quarantine

en-noun

quarantine (countable and uncountable, plural quarantines)

Cuban Missile Crisis
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Louis IX of France
quarantine

From Medieval Latin quarentena and quarentīna (“40-day period, Lent”) via Middle English quarentine, Norman quarenteine, French quarenteine, and Italian quarantina, via proposed Late Latin *quaranta + -ēna (forming distributive adjectives), from Latin quadrāgintā (“four tens, 40”). Doublet of carene and quadragene.
In reference to French politics, calque of French quarantaine after edicts of Louis IX. In reference to a severance of political relations, popularized by the Roosevelt administration's 1937 approach to the Axis powers and the later Kennedy administration's 1962 approach to Cuba during the missile crisis.

kwarantyn

(figurative) any rigorously enforced isolation

Querentyne is where a man dyeth seisyd of a maner place and other landis where of the wyfe ought to be indowed, than the woman shall hold the maner place by .xl. days within which tyme her dower shalbe to her assyned.

c. 1523, John Rastell, Exposiciones Terminorum Legum Anglorum, fol. 4v

(historical law) The 40-day period during which a widow is entitled to remain in her deceased husband's home while any dower is collected and returned.


available

en-adj

available (comparative more available, superlative most available)

more available (comparative)
most available (superlative)

unavailable

antonym(s) of “such as can be availed of”

taken

antonym(s) of “free to enter a relationship”

From Middle English available, avayllable, avayleable, equivalent of avail + -able.

This is an available plea.


handcuffs

1775, from hand + cuff (“end of shirtsleeve”).
Possibly influenced by Old English handcops, from hand + cops (“fetter, chains”), but due to lack of continuity (centuries between Old English and modern term), generally analyzed as a re-invention.

Security is tight inside and outside the building, guarded by a bewildering collection of soldiers, policemen and gendarmes. Relatives watch as prisoners in handcuffs and leg irons shuffle past.

2014 November 27, Ian Black, “Courts kept busy as Jordan works to crush support for Isis”, in The Guardian:

A fastening consisting of two metal rings, designed to go around a person's wrists, and connected by a chain or hinge.


advice

en-noun

advice (countable and uncountable, plural advices)

From Middle English avys, from Old French avis, from the phrase ce m'est a vis ("in my view"), where vis is from Latin visus, past participle of videre (“to see”). See vision, and compare avise, advise. The unhistoric -d- was introduced in English 15c. Doublet of aviso.
Displaced native Old English rǣd.

An advice issued by a Monitoring Committee could be applicable in a Dutch court

Any measure that is not a formal (binding) act within the meaning of article 189 EEC, such as for example an advice, is clearly outside the scope of the action.

1992, Robert M. MacLean, European Community Law Textbook:

the question arises, whether an advice issued by a Monitoring Committee would actually be applicable in a Dutch court

1999, J. Vervaele, Compliance and Enforcement of European Community Law:

the Executive Director will determine which requests will be referred to chief counsel for preparation of an advice and which requests will be submitted directly to the Commission for an opinion.

1979, Pennsylvania Bulletin - Volume 9 - Page 4072:

The central purpose of this chapter is, however, to explain how to write an advice or an opinion.

1996, Valerie Beardsmore, Opinion Writing & Drafting In Tort:

Documents and submissions to the Commission relating to a request for an opinion or an appeal of an advice shall be made at least 7 days prior to the meeting of the Commission during which the appeal or opinion will be reviewed

1993, Chrostwaite's Pennsylvania Municipal Law Reporter:

(countable, law) A communication providing information, such as how an uncertain area of law might apply to possible future actions

An honest oath taken under advice of counsel, therefore, is not perjury

1885, Francis Wharton, A Treatise on the Criminal Law of the United States:

(uncountable, law) Counseling to perform a specific legal act.

(uncountable, law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act.


action

action (countable and uncountable, plural actions)

→ Arabic: أَكْشِن (ʔakšin)

→ Bulgarian: екшън (ekšǎn)

→ German: Action

→ Irish: aicsean

→ Hebrew: אקשן (akshn)

→ Japanese: アクション (akushon)

→ Korean: 액션 (aeksyeon)

→ Russian: экшн (ekšn)

From Middle English accion, from Old French aucion, acciun, from Latin āctiō(n) (“act of doing or making”), from āctus + action suffix -iō(n), perfect passive participle of agere (“do, act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti; see also act, active. By surface analysis, act + -ion.

der

(law) A charge or other process in a law court (also called lawsuit and actio).


accident

en-noun

accident (countable and uncountable, plural accidents)

First attested in the late 14th century. From Middle English accident, from Old French accident, from Latin accidēns, present active participle of accidō (“happen”); from ad (“to”) + cadō (“fall”). See cadence, case. In the sense “unintended pregnancy”, first attested in 1932.

accident

logic: quality or attribute in distinction from substance

befalling

unexpected event that takes place without foresight or expectation

An unexpected event with negative consequences occurring without the intention of the one suffering the consequences, and (in the strict sense) not directly caused by humans.

(law) casus; such unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is out of the range of ordinary calculation.


mortgage

mortgage (countable and uncountable, plural mortgages)

→ Mongolian: моргейж (morgejž)

/ˈmɔː.ɡɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɘd͡ʒ/

From Middle English morgage and Middle French mortgage, from Anglo-Norman morgage, from Old French mort gage (“dead pledge”), after a translation of judicial Medieval Latin mortuum wadium, with wadium from Frankish *wadi (“wager, pledge”). Compare gage and also wage. So called because rents and profits from the land were owed to the lender for as long as the gage existed (comparable to interest on a loan today), as opposed to the living gage, in which rents and profits automatically reduced the debt (paying it off over time).

We're renting a property in the city centre because we can't afford to get a mortgage yet.

(law) A special form of secured loan where the purpose of the loan must be specified to the lender, to purchase assets that must be fixed (not movable) property, such as a house or piece of farm land. The assets are registered as the legal property of the borrower but the lender can seize them and dispose of them if they are not satisfied with the manner in which the repayment of the loan is conducted by the borrower. Once the loan is fully repaid, the lender loses this right of seizure and the assets are then deemed to be unencumbered.


mortgage

en-verb

mortgage (third-person singular simple present mortgages, present participle mortgaging, simple past and past participle mortgaged)

mortgages (present singular third-person)
mortgaging (participle present)
mortgaged (participle past)
mortgaged (past)

/ˈmɔː.ɡɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɘd͡ʒ/

to mortgage a property, an estate, or a shop

We mortgaged our house in order to start a company.

(transitive, law) To borrow against a property, to obtain a loan for another purpose by giving away the right of seizure to the lender over a fixed property such as a house or piece of land; to pledge a property in order to get a loan.


grandfather

grandfather (third-person singular simple present grandfathers, present participle grandfathering, simple past and past participle grandfathered)

grandfathers (present singular third-person)
grandfathering (participle present)
grandfathered (participle past)
grandfathered (past)

From grandfather clause: see grandfather (etymology 1) and clause.

/ˈɡɹændˌfɑːðə/

/ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌfɑðɚ/

[ˈɡɹ̠(ʷ)ẽˑə̯̃n(d)ˌfɑˑðɚ]

Had the original work been permitted, it would be grandfathered into any code changes each time they occurred, Arvada officials said. The latest came in 2006.

2009 June 19, David Migoya, “Arvada homes haunted by past due code violations”, in The Denver Post, Denver, Colo.: Digital First Media, published 6 May 2016 (update), →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-12-03:

Old power plants are sometimes grandfathered from having to meet new clean air requirements.

2013 October 22, Alan Greenblatt, “The Racial History of the Grandfather Clause”, in NPR, archived from the original on 2019-03-30:

In 1915, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Guinn v. United States that grandfather clauses were unconstitutional. […] The decision had almost no effect, however. The Oklahoma Legislature met in special session to grandfather in the grandfather clause. The new law said those who had been registered in 1914 – whites under the old system – were automatically registered to vote, while African-Americans could only register between April 30 and May 11, 1916, or forever be disenfranchised. That law stayed on the books until a Supreme Court ruling in 1939.

With the signing of the Medical Devices Amendment to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic in 1976, the FDA [Food and Drug Administration] gained regulatory authority over [breast] implants, but the existing Cronin-Gerow implants were grandfathered, making them exempt from the new legislation.

2014, Matthew J. Fullana, Gary E. Wnek, “History of Techniques and Materials Used in Volume Enhancement”, in Charles K. Herman, Berish Strauch, editors, Encyclopedia of Aesthetic Rejuvenation through Volume Enhancement, New York, N.Y.: Thieme Medical Publishers, →ISBN, section 2.5.1 (Silicone Breast Implants), page 12:

The U.S. Army says a Kentucky National Guard soldier with aspirations of joining a U.S. Army special operations unit is grandfathered in under new regulations concerning soldiers with tattoos and asked a federal judge to dismiss his lawsuit. […] The regulations went into effect in March and ban tattoos below the knee or elbow. Soldiers who already have the ink are grandfathered in. Under the new regulations, any soldier with tattoos is barred from seeking a promotion to warrant officer or commissioning as an officer.

2014 July 14, Associated Press, “Army: Soldier grandfathered in under tattoo policy”, in The Washington Times, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Times, LLC, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-07-15:

In practice, most of the regimes reviewed by the FHTP [Forum on Harmful Tax Practices] during its early years and which were abolished were either terminated without grandfathering or included grandfathering within this maximum five-year period.

2017 November, “Annex B: Guidance on Closing Off of Regimes and Grandfathering for non-IP Regimes”, in Harmful Tax Practices – 2017 Progress Report on Preferential Regimes: Inclusive Framework on BEPS: Action 5 (OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifing Project), Paris: OECD Publishing, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 27:

(transitive, chiefly US, law) To retain discontinued laws or rules for (an object, individual or organization previously affected by them).

anteriorar

to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them


case

→ Swedish: case n

From Middle English cas, from Old French cas (“an event”), from Latin cāsus (“a falling, a fall; accident, event, occurrence; occasion, opportunity; noun case”), perfect passive participle of cadō (“to fall, to drop”).

der

“Two or three months more went by ; the public were eagerly awaiting the arrival of this semi-exotic claimant to an English peerage, and sensations, surpassing those of the Tichbourne case, were looked forward to with palpitating interest. […]”

1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “The Tremarn Case”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:

(law) A legal proceeding; a lawsuit or prosecution.


merger

From Anglo-Norman merger (verb used as noun).

-ɜː(ɹ)dʒə(ɹ)

(law) An absorption of one or more estate(s) or contract(s) into one other, all being held by the same owner; of several counts of accusation into one judgement, etc.

opslorping

an absorption into one estate, contract etc.


MS

en-noun

MS (countable and uncountable, plural MSes)

(criminology) Initialism of murder-suicide.


