banana bender

banana benders (plural)
banana-bender (alternative)

“Not now, you banana bender! The Commencement Speech takes place at the dinner tonight.”
“Banana bender! I'm not from Queenland, I'll ‘ave you know. And I needs to test out the mike in advance. Always have trouble with those things.”

2003, Rosemary Patterson, Journey Great Barrier Reef: An Adventure Novel Set in Australia, page 17:

If Billy Lane hadn't given him such a firm handshake, Henry reckons he'd be wondering if all the Banana-benders shook like a girl.

2007, Pip Wilson, Faces in the Street: Louisa and Henry Lawson and the Castlereagh Street Push, page 137:

In comparison with other Australians, they were considered an odder sort of people – the banana-benders of Banana-land – a heat-stroked and skin-cancered people, dogged, ‘unimaginably tough and undeniably brittle’.

2007, Raymond Evans, A History of Queensland, page 219:

Terry nodded. “Yes, you don't have too many cars to contend with here, and we banana benders are rather courteous, especially once we realize you're a tourist. Just be careful on the curves, especially where the road goes along the bluffs.”

2011, Reynold Conger, Chased Across Australia, page 180:

(Australia, humorous) An inhabitant of Queensland.


Taswegian

Blend of Tasmanian + Glaswegian. Royal Australian Navy slang from about 1930. Possibly a reference to the cold climate of Tasmania, comparing it to the cold climate of Glasgow.

(Australia, navy, slang) A Tasmanian seaman.

The town is filled with lovely, lovely Taswegians, the kindest and most generous people I have ever met.

2005, Beverly Walton, Watermarks: A Tasmanian Journal, page 25:

The new year is also vigorously celebrated further south during the Hobart Summer Festival (p646), when Taswegians stuff themselves with food, wine and song.

2009, Justine Vaisutis, Australia, Lonely Planet, page 32:

That was when I learned that every Taswegian worth his salt carries an axe in his boot and, more often than not, two in case of axe-less friends.

2011, Teri Louise Kelly, Punktuation, page 57:

(Australia, humorous, sometimes derogatory) An inhabitant of Tasmania.


Territorian

/ˌtɛɹɪˈtɔːɹi.ən/

Territorians also could elect a representative to Federal Parliament (a right granted in 1923).

1967, Brian Hodge, Allen Whitehurst, Nation and People: An Introduction to Australia in a Changing World, page 258:

1998 December, Minister for Health, Family and Community Services, Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, speech, quoted in 2008, Tess Lea, Bureaucrats and Bleeding Hearts: Indigenous Health in Northern Australia, page 25,
Put simply, Aboriginal Territorians have drastically poorer health across virtually all causes of disease. Life expectancy at birth for indigenous men in the Northern Territory is 57 years compared to 77 years for other male Territorians.

One of the ways he did this was by attending meetings of the Northern Territory Legislative Councul, the wind instrument created by the Chifley Labor Government in 1947 to give Territorians the illusion that they had democratic rights.

2011, Stephen Gray, The Protectors: A Journey Through Whitefella Past, ReadHowYouWant, page 138:

(Australia, demonym) An inhabitant of the Northern Territory.


Englishman

Englishmen (plural)
englishman (alternative)

/ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ.mən/

From Middle English Englishman, Inglishman, from Old English Englisċman, Englisċmon, corresponding to English + -man. Compare Old Norse Englismaðr (“Englishman”).

Fucking above your head Englishman!

2008, Christopher-Lee dos Santos, At thy Call, Dino Pappas and Ksenija Micic:

(South Africa, dated, ethnic slur) A South African of British descent, and/or whose first language is English (as opposed to Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaner South Africans).


Amy

Amys (plural)
Aimee (alternative)
Aimée (alternative)
Amey (alternative)
Amee (alternative)
Amie (alternative)
Amye (alternative)

Anglicized form of Old French Amee,
which was both a nickname and a form of the Latin name Amata (“beloved”).

The Dame Anne Dudley, mentioned in a contemporary record, was Leicester's first wife, the unfortunate Amy Robsart. It may be noticed, in passing, that the name Amy - presuming that it occurs in contemporary manuscripts of authority - is an extremely rare one. It is obvious how easily the name Aime might be read for Anne.

1886, Hubert Hall, Society in the Elizabethan Age, Kessinger Publishing, published 2003, →ISBN, page 94:

As a child, Amy could have been drawn by Millais, if he was inclined - the name Amy is deceptively apt - but though the plumpness remains, not much but some, the ringlets have gone to be replaced by curls of the colour of cinnamon.

1975, Derek Marlowe, Nightshade, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, page 7:

As Amy had been baptized Amelia (but always called Amy) after her mother, now her daughter, too, was baptized Amelia.

1999, Susan Butler, Lawrence Butler, East to the Dawn: The Life of Amelia Earhart., →ISBN, page 5:

When I remained alive, they named me Amy, because it was a regular girl's name, a popular girl's name, a name a thousand other baby girls were given that year, so maybe the gods wouldn't notice this little baby nestled among the others.

2012, Gillian Flynn, Gone Girl, Phoenix, published 2013, →ISBN, page 249:


Indonesian

en-noun

Indonesian (countable and uncountable, plural Indonesians)

/ˌɪndəˈniːʒən/

(countable) A person living in or coming from Indonesia.

(uncountable) The common language spoken in Indonesia.


Strine

From a pronunciation spelling of Australian spoken with this accent. Coined by “Afferbeck Lauder” (Alastair Ardoch Morrison) and popularised with his 1965 book Let Stalk Strine. Australian from 1965.

strine (alternative)
'Strine (alternative)
'strine (alternative)

Several Strine forms depend on an assumed equivalence between Strine fortis consonants and Cultivated/RP lenis ones, thus garbler mince (couple of minutes), egg jelly (actually). It is doubtful whether this reflects any real phonetic difference.

