babington Macaulay, “The Constitutional History of England: From the Accession of Henry VII, to the Death of George II, by Henry Hallam”, in The Edinburgh Review, volume 18:

(Internet slang, politics) An agent of the FBI, the CIA, or another such government agency.


nullify

nullify (third-person singular simple present nullifies, present participle nullifying, simple past and past participle nullified)

nullifies (present singular third-person)
nullifying (participle present)
nullified (participle past)
nullified (past)

Near-synonyms: cancel, void

The contract has been nullified.

(transitive, law) To make legally invalid.


accept

accept (third-person singular simple present accepts, present participle accepting, simple past and past participle accepted)

accepts (present singular third-person)
accepting (participle present)
accepted (participle past)
accepted (past)
accept (infinitive)

First attested about 1380. From Middle English accepten, borrowed from Old French accepter, or directly from Latin acceptō, acceptāre (“receive”), frequentative of accipiō, formed from ad- + capiō (“to take”). Displaced native Old English onfōn.

(transitive, law, business) To agree to pay.


debt

en-noun

debt (countable and uncountable, plural debts)

From Middle English dette, dett, borrowed from Old French dete (French dette), from Medieval Latin dēbita, from Latin dēbitum (“what is owed, a debt, a duty”), neuter of dēbitus, perfect passive participle of dēbeō (“I owe”), contraction of *dehibeō (“I have from”), from de (“from”) + habeō (“I have”). Doublet of debit.
The unpronounced "b" in the modern English spelling is a Latinisation from the Latin etymon dēbitum.

der

(law) An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due


AM

en-noun

AM (countable and uncountable, plural AMs)

automated mapping
automated mapping#English

(property law) Initialism of automated mapping. (Used in conjunction with Facilities Managements abbreviations (AM/FM).)


adjective

From Middle English adjectif, adjective, from Old French adjectif, from Latin adiectivus, from adiciō + -īvus, from ad- (“to, towards, at”) + iaciō (“throw”). The Latin word adiectivus in turn was a calque of Ancient Greek ἐπιθετικόν (epithetikón, “added”), a derivative of the compound verb ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi), from which also comes epithet.

noncog

The whole English law, substantive and adjective.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter 10, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

(law) Applying to methods of enforcement and rules of procedure.


legal entity

(law) An organization such as a company or trust fund that the law treats as if it were a person, capable of entering into contracts and of being sued.


statutory rape

en-noun

statutory rape (countable and uncountable, plural statutory rapes)

Historically, statutory rape laws were enacted to protect the chastity and morality of young women. These statutes made it a crime for a man to have sexual intercourse with a young woman under a certain age (usually eighteen), even if the young woman consented to the act. (Today of, course, statuory rape provisions protect minors of both genders.)

1999, Raneta Lawson Mack, A Layperson's Guide to Criminal Law, Greenwood Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 72:

intellectual disability
intellectual disability

(law) An illegal act of sexual intercourse by an adult with a person under the legal age of consent for sex, or with another adult who is not able to consent because of intellectual disability.

lapsenraiskaus

under the legal age of consent; since 2023

under the legal age of consent; prior to 2023

törkeä lapsen seksuaalinen hyväksikäyttö

törkeä seksuaalinen hyväksikäyttö

with an adult who is not able to consent

fiatalkorú sérelmére elkövetett nemi erőszak


SIM

search of the index map
search of the index map#English

(law, England and Wales) acronym of search of the index map.


age of consent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-PerfectSoundWhatever-age of consent.wav

In France the age of consent is 15 years of age.

(law) The age at which a person is legally considered to be mature enough to engage willingly in sexual intercourse, so that it is not a crime for someone else to have sex with the person.

ouderdom van toestemming

an age at which one is legally mature enough to have sex


accord

accord (countable and uncountable, plural accords)

From Middle English accorden, acorden, borrowed from Old French acorder (compare modern French accord and accorder), from Vulgar Latin *accordāre, from Latin concordāre via suffix substitution (with Latin ad-), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr ~ *ḱr̥d-, and thus distantly related to English heart (via Proto-Germanic *hertô).

সামঞ্জস্য

agreement, harmony, or just correspondence

Accord is a satisfaction agreed upon between the party injuring and the party injured ; which , when performed , is a bar of all actions upon this account

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) An agreement between parties in controversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, prevents a lawsuit.

The Geneva Accord of 1954 ended the French-Indochinese War.

(international law) An international agreement.


accord

en-verb

accord (third-person singular simple present accords, present participle according, simple past and past participle accorded)

accords (present singular third-person)
according (participle present)
accorded (participle past)
accorded (past)

And, when the blinding tears had fallen, I saw
That column, and those corpses, and the moon,
And felt the poisonous tooth of hunger gnaw
My vitals, I rejoiced, as if the boon
Of senseless death would be accorded soon;— […]

1817 December, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Revolt of Islam. […]”, in [Mary] Shelley, editor, The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon […], published 1839, →OCLC, page 217:

In respect of the protection of industrial property,[…]a refugee shall be accorded in the country in which he has his habitual residence the same protection as is accorded to nationals of that country.

1951, United Nations, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, article 14:

Yes, the tide will surely turn, and meanwhile may one who is proud to call himself a partisan, invite whomever may feel disposed to bid the "T14s" adieux, to pause before giving them valediction and accord to them the respect that is assuredly their due.

1952 January, Henry Maxwell, “Farewell to the "T14s"”, in Railway Magazine, page 57:

In the present case, and contrary to the Government’s submission, the Court considers that there is indeed a consensus amongst a substantial majority of the Contracting States of the Council of Europe towards allowing abortion on broader grounds than accorded under Irish law.

2010 December 16, European Court of Human Rights, A, B and C v. Ireland, number 25579/05, marginal 235:

(transitive, law) To grant as suitable or proper; to concede or award.


accommodation

en-noun

accommodation (countable and uncountable, plural accommodations)

/əˌkɔm.əˈdæɪ.ʃən/

From French accommodation, from Latin accommodātiō (“adjustment, accommodation, compliance”), from accommodō (“adapt, put in order”). Superficially accommodate + -ion. The sense of "lodging" was first attested in 1600.

der

(countable, law) An offer of substitute goods to fulfill a contract, which will bind the purchaser if accepted.


fiscal

From Middle French fiscal, from Latin fiscus (“treasury”) – see fiscus and fisc.

Procurator fiscal
procurator fiscal#English

(Scots law) Procurator fiscal, a public prosecutor.

(law) In certain countries, including Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and former colonies of these countries and certain British colonies, solicitor or attorney general.


fiscal

From Spanish fiscal, ultimately from Latin fiscus (“treasury”).

(Philippines, law) A public prosecutor (UK) or a district attorney (US).


AA

en-noun

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

An AA, who was a trained social worker, also felt that the volunteer AAs should be shown greater respect by the police (GMS14). At the same time, there was some awareness that AAs were unpaid among the private police staff, as one commented that she tried to be particularly nice to the AAs because of their volunteer status (e.g. SNS7).

