feu

feu (third-person singular simple present feus, present participle feuing, simple past and past participle feued)

feus (present singular third-person)
feuing (participle present)
feued (participle past)
feued (past)

1813, "Keith", Entry in Nicholas Carlisle, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland, Volume II, unnumbered page,
The Village of OLD KEITH is of ancient date, having been partly feued by the predecessors of the Family of Forbes, and partly feued by the Ministers, and stands upon the glebe: this Village is greatly on the decline, and almost a ruin.—About the year 1750, the late Lord FINDLATER divided a barren Muir, and feued it out in small lots […] .

1841, Alexander Dunlop, J. M. Bell, John Murray, James Donaldson (reporters), Cases Decided in the Court of Session, Volume 3, 2nd Series, page 620,
The prohibition of feuing beyond a certain extent was clearly implied; […] .

But in effect, whereas Heriot's knew that their feuing conditions were subordinate to the law of contract, the Earl of Moray knew by 1822 that as a result of the Lords' decision in 1818 estate development could not be controlled by contract law and the feuing plan.[…]The impact on the Moray estate was that[…]despite a recession in the Edinburgh property market generally after 1826, virtually the entire estate was feued by 1836.

2001, Richard Rodger, “The Transformation of Edinburgh: Land, Property and Trust in the Nineteenth Century”, in Paperback, Cambridge University Press, published 2004, page 68:

(Scots law, transitive) To bring (land) under the system of feudal tenure.


convict

en-verb

convict (third-person singular simple present convicts, present participle convicting, simple past and past participle convicted)

convicts (present singular third-person)
convicting (participle present)
convicted (participle past)
convicted (past)

From Middle English convicten, from Anglo-Norman convicter, from Latin convictus, the past participle of convincō (“to convict”). Doublet of convince. Displaced native Old English forwyrċan (“to convict, condemn”).

ncog

He was a convicted felon.

His remarks convicted him of a lack of sensitivity.

And his subjects wrung all they could wring / Out of temple and palace and store. / But when there seemed no more to bring, / His captors convicted the king / Of once having started a war, / And strangled the wretch with a string.

1936, Robert Frost, “The Vindictives”, in A Further Range:

(transitive, law) To find guilty, as a result of legal proceedings, or (informal) in a moral sense.


convict

(law) A person convicted of a crime by a judicial body.


libel

en-noun

libel (countable and uncountable, plural libels)

From Middle English libel, from Old French libelle, from Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”).

uder

(uncountable) The act or tort of displaying such a statement publicly.

(countable) Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire.

These provisions of law being in force, the steamer Rio Grande, owned, as was alleged, by persons in Mexico, being in the port of Mobile, in the Southern District of Alabama, certain materialmen, on the 26th of November, 1867, filed separate libels against her in the district court for the said district.

1873, United States Supreme Court, The Rio Grande, 86 U.S. 178,179

(law, countable) A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of their cause of action, and of the relief they seek.

a libel of forsaking [divorcement]

(countable) A brief writing of any kind, especially a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc.


c.

In English law, in the sense of "chapter", a preservation of Latin capitulum or caput (“head; heading, chapter”).

By the statute 1 and 2 Phil. and Mary c. 12 (1554), no distress of cattle can be driven out of the hundred where taken unless to a pound within 3 miles of the place of seizure. Where cattle are impounded the impounder is bound to supply them with sufficient food and water (12 and 13 Vict. c. 92, and 17 and 18 Vict. c. 60)…

1885, "Pound" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. XIX, p. 648

(chiefly law) Abbreviation of chapter(s).


foreign

en-adj

foreign (comparative more foreign, superlative most foreign)

more foreign (comparative)
most foreign (superlative)

domestic

antonym(s) of “from a different country”

From Middle English foreyn, forein, from Old French forain, from Vulgar Latin *forānus (“outsider, outlander”), from Latin forās (“outside, outdoors”) or forīs (“outside, outdoors”).
Displaced native Old English elþēodiġ (“foreign”) and now-dialectal English fremd, from Old English fremde (“strange, foreign”).
The silent -g- added perhaps by analogy with reign (compare also sovereign which was similarly altered).

der

(US, state law) From a different one of the states of the United States, as of a state of residence or incorporation.


avoid

en-verb

avoid (third-person singular simple present avoids, present participle avoiding, simple past and past participle avoided)

avoids (present singular third-person)
avoiding (participle present)
avoided (participle past)
avoided (past)

From Middle English avoiden, from Anglo-Norman avoider, Old French esvuidier (“to empty out”), from es- + vuidier, from Vulgar Latin *vocitāre < Vulgar Latin *vocitum, ultimately related to Latin vacuus. Displaced native Old English forbūgan (literally “to bend away from”).

ncog

But Y seie, this testament is confermed of God; the lawe that was maad after foure hundrid and thritti yeer, makith not the testament veyn to auoide awei the biheest.

1596, Edmund Spenser, A View of the State of Ireland, Dublin: John Morrisson, 1809, reprint of the 1633 edition, p. 233,
[…] how can those graunts of the Kings be avoyded, without wronging of those lords, which had those lands and lordships given them?

(transitive, now law) To make void, to annul; to refute (especially a contract).

[…] in an action for trespassing upon land whereof the plaintiff is seised, if the defendant shews a title to the land by descent, and that therefore he had a right to enter, and gives colour to the plaintiff, the plaintiff may either traverse and totally deny the fact of the descent; or he may confess and avoid it, by replying, that true it is that such descent happened, but that since the descent the defendant himself demised the lands to the plaintiff for term of life.

1768, William Blackstone, chapter 20, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 310:

(transitive, law) To defeat or evade; to invalidate.


puisne

en-adj

puisne (comparative more puisne, superlative most puisne)

more puisne (comparative)
most puisne (superlative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pós
Proto-Indo-European *-ti
Proto-Indo-European *pós-ti
Proto-Italic *posti
Latin poste
Latin post
Proto-Indo-European *íh₂
Latin ea
Latin posteā
Vulgar Latin *postius
Old French puis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós
Proto-Italic *gnātos
Latin gnātus
Latin nātus
Old French né
Old French puisné
Middle French puisnébor.
English puisne
 PIE word
 *pós
From Anglo-Norman puisné (“later, more recent; junior; weakly”) [and other forms] and Middle French puisné (“born after (a specified person); younger, youngest; one who is born after (a specified person)”) (modern French puîné (“cadet (born after a sibling); a cadet (someone born after a sibling)”)), from puis (“after; since”) + né (“born”). Puis is derived from Old French pois (“after; since”), from Vulgar Latin *postius (“afterward”), from Latin posteā (“afterwards; hereafter; thereafter; next, then”), from post (“after; since”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“afterwards”)) + ea (“these (things)”); and né from Latin nātus (“born”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”).

der

the puisne barons of the Court of Exchequer

(law) Inferior in rank, as designation of any justice, judge etc. other than the most senior.

a puisne date to eternity

a. 1677 (date written), Matthew Hale, The Primitive Origination of Mankind, Considered and Examined According to the Light of Nature, London: […] William Godbid, for William Shrowsbery, […], published 1677, →OCLC:

(now law) Coming later in time; subsequent, secondary.


positive

en-adj

positive (comparative more positive, superlative most positive)

more positive (comparative)
most positive (superlative)

From Old French positif, from Latin positivus, from the past participle stem of ponere (“to place”). Compare posit.

In laws, that which is natural bindeth universally; that which is positive, not so.

1594, Richard Hooker, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie:


calaboose

Tok Pisin: kalabus

From Cajun French calabousse, from Spanish calabozo. Doublet of calabozo.

The slaughter-house is gone from the mouth of Bear Creek and so is the small jail (or 'calaboose') which once stood in its neighborhood. A citizen asked, 'Do you remember when Jimmy Finn, the town drunkard, was burned to death in the calaboose?'

1883, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter 56, in Life on the Mississippi, Boston, Mass.: James R[ipley] Osgood and Company, →OCLC:

Bogator: (Still unbelieving) And you turned the calaboose over?

1937, Langston Hughes, When the Jack Hollers; or Careless Love: A Negro-Folk Comedy in Three Acts, in The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Volume 5. The Plays to 1942: Mulatto to The Sun Do Move, Leslie Catherine Sanders (ed.), Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002, pp. 392-3, Bogator: Aunt Billie, I thought you were in jail! Aunt Billie: I was, but I got tired of that little ole privy-sized jail, so I jest turned it over and come out! […]

[…] he had but recently come out of Calaboose, where he had been serving a term for debt […]

1938, Xavier Herbert, chapter IX, in Capricornia, New York: D. Appleton-Century, published 1943, page 150:

Thereupon the Administrator in Rabaul almost outdid himself in defending corporal punishment […] and demanded drastic alternative punishments, for the "calaboose" (Kalabus: Tok Pisin for prison) "is the native's paradise."

1995, Hermann Hiery, chapter 2, in The Neglected War: The German South Pacific and the Influence of World War I, University of Hawaii Press, page 82:

The first calaboose or city jail used by the officers of the law was located on Cumberland Street, just below the vacant lot adjacent to the Star Steam Laundry.

2001, Sylvia D. Lynch, To Protect and Serve: History of the Knoxville Police Department, 1849-2001, Turner Publishing Company, page 79:

In his opinion it would seem that certain usages of colloquial English in Australia and New Zealand in the early 1800s could have been selected as conventional usages in the developing contact jargon. Many of these usages are still part of colloquial speech today in both of these countries, for example: fella for 'one', […] no good, orright, calaboose, […]

2004, Darrell T. Tryon, Jean-Michel Charpentier, chapter 5, in Pacific Pidgins and Creoles: Origins, Growth and Development, Mouton de Gruyter, page 117:

(US, Australia, dialect) A prison or jail/gaol.


turnkey

He saw the same Turnkey unfetter a man / With but little expedition, / Which put him in mind of the long debate / On the Slave-trade abolition.

1834 [1799], Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, “The Devil's Thoughts”, in The Poetical Works of S. T. Coleridge, volume II, London: W. Pickering, page 86:

[…]they passed through an open door into a lobby, from which a heavy gate, opposite to that by which they had entered, and which was guarded by a stout turnkey with the key in his hand, led at once into the interior of the prison.

1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “(please specify the chapter name)”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:

'Certainly not,' said the turnkey; and the first corroborated his statement.

1883, Thomas Hardy, The Three Strangers:

(archaic) A warder or jailer/gaoler; keeper of the keys in a prison.


murderer

From Middle English murderere; equivalent to murder + -er.

It was two o'clock when she came to herself and called for the police. The murderer was gone long ago; but there lay his victim in the middle of the lane, incredibly mangled. The stick with which the deed had been done, although it was of some rare and very tough and heavy wood, had broken in the middle under the stress of this insensate cruelty

1886 January 5, Robert Louis Stevenson, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC:

I had never defrauded a man of a farthing, nor called him knave behind his back. But now the last rag that covered my nakedness had been torn from me. I was branded a blackleg, card-sharper, and murderer.