1982, J. C. Wells, Accents of English, volume 3: Beyond the British Isles, page 595:

A TEAM at Griffith University in Brisbane is working on the development of what the university’s newspaper calls a bionic snorter. Translating into English from Strine, this is a bionic hooter, conk, bugle or nose.

1989 July 8, “Ariadne”, in New Scientist, page 120:

Dell’Oso describes the encounter of an Asian woman with a surly bus driver whose only language is Strine (a form of Australian English, barely intelligible to many of the native-speakers).

1992, Gillian Bottomley, From Another Place: Migration and the Politics of Culture, published 2009, page 133:

(Australia, New Zealand, UK, informal, humorous) Broad Australian English.


bee

From Middle English [Term?], from Old English be, from Latin be (the name of the letter B).

"The ee-vee-ee-ar-en-oh-ee-ell-blank-bee-ell-oh-ess-ess-oh-em-blank-en-ee-cee-tee-ay-ar is especially dee-ee-ell-eye-cee-eye-oh-you-ess." Our friends thanked the spelling bee for his help and then he buzzed off.

2004, Will Rogers, The Stonking Steps, page 170:

The name of the Latin-script letter B/b.


Thai

en-adj

Thai (comparative more Thai, superlative most Thai)

more Thai (comparative)
most Thai (superlative)

Borrowed from Thai ไทย (tai). Doublet of Tai and Dai.


Thai

en-noun

Thai (countable and uncountable, plural Thai or Thais)

The Bangkok government indicated real concern over the developments in Communist China’s Yunnan province. Thai officials were afraid that Sibsongpanna would be a center where pro-Communist Thai in Southeast Asia would go and where subversive agitation could be directed against outside legitimate governments.

1958, Russell H. Fifield, The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia: 1945-1958, New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 263:

(countable) A person living in or coming from Thailand.

(uncountable) The main language spoken in Thailand (closely related to Lao).

(uncountable) Thai cuisine; traditional Thai food.


Norwegian

Norwegian (countable and uncountable, plural Norwegians)

Norwegians (plural)
Nw. (alternative)
Norwayan (alternative)
Norvegian (alternative)

From Medieval Latin Norvegia (from Old Norse Norvegr (“Norway”)) + -an, with v replaced by w due to influence from earlier English Norwayan (“Norwegian”).

A kind of fishing boat on the Great Lakes of North America.

(uncountable) The language of Norway, which has two official forms (written standards): Bokmål and Nynorsk.


Norwegian

en-adj

Norwegian (comparative more Norwegian, superlative most Norwegian)

more Norwegian (comparative)
most Norwegian (superlative)
Nw. (alternative)
Norwayan (alternative)
Norvegian (alternative)

Of or pertaining to the Norwegian language.

Noors

of or pertaining to the Norwegian language


Galician

en-noun

Galician (countable and uncountable, plural Galicians)

From Galicia (“region in northwest Spain”) + -an.

suffix

The little Galician was sitting nibbling a biscuit with a glass of red wine before him.

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

In Argentina, too, there is a community of Welsh-speakers. Similarly some Galicians, Catalans and Basques have retained their mother tongues in ways that had they remained, respectively in the United Kingdom or Spain, might have been more difficult to do.

2000, Clare Mar-Molinero, The Politics of Language in the Spanish-speaking World, page 52:

The Portuguese claim that a Galician would never be generous, as a Portuguese would. On their side, the Galicians tell the story of the Portuguese who invites some Galicians to dinner and then gives his guests very little to eat.

(countable) A native or inhabitant of Galicia, a region of the northwestern Iberian peninsula.

Rosalia de Castro became a crucial element in this early nationalist cultural campaign: she spoke Galician as her first language and she was literate, educated, and sympathetic to the group's progressive aims.

1998, Catherine Davies, Spanish Women's Writing, 1849-1996, page 63:

(uncountable) The language of Galicia; a Romance language spoken in the northwestern corner of the Iberian peninsula.


Slovio

An artificial language based on the Slavic languages and written in either the Latin or Cyrillic script, intended to be readily understandable by speakers of any modern Slavic language.


Afrikaans

/ˌɑːfɹɪˈkɑːnz/

From Afrikaans Afrikaans or Dutch Afrikaans.

A Germanic language descending from Dutch; the primary language of the descendants of Dutch and other European settlers, as well as many mixed-race (e.g. Rehoboth Basters) living in South Africa and in Namibia. Also, one of the eleven official languages of South Africa and until 1990 one of three official languages of Namibia.


gray

From Middle English gray, from Old English grǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *grāu, from Proto-Germanic *grēwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁- (“to green, to grow”).
See also Dutch grauw, German grau, Old Norse grár); also Latin rāvus (“grey”), Old Church Slavonic зьрѭ (zĭrjǫ, “to see, to glance”), Russian зреть (zretʹ, “to watch, to look at”) (archaic), Lithuanian žeriù (“to shine”).

cog

(chiefly US, ufology) Synonym of grey alien


ruby

en-noun

ruby (countable and uncountable, plural rubies)

From Middle English ruby, rube, from Old French rubi, from Medieval Latin rubīnus.

A ruby hummer, a South American hummingbird, Clytolaema rubricauda.


mosque

From Middle French mosquée, from Italian moschea, ultimately from Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid, literally “place of prostration”). Doublet of masjid.

der

There's a mosque near where I live.

(Islam) A place of worship for Muslims, often having at least one minaret; a masjid.


Victoria

en-proper noun

Victoria (countable and uncountable, plural Victorias or Victoriae)

From Latin Victōria, from victōria (“victory”). Doublet of Vitória. The given name can also be analyzed as the male name Victor + -ia. The places were named in honour of Queen Victoria of Great Britain.