2011, Layla Skinns, Police Custody: Governance, Legitimacy and Reform in the Criminal Justice Process, Routledge, →ISBN, page 61:

The initiative will draw on some 200 existing volunteers under the Appropriate Adult (AA) scheme, run by the Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore (Minds), from Jan 30. […] "These AAs are trained by Minds, and we believe they will enable our investigation officers to better communicate with drug offenders with intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder or mental health issues," he said.

2017 January 18, Ng Huiwen, “Drug offenders with special needs to get support”, in The Straits Times:

appropriate adult
appropriate adult#English

(British English, law) Initialism of appropriate adult.


alien

en-verb

alien (third-person singular simple present aliens, present participle aliening, simple past and past participle aliened)

aliens (present singular third-person)
aliening (participle present)
aliened (participle past)
aliened (past)

From Middle English alien, a borrowing from Old French alien, aliene, from Latin aliēnus (“belonging to someone else”, later “exotic, foreign”), from Latin alius (“other”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos. Related to English else.

der

(law) To transfer the ownership of something.


wage

en-verb

wage (third-person singular simple present wages, present participle waging, simple past and past participle waged)

wages (present singular third-person)
waging (participle present)
waged (participle past)
waged (past)

From Middle English wagen (“to pledge”), from Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wagier, a northern variant of Old French guagier (whence modern French gager), itself either from guage or from a derivative of Frankish *waddī, possibly through a Vulgar Latin intermediate *wadiō from *wadium.

(obsolete, law, UK) To give security for the performance of


reality

en-noun

reality (usually uncountable, plural realities)

From French réalité (“quality of being real”), from Middle French realité (“property, possession”), from Medieval Latin reālitās, from Late Latin reālis (“real”), equivalent to real + -ity. Recorded since 1550 as a legal term in the sense of “fixed property” (compare real estate, realty); the sense “real existence” is attested from 1647. First attested in c. 1540.


book

Sranan Tongo: buku

Tok Pisin: buk
→ Rotokas: vuku

→ Chichewa: buku

→ Hawaiian: puke

→ Malagasy: boky

→ Maori: pukapuka (with reduplication)

→ Marshallese: bok

→ Motu: buka

→ Malagasy: boky

→ Shona: bhuku

→ Somali: buugga

i

possibly also from Afrikaans <i class="Latn mention" lang="af">boek</i>

→ Sotho: buka (possibly also from Afrikaans boek)

→ Zulu: ibhuku (possibly also from Afrikaans boek)

From Middle English bok, book, from Old English bōc, from Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks. Eclipsed non-native Middle English livret, lyveret (“book, booklet”) from Old French livret (“book, booklet”). Bookmaker sense by clipping.

buck (without the foot-strut split, most accents)

have more chins than a Chinese phone book

why buy a book when you can join a library

why buy a book when you can join the library

(law, colloquial) A book award, a recognition for receiving the highest grade in a class (traditionally an actual book, but recently more likely a letter or certificate acknowledging the achievement).


book

en-verb

book (third-person singular simple present books, present participle booking, simple past and past participle booked)

books (present singular third-person)
booking (participle present)
booked (participle past)
booked (past)

From Middle English booken, boken, from Old English bōcian, ġebōcian, from the noun (see above).

The police booked him for driving too fast.

(law enforcement, transitive) To record the name and other details of a suspected offender and the offence for later judicial action.


policy

From Middle French police, from Italian polizza, from Medieval Latin apodissa (“receipt for money”), from Ancient Greek ἀπόδειξις (apódeixis, “proof, declaration”). Doublet of apodixis.

der

Your insurance policy covers fire and theft only.

A document containing or certifying this contract.


lapidation

en-noun

lapidation (countable and uncountable, plural lapidations)

/ˌlæpɪˈdeɪʃən/

The five women on trial were almost all activists for the full repeal (not just a moratorium) of lapidation, ie stoning, from Iran’s law books.

2007 March 6, “International Women’s Day, another day of repression for women”, in 亚州新闻:

(law) The practice or act of stoning, sometimes to the point of death, as punishment


tax

tax (countable and uncountable, plural taxes)

→ Tok Pisin: takis
→ Rotokas: takisi

→ Hindi: टैक्स (ṭaiks)

→ Urdu: ٹَیکْس (ṭaiks)

From Middle English taxe, from Middle French taxe, from Medieval Latin taxa. Doublet of task. Displaced native Old English gafol, which was also the word for "tribute" and "rent."

In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. […] Essential public services are cut so that the rich may pay less tax. The public realm is privatised, the regulations restraining the ultra-wealthy and the companies they control are abandoned, and Edwardian levels of inequality are almost fetishised.

2013 May 17, George Monbiot, “Money just makes the rich suffer”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 23, page 19:

Money paid to the government other than for transaction-specific goods and services.


accumulation

accumulation (countable and uncountable, plural accumulations)

From Middle English acumulacyon, from Middle French accumulation and its etymon, Latin accumulātiō, accumulātiōnis. By surface analysis, accumulate + -ion. First attested in the late 15th century. Doublet of accumulatio.

натрупване

act of accumulating, the state of being accumulated

(law) The concurrence of several titles to the same proof.


treaty

treaty (countable and uncountable, plural treaties)

The noun is derived from Middle English trete, trety (“bargaining, negotiation; discussion; conference, meeting; entreaty, persuasion; agreement, contract, covenant; arrangement, settlement; agreement between two rulers, states, etc.; written work on a particular subject, treatise; subdivision of a written work, section”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman treté, traité, treaté, and Old French traité, traitié [and other forms] (modern French traité (“agreement between two rulers, states, etc.; treatise”)); traité or traitié is:
* a noun use of the past participle of traiter (“to treat; to deal with, handle”), from Latin tractāre, the present active infinitive of tractō (“to drag, haul, tug; to handle, manage; to debate, discuss; to exercise, practise; to perform, transact”), from trahō (“to drag, pull”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to drag, pull (?)”), a variant of *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, pull; to run”)) + -tō (frequentative suffix); and
* also from Latin tractātum (“written work on a particular subject, treatise”), from Latin tractātus (“dragged, hauled, tugged; handled, managed; exercised, practised; performed, transacted”), the perfect passive participle of tractō (see above).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

(Late Middle English) trate, (Middle English) traite, traitee, traitie, traitye, traytee, traytte, trayttye, traytye, treatye, treetee, tretee, tretei, treti, tretie, tretty, tretye

der

Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance

to sign a peace treaty

to write up a treaty touching climate change

[T]he Duke of Britaine hauing beene an Hoſte, and a kind of Parent or Foſter-father to the King, in his tenderneſſe of age, and vveakneſſe of fortune, did looke for at this time from King Henry (the renovvned King of England) rather braue Troupes for his Succours, then a vaine Treatie of Peace.