JA

(law, postnominal) Abbreviation of judge or justice of a court of appeal.


PE

PE (countable and uncountable, plural PEs)

(business, law) Initialism of permanent establishment.


DC

DC (countable and uncountable, plural DCs)

detective constable
detective constable#English

(law enforcement) Initialism of detective constable, a police rank used in Commonwealth countries.


NL

For example, a no liability company must include in its name the words “No Liability” or its abbreviation “NL” as a warning to persons dealing with such a company.

2012, Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law, published 2012:

(Australia, business, law, in a company name) Initialism of no liability.


CS

chief superintendent
w:chief superintendent

(UK, law enforcement) Initialism of chief superintendent.


PA

PA (countable and uncountable, plural PAs)


person

Nigerian Pidgin: pesin

From Middle English persoun, personne et al., from Anglo-Norman parsone, persoun et al. (Old French persone (“human being”), French personne), and its source Latin persōna (“mask used by actor; role, part, character”), perhaps a loanword from Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 (φersu, “mask”). In this sense, displaced native man, which came to mean primarily "adult male" in Middle English; see Old English mann. Doublet of parson and persona.

der

чолові́к m (čolovík) (now only means male (man) or husband)

yura

specifically a human being — see also human, human being, man

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class III § 372. Mankind

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 3. Substantiality

At common law a corporation or a trust is legally a person.

(law) Any individual or formal organization with standing before the courts.

անձ

any individual or formal organization with standing before the courts

[E]very Person wilfully, openly, lewdly, and obscenely exposing his Person in any Street, Road, or public Highway, or in the View thereof, or in any Place of public Resort, with Intent to insult any Female ... and being subsequently convicted of the Offence for which he or she shall have been so apprehended, shall be deemed a Rogue and Vagabond, within the true Intent and Meaning of this Act ...

1824, Vagrancy Act 1824 (5 Geo. 4. c. 83, United Kingdom), section 4

(law, euphemistic) The human genitalia; specifically, the penis.


AC

assistant commissioner
assistant commissioner#English

(UK, law enforcement) Initialism of assistant commissioner, a police rank used in London's Metropolitan Police.


AC

(law) Initialism of as charged, as in: guilty as charged, usually a/c.


overweight

en-adj

overweight (comparative more overweight, superlative most overweight)

more overweight (comparative)
most overweight (superlative)

/ˌəʊvəˈweɪt/

All States allow oversized vehicles if a special permit is obtained, although most States will grant overweight permits only for non-divisible loads.

1988, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Gearing Up for Safety: Motor Carrier Safety in a Competitive Environment, →ISBN, page 38:

He got as far as the first weigh station, where troopers found his truck to be overweight and threatened to pull him off the road.

1993, Legacy in the Sand: Chemical Command in Operations Desert Shield & Desert Storm, →ISBN, page 74:

The records did not reveal any previous encounters with severe turbulence. The three major alterations/repairs involving the wing were either far outboard of the strut wing station, or were performed on the right wing. Two overweight landings had been recorded since the aircraft was put into service with Evergreen. In both cases, an inspection of the airplane was accomplished in accordance with the Boeing Maintenance Manual.

1993 October 13, National Transportation Safety Board, “1.17.1 Maintenance Records”, in Aircraft Accident Report: In-Flight Engine Separation, Japan Airlines, Inc., Flight 46E, Boeing 747-121, N473EV, Anchorage, Alaska, March 31, 1993, archived from the original on 2022-06-17, page 26:

Postaccident examination of the vehicle indicated, for example, that the driver had not adequately maintained his logbook and that his vehicle had been overweight for travel in Indiana.

1999 July 26, National Transportation Safety Board, “Operator Actions”, in Railroad Accident Report: Collision of Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District Train 102 With a Tractor-Trailer, Portage, Indiana, June 18, 1998, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2022-06-17, page 48:

(transport, law, of a vehicle) Weighing more than what is allowed for safety or legal commerce.

претоварен

of a vehicle, weighing more than is allowed


overweight

en-noun

overweight (countable and uncountable, plural overweights)

/ˌəʊvəˈweɪt/

[…] and shall pay not only the amount of the permit fee for overlength, overheight, overwidth or overweight as might be due, but an additional civil penalty of fifty dollars for the first offense, one hundred dollars for the second offense and one hundred fifty dollars for each additional offense; […]

1976, Acts of the Legislature, volume 1, Louisiana, page 445:

It is clear that a bird would certainly be grounded by overweight if it retained eggs in the body and discharged them in large numbers at one time, like a turtle[.]

1985, J.D. McDonald, Australian Birds: A Popular Guide to Bird Life, Sydney: Reed Books, page 66:

(uncountable, chiefly transport, law) An excess of weight.


CI

CI (countable and uncountable, plural CIs)

(law enforcement) Initialism of chief inspector, a police rank used in Commonwealth countries.

confidential informant
confidential informant#English

(law enforcement) Initialism of confidential informant.


SP

SP (countable and uncountable, plural SPs)

(law enforcement) Abbreviation of superintendent.


SL

SL (countable and uncountable, plural SLs)

(law, historical, used postnominally) Initialism of serjeant-at-law.


SI

SI (countable and uncountable, plural SIs)

S.I.

statutory instrument, chiefly in citation

The scope of SIs varies greatly, from the technical (e.g. to set or vary the dates on which different provisions of an Act will come into force, to change the levels of fines or penalties for offences or to make consequential and transitional provisions) to the much wider-ranging, such as filling out the broad provisions in Acts.

2016 December 15, Richard Kelly, Statutory Instruments, House of Commons Library Briefing Paper 6509, archived from the original on 2022-01-07, page 1:

statutory instrument
statutory instrument#English

(UK, Canada, Australia, law) Initialism of statutory instrument.


CO

corrections officer
corrections officer#English

(US, law enforcement) Initialism of corrections officer.

correctional officer
correctional officer#English

(US, law enforcement) Initialism of correctional officer.


AR

AR (countable and uncountable, plural ARs)

(law, politics) Initialism of assembly resolution.


mill

Sranan Tongo: miri

→ Hindi: मिल (mil)

From Middle English mylne, mille, from Old English mylen, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu (“mill”), from Late Latin molīna, molīnum, molīnus (“mill”), from Latin molō (“grind, mill”, verb), closely allied to Proto-Germanic *muljaną (“to crush, grind”) (see English millstone). Perhaps cognate with Milne (a surname). Doublet of moline and moulin.

cog

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

every miller draws water to his own mill

the mill cannot grind with water that is past

(World War I– World War II, US military slang) A military prison, either guardhouse or post prison.


IA

en-noun

IA (countable and uncountable, plural IAs)

internal affairs
internal affairs#English

(law enforcement) Initialism of internal affairs. (a department responsible for investigating complaints against police officers)


AB

AB (countable and uncountable, plural ABs)

(law, politics) Initialism of assembly bill.


NC

(law) Initialism of nolo contendere, no contest, a plea in criminal cases.


SD

(law enforcement) Initialism of sheriff's department.


cream

cream (countable and uncountable, plural creams)

→ Chinese: 忌廉, 淇淋 (qílín)

→ Hindi: क्रीम (krīm)

→ Indonesian: krim

→ Japanese: クリーム (kurīmu)

→ Korean: 크림 (keurim)

→ Swahili: krimu

→ Thai: ครีม (kriim)

→ Zulu: ukhilimu

From Middle English creime, creme, from Old French creme, cresme, blend of Late Latin chrisma (“ointment”) (from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma, “unguent”)), and Late Latin crāmum (“cream”), from Gaulish *crama (compare Welsh cramen (“scab, skin”), Breton crammen), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krama- (compare Middle Irish screm (“surface, skin”), Dutch schram (“abrasion”), Lithuanian kramas (“scurf”)). Doublet of crema and crème. Displaced native Old English rēam (“cream”) (> modern ream).
Figurative sense of "most excellent element or part" appears from 1581. Verb meaning "to beat, thrash, wreck" is 1929, U.S. colloquial. The U.S. standard of identity is from 21 CFR 131.3(a).

der

You may have noticed that any time that filling is mentioned on Oreo packaging, it's called "creme." This is no typo. Technically, the creamy filling inside an Oreo is not cream at all: The recipe used actually contains no dairy; as such, the FDA prohibits Nabisco from labeling the product as "cream."

2018 February 13, Rebecca Firsker, "What's Really in Oreo Cream Filling? Well, for One Thing, Not Cream", MyRecipes

standards of identity
standard of identity

The butterfat/milkfat part of milk which rises to the top; this part when separated from the remainder.

(standards of identity, US) The liquid separated from milk, possibly with certain other milk products added, and with at least eighteen percent of it milkfat.

(standards of identity, UK) The liquid separated from milk containing at least 18 percent milkfat (48% for double cream).


CA

en-noun

CA (countable and uncountable, plural CAs)


familia

Learned borrowing from Latin familia (“family”). Doublet of family.

lbor

(Roman law) The paterfamilias, his legitimate descendants and their wives, all persons adopted into his family and their wives, and all slaves belonging to the household.


civil

en-adj

civil (comparative more civil or civiler, superlative most civil or civilest)

more civil (comparative)
civiler (comparative)
most civil (superlative)
civilest (superlative)

→ Japanese: シビル (shibiru)

From Middle English cyvyl, civil, borrowed from Old French civil, from Latin cīvīlis (“relating to a citizen”), from cīvis (“citizen”). Cognate with Old English hīwen (“household”), hīrǣden (“family”). More at hind; hird.

a civil case

(law) Relating to private relations among citizens, as opposed to criminal matters.

yksityis-

law: related to private relations among citizens, as opposed to criminal matters


answer

From Middle English answere, andsware, from Old English andswaru (“answer”), from and- (“against”) + -swaru (“affirmation”), (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“front, forehead”) and Old English swerian (“to swear”), from Proto-Indo-European *swer-), suggesting an original meaning of "a sworn statement rebutting a charge". The cognates suggest the existence of Proto-Germanic *andaswarō (“a reply to a question”). Cognate with Old Frisian ondser (“answer”), Old Saxon andswōr (“answer”), Danish and Swedish ansvar (“liability, responsibility, answer”), Icelandic andsvar (“answer, response”). Compare also Old English andwyrde (“answer”) (cognate to Dutch antwoord, German Antwort), Old English andcwiss (“reply”), German Schwur (“oath, vow”).

cog

(law) A document filed in response to a complaint, responding to each point raised in the complaint and raising counterpoints.


answer

en-verb

answer (third-person singular simple present answers, present participle answering, simple past and past participle answered)

answers (present singular third-person)
answering (participle present)
answered (participle past)
answered (past)

From Middle English answeren, andswaren, answerien, from Old English andswarian, answarien (“to answer, to respond, to deny an allegation under oath”), from Proto-Germanic *andaswarōną, *andaswarjaną (“to answer, to give a response, to rebut”), from *anda- (“against”) + *swarjaną, *swarōną (“to swear an oath, to answer, to respond”), from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to swear”) and *h₂ent- (“face, forehead”), equivalent to and- (“against, back”) + swear. Cognate with Old Frisian ondswera (“to answer”), Danish ansvare (“to answer, account for”), Swedish ansvara (“to answer, account for”), Icelandic andsvara (“to answer, reply”).

cog

(law) To file a document in response to a complaint.


hole

→ Japanese: ホール (hōru)

→ Korean: 홀 (hol)

Sranan Tongo: olo

Inherited from Middle English hole, hol, from Old English hol (“orifice, hollow place, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *hol, from Proto-Germanic *hulą (“hollow space, cavity”), noun derivative of Proto-Germanic *hulaz (“hollow”), which is of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to hollow.