Coordinate term: Victor (male form)

When I had first told him the name we'd chosen for our daughter, Abe had suggested that it was a pretty damn waspy title for the offspring of an Indian princess and a Chicago pollock.- - -
I never would have chosen the name "Victoria" but was secretly delighted by it. Amrita first suggested it one hot day in July and we treated it as a joke. It seemed that one of her earliest memories was of arriving by train at Victoria Station in Bombay. That huge edifice - one of the remnants of the British Raj, which evidently still defines India - had always filled Amrita with a sense of awe. Since that time, the name Victoria had evoked an echo of beauty, elegance and mystery in her.

1985, Dan Simmons, Song of Kali, →ISBN, pages 4, 17:


Melburnian

From the Latin name for Melbourne, Melburnia, + -ian.
The term can be traced back to 1876, when the case for Melburnian over Melbournian was made in the Melbourne Grammar School publication, the Melburnian. 'The diphthong, ‘ou’ is not a Latin diphthong: hence, we argued this way, Melburnia would be [the] Latin form of name, and from it comes Melburnian.'

A native or inhabitant of Melbourne, the capital city of Victoria, Australia.


Sydneyite

A native or inhabitant of Sydney, Australia.

A native or inhabitant of Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada.


Sydneysider

Sydneysiders (plural)
Sydney-sider (alternative)

Sydneyer

native or inhabitant of Sydney, Australia


Canberran

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory

Of, from or relating to the Australian Capital Territory.


Canberran

A native or inhabitant of Canberra (Australia).

A native or inhabitant of the Australian Capital Territory.


Adelaidean

Adelaideans (plural)
Adelaidian (alternative)

A native or inhabitant of Adelaide (Australia).


Brisbanian

A native or inhabitant of Brisbane (Australia).


Darwiner

A native or inhabitant of Darwin (Australia).


Hobartian

A native or inhabitant of Hobart (Australia).


Perthian

A native or inhabitant of Perth (Australia).


Sydneyan

Of, from or relating to Sydney, Australia.


Sydneyan

Sydneyans (plural)
Sydneian (alternative)


QE

(Canada, informal) Alternative form of QEW


eye

It said, in a whispering, buzzing voice, "Gee-you-ess-ess-ay-dash-em-ee-ar-ar-wye-dash-em-eye-en-gee-oh-dash-pee-eye-pee-dash-pee-ee-ar-ar-wye-dash-pee-eye-en-gee-oh."

IED [is spoken] as "eye-ee-dee" instead of "I SPELL India Echo Delta Romeo".

2016 CCEB, Communications Instructions Radiotelephone Procedures: ACP125 (G), pages 3–5

The name of the Latin-script letter I/i.


banshee

banshees (plural)
banshie (alternative)
benshee (alternative)

desc

→ Arabic: بَانْشِي (bānšī)

→ Arabic: بَانْشِي (bānšī)

→ Catalan: banshee

→ Dutch: banshee

→ Esperanto: banŝio

→ Finnish: banshee

→ French: banshee, banshie

→ German: Banshee

→ Japanese: バンシー (banshī)

→ Korean: 반시 (bansi)

→ Northern Kurdish: banşî

→ Portuguese: banshee

→ Russian: ба́нши (bánši), банши́ (banší), ба́ньши (bánʹši), баньши́ (banʹší)

→ Spanish: banshee

Borrowed from Irish bean sí, from Old Irish ben síde (literally “woman of the fairy mound”). The term banshee entered English in 1771.

der

Late had he heard, in prophet's dream, / The fatal Ben-Shie's boding scream […].

1810, The Lady of the Lake, Walter Scott, 3.VII:

(Scotland, Ireland, folklore) A female spirit, usually taking the form of a woman whose mournful wailing warns of an impending death.


he

Transliteration of various Semitic letters, such as Phoenician 𐤄 (h), Hebrew ה (h), Classical Syriac ܗ (h, “hē”), and Old South Arabian 𐩠 (h).

hay (alternative)
hei (alternative)
hey (alternative)
hee (alternative)
hée (alternative)

The name of the first letter of the Old South Arabian abjad.


Taiwanese

Language. Mandarin is the official language, but many people speak Taiwanese (a variant of a southern Chinese dialect) and Japanese. The younger generation and those engaged in the tourist trade speak some English.

1975, Lawrence A. Clancy, Sunset Travel Guide to the Orient: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, China, Menlo Park, California: Lane Publishing Co., page 108:

The gay and lesbian movement in Taiwan is composed largely of students and other intellectuals and therefore is largely Mandarin-speaking, middle-class, and young. Koa-a-hi actresses, by contrast, almost always speak Taiwanese as their primary language, are rarely educated beyond elementary school, and can barely make ends meet.

1999, Teri Silvio, “Reflexivity, Bodily Praxis and Identity in Taiwanese Opera”, in GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, volume 5, number 4, Duke University Press, pages 585–604:

The variant of Hokkien spoken in Taiwan, the native language of the Hoklo.

тайва́ньский

язы́к, диале́кт


Canadian

From Canada (noun) + -ian (suffix forming adjectives and nouns).

af

(sports) canoe (short for Canadian canoe, as opposed to kayak)


Canadian

A name of uncertain origin. The city and town names are after the river.

The Canadian River, a river in New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle, and Oklahoma in the United States, which is a tributary of the Arkansas River.

Pittsburg County
Pittsburg County#English

A city, the county seat of Hemphill County, Texas, situated on the Canadian River.


angel

angels (plural)
Angel (alternative)
angell (alternative)

Jamaican Creole: ienjel

→ Chinese: 安琪兒 /安琪儿 (ānqí'ér)

→ Hawaiian: ʻānela

→ Lingala: anjelu, anzelu

→ Malagasy: anjely

Florence Baptistery
Seven churches of Asia
en:Angel (disambiguation)
en:angel

Two Baroque angels from southern Germany, from the mid-18th century
From Middle English angel, aungel, ængel, engel, from Old English anġel, ænġel, enġel, enċġel (“angel, messenger”), from Proto-West Germanic *angil, borrowed from Latin angelus, itself from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”); and also in part from Anglo-Norman angele, angle, from the same Latin source. The religious sense of the Greek word first appeared in the Septuagint as a translation of the Hebrew word מַלְאָךְ (malʾāḵ, “messenger”) or יהוה מַלְאָךְ (malʾāḵ YHWH, “messenger of YHWH”).
Use of the term in some churches to refer to a church official derives from interpreting the "angels" of the Seven churches of Asia in Revelation as being bishops or ministers rather than angelic beings.