1622, Francis, Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Alban [i.e. Francis Bacon], The Historie of the Raigne of King Henry the Seventh, […], London: […] W[illiam] Stansby for Matthew Lownes, and William Barret, →OCLC, page 47:

Soon after his [James VI and I's] coming to the Crown of England he entered into ſecret treaties with Spain, in order to the forcing the States to a peace: […]

a. 1716 (date written), [Gilbert] Burnet, “Book I. A Summary Recapitulation of the State of Affairs in Scotland, both in Church and State; […]”, in [Gilbert Burnet Jr.], editor, Bishop Burnet’s History of His Own Time. […], volume I, London: […] Thomas Ward […], published 1724, →OCLC, page 15:

Exportation was encouraged ſometimes by dravvbacks, ſometimes by bounties, ſometimes by advantageous treaties of commerce with foreign ſtates, and ſometimes by eſtabliſhment of colonies in diſtant countries.

1776 March 9, Adam Smith, “Of the Principle of the Commercial, or Mercantile System”, in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. […], volume II, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, book IV (Of Systems of Political Oeconomy), page 29:

(countable, international law) A formal binding agreement concluded by subjects of international law, namely, states and international organizations; a convention, a pact.


accession

en-noun

accession (countable and uncountable, plural accessions)

Ultimately from Latin accessiō(n), from accēdō (English accede). Cognate to French accession. First attested in 1646.

(law) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided the thing is not changed into a different species).

(law) The act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force between other powers.

ภาคยานุวัติ

(legal) act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force


accomplice

First attested in 1550. From a complice, from Middle English complice, from Old French complice (“confederate”), from Latin complicāre (“fold together”). The article a became part of the word, through the influence of the word accomplish.

Childleſs Arturius, vaſtly rich before, / Thus by his Loſſes multiplies his Store: / Suſpected for Accomplice to the Fire, / That burnt his Palace but to build it higher.

1693, Decimus Junius Juvenalis, John Dryden, transl., “[The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis.] The Third Satyr”, in The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis. Translated into English Verse. […] Together with the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus. […], London: Printed for Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC, page 46, lines 359–362:

And thou, the curs’d Accomplice of her Treaſon, / Declare thy Meſſage, and expect thy Doom.

1749 February 6 (first performance; written 1726–1749), Samuel Johnson, Irene: A Tragedy. […], London: […] R[obert] Dodsley […]; and sold by M[ary] Cooper […], published 16 February 1749, →OCLC, act V, scene xii, page 83:

“You have a young son, yet you involve yourself in the world of organised crime. Robbing a bank no less! Stealing half a million pounds! Money, I might add, that has never been recovered. You must know where the money is hidden, and yet, Mr Goodie, you refuse to inform the police. You must have had accomplices, but you will not name them. This no doubt is the criminals’ code of honour.”

2017, David Walliams [pseudonym; David Edward Williams], “Guilty”, in Bad Dad, London: HarperCollins Children’s Books, →ISBN, pages 259–260:

(law) An associate in the commission of a crime; a participator in an offense, whether a principal or an accessory.


company

company (countable and uncountable, plural companies)

→ Hindi: कंपनी (kampnī)

desc

→ Hokkien: 公班衙 (kong-pan-gêe / kong-pan-gê)

→ Malay: kompeni

→ Scottish Gaelic: companaidh

→ Swahili: kampuni

From Middle English companye (“a team; companionship”), from Old French compaignie (“companionship”) (Modern French: compagnie), possibly from Late Latin *compania, but this word is not attested. Old French compaignie is equivalent to Old French compaignon (Modern French: compagnon) + -ie. More at companion.
Displaced native Old English werod, gefer, getæl, and hired.

inh

who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl

you don't dip your pen in company ink

don't fish off the company dock, you don't dip your pen in the company inkwell, you don't fish off the company pier

“[…] That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh.[…]If she had her way, she’d ruin the company inside a year with her hare-brained schemes; love of the people, and that sort of guff.”

1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

(law) An entity having legal personality, and thus able to own property and to sue and be sued in its own name; a corporation.


accusation

en-noun

accusation (countable and uncountable, plural accusations)

First attested in the late 14th century. Inherited from Middle English accusacion, borrowed from Old French acusacion (French: accusation), from Latin accūsātiō (“accusation, indictment”), from accūsō (“blame, accuse”). Doublet of accusatio. More at accuse. Equivalent to accuse + -ation.

der

[They] set up over his head his accusation.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 27:37:

(law) A formal charge brought against a person in a court of law.

обвине́ние

declaration of fault or blame against another


accrue

en-verb

accrue (third-person singular simple present accrues, present participle accruing, simple past and past participle accrued)

accrues (present singular third-person)
accruing (participle present)
accrued (participle past)
accrued (past)

First attested in mid 15th century. From Middle English acrewen, borrowed from Old French acreüe, past participle of accreistre (“to increase”), from Latin accrēsco (“increase”), from ad (“in addition”) + crēscō (“to grow”).

(intransitive, law) To become an enforceable and permanent right.

полагам се

to become an enforceable and permanent right


access

en-noun

access (countable and uncountable, plural accesses)

From Middle English accesse, acces, borrowed from Middle French acces (“attack, onslaught”) or from its source Latin accessus, perfect passive participle of accēdō (“approach; accede”), from ad (“to, toward, at”) + cēdō (“move, yield”). Doublet of accessus. First attested in the early 14th century. The sense "entrance" was first attested about 1380.

der

(uncountable, law) The right of a noncustodial parent to visit their child.


singular

en-adj

singular (comparative more singular, superlative most singular)

more singular (comparative)
most singular (superlative)

From Middle English singuler, from Old French, from Latin singulāris (“alone of its kind”), from Latin singulus (“single”).

to convey several parcels of land, all and singular


abate

en-verb

abate (third-person singular simple present abates, present participle abating, simple past and past participle abated)

abates (present singular third-person)
abating (participle present)
abated (participle past)
abated (past)
abate (infinitive)

From Middle English abaten, from Anglo-Norman abatre, from Late Latin abbattere, from Latin battere.
detailed etymology, sense derivation, and cognates
The verb is derived from Middle English abaten (“to demolish, knock down; to defeat, strike down; to strike or take down (a sail); to throw down; to bow dejectedly or submissively; to be dejected; to stop; to defeat, humiliate; to repeal (a law); to dismiss or quash (a lawsuit); to lessen, reduce; to injure, impair; to appease; to decline, grow less; to deduct, subtract; to make one’s way; attack (an enemy); (law) to enter or intrude upon (someone’s property); of a hawk: to beat or flap the wings”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman abater, abatier, abatre, abbatre, Middle French abattre, abatre, abattre, Old French abatre, abattre (“to demolish, knock down; to bring down, cut down; to lessen, reduce; to suppress; to stop; to discourage; to impoverish, ruin; to conquer; to overthrow; to kill; to remove (money) from circulation; (law) to annul”), from Late Latin abbattere (“to bring down, take down; to suppress; to debase (currency)”), from Latin ab- (prefix meaning ‘away; from; away from’) + Latin battere, from older battuere (“to beat, hit; to beat up; to fight”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to dig; to stab”)).
The noun is derived from the verb.

zrušit

to make (a writ or other legal document) void — see also nullify

alentua

(intransitive) to decrease in amount or size

to abate a writ

To make (a writ or other legal document) void; to nullify.