1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter II, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:


theft

en-noun

theft (countable and uncountable, plural thefts)

From Middle English theft, thefte, þefte, þefþe, þiefþe, Old English þīefþ, from Proto-West Germanic *þiubiþu, from Proto-Germanic *þiubiþō, from *þeubaz (“thief”), equivalent to thief + -th or thieve + -th. Cognate with Old Frisian thiuvethe, thiufthe (“theft”), dialectal Dutch diefte (“theft”), obsolete German Diebde (“theft”), Icelandic þýfð (“theft”).

resource theft

Bike theft is on the rise.

A suspect was arrested for the theft of a gold necklace.

If you steal a candy bar, you are guilty of theft, regardless of the value.

2007 July 5, Charles Hugh Smith, When Lies Become Normal, Is Truth Dead or Just in Hiding?:


maker

From Middle English maker, makere, equivalent to make + -er. Compare Scots makar, Saterland Frisian Moaker, West Frisian makker, Dutch maker, German Macher, Danish mager, Swedish makare. Doublet of makar.

(law) Someone who signs a promissory note, thereby becoming responsible for payment.


mag

(colloquial, law) Clipping of magistrate.


gentleman

Chinese Pidgin English: gentleman

→ Danish: gentleman

→ Esperanto: ĝentlemano

→ French: gentleman

desctree

→ Russian: джентльмен (džentlʹmen)
→ Armenian: ջենտլմեն (ǰentlmen)
→ Georgian: ჯენტლმენი (ǯenṭlmeni)

→ Mohegan-Pequot: gundermon

→ Polish: dżentelmen

→ Portuguese: gentleman

→ Spanish: gentleman

→ Yiddish: דזשענטעלמען (dzhentelmen)

[ˈd͡ʒɛɾ̃.ɫ̩.mən]

From Middle English gentilman, morphologically gentle + man, partial calque of Old French gentilhome.

Being a gentleman, Robert was entitled to shove other commoners into the gongpit but he still had to jump out of the way of the knights to avoid the same fate himself.

And when their ſcattered armie is ſubdu’d:
And you march on their ſlaughtered carkaſſes,
Share equally the gold that bought their liues,
And liue like Gentlmen in Perſea, […]

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene ii:

But when Adam delued, and Eue ſpan,
VVho was then a Gentleman?

1593, anonymous author, The Life and Death of Iacke Straw […], Act I:

“[…] This is Mr. Churchill, who, as you are aware, is good enough to come to us for his diaconate, and, as we hope, for much longer; and being a gentleman of independent means, he declines to take any payment.” Saying this Walden rubbed his hands together and smiled contentedly.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter VII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

(chiefly historical) A man of gentle but not noble birth, particularly a man of means (originally ownership of property) who does not work for a living but has no official status in a peerage; (UK law) an armiferous man ranking below a knight.


award

From Middle English awarden, from Anglo-Norman awarder, from Medieval Latin *exwardare, from Latin ex (“out”) + Medieval Latin wardare, guardare (“to observe, regard, guard”); see ward, guard, regard.

Citing the damages that Ms. Lewis and Mr. Heslin had requested, Mr. Jones called the award a “major victory” in a video posted on Infowars on Thursday night, even as he urged viewers to buy products from his website to stave off what he portrayed as financial ruin.

2022 August 4, Elizabeth Williamson, “Jurors Award Sandy Hook Parents $4 Million in Damages”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law) A judgment, sentence, or final decision. Specifically: The decision of arbitrators in a case submitted.

(law) The paper containing the decision of arbitrators; that which is warded.


award

en-verb

award (third-person singular simple present awards, present participle awarding, simple past and past participle awarded)

awards (present singular third-person)
awarding (participle present)
awarded (participle past)
awarded (past)

The arbitrators awarded damages to the complainant.

To review / The wrongful sentence, and award a new.

1697, Virgil, translated by John Dryden, The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

Power to award compensation

2012, Legislative Council of Hong Kong, “Pyramid Schemes Prohibition Ordinance (Cap. 617), section 7, section header”, in Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette, page A1381:

A Texas jury on Thursday awarded the parents of a child killed in the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School more than $4 million in compensatory damages from the conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, […]

(transitive, law) To give by sentence or judicial determination; to assign or apportion, after careful regard to the nature of the case.


sac

But it is really the court-baron which represents the ancient assembly of the mark, while the court-leet represents the lord's jurisdiction of sac and soc, whether granted before or since the coming of William.

1876, Edward Augustus Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest of England, page 311:

In later times, if the lord had "sac and soc,” his court had the authority of the Court Leet; if he had the view of frankpledge the suitors at his court were free from attendance at the sheriff's tourn; his court was then in all points like the hundred court, but independent of the sheriff.

1882, William White, History, gazetteer, and directory, of Lincolnshire, page 21:

The grant of “sac and soc” did not always carry with it the right to hold a court, but frequently amounted only to the privilege of receiving the forfeitures the lord's men should incur in the Hundred court, or possibly to one-third of the revenues of the Hundred and Shire, which had formerly gone to the ealdorman.

1899 February, F. M. Cobb, “Early English Courts”, in The Western Reserve Law Journal, volume 5, number 1, page 16:

(UK, law, historical) The privilege, formerly enjoyed by the lord of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and imposing fines; now used only in the phrase sac and soc or soc and sac.


aver

aver (third-person singular simple present avers, present participle averring or (obsolete) avering, simple past and past participle averred or (obsolete) avered)

avers (present singular third-person)
averring (participle present)
avering (obsolete participle present)
averred (participle past)
averred (past)
avered (obsolete participle past)
avered (obsolete past)
aver (infinitive)

From Middle English averren, from Old French averer, from Early Medieval Latin advērō, a verb derived from Latin vērus (“true”). Compare Modern French avérer.

(transitive, intransitive, law) To justify or prove (an allegation or plea that one has made).

доказвам

to prove or justify (an allegation or plea that one has made)


godfather

From Middle English godfader, from Old English godfæder (“godfather”), equivalent to god- + father. Cognate with Old Saxon godfadar (“godfather”), Middle Dutch godvader (“godfather”), Danish gudfader, gudfar (“godfather”), Swedish gudfader, gudfar (“godfather”), Icelandic guðfaðir (“godfather”).


infamy

en-noun

infamy (countable and uncountable, plural infamies)

From late Middle English infamie, from Old French infamie, from Latin īnfāmia (“infamy”), from īnfāmis (“infamous”), from in- (“not”) + fāma (“fame, renown”). Displaced native Old English unhlīsa (literally “bad fame”).

ncog

(law) A stigma attaching to a person's character that disqualifies them from being a witness.


pais

From Old French, equivalent to French pays (“country”).

(obsolete, law, in set phrases as mentioned below) The country (ie: the jury); also, the people living in the district from where the jury is taken.


mechanic

From Middle English mekanyk (“mechanical”), from Old French mecanique, from Latin mechanicus (“of or belonging to machines or mechanics, inventive”), from Ancient Greek μηχανικός (mēkhanikós, “pertaining to machines or contrivance, mechanic, ingenious, inventive”), from μηχανή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, contrivance”); see machine.

der

But, for the unquiet heart and brain,
A use in measured language lies;
The sad mechanic exercise,
Like dull narcotics, numbing pain.

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto V:

(archaic) mechanical; precise but lifeless, as if performed by machine

Mechanic slaves,
With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers.

c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

Authors both Sacred and Profane we see complain of the Level of Learning, with Mechanick Ignorance: [...]

1654, Richard Whitlock, Zootomia; Or, Observations on the Present Manners of the English:

But then they did not wrong themſelves ſo much, / To make a God, a Hero, or a King, / (Stripp'd of his golden Crown and purple Robe) / Deſcend to a Mechanick Dialect, / Nor (to avoid ſuch meanneſs) ſoaring high / With empty ſound, and aiery notions fly; [...]

1680, Horace, translated by Earl of Roscommon [i.e., Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon], Horace’s Art of Poetry. […], London: […] Henry Herringman […], →OCLC, page 17:

Sometimes he ply'd the ſtrong mechanic Tool, / Or rear'd the Fabrick from the fineſt Draught; [...]

1748, James Thomson, “Canto II”, in The Castle of Indolence: […], London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, stanza XII, page 47:

(obsolete) Of or relating to a mechanic or artificer, or to the class of artisans; hence, rude; common; vulgar; base.


mechanic

His noble earnestness, his fidelity, his gallant shielding of her, his generous conquest of his own wrong and his own pride for her sake, are simply honourable, manly, and true. Nothing less worthy can be seen through the lustre of such qualities in the commonest mechanic, nothing less worthy can be seen in the best-born gentleman.

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

The lower orders were freer than they had ever been – free […] to choose their own lay preachers, mechanics like the rest of the congregation.

1972, Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down, Folio Society, published 2016, page 77:

(now chiefly historical) A manual worker; a labourer or artisan.

This game has a mechanic where if you run toward a ledge you automatically jump off rather than just falling.

A device, command, or feature which allows someone to achieve a specific task.

I can do other things beside burglarizing. I'm a first-class crap dealer, I'm a pretty good card mechanic, pretty good dice mechanic.

1969, Bruce Jackson, A Thief's Primer, Macmillan, →ISBN, page 91:

It was so obvious. I mean, all of Nicky's half-assed mechanics, they were real signal happy.

1995, Nicholas Pileggi, Martin Scorsese, Casino, spoken by Ace (Robert De Niro):

(gambling) A cheat who manipulates the cards or dice.


F.

(law) Federal, in some legal citation formats.


equity

en-noun

equity (countable and uncountable, plural equities)

From Middle English equitee, equytee, from Old French equité, from Latin aequitās (“uniformity; impartiality; fairness”).

bonds

(in various financial and economic subsenses): debt; as stock in a company

1800, Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon in Mayor, &c. of Southampton v. Graves (1800), 8 T. R. 592.
A Court of equity knows its own province.

A Court of equity interposes only according to conscience.

1851, Edward Sugden, 1st Baron St Leonards in Birch v. Joy (1851), 3 H. L. C. 598

Equity had been gradually shaping itself into a refined science which no human faculties could master without long and intense application.

1848-55, Thomas Babington Macaulay, History of England, Chapter IX

(law) Various related senses originating with the Court of Chancery in late Medieval England

(law) The power of a court of law having extra-statutory discretion, to decide legal matters and to provide legal relief apart from, though not in violation of, the prevailing legal code; in some cases, a court "sitting in equity" may provide relief to a complainant should the code be found either inapplicable or insufficient to do so.