𐔰𐕎𐔲𐔴𐔾𐕒𐕚

in Christian angelology, the lowest order of angels

don't drive faster than your guardian angel can fly

unidentified flying object
unidentified flying object

(colloquial, dated) An unidentified flying object detected by air traffic control radar.


Alberta

From Albert + -a. The province was named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta.

Alberta is more like a man's name than any other name that comes from a men's, more than Georgianna which is just like a magnolia blossom or Henrietta which most people change to Etta or Geraldine which nobody ever thinks of coming from a man's Irish name like Gerald. Alberta also sounds sort of Canadian, and everything from Canada is masculine the way everything from Mexico is feminine, even the men. In saying it carelessly or reading it you hardly notice the a in the end.

1936, George Weller, Clutch and Differential, Ayer, published 1970, →ISBN, page 196:

A female given name from the Germanic languages, masculine equivalent Albert.


Sydney

en-proper noun

Sydney (countable and uncountable, plural Sydneys)

For the surname and given name, see Sidney. The cities in Australia and Canada are named after British politician Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney (1733–1800).

named-after

(countable) A unisex given name transferred from the surname.


Darwin

From Middle English Darwin, Derwin, from Old English Dēorwine (“a given name”), composed of dēore (“dear”) + wine (“friend”).
The city in Australia is named after Charles Darwin.

Darwen (alternative)
Derwin (alternative)

A male given name transferred from the surname, deriving from the Old English name Dēorwine and revived through the surname.


Adelaide

→ Greek: Άντελαϊντ (Ántelaïnt)

Borrowed from French Adélaïde, from Old High German Adalheidis (from adal (“noble”) + -heit (“nature, character”)); doublet of Alice.

Adelaide (given name)
Adelaide River
Adelaide, South Australia

A female given name from the Germanic languages.


Zulu

en-noun

Zulu (countable and uncountable, plural Zulu or Zulus)

A member of an African ethnic group living mainly in the KwaZulu-Natal Province in eastern South Africa.


Zulu

The language of these people, a Bantu language; isiZulu.


furigana

Borrowed from Japanese 振り仮名 (furigana, “annotating kana”, literally “assigned phonetic character”).

bor

Furigana are indispensable for some names of people and places whose Kanji are not included among the official Kanji list, and whose sounds can be unusual and even idiosyncratic.

2014, Insup Taylor, M. Martin Taylor, Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese, revised edition, John Benjamins, →ISBN, page 290:

(Japanese typography) Kana printed next to or above a kanji or other character to indicate the pronunciation.


Salvador

From Spanish and Portuguese Salvador, chiefly various placenames honoring Jesus Christ, from Spanish and Portuguese salvador (“savior”), from Latin salvator, from salvāre (“to save”) + -tor (forming agent nouns). In Spanish placenames, frequently a clipping of Spanish San Salvador (“Holy Savior”). Doublet of savior, Salvator, and Salvatore.

doublet

A male given name from Spanish or Portuguese.


Guaraní

/ˌɡwɑːɹəˈniː/

Borrowed from Spanish guaraní, from Portuguese guarani ultimately derived from Guaraní guarani (“warrior”).

South-American Indian language of the Tupí-Guaraní family; spoken in Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina.


Tupinambá

Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese tupinambá, borrowed from Old Tupi tupinambá.

etymon

An extinct South-American Indian language of the Tupí-Guaraní family.


Basque

Borrowed from French basque, from Gascon Occitan basc, from Latin Vascō, Vascōnēs pl, a pre-Roman era tribe settled in the Atlantic Biscaian gulf and Pyrenean mountain region of south-western Europe, who were ancestors of the current Basque population.


Romanian

Rumanian (alternative)
Roumanian (alternative)

The oldest Romanian period (also known as Common Romanian, Proto-Romanian, Primitive Romanian) is the period prior to the separation of the four Romanian dialects: a north-Danubian dialect (Daco-Romanian) and three south-Danubian dialects (Aromanian / Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian).

2013, Gabriela Pană Dindelegan (ed.), Martin Maiden (consultant ed.), The Grammar of Romanian, Oxford University Press, page 4

Of or relating to Romania, the Romanian people, or the Romanian language.

Roemeens

of or relating to Romania, its people, or language


Romanian

en-noun

Romanian (countable and uncountable, plural Romanians)

Romanians (plural)
Rumanian (alternative)
Roumanian (alternative)

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Romanian.

(uncountable) The official language of Romania and Moldova.

I think there was this one Black guy in there who was practically crying.
I swear I could hear Sir Mixalot in my head whenever I did Romanians.

2010 March 24, Built, “With the big boyz...”, in IronMag Forums:

I did Romanians for a year and worked up to 250 for sets of 5. I couldn't take the DOMS anymore and dropped them.

2015 April 15, OZ-USF-UFGator, “diract Back work: Are Deadlifts and chin ups enough”, in Starting Strength Forum:

Romanian deadlift
Romanian deadlift#English

(countable, weightlifting, slang) Ellipsis of Romanian deadlift.


Bulgarian

Bulgarian (countable and uncountable, plural Bulgarians)

(uncountable) The official language of Bulgaria.

Yes, Bulgarians attack glutes (and this one does too!) but all the pauses and pulses in this series will also exhaust your quads.