She was ordered by the court to abate the nuisance.

[…] the law allows an extrajudicial remedy, yet that does not exclude the ordinary courſe of juſtice: […] I may either abate a nuſance by my own authority, or call upon the law to do it for me: […]

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Courts in General”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 22:

(transitive)
(law)
To put an end to (a nuisance).

(chiefly US) To dismiss or otherwise bring to an end (legal proceedings) before they are completed, especially on procedural grounds rather than on the merits.

Bequests and legacies are liable to be abated entirely or in proportion, upon a deficiency of assets.

And in the caſe of a deficiency of aſſets, all the general legacies muſt abate proportionably, in order to pay the debts; but a ſpecific legacy (of a piece of plate, a horſe, or the like) is not to abate at all, or allow any thing by way of abatement, unleſs there be not ſufficient without it.

1766, William Blackstone, “Of Title by Testament, and Administration”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book II (Of the Rights of Things), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 512–513:

To lower in price or value; (law) specifically, of a bequest in a will: to lower in value because the testator's estate is insufficient to satisfy all the bequests in full.

The writ has abated.

But where the Writ abateth for default of the Clerk, as where it abateth for falſe Latin, or variance, or want of form, there the defendant ſhall have the benefit of a new Writ by Journeys Accompts, becauſe it was the fault of the Clerk of the Chancery, and not the fault of the defendant himſelf, […]

1680, Edward Coke, “Where a Writ shall be Brought by Journeys Accompts. Hill. 45 Eliz. Rot. 36. in the Common Pleas. Spencer’s Case.”, in The Reports of Sir Edward Coke, Kt. […], 2nd edition, London: […] H. Twyford, […], →OCLC, part VI, page 375:

If a Writ of Error abates or diſcontinues by the Act and Default of the Party, a ſecond Writ of Error ſhall be no Superſedeas; otherwiſe if it abates or diſcontinues by the Act of God or the Law.

1778, Matthew Bacon [i.e., Mathew Bacon], “Error”, in A New Abridgement of the Law. […], 4th edition, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan and M. Woodfall, […]; for C. Bathurst, […], →OCLC, section G (Of the Proceedings after the Record Removed, and herein of the Abatement of the Writ of Error), page 209:

(chiefly historical) Of a writ or other legal document: to become null and void; to cease to have effect.

raueta

of a writ or other legal document: to become null and void

[…] in actions ariſing ex contractu, by breach of promiſe and the like, where the right deſcends to the repreſentatives of the plaintiff, and thoſe of the defendant have aſſets to anſwer the demand, though the ſuits ſhall abate by the death of the parties, yet they may be revived againſt or by the executors: being indeed rather actions againſt the property than the perſon, in which the executors now have the ſame intereſt that their teſtator had before.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Pleading”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 302:

(chiefly US) Of legal proceedings: to be dismissed or otherwise brought to an end before they are completed, especially on procedural grounds rather than on the merits.


abate

abates (present singular third-person)
abating (participle present)
abated (participle past)
abated (past)

From Anglo-Norman abatre, probably an alteration of Anglo-Norman and Middle French embatre, enbatre (“to drive or rush into; to enter into a tenement without permission”) (compare Late Latin abatare), from Middle French, Old French em-, en- (prefix meaning ‘in, into’) + Middle French, Old French batre (“to beat, hit, strike”) (from Latin battere, battuere, the present active infinitive of battuō (“to beat, hit; to beat up; to fight”); see further at etymology 1). The English word was probably also influenced by the verb abate.

So, if Lands be given to Father and Son, and to the heirs of their two bodies begotten, the remainder over in fee, and afterwards the Father dieth without any Iſſue but the Son, and afterwards the Son dieth without Iſſue, and a Stranger abateth, he in the remainder ſhall have one Formedon in the remainder, although the Eſtate tails were ſeveral, […]

1680, Edward Coke, “Mich. 7 Jacobi. In the Common Pleas. Buckmere’s Case.”, in The Reports of Sir Edward Coke, Kt. […], 2nd edition, London: […] H. Twyford, […], →OCLC, part VI, pages 570–571:

(transitive, intransitive, law, chiefly historical) To enter upon and unlawfully seize (land) after the owner has died, thus preventing an heir from taking possession of it.


accessory

en-adj

accessory (comparative more accessory, superlative most accessory)

more accessory (comparative)
most accessory (superlative)

From Medieval Latin accessōrius, from Latin accessor (“helper, subordinate”), from accessus. Compare access, from same root.

Coordinate term: principal

Her actions were clearly accessory because they helped him commit and probably also conceal the crime.

(law) Assisting a crime without actually participating in committing the crime itself; being connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal.


accessory

desc

אַקְסֵסוֹרִי

→ Hebrew: אַקְסֵסוֹרִי (aksésori)

→ Japanese: アクセサリー (akusesarī)

→ Korean: 액세서리 (aekseseori)

From Middle English accessorie, from Medieval Latin accessōrius, from Latin accessor (“helper, subordinate”), from accessus. Compare access, from same root.

She was an accessory to the murder because she helped him commit and probably also conceal the crime.

“You can be an accessory before the fact, or an accessory after the fact. It doesnʼt matter if itʼs before or after; either way youʼd be in for it.”

2005, Jennifer Worth, Shadows of the Workhouse, Weidenfeld & Nicholson (2009), page 150:

(law) A person who is not present at a crime, but contributes to it as an assistant or instigator.

abettor

one who assists in or instigates an offense


accuse

en-verb

accuse (third-person singular simple present accuses, present participle accusing, simple past and past participle accused)

accuses (present singular third-person)
accusing (participle present)
accused (participle past)
accused (past)
accuse (infinitive)

First attested around 1300. From Middle English acusen, from Old French acuser, from Latin accūsō (“to call to account, accuse”), from ad (“to”) + causa (“cause, lawsuit, reason”). Akin to cause. Displaced native English bewray.

der

[…] and their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 2:15:

We are accused of having persuaded Austria and Sardinia to lay down their arms when their differences might have involved the Powers of Europe in contention.

1849 February 2, Lord Palmerston, The Address in Answer to the Speech—Adjourned Debate, House of Commons; republished as Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, volume 102, third series, 1849, page 216:

(transitive) to find fault with, blame, censure

For the U.S. President to be impeached, he must be accused of a high crime or misdemeanor.

Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 24:13:

Ting Ling had disappeared from public life in 1958. She was accused of being a "Rightist" and was sent to a farm in Hei-lung-chiang Province in remote northeast China, worked there twelve years raising chickens, was in prison five years (1970-1975), and began to live in a village in Shansi in 1975.

1981, Hualing Nieh, editor, Literature of the Hundred Flowers, volume II, Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page xxxix:

(transitive, law, followed by "of") to charge with having committed a crime or offence

According to this saga of intellectual-property misanthropy, these creatures [patent trolls] roam the business world, buying up patents and then using them to demand extravagant payouts from companies they accuse of infringing them. Often, their victims pay up rather than face the costs of a legal battle.

2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:

(intransitive) to make an accusation against someone


accuse

And dogged York, that reaches at the moon, / Whose overweening arm I have plucked back, / By false accuse doth level at my life.

c. 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 2, act 3, scene 1, lines 158–160:


accretion

en-noun

accretion (countable and uncountable, plural accretions)

PIE word
 *h₂éd
Learned borrowing from Latin accrētiō (“increase, increment”) + English -ion (suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results). Accrētiō is derived from accrēscō (“to grow; to increase”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results); and accrēscō is from ac- (a variant of ad- (prefix meaning ‘to’, or having an intensifying effect)) + crēscō (“to grow; to increase”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“to cause to grow; to grow; to nourish”)). Doublet of accrue, crescent, and increase.

прираст

(gradual) increase by an external addition of matter; an instance of this

срастване

process of separate particles aggregating or coalescing together; thing formed in this manner — see also concretion

на́леп

something gradually added to or growing on a thing externally

(uncountable) Increase in property by the addition of other property to it (for example, gain of land by alluvion (“the deposition of sediment by a river or sea”) or dereliction (“recession of water from the usual watermark”), or entitlement to the products of the property such as interest on money); or by the property owner acquiring another person's ownership rights; accession; (countable) an instance of this.

(uncountable) Increase of an inheritance to an heir or legatee due to the share of a co-heir or co-legatee being added to it, because the latter person is legally unable to inherit the share.

perintöosuuden kasvaminen

increase of an inheritance to an heir or legatee due to the share of a co-heir or co-legatee being added to it


absolute

en-adj

absolute (comparative more absolute or absoluter, superlative most absolute or absolutest)

more absolute (comparative)
absoluter (comparative)
most absolute (superlative)
absolutest (superlative)

conditional

antonym(s) of “free of restrictions, limitations, qualifications or conditions”

antonym(s) of “independent of references

First attested around 1380. From Middle English absolut, from Middle French absolut, from Latin absolūtus (“unconditional; unfettered; completed”), perfect passive participle of absolvō (“loosen, set free, complete”), from ab (“away”) + solvo (“to loose”). Influenced in part by Old French absolu. Compare absolve.

независим

grammar: not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence

categorical

A freehold property is an estate in fee simple absolute in possession.

(law, postpositive, formal) Indicating that a tenure or estate in land is not conditional or liable to terminate on (strictly) any occurrence or (sometimes contextually) certain kinds of occurrence.


rape

en-verb

rape (third-person singular simple present rapes, present participle raping, simple past and past participle raped)

rapes (present singular third-person)
raping (participle present)
raped (participle past)
raped (past)

From Middle English rapen, rappen (“to abduct; ravish; seduce; rape; seize; snatch; carry off; transport”), probably from Latin rapere (verb), possibly through or influenced by Anglo-Norman rap, rape (noun) (compare also ravish). But compare Swedish rappa (“to snatch, seize, carry off”), Low German rapen (“to snatch, seize”), Dutch rapen (“to pick up, gather, collect”); the relationship with Germanic forms is not clear. Cognate with Lithuanian reikėti (“to be in need”). Compare also rap (“seize, snatch”). Further, some senses may be from Etymology 3, an Old Norse word.

cog

I raped your richest roadstead—I plundered Singapore!

1892, Rudyard Kipling, Barrack-Room Ballads:

They come out here in their perky little foreign cars, fifty pounds of American copper in each one, and tell us we're earth-raping monsters.

We've raped the land for power and possession / Two thousand years and all we'll have is a planetary toxic deathbed

(transitive) To plunder, to destroy or despoil.

smadre

cause damage, destruction to a countryside, nature etc


protester

/pɹəˈtɛstəɹ/

The protester must also draw up an affidavit containing the literal reproduction of the bill with its acceptance, endorsements, guarantee by endorsement ("aval"), and anything else contained in the note […]

1997, Charles Evan Stewart, Transnational Contracts, volume 1, page 96:

(law) One who protests a bill of exchange, or note.


gag

en-noun

gag (countable and uncountable, plural gags)

→ French: gag

→ Italian: gag

→ Spanish: gag

The noun is from Early Modern English gagge; the verb is from Middle English gaggen. Possibly imitative or perhaps related to or influenced by Old Norse gag-háls ("with head thrown backwards"; > Norwegian dialectal gaga (“bent backwards”)). The intransitive sense "to retch" is from 1707. The noun is from the 16th century, figurative use (for "repression of speech") from the 1620s. The secondary meaning "(practical) joke" is from 1863, of unclear origin.

gloss

"with head thrown backwards"; > Norwegian dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="no">gaga</i> (“bent backwards”)

(law) An order or rule forbidding discussion of a case or subject.


nuisance

en-noun

nuisance (countable and uncountable, plural nuisances)

enjoyment

antonym(s) of “minor annoyance or inconvenience”

→ Welsh: niwsans

From Middle English noysaunce, from Anglo-Norman nusaunce, nussance and Old French nuisance, from nuisir (“to harm”), from Latin nocēre.

a public nuisance

(law) Anything harmful or offensive to the community or to a member of it, for which a legal remedy exists.

overlast

law: anything harmful or offensive to the community or to a member of it


SARS

Special Anti-Robbery Squad
w:Special Anti-Robbery Squad

(Nigeria, law enforcement) Initialism of Special Anti-Robbery Squad, a Nigerian police unit known for police brutality and corruption


derivative

en-adj

derivative (comparative more derivative, superlative most derivative)

more derivative (comparative)
most derivative (superlative)

/dɪˈɹɪvətɪv/

From Middle French dérivatif, from Latin dērīvātus, perfect passive participle of dērīvō (“to derive”). Related to derive; by surface analysis, derive + -ative.