...the mortgagor retains ‘equitable title’ or the ‘equity of redemption’….The equity of redemption permits the mortgagor to regain legal title to the mortgaged property upon satisfying the conditions of the mortgage...

1999, In Re Fitzgerald, 237 B.R. 252, 261 (Bkrtcy. D.Conn. 1999)

The wife's equity does not, according to the adjudged cases, attach, except upon that part of her personal property in action which the husband cannot acquire without the assistance of a court of equity

1826, James Kent, Commentaries on American Law:

(law) A right which accrues to a party in a transaction because of the nature of the transaction itself, and which is exercisable upon a change of circumstances or conditions; in other words, an equitable claim.

(law, England) The body of law which was developed in the English Court of Chancery, which Court had extra-statutory discretion, and is now administered alongside the common law of Britain.

I have a lot of equity in my house.

(finance) Various senses related to net value

(law, finance) Value of property minus liens or other encumbrances.

нетен капитал

the value of property minus liens or other encumbrances


plenary

en-adj

plenary (comparative more plenary, superlative most plenary)

more plenary (comparative)
most plenary (superlative)

From Middle English plenarie, plenarye, from Late Latin plēnārius, from Latin plēnus (“full”).

The method of treating a subject should be plenary or full.

1725, Isaac Watts, Logick: Or, The Right Use of Reason in the Enquiry after Truth, […], 2nd edition, London: […] John Clark and Richard Hett, […], Emanuel Matthews, […], and Richard Ford, […], published 1726, →OCLC:

(theology or law) Complete; full; entire; absolute.


intestate

From Latin intestātus, from in- (“not”) + testātus (“testate”).

the surplusages of intestates […]after the expiration of one full year from the death of the intestate is to be distributed : one - third to the widow of the intestate, and the residue in equal proportions to his children ; or if dead to their representatives : that is , their lineal descendants

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) A person who dies without making a valid will.

無遺囑者

a person who dies without making a valid will


yoink

en-verb

yoink (third-person singular simple present yoinks, present participle yoinking, simple past and past participle yoinked)

yoinks (present singular third-person)
yoinking (participle present)
yoinked (participle past)
yoinked (past)

Carl Solomon yoinking around so frenziedly on a pogo stick that one night he put the end of it right through the floor into the restaurant below -- and all their girls, and their friends' girls, and their friends' friends, and even nameless others who may have just heard the hubbub and walkin in the door.

2013, Phil Ford, Dig: Sound and Music in Hip Culture, →ISBN, page 62:


yoink

Yessir, we need you Yoinks. You're all we have, you are.

1969, Bernard Augustine De Voto, Saturday Review - Volume 52, page 49:

1999 March 28, Robert Mulroy, “You are all a bunch of yoinks who insult Budda!”, in alt.buddha.short.fat.guy (Usenet):

The fact that these mentating yoinks don't know what it it, or worse, refuse to even acknowledge its existence pegs their state of awareness.

1999 November 11, Don James, “WHITE LIGHT”, in alt.zen (Usenet):

“What a bunch of yoinks we are, indeed,” Garvin said.

2012, Chris Bunch, Storm Force: Book Three of the Last Legion Series, →ISBN:

(slang) An ordinary person with nothing to recommend them.


yoink

Coined by writer George Meyer for the TV show The Simpsons; perhaps from yank, or imitative of the sound effect (a quick upward slide on a violin) that accompanies something being snatched in classic comedies.

Marge: But you look better, you don't sweat when you eat any more, and look – [holds up a wad of cash] You've saved more than a hundred dollars. I found it in your pants.
Homer: [snatches money] Yoink!

1993, “Duffless”, episode of the Simpsons [television]

Yoink! He snatched Granny Glee's frilly pink hat with his little feet.

2012, John Sazaklis, Candy Store Caper, →ISBN, page 24:

The way I've always done this stunt is to grab my partner and jump us over together. It's absolute hell on my knees. I lean toward Brando and raise my eyebrows. “Yoink.” “Definite yoink,” he replies, equally inspired.

2014, G. T. Almasi, Hammer of Angels: A Novel of Shadowstorm, →ISBN:

YOINK! Coach Pittman snatched the puck out of midair.

2015, Marty McKnight, Jim Nasium Is a Hockey Hazard, →ISBN, page 42:

2021 (November 13) "Olivia & Yunan" (Amphibia s3e7b) Yunan grabbing a crossbow
Ooh, ominous. After you, milady. Yoink!

(colloquial) Onomatopoeic, accompanying or describing a yank, swipe, or snatch.


yoink

I'm sure that there is pinching, punching, eye gouging, yoinking, hair pulling and who knows what else underneath where eyes can't follow, but he comes out and hands the referee the ball and hits the line again.

2010, Sandy Burgess Livermore, Stealing Home, →ISBN:

The first time he yoinked at my arm all three of us–me, doctor and bed –flew across the room.

2012, Geordan Murphy, The Outsider, →ISBN:

That was the stress that yoinked the whole support gantry down— like trying to stop a medium-sized car with one pull.”

2013, Eric Flint, Ryk E. Spoor, Portal, →ISBN:

"Hey!" some AV kid said when I snuck up behind him and yoinked a microphone from his cart.

2017, Teddy Steinkellner, Two Roads from Here, →ISBN, page 109:

Jonas thinks he's such a free fucking spirit for sporting that Revolutionary War–esque overcoat he yoinked from that thrift shop in Philly.

2010, Brenna Ehrlich, Andrea Bartz, Stuff Hipsters Hate:

On my first four turns, I yoinked Australia. Playing Risk with these girls was so fun because in my whole life I've never seen two people happier.

2012, Maria Semple, Where'd You Go, Bernadette, →ISBN:

(colloquial) To take or win (something that others want).


electrocutioner

/ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuʃənɚ/

/ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuːʃənə/

Blend of electrocution + executioner, or electrocution + -er

U.S. Supreme Court: STATE OF LA. EX REL. FRANCIS v. RESWEBER, 329 U.S. 459 (1947) 329 U.S. 459 STATE OF LOUISIANA ex rel. FRANCIS v. RESWEBER, sheriff, et al. No. 142.
'Then the electrocutioner turned on the switch and when he did Willie Francis' lips puffed out and he groaned and jumped so that the chair came off the floor. Apparently the switch was turned on twice and then the condemned man yelled: 'Take it off. Let me breath." Affidavit of official witness Harold Resweber, dated May 23, 1946.

Smiling as I throw the switch that takes away their breath
I see life as an interruption to the tune of death

1978, The Residents (lyrics and music), “The Electrocutioner”, in Duck Stab/Buster & Glen, performed by Monica Ganas and Snakefinger:

an executioner who carries out an execution by means of electricity.


cooperate

cooperate (third-person singular simple present cooperates, present participle cooperating, simple past and past participle cooperated)

cooperates (present singular third-person)
cooperating (participle present)
cooperated (participle past)
cooperated (past)

/kəʉˈɔp.ə.ɹæɪt/

Originated 1595–1605 from Late Latin cooperatus (“work with”). See co- + operate. Displaced native Old English efnwyrċan.

(law jargon, transitive) To obtain the cooperation of (a potential witness); to turn (someone) into a cooperating witness.


within

From Middle English withinne, withinnen, from Old English wiþinnan; equivalent to with + in.

the within appeal

As part of the within appeal the appellants brought a fresh evidence motion. Although the court did not specifically address the motion in its oral reasons dismissing the appeal, that motion was rejected by the court for the following reasons.

2013, Court of Appeal for Ontario, Malka v. Vasiliadis:

(law) In the context of which the present document or ruling is made.


electrocution

en-noun

electrocution (countable and uncountable, plural electrocutions)

/ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuːʃən/

Deliberate execution by electric shock, usually involving an electric chair.


waive

en-verb

waive (third-person singular simple present waives, present participle waiving, simple past and past participle waived)

waives (present singular third-person)
waiving (participle present)
waived (participle past)
waived (past)

From Middle English weyven (“to avoid, renounce”), from Anglo-Norman weyver (“to abandon, allow to become a waif”), from Old French waif (“waif”), from gaiver (“to abandon”), ultimately of Scandinavian/North Germanic origin; see weyver.

der

If you waive the right to be silent, anything you say can be used against you in a court of law.

(transitive, law) To relinquish (a right etc.); to give up claim to; to forgo.

(particularly) To relinquish claim on a payment or fee which would otherwise be due.


waive

From Anglo-Norman waive, probably as the past participle of weyver, as Etymology 1, above.

(obsolete, law) A woman put out of the protection of the law; an outlawed woman.


pork

en-noun

pork (countable and uncountable, plural porks)

→ Japanese: ポーク (pōku)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English pork, porc, via Anglo-Norman, from Old French porc (“swine, hog, pig; pork”), from Latin porcus (“domestic hog, pig”).
Cognate with Old English fearh (“piglet”). Doublet of farrow. Compare also other West Germanic words for pigs: Ferkel, Ferke, and varken.
Used in English since the 14th century, and as a term of abuse since the 17th century.
US politics sense is related to pork barrel.
The verb is from the black American form of poke.

der

Meronym: porky (“one member of law enforcement, policeman”)

criminal prosecution
criminal prosecution

(MLE, slang, collective) law enforcement, those who side with criminal prosecution


apostle

(law) A note sent to an appeals court presenting the appeal in summary.

(law) The trial court record sent to an appeal court concerning an appeal.


constitutional

en-adj

constitutional (comparative more constitutional, superlative most constitutional)

more constitutional (comparative)
most constitutional (superlative)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From constitution + -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Constitution is derived from Middle English constitucioun, constitucion (“edict, law, ordinance, regulation, rule, statute; body of laws or rules, or customs; body of fundamental principles; principle or rule (of science); creation”) from Old French constitucion (modern French constitution), a learned borrowing from Latin cōnstitūtiō, cōnstitūtiōnem (“character, constitution, disposition, nature; definition; point in dispute; order, regulation; arrangement, system”), from cōnstituō (“to establish, set up; to confirm; to decide, resolve”) (from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several objects) + statuō (“to set up, station; to establish; to determine, fix”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”))) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or the results of actions), -tiōnem (accusative singular of -tiō).

der

a constitutional right   constitutional reforms

Brexit has rocked the foundations of the nation and plunged everyone into a state of heightened constitutional anxiety.

Some are already speculating that a constitutional crisis is brewing.

On January 18, 1810, Republican Senator Philip Reed introduced a constitutional amendment addressing the acceptance of titles of nobility by American citizens.³¹

1999 April 20, Jol A. Silversmith, “The "Missing Thirteenth Amendment": Constitutional Nonsense and Titles of Nobility”, in Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, volume 8, number 2, USC Gould School of Law, archived from the original on 2015-02-15, page 582:

Relating to a legal or political constitution (“the basic law of a nation or institution; the formal or informal system of primary principles and laws that regulates a government or other institution”).