2020 October 27, Ebenezer Samuel, “These 10 Moves Will Build Monster Quads”, in Men's Health:

Bulgarian split squat
Bulgarian split squat#English

(countable, exercise) Ellipsis of Bulgarian split squat.


given name

Japan: Use family names first, followed by given names, but be aware that some may introduce themselves to Westerners with their given name first.

2004, Gwyneth Olofsson, When in Rome or Rio or Riyadh...: Cultural Q&As for Successful Business Behavior Around the World, page 17:

This may explain why some Chinese Americans write their Chinese name backwards. For example, the Chinese characters to Ching Tien Chay′s name show that his given name is really Tien Ching.

2008, Emma Woo Louie, Him Mark Lai, Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition, page 89:

In one experiment, the researchers had people rate the characteristics of people with various given names or nicknames.[…]A person with a nickname like Liz, for example, would probably be rated as friendlier and more popular than a person with the given name Elizabeth, but Elizabeth would probably be rated more intelligent and trustworthy.

2011, Anne Myers, Christine H. Hansen, Experimental Psychology, page 296:

A personal name chosen for a child, usually by their parents.

Professor: Lady Bird, is that your given name?
Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson: Yeah.
Professor: Why is it in quotes?
Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson: I gave it to myself, it’s given to me by me.

2017, Greta Gerwig (scriptwriter), Lady Bird

(uncommon, humorous) A name bestowed by oneself or another, as opposed to the name given by one's parents.


Arabic

General American, Canada, Mary–marry–merry merger

From Latin arabicus, from Arabia + -icus, from Ancient Greek Ἀραβία (Arabía), ultimately from the Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab).

Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)

One day my UN students asked me, "Which is the Arabic country where the best Arabic is spoken?" I quickly replied, "Bosnia." They exclaimed, "But Bosnia is not an Arab country!"

2008, Abdallah Nacereddine, To Be Oneself: The Tragicomedy of an Unfinished Life History, →ISBN, page 342:


Arabic

We’d gone to Arabic school as children and taken lessons in the summer holidays, and I still read the news in Arabic, but it wasn’t like I practised reciting the written language any more, with its complex rhythms and grammatical structures.

2023, Isabella Hammad, Enter Ghost, Jonathan Cape, page 74:

A major Semitic language originating from the Arabian peninsula, and now spoken natively (in various spoken dialects, all sharing a single highly conservative standardized literary form) throughout large sections of the Middle East and North Africa.

The Aramaic-derived alphabet used to write the Arabic, Persian, Pashto, Urdu, and Uyghur languages, among others.

ғәрәп яҙыуы

ğərəp yaźıwı


Arabic

Arabics (plural)
Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)

Classic Arabic didn't "turn into" the various Arabic vernaculars. There is disagreement over whether the range of spoken Arabics all have a single ancestor (seems unlikely), but Classical Arabic is a somewhat artificial creation based on at least two dialects.

2004 April 22, Peter T. Daniels, “Taiwanese and their language”, in soc.culture.china (Usenet):

That's the majority of working N'Yawkers. Blacks and Hispanics outnumber the arabics.

2000 July 20, Topprolmc, “OT - I participated in an obscene act today!”, in rec.motorcycles.harley (Usenet):


Maori

New Zealand, approximating Māori pronunciation

Borrowed from Maori māori (“aborigine, native; normal, ordinary, plain”). Doublet of Maoli.

bor

Māori (alternative)
Mäori (alternative)
Maaori (alternative)


Turk

Turks (plural)
Türk (alternative)
Túrk (alternative)
Turke (alternative)

From Middle English Turke, Turk, from Old French Turc, from Medieval Latin Turcus, from Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκος (Toûrkos), from Classical Persian تُرْک (turk), from Middle Persian [script needed] (twlk' /turk/), from Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥). See Proto-Turkic *tür(ü)k for more.


Turk

en-adj

Turk (comparative more Turk, superlative most Turk)

more Turk (comparative)
most Turk (superlative)
Türk (alternative)
Túrk (alternative)
Turke (alternative)


British

From Middle English Brittish, from Old English Brettisċ.
The spelling with single -t- appears in the 13th century under the influence of Medieval Latin Britannicus, but spelling with -tt- persists alongside -t- during the 13th to 17th centuries.
In reference to the island of Great Britain from ca. 1400 (Latin natio Anglica sive Britannica, Brittisshe occean 1398, the Britishe nacion 1548).
As a noun, referring to the British people, British soldiers, etc. from ca. 1600.

Brezhon

history: ancient inhabitants of the southern part of Britain

The residents or inhabitants of Great Britain.

(history) The earlier inhabitants of southern Britain, prior to the Anglo-Saxon invasion and subsequent migrations.


British

The Celtic language of the ancient Britons; Common Brittonic.

(chiefly US) The British English language.


British

British (comparative more British, superlative most British)

more British (comparative)
most British (superlative)
Brittish (alternative)

brythonik

history: of the ancient inhabitants of the southern part of Britain


Briton

From Old French Breton, from Latin Brittō or its Celtic equivalent (Welsh Brython). Doublet of Breton and Brython.

At last the Saxons had killed nearly all the Britons, and the few who remained took refuge in the mountains, in that part of the country which we now call Wales, and in Cornwall.

1905, Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall, Our Island Story, page 59:

He writhed for twenty minutes under the flowery and eulogistic periods of the president, and rose himself in the state of confused indignation which the Briton feels when he is publicly approved.

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

The ancient Britons were particularly fond of Anglesey, which the Romans knew as Mona.

An inhabitant of Great Britain, particularly (historical) a Celt from the area of Roman Britain or (obsolete) a Welshman.

brità

ancient Celts in the area of modern England and Wales

the British

native of Great Britain, subject of the UK


Leon

Ultimately from Latin Leo and leo (“lion”), from Ancient Greek Λέων (Léōn) and λέων (léōn, “lion”), likely ultimately from a non-Indo-European language. Sometimes via other related languages such as French Léon and sometimes as a diminutive of related names such as Leonard and Leonardo.