отвор

orifice (see anus etc. for specific body cavities)

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know one's head from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

In late December a Washington State prisoner was involved in a scuffle with a guard who was trying to take him into the hole.

1988 April 2, Ed Mead, “AIDS hysteria sweeps prison guards' union”, in Gay Community News, page 9:

Disciplinary actions can range from a mere write up to serious time in the hole.

2011, Ahmariah Jackson, IAtomic Seven, Locked Up but Not Locked Down:

Solitary confinement
solitary confinement

(informal, with "the") Solitary confinement, a high-security prison cell often used as punishment.


de lunatico inquirendo

But, unless the fact is withheld by the reporters out of delicacy, the ladies who have lectured on Bloomerism are not mad—not, at least, in the de lunatico inquirendo sense of the term.

1851, Blackwood's Lady's Magazine and Gazette of the Fashionable World, or St. James's Court Register and Advertiser, for Town and Country. Of the Belles Lettres, Music, Fine Arts, Drama, Fashions, &c., volume 31, page 185:

(law) A legal document inquiring about the sanity of an individual.


night

en-noun

night (countable and uncountable, plural nights)

Pijin: naet

→ Korean: 나이트 (naiteu)

From Middle English nighte, night, nyght, niȝt, naht, from Old English niht, from Proto-West Germanic *naht (“night”), from Proto-Germanic *nahts (“night”), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (“night”).
Cognate with Scots nicht, neicht (“night”), West Frisian nacht (“night”), Dutch nacht (“night”), Low German Nacht (“night”), German Nacht (“night”), Danish nat (“night”), Swedish and Norwegian natt (“night”), Faroese nátt (“night”), Icelandic nótt (“night”), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts, “night”), Greek νύχτα (nýchta, “night”), Russian ночь (nočʹ, “night”), Sanskrit नक्ति (nákti, “night”), and Latin nox (“night”), whence English nox, a doublet.

(law, countable) A period of time often defined in the legal system as beginning 30 minutes after sunset, and ending 30 minutes before sunrise.

գիշեր

quality of sleep obtained during a night


clause

From Middle English clause, claus, borrowed from Old French clause, from Medieval Latin clausa (Latin diminutive clausula (“close, end; a clause, close of a period”)), from Latin clausus, past participle of claudere (“to shut, close”). See close, its doublet.

مُرَكَّبٌ إِسْنَادِيّ

grammar: group of words which include a subject and any necessary predicate

Mr. Waller adds that when the railway was authorised in 1897, one of the clauses of the Act authorising the transfer of the line to the North British Railway provided that that company should work it in perpetuity, and it was this clause that caused the interim interdict to be granted.

1951 April, “Notes and News: North Fife Line, Scotland”, in Railway Magazine, number 600, page 281:

(law) A separate part of a contract, a will or another legal document.


predicate

en-adj

predicate (comparative more predicate, superlative most predicate)

more predicate (comparative)
most predicate (superlative)

From Middle French predicat (French prédicat), from post-classical Late Latin praedicātum (“thing said of a subject”), a noun use of the neuter past participle of praedicō (“I proclaim”), as Etymology 2, below.

der

(law) Relating to or being any of a series of criminal acts upon which prosecution for racketeering may be predicated.


graffiti

en-noun

graffiti (usually uncountable, plural graffiti)

The underpass is a popular place for graffiti artists.

The city council spends thousands of pounds removing graffiti from public buildings.

The removal of unsightly graffiti on the sides of railway bridges spanning major roads in the North West is to be handed over to National Highways, to speed up the job.

2021 October 20, “Network News: NR and NH tackle graffiti vandalism”, in RAIL, number 942, page 9:

(chiefly uncountable) Drawings or words drawn on a surface in a public place, usually made without authorization.

(archaeology, countable) Informal inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., as opposed to official inscriptions.


graffiti

en-verb

graffiti (third-person singular simple present graffitis, present participle graffitiing, simple past and past participle graffitied)

graffitis (present singular third-person)
graffitiing (participle present)
graffitied (participle past)
graffitied (past)

(transitive) To mark a surface with such images.


UTC

(US, law) Initialism of Uniform Traffic Code.


graft

en-noun

graft (countable and uncountable, plural grafts)

Uncertain. Some lexicographers suggest an extended use of Etymology 2, above, expanding from “digging” to work more generally, and from there to dishonest work. Others, however, suggest an extension from Etymology 1, shifting from “a shoot or scion” to the notion of corruption through the idea of excrescence.

(uncountable) Corruption in official life.


beg

en-verb

beg (third-person singular simple present begs, present participle begging, simple past and past participle begged)

begs (present singular third-person)
begging (participle present)
begged (participle past)
begged (past)

Inherited from Middle English beggen, of uncertain origin. Possibly from Old English *becgian, *bedcian, syncopated forms of bedecian (“to beg”), itself of obscure origin. Possibly from Proto-West Germanic *bedukōn, a frequentative verb derived from Proto-West Germanic *bedu (“plea, petition, prayer”, whence English bead). Alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *bedagō (“petitioner, requester, beggar”), an agent noun from the same surce. Compare North Frisian bēdagi (“to pray”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍅𐌰 (bidagwa, “beggar”). All ultimately from the root of English bid, which see for more. An alternative theory considers the verb a backformation from beggar and derives the latter from Old French begart (“kind of lay brother”).

unk

obscure

der

Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards.

(transitive, law, obsolete) To ask to be appointed guardian for, or to ask to have a guardian appointed for.


copper

From cop (“to take, capture, seize”) + -er (agent noun suffix).

af

One evening as I was lying down in Leicester Square / I was picked up by the coppers and kicked in the balls

1985, Shane MacGowan (lyrics and music), “The Old Main Drag”, in Rum Sodomy & the Lash, performed by The Pogues:

(slang, law enforcement) A police officer.


perfect

en-verb

perfect (third-person singular simple present perfects, present participle perfecting, simple past and past participle perfected)

perfects (present singular third-person)
perfecting (participle present)
perfected (participle past)
perfected (past)

perfect an appeal

perfect an interest

perfect a judgment

(law) To take an action, usually the filing of a document in the correct venue, that secures a legal right.


hitherto

[ˈhɪðəˌtʰuː]

[ˌhɪðəˈtʰuː]

From Middle English hiderto, corresponding to hither + to.

The exhaustless conjecturings of that evening's full conversation, made such of the small party, as had hitherto been strangers, well acquainted with each other's turn of mind[…]

1830, Anna Maria Porter, The Barony, volume 3, page 460:

The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.

1910 [1848 February 21], Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, chapter I, in Samuel Moore, transl., edited by Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & company, page 12:

The results of this study argue for a greater endonormativity in Indian English than has hitherto been recognised.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 124:

North of Tain [...], the line reaches the southern shore of Dornoch Firth. Here, the railway and the A9 trunk road, which have hitherto run close together, diverge.

2021 October 20, Paul Stephen, “Leisure and pleasure on the Far North Line”, in RAIL, number 942, page 49:

(formal, also law) Up to this or that time or point.


hear

hear (third-person singular simple present hears, present participle hearing, simple past and past participle heard)

hears (present singular third-person)
hearing (participle present)
heard (participle past)
heard (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti
Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną
Proto-West Germanic *hauʀijan
Old English hīeran
Middle English heren
English hear
From Middle English heren, from Old English hīeran (“to hear”), from Proto-West Germanic *hauʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną (“to hear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ows- (“ear”) + *-yéti (denominative suffix).
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian heere (“to hear”), West Frisian hearre (“to hear”), Dutch horen (“to hear”), German hören (“to hear”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål høre (“to hear”), Norwegian Nynorsk høyra (“to hear”), Icelandic heyra (“to hear”), Ancient Greek ἀκούω (akoúō, “I hear”).

inh

Your case will be heard at the end of the month.

(transitive, law) To listen to (a person, case) in a court of law; to try.


highway

From Middle English heiȝwai, heiȝwei, from Old English hēahweġ (“main road, highway”), corresponding to high + way. Compare highgate, high street, high road.
Cognate with Scots heaway, heway, hieway, hichway, heichway (“highway”).

(law, rail transport) Any public road for vehicular traffic.


as

From Middle English as, als(a), alswa, from Old English eallswā (“just so; as”), thus representing a reduced form of also. Compare German Low German as, German als, Dutch als.

The case is dismissed as between Jones and Smith. (makes explicit that the case is continued between other parties to the litigation)

The case is dismissed as against Smith. (makes explicit that it is continued against some other defendant)

(law) used before a preposition to clarify that the prepositional phrase restricts the meaning of the sentence; specifically.


beat

en-adj

beat (comparative more beat, superlative most beat)

more beat (comparative)
most beat (superlative)

beat poetry


pen

From Middle English pen, penne (“enclosure for animals”), from Old English penn (“enclosure, fold, pen”), from Proto-Germanic *pennō, *pannijō (“pin, bolt, nail, tack”), from Proto-Indo-European *bend- (“pointed peg, nail, edge”). Related to pin.
Sense “prison” originally figurative extension to “enclosure for persons” (1845), later influenced by penitentiary (“prison”), being analyzed as an abbreviation (1884).

der

They caught him with a stolen horse, and he wound up in the pen again.

(slang) A penitentiary, i.e. a state or federal prison for convicted felons.


chose

From Middle French chose, from Latin causa (“cause, reason”). Doublet of cause.


thither

From Middle English thider, from Old English þider, an alteration (probably by analogy with hider (“hither”)) of earlier þæder (“to there”), from Proto-Germanic *þadrê.

Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little one: Oh, let me escape thither […]

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 19:20:

[…] Eleutherius, who thinking himself concern'd, because he brought me thither […]

1661, Robert Boyle, “Physiological Considerations Touching the Experiments Wont to be Employed to Evince either the IV Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principls of Mixt Bodies. Part of the First Dialogue.”, in The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-physical Doubts & Paradoxes, […], London: […] J. Cadwell for J. Crooke, […], →OCLC, page 9:

[A]ll thoſe goods, and a great deal of money in ſpecie, is return'd hither for and in ballance of our ovvn manufactures and merchandizes exported thither; […]

1725 (indicated as 1726), [Daniel Defoe], “Letter XXIII. Of the Inland Trade of England, Its Magnitude, and the Great Advantage It is to the Nation in General.”, in The Complete English Tradesman, in Familiar Letters; Directing Him in All the Several Parts and Progressions of Trade. […], volume I, London: […] Charles Rivington […], →OCLC, page 390:

But the road left the river again; there were certainly twistings and turnings, as the old woman had said, for at one moment it wound hither and the next thither, and at some places it was almost imperceptible.

1881, P. Chr. Asbjörnsen [i.e., Peter Christen Asbjørnsen], translated by H. L. Brækstad, Round the Yule Log. Norwegian Folk and Fairy Tales, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, →OCLC, page 280:

And there rises a shining palace whose crystal glittering roof is seen by mariners who traverse the extensive sea in barks built expressly for that purpose, and thither come all herds and fatlings and firstfruits of that land for O'Connell Fitzsimon takes toll of them, a chieftain descended from chieftains.

1922 February, James Joyce, Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

(chiefly literary or law, archaic) To that place.


accused

* (noun): First attested in the 1590's.
* From accuse (“blame”) + -ed

(law) The person charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case.


advocate

en-verb

advocate (third-person singular simple present advocates, present participle advocating, simple past and past participle advocated)

advocates (present singular third-person)
advocating (participle present)
advocated (participle past)
advocated (past)

From Middle English advocat, advoket, from Old French advocat, from Latin advocātus (past participle of advocāre (“to call for”)), a calque of Ancient Greek παράκλητος (paráklētos) (whence English paraclete). Doublet of advoke, avocat, avouch, and avow.

doublet

(Scots law) To appeal from an inferior court to the Court of Session.

(Scots law, in higher courts) To call a case before itself for decision.


copyright

en-noun

copyright (usually uncountable, plural copyrights)

no copyright intended

Anyone accused of copyright would have sixty days to opt-out of the Copyright Claims Board process, in which case the plaintiff would have to seek legal action in court.

2019 October 23, Christine Fisher, “House passes controversial copyright bill that could be abused by trolls”, in Engadget:

copyright infringement
copyright infringement

(uncountable, informal, nonstandard) A violation of copyright law; copyright infringement.


hung

en-adj

hung (not generally comparable, comparative more hung, superlative most hung)

more hung (comparative)
most hung (superlative)

you'd complain if you were hung with a new rope

(law) Of a jury, unable to reach a unanimous verdict in a trial.


capital

From Middle English capital, borrowed partly from Old French capital and partly from Latin capitālis (“of the head”) (in sense “head of cattle”), from caput (“head”) (English cap) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Use in trade and finance originated in Medieval economies when a common but expensive transaction involved trading heads of cattle. The noun is from the adjective.
Compare chattel and kith and kine (“all one’s possessions”), which also use “cow” to mean “property”.
Doublet of cattle and chattel.

[ˈkʰæp.ɪ.ɾɫ̩]

capital punishment; capital murder

Neither could the Legiſlature in any thing more conſult the Publick Good, than by providing ſome effectual Remedy againſt this Evil, which in ſeveral Caſes deſerves greater Puniſhment than many Crimes that are capital among us.

1709, [Jonathan Swift], A Project for the Advancement of Religion, and the Reformation of Manners. […], London: […] Benj[amin] Tooke, […], →OCLC, pages 53–54:

to put to death a capital offender

1649, J[ohn] Milton, ΕΙΚΟΝΟΚΛΆΣΤΗΣ [Eikonoklástēs] […], London: […] Matthew Simmons, […], →OCLC:

Some 1,600 priests were deported, for example, while the total number of capital victims of the military commissions down to 1799 was only around 150.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 517:

(crime) Punishable by, or involving punishment by, death.

capital

punishable by, or involving punishment by, death


bust

en-verb

bust (third-person singular simple present busts, present participle busting, simple past and past participle busted or bust)

busts (present singular third-person)
busting (participle present)
busted (participle past)
busted (past)
bust (participle past)
bust (past)

From Middle English busten, a variant of Middle English bursten, bresten (“to burst”). Compare German Low German basten and barsten (“to burst”). More at burst.

(transitive, slang) To catch (someone) in the act of doing something wrong, socially and morally inappropriate, or illegal, especially when being done in a sneaky or secretive state.

betrap

(slang) to catch someone in the act of doing something wrong, socially and morally inappropriate, or illegal


bust

(slang) A police raid or takedown of a criminal enterprise.


trite

en-adj

trite (comparative triter, superlative tritest)

triter (comparative)
tritest (superlative)

From Latin trītus "worn out," a form of the verb terō (“I wear away, wear out”).

It is trite to say that the mere fact that a decision does not favour the applicant or that the applicant disagrees with the decision does not establish that the decision is tainted with bias.

2017, Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Taucar v Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario, 2017 ONSC 2604

(law) So well established as to be beyond debate: trite law.


learned

learned (comparative more learned, superlative most learned)

more learned (comparative)
most learned (superlative)

From Middle English lerned, lernd, lernyd, equivalent to learn + -ed, which replaced the earlier lered (“taught”), from Old English (ġe)lǣred, past participle of lǣran (“to teach”). Learn formerly had the meaning “to teach”, which is now found only in nonstandard speech, as well as its standard meaning of “to learn”.

(law, formal) A courteous description used in various ways to refer to lawyers or judges.


bind

en-verb

bind (third-person singular simple present binds, present participle binding, simple past bound or (nonstandard) binded, past participle bound or (nonstandard) binded or (archaic, rare) bounden or (obsolete) ybound or (obsolete) ybounden)

binds (present singular third-person)
binding (participle present)
bound (past)
binded (nonstandard past)
bound (participle past)
binded (nonstandard participle past)
bounden (archaic participle past rare)
ybound (obsolete participle past)
ybounden (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English binden, from Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną (compare West Frisian bine, Dutch binden, Low German binnen, German binden, Danish binde), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéndʰ-e-ti, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”).
Compare Welsh benn (“cart”), Latin offendīx (“knot, band”), Lithuanian beñdras (“partner”), Albanian bind (“to convince, to awe, to spell”), Ancient Greek πεῖσμα (peîsma, “cable, rope”), Persian بستن (bastan, “to bind”), Sanskrit बन्धति (bándhati). Doublet of bandana.

cog

(law) To put (a person) under definite legal obligations, especially, under the obligation of a bond or covenant.

to bind an apprentice  bound out to service

(law) To place under legal obligation to serve.


force

en-noun

force (countable and uncountable, plural forces)

From Middle English force, fors, forse, from Old French force, from Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise, high, hill”).

der

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

The law will come into force in January.

(law) Either unlawful violence, as in a "forced entry", or lawful compulsion.

насилие

law: unlawful violence or lawful compulsion


sound

en-verb

sound (third-person singular simple present sounds, present participle sounding, simple past and past participle sounded)

sounds (present singular third-person)
sounding (participle present)
sounded (participle past)
sounded (past)

* Noun: from Middle English sownde, alteration of soun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman sun, soun, Old French son, from accusative of Latin sonus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound, resound”).
* Verb: from Middle English sownden, sounen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman suner, sounder, Old French soner (modern sonner), from Latin sonō.
* The hypercorrect -d appears in the fifteenth century. (Compare dialectal drownd, gownd for the same development.)
Displaced native Middle English swei, from Old English swēġ, from Proto-Germanic *swōgiz.

der

In my opinion this claim sounds in damages rather than in an injunction.

[…]there can be no doubt that claims brought pursuant to § 1983 sound in tort.

1999, Supreme Court of the United States, City of Monterey v. Del Monte Dunes at Montery, Ltd. et al.:

(intransitive, law, often with in) To arise or to be recognizable as arising in or from a particular area of law, or as likely to result in a particular kind of legal remedy.


find

en-verb

find (third-person singular simple present finds, present participle finding, simple past found or (dialectal) fand, past participle found or (archaic) founden)

finds (present singular third-person)
finding (participle present)
found (past)
fand (dialectal past)
found (participle past)
founden (archaic participle past)
find (infinitive)

From Middle English finden, from Old English findan, from Proto-West Germanic *finþan, from Proto-Germanic *finþaną (compare West Frisian fine, Low German finden, Dutch vinden, German finden, Danish finde, Norwegian Bokmål finne, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish finna), a secondary verb from Proto-Indo-European *pent- (“to go, pass; path bridge”), whence *póntoh₁s (compare English path, Old Irish étain (“I find”), áitt (“place”), Latin pōns (“bridge”), Ancient Greek πόντος (póntos, “sea”), Old Armenian հուն (hun, “ford”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬃 (paṇtā̊), Sanskrit पथ (pathá, “path”), Proto-Slavic *pǫtь).

inh

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

find one's ass with both hands and a flashlight

it is easy to find a stick to beat a dog

look as if one had lost a shilling and found sixpence

look as if one has lost a shilling and found sixpence

scratch a liberal and you'll find a fascist

that's for me to know and you to find out

The jury finds for the defendant.

(intransitive, law) To determine or judge.


reading

en-noun

reading (countable and uncountable, plural readings)

From Middle English reding, redynge, redunge, from Old English rǣding (“reading”), equivalent to read + -ing.

(politics, law) One of several stages a bill passes through before becoming law.

четене

one of several stages a bill passes through


plead

en-verb

plead (third-person singular simple present pleads, present participle pleading, simple past and past participle pleaded or (chiefly North America, Scotland) pled or plead)

pleads (present singular third-person)
pleading (participle present)
pleaded (participle past)
pleaded (past)
pled (North-America Scotland participle past)
pled (North-America Scotland past)
plead (participle past)
plead (past)

From Middle English pleden, plaiden, from Old French plaider (“to plead, offer a plea”), from plait, from Medieval Latin placitum (“a decree, sentence, suit, plea, etc.", in Classical Latin, "an opinion, determination, prescription, order; literally, that which is pleasing, pleasure”), neuter of placitus, past participle of placeō (“to please”). Cognate with Spanish pleitear (“to litigate, take to court”).

cog

The defendant has decided to plead not guilty.

O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man pleadeth for his neighbour!

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 16:21:

At the High Court in Aberdeen in September, NR pleaded guilty to a series of failings, including failing to tell the driver that it was unsafe to drive the train at the 75mph line speed.

2023 October 18, “Network News: Carmont: NR pays nearly £1m in out-of-court settlements”, in RAIL, number 994, page 15:

(transitive, intransitive, copulative) To present (an argument or a plea), especially in a legal case.

He pleaded with me not to leave the house.

He was pleading for mercy.

(intransitive) To beg, beseech, or implore, especially emotionally.