دُسْتُورِيّ

relating to a legal or political constitution

The Supreme Court ruled against the applicant and found the statute constitutional.

Thai charter court rules that only heterosexual marriages are constitutional: Same-sex marriage in Thailand will have to wait, as the Constitutional Court ruled unanimously today (Wednesday) that Section 1448 of the Civil and Commercial Code, defining marriage as being a union between a man and a woman, is constitutional.

2021 November 17, Thai PBS, “Thai charter court rules that only heterosexual marriages are constitutional”, in Thai PBS World, Bangkok: Thai Public Broadcasting Service, retrieved 2021-11-17:

In compliance with or valid under a legal or political constitution.

دُسْتُورِيّ

in compliance with or valid under a legal or political constitution

(also politics) Of a monarch: having a purely ceremonial role, or possessing powers limited by a constitution rather than plenary or unlimited powers.

konstitusjonelt monarki

of a monarch: having a purely ceremonial role, or possessing powers limited by a constitution rather than plenary or unlimited powers


testament

From Middle English testament, from Old French testament, from Latin testāmentum (“the publication of a will, a will, testament, in Late Latin one of the divisions of the Bible”), from testor (“I am a witness, testify, attest, make a will”), from testis (“one who attests, a witness”).

(law) A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by which a person declares his or her will as to disposal of his or her inheritance (estate and effects) after his or her death, benefiting specified heir(s).


functionality

en-noun

functionality (countable and uncountable, plural functionalities)

(US, law, uncountable) In trademark law, the tendency of a product design to serve a function other than the identification of the product, preventing that design from being protected as a trademark.


venue

From Middle English venu, from Old French venue, the feminine singular past participle of the verb venir (to come). Doublet of veny.

The twelve men who are to try the cause must be of the same venue where the demand is made.

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) A neighborhood or near place; the place or county in which anything is alleged to have happened; also, the place where an action is laid, or the district from which a jury comes.

escena f del crim

legal: place in which anything is alleged to have happened


protocol

protocol (countable and uncountable, plural protocols)

/ˈpɹəʊtəˌkɒl/

Borrowed from Middle French protocolle, protocole (“document, record”), from Late Latin protocollum (“the first sheet of a volume (on which contents and errata were written)”), from Byzantine Greek πρωτόκολλον (prōtókollon, “first sheet glued onto a manuscript”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue”). Doublet of collage, collagen, and colloid.

doublet

The terms of this protocol formed the basis for the Treaty of London signed by the British, French and Russian governments on 6 July 1827.

1970, Matthew Smith Anderson, The Great Powers and the Near East, 1774-1923, page 32:

(international law, now rare) An official record of a diplomatic meeting or negotiation; later specifically, a draft document setting out agreements to be signed into force by a subsequent formal treaty.

The 1992 Protocol amended the definitions of other terms, including ‘ship’, ‘oil’ and ‘incident’: Art. 2.

2002, Philippe Sands, Principles of International Environmental Law, p. 917 n. 253

(international law) An amendment to an official treaty.


dock

Originally criminal slang; from or akin to obsolete Dutch (West Flemish) dok (“cage, hutch”) or docke (“cage”), from Middle Dutch docke (“coop for animals”), from Proto-Germanic *dukją, *dugją (“enclosed or contained space”) (compare Old High German dogga (“barrel”), Middle Low German docke (“small house”), of uncertain origin, possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.

(law) Part of a courtroom where the accused sits.

ла́ва падсу́дных

part of a courtroom where the accused sits


messenger

From Middle English messengere, messingere, messangere, from Old French messanger, a variant of Old French messagier (French messager), equivalent to message + -er. Doublet of messager.
Displaced native Old English boda (“messenger, envoy”) and ǣrendraca (“messenger, ambassador”).
For the replacement of -ager with -enger, -inger, -anger, compare passenger, harbinger, scavenger, porringer. This development may have been merely the addition of n, or it may have resulted due to contamination from other suffixes such as Middle English -ing and the rare Old French -ange, -enc, -inge, -inghe (“-ing”) for Old French -age (“-age”).

The Messenger under the joint Commission of Bankruptcy might have seized the Whole, if they had remained in their Warehouse

(Can we date this quote?), James Burrow, Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench:

(law) A person appointed to perform certain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolvent laws, such as to take charge of the estate of the bankrupt or insolvent.


section

From Middle English seccioun, from Old French section, from Latin sectiō (“cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation of diseased parts of the body, etc.”), from sectus, past participle of secāre (“to cut”). More at saw.

разрэ́з

surgery: incision or the act of making an incision

(US, Canada, law and land surveying) Synonym of square mile, a unit of land area, especially in the contexts of Canadian surveys and American land grants and legal property descriptions.

acre (1

square mile when described as a 'section'


fine

From Middle English finen, fynen, from Old French finer, finir. See finish (transitive verb).

(UK, law) A sum of money or price paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or privilege, as for admission to a copyhold, or for obtaining or renewing a lease.


conspiracy

en-noun

conspiracy (countable and uncountable, plural conspiracies)

From Middle English conspiracie, from Anglo-Norman conspiracie, from Latin cōnspīrātiō. Doublet of conspiration.

(law) An agreement between two or more persons to break the law at some time in the future.


favor

favor (countable and uncountable, plural favors)

favors (plural)
in Canada (US alternative)

From Middle English favour, favor, faver, from Anglo-Norman favour, from mainland Old French favor, from Latin favor (“good will; kindness; partiality”), from faveō (“to be kind to”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂weh₁yeti (“to be favourable to”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glow light”). Respelled in American English to more closely match its Latin etymon. Compare also Danish favør (“favor”), Irish fabhar (“favor”), from the same Romance source.


scrap

en-noun

scrap (countable and uncountable, plural scraps)

From Middle English scrappe, from Old Norse skrap, from skrapa (“to scrape, scratch”), from Proto-Germanic *skrapōną, *skrepaną (“to scrape, scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *skreb-, *skrep- (“to engrave”).

(UK, in the plural) A piece of deep-fried batter left over from frying fish, sometimes sold with chips.

(ethnic slur, offensive) A Hispanic criminal, especially a Mexican or one affiliated with the Sureno gang.


scrap

en-verb

scrap (third-person singular simple present scraps, present participle scrapping, simple past and past participle scrapped)

scraps (present singular third-person)
scrapping (participle present)
scrapped (participle past)
scrapped (past)

(intransitive) To scrapbook; to create scrapbooks.


hanging

en-noun

hanging (countable and uncountable, plural hangings)

From Middle English hangynge, honginge, equivalent to hang + -ing. Compare Old English hengen (“hanging”) and hōhing (“hanging”).

Hanging is the punishment for one convicted of war crimes, there.

The hanging of the bandits was attended by the whole village.

No, Sir, 'tis fear of Hanging. Who would not ſteal, or do Murder, every time his Fingers itch'd at it, were it not for fear of the Gallows?

1728, Thomas Otway, “The Atheist, or, the Second Part of the Soldier's Fortune”, in The Works of Mr. Thomas Otway, volume 2, London, page 37:

It was just too bad that Milosevic died of "natural" causes in his cell in 2006 before he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, although a hanging would have been preferable.

2022 March 10, Peter Lucas, “Lucas: Putin has blood on his hands and The Hague must make him pay”, in Boston Herald, archived from the original on 2022-08-06:

(countable, uncountable) The act of hanging a person (or oneself) by the neck in order to kill that person (or to commit suicide).

бесене

public event at which a person is hanged


et seq.

Borrowing of Latin et seq., an abbreviation variously of et (“and”) sequens (“the following item”), sequente (“in what follows”), sequentes and sequentia (“the following items”), or sequentibus (“in the following items”).

See p. 87 et seq.

Covered in Code Section 123 et seq.

(law, used in page references) And what follows, and following, and in the following [pages, sections, &c.].

with a following blank space representing the indeterminate end


seat

From Middle English sete, from Old English sǣte, possibly from (or simply cognate with) Old Norse sæti (“seat”), both from Proto-Germanic *sētiją (“seat”), from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”); compare Old English set (“seat”).
Sense 2 (“location or site”) is probably derived from Old English sǣte (“house”), which is related to Old High German sāza (“sedan, seat, domicile”).
cognates
* Middle Dutch gesaete
* Old High German gisazi (modern German Gesäß)

cog

would you mind putting on your seat belt

(law, England and Wales) One of a series of departmental placements given to a trainee solicitor as part of their training contract.


population

Borrowed from Late Latin populatio (“a people, multitude”), as if a noun of action from Classical Latin populus. Doublet of poblacion.

bor+

invånarantal (often expressed as "har X invånare" instead)

I would like to say something about the place I am doing time at. When I was placed in population, I met another woman and we immediately became good friends.

1985 April 6, Jackie Beattie, “More Power To Us All”, in Gay Community News, page 4:


realm

From Middle English rewme, realme, reaume, from Old French reaume, realme (“kingdom”), of unclear origins. A postulated *rēgālimen (“domain, kingdom”), Late Latin or Vulgar Latin cross of regimen with rēgālis is usually cited.

And, of this island realm, he and his companion were the undisputed sovereigns.

1874, Horatio Alger, “Chapter XXXI”, in Brave and Bold:

1913, Leslie Alexander Toke, Catholic Encyclopedia, "St. Dunstan",
Then seeing his life was threatened he fled the realm and crossed over to Flanders, […]

(formal or law) A territory or state, as ruled by a specific power, especially by a king.


disco

You don't need to worry about these details at the complaint stage, we can get them in disco.

(US, law, informal) discovery (pre-trial phase in which evidence is gathered)

Has the disco come in from the defendants yet? We sent them requests almost six weeks ago.

(US, law, informal) discovery (materials revealed to the opposing party during the pre-trial phase in which evidence is gathered)


nugatory

en-adj

nugatory (comparative more nugatory, superlative most nugatory)

more nugatory (comparative)
most nugatory (superlative)

But these regulations would have been impotent and nugatory, had not the licentious nobles been awed by the sword of the civil power.

1788, Edward Gibbon, chapter LXX, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume VI, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC:

The word "necessary" is considered as controlling the whole sentence, and as limiting the right to pass laws for the execution of the granted powers to such as are indispensable, and without which the power would be nugatory.

1819, Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland (17 U.S. 316)

He protested against the Fugitive Slave Law as necessarily nugatory and utterly impossible of execution because unanimously condemned by the public sentiment of the North.