(law, copyright law) Referring to a work, such as a translation or adaptation, based on another work that may be subject to copyright restrictions.

afledt

(copyright) referring to a work based on another work


security

en-noun

security (countable and uncountable, plural securities)

desc

→ Cantonese: 實Q／实Q (sat⁶ kiu¹), 石Q (sek⁶ kiu¹), 食Q, 食蕉 (sik⁶ ziu¹)

→ Indonesian: sekuriti

→ Indonesian: sekuritas (semantic loan)

→ Japanese: セキュリティ (sekyuriti)

[səˈkjɔɹ.ɪˌɾi]

[səˈkjʊɹ.ɪˌɾi]

From secure + -ity, from Middle English securite, from Middle French securité (modern sécurité), from Latin sēcūritās, from Latin sēcūrus (“safe, secure”), from sē- (“without”) + cūra (“care”); see cure. Similar to Latin sine cūrā (“without care, carefree”), which led to English sinecure. Doublet of surety.

girov

finance: property temporarily relinquished

(law) Something that secures the fulfillment of an obligation or law.

girov

something that secures the fulfillment of an obligation


port

en-verb

port (third-person singular simple present ports, present participle porting, simple past and past participle ported)

ports (present singular third-person)
porting (participle present)
ported (participle past)
ported (past)

From Old French porter, from Latin portāre (“carry”). Akin to transport, portable.

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

(US, government and law) To transfer a voucher or subsidy from one jurisdiction to another.

siirtää

to transfer a voucher or subsidy from one jurisdiction to another


free

en-adj

free (comparative freer or more free, superlative freest or most free)

freer (comparative)
more free (comparative)
freest (superlative)
most free (superlative)

From Middle English free, fre, freo, from Old English frēo (“free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz (“beloved, not in bondage”), from Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“pleased, loved”), from *preyH- (“to please, love”). Related to friend.
cognates, etc
Germanic cognates include West Frisian frij (“free”), Dutch vrij (“free”), Low German free (“free”), German frei (“free”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian fri (“free”).
Other cognates include Russian приятель (prijatelʹ, “friend”) and Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá-, “beloved”).
Germanic and Celtic are the only Indo-European language branches in which the PIE word with the meaning of "dear, beloved" acquired the additional meaning of "free" in the sense of "not in bondage". This was an extension of the idea of "characteristic of those who are dear and beloved", in other words friends and tribe members (in contrast to unfree inhabitants from other tribes and prisoners of war, many of which were among the slaves – compare the Latin use of liberi to mean both "free persons" and "children of a family").
The verb comes from Middle English freen, freoȝen, from Old English frēon, frēoġan (“to free; make free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frijōn, from Proto-Germanic *frijōną, from Proto-Indo-European *preyH-.

inh

there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

why buy the cow when you can get the milk for free

free service;  free socage

(UK, law, obsolete) Certain or honourable; the opposite of base.

a free fishery;  a free warren

(law) Privileged or individual; the opposite of common.


letter

From Middle English letter, lettre, from Old French letre, from Latin littera (“letter of the alphabet"; in plural, "epistle”), from Etruscan, from Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “tablet”). Related to diphtheria. Displaced Old English bōcstæf (literally “book staff”) in sense 1 and ǣrendġewrit (literally “message writing”) in sense 2.

displaced

Letter (b) constitutes an exception to this provision.

(law) A division unit of a piece of law marked by a letter of the alphabet.


England

en-proper noun

England (usually uncountable, plural Englands)

England
Wales and Berwick Act 1746
Welsh Language Act 1967

desc

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Burmese: အင်္ဂလန် (angga.lan)

→ Chichewa: Mángalande

→ Chinese: 英格蘭／英格兰 (Yīnggélán)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इंग्लैंड (iṅglaiṇḍ)

اِن٘گْلَینْڈ

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

→ Japanese: イングランド (Ingurando)

→ Korean: 잉글랜드 (inggeullaendeu)

→ Lao: ອັງກິດ (ʼang kit)

→ Malay:

Arabic script: ايڠلند

Latin script: England

→ Marshallese: In̄len

desctree

→ Spanish: Inglaterra (calque)
→ Tagalog: Inglatera

→? Swedish: England
→ Finnish: Englanti

→ Tamil: இங்கிலாந்து (iṅkilāntu)

Etymology tree
Old English Engla land
Middle English Engelond
English England
From Middle English Engelond, England, from Old English Engla land (literally “land of the Angles”), from genitive of Engle (“the Angles”) + land (“land”).

Англызтәыла

Kingdom in southeastern Britain, now part of the UK

England and Wales
England and Wales#English

(chiefly law, historical or obsolete) Synonym of England and Wales.

Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland


now

From Middle English now, nou, nu, from Old English nū, from Proto-West Germanic *nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu, from Proto-Indo-European *nū (“now”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots noo (“now”), Saterland Frisian nu (“now”), West Frisian no (“now”), Dutch nu, nou (“now”), German nu, nun (“now”), Norwegian Bokmål nå (“now”), Norwegian Nynorsk no (“now”), Swedish and Danish nu (“now”), Icelandic nú (“now”), Latin num (“even now, whether”), Latin nunc (“now”), Albanian ni (“now”), Lithuanian nù (“now”), Avestan 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”), Sanskrit नु (nu, “now”).

Now wife.

(archaic, law) At the time the will is written. Used in order to prevent any inheritance from being transferred to a person of a future marriage. Does not indicate the existence of a previous marriage.


bench

→ Hindi: बेंच (beñc)

→ Japanese: ベンチ (benchi)

→ Korean: 벤치 (benchi)

→ Swahili: benchi

→ Urdu: بِنْچ (binc)

From Middle English bench, benk, bynk, from Old English benċ (“bench”), from Proto-West Germanic *banki, from Proto-Germanic *bankiz (“bench”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg-.
Cognate with Scots benk, bink (“bench”), West Frisian bank (“bench”), Dutch bank (“bench”), German Bank (“bench”), Danish bænk (“bench”), Swedish bänk (“bench”), Icelandic bekkur (“bench”). Doublet of banc, banco, and bank.

эскәмйә

sports: where players sit when not playing

They are awaiting a decision on the motion from the bench.

(law) The seat where the judges sit in court.

(law, figuratively) The people who decide on the verdict, collectively; the judiciary.

She sat on the bench for 30 years before she retired.

(law, figuratively) The office or dignity of a judge.

The seat where the judges sit in court.
The office or dignity of a judge.


open

en-adj

open (comparative more open, superlative most open)

more open (comparative)
most open (superlative)

closed-source

antonym(s) of “with a free license and no proprietary components”

From Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opan, from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”).
cognates
* Scots apen (“open”)
* Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”)
* West Frisian iepen (“open”)
* Dutch open (“open”)
* Low German open, apen (“open”)
* German offen (“open”)
* Danish åben (“open”)
* Swedish öppen (“open”)
* Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”)
* Icelandic opinn (“open”)
 Compare also Latin supinus (“on one's back, supine”), Albanian hap (“to open”). Related to up.

der

at church every time the doors swing open

You will observe that this is an open letter and we reserve the right to mention it to the judge should the matter come to trial.

(law, of correspondence) Written or sent with the intention that it may made public or referred to at any trial, rather than by way of confidential private negotiation for a settlement.


wound

Noun from Middle English wund, from Old English wund, from Proto-Germanic *wundō. Verb from Middle English wunden, from Old English wundian, from Proto-Germanic *wundōną.

(criminal law) An injury to a person by which the skin is divided or its continuity broken.