A male given name from Latin or Ancient Greek.


Daman

The given name derives from the Sanskrit equivalent of Ancient Greek Damian, the brother of Cosmas.

A male given name from Sanskrit used in India.


Pitjantjatjara

/pɪt͡ʃənt͡ʃəˈt͡ʃaːrə/

From Pitjantjatjara Pitjantjatjara, from pitjantja + tjara (literally “having (the word) pitjantja”) (as opposed to the word yankunytja).

Western Desert language
Western Desert language

An Aboriginal language, mainly spoken in central Australia and belonging to the Western Desert language group (Pama-Nyungan subfamily).

皮堅加加拉印地安語 /皮坚加加拉印地安语

the aboriginal language mainly spoken in central Australia

(erroneous) The Western Desert language group as a whole.


Pitjantjatjara

/pɪt͡ʃənt͡ʃəˈt͡ʃaːrə/

Of or pertaining to the Pitjantjatjara language or people.


liberal

The adjective is from Old French liberal, from Latin līberālis (“befitting a freeman”), from līber (“free”); it is attested since the 14th century. The noun is first attested in the 1800s.

vasemmistolainen

someone left-wing — see also progressive, left-winger

(UK politics) One who favors individual voting rights, human and civil rights, and laissez-faire markets (also called "classical liberal"; compare libertarian).

liberaali

Britain: one who favors individual voting rights, human and civil rights and laissez-faire markets


lam

From Arabic لَام (lām), the name of the letter ل (l).

The twenty-third letter of the Arabic alphabet, ل (l). It is preceded by ك (k) and followed by م (m).


chemical formula

en-noun

chemical formula (plural chemical formulas or chemical formulae)

chemical formulas (plural)
chemical formulae (plural)

molecular formula
molecular formula#English

(chemistry) Synonym of molecular formula


Lithuanian

Lithuanian (countable and uncountable, plural Lithuanians)

Lithuanians (plural)
Lith. (alternative)

(uncountable) The main language of Lithuania.

(countable) A person living in or coming from Lithuania.


tribe

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English tribe, tribu, from Old French tribu, from Latin tribus. Doublet of tribus.

A group of affiliated Mardi Gras Indians.


Islam

en-proper noun

Islam (usually uncountable, plural Islams)

Islams (plural)
Islaam (alternative)
Islām / Eslam (alternative)

Borrowed around 1610 from Arabic إِسْلَام (ʔislām, “submission, surrender”), verbal noun of أَسْلَمَ (ʔaslama), from the root س ل م (s l m).


advocate

en-verb

advocate (third-person singular simple present advocates, present participle advocating, simple past and past participle advocated)

advocates (present singular third-person)
advocating (participle present)
advocated (participle past)
advocated (past)

From Middle English advocat, advoket, from Old French advocat, from Latin advocātus (past participle of advocāre (“to call for”)), a calque of Ancient Greek παράκλητος (paráklētos) (whence English paraclete). Doublet of advoke, avocat, avouch, and avow.

doublet

(Scots law) To appeal from an inferior court to the Court of Session.

(Scots law, in higher courts) To call a case before itself for decision.


rod

From Middle English rodde, from Old English *rodd or *rodde (attested in dative plural roddum (“rod, pole”)), of uncertain origin, but probably from Proto-Germanic *rudd- (“stick, club”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewdʰ- (“to clear land”). Compare Old Norse rudda (“club”). For the root, compare English rid. Presumably unrelated to Proto-Germanic *rōdō (“rod, pole”).

der

These cylindrical rods fly through the air at incredible speeds and can only be picked up by high-speed cameras.

2000, Jack Barranger, Paul Tice, Mysteries Explored: The Search for Human Origins, Ufos, and Religious Beginnings, Book Three, p.37:

During one such broadcast in 1997, the esteemed radio host bellowed, “I got a fax earlier today from MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) in Arizona and they said what you think are rods are actually insects!”

2009, Barry Conrad, An Unknown Encounter: A True Account of the San Pedro Haunting, Dorrance Publishing, pages 129–130:

He tells of a home video showing a rod flying into the open mouth of a girl singing at a wedding.

2010, Deena West Budd, The Weiser Field Guide to Cryptozoology: Werewolves, Dragons, Skyfish, Lizard Men, and Other Fascinating Creatures Real and Mysterious, Weiser Books, page 15:

(ufology) A rod-shaped object that appears in photographs or videos traveling at high speed, not seen by the person recording the event, often associated with extraterrestrial entities.


ye

The Cyrillic letter Е, е, featured in various Slavic and Turkic languages.


why

ee, why, ee, ess, eyes

1881 April, J. B. Rundell, “The Irregularities of English Spelling: what they Cost and what they are Worth”, in The Spelling Reformer, and Journal of the English Spelling Reform Association, volume I, number 10, London, page 147:

eff you see kay why oh you.

1996, Sycamore Review, volume 8, page 116:

I hear you. But hear me out, all right? Because I mean what I’m about to say. Eff-you-see-kay-why-oh-you. Fuck you.

2009, Eric Barnes, Shimmer, Denver, Colo.: Unbridled Books, →ISBN, page 91:

Like many folks do when taking medicine past its expiration date, Jerry had questioned its effectiveness. The pill had answered with a resounding why ee ess, and Jerry couldn’t tell between the Custom Costume in his pocket and himself.

2016, Daniel DiPrinzio, “Come Quickly”, in The Great Stone Robbery or A Parade of Idiots, →ISBN, page 184:

Miss said, “Love your outfit, bee-tee-double-u.” It took me a second to realize she meant “btw.” “Is it vintage?” / I looked down at my school uniform. Fudgsicles. “Tee-why,” said Jahna, for “ty.” “And why-ee-ess yes!”