1905, William Gardner, chapter IV, in The Life of Stephen A. Douglas:

(law) Having no force, inoperative, ineffectual.


resident

From Middle English resident, from Anglo-Norman resident, from Latin residēns, present participle of resideō (“to remain behind, reside, dwell”), equivalent to reside + -ent, from re- (“back”) + sedeō (“I sit”). Doublet of resiant and rezident. The espionage sense is a semantic loan from Russian резиде́нт (rezidént).

semantic loan

(law) A legal permanent resident, someone who maintains residency.


solve

From Middle English solven, from Latin solvō.

The solve is this, that thou dost common grow.

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 69”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

KEVIN: I decided a long time ago that just because I love Raymond, doesn't mean I have to love the people he works with. Good solve, Detective.

2014 February 4, The Party, Gil Ozeri and Gabe Liedman (writers), Michael Engler (director), Brooklyn Nine-Nine, season 1, episode 16

“Hey, Mr. Quilt Bandit.”
 Ian smiled. “Nice solve, Nancy Drew.”

2017, Elodia Strain, The Dating Experiment, →ISBN:

(now rare, chiefly law enforcement) A solution; an explanation.


frame

en-verb

frame (third-person singular simple present frames, present participle framing, simple past and past participle framed)

frames (present singular third-person)
framing (participle present)
framed (participle past)
framed (past)

→ Dutch: frame

→ German: framen

From Middle English framen, fremen, fremmen (“to construct, build, strengthen, refresh, perform, execute, profit, avail”), from Old English framian, fremian, fremman (“to profit, avail, advance”), from Proto-West Germanic *frammjan, from Proto-Germanic *framjaną (“to further, promote, perform”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“front, forward”).
Cognate with Low German framen (“to commit, effect”), Danish fremme (“to promote, further, perform”), Swedish främja (“to promote, encourage, foster”), Icelandic fremja (“to commit”). More at from.

cog

The gun had obviously been placed in her car in an effort to frame her.

(transitive, criminology) Conspire to falsely incriminate an innocent person.


gist

en-noun

gist (countable and uncountable, plural gists)

The noun is derived from Old French gist, a noun use of the third person singular indicative of gesir (“to lie down”) (modern French gésir; compare Anglo-Norman (cest) action gist (literally “(law) (this) action lies”)), from Latin iacēre, the present active infinitive of iaceō (“to lie down, lie prostrate, recline”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁- (“to throw”) (probably in the sense of something being thrown down).
The verb is derived from the noun.

der

[T]heſe charges, of a traiterous or felonious intent, are the points and very giſt of the indictment, and muſt be anſvvered directly, by the general negative, not guilty; […]

1769, William Blackstone, “Of Plea, and Issue”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book IV (Of Public Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 333:

[H]e is guilty of a dereliction of opinions that are true and laudable. This is the great giſt of the charge againſt him.

1791 August 3, [Edmund Burke], An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, […], London: […] J[ames] Dodsley, […], →OCLC, page 30:

But it is observable that the substance or gist of the action is not always the principal cause of the plaintiff's complaint in point of fact, nor that on which he recovers all or the greatest part of his damages. It frequently happens that upon that part of his declaration which contains the substance or gist of the action he recovers nominal damages, and he gets his principal satisfaction on account of matters altogether collateral thereto.

1839, John Bouvier, “GIST”, in A Law Dictionary, […], volumes I (A–K), Philadelphia, Pa.: T. & J. W. Johnson, […], successors to Nicklin & Johnson, […], →OCLC, page 445, column 1:

Naturally, therefore, conceiving that the gite of the lawyer's reasoning was to defend the want of resemblance as an admitted fact, which it would be useless to deny, the worthy magistrate closed the pleadings, and gave sentence against Mr Whelp, the plaintiff.

[1859, F. Laun [pseudonym], “The King of Hayti. From the German. Chapter III. ‘In the Second Place’—Dinner is on the Table.”, in Thomas De Quincey, transl., Speculations Literary and Philosophic: With German Tales and Other Narrative Papers (De Quincey’s Works; XII), London: James Hogg & Sons, →OCLC, page 41:

(countable, law, dated) The essential ground for action in a lawsuit, without which there is no cause of action; the gravamen.


hearing

en-noun

hearing (countable and uncountable, plural hearings)

Next month, Clemons will be brought before a court presided over by a "special master", who will review the case one last time. The hearing will be unprecedented in its remit, but at its core will be a simple issue: should Reggie Clemons live or die?

2012 August 21, Ed Pilkington, “Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, in The Guardian:

(countable, law) A legal procedure done before a judge, without a jury, as with an evidentiary hearing.


acknowledgment

acknowledgment (countable and uncountable, plural acknowledgments)

acknowledgement

most common British spelling, also sometimes used in the US

(law) The act of a person admitting a child as their own.

припозна́ване

act of a man admitting a child as his own

(law) A formal statement or document recognizing the fulfillment or execution of a legal requirement or procedure.

потвържде́ние

formal statement or document recognizing the fulfilment or execution of a legal requirement or procedure


garnish

en-verb

garnish (third-person singular simple present garnishes, present participle garnishing, simple past and past participle garnished)

garnishes (present singular third-person)
garnishing (participle present)
garnished (participle past)
garnished (past)

From Middle English garnysshen, from Old French garniss-, stem of certain forms of the verb garnir, guarnir, warnir (“to provide, furnish, avert, defend, warn, fortify, garnish”), from a conflation of Old Frankish *warnijan (“to refuse, deny”) and *warnōn (“warn, protect, prepare, beware, guard oneself”), from Proto-Germanic *warnijaną (“to worry, care, heed”) and Proto-Germanic *warnōną (“to warn”); both from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to defend, protect, cover”). Cognate with Old English wiernan (“to withhold, be sparing of, deny, refuse, reject, decline, forbid, prevent from, avert”) and warnian (“to warn, caution, take warning, take heed, guard oneself against, deny”). More at warn.

cog

(law) To warn by garnishment; to give notice to.

When the editorial board of Fire met again, we did not plan a new issue, but emptied our pockets to help poor Thurman whose wages were being garnished weekly because he had signed for the printer’s bills.

1966, Langston Hughes, “The Twenties: Harlem and Its Negritude”, in Christopher C. De Santis, editor, The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, volume 9, page 473:

(law) To have (money) set aside by court order (particularly for the payment of alleged debts); to garnishee.


consuetudinary

From Medieval Latin cōnsuetudinārius, from Latin cōnsuetudō. By surface analysis, consuetude + -in- + -ary.

surf

(law) Customary; considered law by virtue of the fact that it is generally observed.

Consuetudinary in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)


society

en-noun

society (countable and uncountable, plural societies)

1530s; borrowed from Middle French societé, from Old French societé, from Latin societās, societātem (“fellowship, association, alliance, union, community”), from socius (“associated, allied; partner, companion, ally”), from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-yo- (“companion”), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”).

der

(countable, law) A number of people joined by mutual consent to deliberate, determine and act toward a common goal.


v.

Brown v. Board of Education


alcavala

In Spain, a tax levied on transactions involving property movable or immovable.


preterition

en-noun

preterition (countable and uncountable, plural preteritions)

Borrowed from Latin praeteritiō, from praetereō (“I omit”).

(law) The failure of a testator to name a legal heir in their will.


rest

en-verb

rest (third-person singular simple present rests, present participle resting, simple past and past participle rested)

rests (present singular third-person)
resting (participle present)
rested (participle past)
rested (past)

From Middle English resten, from Old English restan, from Proto-West Germanic *rastijan (“to rest”), from Proto-Indo-European *ros-, *res-, *erH- (“rest”). Cognate with Dutch rusten (“to rest”), Middle Low German resten (“to rest”), German rasten (“to rest”), Danish raste (“to rest”), Swedish rasta (“to rest”).

relax

lie down and take repose, especially by sleeping

The defense rests, your Honor.

I rest my case.

(intransitive, transitive, law, US) To complete one's active advocacy in a trial or other proceeding, and thus to wait for the outcome (however, one is still generally available to answer questions, etc.)


delegation

en-noun

delegation (countable and uncountable, plural delegations)

/dɛlɪˈɡeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Latin dēlēgātiō, dēlēgātiōnis, from dēlēgō: compare French délégation.

The mere delegation of a performance imposes no duty on the delegate to perform. If the delegate performs the duty, the duty is discharged. If the delegate does not perform the duty, the duty is not discharged, but any claim of the obligee for breach is against the delegating party and not against the delegate.

2016, Marco J. Jimenez, Contract Law: A Case and Problem Based Approach (Aspen Casebook Series), New York: Wolters Kluwer, →ISBN, page 1192:

(law) The act whereby or constellation in which the performance of an obligation (owed to an obligee, presuming its validity; irrespective of the obligation as the target of the delegation, rarely called delegatary) is assigned by its debtor (delegator, obligor) to and towards another party (delegatee, delegate)

valtuutus

(law) the substitution of the person who performs


deed

From Middle English dede, from Old English dēd, dǣd (“deed, act”), from Proto-West Germanic *dādi, from Proto-Germanic *dēdiz (“deed”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁tis (“deed, action”). Analyzable through Proto-Germanic as do + -th. Doublet of thesis.
The real estate sense derives from the fact that property deeds are traditionally used to demonstrate proof of ownership of a legal title in common law jurisdictions, such as England & Wales and most of the United States.
Cognates:
Cognate with West Frisian died, Dutch daad (“deed, act”), German Low German Daad, German Tat (“deed, action”), Swedish, Norwegian and Danish dåd (“act, action”). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek θέσις (thésis, “setting, arrangement”).

cog

(law) A legal instrument that is executed under seal or before a witness; sometimes required for certain legal activities, such as the transfer of certain kinds of property.

I inherited the deed to the house.

(by extension, real estate) The legal title to real estate; ownership.


mortmain

en-noun

mortmain (usually uncountable, plural mortmains)

From Anglo-Norman mortmayn, morte meyn, from Old French mortes meins, after Late Latin phrase mortua manus. See Latin mortuus (“dead”) + manus (“hand”).

1824, Charter of Incorporation of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
[W]e do hereby grant our especial license and authority unto all and every person […] to grant sell alien and convey in mortmain unto and to the use of the said Society and their successors […]

Though in truth it was the law of mortmain […] which originally sent the founders of chantries to seek the king's licence […]

1900, Frederic William Maitland, “The Corporation Sole”, in Law Quarterly Review, volume 16:

(law) The perpetual, inalienable possession of lands by a corporation or non-personal entity such as a church.


jail

jail (countable and uncountable, plural jails)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: जेल (jel)

Urdu: جیل (jel)

→ Punjabi: ਜੇਲ੍ਹ (jelh)

→ Welsh: jêl, jael

From Middle English gayole, gaylle, gaille, gayle, gaile, via Old French gaiole, gayolle, gaole, from Medieval Latin gabiola, for Late Latin caveola, a diminutive of Latin cavea (“cavity, coop, cage”). Doublet of caveola and related to cage. More at cajole.

