Michael

en-proper noun

Michael (countable and uncountable, plural Michaels)

Michaels (plural)
Michaell (alternative)

Armenian: Մայքլ (Maykʻl)

Greek: Μάικλ (Máikl)

From Middle English Michael, from Old French Michel, Old English Michahel, and directly from their source Latin Michaēl, from Ancient Greek Μῐχᾱήλ (Mĭkhāḗl), from Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mîḵāʾēl, literally “who is like God?”). Doublet of Mikhail.

der

Yea, it seems to me not fit for Christian humility to call a man Gabriel or Michael, giving the names of angels to the sons of mortality.

1629, Thomas Adams, Meditations upon Creed: The Works of Thomas Adams, James Nichol (1862), volume 3, page 212:

He works in the steelworks, the boyfriend, on the factory floor. I'd say that was quite unusual, he's called Michael. Insists on that, he does, not being called Mike or Micky or Mick, pretends not to hear you, then, "No, my name's actually Michael."

2008, Philip Hensher, The Northern Clemency, HarperCollins, →ISBN, page 498:

He looked more like a Michael; big guy, dark-haired, good posture, his back ramrod straight.

2015 August 25, Sue Grafton, X, Penguin, →ISBN, page 277:

(countable) A male given name from Hebrew.


Bonnie

Originally an American nickname from Scottish bonnie (“fine, beautiful”).

Rhett leaning over the child had said: 'Her eyes are going to be pea-green.'
'Indeed they are not,' cried Melanie indignantly, forgetting that Scarlett's eyes were almost that shade.
'They are going to be blue, like Mr O'Hara's eyes, as blue as - as blue as the bonnie blue flag.'
'Bonnie Blue Butler,' laughed Rhett, taking the child from her and peering more closely into the small eyes. And Bonnie she became until even her parents did not recall that she had been named for two queens.

1936 June 30, Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, 1944, →OCLC, part V, page 891:


Neapolitan

From Latin neāpolītānus, from Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεάπολις (Neápolis, literally “new city”), a Greek city in modern Naples. Doublet of naporitan.

A language spoken in South Italy, approximately in the area of the former Kingdom of Naples.


Venetian

From Latin Venetianus (“Venetic; Venetian”), from Venetia (“lands of the Veneti; Venice, Veneto; Armorica”) + -anus (“-ian”), from Veneti + -ia. In the case of the Veneti of northern Brittany, derived from Gaulish Uenetoi (“the friendly ones, the kinsmen”), from Proto-Celtic *wenet, a derivation from *wenyā (“kindred”). In the case of the Veneti of northeastern Italy, of uncertain origin but presumably taken from a Venetic endonym, possibly Illyrian or Celtic. Equivalent to Veneto or Venetia + -ian.

The Romance language spoken mostly in the Veneto region of Italy.


Laurentian

From Latin Laurentius (“Laurence”) + -ian, after the Saint Lawrence River. Piecewise doublet of Laurencian and Lawrentian; compare also lawrencium.

piecewise doublet

(by extension, nonstandard) Of or pertaining to Canada as a whole.


Laurentian

Laurentian language
Saint Lawrence River

An extinct Iroquoian language of Canada.


Laurentian

From Latin Laurentius (“Laurence”) + -ian, after the Latinized name of Lorenzo de' Medici.

Relating to Lorenzo de' Medici, or to the Laurentian Library in Florence named after him.


Berlinese

An inhabitant or a resident of the city of Berlin, Germany.


Muscovite

1535. From Latin Moscovita (“resident of Moscow or Muscovy, Russian”), also Muscovita, Moschovita, from Moscovia or Muscovia (“Muscovy”) + -ita.

uder

An inhabitant or native of Muscovy or Moscow.


Muscovite

Of or relating to Muscovy or Moscow, or the people of these places.


grove

From Middle English grove, grave, from Old English grāf, grāfa (“grove; copse”), from Proto-West Germanic *graib, *graibō (“branch, group of branches, thicket”), from Proto-Germanic *graibaz, *graibô (“branch, fork”).
Related to Old English grǣf, grǣfe (“brushwood; thicket; copse”), Old English grǣfa (“thicket”), dialectal Norwegian greive (“ram with splayed horns”), dialectal Norwegian greivlar (“ramifications of an antler”), dialectal Norwegian grivla (“to branch, branch out”), Old Norse grein (“twig, branch, limb”). More at greave.


American English

/əˈmɛɹɪkən ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

Compound of American + English. First use appears c. 1806, in a dictionary by Noah Webster; as an adjective, c. 1892.

The form of the English language that is chiefly used in the United States, contrasted with British English or Canadian English and that of other places.

Commonwealth English
Commonwealth English

The form of the English language that is chiefly used in North America, contrasted with Commonwealth English (British English and that of other places).


American English

en-adj

American English (comparative more American English, superlative most American English)

more American English (comparative)
most American English (superlative)

/əˈmɛɹɪkən ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

Of or relating to, or spoken or written in American English.


Chichewa

/t͡ʃɪˈt͡ʃɛwə/

From Chichewa Chicheŵa, from chi- (“language”) + Cheŵa.

The Bantu language of the Chewa tribe belonging to the Bantu linguistic family and one of Malawi’s national tongues promoted as the country’s lingua franca.


Charles

en-proper noun

Charles (countable and uncountable, plural Charleses)

From French Charles, from Old French Charles, Carles, from Latin Carolus, from and also reinfluenced by Frankish and Old High German Karl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”); compare the English word churl and the German Kerl. In reference to the Ecuadorian island, a clipping of the original name King Charles's Island, granted in honor of Charles II of England.

Charles the Great / Subdued the Saxons, and did seat the French / Beyond the river Sala, in the year / Eight hundred five.

1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

[…] there never was any person named Charles who was not an open, manly, honest, good-natured, and frank-hearted fellow, with a rich, clear, voice, that did you good to hear it, and an eye that looked at you always straight at the face, as much as to say: "I have a clear conscience myself, am afraid of no man, and am altogether above doing a mean action." And thus all the hearty, careless, 'walking gentlemen' of the stage are very certain to be called Charles.

1844, Edgar Allan Poe, Thou Art the Man:

[…] spoke the way the English do, funny, you know? His name was Roger, I think. Or Nigel. Something like that." "How about Charles?" "Charles? Well, yes, it could have been.Charles does sound English, doesn't it? Their prince is named Charles, isn't he?"

1988, Ed McBain, The House That Jack Built, page 212:

A male given name from the Germanic languages.


Christopher

From Late Latin Christophorus, from Koine Greek Χρῑστόφορος (Khrīstóphoros, “carrier of Christ”), from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós, “Christ”) + φόρος (phóros, “carrier, bearer”), from φέρειν (phérein, “to carry, to bear”) + -ος (-os, “-er: forming agent nouns”), from the legend of Saint Christopher carrying the infant Jesus across a river.

der

Am not I Christopher Sly, old Sly's son, of Burtonheath; by birth a pedlar, by education a card-maker, by transmutation a bear-herd, and now by present profession a tinker?

c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act INDUCTION, scene ii]:

- - - a baby, which also happened to fall due, was baptized "Paul" ( for the church ) "Christopher" ( because St. Christopher had to do with rivers and ferries ), the Rector strenuously resisting the parents' desire to call it "Van Weyden Flood".


Daniel

Danis (alternative)
Daneau (alternative)
Danel (alternative)
Danès (alternative)
Danet (alternative)
Daniau (alternative)
Deniau (alternative)
Deniaud (alternative)
Deniel (alternative)
Dennel (alternative)
Dany (alternative)
Daniellot (alternative)
Daniélou (alternative)

From Middle English Daniel, Daniell, from Ancient Greek Δᾱνῑήλ (Dānīḗl), from Hebrew דָּנִיֵּאל (daniyél, literally “God is my judge”), name borne from the prophet whose story is told in the Book of Daniel.

"His name is Daniel Needham," my mother said. Whew! With what relief - down came my grandmother's hands! Needham was a fine old name, a founding fathers sort of name, a name you could trace back to the Massachusetts Bay Colony - if not exactly Gravesend itself. And Daniel was as Daniel as Daniel Webster, which was as good a name as a Wheelwright could wish for.
"But he's called Dan," my mother added, bringing a slight frown to my grandmother's countenance.

1989, John Irving, A Prayer for Owen Meany, Corgi Books, →ISBN, page 55:

A male given name from Hebrew in regular use since the Middle Ages.


Amharic

Fifi smiles and nods, then says “yes” in Amharic with that typical Ethiopian inflection that makes it sound less like a word and more like a sharp intake of air.

2019, Maaza Mengiste, The Shadow King, Canongate Books, published 2020, pages 218–219:


Tagalog

/t̪ɐˈɡaː.loɡ̚/

A language spoken in the Philippines, especially in areas of central to southern Luzon.

टागालोग भाषा

ṭāgālog bhāṣā

Kéyah Dańlíinii bikáaʼgi kéédahatʼínígíí bizaad


Englishwoman

From Middle English Englishwoman, equivalent to English + -woman. Compare Englishman.

A female native or inhabitant of England; a woman who is English by birth, descent or naturalisation.

إِنْجِلِيزِيَّة

a female native or inhabitant of England


Serbian

en-adj

Serbian (comparative more Serbian, superlative most Serbian)

more Serbian (comparative)
most Serbian (superlative)

Tuesday’s ICJ ruling relates specifically to what Serbian forces did in Croatia between 1991 and 1995.

2015 February 3, Greg Botelho, “U.N. court: Serbs’ actions in Croatia not considered genocide”, in CNN:

Of or pertaining to Serbia, the Serbian people or their language.


Serbian

en-noun

Serbian (countable and uncountable, plural Serbians)

(uncountable) The standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Serbs.

Serwies

the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian


Saturnian

en-adj

Saturnian (comparative more Saturnian, superlative most Saturnian)

more Saturnian (comparative)
most Saturnian (superlative)

(astronomy) Related to the planet Saturn.

Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times

1728, [Alexander Pope], “(please specify the page)”, in The Dunciad. An Heroic Poem. […], Dublin, London: […] A. Dodd, →OCLC:

Resembling a golden age; distinguished for peacefulness, happiness, contentment.

(poetry) Involving a meter consisting of three iambics and an extra syllable followed by three trochees, employed by satirists in Ancient Rome.


Saturnian

(science fiction) An inhabitant of the planet Saturn.


Michelle

Borrowed from French Michelle, feminine form of French Michel (“Michael”), Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mikhaél, “who is like God?”). Doublet of Michaela.

der

Michelle ma belle
These are words that go together well

1965, John Lennon-Paul McCartney: Michelle ( a Beatles song)

On the invitation list: Govs. Andy Beshear of Kentucky, Tim Walz of Minnesota, J.B. Pritzker of Illinois, Gretchen Whitmer of Michigan, Tony Evers of Wisconsin, Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania, Roy Cooper of North Carolina, Wes Moore of Maryland and Michelle Lujan Grisham of New Mexico.

2024 February 7, Edward-Isaac Dovere, “Harris set to host Democratic governors this weekend to discuss 2024 campaign”, in CNN:

A female given name from Hebrew, popular from the 1960s to the 1990s.


Bali

From Balinese ᬩᬮᬶ, possibly from Sanskrit बलि-द्वीप (bali-dvīpa, “island of offerings”) or Sanskrit वली-द्वीप (valī-dvīpa, “island of waves”). Or from Sanskrit वली (valī) or Sanskrit वलि (vali) and from Sanskrit द्वीप (dvīpa). Cf. Java.

A province of Indonesia, primarily made up of the island of Bali.


Bali

Borrowed from Uneapa bali (“to not be”).