2016, Rachel Cohn, David Levithan, The Twelve Days of Dash & Lily, Electric Monkey, →ISBN, page 73:

Alternative form of wye; the name of the Latin-script letter Y/y.


circle

Pitcairn-Norfolk: sirkil

From Middle English circle, cercle, from Old French cercle and Latin circulus, diminutive of Latin circus (“circle, circus”), from Ancient Greek κίρκος (kírkos, “circle, ring”), related to Old English hring (“ring”). Compare also Old English ċircul (“circle, zodiac”), which came from the same Latin source.

دَائِرَة

geometry: set of all points in a plane within a radius

He arrived at the lakefront and drove around the circle where the amusement park and beach used to be when he was a kid[…]

2011, Charles E. Webb, Downfall and Freedom, page 120:

(South Africa, Philippines, India) A traffic circle or roundabout.

(astronomy) An instrument of observation, whose graduated limb consists of an entire circle. When fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y's, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle.


circle

en-verb

circle (third-person singular simple present circles, present participle circling, simple past and past participle circled)

circles (present singular third-person)
circling (participle present)
circled (participle past)
circled (past)

Vultures circled overhead.


sin

sins (plural)
seen (alternative)
sīn (alternative)


reset

In early times it was common to charge the reset of property taken by robbery as reset of theft. But in later practice reset of property taken by robbery has been frequently libelled and found relevant (1).

1867, John H. A. MacDonald, A Practical Treatise on the Criminal Law of Scotland, Edinburgh: William Paterson, page 405:

(Scots law) The crime of knowingly and dishonestly receiving stolen goods, or harbouring an outlaw.


reset

reset (third-person singular simple present resets, present participle resetting, simple past and past participle resetted)

resets (present singular third-person)
resetting (participle present)
resetted (participle past)
resetted (past)
ressett (alternative)

Criminal resetting of property shall not be limited to the receiving of property taken by theft or robbery, but shall extend to the receiving of property appropriated by breach of trust and embezzlement and by falsehood, fraud and wilful imposition.

1995, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Part VI, section 51”, in Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995, page 41:

(Scots law) To receive and hide (stolen goods, or a criminal, etc.)


wake

From Middle English wake, from Old English wacu, from Proto-Germanic *wakō, related to the verb *wakjaną.

1523–1525, Jean Froissart, John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners (translator), Froissart's Chronicles
Great solemnities were made in all churches, and great fairs and wakes throughout all England.

And every village smokes at wakes with lusty cheer.

1612, Michael Drayton, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [John Selden], editor, Poly-Olbion. Or A Chorographicall Description of Tracts, Riuers, Mountaines, Forests, and Other Parts of this Renowned Isle of Great Britaine, […], London: […] [Humphrey Lownes] for M[athew] Lownes; I[ohn] Browne; I[ohn] Helme; I[ohn] Busbie, →OCLC:

(historical, Church of England) A yearly parish festival formerly held in commemoration of the dedication of a church. Originally, prayers were said on the evening preceding, and hymns were sung during the night, in the church; subsequently, these vigils were discontinued, and the day itself, often with succeeding days, was occupied in rural pastimes and exercises, attended by eating and drinking.


wet

en-noun

wet (countable and uncountable, plural wets)

From Middle English wet (“wet, moistened”), wett, wette, past participle of Middle English weten (“to wet”), from Old English wǣtan (“to wet, moisten, water”), from Proto-West Germanic *wātijan, from Proto-Germanic *wētijaną (“to wet, make wet”), from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“water, wet”) (also the source of water).
Cognate with Scots weit, wete (“to wet”), Saterland Frisian wäitje (“to wet; drench”), Icelandic væta (“to wet”). Compare also Middle English weet (“wet”), from Old English wǣt (“wet, moist, rainy”), from Proto-West Germanic *wāt, from Proto-Germanic *wētaz (“wet, moist”), related to Scots weit, weet, wat (“wet”), North Frisian wiat, weet, wäit (“wet”), Saterland Frisian wäit (“wet”), West Frisian wiet (“wet”), Middle Dutch wet (“wet, damp, watery”), Swedish and Norwegian våt (“wet”), Danish våd (“wet”), Faroese vátur (“wet”), Icelandic votur (“wet”).

cog

(British, UK politics, derogatory) A moderate Conservative; especially, one who opposed the hard-line policies of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s.


Cornish

From Corn(wall) + -ish, from Cornish Kernewek, Kernowek.

(collectively) The inhabitants of Cornwall, especially native-born.


Cornish

There is a movement to revive Cornish.

The Celtic language of Cornwall, related to Welsh and Breton.

A habitational surname from Old English [in turn originating as an ethnonym], referring to someone from Cornwall.


kanji

en-noun

kanji (countable and uncountable, plural kanji or kanjis)

or kanjis (kanji plural)
Kanji (alternative)

Borrowed from Japanese 漢字(かんじ) (kanji, “Chinese characters”), from Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH, “Han dynasty, China”) + Middle Chinese 字 (MC dziH, “[written] character”) (Compare Korean 한자 (hanja), Mandarin 漢字 /汉字 (hànzì), Vietnamese Hán tự, Hokkien 漢字 /汉字 (hàn-jī / hàn-lī), Cantonese 漢字 /汉字 (hon³ zi⁶)). Doublet of hanja and Hanzi.

I know about a thousand kanji.