Taking a shower at the high school, Tommy (the Kitten) Cavanaugh kids Ugly Palmers. "Ugly, if you think the world is coming to an end," he says, "what are you wasting your time here at this jail for? You gonna need American history up there?"

1966, Robert Coover, “Part II, section 11”, in The Origin of the Brunists, 1st edition, page 218:

“I’m out!” That, of course, is an excerpt from Robert Durst’s children’s books [sic], Goodbye Jail. “Goodbye money. Goodbye bail. I killed them all, but goodbye jail. Of course! Of course!”

2015 June 7, “Bail”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 2, episode 16, John Oliver (actor), via HBO:

A place or institution for the confinement of persons held against their will in lawful custody or detention, especially (in US usage) a place where people are held for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding.

He said Robins had not been in trouble with the law before and had no previous convictions. Jail would have an adverse effect on her and her three children as she was the main carer.

2011 December 14, Steven Morris, “Devon woman jailed for 168 days for killing kitten in microwave”, in Guardian:

pidätys

usually short-term, not based on conviction

(horse racing, uncountable) The condition created by the requirement that a horse claimed in a claiming race not be run at another track for some period of time (usually 30 days).

horse racing: condition of not being able to run at another track for some period of time

väliaikainen kilpailurajoitus myynnin jälkeen


assent

assent (countable and uncountable, plural assents)

From Middle English assent (noun) and assenten (verb), from Old French assent (noun) and assentir (verb), from Latin assentiō.

(countable, property law) A legal instrument that conveys real estate to an heir under the terms of a will.


industry

industry (countable and uncountable, plural industries)

From Middle English industry, industrie, from Old French industrie, from Latin industria (“diligence, activity, industry”), from industrius (“diligent, active, zealous”), from Old Latin indostruus (“diligent, active”); origin unknown. Perhaps from indu (“in”) + ūst-, ūstr-, stem of ūrō (“burn, burn up, consume”, verb), related to Old High German ūstrī (“industry”), Old English andūstrian (“to hate, detest”, literally “to be consumed with zeal”).

cog

It is a classical and restricted view both of industry (it excludes service sectors, now 70% of the GDP of developed economies)[…]

2007, Dominique Guellec with Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, The economics of the European patent system, page 122:

(Europe software patent law) Automated production of material goods.


sui generis

/sʊɪ d͡ʒəˈnɛɹɪs/

Borrowed from Latin suī generis (literally “of its own kind/class”).

bor

It is easy to describe second-rate talents, because they fall into a class and enlist under a standard; but first-rate powers defy calculation or comparison, and can be defined only by themselves. They are sui generis, and make the class to which they belong.

1821–1822, William Hazlitt, “Character of Cobbett”, in Table-Talk; or, Original Essays, volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: John Warren; Henry Colburn and Co.:

The transcendent case before us is absolutely sui generis.

1828, John Pye Smith, Four Discourses on the Sacrifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ: and on Atonement and Redemption, page 67:

The eminent Italian geologist, Stoppani, goes further than I had ventured to do, and treats the action of man as a new physical element altogether sui generis.

1874, George P. Marsh, The Earth as Modified by Human Action:

The system was neither free enterprise nor socialism; it was sui generis, one of the unique creations of the Middle Ages.

1994, Frances and Joseph Gies, “The Technology of the Commercial Revolution”, in Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel, →ISBN, page 111:

We see him as he sees himself, surveying the invisible depths of ethical space, with all the distinction of a specialist in the sui generis.

1995, J.L. Austin, How To Do Things With Words:

Based on Phoebe Gloeckner’s remarkable, sui generis semi-autobiographical graphic novel, […]

2015 August 6, Leslie Felperin, “The Diary of a Teenage Girl review – a scaldingly honest coming-of-age comedy”, in The Guardian:

The basic operational mechanisms and business practices were so new and strange, so utterly sui generis, that all we could see was a gaggle of “innovative” horseless carriages.

2018, Shoshana Zuboff, chapter 11, in The Age of Surveillance Capitalism:

Hitchens was sui generis. He made most other book reviewers, to borrow Dorothy Parker’s words about the drama critic George Jean Nathan, “look as if they spelled out their reviews with alphabet blocks.”

2024 January 1, Dwight Garner, “Want to Feel, Intellectually, Like Someone Is Rotating Your Tires?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(chiefly law) In a class of its own; one of a kind.


sui generis

/sʊɪ d͡ʒəˈnɛɹɪs/

They came up with a program that the federal Minister of Agriculture and his provincial colleagues agreed was a good and appropriate approach to handling that particular problem. They did it sui generis.

2003, Canada. Parliament. Senate. Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology, Délibérations Du Comité Sénatorial Permanent Des Affaires Sociales, Des Sciences Et de la Technologie:

Another possibility is that the council acted sui generis and expressed a one-off view on the facts with no precedential significance.

2014 August 7, Jonas Ebbesson, Marie Jacobsson, Mark Adam Klamberg, David Langlet, Pål Wrange, International Law and Changing Perceptions of Security: Liber Amicorum Said Mahmoudi, Hotei Publishing, →ISBN, page 5:

The refutation of Kleinliteratur conceptions enabled Kloppenborg to do away with the idea that Q was created sui generis, which, in turn, enabled him to compare Q with other ancient literature (Kirk 1998:35–36, 64).

2015 December 31, Llewellyn Howes, Judging Q and saving Jesus - Q’s contribution to the wisdom-apocalypticism debate in historical Jesus studies., AOSIS, →ISBN, page 62:


sui generis

/sʊɪ d͡ʒəˈnɛɹɪs/

It is word-generated knowledge or knowledge by testimony ( K. T. for short ) – a sui generis.

2013 June 29, Bimal K. Matilal, A. Chakrabarti, Knowing from Words: Western and Indian Philosophical Analysis of Understanding and Testimony, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 100:

Prior to the 1990s a large segment of New Testament scholarship maintained that the Gospels represent a sui generis, that is, a genre unique to them. This sui generis was viewed as a type of mythology.

2020 May 21, Michael R Licona, The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach, Inter-Varsity Press, →ISBN:

Insofar as none of these approaches has ever been formally overruled by the highest Court of the land, the law of deviation remains an area of controversy and is practically treated as a sui generis - that is, as a law quite distinct from the general law of contract.

2021 October 5, Sze Ping-fat, Carrier's Liability under the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules, BRILL, →ISBN, page 124:

(chiefly law) Something of its own kind; a thing apart.


genizah

en-noun

genizah (plural genizahs or genizot or genizoth)

genizahs (plural)
genizot (plural)
genizoth (plural)

From Hebrew גְּנִיזָה (g'nizá, “archiving, preservation, storage; hiding; genizah”) (plural גְּנִיזוֹת (g'nizót)), from Old Persian *ganzam, from Old Median *ganǰam (“depository; treasure”).

der

The Cairo Genizah was discovered in 1896.

In the year 1870 the Russian Minister of Public Worship purchased from the well-known Karaite traveller and archaeologist Abraham Firkowitsch his collection of Samaritan MSS. for the Imperial Library of St. Petersburg. It consists almost exclusively of fragments, this circumstance arising from the fact that the collector during his stay in Nablus and Egypt completely ransacked the Samaritan Genizoth (that is to say, the garrets and cellars of the synagogues whither their worn-out books were conveyed), thus acquiring several fragments of Samaritan Pentateuch rolls— […]

1874, John W. Nutt, “Appendix I. The Collection of Samaritan MSS. at St. Petersburg.”, in A Sketch of Samaritan History, Dogma, and Literature, Published as an Introduction to “Fragments of a Samaritan Targum, Edited from a Bodleian MS.”, London: Trübner and Co., →OCLC, page 153:

Unfortunately, too, the fragment begins in the very middle of a sentence, as do most of these Genizah fragments. It is evident that the leaves come from a large volume, as each drug was numbered.

1935 January 15, R[ichard James Horatio] Gottheil, “A Fragment on Pharmacy from the Cairo Genizah”, in The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: With which are Incorporated the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, part I, London: Published by the Society, 74 Grosvenor Street, London, W. 1, →OCLC, page 124:

The rule of burying the old Scrolls which became spoiled or torn was in course of time extended to all Hebrew books which became torn or spoiled. This, indirectly, probably led to the well-known practice of having special places called Geniza, where such books were temporarily kept before being buried[…]. In almost all Jewish centers, there are Genizot in the synagogues—under the Bima, within the walls, or in the garrets. As the place grew overcrowded, the content was carried to the cemetery for burial.

1983, Jacob Z[allel] Lauterbach, “73. Ritual for Disposal of Damaged Sefer Torah (Vol. XXXIV, 9124, pp. 74–75)”, in Walter Jacob, editor, American Reform Responsa: Collected Responsa of the Central Conference of American Rabbis 1889–1983, New York, N.Y.: Central Conference of American Rabbis, →OCLC, page 243:

[A]ccording to Jewish law and practice, ritual objects which contained the name of God could not be thrown away or destroyed. The tradition was to treat these objects with great reverence. A place called a Genizah (from Persian, "ganoz," which means "treasury" or "hidden place") was created to house these ritual objects. […] A genizah, therefore, was a place of concealment. Sometimes this was a hidden cave; other times it was space between the stories of a building or a separate cupboard or small room with a small opening into which could be placed the remnants of books and manuscripts which contained the name of God. […] Often things placed in the genizah were destroyed over the years from mildew and erosion, but in certain climates they were preserved. Such was the case with a great genizah in old Cairo that was discovered by Professor Solomon Schechter. Schechter's discovery opened to modern Jewish scholarship thousands of pages of ancient manuscripts and original works that had been lost or not known to modern scholars.

2002, Stephen M. Brown, “Beginning Talmud Torah”, in Stephen Garfinkel, Karen L. Stein, editors, Reclaiming Our Legacy: The More Torah, the More Life, revised edition, New York, N.Y.: Department of Youth Activities, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, →OCLC, pages 110–111:

Originally Jewish law required only the words of Scripture to be stashed in genizahs, but over time the understanding of which texts were sacred often became far broader. Soon Jews were depositing rabbinic writings as well as scriptural ones into their genizahs. Later, they included any document even mentioning God and sometimes documents bearing any Hebrew at all. In fact, by the tenth century—particularly in the highly literate lands of the Middle East and North Africa—many Jews seem to have considered any document of any kind worthy of preservation in their genizah repositories.

2016, Mark Glickman, “Loading the Jewish Bookshelf”, in Stolen Words: The Nazi Plunder of Jewish Books, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by the University of Nebraska Press as a Jewish Publication Society book, →ISBN, page 33:

(Jewish law) A depository where sacred Hebrew books or other sacred items that by Jewish law cannot be disposed of are kept before they can be properly buried in a cemetery.