The Uneapa language spoken on that island.


Bali

An Arab tribe of Saudi Arabia and Jordan.


Berlin

en-proper noun

Berlin (countable and uncountable, plural Berlins)

Baden-Württemberg · Bavaria · Brandenburg · Hesse · Lower Saxony · Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania · North Rhine-Westphalia · Rhineland-Palatinate · Saarland · Saxony · Saxony-Anhalt · Schleswig-Holstein · Thuringia


Florence

Florence (disambiguation)
Florence Nightingale

Borrowed from French Florence, from Latin Flōrentia (as a given name, a feminine form of Flōrentius), from flōrens (“flowering, flourishing”), from flōs (“flower”), connected with English bloom and blossom. Doublet of Firenze.
The female given name gained popularity from Florence Nightingale who was born in the Tuscan city.

It is a sweet name, Florence, but not as sweet as herself. But you shall see her with you own eyes.

1840, William Gilmore Simms, Border Beagles: A Tale of Mississippi, Donohue, Henneberry, published 1890, page 398:

I am glad that I chose the name Florence for my daughter, a real name with a history, rather than something that sounds as if it has been made up by a fifteen-year-old pop star's marketing team.

2006, Sophie Hannah, Little Face, Soho, published 2007, →ISBN, page 3:

(obsolete) A male given name from Latin.


Latvian

en-noun

Latvian (countable and uncountable, plural Latvians)

(uncountable) The official language of Latvia; Lettish.

(countable) A person from Latvia or of Latvian descent.


temple

From Middle English temple, from Old English templ, tempel, borrowed from Latin templum (“shrine, temple, area for auspices”). Compare Old High German tempal (“temple”), also a borrowing from the Latin.

tempel

place of worship — see also place of worship

How often do you go to temple?

(Judaism) Synonym of synagogue, especially a non-Orthodox synagogue.


Louisiana

From French Louisiane, named for King Louis XIV of France.

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming


Maine

Maine (disambiguation)
Maine (given name)
Maine (province)
Maine (state)

A male given name from Old Irish, of historical usage, notably borne by Irish kings Maine mac Cerbaill and Maine mac Néill.


Milan

Inherited from Middle English Milane, Melan, etc., from Old English Mæġelan, Megelan, Mediolanaburg, etc. under influence from early forms of French Milan, from Medieval Latin Mediolāna etc., from Latin Mediolānum, q.v. As American settlements, typically after the Italian city. Doublet of Milano.


Milan

A male given name from the Slavic languages.


Wade-Giles

1943. Named after British diplomats Thomas Francis Wade and Herbert Giles, who developed the system in the 19th century.

named-after

The pronunciation aids to Chinese names are of doubtful value. They are not phonetic, being only a slight modification of the Wade-Giles system, and become really confusing when Mandarin pronunciations are given for Cantonese or historical spellings.

1947 May, Earl Swisher, “MacNair, China”, in Pacific Historical Review, volume XVI, number 2, University of California Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 214:

The problem of romanizing Chinese place names is a difficult one. Solutions differ from language to language, and there are several so-called "systems" used even in the English-speaking world.
The system most widely accepted by professionals is the Wade-Giles system. One of its key advantages is that it permits the reader to check back to the original Chinese characters, since most dictionaries are arranged according to this romanization system.

1969, “A note on transliteration”, in Joseph Kitagawa, editor, Understanding Modern China, Quadrangle Books, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7:

In accordance with the LC manual of bibliographic style, the heading for each entry contains the essential bibliographic data taken from the corresponding LC catalog card. The Chinese titles are given in Wade-Giles romanization. If the English title and/or the title in Pinyin romanization appear in the original work, they are also provided.

1977, “Explanatory Notes”, in Robert Dunn, editor, Chinese-English and English-Chinese Dictionaries in the Library of Congress, Library of Congress, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page vii:

The old spelling system, named the Wade-Giles system after the two 19th century Britons who developed it, made correct pronunciation unnecessarily difficult. It used apostrophes to distinguish aspirated consonants, such as p'ai pronounced with a "p" sound, from unaspirated, such as pai pronounced with a "b" sound. The new Pinyin system eliminates this distinction, which most newspapers ignored anyway. "Beijing" is much closer to the Chinese pronunciation that "Peking", and Vice Premier "Deng" is better rendering than "Teng." But the new system uses some letters in ways that still confuse English speakers. Thers difficult letters are: "c" which should be prounced in this system like the "ts" in "its"; "q" which should be pronounced like the "ch" in "cheek"; "x" which should be pronounced like the "sh" in "she"; and "zh" which should be pronounced like the "j" in "jump".
The system invented by Sir Thomas Wade, diplomat and Cambridge University professor, about 1860 and developed by Herbert Giles, also a Cambridge professor, is only the best known of several in use over the past 100 years. Some of the most familiar Chinese place names, such as Peking and Canton, are derived only partially, or not at all, from Wade-Giles.

1979 March 5, Jay Mathews, “China Is China, But Hangchow Is Hangzhou”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-29:

Most influential in further establishing the Romanization scheme first set down by Wade was Giles' 1,415-page A Chinese–English Dictionary, which became a standard reference work soon after its release in 1912. The orthography it employed came to be known as the Wade–Giles system of Romanization, and it was soon adopted by English-language academia, and then by the media and general public.
In fact Giles' Romanization was only very slightly modified from Wade's – the differences are miniscule. Tones continued to be marked in the Wade–Giles system with numeral superscripts, with the neutral tone either being unmarked, or occasionally given the number '0' or '5'.

2016, Karen Steffen Chung, “Wade–Giles Romanization System”, in The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, →OCLC:

No longer does the ROC claim to be China and the writing systems that Taiwan uses for Chinese have changed to reflect this. Taiwan has held on to traditional characters and bopomofo, resolutely resisted simplified characters, mostly retained Wade-Giles and Yale for personal, political and geographical names in Taiwan, but grudgingly accepted the linguistic arguments for Hanyu pinyin signage in public spaces.

2017 January 22, Martin Boyle, “Pinyin and a Taiwanese identity”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-01-21, Editorials, page 6:

The two most prominent systems of transliterations of Mandarin are Wade-Giles and Pinyin. Wade-Giles, established in the 19th century (Kaske,2008) is named after Herbert Allen Giles[...]

2018 March 12, Sophie Zhou, “The T/Daos shall meet: The failure and success of English transliterations of Mandarin Chinese”, in English Today, volume 35, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

Lee starts her memoir with a recollection of hiking with her mother shortly after Gong, the author’s grandfather, has passed away, and the narrative veers into a discussion of translation. Lee explains that she uses traditional Chinese characters, and both the Wade-Giles romanization system and Hanyu Pinyin to transliterate certain details from Mandarin. By extent, this exemplifies the language variations not only in Taiwan but also in her own family. Wade-Giles, she notes, is employed by her elders, though she has been taught Hanyu Pinyin. “The gaps that bind us span more than the distances between words,” she writes.

2020 April 24, Kristen Schott, “The Language of Self-Discovery: On Jessica J. Lee’s “Two Trees Make a Forest””, in Los Angeles Review of Books, archived from the original on 2020-07-07:

Aside from some stylistic unevenness (Mr. Brookes uses both modern pinyin and older Wade-Giles transliterations, when lay readers probably would find it easier to read only the latter, given its continued familiarity for historic places and names) and a few lapses into therapeutic editorializing, “Fragile Cargo” is a fascinating and inspiring story of triumph and the tragedy of war.

2023 February 10, Michael Auslin, “‘Fragile Cargo’ Review: The Long Rescue of China’s Past”, in Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 2023-03-05:

A system for transcribing the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese into the Latin alphabet; formally uses hyphens and the spiritus asper apostrophe.

Herbert Giles
Thomas Francis Wade
Wade–Giles


Rhodes

en-proper noun

Rhodes (countable and uncountable, plural Rhodeses)

Rhodeses (plural)
Rhoades (alternative)
Rhoads (alternative)
Rodes (alternative)
Roades (alternative)
Royds (alternative)
Rhode (alternative)

From rodes, the plural form of Middle English rode, from Old English rod, rodu.
The Rh- form—a 16th century spelling modification—was created by analogy with the unrelated Rhodes, Greece.

(rare) A male given name transferred from the surname.


San Francisco

From Spanish San Francisco (“Saint Francis”). Doublet of São Francisco.

San Francisco
San Francisco (disambiguation)

A major coastal city and county in California, United States, formerly Yerba Buena (pre-1847).


Oran

Anglicized from Old Irish saints' name Odrán, diminutive of odur (“dun, sallow”) (compare Irish Odhrán).


Valencia

From Spanish Valencia, from Latin Valentia, from valentia (“power, vigor”). Doublet of Valence.

Valencia
Valencia (autonomous community)
Valencia orange


Verona

From the Italian Verona and the Latin Vērōna.

Verona

province in the Veneto region of northern Italy


Virginia

Virginia (countable and uncountable, plural Virginias)

→ Creek: wvcenv

50 Virginia
Elizabeth I
Virginia
Virginia (disambiguation)

From Latin Virginia, feminine form of Virginius or Verginius, a Roman family name, possibly identical with Vergilius. The state/colony was named for Elizabeth I as the Virgin Queen, equivalent to virgin + -ia.

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands

1380s-1390s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: The Physician's Tale
"Daughter," quoth he, "Virginia by thy name, / There be two wayes, either death or shame, / That thou must suffer, - alas that I was bore!

Here, in due time, she was brought to bed of a daughter, whom she christened by the name of Virginia; not so much out of respect to her last mistress, who bore that name, as because she considered it peculiarly ladylike and genteel.

1840, Frederick Marryat, chapter III, in Poor Jack:

O sweet Virginia Dare! / Thou art the lily of our love, / The forest's sylph-like queen, / The first-born bud from Saxon stem / That this New World hath seen!

1854, Lydia Howard Sigourney, The Western Home, and Other Poems, Parry & McMillan, published 1854, page 87:

She said her name was Virginia Severson. It suited her. She looked very virginal, and clean, calm, cool in a Scandinavian sort of way.

1956, Charlotte Armstrong, A Dram of Poison, Coward-McCann, pages 164–165:


Vienna

From Italian and Medieval Latin Vienna, from German Wien, Middle High German Wienne, and Old High German Wienna, probably from Proto-Celtic *widus (“wood”) or *weidus (“wild”) via unattested Vulgar Latin *Vedunia. Doublet of Wien.


Gerard

From Middle English Gerard, from Old French Gerart, from Frankish *Gaiʀahard, from *gaiʀ (“spear”) + *hard(ī) (“hard, brave”).

af

He was famous, sir, in his profession, and it was his great right to be so: Gerard de Narbon.

c. 1604–1605 (date written), William Shakespeare, “All’s Well, that Ends Well”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

A male given name from the Germanic languages.


Aragonese

/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/

Of, from, or pertaining to Aragon, the Aragonese people or the Aragonese language.


Aragonese

/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/

The language of Aragon, nowadays only spoken as a mother tongue by a few thousand people in some valleys of the Pyrenees.

The Spanish language spoken in Aragon when influenced by Aragonese traits.


Yoshi

From Japanese ヨッシー (Yosshī, “Yoshi, the Super Mario Bros. dinosaur character”), 義 (Yoshi, common Japanese male given name), and many other spellings. See よし.


sigma

From Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), σίγμα (sígma), probably from the root sig- as seen in σίζω (sízō) (< sig-yo "to hiss") + -μα (-ma).

Their names, which are expressive of some bodily or mental excellence, all end with the same letter---the letter which is called San by the Dorians, and Sigma by the Ionians.