обида

something that offends a person’s feelings

рана

an injury to a person by which the skin is divided


deuce

From Middle English dewes (“two”), from Anglo-Norman, from Old French deus, from Latin duo. The word was used by Ford to describe a model of car they made in 1932 due to it being a two-seater.

(Canada, US, slang) A piece of excrement; number two.

The number two.
A piece of excrement; number two.

Bisexual male, 28, doing a deuce in a segregated housing unit due to positive HIV test result, seeks correspondence from both genders.

1988 December 25, Eric Peterson, “Personal advertisement”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 24, page 14:

(Canada, slang) A two-year prison sentence.

The number two.
A two-year prison sentence.


counterfeit

From Middle English counterfeit, countrefet, from Anglo-Norman countrefait, from Old French contrefait, from Latin contra- (“against”) + Latin facere (“to make”).

Never call a true piece of gold a counterfeit.

c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

Some of these counterfeits are fabricated with such exquisite taste and skill, that it is the achievement of criticism to distinguish them from originals.

1878, Thomas Babington Macaulay, “Francis Atterbury”, in Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition:

‘Revelation’, to a philosopher such as Plotinus, was not merely irrational: it led to second-rate counterfeits of traditional academic philosophical culture. It was as if the inhabitants of an underdeveloped country were to seek to catch up with western technology by claiming to have learnt nuclear physics through dreams and oracles.

1971, Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150—750, Thames & Hudson LTD, published 2013, →ISBN, page 53:

Thou drawest a counterfeit / Best in all Athens.

c. 1605–1608, William Shakespeare, “The Life of Tymon of Athens”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

Even Nature's self envied the same, / And grudged to see the counterfeit should shame / The thing itself.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto VIII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(obsolete) That which resembles another thing; a likeness; a portrait; a counterpart.


counterfeit

en-verb

counterfeit (third-person singular simple present counterfeits, present participle counterfeiting, simple past and past participle counterfeited)

counterfeits (present singular third-person)
counterfeiting (participle present)
counterfeited (participle past)
counterfeited (past)

to counterfeit the signature of another, coins, notes, etc.

(transitive) To falsely produce what appears to be official or valid; to produce a forged copy of.

namaak

To produce something that appears to be official or valid


twelve

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated

From Middle English twelve, from Old English twelf (“twelve”), from Proto-Germanic *twalif, an old compound of *twa- (“two”) and *-lif (“left over”) (i.e., two left over after having already counted to ten), from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“leave, remain”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian tweelf, tweelif, tweelich (“twelve”), West Frisian tolve (“twelve”), Dutch twaalf (“twelve”), German Low German twalf, twalv (“twelve”), German zwölf (“twelve”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian tolv (“twelve”), Icelandic tólf (“twelve”).

der

(law, colloquial) A jury (normally composed of twelve persons).


war

en-noun

war (countable and uncountable, plural wars)

From Middle English werre, from Late Old English werre, wyrre (“armed conflict”), from Old Northern French werre (compare modern French guerre), from Medieval Latin werra, from Frankish *werru (“confusion; quarrel”), from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to mix up, confuse, beat, thresh”). Gradually displaced native Old English beadu, hild, ġewinn, orleġe, wīġ, and many others as the general term for "war" during the Middle English period.
Related to Old High German werra (“confusion, strife, quarrel”) and German verwirren (“to confuse”), but not to Wehr (“defense”). Also related to Old Saxon werran (“to confuse, perplex”), Dutch war (“confusion, disarray”), West Frisian war (“confusion”),
Old English wyrsa, wiersa (“worse”), Old Norse verri (“worse, orig. confounded, mixed up”), Italian guerra (“war”). There may be a connection with worse and wurst.

cog

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River

Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 painting)

turf war... gang war... Castellammarese War...

(countable, by extension) Any protracted conflict, particularly

(crime) A prolonged conflict between two groups of organized criminals, usually over organizational or territorial control.


take

en-verb

take (third-person singular simple present takes, present participle taking, simple past took, past participle taken or (archaic or Scotland) tane)

takes (present singular third-person)
taking (participle present)
took (past)
taken (participle past)
tane (Scotland archaic participle past)
take (infinitive)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Middle English taken (“to take, lay hold of, grasp, strike”), from Old English tacan (“to grasp, touch”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse taka (“to touch, take”), from Proto-Germanic *tēkaną (“to touch”), from pre-Germanic *deh₁g- (“to touch”), possibly a phonetically altered form of Proto-Indo-European *te-th₂g- (“to touch, take”) (see there for details).
Cognate with Scots tak, Icelandic and Norwegian Nynorsk taka (“to take”), Norwegian Bokmål ta (“to take”), Swedish ta (“to take”), Danish tage (“to take, seize”), Middle Dutch taken (“to grasp”), Dutch taken (“to take; grasp”), Middle Low German tacken (“to grasp”). English thack may be from the same root. Compare tackle. Unrelated to Lithuanian tèkti (“to receive, be granted”), which is instead cognate with English thig.
Gradually displaced Middle English nimen (“to take”; see nim), from Old English niman (“to take”).

unést

to support or carry without failing or breaking

There was no intestacy, and they did not take under the will as heirs, but the widow and the children, under the residuary devise, take as tenants in common.

1831 June, J. Duncan, “Lodge against Simonton”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, third edition, volume II, Philadelphia, P.A.: Kay & Brother, published 1880, page 442:

(transitive) To receive or accept (something, especially something which was given).

(transitive, intransitive, law) To receive or acquire (property) by law (e.g. as an heir).


next

From Middle English nexte, nexste, nixte, from Old English nīehsta, nīehste, etc., inflected forms of nīehst (“nearest, next”), superlative form of nēah (“nigh”) (the comparative would become near), corresponding to Proto-Germanic *nēhwist (“nearest, closest”); equivalent to nigh + -est. Cognate with Saterland Frisian naist (“next”), Dutch naast (“next to”), German nächst (“next”), Danish næste (“next”), Swedish näst (“next”), Icelandic næst (“next”), Persian نزد (nazd, “near, with”).

inh

next friend

And if a man purchase land in fee simple and die without issue, he which is his next cousin collaterall of the whole blood, how farre so ever he be from him in degree, (de quel pluis long degree qu'il soit), may inherite and have the land ...

1628, Coke, On Littleton (10. a. 10. b. §2), quoted in 1890, John Bethell Uhle, Current Comment and Legal Miscellany, page 250

Thomas Humphrey Doleman died the 30th of August 1712, an infant, intestate and without issue; Lewis the next nephew died the 17th of April 1716, an infant about sixteen years old, having left his mother Mary Webb, ...

1793, William Peere Williams, Samuel Compton Cox, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Chancery, and of Some Special Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench [1695-1735]: De Term. S. Trin. 1731, page 602:

If it be a property, it is a new species, unknown to the civil law, the common law, and the statute law; there is no medium, it must be, if it goes to her next kin, because it is absolute property in her. There can be no distribution of personal property ...