جنيزا

depository where sacred Hebrew books, etc., are kept before being buried in a cemetery


blag

The origin of the noun is unknown. The verb is derived from the noun.

'What's he do, Micky?' / 'Armed blags is what I hear – s'posed to be one or two nice little tucks down to him that he didn't go for. He keeps well active. Someone told me he's putting one together now.[…]'

1977, G[ordon] F[rank] Newman, chapter 4, in Law and Order, St. Albans, Hertfordshire: Granada Publishing, published 1983, →ISBN, page 40:

Through Lenny I had met a character whom I shall call Billy. He was part of a blag team famous for a series of large-scale wage snatches.

1997, Stephen Smith, “Helter Skelter Years”, in Addict: An Incredible True Story with a Fairytale End, [United Kingdom]: Westworld International, →ISBN:

They're turning over any business that couldn't go running back to the Other People, sex shops and massage parlours, doing blags long after they went outta fashion, doing loads of drugs and not giving a fuck about keeping a low profile.

2000 April, J. J. Connolly, “April Fool’s Day 1997: Welcome to the Layer Cake”, in Layer Cake, London: Duck Editions, Duckworth Literary Entertainments, published July 2001, →ISBN, page 6:

Darlin' – I know your old man's keen for you to learn the ropes an' all that, but let's not forget who's running this blag, shall we?

2005, Echo Freer, chapter 1, in Diamond Geezers, London: Hodder Children’s Books, Hodder Headline, →ISBN, page 2:

(British, criminal slang) An armed robbery or robbery involving violence; also, theft.


blag

en-verb

blag (third-person singular simple present blags, present participle blagging, simple past and past participle blagged)

blags (present singular third-person)
blagging (participle present)
blagged (participle past)
blagged (past)

(transitive, British, criminal slang) To obtain (something) through armed robbery or robbery involving violence, or theft; to rob; to steal.


haver

From Middle English haver, havere, equivalent to have + -er.

(law, Scotland) The person who has custody of a document.


consideration

en-noun

consideration (countable and uncountable, plural considerations)

/kənˌsɪdəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English consideracioun, from Old French consideracion, from Latin cōnsīderātiō. By surface analysis, consider + -ation.

Consideration is an intention to create legal relations.

In consideration of the performance of B's obligations hereunder, A hereby grants to B's personal license.

(law) A matter of inducement for something promised; something valuable given as recompense for a promise, which causes the promise to become binding as a contract.

對價

legal: something valuable given as recompense for a promise


suggestion

suggestion (countable and uncountable, plural suggestions)

/səˈd͡ʒɛstʃən/

[səˈd͡ʒɛʃtʃən]

/sə(ɡ)ˈd͡ʒɛst͡ʃən/

From Middle English suggestion, from Anglo-Norman suggestioun, sugestiun, from Latin suggestiō, from suggerō (“suggest”, verb), from Latin sub- (“from below, up”) + gerō (“to bring”). Related to English up-, cast.

(law, countable) Information, insinuation, speculation, as opposed to a sworn testimony and evidence.


omit

en-verb

omit (third-person singular simple present omits, present participle omitting, simple past and past participle omitted)

omits (present singular third-person)
omitting (participle present)
omitted (participle past)
omitted (past)

At least by 1422, from late Middle English omitten, borrowed from Latin omittō (“to let go”), from ob- + mittō (“to send”), but also had the connotations “to fail to perform” and “to neglect”.

In the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, omit sections 146(4) and 147(3) (homosexual acts as grounds for dismissal from the crew of merchant ships).

2017, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Merchant Shipping (Homosexual Conduct) Act 2017, section 1:

(transitive, law, of text) To delete or remove; to strike.


vest

vest (third-person singular simple present vests, present participle vesting, simple past and past participle vested)

vests (present singular third-person)
vesting (participle present)
vested (participle past)
vested (past)

From French veste (“a vest, jacket”), from Latin vestis (“a garment, gown, robe, vestment, clothing, vesture”), from Proto-Indo-European *wéstis, from *wes- (“to be dressed”) (English wear). Cognate with Sanskrit वस्त्र (vastra) and Spanish vestir.

der

to vest a person with an estate

an estate is vested in possession

For the right of the crown vests[…]upon his heir.

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) To clothe with possession; also, to give a person an immediate fixed right of present or future enjoyment of.

Upon the death of the Sovereign the Crown automatically vests in the next heir without the need of coronation or other formality.

(law, intransitive) (of an inheritance or a trust fund) To devolve upon the person currently entitled when a prior interest has ended.


inchoate

en-adj

inchoate (comparative more inchoate, superlative most inchoate)

more inchoate (comparative)
most inchoate (superlative)

From Latin incohātus (“begun, unfinished”), perfect passive participle of incohō (“begin”). Cognate with Spanish incoar (“to initiate, commence, begin”).

cog

Congress considers the inchoate offenses of attempt and conspiracy, even conspiracy without an overt act, to be just as serious as the federal substantive drug offenses which they contemplate.

2006, United States v. McKenney, 450 F.3d 39 (1st Cir. 2006)

(law) Of a crime, imposing criminal liability for an incompleted act.


transfer

en-verb

transfer (third-person singular simple present transfers, present participle transferring, simple past and past participle transferred)

transfers (present singular third-person)
transferring (participle present)
transferred (participle past)
transferred (past)

/tɹɑːnsˈfɜː/

The title to land is transferred by deed.

(transitive, law) To arrange for something to belong to or be officially controlled by somebody else.

прехвърлям

arrange for something to belong to or be controlled by somebody else


warez

en-noun

warez (usually uncountable, plural warez)

The leetspeak form of wares, as a contraction of software.

By the end of the day Mad Hatter, a ringleader of the software piracy group called the Inner Circle, will have poured 300 Mbytes of illegal “warez” onto the Internet.

1997 April 1, David McCandless, “Warez Wars”, in Wired, →ISSN:

Too many gamers see nothing wrong with downloading “warez” (usually pronounced “wares,” but also “wah-rez”), retail software products that have been “ripped” to make them smaller and remove copy protection.

1999 April, T. Liam McDonald, “WaReZ the Logic?”, in Maximum PC, →ISSN, page 41:

Warez appeared in the 1980s with the advent of Bulletin Board Systems.

2012, Eric Diehl, Securing Digital Video […] , Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 16:

(Internet slang, leetspeak, dated) Software that is illegally obtained or distributed.

ვარეზი

software illegally obtained or distributed


warez

en-verb

warez (third-person singular simple present warezes, present participle warezing, simple past and past participle warezed)

warezes (present singular third-person)
warezing (participle present)
warezed (participle past)
warezed (past)

Many of these keys are, obviously, being used by people who've warezed XP, but there's also a reasonably large number of software professionals and refuseniks who have used them even though they have a legitimately bought version of XP.

2002 June 7, John Lettice, “MS turns up heat on warezed WinXP copies”, in The Register:

Warezed SoundForge Files In Windows Media Player [title]

2004 November 12, Timothy Lord, “Warezed SoundForge Files In Windows Media Player”, in Slashdot:

(Internet slang, leetspeak, dated) To obtain a copy of (software or other works of authorship) illegally.


arrogation

en-noun

arrogation (countable and uncountable, plural arrogations)

The President's arrogation of this new Act oversteps his bounds and causes our rights to suffer.

It condescended and/or pandered to so many for so long that even its old suburbanite subscribers must have begrudged it deep down, and those New Yorkers who know it love to hate it outright – for the arrogation of its New York as the New York, among other crimes: who are those people in the cartoons anyway?

2000 September 21, Hal Foster, “Slumming with Rappers at the Roxy”, in London Review of Books, volume 22, number 18, →ISSN:

(law) The unjust assumption of rights or privilege.

Anmaßung

the unjust assumption of rights or privilege


truncheon

/ˈtɹʌnt͡ʃən/

/ˈtɹʌnt͡ʃən/

From Middle English tronchoun, from Old French tronchon (“thick stick”), from Late Latin *troncionem, from Latin truncus.

Not the king's crown, nor the deputed sword / The marshal's truncheon, nor the judge's robe / Become them with one half so good a grace / As mercy does.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], line 60:

A baton, or military staff of command, now especially the stick carried by a police officer.

полицейска палка

a baton, or military staff of command, now especially the stick carried by a police officer

Therewith asunder in the midst it brast, / And in his hand nought but the troncheon left[…].

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IV, Canto III”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(obsolete) A fragment or piece broken off from something, especially a broken-off piece of a spear or lance.

Truncheons of seven or eight feet long, thrust two feet into the earth […] when once rooted, may be cut at six inches above ground

1664, J[ohn] E[velyn], Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions. […], London: […] Jo[hn] Martyn, and Ja[mes] Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC:

(obsolete) A stout stem, as of a tree, with the branches lopped off, to produce rapid growth.


lagging

lagging (usually uncountable, plural laggings)

"Whether you'll get a nine or a lagging depends on the answer you give me, Mrs. Inglethorne."

1926, Edgar Wallace, The Square Emerald:

(slang, countable) A prison sentence, originally one of at least three years.


charge

charge (countable and uncountable, plural charges)

From Middle English chargen, from Old French chargier, from Late Latin carricō (“to load”), from Latin carrus (“a car, wagon”); see car. Doublet of cargo.


charge

en-verb

charge (third-person singular simple present charges, present participle charging, simple past and past participle charged)

charges (present singular third-person)
charging (participle present)
charged (participle past)
charged (past)

desc

→ Cantonese: 叉廚／叉厨 (caa¹ cyu⁴), 叉 (caa¹)

→ Kashubian: czardżowac (United States)

→ Malay: caj, cas

→ Swahili: chaji

yükləmək

to place a burden upon, to assign a duty

yükləmək

to load equipment with material required for its use

I'm charging you with assault and battery.

(transitive, criminal law, law enforcement) To formally accuse (a person) of a crime.

اِتَّهَمَ

criminal law, law enforcement: to formally accuse of a crime

(transitive, property law) To mortgage (a property).


blackout

en-noun

blackout (countable and uncountable, plural blackouts)

→ French: blackout

→ German: Blackout

→ Portuguese: blecaute

(slang, criminology, rare) A mass murder committed, usually in an urban area, to eliminate potential witnesses of a previous crime.


record

en-verb

record (third-person singular simple present records, present participle recording, simple past and past participle recorded)

records (present singular third-person)
recording (participle present)
recorded (participle past)
recorded (past)

erase

antonym(s) of “make a record of information”

erase

antonym(s) of “make an audio or video recording of”

From Middle English recorden (“to repeat, to report”), borrowed from Old French recorder (“to get by heart”), from Latin recordārī, present active infinitive of recordor (“remember, call to mind”), from re- (“back, again”) + cor (“heart; mind”).

inh

When the deed was recorded, we officially owned the house.