"Herodotus: On The Customs of the Persians", I.139

The eighteenth letter of the Classical and Modern Greek alphabets (Σ, σ), the twentieth letter of Old and Ancient.


tau

Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony
Trần Thanh Vân

From Middle English tau, taue, from Latin tau, from Ancient Greek ταῦ (taû) and Hebrew תָּו (tav).
Sense 6 (“mathematical constant equal to 2π”) was used by Joseph M. Lindenberg in 1991, and popularized by the American educator and entrepreneur Michael Hartl in a 2010 paper which explains that τ resembles π; and that τ is the Greek equivalent of t, the first letter of turn, and 2π corresponds to one turn of a circle with a radius of one unit.
Sense 8.1 (“short for tau lepton or tau particle”) was coined by the American physicist Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) after the first letter of Ancient Greek τρίτον (tríton, “third”), since the tau lepton or tauon was the third charged lepton discovered.

sequence box

Ancient Greek alphabet

<big>Τ τ </big>
Ancient Greek: ταῦ

croix en tau

Saint Anthony’s cross — see also Saint Anthony's cross

The letter Τ /τ in the Greek alphabet; being the nineteenth letter of the Classical and Modern Greek, and the twenty-first letter of the Old and Ancient Greek alphabets.


upsilon

upsilons (plural)
upsila (plural)
ypsilon (alternative)

From Ancient Greek ὖ ψιλόν (û psilón, “simple Υ”).

uder

The twentieth letter of Classical and Modern Greek; the twenty-second letter of Old and Ancient Greek.


phi

From Late Latin phi, from Ancient Greek φεῖ (pheî).

Φ, the 21st letter of the Euclidean and modern Greek alphabet, usually romanized as "ph".


chi

From Latin chī, from Ancient Greek χεῖ (kheî).

The twenty-second letter of the Classical and Modern Greek alphabets.


psi

en-noun

psi (countable and uncountable, plural psis)

From Ancient Greek ψεῖ (pseî), the name for the twenty-third letter of the alphabet (Ψ, ψ).

(countable) The twenty-third letter of Classical and Modern Greek and the twenty-fifth letter of Old and Ancient Greek.


Aruban

Of, from, or pertaining to Aruba, the Aruban people or the Aruban language.


Azerbaijani

/ˌæzəbaɪˈdʒɑːni/

/ˌæzəɹbaɪˈd͡ʒɑːni/

آزربائیجانی

āzerbā’ījānī


Bahamian

en-adj

Bahamian (comparative more Bahamian, superlative most Bahamian)

more Bahamian (comparative)
most Bahamian (superlative)

Of, from, or pertaining to the Bahamas, or the Bahamian people.


Bahraini

From Arabic بَحْرَيْنِيّ (baḥrayniyy, “Bahraini”). Equivalent to Bahrain + -i.

bor

بَحْرَيْنِيّ

A person from Bahrain or of Bahraini descent.

Bahreiner

a person from Bahrain or of Bahraini descent


Bangladeshi

From Bangladesh + -i. Borrowed from Bengali বাংলাদেশী (baṅladeśi).


Barbadian

Barbadians (plural)
Barbadan (alternative)

A person from Barbados or descended from a person from Barbados.


Belarusian

en-noun

Belarusian (countable and uncountable, plural Belarusians)

Belarusians (plural)
Belorussian (alternative)
Belarussian (alternative)
Byelorussian (alternative)
Bielorussian (alternative)
Belarusan (alternative)

/ˌbɛləˈɹʌʃən/

/ˌbɛləˈɹuːʃən/

/ˌbɛləˈɹuːʒən/

Belarus

person from Belarus or of Belarusian descent

(uncountable) The Slavic language spoken in Belarus (formerly called White Ruthenia or White Russia).


Belgian

(linguistics) A hypothetical extinct Indo-European language, supposed to have been spoken distinct from Celtic in late prehistory, in certain parts of what has become known as Gaul.


Belizean

Of, from, or pertaining to Belize, or the Belizean people.


Beninese

“They wanted to know what part of Africa my parents hailed from,” Caesar said. “How was I to know? He said I had the nose of a Beninese.”

2016, Colson Whitehead, The Underground Railroad, Fleet (2017), pages 147–148:

(chiefly in the plural) A person from Benin or of Beninese descent.


Bhutanese

Very conveniently for those of us who don't speak Bhutanese, nearly everybody in Bhutan speaks perfect British English since it is the language of instruction in their schools.

2020, Simon Anholt, The Good Country Equation, page 52:

Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan.


Bolivian

Of, from, or pertaining to Bolivia, or the Bolivian people.


Botswanan

A person from Botswana or of Botswanan descent.


Chilean

/t͡ʃɪˈliːən/

/t͡ʃɪˈleɪən/

The Chilean Amphijubula Schust. (Schuster, 1970a) which has the facies of a small Frullania and agrees with Frullania in leaf insertion and branching, has a nontiered seta with 16 epidermal cell rows surrounding 4 inner rows.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 6:

Of, from, or pertaining to the nation or culture of Chile or its people.

تشيلي

pertaining to a Chilean person or Chileans


Colombian

A native or inhabitant of Colombo, Sri Lanka.


Cuban

Conservative Republicans who had demanded an investigation and hearings when Elian, the 6-year-old Cuban boy, was forceably taken from the house of his great-uncle on April 22 quickly retreated when it was clear the public supported the government action.

2000 February 6, Adam Clymer, “THE ELIAN GONZALEZ CASE: THE POLITICS; While Conservatives and Liberals React, Gore and Bush Hedge on Ruling”, in The New York Times:

Of, from, or pertaining to Cuba, the Cuban people or the Cuban dialect.


Dane

From Middle English Dane, from Old Norse danir. Displaced native Old English Dene. Both forms ultimately descend from Proto-Germanic *daniz.

Deen

person from Denmark or of Danish descent

Fresleven - that was the fellow’s name, a Dane - thought himself wronged somehow in the bargain, so he went ashore and started to hammer the chief of the village with a stick.

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 198:

Kenett states that the military works still known by the name of Tadmarten Camp and Hook-Norton Barrow were cast up at this time ; the former, large and round, is judged to be a fortification of the Danes, and the latter, being smaller and rather a quinquangle than a square, of the Saxons.

1881, John Kirby Hedges, The history of Wallingford, volume 1, page 170:

(historical) A member of the Danes, a Germanic tribe inhabiting the Danish islands and parts of southern Sweden.


Dane

Often he wrote good ones on casual slips and fancied them his; names like Trevellyan or Montressor or Delancey, with musical prefixes; or a good, short, beautiful, but dignified name like "Gordon Dane". He liked that one. It suggested something.

1913, Harry Leon Wilson, Bunker Bean, BiblioBazaar, LLC, published 2008, →ISBN, page 13:

A surname transferred from the nickname for someone who came from Denmark, also a variant of Dean.

"I'm going to call him Dane."
"What a queer name! Why? Is it an O'Neill family name? I thought you were finished with the O'Neills."
"It's got nothing to do with Luke. This is his name, no one else's. - - - I called Justine Justine simply because I liked the name, and I'm calling Dane Dane for the same reason."
"Well, it does have a nice ring to it," Fee admitted.

1977, Colleen McCullough, The Thorn Birds, Gramercy Books, published 1998, →ISBN, pages 432–433:

A male given name transferred from the surname, or from the ethnic term Dane (like Scott or Norman).

A river, the River Dane, in Cheshire, England, which joins the River Weaver at Northwich.


Ecuadorian

Ecuadorians (plural)
Ecuadorean (alternative)
Ecuadoran (alternative)

A person from Ecuador or of Ecuadorian descent.


Ethiopian

Ethiopians (plural)
Æthiopian (alternative)

Ahmed was also appreciated for his talents as a showman, because he had no equal in letting loose the famous eskista, with the heaving quiver of the torso and shoulders, of which Ethiopians are so fond. Eskista is the dance of the Amharas, enhancing amorous repartee and expressing collective jubilation.

2002 August 1, Frank Tenaille, Music is the Weapon of the Future: Fifty Years of African Popular Music, →ISBN, page 168:

A person from Ethiopia or of Ethiopian descent.


Georgian

Georgian (countable and uncountable, plural Georgians)

/ˈd͡ʒɔːd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔɹd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔʊ.d͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒoːd͡ʒən/

United States of America
United States of America

(countable) A native or resident of the state of Georgia in the United States of America.

Iberian

native or resident of the Eurasian country of Georgia

goober

native or resident of the US state of Georgia


Georgian

en-adj

Georgian (comparative more Georgian, superlative most Georgian)

more Georgian (comparative)
most Georgian (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɔːd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔɹd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔʊ.d͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒoːd͡ʒən/

Of, from, or characteristic of the reigns of Kings George I and George II of Great Britain, and George III and George IV of the United Kingdom (1714–1830).

Pertaining to a movement in lyric poetry during the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom (1910-1936).


Kyrgyz

/ˈkɜː(ɹ)ɡɪz/

/ˈkɪə(ɹ)ɡɪz/

From Kyrgyz кыргыз (kırgız), possibly derived from Kyrgyz кырк ууз (kırk uuz, “forty tribes”); or possibly from кыргый (kırgıy, “hawk”); or likely from кырк (kırk, “extinguish, mince, cut”). More at Kyrgyz.

uder

Kirghiz (alternative)
Kirgiz (alternative)
Kyrghyz (alternative)
Qirghiz (alternative)
Qyrghyz (alternative)

The Turkic language of the Kyrgyz people


Swiss

Adopted from Middle French Suisse in circa 1515, alongside the form Switzer directly loaned from German.

(nonstandard) Swiss German; the variety of German spoken in Switzerland.


Paraguayan

I particularly admire Paraguayan handicrafts.

Of or pertaining to the people, language, or culture of Paraguay.


Sudanese

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Sudanese.wav

But few Sudanese can forget the group’s participation in a massacre of over 120 democracy protesters in 2019.

2023 May 5, Declan Walsh, “‘Only Word for Them Is Heroes’: How 2 Students Rescued Dozens in Sudan”, in The New York Times:

A person from Sudan or of Sudanese descent.


Senegalese

Foreigner who marries a Senegalese is granted permanent residency and can apply for citizenship by naturalization.

2001, Citizenship Laws of the World, Amer Immigration Lawyers Assn, page 173:

In times of need, it is the mother's brother whom a Senegalese is most likely to approach for aid. The matrilineage is dominated by the tokor ("tuh-CORE"), the oldest man. The tokor holds all the family money.

2010, Elizabeth Berg, Ruth Wan, Ruth Lau, Senegal, Marshall Cavendish, →ISBN, page 74:

Senghor writes that these texts were collected “by the Abbé Boilat, a Senegalese” in his Grammar of the Wolof Language. Identifying Boilat as “a Senegalese” conflicts with the more ambiguous ways that Boilat actually presents himself[…]

2019 March 5, Tobias Warner, The Tongue-Tied Imagination: Decolonizing Literary Modernity in Senegal, Fordham Univ Press, →ISBN, page 46:

(chiefly in the plural) A person from Senegal or of Senegalese descent.


Palestinian

Palestinians (plural)
Palæstinian (alternative)
Palestinean (alternative)

An inhabitant of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, legally governed by the Palestinian National Authority.


Pakistani

A person from Pakistan or of Pakistani descent.

pakistanez

a person from Pakistan or of Pakistani descent


Nigerien

/naɪˌdʒɪɹiˈɛn/

/niːˈʒɛəɹɪən/

From French nigérien, from Niger + -ien.

A person from Niger or of Nigerien descent.


Nigerian

/naɪˈd͡ʒɪəɹɪən/

/naɪˈd͡ʒɪɹiən/

For the same reasons that many Nigerians troop to churches in recent times, many also seek spiritual intervention through African traditional religions.