Not wishing to attend the banquet, I pleaded illness.

It is no defence to plead that you were only obeying orders.


addition

en-noun

addition (countable and uncountable, plural additions)

Sense of “what is added” dates from 14th century, from Middle English addicioun, addition, from Old French adition, from Latin additiōnem, accusative singular of additiō, from addō (“add, put”).

[…]They clip vs drunkards, and with Swiniſh phraſe / Soyle our addition, and indeede it takes / From our atchieuements, though perform’d at height / The pith and marrow of our attribute[…]

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv]:

(chiefly law) A title annexed to a person's name to identify him or her more precisely.


law

law (countable and uncountable, plural laws)

From Middle English lawe, laȝe, from Old English lagu (“law”), borrowed from Old Norse lǫg (“law”, literally “things laid down or firmly established”), originally the plural of lag (“layer, stratum, a laying in order, measure, stroke”), from Proto-Germanic *lagą (“that which is laid down”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”). Cognate with Scots law (“law”), Icelandic lög (“things laid down, law”), Faroese lóg (“law”), Norwegian lov (“law”), Swedish lag (“law”), Danish lov (“law”), Finnish laki (“law”). Replaced Old English ǣ and ġesetnes. More at lay.
Not related to legal, nor to French loi, Spanish ley, all of which ultimately derive from Latin lēx, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather”).

азакуан

body of rules established in a community by its authorities

(usually with "the") The body of binding rules and regulations, customs, and standards established in a community by its legislative and judicial authorities.

As to the depriving the defendant of waging his law, it was thought, the practice merited discouragement, as a temptation to perjury.

1793, Richard Wooddeson, A Systematical View of the Laws of England, page 169:

But, before the defendant takes the oath, the plaintiff is called by the crier thrice; and if he do not appear he becomes nonsuited, and then the defendant goes quit without taking his oath; and if he appear, and the defendant swear that he owes the plaintiff nothing, and the compurgators give it upon oath, that they believe he swears true, the plaintiff is barred for ever; for when a person has waged his law, it is as much as if a verdict had passed against the plaintiff; if the plaintiff do not appear to hear the defendant perform his law, so that he is nonsuit, he is not barred, but may bring a new action.

1846, Matthew Bacon, Sir Henry Gwilliam, Charles Edward Dodd, A New Abridgment of the Law with Large Additions and Corrections:

A withdrawal from a wager of law was an admission of the point as to which the law was waged; the defaulter also incurred a fine (i, 297).

2013, William Paley Baildon, Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield: Volume 2, 1297 to 1309, →ISBN, page ix:

perform one's law
perform one's law#English

(law, chiefly historical) An oath sworn before a court, especially disclaiming a debt. (Chiefly in the phrases "wager of law", "wage one's law", "perform one's law", "lose one's law".)


reset

In early times it was common to charge the reset of property taken by robbery as reset of theft. But in later practice reset of property taken by robbery has been frequently libelled and found relevant (1).

1867, John H. A. MacDonald, A Practical Treatise on the Criminal Law of Scotland, Edinburgh: William Paterson, page 405:

(Scots law) The crime of knowingly and dishonestly receiving stolen goods, or harbouring an outlaw.


reset

en-verb

reset (third-person singular simple present resets, present participle resetting, simple past and past participle resetted)

resets (present singular third-person)
resetting (participle present)
resetted (participle past)
resetted (past)

Criminal resetting of property shall not be limited to the receiving of property taken by theft or robbery, but shall extend to the receiving of property appropriated by breach of trust and embezzlement and by falsehood, fraud and wilful imposition.

1995, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Part VI, section 51”, in Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995, page 41:

(Scots law) To receive and hide (stolen goods, or a criminal, etc.)


fortuitous

en-adj

fortuitous (comparative more fortuitous, superlative most fortuitous)

more fortuitous (comparative)
most fortuitous (superlative)

/fɘˈt͡ʃʉː.ɘ.tɘs/

(law) Happening independently of human will.

неволен

law: happening independently of human will


legal

en-noun

legal (countable and uncountable, plural legals)

Borrowed from Latin lēgālis (“legal”), from lēx (“law”). Doublet of loyal and leal.

(countable, informal, US) Somebody who immigrated lawfully.


factor

From Middle French facteur, from Latin factor (“a doer, maker, performer”), from factus (“done or made”), perfect passive participle of faciō (“do, make”).

uder

incremental power transfer distribution factor

A person or business organization that provides money for another's new business venture; one who finances another's business.

A business organization that lends money on accounts receivable or buys and collects accounts receivable.


actor

→ Scottish Gaelic: actair

→ Welsh: actor

Inherited from Middle English actour, from Anglo-Norman actor, Middle French actor, and their source, Latin āctor (“doer”), from agō (“to do”). Equivalent to act + -or. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄκτωρ (áktōr, “leader”), from ἄγω (ágō, “lead, carry, convey, bring”).

(obsolete, law) Someone who institutes a legal suit; a plaintiff or complainant.


spent

(law, chiefly UK) Of legislation or an enactment: no longer in force due to all of its provisions having expired or been completed.

(law, chiefly UK) Of a conviction: no longer appearing on a person's criminal record.


asylum

From Latin asylum, from Ancient Greek ἄσυλον (ásulon).

Of all the queer collections of humans outside of a crazy asylum, it seemed to me this sanitarium was the cup winner. […] When you're well enough off so's you don't have to fret about anything but your heft or your diseases you begin to get queer, I suppose.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter V, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

(dated) A place of protection or restraint for one or more classes of the disadvantaged, especially the mentally ill.


sentence

en-verb

sentence (third-person singular simple present sentences, present participle sentencing, simple past and past participle sentenced)

sentences (present singular third-person)
sentencing (participle present)
sentenced (participle past)
sentenced (past)

Borrowed from Middle French sentence, from Latin sententia (“way of thinking, opinion, sentiment”), from sentiēns, present participle of sentiō (“to feel, think”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”).

der

“We are empowered to deliver thee to prison; yea, the law commands us to sentence death upon the abettors of this mischief.[…]"

1874, Ella Taylor Disosway, South Meadows: A Tale of Long Ago, page 235:

So as far as the older generation of German Lutherans were concerned, the abolition of the mother language sentenced death upon the church as they knew it.

1977, Eugene B. Meier, How was the Acculturation of Children of Alt Lutheraner Descent in Wisconsin 1843 - 1915 Affected by the Relationship of Home and Market?: A Case Study, page 150:

But little did I know, As I cleared away that snow, I'd sentenced death upon that rose, For late that night it simply froze. I'd taken its one chance away, As I stripped it of its quilt that day. I learned a lesson late that night, ...

1991, Joe Wayman, If You Promise Not to Tell, Pieces of Learning, →ISBN, page 36:

[…] upholding Idaho statute mandating that court "shall" sentence death upon finding an aggravating circumstance "unless" it finds outweighing mitigating circumstances because satisfies individualized sentencing requirement […]

1996, United States. Court of Appeals (9th Circuit), Annual Report of the Ninth Circuit, page 137

(especially law or poetic) To decree, announce, or pass as a sentence.


lay

en-verb

lay (third-person singular simple present lays, present participle laying, simple past and past participle laid)

lays (present singular third-person)
laying (participle present)
laid (participle past)
laid (past)
lay (infinitive)

From Middle English leyen, leggen, from Old English leċġan (“to lay”), from Proto-West Germanic *laggjan, from Proto-Germanic *lagjaną (“to lay”), causative form of Proto-Germanic *ligjaną (“to lie, recline”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie, recline”).
Cognate with West Frisian lizze (“to lay, to lie”), Dutch leggen (“to lay”), German legen (“to lay”), Norwegian Bokmål legge (“to lay”), Norwegian Nynorsk leggja (“to lay”), Swedish lägga (“to lay”), Icelandic leggja (“to lay”), Albanian lag (“troop, band, war encampment”).

cog

the best laid plans of mice and men go oft astray

the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry

to lay the venue


brief

From Middle English breef, breve, bref, from Old French brief, bref, from Latin brevis (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus (“short, brief”). Doublet of merry.

der

(law) A writ summoning one to answer; an official letter or mandate.

A written answer or any other brief shall be submitted to the court while allowing a period necessary for the opponent to make preparations with regard to the matters stated therein.

1996, Japanese Rules of Civil Procedure, Article 79, Section 1

ügyvédi megbízás

a writ summoning one to answer to any action

(law) A memorandum of points of fact or of law for use in conducting a case.

(law) An attorney's legal argument in written form for submission to a court.


brief

en-verb

brief (third-person singular simple present briefs, present participle briefing, simple past and past participle briefed)

briefs (present singular third-person)
briefing (participle present)
briefed (participle past)
briefed (past)

(transitive, law) To write a legal argument and submit it to a court.


pendente lite

From Latin pendente līte (“awaiting the litigation”).


slay

en-verb

slay (third-person singular simple present slays, present participle slaying, simple past slew or slayed, past participle slain or slayed or (obsolete) yslain)

slays (present singular third-person)
slaying (participle present)
slew (past)
slayed (past)
slain (participle past)
slayed (participle past)
yslain (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English sleen, slayn, from Old English slēan (“to strike, beat, smite, stamp, forge, sting, slay, kill, impact”), from Proto-West Germanic *slahan, from Proto-Germanic *slahaną (“to fight, strike, kill”), from Proto-Indo-European *slak- (“to hit, strike, throw”).
Cognate with Dutch slaan (“to beat, hit, strike”), Low German slaan (“hit, strike”), German schlagen (“to beat, hit, strike”), Danish, Norwegian and Swedish slå (“to knock, beat, strike”), Icelandic slá (“to strike”). Related to slaughter, onslaught.

cog

The knight slew the dragon.

Our foes must all be slain.

In the meane time it chaunced, that Marcus Papyrius ſtroke one of the Galles on the heade with his ſtaffe, because he preſumed to ſtroke his bearde: with whiche iniurie the Gaulle beeing prouoked, ſlue Papyrius (as he ſate) with hys ſworde, and therewith the ſlaughter being begun with one, all the reſidue of thoſe auncient fatherly men as they ſat in theyr Chayres were ſlaine and cruelly murthered.

1577, Raphaell Holinshed, “The Historie of Englande”, in The Firste Volume of the Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande […], volume I, London: […] [Henry Bynneman] for Iohn Harrison, →OCLC, page 26, columns 1–2:

The Prince of Morocco:
[…]By this scimitar,
That slew the Sophy and a Persian prince
That won three fields of Sultan Solyman,
I would outstare the sternest eyes that look,
Outbrave the heart most daring on earth,
Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she-bear,
Yea, mock the lion when he roars for prey,
To win thee, lady. […]

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

Slay not your children, fearing a fall to poverty, We shall provide for them and for you. Lo! the slaying of them is great sin.