1874, Thomas Sergeant, William Rawle, Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, page 23:

(chiefly law) Nearest in relationship. (See also next of kin.)

հաջորդ

being closer to the present location than all other items


knight

From Middle English knight, knyght, kniht, from Old English cniht (“boy; servant, knight”), from Proto-West Germanic *kneht.

(law, historical) A person obliged to provide knight service in exchange for maintenance of an estate held in knight's fee.


tenth

From Middle English tenth, tenthe. Old English had tēoþa (origin of Modern English tithe), but the force of analogy to the cardinal number "ten" caused Middle English speakers to recreate the regular ordinal and re-insert the nasal consonant. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tehundô. Equivalent to ten (numeral) + -th (suffix forming ordinals).

affix

(UK, law, historical, in the plural) A temporary aid issuing out of personal property, and granted to the king by Parliament; formerly, the real tenth part of all the movables belonging to the subject.


yegg

en-verb

yegg (third-person singular simple present yeggs, present participle yegging, simple past and past participle yegged)

yeggs (present singular third-person)
yegging (participle present)
yegged (participle past)
yegged (past)

The bookmakers were yegged as they left the track in the era of the hand-books.

1956, Ian Fleming, chapter 10, in Diamonds Are Forever:


prisoner of war

en-noun

prisoner of war (plural prisoners of war)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-PerfectSoundWhatever-prisoner of war.wav

Calque of French prisonnier de guerre, prisonier de guerre (obsolete).

As a prisoner of war, he was interrogated by his enemy captors.

A combatant or soldier who is captured by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

rob lufte

combatant or soldier captured by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict


dative

From Latin datīvus (“appropriate for giving”), itself from datus (the past participle of dō (“I give”)) + -īvus (“-ive”).

der

(obsolete, law) In one’s gift; capable of being disposed of at will and pleasure, as an office or other privilege.

(obsolete, law) Removable, as distinguished from perpetual; — said of an officer.

(obsolete, law) Given by a judge, as distinguished from being cast upon a party by the law itself.


in

en-adj

in (comparative more in, superlative most in)

more in (comparative)
most in (superlative)

→ Portuguese: in

PIE word
 *h₁en
Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.
Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from Old English inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.
Sense 1/2 "in"/"into" are from the original PIE prefix, with locative/accusative case respectively. Sense 3/4 "qualification"/"means" are from the PIE metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives.

בְּ־

written together with the following word

e

before masculine noun, without article; before feminine noun, with article "l'"

in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband

(law) With privilege or possession; used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin


kill

en-verb

kill (third-person singular simple present kills, present participle killing, simple past and past participle killed)

kills (present singular third-person)
killing (participle present)
killed (participle past)
killed (past)
kill (infinitive)

From Middle English killen, kyllen, cüllen (“to strike, beat, cut”), of obscure origin. Cognate with Scots kele, keil (“to kill”).
* Perhaps from Old English *cyllan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwulljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwuljaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to throw, hit, hurt by throwing”).
* Or, possibly a variant of Old English cwellan (“to kill, murder, execute”) (see quell).
* Or, from Old Norse kolla (“to hit on the head, harm”), related to Norwegian kylla (“to poll”), Middle Dutch kollen (“to knock down”), Icelandic kollur (“top, head”); see also coll, cole).
Compare also Saterland Frisian källe (“to hurt”), Middle Dutch kellen (“to kill, hurt”), Middle Low German kellen, killen (“to ache strongly, cause one great pain”), Middle High German kellen (“to torment; torture”).

cog

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

Smoking kills more people each year than alcohol and drugs combined.

A Troope of Horſe with Felt: Ile put't in proofe, / And when I haue ſtolne vpon theſe Son in Lawes, / Then kill, kill, kill, kill, kill, kill.

c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene vi], page 304:

Stephano: Monſter, I will kill this man : his daughter and I will be King and Queene, ſave our Graces : and Trinculo and thy ſelfe ſhall be Vice-royes : […]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 12:

Indeed, referring to his drone murder extermination campaign Obama bragged: "I'm really good at killing people!" Those are Obama's own words!

2021, Francis A. Boyle, World Politics, Human Rights, and International Law, page 9:

(transitive) To put to death; to extinguish the life of.


German

en-noun

German (countable and uncountable, plural Germans)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

From Latin Germānus, Germānī (“the peoples of Germānia”), as distinct from Gauls (in the writings of Caesar and Tacitus), and of uncertain ultimate origin (possibly Celtic/Gaulish).
Not related to german (“closely related”) or germane (from the Latin adjective germānus, through Old French).
Attested since at least 1520. Replaced the older terms Almain and Dutch (from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) in English. Besides cognates of German, Almain, and Dutch, two other categories of words for the Germans in other languages are cognates of Saxon and descendants of Proto-Slavic *němьcь; see those entries for more.
The surname is generally from the noun, though sometimes confused with Herman, Hermann under Russian influence. As a German surname, Americanized from Germann. Compare Germán, Germain, Jerman.

There are some 32 different terms for prison officers, from the humorously affectionate kanga(rhyming slang:kangaroo = screw) and the variants Scooby-Doo and Dr. Who via the mildly confrontational German (as if still the enemy over 50 years after World War II!) to the outright abuse of shit-parcel.

1996, Angela Devlin, Prison Patter, Waterside Press, →ISBN:


close

en-adj

close (comparative closer, superlative closest)

closer (comparative)
closest (superlative)

open

antonym(s) of “articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate”

Borrowed from French clos, from Latin clausum, participle of claudō.

close only counts in horseshoes and darts

close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

(law) Of a corporation or other business entity, closely held.


close

→ Irish: clós

→ Welsh: clos

(law) The interest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not enclosed


work

en-verb

work (third-person singular simple present works, present participle working, simple past and past participle worked or (rare/archaic) wrought)

works (present singular third-person)
working (participle present)
worked (participle past)
worked (past)
wrought (archaic participle past)
wrought (archaic past)
work (infinitive)

→ Cantonese: work (adjective)

From Middle English werken and worchen, from Old English wyrċan and wircan (Mercian), from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną (“to work”), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti (“to be working, to be at work”), from the root *werǵ-. Cognate with Old Frisian werka, wirka, Old Saxon wirkian, Low German warken, Dutch werken, Old High German wurken (German wirken, werken and werkeln), Old Norse yrkja and orka, (Swedish yrka and orka), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waurkjan).

влияя

to effect by gradual degrees (intransitive)

bane sig vej

to effect by gradual degrees (transitive)

I cannot work a miracle.

Failure to hold the annual meeting, or to otherwise conduct the business of the annual meeting, shall not work a forfeiture or dissolution of the Cooperative.

2022, Sawnee Electric Membership Corporation Bylaws, Article III, Section 3.01:

(transitive, law) To cause to happen or to occur as a consequence.