2010, Harry N. Agina, The Invasion of the Funky Pastors: Church Business at War with African Culture, Author House, →ISBN, page 119:

'No meat!' The Nigerian, who grew up knowing that ponmo or cowskin was popular on the menu list back home, heard the Chadians carry on, and pretending there was nothing scary about the promotion of ponmo as a national delicacy, replied suavely, 'Meat certainly is not all a man lives for, or is it, gentlemen?'

2012, Steve Carlos, Behind the Firing Line:

A person from Nigeria or of Nigerian descent.


Mauritian

However, Baker (pc) notes that limero is also a common Mauritian pronunciation.

1989, John A. Holm, Pidgins and Creoles: Reference Survey, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 401:

The are two perspectives on the relationship between Réunionnais, a semicreole, and Mauritian, a typical plantation creole. Baker and Corne (1982) argue that […] Mauritian is the product of a break in the transmission of French, […]

2000, John H. McWhorter, The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages, University of California Press, →ISBN, pages 187–188:

2001, Robert Chaudenson, Salikoko S. Mufwene, and Sheri Pargman, Creolization of Language and Culture (English edition of Robert Chaudenson, Des îles, des hommes, des langues), Routledge, →ISBN, page 47,
Much later, Richardson (1963) posits a theory very similar to Jespersen’s, claiming that the [grammatical] system of Mauritian has resulted from the contact of very different systems (French, Malagasy, and Bantu), which allegedly could not merge together because of excessive heterogeneity, but neutralized each other instead.


Mauritanian

A person from Mauritania or of Mauritanian descent.


Libyan

From Libya + -an. English since the 16th century.


Liberian

A person from Liberia or of Liberian descent.


Kenyan

A person from Kenya or of Kenyan descent.


Kazakh

en-noun

Kazakh (countable and uncountable, plural Kazakhs)

Kazakhs (plural)
Kazak (alternative)
Qazaq (alternative)
Kaisak (alternative)

From Russian каза́х (kazáx). Cognate with Cossack, ultimately from Turkic languages.

(uncountable) The national language of Kazakhstan.


Israeli

From Hebrew ישראלי (jiśrəʾēlî). By surface analysis, Israel + -i.

Thus, when most native Israeli-speakers speak Israeli, their intonation is much more similar to that of Yiddish, the mother tongue of most revivalists, than to that of Arabic or any other language belonging to the Semitic branch […]

2010, Joshua A. Fishman, Ofelia García, Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity, volume 2, page 73:


Honduran

en-adj

Honduran (comparative more Honduran, superlative most Honduran)

more Honduran (comparative)
most Honduran (superlative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Honduras or the Honduran people.


Haitian

Haitian Creole, one of the official languages of Haiti.


Gambian

A person from Gambia or of Gambian descent.


Egyptian

/ɪˈd͡ʒɪp.ʃən/

From Middle English Egipcien, egyptiane. Displaced Old English Egyptisċ. By surface analysis, Egypt + -ian.

Ægyptian (alternative)
Ægiptian (alternative)
Aegiptian (alternative)

The Afroasiatic language spoken (and written) in ancient Egypt


Cambodian

en-noun

Cambodian (countable and uncountable, plural Cambodians)

Cambodians (plural)
Cambogian (alternative)

(uncountable) the language of the Cambodian people


Burundian

A person from Burundi or of Burundian descent.


Cameroonian

Of, from, or pertaining to Cameroon, the Cameroonian people or the Cameroonian language.


Costa Rican

His dialect was distinctly Costa Rican.

Of or pertaining to the people, language, or culture of Costa Rica.


Uzbek

From Russian узбек (uzbek), from Uzbek oʻzbek. Further etymology is uncertain; possibly from Turkic öz (“genuine”) + Sogdian [script needed] (βγ /beġ/, “master”); the latter from Proto-Indo-Aryan *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás. The first element is often thought to be equivalent to English Oghuz.


Malawian

The average Malawian earns about US$250 monthly.

2016 February 29, Ralf Bodelier, “Slums can transform peoples’ lives for the better”, in Africa at LSE:

The departure of hundreds of Malawians to Israel to work as farm labourers has sparked a debate within the Southern African country, which is looking to raise much-needed foreign currency amid a cash crunch.

2023 January 12, Charles Pensulo, “Apprehension in Malawi as government sends workers to Israel amid Gaza war”, in Al Jazeera:

A person from Malawi or of Malawian descent.


Lebanese

The Hariri-Aoun agreement has shown that Hezbollah can bring the national political system to a halt. This happened in the past several years, and it worsened conditions in sectors such as foreign debt, electricity output, rubbish collection, water delivery, and other essential services, to the discomfort of the majority of Lebanese who have spoken out intermittently against the oligarchy of sectarian leaders who rule the country.

2016 October 22, Rami G Khouri, “Lebanese oligarchy preserves its interests once again”, in Aljazeera:

(chiefly in the plural) A person from Lebanon or of Lebanese descent.


Jamaican

Of, from, or pertaining to Jamaica, the Jamaican people or the Jamaican language.

ямайски

of, from, or pertaining to Jamaica, the Jamaican people or the Jamaican language


Guatemalan

Guatemalan snowpea production has continually been harmed by insect and disease infestations.

2007, George W. Norton, E. A. Heinrichs, Gregory C. Luther, Globalizing Integrated Pest Management: A Participatory Research Process, page 87:

Of, from, or pertaining to Guatemala or the Guatemalan people.

гватема́лски

of, from, or pertaining to Guatemala or its people


East Timorese

According to press reports, on 1 January 1995, an ethnic riot took place at Baucau following an alleged killing of an East Timorese by an Indonesian immigrant. Some 200 youths reportedly burned a market, shops and houses[…]

1997, Heike Krieger, Dietrich Rauschning, East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 216:

(chiefly in the plural) A person from East Timor or of East Timorese descent.


Djiboutian

A person from Djibouti or of Djiboutian descent.


Gabonese

A person from Gabon or of Gabonese descent.


Grenadian

We agreed that the operation would have to be mounted under conditions of the strictest secrecy, so that the Grenadian forces and Cubans on Grenada would not have time to bring in reinforcements or to make a run for the American students at St. George's University Medical School.

1990, Ronald Reagan, An American Life, Pocket Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 450:

They invited him to Grenadian feasts in their house near the Oval.

Of, from, or pertaining to Grenada, the Grenadian people or the Grenadian language.


Guamanian

Of, from, or pertaining to Guam, the Guamanian people or the Guamanian (Chamorro) language.


Guyanese

/ˌɡaɪəˈniːz/


Iraqi

From Arabic عِرَاقِيّ (ʕirāqiyy, “Iraqi”), equivalent to Iraq + -i.

(historical) Of, from, or pertaining to Persian Iraq.


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/

In a joint move with several U.S. agencies, the State Department announced that it was penalizing 10 Iranians, including the three men, along with two entities for “conducting malicious cyberacts, including ransomware activity,” according to a statement.

2022 September 14, Glenn Thrush, “U.S. Charges 3 Iranians in Broad Hacking Scheme”, in The New York Times:

A person from Iran or of Iranian descent.


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/

(linguistics) Pertaining to the Iranian languages or their speakers.

Irans

pertaining to the Iranian languages or the Iranian peoples


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/


Mongolian

en-noun

Mongolian (countable and uncountable, plural Mongolians)

Mongolians (plural)
Mongalian (alternative)
mongolian (alternative)

Originally from Mongol + -ian, a translation (1706) of the German mongolisch, mongalisch. Subsequently, from the name of the country of Mongolia + -an.

The Cossac there, The Calmuc, and Mungalian, round the bales In crowds resort.

1757, John Dyer, The fleece, a poem, published 1807:

This day we saw some scattered tents of Mongalians, with their flocks.

1763, John Bell, A journey from St. Petersburg to Pekin:

The Mongolians are the most nomadic of populations.

1854, Robert G. Latham, Orr's Circle of the sciences: Organic nature:

Mongolians now regard animal husbandry as a low-status occupation.

(countable) A native or inhabitant of Mongolia.

Khalka […] Mongolian possesses seven vowels and twenty consonants.

1926, Neville J. Whymant, A Mongolian Grammar:

The Altaic family […] comprises about 40 languages, classified into three groups: Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus.

1987, David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language:

These inscriptions are in Mongolian and thus widen the appliqué's international connections.

(uncountable) A group of languages from Mongolia, specifically Khalkha, the official language of Mongolia.


Yemeni

a person from Yemen or of Yemeni descent


Zambian

Of or pertaining to Zambia or its people or language.


Zimbabwean

We were, practically to a person, young Zimbabweans who had no parental backing but who had acquired the means through some sort of tenacity, however dubious, to lodge at the respectable hostel.

2006, Tsitsi Dangarembga, The Book of Not, Faber & Faber Limited (2021), page 269:

A person from Zimbabwe or of Zimbabwean descent.

Zimbabwiër

a person from Zimbabwe or of Zimbabwean descent


Sahrawi

Sahrawis (plural)
Saharawi (alternative)
Sahraoui (alternative)
Sahroui (alternative)
Saharoui (alternative)

From Arabic صَحْرَاوِيّ (ṣaḥrāwiyy, “of the desert”), from صَحْرَاء (ṣaḥrāʔ, “desert”).

bor

A person from Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara).


Uruguayan

/ˌjʊəɹəˈɡwaɪən/

Of, from, or pertaining to Uruguay, the Uruguayan people or the Uruguayan language.


Venezuelan

But the first foray by Russian strategic bombers into the Western hemisphere since the Cold War is simply the curtain raiser for joint naval maneuvers that will bring Russian warships into Venezuelan waters in November.

2008 September 11, Virginia Lopez, “Russia's Venezuela Foray: Tit for Tat”, in Time, retrieved 2014-08-24:

The Venezuelan gang, known as Tren de Aragua, or TDA, has a known presence in 15 states and a possible presence in eight others, according to the data.

2024 October 23, Julia Ainsley, “DHS is seeking more than 600 migrants for possible ties to Venezuelan gang”, in NBC News:

Of, from, or pertaining to Venezuela or the Venezuelan people.

венецуелски

of, from, or pertaining to Venezuela or the Venezuelan people


Vanuatuan

Of, from, or pertaining to Vanuatu, the Vanuatuan people or the Vanuatuan language.


Ugandan

A person from Uganda or of Ugandan descent.


Ugandan

Of, from, or pertaining to Uganda, the Ugandan people or the Ugandan language.


Ugandan

Margaret, Duchess of Argyll...depicts this charming old gentleman, who often kisses young girls outside Annabel's, as a narrow-minded, boring Ugandan expert.

1975, Private Eye, numbers 340–366, page 161:

Eight ladies with Ugandan associations had ascended the fire escape and were making their way through his room.

1975, Private Eye, numbers 340–366, page 198:

They have a bit of a 'how was it for you' session referring to the night and/or evening before, and we are left not knowing whether they enjoyed Ugandan Relations between the sheets or not.

1998 August 19, Peter Dewhirst, “Dewey's Monday update for 3rd August.”, in rec.arts.tv.uk.coronation-st (Usenet):

I'm in serious need of some ugandan activities. Any of you birds out there at a loose end and want to get the dirty water off your chest?

2000 January 25, Baz, “Any birds want a good seeing to?”, in uk.local.birmingham (Usenet):

Serif's question: where is Mister? The Eagle's answer: engaged in Ugandan practices.

2001, Gerald Seymour, The Untouchables, →ISBN, page 345:

I recall her once snatching a copy of the hated Private Eye, in which I'd been reading about the Ugandan activities of a prominent member of her party.