1930, Marmaduke Pickthall, transl., The Meaning of the Glorious Koran, surah 17, verse 31:

"This is a graph of the death rate from infectious disease in this country. The heroes of my field have slain one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. While the heroes of your field gathered in the desert to create a new one."

2015 May 4, Randall Munroe, xkcd (webcomic), Degree-Off:

(transitive, now literary) To kill; to murder.


pledge

From Middle English plege, from Anglo-Norman plege, from Old French plege (Modern French pleige) from Medieval Latin plevium, plebium, from plebiō (“I pledge”), from Frankish *plehan (“to pledge; to support; to guarantee”). Akin to Old High German pflegan (“to take care of, be accustomed to”), Old Saxon plegan (“to vouch for”), Old English plēon (“to risk, endanger”). More at plight.

peng

delivery of personal property to secure the payment of a debt

(law) A bailment of personal property to secure payment of a debt without transfer of title.

The personal property so pledged, to be kept until the debt is paid.


crime

en-noun

crime (countable and uncountable, plural crimes)

From Middle English cryme, crime, from Old French crime, crimne, from Latin crīmen. Displaced native Old English firen.

(uncountable) Criminal acts collectively.


condition

condition (countable and uncountable, plural conditions)

From Middle English condicioun, from Old French condicion (French condition), from Latin condicio. Unetymological change in spelling due to confusion with conditio.

kunto (e.g. when asked from a patient mikä sun kunto on?)

(only with the suffix -ban in this sense) karban

fee simple subject to condition subsequent

(law) A clause in a contract or agreement indicating that a certain contingency may modify the principal obligation in some way.


leave

leave (countable and uncountable, plural leaves)

From Middle English leve, from Old English lēaf (“permission, privilege”), from Proto-Germanic *laubō, *laubą (“permission, privilege, favour, worth”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love, hold dear”). Cognate with obsolete German Laube (“permission”), Swedish lov (“permission”), Icelandic leyfi (“permission”). Related to Dutch verlof, German Erlaubnis. See also love.

der

Might I beg leave to accompany you?

The applicant now seeks leave to appeal and, if leave be granted, to appeal against these sentences.

Since I have your good leave to go away, / I will make haste: but, till I come again, / No bed shall e'er be guilty of my stay, / Nor rest be interposer 'twixt us twain.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:


incorporate

en-verb

incorporate (third-person singular simple present incorporates, present participle incorporating, simple past and past participle incorporated)

incorporates (present singular third-person)
incorporating (participle present)
incorporated (participle past)
incorporated (past)

/ɪŋˈkɔː.pə.ɹeɪt/

/ɪŋˈkɔɹ.pɹeɪt/

/ɪŋˈkɔː.pə.ɹət/

/ɪŋˈkɔɹ.pɚ.ət/

/ɪŋˈkɔɹ.pɚ.ət/

From Middle English, from Late Latin incorporātus, perfect passive participle of incorporō (“to embody, to incorporate”), from in- (“in”) + corpus, corporis (“body”).

(US, law) To include (another clause or guarantee of the US constitution) as a part (of the Fourteenth Amendment, such that the clause binds not only the federal government but also state governments).


common

en-adj

common (comparative more common, superlative most common)

rare

antonym(s) of “occurring in large numbers or in a large quantity”

From Middle English comun, from Anglo-Norman comun, from Old French comun (rare in the Gallo-Romance languages, but reinforced as a Carolingian calque of Proto-West Germanic *gamainī (“common”) in Old French), from Latin commūnis (“common, public, general”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moy-ni-s (“held in common”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to exchange, change”). Displaced native Middle English imene, ȝemǣne (“common, general, universal”) (from Old English ġemǣne (“common, universal”)), Middle English mene, mǣne (“mean, common”) (also from Old English ġemǣne (“common, universal”)), Middle English samen, somen (“in common, together”) (from Old English samen (“together”)). Doublet of gmina.

cog

gender of coalescence of masculine of feminine

common law

As to eleemoſynary corporations, by the dotation the founder and his heirs are of common right the legal viſitors, to ſee that that property is rightly employed, which would otherwiſe have deſcended to the viſitor himſelf: […]

1765, William Blackstone, “Of Corporations”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book I (Of the Rights of Persons), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 469:

(law) Arising from use or tradition, as opposed to being created by a legislative body.


common

(law) The right of taking a profit in the land of another, in common either with the owner or with other persons; so called from the community of interest which arises between the claimant of the right and the owner of the soil, or between the claimants and other commoners entitled to the same right.


bubble

Partly imitative, also influenced by burble. Compare Middle Dutch bobbe (“bubble”) > Dutch bubbel (“bubble”), Low German bubbel (“bubble”), Danish boble (“bubble”), Swedish bubbla (“bubble”). The word was first used in its economic sense in association with the collapse of the South Sea Company in 1720, based on the metaphor of an inflated soap bubble bursting.

onom

imitative

Later that day, the unit was staffed with only one officer, who was required to stay in the bubble.

1998, District of Columbia Appropriations for 1998: Hearings:

An officer's station in a prison dormitory, affording views on all sides.


make

en-verb

make (third-person singular simple present makes, present participle making, simple past and past participle made or (dialectal or obsolete) maked)

makes (present singular third-person)
making (participle present)
made (participle past)
made (past)
maked (dialectal obsolete participle past)
maked (dialectal obsolete past)
make (infinitive)

From Middle English maken, from Old English macian (“to make, build, work”), from Proto-West Germanic *makōn (“to make, build, work”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ǵ- (“to knead, mix, make”).
Related to match.
cognates
* Scots mak (“to make”)
* Saterland Frisian moakje (“to make”)
* West Frisian meitsje (“to make”)
* Dutch maken (“to make”)
* Dutch Low Saxon maken (“to make”)
* German Low German maken (“to make”)
* German machen (“to make, do”)
* Danish mage (“to make, arrange (in a certain way)”)
* Latin mācerō, macer
* Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō)

elér

with definite conjugation and a subordinate clause

don't get your honey where you make your money

it takes a heap of living to make a house a home

it takes a heap o' livin' to make a house a home

it takes a lot of living to make a house a home

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

you can't make an omelette without breaking eggs

you can't make a silk purse of a sow's ear

you've got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette

I caught sight of him two or three times and then made him turning north into Laurel Canyon Drive.

1939, Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep, Penguin, published 2011, page 33:

Linus Caldwell: Well, she just made Danny and Yen, which means in the next 48 hours the three o' your pictures are gonna be in every police station in Europe.

2004, George Nolfi et al., Ocean's Twelve, Warner Bros. Pictures, 0:50:30

David Sinclair: (walking) Almost at Seventh; I should have a visual any second now. (rounds a corner, almost collides into Kaleed Asan) Damn, that was close.
Don Eppes: David, he make you?
David Sinclair: No, I don't think so.

2007 May 4, Andrew Dettmann et al., "Under Pressure", episode 3-22 of Numb3rs, 00:01:16

(transitive, US slang, crime, law enforcement) To recognise, identify, spot.


hang

en-verb

hang (third-person singular simple present hangs, present participle hanging, simple past and past participle hung or (law) hanged)

hangs (present singular third-person)
hanging (participle present)
hung (participle past)
hung (past)
hanged (participle past)
hanged (past)

From Middle English hangen, hongen, from a fusion of Old English hōn (“to hang, be hanging”, intransitive verb) and hangian (“to hang, cause to hang”, transitive verb), from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄han and *hangēn; also probably influenced by Old Norse hengja (“to suspend”) and hanga (“to be suspended”); all from Proto-Germanic *hanhaną, *hangāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to waver, be in suspense”).
See also Dutch hangen, Low German hangen and hängen, German hängen, Norwegian Bokmål henge, Norwegian Nynorsk henga; also Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (hāhan), Hittite 𒂵𒀀𒀭𒂵 (/kānk-/, “to hang”), Sanskrit शङ्कते (śáṅkate, “is in doubt, hesitates”), Latin cūnctārī (“to delay”).

laat hang

computing: to cause (a program or computer) to stop responding

vystavit

chess: to cause to become vulnerable to capture

freeze

computing: cause (a program or computer) to stop responding

give him enough rope and he'll hang himself

one may as well hang for a sheep as a lamb

The culprits were hanged from the nearest tree.

'[…] There's every Staffordshire crime-piece ever made in this cabinet, and that's unique. The Van Hoyer Museum in New York hasn't that very rare second version of Maria Marten's Red Barn over there, nor the little Frederick George Manning—he was the criminal Dickens saw hanged on the roof of the gaol in Horsemonger Lane, by the way—'

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 3, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

As things go from bad to worse for Putin in his maniacal, murderous attack on Ukraine, he could end up like Milosevic, or worse. The court could change its rules and hang him, the way the Allies hanged Nazi war criminals at the end of World War II.

2022 March 10, Peter Lucas, “Lucas: Putin has blood on his hands and The Hague must make him pay”, in Boston Herald, archived from the original on 2022-08-06:

(transitive, law) To kill (someone) by suspension from the neck, usually as a form of execution or suicide.

lynch

execute (someone) by suspension from the neck

You will hang for this, my friend.

(intransitive, law) To be executed by suspension by one's neck from a gallows, a tree, or other raised bar, attached by a rope tied into a noose.


bankruptcy

en-noun

bankruptcy (countable and uncountable, plural bankruptcies)

From bankrupt + -cy, replacing earlier bankruptship.

(finance, law) A legally declared or recognized condition of insolvency of a person or organization.

bankrot

legally declared or recognised condition of insolvency


sting

sting a sting (canonical)
stings (plural)

From Middle English stynge, sting, stenge, from Old English sting, stinċġ (“a sting, stab, thrust made with a pointed instrument; the wound made by a stab or sting”), from Proto-Germanic *stangiz.

The criminal gang was caught after a successful sting.

Shepard: I'm taking you in, Jax.
Turian Bodyguard: It's a sting. Bastard set us up.
Jax: What the hell are you playing at?

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:

(law enforcement) A police operation in which the police pretend to engage in criminal activity in order to catch a criminal.


down

en-adj

down (comparative more down, superlative most down)

more down (comparative)
most down (superlative)

From Middle English doun, from Old English dūne, aphetic form of adūne, from ofdūne (“off the hill”). For the development from directional phrases to prepositions, compare Middle Low German dāle (“(in/to the) valley”), i.e. "down(wards)".

noncog

We have an officer down outside the suspect's house.

There are three soldiers down and one walking wounded.