(transitive, law) To give legal status to by making an official public record.


lesion

From Middle English lesioun, from Old French lesion, from Latin laesiō (“injury”), itself from laesus, perfect passive participle of laedō (“I injure, hurt”).

(law) Injury or an unfair imbalance in a commutative contract wherein the consideration is less than half of the market value, which then serves as a basis for the injured party to sue to rescind the agreement.


prison

en-noun

prison (countable and uncountable, plural prisons)

From Middle English prisoun, prison, a borrowing from Old French prison, from Latin prehensiōnem, accusative singular of prehensiō, from the verb prehendō. Doublet of prehension.

The cold stone walls of the prison had stood for over a century.

A place or institution where people are held against their will, in the US especially for long-term confinement, as of those convicted of serious crimes or otherwise considered undesirable by the government.

абахҭа

place of long-term confinement for those convicted of serious crimes

Prison was a harrowing experience for him.


enact

en-verb

enact (third-person singular simple present enacts, present participle enacting, simple past and past participle enacted)

enacts (present singular third-person)
enacting (participle present)
enacted (participle past)
enacted (past)

From Middle English enacten, from en-, from Old French en- (“to cause to be”), from Latin in- (“in”) and Old French acte (“perform, do”), from Latin actum, past participle of ago (“set in motion”).

The practical effect of the Government's new anti-strike bill on the rail disputes in Great Britain is awaited, after the legislation was enacted.

2023 December 27, Mel Holley, “Network News: Minimum Service Levels legislation comes into force”, in RAIL, number 999, page 14:

(transitive, law) To make (a bill) into law.


representative

From Middle English (implied in representatyfliche), from Old French representatif. By surface analysis, represent + -ative; See representation.

This pathetic remonstrance had the desired effect upon his representative, who spared no pains to fulfill the request of the deceased […].

1751, [Tobias] Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: Harrison and Co., […], →OCLC:


toll

From Middle English toll, tol, tolle, from Old English toll m or n and toln f (“toll, duty, custom”), from Proto-West Germanic *toll, *tolnu, from Proto-Germanic *tullaz, *tullō (“that which is counted or told, reckoning”), from Proto-Indo-European *dol- (“calculation, fraud”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Tol (“toll”), Dutch tol (“toll”), German Zoll (“toll, duty, customs”), Danish told (“toll, duty, tariff”), Swedish tull (“toll, customs”), Icelandic tollur (“toll, customs”). More at tell, tale.
Alternate etymology derives Old English toll, from Medieval Latin tolōneum, tolōnium, alteration (due to the Germanic forms above) of Latin telōneum, from Ancient Greek τελώνιον (telṓnion, “toll-house”), from τέλος (télos, “tax”).

der

(UK, law, obsolete) A liberty to buy and sell within the bounds of a manor.


toll

en-verb

toll (third-person singular simple present tolls, present participle tolling, simple past and past participle tolled)

tolls (present singular third-person)
tolling (participle present)
tolled (participle past)
tolled (past)

(law, obsolete) To take away; to vacate; to annul.

The statute of limitations defense was tolled as a result of the defendant’s wrongful conduct.


subrogate

subrogate (third-person singular simple present subrogates, present participle subrogating, simple past and past participle subrogated)

subrogates (present singular third-person)
subrogating (participle present)
subrogated (participle past)
subrogated (past)

/ˈsʌbɹəɡeɪt/

Borrowed from Latin subrogātus, perfect passive participle of subrogō, from sub (“under”) + rogō (“I ask, request”). A variant of surrogate.

In the course of that work air‑conditioning units were installed. Those units are equipped with compressors which were manufactured by Refcomp, whose registered office is in Italy, purchased from that company and fitted by Climaventa whose registered office is also in Italy, then sold to Doumer by the company Liebert to whose rights Emerson is now subrogated. […] Subrogated to the rights of Doumer, to which it paid compensation, Axa Corporate sued the manufacturer Recomp, the fitter Climaveneta and the seller Emerson before the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (Regional Court, Paris) seeking an order that they pay in solidum compensation for the damage suffered.

2013 February 7, European Court of Justice, Refcomp SpA vs. Axa Corporate Solutions Assurance SA / Axa France IARD / Emerson Network / Climaveneta SpA,, Case C‑543/10, marginals 8 and 10:

A co-debtor that pays off a principal creditor has a choice. It can subrogate to the principal creditor's claim or it can file its own claim in the bankruptcy. It cannot do both; its own claim will be disallowed if it seeks subrogation.

2019, Ginsberg, Martin, Kelley, Ginsberg and Martin on Bankruptcy, Aspen Publishers Online, →ISBN, page 86:

(law, transitive) To replace one person or thing with another.

das Recht geht über

this is formulated differently from the side of the subjective right


stress

en-noun

stress (countable and uncountable, plural stresses)

Hans Selye
Walter Cannon
stress
stress (mechanics)

From a shortening of Middle English destresse, borrowed from Old French destrecier, from Latin distringō (“to stretch out”). This form probably coalesced with Middle English stresse, from Old French estrece (“narrowness”), from Vulgar Latin *strictia, from Latin strictus (“narrow”).
In the sense of "mental strain" or “disruption”, used occasionally in the 1920s and 1930s by psychologists, including Walter Cannon (1934); in “biological threat”, used by endocrinologist Hans Selye, by metaphor with stress in physics (force on an object) in the 1930s, and popularized by same in the 1950s.

(Scots law) distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained.


nation

From Middle English nacioun, nacion, from Old French nacion, from Latin nātiōnem, accusative of nātiō (“nation”). Displaced native Old English þēod.

ពលរដ្ឋ

pŭəllĕəʼrŏət

Though legally single nations, many states comprise several distinct cultural or ethnic groups.

It is tempting to speculate about the incentives or compulsions that might explain why anyone would take to the skies in [the] basket [of a balloon]: […] perhaps to muse on the irrelevance of the borders that separate nation states and keep people from understanding their shared environment.

2013 June 7, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 36:

(international law, metonymically) A sovereign state; (loosely, metonymically, proscribed) a country.


material

en-adj

material (comparative more material, superlative most material)

more material (comparative)
most material (superlative)

From Middle English material, from Late Latin māteriālis, from Latin māteria (“wood, material, substance”), from māter (“mother”). Displaced native Middle English andweorc, andwork (“material, matter”) (from Old English andweorc (“matter, substance, material”)). Doublet of materiel.

ncog

You've made several material contributions to this project.

This is the most material fact in this lawsuit.

discourse, which was always material, not trifling

1685 March 20 (Gregorian calendar), John Evelyn, “[Diary entry for 10 March 1685]”, in William Bray, editor, Memoirs, Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […]; and sold by John and Arthur Arch, […], published 1819, →OCLC:

I shall, in the account of simple ideas, set down only such as are most material to our present purpose.

1689 (indicated as 1690), [John Locke], chapter 2, in An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. […], London: […] Eliz[abeth] Holt, for Thomas Basset, […], →OCLC, book I, page 3:


defend

en-verb

defend (third-person singular simple present defends, present participle defending, simple past and past participle defended)

defends (present singular third-person)
defending (participle present)
defended (participle past)
defended (past)

From Middle English defenden, from Old French defendre, deffendre (Modern French défendre), from Latin dēfendō (“to ward off”), from Proto-Italic *fendō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen-. Displaced native Old English bewerian.

Philip Miles, defending, said: "This was a single instance, there was no allegation of continuing behaviour over a long period of time."

2011 December 14, Steven Morris, “Devon woman jailed for 168 days for killing kitten in microwave”, in Guardian:

(transitive, law) To make legal defence of; to represent (the accused).


rap

From RAP (“record of arrest and prosecution”).

(US, law enforcement) Acronym of record of arrest and prosecution.


client

→ Japanese: クライアント (kuraianto)

From Middle English client, from Anglo-Norman clyent, Old French client, from Latin cliēns, akin to clinare (“to lean”).

(law) A person who employs or retains an attorney to represent him or her in any legal matter, or one who merely divulges confidential matters to an attorney while pursuing professional assistance without subsequently retaining the attorney.


shop steal

shop steal (third-person singular simple present shop steals, present participle shop stealing, simple past shop stole, past participle shop stolen)

shop steals (present singular third-person)
shop stealing (participle present)
shop stole (past)
shop stolen (participle past)

If you detect a person shop stealing, report it to the police.

For example, shop stealing cases of the kind already described are regularly dealt with at the scene and, afterwards, at a police station without any involvement of parents or guardians.

1983, John A. Seymour, Juvenile Justice in South Australia, page 15:

I have also in the past had court orders taken out on our known shop stealing customers to prevent them from entering my store.

2001 April 25, Doggy, “Bag Search Refusal”, in aus.legal^([https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/aus.legal/5DP9odlSr10[1-25]]) (Usenet):


wergeld

en-noun

wergeld (countable and uncountable, plural wergelds)

Learned borrowing from Old English werġeld, wereġeld (“compensation for a man killed”), from Proto-West Germanic *werageld. More at wer, geld.

lbor

In its opening article the equality of the wergeld of a Novgorodian Slav with that of a Kievan Russian is proclaimed.

1973, George Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, →ISBN:

In these clauses a lord had the duty of yielding up his esne if he was guilty of homicide and paying the dead man's wergeld. If the esne escaped, his lord had then to pay the value of a further man (that is, one hundred shillings), which was a ceorl's wergeld and may well have been the value of an esne as well.

1995, David Anthony Edgell Pelteret, Slavery in Early Mediaeval England: From the Reign of Alfred Until the Twelfth Century, →ISBN:

(historical, especially in Germanic law) Blood money, the monetary value assigned to a person, set according to their rank, used to determine the compensation paid by the perpetrator of a crime to the victim in the case of injury or to the victim's kindred in the case of homicide, distinct from bloodwite.

Isildur would not surrender [The Ruling Ring] to Elrond and Círdan who stood by. [...] ‘This I will have as weregild for my father's death, and my brother's. Was it not I that dealt the Enemy his death-blow?’

1977, J.R.R. Tolkien, Of the Rings of Power, HarperCollins, pages 353–354:

The folklaw set a price on every person's head and this price was easily converted into oath equivalents: if the wergeld to be paid for killing a churl was 200 shillings, for killing a thegn 1200 shillings, and for killing a king 7,200 shillings, then it follows that for a churl to sue a thegn he would need five other 200-shilling men prepared to swear alongside him, and to sue a king, thirty-five others.

2002, Richard Firth Green, A Crisis of Truth: Literature and Law in Ricardian England, →ISBN:

(historical, especially in Germanic law) Compensation thus determined and paid; a reparative payment.


codicil

Borrowed from Middle French codicille, from Latin cōdicillus, diminutive of cōdex. See code.

(law) An addition or supplement that explains, modifies, or revokes a will or part of one.