2013 April 8, Lord Powell, “The Margaret Thatcher I knew”, in The Guardian:

Jones denied last week that he was in a Ugandan situation with Morris, but did say "I am very fond of anyone who helps me lose six and a half stone..."

2015, Rotten Boroughs, “Going for the Burn”, in Private Eye, number 1407:

(UK, informal, euphemistic) Sexual, highlights a double entendre.


Tuvaluan

The Polynesian language mostly spoken in Tuvalu.


Syrian

The Syrian force was pulled back quickly and with reportedly heavy losses, but it stayed around long enough to remind the world that the Syrians are still the biggest blusterers and brinkmen in the Middle East.

In contrast to the political dynamics of the preunion period, these struggles were heavily influenced by the new prominence of Syrian capitalists[…]

1999, Steven Heydemann, Authoritarianism in Syria, page 139:

Of, from, or pertaining to Syria, the Syrian people or the Syrian language.

سُورِيّ

of, from, or pertaining to Syria, the Syrian people or the Syrian language

(sometimes proscribed) Of, from, or pertaining to the Assyrian people or the Syriac language


Syrian

A person from Syria or of Syrian descent.

سُورِيّ

a person from Syria or of Syrian descent

(sometimes proscribed) A person of Assyrian descent.


Sri Lankan

A person from Sri Lanka or of Sri Lankan descent.

singalès

a person from Sri Lanka or of Sri Lankan descent


Bruneian

Of, from, or pertaining to Brunei, the Bruneian people.


Maldivian

en-noun

Maldivian (countable and uncountable, plural Maldivians)

Maldivians (plural)
Maldivan (alternative)

(uncountable) The official language of the Maldives, also called Dhivehi or Divehi.


Malian

A person from Mali or of Malian descent.


Malian

Of, from, or pertaining to Mali or the Malian people.


Malian

(historical) A member of an ancient tribe that resided at the mouth of the river Spercheios in Greece.


Moroccan

The group is accused of defaming the state after a British nonprofit, Privacy International, wrote a report based on the testimony of four Moroccans who say they were targets of cybersurveillance by the government.

2015 November 10, Aida Alami, “Moroccan Government Cracks Down on Journalists and Activists”, in The New York Times:

A person from Morocco or of Moroccan descent.


North Korean

In the 1960s the Chinese government decided to standardize the Korean-language education for Korean Chinese and adopted the Joseoneo dialect used in North Korea instead of Hangugeo used in South Korea. As a result, Joseonjok in South Korea speak North Korean–accented Korean, which is easily recognizable in South Korea.

2013, Melody Chia-Wen Lu, Shin Hyunjoon, “Ethnicizing, Capitalizing, and Nationalizing: South Korea and the Returning Korean Chinese”, in Xiang Biao, Brenda S. A. Yeoh, Mika Toyota, editors, Return: Nationalizing Transnational Mobility in Asia, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, →ISBN, page 165:

Of, from, or pertaining to North Korea, the North Korean people or the North Korean language.


Puerto Rican

Today many of our newcomers are from Mexico and Puerto Rico. We sometimes forget that Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens by birth and therefore cannot be considered immigrants. Nonetheless, they often receive the same discriminatory treatment and opprobrium that were faced by other waves of newcomers. The same things are said today of Puerto Ricans and Mexicans that were once said of Irish, Italians, Germans and Jews: “They’ll never adjust; they can’t learn the language; they won’t be absorbed.”

1964, John F. Kennedy, “Waves of Immigration-the Post-Revolutionary Forces”, in A Nation of Immigrants, Revised and Enlarged edition, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 63:


Puerto Rican

en-adj

Puerto Rican (comparative more Puerto Rican, superlative most Puerto Rican)

more Puerto Rican (comparative)
most Puerto Rican (superlative)

Of, from or relating to Puerto Rico or its people.


Qatari

From Qatar + -i, from Arabic قَطَر (qaṭar)

A person from Qatar or of Qatari descent.


Samoan

en-noun

Samoan (countable and uncountable, plural Samoans)


Samoan

Of, from, or pertaining to Samoa, the Samoan people or the Samoan language.


Singaporean

/ˌsɪŋ(ɡ)əˈpɔːɹi.ən/

Typical Singaporean lunch bento wolved down in 5 minutes

2020, Chan Joon Yee, Not Quite Over The Hill: Swinging My Way to 60 and Beyond, Dewdrop Books:

Of, from, or pertaining to Singapore or its people or language.


South Korean

By now South Koreans understand Pyongyang’s logic and know North Korea is highly unlikely to make good on its gothic threats.

2013 April 9, Andrei Lankov, “Stay Cool. Call North Korea’s Bluff.”, in New York Times:

հարավկորեացի

person from or descended from South Korea


South Korean

The South Korean brand is after a more sophisticated and — ahem — mature look.

2016 April 28, Tom Voelk, “Video Review: Hyundai Elantra Offers Fewer Curves, but a Better Ride”, in The New York Times:

Of, from, or pertaining to South Korea or the South Korean people.


Tunisian

On a recent afternoon in the Tunisian coastal city of Sfax, as shoppers hurried around a market buying food and drink for that evening’s iftar meal, a small group of men from sub-Saharan Africa gathered near a stall selling phone accessories.

2023 March 30, Simon Speakman Cordall, “Tunisian morgue overflows as more people attempt risky sea crossing”, in The Guardian:

Of, from, or pertaining to Tunisia, the Tunisian people or the Tunisian language.


Turkmen

The current majority view for the etymology of the ethnonym Türkmen or Turcoman is that it comes from Türk and the Turkic emphasizing suffix -men, meaning "'most Turkish of the Turks' or 'pure-blooded Turks.'" A folk etymology, dating back to the Middle Ages and found in al-Biruni and Mahmud al-Kashgari, instead derives the suffix -men from the Persian suffix -mānind, with the resulting word meaning "like a Turk". While formerly the dominant etymology in modern scholarship, this mixed Turkic-Persian derivation is now viewed as incorrect.

Turcoman (alternative)
Turkoman (alternative)
Turkman (alternative)
Turkmán (alternative)
Türkman (alternative)
Türkmen (alternative)

A Turkic language of the Turkmen spoken mostly in Turkmenistan.


Tajik

From Classical Persian تاجیک (tājīk, “non-Turk (of Central Asia)”) (akin to تازی (tāzī), تازیک (tāzīk)), (ultimately) from Middle Persian tʾcyk' (tāzīg, “Arab”), (ultimately) from Arabic طَيِّئ (ṭayyiʔ, “name of an Arab clan”). See Tayy.
Popular folk etymology traces the word to Tajik тоҷ (toj, “crown”) (see Arabic تَاج (tāj), from Persian تاج (tâj, “crown”)), but this is false.

der

The Persian dialect spoken in Tajikistan.


Tajik

Of, from, or pertaining to Tajikistan, the Tajik people (living in Tajikistan and Afghanistan) or the Tajiki dialect of Persian.

Tadjiks

of, from, or pertaining to Tajikistan, the Tajik people or the Tajik language


Surinamese

/ˌsʊəɹɪnəˈmiːz/

A person from Suriname or of Surinamese descent.


South African

If dialogue is ever to have a chance, South Africans must find a way to turn away from violence in all its forms — the brutal violence of the sjambok

1989, United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on African Affairs, United States Policy Toward South Africa: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on African Affairs, page 333:

A person from South Africa or of South African descent.


South African

Thus far, virtually every cinematic attempt to convey the outrages of South African life under apartheid has been diminished by its own good intentions and by a grim sameness that eradicates any element of surprise.

1989 September 20, Janet Maslin, “Review/Film; Sutherland Catches On To Apartheid Slowly”, in The New York Times:

Of, from, or pertaining to South Africa, or the South African people.


Namibian

A person from Namibia or of Namibian descent.

Namibiër

a person from Namibia or of Namibian descent


Mozambican

Mozambicans (plural)
Mosambican (alternative)

From New Latin Mozambica + -an (suffix forming adjectives).

affix

A native or inhabitant of Mozambique, or a descendant of such person.

Mosambieker

person from Mozambique or of Mozambican descent


Ivorian

/aɪˈvɔːɹiən/

Battling Bolton disputed the goal, claiming Drogba was offside, but the Ivorian appeared to have timed his angled run across the visitors back line to perfection to race onto a fine Michael Essien pass and ensure Chelsea moved back into fourth place in the Premier League.

2010 December 29, Chris Whyatt, “Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC:

A person from Côte d'Ivoire or of Ivorian descent.

Ivoriaan

a person from Côte d'Ivoire or of Ivorian descent


Comorian

The language of the islands of the Comoros.


Congolese

/ˌkɒŋ.ɡəˈliːz/

From French congolais, equivalent to Congo + -ese. For information about the -l-, see Togolese.

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

A person from the Congo or any Congolese state.

A person from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire).

congolés

person from Democratic Republic of Congo


Equatorial Guinean

en-noun

Equatorial Guinean (plural Equatorial Guineans)

A person from Equatorial Guinea or of Equatorial Guinean descent.


Eritrean

From Eritrea + -an (suffix forming adjectives).

affix

A native or inhabitant of Eritrea, or a descendant of such person.

Eritreër

A person from Eritrea or of Eritrean descent


Greenlander

1865, Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod, Chapter IV. "The Beach", page 54.
Were it not for this, we Europeans should have no wood to burn there, and the poor Greenlanders […] would, however, have no wood to roof their houses, to erect their tents, as also to build their boats, and to shaft their arrows.

A person from Greenland or of Greenlandic descent.

groenlandés

a person from Greenland or of Greenlandic descent


Greenlandic

The official language of Greenland, an Eskimo-Aleut language written with the Latin alphabet.


Viennese

en-adj

Viennese (comparative more Viennese, superlative most Viennese)

more Viennese (comparative)
most Viennese (superlative)

Of or relating to Vienna (the capital of Austria).


Nepalese

Of, from, or pertaining to Nepal, the Nepalese people or the Nepalese language.


Nepalese

(chiefly in the plural) A person from Nepal or of Nepalese descent.


Togolese

From French togolais, equivalent to Togo + -ese. The -l-, also present in Congolese and its French etymon congolais, was added in French to break up the sequence of -o + -ais; it is not present in words formed from -o + -ese in English, e.g. Faroese or Chicagoese.

Grunitzky was educated locally and abroad (receiving one of the first scholarships ever granted to a Togolese), studying mathematics and obtaining an engineering degree (1937). Upon his return to Togo, Grunitzky joined the civil service[…]

2021 April 15, Jennifer C. Seely, Samuel Decalo, Historical Dictionary of Togo, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 202:

(chiefly in the plural) A person from Togo or of Togolese descent.


Tongan

en-noun

Tongan (countable and uncountable, plural Tongans)

(uncountable) An Austronesian language of the Polynesian branch spoken in Tonga.


Medieval Latin

medieval Latin (alternative)
Mediaeval Latin (alternative)

The Latin language as used during the Middle Ages, before it was developed by the Italian humanists into Renaissance Latin.

միջնադարյան լատիներեն

the Latin language as spoken and written during the Middle Ages, before it was developed by the Italian humanists into Renaissance Latin


New Latin

The reformed Latin language as written or spoken as a lingua franca from 14th century Renaissance Latin to Contemporary Latin beginning in the late 19th century.


Ghanaian

/ɡɑːˈneɪ.ən/

The locals did this, waiting for tourists to disembark so that they could con them into paying for things Ghanaians knew were free.

2016, Yaa Gyasi, Homegoing, Penguin Books (2017), page 264:

A person from Ghana or of Ghanaian descent.