(not comparable, military, law enforcement, slang, of a person) Wounded and unable to move normally, or killed.


bull

en-noun

bull (countable and uncountable, plural bulls)

bear

investor who sells in anticipation of a fall in prices

From Middle English bole, bul, bule, from a conflation of Old English bula (“bull, steer”) and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥no-, from *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”). Cognate with West Frisian bolle, Dutch bul, German Low German Bull, German Bulle, Swedish bulla; also Old Irish ball (“limb”), Latin follis (“bellows, leather bag”), Thracian βόλινθος (vólinthos, “wild bull”), Macedonian вол (vol, "ox"), Slovene vol ("ox"), Albanian buall (“buffalo”) or related bolle (“testicles”), Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”).

cog

rozzer. See also Thesaurus:police officer


bull

From Middle English bulle, from Old French bulle, from Latin bulla, from Gaulish. Doublet of bull (“bubble”) and bulla.

A papal bull, an official document or edict from the Pope.


boot

Solombala English: бучь (bučʹ)

→ Russian: бутса (butsa)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу́це

Latin script: búce

→ Swahili: buti

From Middle English boote, bote (“shoe”), from Old French bote (“a high, thick shoe”). Of obscure origin, but probably related to Old French bot (“club-foot”), bot (“fat, short, blunt”), from Old Frankish *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz, *butaz (“cut off, short, numb, blunt”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewt-, *bʰewd- (“to strike, push, shock”); if so, a doublet of butt. Compare Old Norse butt (“stump”), Low German butt (“blunt, plump”), Old English bytt (“small piece of land”), buttuc (“end”). More at buttock and debut.

couldn't pour water out of a boot with the instructions on the heel

(US, military, law enforcement, slang) A recently arrived recruit; a rookie.


boot

en-verb

boot (third-person singular simple present boots, present participle booting, simple past and past participle booted)

boots (present singular third-person)
booting (participle present)
booted (participle past)
booted (past)

eruitgooien

computing: to eject from an online service

C4 run man through the alley
Get a man down with the swammy
Get a man down with the whammy
Boot couple niggas on the road
No face no case with the bally (booting)

2015 November 1, “Dem Man Know”, C4 (814) (lyrics):

(MLE, criminal slang) To shoot, to kill by gunfire.


stay

From Middle English steyen, staien, from Old French estayer, estaier (“to fix, prop up, support, stay”), from estaye, estaie (“a prop, stay”), from Middle Dutch staeye (“a prop, stay”), a contracted form of staede, stade (“a prop, stay, help, aid”) (compare Middle Dutch staeyen, staeden (“to make firm, stay, support, hold still, stabilise”)), from Proto-West Germanic *stadi (“a site, place, location, standing”), from Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“a standing, place”), from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis (“standing”). Influenced by Old English stæġ ("a stay, rope"; see below). Cognate with Old English stede, stæde (“a place, spot, locality, fixed position, station, site, standing, status, position of a moving body, stopping, standing still, stability, fixity, firmness, steadfastness”), Swedish stödja (“to prop, support, brace, hold up, bolster”), Icelandic stöðug (“continuous, stable”). More at stead, steady.
Sense of "remain, continue" may be due to later influence from Old French ester, esteir (“to stand, be, continue, remain”), from Latin stāre (“stand”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above; however, derivation from this root is untenable based on linguistic and historical grounds.
An alternative etymology derives Old French estaye, estaie, from Frankish *stakā, *stakō (“stake, post”), from Proto-Germanic *stakô (“stake, bar, stick, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“rod, pole, stick”), making it cognate with Old English staca (“pin, stake”), Old English stician (“to stick, be placed, lie, remain fixed”). Cognate with Albanian shtagë (“a long stick, a pole”). More at stake, stick.

cog

The governor granted a stay of execution.

Later that day, however, Judge O'Kelley signed a stay of execution when Mr. Potts authorized other attorneys to renew his appeals.

1980 June 25, “A.C.L.U. Seeks to Stay Execution of Georgian”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Just before the deadline Donald Kowalski's attorney, Jack Fena, was able to obtain a stay in order to give him time to file a motion to overturn the testing order.

1988 August 20, Jennie McKnight, “'Free Sharon Kowalski Day' Events Draw National Attention”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 6, page 10:

An appellate judge temporarily stayed the monitor’s work until a three-judge federal appeals panel can decide whether the stay should be kept in place longer while Apple undertakes a full challenge to the appointment of a monitor.

2014 January 21, Matthew Goldstein, “Apple Wins Temporary Stay on Court Monitor”, in New York Times:

(law) A postponement, especially of an execution or other punishment.


hit

en-verb

hit (third-person singular simple present hits, present participle hitting, simple past hit or (dialectal, obsolete) hat or (rare, dialectal) het, past participle hit or (archaic, rare, dialectal) hitten)

hits (present singular third-person)
hitting (participle present)
hit (past)
hat (dialectal obsolete past)
het (dialectal past rare)
hit (participle past)
hitten (archaic dialectal participle past rare)

miss

antonym(s) of “manage to touch in the right place”

From Middle English hitten (“to hit, strike, make contact with”), from Old English hittan (“to meet with, come upon, fall in with”), from Old Norse hitta (“to strike, meet”), from Proto-Germanic *hittijaną (“to come upon, find”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“to fall; fall upon; hit; cut; hew”).
Cognate with Icelandic hitta (“to meet”), Danish hitte (“to find”), Latin caedō (“to kill”), Albanian qit (“to hit, throw, pull out, release”).

cog

don't let the door hit you on the way out

let the door hit you where the good Lord split you

not be able to hit the broad side of a barn

Hit him tonight and throw the body in the river.

FREDO: Mikey, why would they ever hit poor old Frankie Five-Angels? I loved that ole sonuvabitch.

1973, Mario Puzo, Francis Ford Coppola, The Godfather Part II (screenplay, second draft)

(transitive, slang) To kill a person, usually on the instructions of a third party.

murhata

to kill a person on the instructions of a third party


criminal

From Middle English cryminal, borrowed from Anglo-Norman criminal, from Late Latin criminalis, from Latin crimen (“crime”).

‘[…] There's every Staffordshire crime-piece ever made in this cabinet, and that's unique. The Van Hoyer Museum in New York hasn't that very rare second version of Maria Marten's Red Barn over there, nor the little Frederick George Manning—he was the criminal Dickens saw hanged on the roof of the gaol in Horsemonger Lane, by the way—’

A person who is guilty of a crime, notably breaking the law.

kriminele

person guilty of a crime, breaking the law


agreement

en-noun

agreement (countable and uncountable, plural agreements)

/əˈɡɹiːmənt/

From Middle English agrement, agreement, from Old French agrement, agreement. Morphologically agree + -ment.

(uncountable, law) A legally binding contract enforceable in a court of law.


spin

en-verb

spin (third-person singular simple present spins, present participle spinning, simple past spun or (uncommon) span or (nonstandard) spinned, past participle spun or (nonstandard) spinned)

spins (present singular third-person)
spinning (participle present)
spun (past)
span (past uncommon)
spinned (nonstandard past)
spun (participle past)
spinned (nonstandard participle past)

From Middle English spinnen, from Old English spinnan, from Proto-Germanic *spinnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁-. Compare Low German spinnen, Dutch spinnen, German spinnen, Danish spinde, Swedish spinna.

But then again, unless someone struck lucky in those first few hours, there weren't even enough detectives to spin a drum [house].

(UK, law enforcement, slang, transitive) To search rapidly.


withdraw

From Middle English withdrawe (“act of stopping a judicial proceeding”), from withdrawen, withdrauen (verb): see etymology 1.

inh

(law) Synonym of withdraught (“a dismissal of a lawsuit with prejudice based on a plaintiff's withdrawal of the suit; a retraxit; also, a fine imposed on a plaintiff for such a dismissal”)


bankrupt

Partial calque of Italian banca rotta, which refers to an out-of-business bank, having its bench physically broken. When a moneylender in Northern Italy became insolvent, they would break the bench they worked from to signify that they were no longer in business. (Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiano 1907)

(UK, law, obsolete) A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors.


collar

en-verb

collar (third-person singular simple present collars, present participle collaring, simple past and past participle collared)

collars (present singular third-person)
collaring (participle present)
collared (participle past)
collared (past)

From Middle English coler, borrowed from Old French coler (Modern French collier), from Late Latin collāre, from Latin collāris, from collum (“neck”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals, “neck”), Old English heals (“neck”). Compare Spanish cuello (“neck”). More at halse.

(law enforcement, transitive) To arrest.


thing

From Middle English thing, from Old English þing, from Proto-West Germanic *þing, from Proto-Germanic *þingą.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Ding (“thing”), West Frisian ting, ding (“thing”), Dutch ding (“thing”), German Low German Ding (“thing”), German Ding (“thing”), Swedish, Danish and Norwegian ting (“thing”), Faroese ting (“parliament, assembly”), Icelandic þing (“congress, assembly”), Finnish tinki (“haggling”).
The word originally meant "assembly", then came to mean a specific issue discussed at such an assembly, and ultimately came to mean most broadly "an object". Compare Latin rēs, also meaning "legal matter", and same transition from Latin causa (“legal matter”) to "thing" in Romance languages. Modern use to refer to a Germanic assembly is likely influenced by cognates (from the same Proto-Germanic root) like Old Norse þing (“thing”), Danish ting, Swedish ting, and Old High German ding with this meaning.

thang

used to denote a known fad or popular activity

render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's

there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

there's no such thing as a stupid question

throw things at the wall and see what sticks


act

en-noun

act (countable and uncountable, plural acts)

From Middle English acte, from Old French acte, from Latin ācta (“register of events”), plural of āctum (“decree, law”), from agere (“to do, to act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. Compare German Akte (“file”). Partially displaced deed, from Old English dǣd (“act, deed”).

But was it responsible governance to pass the Longitude Act without other efforts to protect British seamen? Or might it have been subterfuge—a disingenuous attempt to shift attention away from the realities of their life at sea.

2012 March 20, William E. Carter, Merri Sue Carter, “The British Longitude Act Reconsidered”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, page 87:

(law, countable) A product of a legislative body, a statute.

act of parliament
act of parliament#English


act

en-verb

act (third-person singular simple present acts, present participle acting, simple past and past participle acted)

acts (present singular third-person)
acting (participle present)
acted (participle past)
acted (past)
act (infinitive)

A lawyer cannot act until they have been formally instructed by their client.

(intransitive, law) To carry out work as a legal representative in relation to a particular legal matter.


balance

en-noun

balance (countable and uncountable, plural balances)

bias

antonym(s) of “support for both viewpoints”

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English balaunce, from Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia, from (accusative form of) Latin bilanx (“two-scaled”), from bi- + lanx (“plate, scale”).

The balance of the agreement remains in effect.

The invoice said he had only paid $50. The balance was $220.