Icelander

From Iceland + -er. Displaced older Middle English Iselandman (“Icelander”, literally “Iceland man, Iceland person”).

cog

A person from Iceland or of Icelandic descent.


Jordanian

/d͡ʒɔːˈdeɪnɪən/

A person from Jordan or of Jordanian descent.


Kuwaiti

Of, from, or pertaining to Kuwait or the Kuwaiti people.

Koeweits

of, from, or pertaining to Kuwait or the Kuwaiti people


Lao

en-noun

Lao (countable and uncountable, plural Lao or Laos)

(countable) A Tai ethnic group native to Southeast Asia.

(uncountable) The official language of Laos that is closely related to Thai.


Lao

Of, from, or pertaining to Laos, the Lao people or their Kra-Dai Lao language.

Laosiaans

of, from, or pertaining to Laos, the people or their language


Lao

A barangay of Ormoc, Leyte, Philippines.


Telugu

Telegu (alternative)
Telugoo (alternative)
Teloogoo (alternative)

The train rumbled between narrow buildings with flat roofs and multicoloured walls, Telugu script crawling like creepers over them.

2019, Namwali Serpell, The Old Drift, Hogarth, page 497:


Malagasy

Malagasy (countable and uncountable, plural Malagasy or Malagasies)

/ˌmæləˈɡæsi/

/ˌmɑləˈɡɑsi/

From Malagasy malagasy, connected to Mālāī-Jezīra, “island of Mālāī”. Compare English Madagascar, which by folk etymology comes from Marco Polo's misreading of Mogadishu whereas it should be Arabic جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ (jazīrat al-mālāʔiyy, “the Island of Mālāī”).

der

جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ

(uncountable) The languages of Madagascar or of the Malagasy people, when considered to be one language.

Malgassies

the language of the Malagasy, when considered one language

(in particular) The chief lect of this language or language group.


Malagasy

/ˌmæləˈɡæsi/

/ˌmɑləˈɡɑsi/

جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ

Of, pertaining to or in the Malagasy language.


wat

There are two wats near this village.

Angkor Wat

Having at last got past the crowd of boats, we advanced rapidly for two hours more, when we stopped at a wat, in order to give the men a rest.

1857, Sir John Bowring, The kingdom and people of Siam, volume 1, page 165:

Aside from its religious function in the community, the wat also performs a large variety of social functions.

1982, Carlo Caldarola, Religions and societies, Asia and the Middle East, page 379:

It would be a mistake, however, to emphasize the Hindu element in Cambodian Buddhism and Cambodian temples. At its greatest it is always a subordinate element and in most of the wats or temples it hardly appears at all, […]

1996, James Bissett Pratt, The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage, page 194:

It is often possible to discern the motivation or importance of a wat by examining its name

1999, Steve Van Beek with Luca Invernizzi, The arts of Thailand, page 15:

The ubosoth is in a small enclosure just before the main entrance to the wat, on the right, which has fine gilded doors. The wat has a small museum.

2003, Joshua Eliot with Jane Bickersteth, Thailand handbook, page 268:

A Buddhist temple in Southeast Asia, especially those in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.


Nikolaos

Borrowed from Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos), from Ancient Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos), from νικάω (nikáō, “I conquer”) + λαός (laós, “people”). Doublet of Nicholas.

Νικόλαος Νικόλαος#Greek

A transliteration of the Greek male given name Νικόλαος (Nikólaos) used in Greece. The equivalent female name is Nikoleta.


Nikos

Νίκος Νίκος#Greek

A transliteration of the Greek male given name Νίκος (Níkos) used in Greece. It is the most common form of the name Nikolaos, the Greek cognate of Nicholas.


Nikolas

Νικόλας Νικόλας#Greek

A transliteration of the Greek male given name Νικόλας (Nikólas), used in Greece.


Nikolis

Νικολής Νικολής#Greek

A transliteration of the Greek male given name Νικολής (Nikolís) used in Greece.


Nikoleta

Transliteration of Greek Νικολέτα (Nikoléta), a female given name used in (modern) Greece.

Νικολέτα Νικολέτα#Greek

A transliteration of the Greek female given name Νικολέτα (Nikoléta).


Nicolas

And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 6:5:

French President Nicolas Sarkozy advocated more regulation of commodities markets and better management of capital flows at the last G-20 meeting, and the G-7 intervened in currency markets to depress the yen in the wake of Japan’s March earthquake.

2011 April 14, Michael Schuman, “Do the BRICS believe in free markets?”, in Time:

A male given name from Ancient Greek, of less common usage, variant of Nicholas.


Nicholas

en-proper noun

Nicholas (countable and uncountable, plural Nicholases)

Nicholases (plural)
Nicolas (alternative)
Nickolas (alternative)
Nikolas (alternative)

From Middle English Nicholas, from Old French Nicholas, from Latin Nīcolāus, from Ancient Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos), from νίκη (níkē, “victory”) + λαός (laós, “people”).

com

Sirrah, if they meet not with Saint Nicholas’ clerks, I'll give thee this neck.

1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

I must call you Nick—we always did call you young Nick when we knew you meant to marry the old widow. Some said you had a handsome family likeness to old Nick, but that was your mother's fault, calling you Nicholas. Aren't you glad to see me again?

1871–1872, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter LIII, in Middlemarch […], volume III, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book V, page 182:

A male given name from Ancient Greek, notably born by St. Nicholas of Myre, on whom Father Christmas is based.


affect

en-verb

affect (third-person singular simple present affects, present participle affecting, simple past and past participle affected)

affects (present singular third-person)
affecting (participle present)
affected (participle past)
affected (past)

From Middle English affecten, from Latin affectāre, from Latin affectus, the participle stem of Latin afficere (“to act upon, influence, affect, attack with disease”), from ad- + facere (“to make, do”).

der

(transitive, Scots law) To burden (property) with a fixed charge or payment, or other condition or restriction.


Epirot

From Ancient Greek ἠπειρώτης (ēpeirṓtēs), from ἤπειρος (ḗpeiros, “mainland, inland country”).

he would cry out as Pyrrhus did, admiring the Roman docility and courage, if such were my Epirots, I would not despair the greatest design that could be attempted to make a Church or Kingdom happy.

An inhabitant or a resident of ancient or modern Epirus, in northwest Greece and southern Albania.


Macedonian

en-noun

Macedonian (countable and uncountable, plural Macedonians)

Macedonians (plural)
Makedonian (alternative)

From Middle English Macedonyen, partly from Macedonia and partly from Latin Macedonius, + -an; equivalent to Macedonia + -an.

/mæsəˈdəʊnɪən/

Republic of North Macedonia
Republic of North Macedonia

(uncountable) A South Slavic language, the standard language of the Republic of North Macedonia.


Laotian

From Laos + -ian, or after French laotien.

Lao People's Democratic Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic

A person from the Lao People's Democratic Republic or of Lao descent.


Laotian

Synonym of Lao (“the official language of Laos”)


Laotian

Of, from, or pertaining to the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Laotian people or the Laotian language.


Nicaraguan

A person from Nicaragua or of Nicaraguan descent.


Guadeloupean

Of, from, or pertaining to Guadeloupe, the Guadeloupean people or the Guadeloupean language.


Central African

Central African (plural Central Africans)

Central African Republic
Central African Republic

A person from Central Africa (the Central African Republic) or of Central African descent.

Sentraal-Afrikaan

A person from Central Africa or of Central African descent


Chadian

Of, from, or pertaining to Chad, a country in Africa.


Chadian

A person from Chad or of Chadian descent.


Burmese

Of or relating to Burma (Myanmar) or its people or language.


Burmese

(chiefly in the plural) A person from Myanmar or of Burmese descent.

بُورْمِيّ

a person from Myanmar or of Burmese descent


Burmese

The Sino-Tibetan official language of the country Burma. Also known as Myanmar (which is the name preferred by the country's current government).


Martinican

en-adj

Martinican (comparative more Martinican, superlative most Martinican)

more Martinican (comparative)
most Martinican (superlative)
Martiniquan (alternative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Martinique, the Martinican people or the Martinican language.


Trinidadian and Tobagonian

Trinidadian and Tobagonian (not comparable)

Trinidad and Tobagonian (alternative)
Trinidad and Tobagian (alternative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Trinidad and Tobago or to the people or language of that country. Trinidadian.


Kiribatian

A person from Kiribati or of Kiribatian descent.


Larissa

A female given name from Ancient Greek (after the mythological character and a 4th century Greek Orthodox martyr).


Nauruan

[nɑːˈuː.ɹuːn̩]

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nauruan.wav


Tokelauan

The Polynesian language of the Tokelauan people.


Tanzanian

A person from Tanzania or of Tanzanian descent.

Tanzaniër

a person from Tanzania or of Tanzanian descent


Tanzanian

Of, from, or pertaining to Tanzania, the Tanzanian people or language.

Tanzanies

of, from, or pertaining to Tanzania and its people


Wallachian

The language of the Wallachians; Romanian.


Dominican

From Dominica + -an & Dominic + -an. Compare Latin dominicānus.

A person from the Commonwealth of Dominica or of its descent.


Toki Pona

/ˈtəʊki ˈpəʊnə/

From Toki Pona toki pona (literally “good language”), formed from toki (“language”) (from Tok Pisin tok, from English talk) + pona (“good”) (from Esperanto bona (“good”), ultimately from Latin bonus).

bor

In contrast to the hundreds or thousands of study hours required to attain fluency in other languages, a general consensus among Toki Pona speakers is that it takes about 30 hours to master.

2015 July 15, Roc Morin, “How to Say Everything in a Hundred-Word Language”, in The Atlantic:

constructed language
constructed language

A minimalist constructed language with creole-like elements designed by Sonja Lang.


Micronesian

The researchers also concluded that the genetic data showed that the Polynesians and Micronesians were most closely related to Taiwan Aborigines and East Asians.

2008 January 18, John Noble Wilford, “Pacific Islanders’ Ancestry Emerges in Genetic Study”, in The New York Times:

A person from Micronesia or of Micronesian descent.


Montserratian

Of, from, or pertaining to Montserrat, the Montserratian people or language.


New Caledonian

Of, from, or pertaining to New Caledonia (any sense), its people or language.

neocaledonià

of, from, or pertaining to New Caledonia


New Caledonian

A person from New Caledonia (any sense) or of New Caledonian descent.


Reunionese

Of, from, or pertaining to Réunion, the Reunionese people or language.


Rwandan

en-adj

Rwandan (comparative more Rwandan, superlative most Rwandan)

more Rwandan (comparative)
most Rwandan (superlative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Rwanda, the Rwandan people or language.

Rwandees

of, from, or pertaining to Rwanda, the Rwandan people or language


Rwandese

A person from Rwanda or of Rwandese descent.


Rwandese

Rwandese (comparative more Rwandese, superlative most Rwandese)

more Rwandese (comparative)
most Rwandese (superlative)

In 2003, Rwanda changed its official name from "Rwandese Republic" to "Republic of Rwanda".

Of, from, or pertaining to Rwanda, the Rwandese people or language. See: Rwandan.


Niuean

A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken mainly in Niue.


New Zealander

There was a directional driller who I regularly ran into, a New Zealander by the name of Maurice.

2005, Paul Carter, Don't Tell Mum I Work on the Rigs, Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin, page 123:

The rate of arrivals fluctuates with the relative economic fortunes of each country, but since the late 1960s, faster growth, higher wages, greater job opportunities and a stronger dollar have been an economic magnet drawing New Zealanders across the ditch.

2016, Peter Mares, Not Quite Australian: How Temporary Migration Is Changing the Nation, →ISBN:

A person from New Zealand or of New Zealand descent.

Nieu-Seelander

a person from New Zealand or of New Zealand descent


Norfolk Islander

en-noun

Norfolk Islander (plural Norfolk Islanders)

A person from Norfolk Island or of its descent.


Falkland Islander

Falkland Islander (plural Falkland Islanders)

A person from the Falkland Islands or of descent of the Falkland Islands.


Cook Islander

A person from the Cook Islands or of descent of the Cook Islands.


Adrianopolitan

(historical) A native or inhabitant of Adrianople (modern-day Edirne).


Constantinopolitan

Learned borrowing from Latin cōnstantīnopolītānus.

lbor

Relating to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul).


Cocos Islander

A person from the Cocos Islands or of descent of the Cocos Islands.


Byzantine

en-adj

Byzantine (comparative more Byzantine, superlative most Byzantine)

more Byzantine (comparative)
most Byzantine (superlative)
byzantine (alternative)
Byzantian (alternative)
Bizantian (alternative)
Bizantine (alternative)

From Late Latin byzantinus, itself from Byzantium. The figurative senses evoke the reputation for palace intrigue of the Byzantium imperial court.

Eastern Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire

(history) Belonging to the civilization of the Eastern Roman Empire between 331, when its capital was moved to Constantinople, and 1453, when that capital was conquered by the Turks and ultimately renamed Istanbul.

بِيزَنْطِيّ

belonging to the civilisation of the Eastern-Roman empire


Cilician

The purple Hyacinths, and fresh Costmarie, / And Saffron, sought for in Cilician soyle

1591, “Virgils Gnat”, in Edmund Spenser, transl., Complaints, translation of Culex by Virgil:

(historical) Pertaining to or originating from Cilicia.

կիլիկյան

pertaining to or originating from Cilicia


British Virgin Islander

en-noun

British Virgin Islander (plural British Virgin Islanders)

British Virgin Islands
British Virgin Islands

A person from the British Virgin Islands or of descent of the British Virgin Islands.


Christmas Islander

Christmas Islander (plural Christmas Islanders)

A person from Christmas Island, or having that ancestry.


Luxembourger

Luxembourgers (plural)
Luxemburger (alternative)

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɝɡɚ/

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːɡə/

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

A person from the independent Grand Duchy of Luxembourg or of Luxembourgish descent.

(historical) An inhabitant of the former duchy (originally county) of Luxembourg (originally Letzeburg)

An inhabitant of the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

An inhabitant of the city of Luxembourg, the capital of all the above territories.


Luxembourgish

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːɡɪʃ/

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɝɡɪʃ/

Of or in the language of Luxembourg (derived from the Moselle Franconian group of High German dialects).


Luxembourgish

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːɡɪʃ/

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɝɡɪʃ/

A Germanic language spoken in Luxembourg and, traditionally, around the city of Arlon (Belgium); originally included in the Moselle Franconian group of High German dialects, but now usually regarded as a separate language due to its standardisation and official use in the state of Luxembourg.


Liechtensteiner

Borrowed from German Liechtensteiner, equivalent to Liechtenstein + -er.

A person from Liechtenstein or of Liechtenstein descent.


Northern Mariana Islander

Northern Mariana Islander (plural Northern Mariana Islanders)

A person from the Northern Marianas or of descent of the Northern Mariana Islands.


Saudi Arabian

en-adj

Saudi Arabian (comparative more Saudi Arabian, superlative most Saudi Arabian)

more Saudi Arabian (comparative)
most Saudi Arabian (superlative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Arabian people or language.


Saudi

Borrowed from Arabic سُعُودِيّ (suʕūdiyy), from سُعُود (suʕūd), the name of the Saud family, who rule Saudi Arabia, and the adjectival suffix ـِيّ (-iyy)., equivalent to Saud + -i.

bor+

The agal he wore on his head gave him away as a Saudi.

It was in that moment I connected with what Saudis had been feeling in the months since Mohammed bin Salman or MBS, Saudi Arabia’s crown prince, stripped these morality guardians of their power.

2020 December 5, Nic Robertson, “Saudi Arabia has changed beyond recognition. But will tourists want to visit?”, in CNN:

A person from Saudi Arabia or of Saudi Arabian descent.


Saudi

en-adj

Saudi (comparative more Saudi, superlative most Saudi)

more Saudi (comparative)
most Saudi (superlative)

Yet none of these has affected me as much as the moment I felt Saudi change.

From, or pertaining to Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Arabian people or language, or the House of Saud.


Saudi

2008 June 22, Sebastian Abbot, Oil minister: Saudi willing to increase crude output, Associated Press:


Somali

Somali is the primary language of Somalia

(uncountable) A Cushitic language spoken mainly in Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and eastern Kenya.

I'm learning Somali.

(uncountable) Somali language and literature as an object of study.


Somali

en-noun

Somali (countable and uncountable, plural Somali or Somalis)

(countable, collective) A citizen or resident from the country of Somalia. The term Somalian is sometimes used as an alternative to Somali to emphasize civic affiliations to the Republic of Somalia and de-emphasize ethnic affiliations. Using the term Somalian may be offensive to some Somalis as it is deemed nonstandard. Some Somali ethnonationalists do not consider all citizens of Somalia to be Somali. Some Somali separatists prefer terms such as Somalian or Somalilander in civic contexts over the ethnolinguistic connoted term Somali.

(countable, collective) A person from Somali-majority republics, states, or regions, including but not limited to: the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland, the Somali region of Ethiopia (often called 'the Ogaden', but more neutrally 'the Somali region'), or autonomous states within Somalia's federal system such as Puntland.

Somaliër

a person from Somalia or of Somali descent


Somali

Of, from, or pertaining to Somalia, the Somali people or language.


Somalian

en-adj

Somalian (comparative more Somalian, superlative most Somalian)

more Somalian (comparative)
most Somalian (superlative)

(nonstandard, sometimes offensive) Synonym of Somali Not all ethnic Somalis are from the country of Somalia. Hence, it is not standard to use Somalian adjectively as a synonym for Somali.


Somalian

An ethnically Han Chinese man who is a citizen of Somalia is a Somalian but not an ethnic Somali. One can be a Somalian and not a Somali at the same time.

(countable, collective) A citizen from the country of Somalia. The term Somalian is sometimes used as an alternative to Somali to emphasize civic affiliations to the Republic of Somalia and de-emphasize ethnic affiliations.

(nonstandard, sometimes offensive) Synonym of Somali Using the term Somalian to describe any Somali may be offensive to some Somalis who are not citizens of the Republic of Somalia such as those from or in Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya. Usage of the term Somalian may also be offensive to some Somalis as it is viewed as nonstandard regardless of context. Some Somali separatists (chiefly from Somaliland) may use the term Somalian deliberately in a politicized fashion to differentiate people from their breakaway region (i.e. Somalilanders) from others in Somalia (i.e. Somalians).


Bermudian

Bermudians (plural)
Bermewjan (alternative)
Bermudan (alternative)

A person from Bermuda or of Bermudian descent


Salvadoran

Salvadorans (plural)
Salvadorean (alternative)
Salvadorian (alternative)

Under Biden, a Trump-era decision to end TPS for Salvadorans was rescinded after a group of Latino officials pleaded with the outgoing president to continue TPS for people from those countries with “meritorious cases,” citing “horrific levels of violence that surged in recent years” in Ecuador, along with the oppression of the Ortega regime that has controlled Nicaragua for decades and “political and environmental conditions” in El Salvador.

2025 January 16, Barney Davis, “Temporary protected status: Who is protected by Biden’s latest extension?”, in The Independent:

A person from El Salvador or of Salvadoran descent.


Swahili

From Swahili swahili, from Arabic سَوَاحِلِيّ (sawāḥiliyy, “(people) of the coasts”), from سَوَاحِل (sawāḥil, “coasts”), broken plural of سَاحِل (sāḥil, “coast”).

der

An agglutinative language of the Bantu branch widely spoken in East Africa. Born in its modern form from the hybridization of the Arabic and Bantu cultures, it was the language of the traders in East Africa, and spread along the routes of trade.


Jan

From Old French Jehan (“John”). Doublet of John.


Jan

A clipping or hypochoristic form of Janet, Janice, Janine, Janis, etc.
Doublet of Ivanka, Janelle, Janet, Janey, Janine, Jeanette, Jeanie, Jeannette, Jeannine, Jen, Jenna, Jenny, Jessie, Jo, Jody, Juanita, Shanae, Sinead, and Vanna.

doublet

"Yes, Mommy," answered Janice. Then she turned to her friend and asked, "Shall I wear my light chintz and kenton kerchief, or my purple and white striped Persian?" "Sufficiently smart for a country lass, Jan," cried her friend.

1899, Paul Leicester Ford, chapter 1, in Janice Meredith:

She's startled. How long has it been since he called her Jax instead of Janet or Jan? The last is a nickname she secretly hates. It makes her think of that syrupy-sweet actress on Lassie when she was a kid, the little boy (Timmy, his name was Timmy) always fell down a well or got bitten by a snake or trapped under a rock, and what kind of parents put a kid's life in the hands of a fucking collie?

2008, Stephen King, Just after Sunset, Simon and Schuster, published 2009, →ISBN, page 129:


Jan

From various European languages, ultimately from Latin Johannes.

A male given name, equivalent to English John.


Ilocano

Borrowed from Spanish ilocano, from iloco + -ano, where the root is from Ilocano i- (place of origin prefix) + either lukong (“hollow; concave”) or luek/luok (“cove; bay”) + Spanish -o.

The ethnolinguistic group of the Ilocos Region on the coasts of northwestern Luzon in the Philippines.


altar

→ Maori: āta

From Middle English alter, from Old English alter, taken from Latin altare (“altar”), probably related to adolere (“burn”); thus "burning place", influenced by altus (“high”). Displaced native Middle English wēved.

[…] now marking the end of ascetic rationalism, the monadology no longer implied a sacrifice of individuality on the altar of rationality.

2000, Alain Renaut, M. B. De Bevoise, Era of the Individual: A Contribution to a History of Subjectivity:

(figurative) Any (real or notional) place where something is worshipped or sacrificed to.


kwukyel

Borrowed from kwūkyel, the Yale romanization of Korean 구결(口訣) (gugyeol), from Middle Chinese 口訣 (MC khuwX kwet, “mnemonic rhyme”), from 口 (kǒu, “mouth”) + 訣 /诀 (jué, “rhymed saying”).

compound

gugyeol (alternative)
kugyŏl (alternative)

Abbreviated Chinese characters used to represent Korean grammatical items, inserted into a Chinese-character (Classical Chinese or itwu) text.


Montana

en-prop

Montana (countable and uncountable, plural Montanas)

From Latin montāna
* the US state via Spanish montaña (“mountain”)
* the surname from Spanish Montaña topographic surname

'Montana?' I said. 'You can't call a kid Montana'―these friends of mine were going to call their new baby girl Montana and I tried to talk them out of it, because I'm sick of Australians naming their kids after American placenames, I'm sick of all these Montanas and Delawares and Indianas and Dallases. […]

2002, Danny Katz, Dork Geek Jew, Allen & Unwin, published 2002, →ISBN, page 12:

A unisex given name transferred from the place name, specifically from the name of the U.S. state.


Sofia

Variant spelling of Sophia and from various other languages' own adaptions of Ancient Greek Σοφία (Sophía, “wisdom, especially divine wisdom”). Sometimes borrowed into English as an anglicization of an accented or closely related form, as with Spanish Sofía, Welsh Soffia, and Hungarian Zsófia.
As the capital of Bulgaria, via nonstandard romanization of Bulgarian Со́фия (Sófiya), from църква „Света София“ (cǎrkva "Sveta Sofija"), from Byzantine Greek Ναός Ἁγίας Σοφίας (Naós Hagías Sophías, “Church of Holy Wisdom”), the city's prominent 6th-century Byzantine Greek church, first attested being used as the name for the city in the 14th century and reinforced under Ottoman rule as Ottoman Turkish صوفیه (Sofya). Compare the name of the Hagia Sophia.