Balance Luzon (Philippine usage)

(law, business, statistics) The remainder.


sit

en-verb

sit (third-person singular simple present sits, present participle sitting, simple past sat or (dated, poetic) sate, past participle sat or (archaic, dialectal) sitten)

sits (present singular third-person)
sitting (participle present)
sat (past)
sate (dated past poetic)
sat (participle past)
sitten (archaic dialectal participle past)
sit (infinitive)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sed-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti
Proto-Germanic *sitjaną
Proto-West Germanic *sittjan
Old English sittan
Middle English sitten
English sit
From Middle English sitten, from Old English sittan, from Proto-West Germanic *sittjan, from Proto-Germanic *sitjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“sit”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian sitte, Low German sitten, Dutch zitten, German sitzen, Swedish sitta, Norwegian Bokmål sitte, Norwegian Nynorsk sitja; and with Irish suigh, Latin sedeo, Russian сиде́ть (sidétʹ).

etymon

where you stand depends on where you sit

In what city is the circuit court sitting for this session.

(law, government) Of a legislative or, especially, a judicial body such as a court, to be in session.


tit

From Middle English tit, titte, tette, from Old English tit, titt, from Proto-West Germanic *titt, from Proto-Germanic *tittaz (“teat; nipple; breast”), of expressive origin.
Perhaps related to an original meaning “to suck”; compare Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-y-. Doublet of teat, which was borrowed from Old French.
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Tit, Dutch tiet, dialectal Dutch tet, German Zitze, Titte, Hunsrik Ditz, Yiddish ציצע (tsitse).

onomatopoeic

expressive

I have enjoyed taking to my writing bureau and writing about poverty, benefit reform and the coalition government in the manner of a shit Dickens, or Orwell, but with tits.

2012, Caitlin Moran, Moranthology, Ebury Press, published 2012, page 13:

Sanch tossed his head back, threw open his shirt, cupped his beanbag-shaped male breasts and jiggled them at us. Ford and I were laughing but Kat said, "I think they're the most beautiful tits."

Sun readers don't care who runs the country as long as she's got big tits.

1987, “A Conflict of Interest”, in Antony Jay, Jonathan Lynn, directors, Yes, Prime Minister, season 2, episode 4, spoken by Bernard Woolley (Derek Fowlds), BBC2:

(slang, vulgar, chiefly in the plural) A person's breast or nipple.

Look at that tit driving on the wrong side of the road!

I know a lot of tits, Guv'nor. But I don't know any quite as fucking stupid as these two.

2000, Guy Ritchie, Snatch (motion picture), spoken by Errol (Andy Beckwith):

“What did you say to the cops?”
“I told them everything about the smuggling ring.”
“Why the fuck did you do that?”
“They were nice to me.”
“They’re always nice to people they want to get information from, you dumb tit.”

2002, Dick Plamondon, Have You Ever Been Screwed, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 234:

John Watson (to Sherlock Holmes): It's Lestrade. Says they're all coming over here right now. Queuing up to slap on the handcuffs, every single officer you ever made feel like a tit. Which is a lot of people.

2012 January 15, Stephen Thompson, "The Reichenbach Fall", episode 2-3 of Sherlock, 00:52:46-00:52:55

(UK, Ireland, derogatory, slang) An idiot; a fool.

(UK, Ireland, slang, derogatory) A police officer; a "tithead".


tit

Probably of North Germanic/Scandinavian origin; found earliest in titling and titmouse; compare Faroese títlingur, dialectal Norwegian titling (“small stockfish”).
Wikispecies

A chickadee; a small passerine bird of the genus Parus or the family Paridae, common in the Northern Hemisphere.

Any of various other small passerine birds.


cause

en-noun

cause (countable and uncountable, plural causes)

* From Middle English cause (also with the sense of “a thing”), borrowed from Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”), borrowed from Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), from Proto-Italic *kaussā, which is of unknown origin. Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”). See accuse, excuse, recuse, ruse. Displaced native Old English intinga.
* From Middle English causen, Old French causer and Medieval Latin causāre.

doublet

(countable, law) A suit or action in court; any legal process by which a party endeavors to obtain his claim, or what he regards as his right; case; ground of action.


barony

From Middle English baronie, baronye, from Old French baronie, equivalent to baron + -y.

(law) The legal tenure of a baron's land; military tenure.


ice

Bislama: aes

→ Brunei Malay: ais

→ Japanese: アイス (aisu)

→ Korean: 아이스 (aiseu)

→ Malay: ais

→ Marshallese: aej, aij

→ Sinhalese: අයිස් (ayis)

→ Tokelauan: aiha

From Middle English is, from Old English īs (“ice”), from Proto-West Germanic *īs, from Proto-Germanic *īsą (“ice”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH- (“ice, frost”).
Cognates
See also Saterland Frisian Íes, West Frisian iis, Dutch ijs, German Low German Ies, German Eis, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish is; also Lithuanian ýnis (“glazed frost”), Russian и́ней (ínej, “hoarfrost”), Ossetian их (ix), ех (ex, “ice”), Persian یخ (yax), Northern Kurdish qeş. Superseded non-native Middle English glace (“ice”), borrowed from Old French glace (“ice”).

der

Elephant or rhinoceros ivory that has been poached and sold on the black market.

An artifact that has been smuggled, especially one that is either clear or shiny.

Theater operators, theater party agents, playwrights, and others who have ready access to tickets may get in on the “ice” and sometimes the producer is in on it too.

1960, United States. Congress, Congressional Record:

This “ice” is bribe money paid to public officials to purchase protection for illegal activities. […] Just consider the “ice” money available to the men involved in the examples just cited.

1970, Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates:

There were times when she could tell the Washingtons were overwhelmed by Jahlil's difficult ways, and one time Jessie even had the nerve to ask Carmiesha if she had smoked anything like crack or ice while she was pregnant with him.

2006, Noire [pseudonym], Thug-A-Licious: An Urban Erotic Tale, New York, N.Y.: One World, Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 122:

(drugs) The crystal form of amphetamine-based drugs.


bible

From Middle English bible, from Middle Latin biblia (“book”) (misinterpreted as a feminine from earlier Latin neuter plural biblia (“books”)), from Ancient Greek βιβλία (biblía, “books”), plural of βιβλίον (biblíon, “small book”), originally a diminutive of βίβλος (bíblos, “book”), from βύβλος (búblos, “papyrus”) (from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported this writing material).
Old English used biblioþēce (from βιβλιοθήκη) and ġewritu (> English writs) for "the Scriptures".

Could you please add these to the case bible?

(law) A binder containing copies of the most important documents for a particular matter.


cuckoo

en-verb

cuckoo (third-person singular simple present cuckoos, present participle cuckooing, simple past and past participle cuckooed)

cuckoos (present singular third-person)
cuckooing (participle present)
cuckooed (participle past)
cuckooed (past)

From Middle English cokkou, probably from Old French cucu (whence French coucou); ultimately onomatopoeic of the song of the male Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), perhaps via Latin cucūlus (“cuckoo”). Displaced native Old English ġēac (Middle English ȝek (“cuckoo”)).

She'll have been cuckooed. That'll be the Knezevics. They can't launder fast enough, so what do you do with it? Where do you put it? You hide it in somebody else's place; somebody who han't got a clue what's going on and couldn't do a fat lot about it if they did.

2023, Sally Wainwright, 26:06 from the start, in Happy Valley, season 3, episode 2, spoken by Catherine Cawood (Sarah Lancashire):

(UK, law enforcement) To take over the home of a vulnerable person for the purposes of carrying out organized crime in a concealed way.


covenant

Covenant (biblical)
Covenant (law)
Covenant (religion)
Covenant marriage
Covenant theology
Covenantal nomism
Mosaic covenant
New Covenant theology
Old Covenant
covenant

From Middle English covenaunt, borrowed from Old French covenant (“agreement”), from Latin conveniēns, convenientem (“agreeing, agreeable, suitable, convenient”), present participle of conveniō (“to agree”). Cognate with convenient and convene.

der

(law) An agreement to do or not do a particular thing.

(law) A promise, incidental to a deed or contract, either express or implied.

sitoumus

promise incidental to a deed or contract


covenant

en-verb

covenant (third-person singular simple present covenants, present participle covenanting, simple past and past participle covenanted)

covenants (present singular third-person)
covenanting (participle present)
covenanted (participle past)
covenanted (past)


subpoena

en-noun

subpoena (plural subpoenas or subpoenae or subpoenæ)

subpoenas (plural)
subpoenae (plural)
subpoenæ (plural)

First attested with this spelling in 1623 CE, from earlier subpena, from Middle English sub pena, from Medieval Latin: sub (“under”) and poena (“penalty”), the beginning of the original subpoena used in the Court of Chancery.

Summoned by a stern subpoena Edwin sued by Angelina Shortly will appear.

(law, historical) A writ requiring a defendant to appear in court to answer a plaintiff's claim.

“He won’t be waging wars all the world ― he’ll be waging ‘warsuits,’” Noah said. “Droning people with subpoenas all over the globe.”

2016, David Moye, “Trevor Noah: If Trump Is Elected, He’ll Wage ‘Warsuits’”, in Huffington Post:

(law) A writ requiring someone to appear in court to give testimony.


base

en-adj

base (comparative baser or more base, superlative basest or most base)

baser (comparative)
more base (comparative)
basest (superlative)
most base (superlative)

From Middle English base, bas, from Old French bas, from Late Latin bassus (“low”). Cognate with Spanish bajo, Italian basso and base.

A base estate is one held by services not honourable, or held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant is a base tenant.

(law) Relating to feudal land tenure held by a tenant from a lord in exchange for services that are seen as unworthy for noblemen to perform, such as villeinage.


chivalry

en-noun

chivalry (usually uncountable, plural chivalries)

/ˈt͡ʃɪvəlɹi/

From Middle English chivalerie, a late 13th century loan from Old French chevalerie (“knighthood, chivalry, nobility, cavalry”) (11th century), the -erie (“-ery”) abstract of chevaler (“knight, horseman”), from Medieval Latin caballarius (“horseman, knight”), from caballus (“horse”). Medieval Latin caballaria (“knighthood, status or fief of a knight”) dates to the 12th century. Doublet of cavalry.

der

(UK, law, historical) A tenure of lands by knightly service.


attachment

en-noun

attachment (countable and uncountable, plural attachments)

From French attachement. By surface analysis, attach + -ment.

attachment of earnings

(law) Taking a person's property to satisfy a court-ordered debt.

արգելանք

legal: taking a person's property to satisfy a debt


de jure

/deɪ ˈd͡ʒʊɹi/

/dɪ ˈd͡ʒʊəɹi/

/deɪ ˈd͡ʒʊəɹeɪ/

/-ˈd͡ʒʊ(ə)ɹ/

/deɪ ˈd͡ʒʊəɹeɪ/

/deɪ ˈd͡ʒʊəɹɪ/

/diː ˈd͡ʒʊəɹi/

Unadapted borrowing from Latin dē jūre (literally “according to law”).

ubor

Legal; justified by right or law, especially when in name only.