Brent

en-proper noun

Brent (countable and uncountable, plural Brents)

English surname from placenames in Devon and Somerset, from Old English brant (“steep”), referring to hills. Compare Brents.

A male given name transferred from the surname, of 20th century and later usage.


Lojban

From Lojban lojban., from rafsi loj (logji (“logic”)) + ban (bangu (“language”)).

An artificial language created by Logical Language Group designed to be logical, based on the earlier Loglan.

لُجْبَن

artificial logical language based on Loglan


Loglan

The Loglan formal grammar is made up of 91 CFG-type rules.

Loglan is an isolating language, much like English. That means that once you’ve learned a word, you don’t have to worry about changing its form. Even in English, you have to remember to add ‘-ed’ to a verb to make it refer to the past, and ‘-s’ to nouns to make them plural. In Loglan, you won’t have to do that. Also, some English verbs and nouns have irregular forms. There are no irregular Loglan forms.

1994 May, Stephen L. Rice, “Loglan 3 : Understanding Loglan”, in www.loglan.org, retrieved 2012-08-04:

The original language developed by James Cooke Brown, as maintained by The Loglan Institute.


moniker

monikers (plural)
monacer (alternative)
monicker (alternative)
monniker (alternative)

Online Etymological Dictionary
Saturday Review (London newspaper)

Unknown, first attested 1849. Suggested derivations are:
* Backslang for ekename (compare nickname);
* From Shelta munik, munika;
* From monk;
* Partridge (A Dictionary of Historical Slang) suggests a corruption of monogram, which is suggestive of the sense signature.
* From monarch in the sense 'king or No. 1, and thus with frank egotism, "I, myself".' (The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 281, pg. 349.)
Online Etymological Dictionary's entry cites in 1857, the Saturday Review (London newspaper) noted, "the word has a certain Coptic or Egyptian twang".

The rookie was upset at being called Lemon Drop until she realized that everyone on the team had a silly moniker.

Again fairly common, and always amusing, are the monikers drawn from the (imagined) childhood of a particular vagrant.

2000, Jim Phelan, “Irish Writing in the 1940s”, in David Pierce, editor, Irish Writing in the Twentieth Century: A Reader, page 541:

A gang member may receive a new identity by taking on a nickname, or moniker, which others in the gang world would recognize. Monikers affirm a youth's commitment to gang life and may become their sole identity, the only way they see thselves and the only name they go by.

2010, Linda S. Miller, Kären M. Hess, Christine M. H. Orthmann, Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving, 6th edition, page 388:

Recently, a class of reactions has gained tremendous attention in the chemistry community under the moniker of "click chemistry," a concept introduced by Kolb and colleagues.

2010, Neal K. Devaraj, Ralph Weissleder, “30: "Click Chemistry": Applications to Molecular Imaging”, in Ralph Weissleder, Brian D. Ross, Alnawaz Rehemtulla, Sanjiv Sam, editors, Molecular Imaging, Principles and Practice, page 471:

Actually, the various monikers Pilgrims, Puritans, Plymouth Rocks, Red Stockings, Hubs and Hubites were frequently used, informally, for both Boston big league clubs until 1912.

2012, Richard Worth, Baseball Team Names, unnumbered page:

A personal name or nickname; an informal label, often drawing attention to a particular attribute.


PPS

Shah has since apologised, saying: “I deeply regret the hurt I have caused.” It emerged later that she had stepped down as PPS to McDonnell.

2016 April 26, Nazia Parveen, “Bradford MP Naz Shah quits as McDonnell's PPS after antisemitic posts”, in The Guardian:

(UK politics) Initialism of parliamentary private secretary.


Pashto

Pashtu (alternative)
Poshto (alternative)
Pushto (alternative)
Pushtoo (alternative)
Pushtu (alternative)
Pakhto (alternative)
Pukhto (alternative)

Tariq clenched his teeth and muttered something to himself in Pashto that Laila didn’t catch.

2007, Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns, BLOOMSBURY PUBLISHING (2018), page 131:

The native Indo-Iranian language of the Pashtun people; an official language of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.


Alexander

/ˌælɪɡˈzændɚ/

[ˌælɪɡˈzeəndɚ]

[ˌælɪɡˈzeəndə]

/ˌalɪɡˈzɑːndə/

Borrowed from Latin Alexander, from Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros), from ἀλέξω (aléxō, “I defend”) + ἀνδρ- (andr-), the stem of ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”). Doublet of Alastair and Alejandro.

Why may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander, till he find it stopping a bung-hole?

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

And for my own part, said my uncle Toby, though I should blush to boast of myself, Trim - yet had my name been Alexander, I could have done no more at Namur than my duty.

1765, Laurence Sterne, Tristram Shandy, Book IV, Chapter 18:

"My son's name is Alexander," Muriel said. "Did I tell you that? I named him Alexander because it sounded high-class.

1985, Anne Tyler, The Accidental Tourist, →ISBN, page 170:

A male given name from Ancient Greek, most famously held by Alexander the Great.


monastery

monasteries (plural)
monasterie (alternative)

From Middle English monasterie, from Old French monastere, from Medieval Latin monastērium (“monastery”), from Ancient Greek μοναστήριον (monastḗrion, “hermitage, monastery”), from μοναστήριος (monastḗrios, “alone, made alone”) + -ιον (-ion, “-ium”, suffix forming place names), from μονάζω (monázō, “to be alone”), from μόνος (mónos, “alone”) + -άζω (-ázō, verb-forming suffix). Doublet of minster.

der

A residence for monks or others who have taken religious vows.


lock

From Middle English lok, lokke, from Old English locc (“hair of the head, hair, lock of hair, curl, ringlet”), from Proto-West Germanic *lokk, from Proto-Germanic *lukkaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lugnó-, from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend”).
Cognate with West Frisian lok, lokke, Dutch lok (“earlock, curl”), German Locke (“lock of hair, curl”), Danish lok, Swedish lock (“lock of hair, curl”). It has been theorised that the word may be related to the Gothic verb *𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (*lukan, “to shut”) in its ancient meaning "to curb".

inh

(Scots law, historical) A quantity of meal, the perquisite of a mill-servant.


Moses

From Latin Mōsēs, Mōȳsēs, from Ancient Greek Μωυσῆς (Mōusês), from Biblical Hebrew מֹשֶׁה (mōšê). Further etymology is unclear, but it is sometimes conjectured to derive from Egyptian ms-s (msj, “to give birth to”), a common element in Egyptian names of the form ‘[name of deity] is the one who bore him’; or, alternatively, contains Egyptian N35A (mw, “water”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">msj</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mw</i>


Gaul

From Middle English Gall, from Latin Gallus. The change in spelling is due to the influence of the place-name Gaul, which is thought to be etymologically unrelated (see above).


Croatian

/ˌkɹəʊˈeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌkɹoʊˈeɪ.ʃən/

A standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Croats.

Kroaties

the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian


Kiswahili

The national language of the Republic is Kiswahili.

2010, Parliament of Kenya, “Chapter 2, Article 7(1)”, in Constitution of Kenya, 2010, page 14:

Swahili, an agglutinative Bantu language widely spoken in East Africa.


Zeus

From Ancient Greek Ζεύς (Zeús). Doublet of Dyeus and Jove.


Gothic

From Late Latin gothicus (“Gothic, barbaric”), from Ancient Greek Γοτθικός (Gotthikós), from Ancient Greek Γότθοι (Gótthoi, “Goths”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic”), proposed to derive from unattested Gothic *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰 (*guta). Equivalent to Goth + -ic. The various usages of the adjective are introduced nearly simultaneously in the first half of the 17th century. The literal meaning “of the Goths” is found in the 1611 preface of the King James Bible, in reference to the Gothicke tongue. The generalized meaning of “Germanic, Teutonic” appears in the 1640s. Reference to the medieval period in Western Europe, and specifically the architecture of that period (“barbaric style”, initially a term of abuse), also appears in the 1640s, as does reference to “Gothic characters” or “Gothic letters” in typography.

gothic (alternative)
Gothick (alternative)
goffick (alternative)

An extinct Germanic language, once spoken by the Goths.


Gothic

en-adj

Gothic (comparative more Gothic, superlative most Gothic)

more Gothic (comparative)
most Gothic (superlative)
gothic (alternative)
Gothick (alternative)
goffick (alternative)

готически

of the type formerly used for printing German

Of or relating to the Goths or their language.

“[W]hat he holds of all things to be most gothic, is gallantry to the women.”

1782, Frances Burney, Cecilia, II.iii.6:

Enormities which gleam like comets through the darkness of gothic and superstitious ages.

1812 letter, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Prose Works, volume II, quoted in OED, published 1888, page 384:

(figuratively) Barbarous, rude, unpolished, belonging to the “Dark Ages”, medieval as opposed to classical.


Gothic

Gothics (plural)
gothic (alternative)
Gothick (alternative)
goffick (alternative)

One hundred fifty Gothics sold over 1.5 million copies a month last spring.

1996, Nora Sayre, Sixties going on seventies, page 180:


minor

minors (plural)
miner (alternative)
maner (alternative)
minore (alternative)
minour (alternative)
mynor (alternative)
mynour (alternative)
mynowr (alternative)
mi (alternative)

From Middle English minor, menor, menour, etc., from Latin minor (“lesser; young; young person”) both directly and via Norman and Middle French menor, menour, etc. Doublet of minus but not mini-. Cognate with minister, minify, Minorca, Menshevik, and possibly minnow. Compare Latin minimum and minuō, Old High German minniro, Cornish minow.

byvak

subject of secondary undergraduate study

(Scots law, obsolete) An adolescent, a person above the legal age of puberty but below the age of majority.


Riksmål

Rigsmaal (alternative)
Riksmaal (alternative)

A conservative variety of Bokmål that is closer to Danish, sometimes using unofficial spellings that have been removed from standard Bokmål.


Alexandria

From Middle English Alexandria, from Latin Alexandrīa, from Ancient Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexándreia), from Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros, “Alexander”) + -εια (-eia, “-ia: forming place names”), initially chiefly places founded by Alexander the Great of Macedonia and subsequently usually with reference to Alexandria in Egypt, a major Hellenistic cultural center, center of early Christianity, and continuing major international port. Compare Antioch, Seleucia, and Ptolemais. Doublet of Kandahar, Iskenderun, Scandaroon, and Alexandretta.

亞歷山卓 /亚历山卓

any of a number of cities bearing the same name


Delphi

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Δελφοί (Delphoí).

(rare) A female given name from Ancient Greek, as well a diminutive of Delphine.


Nahuatl

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nahuatl.wav

From Spanish náhuatl, from Classical Nahuatl nahuatl, nahuatlatolli (“the clear or understandable language”).

The polysynthetic Aztecan language spoken by an indigenous people of Mexico.


Anglophone

Anglophones (plural)
anglophone (alternative)

/ˈæŋɡləˌfəʊn/

/ˈæŋɡləˌfoʊn/

/ˈeɪŋɡləˌfoʊn/

One who speaks English, generally natively.


ex

Thus first C checks to see if ex and wye are equal. The resulting value of 1 or 0 (true or false) then is compared to the value of zee.

1984 Waite, Prata & Martin, C (Computer Program Language), p. 190

The name of the Latin-script letter X/x.


Murrinh-Patha

The language spoken by these people; Murinypata.