Any individual Chinese character as used in the Japanese language.


dry

drys (plural)
dries (plural)
drie (alternative)

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaɪ̯]

Adjective and noun from Middle English drye, dryge, drüȝe, from Old English drȳġe (“dry; parched, withered”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgī, *draugī, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz, *draugiz (“dry, hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). The verb derives from Middle English drien, from Old English drȳġan (“to dry”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgijan, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz (“hard, desiccated, dry”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, hard, solid”).
cognates and related terms
 Cognate with Scots dry, drey (“dry”), North Frisian drüg, driig, Saterland Frisian druuch (“dry”), West Frisian droech (“dry”), Dutch droog (“dry”), Low German dröög (“dry”), German dröge (“dull”), Icelandic draugur (“a dry log”). Related also to German trocken (“dry”), West Frisian drege (“long-lasting”), Danish drøj (“tough”), Swedish dryg (“lasting, hard”), Icelandic drjúgur (“ample, long”), Latin firmus (“strong, firm, stable, durable”). See also drought, drain, dree.

cog

(British, UK politics) A radical or hard-line Conservative; especially, one who supported the policies of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s.


demonym

From demo- + -onym, from Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos, “people”) + ὄνυμα (ónuma, “name”). Possibly revived in 1997 by Paul Dickson of Merriam-Webster.

Why is it that people from the United States use American as their demonym?

A name for an inhabitant or native of a specific place, usually derived from the name of the place.


Kalaallisut

From Greenlandic kalaallisut (“Greenlandic”).

The Greenlandic Inuit language, spoken in Greenland.

Specifically the West Greenlandic dialect, spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Greenland.


jay

Respelling of the letter jy (which see), by analogy with the following letter kay.

The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.


Christian

en-proper noun

Christian (countable and uncountable, plural Christians)

Christians (plural)
christian (alternative)
Xtian (alternative)
Xian (alternative)

/ˈkɹɪʃt͡ʃən/

/ˈkɹɪst͡ʃən/

From Middle English Cristien, from Old French chrestien, from Latin Chrīstiānus, from Ancient Greek Χρῑστιᾱνός (Khrīstiānós), from Χρῑστός (Khrīstós, “Christ, anointed [one]”) + Latin suffix -ānus. The older form is Christen. Doublet of cretin. By surface analysis, Christ + -ian.

A male given name from Ancient Greek found in England since the twelfth century.

A female given name from Ancient Greek of medieval usage, rare today.

An unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States.


Occitan

From French occitan; see there for more.

A Romance language spoken in Occitania, a region of Europe that includes Southern France, Auvergne, Limousin, and some parts of Catalonia and Italy.


Occitan

Someone of the regional culture that speaks this language; an inhabitant of Occitania.


Occitan

en-adj

Occitan (comparative more Occitan, superlative most Occitan)

more Occitan (comparative)
most Occitan (superlative)

Of or pertaining to the Romance language Occitan, or the regional culture of the people who speak it.


whip

→ Irish: fuip

⇒ Jamaican Creole: wip

From Middle English whippen, wippen (“to flap violently”), from Middle Dutch wippen (“to swing, leap, dance, oscillate”) and Middle Low German wippen (“to move quickly”), from Proto-Germanic *wipjaną (“to move back and forth”). Some similarity to Sanskrit root वेप् (vep, “shake, flourish”), Latin vibrō (“I shake”). (See Swedish vippa and Danish vippe (“to shake”)).
The unetymological wh- is probably expressive of the sound of a whip; compare the same development in whisk and onomatopoeias such as whack and whoosh.
The political senses are from whipper-in (“huntsman who keeps the hounds from wandering”), 18th century hunting terminology.

der

(UK politics, with definite article) A document distributed weekly to MPs by party whips informing them of upcoming votes in parliament.

to withdraw the whip

As a result, he was stripped of the whip on Tuesday, preventing him from voting in the fourth ballot to narrow down candidates to be the next party leader.

2022 July 20, Heather Stewart, “Tobias Ellwood temporarily given back Tory whip to vote in leadership contest”, in The Guardian:

In the letter, Hancock said he had spoken to the Conservatives’ chief whip, Simon Hart, last week, and been told the whip would be restored in time, “but that is now not necessary” – meaning he will sit as an independent until the next election.

2022 December 7, Peter Walker, “Row grows over Matt Hancock’s announcement he is quitting as MP”, in The Guardian:

(UK politics, by extension) The regular status of an MP within a parliamentary party, which can be revoked by the party as a disciplinary measure.


ash

en-noun

ash (countable and uncountable, plural ashes)

From Middle English asshe, from Old English æsċ, from Proto-Germanic *askaz, *askiz (compare West Frisian esk, Dutch es, German Esche, Danish/Norwegian/Swedish ask), from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃s- (compare Welsh onnen, Latin ornus (“wild mountain ash”), Lithuanian úosis, Russian я́сень (jásenʹ), Albanian ah (“beech”), Ancient Greek ὀξύα (oxúa, “beech”), Old Armenian հացի (hacʻi)).

Alternative forms: æsc, æsh

The traditional name for the ae ligature (æ), as used in Old English.


e

The letter name is ultimately from Latin ē. Use of the Latin letter in (Old) English displaced, in whole or in part, five futhorc letters in the 7th century: ᛖ (e), ᚫ (æ), ᛠ (ea), ᛇ (eo), and ᛟ (œ).

The name of the Latin-script letter E/e.


Asia

en-proper noun

Asia (countable and uncountable, plural Asias)

From Middle English Asia, Asie, from Old French Asie and Latin Asia, from Ancient Greek Ᾰ̓σῐ́ᾱ (Ăsĭ́ā), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 (a-si-wi-ja /aswijaː/), in turn probably from Hittite 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa /Aššuwa/, “northwest Anatolia”) of uncertain origin. Potentially from an Aegean language family substrate or Akkadian. Possibly a doublet of Assuwa.

der

67 Asia
Asia
Asia (mythology)
United Nations Statistics Division

And Scott Haskell started going out with this sophomore girl called Asia, who was this rich girl from Weston Heights.

1994, Blake Nelson, Girl: A Novel, Simon&Schuster, →ISBN, page 81:

A female given name transferred from the place name, of modern usage.


handle

desctree

→ Japanese: ハンドル (handoru)
→ Hokkien: 捍多路 (hăn-tó͘-luh)
→ Sakizaya: handulu

From Middle English handel, handle, from Old English handle (“a handle”), from handlian (“to handle, feel, deal with, discuss”). See verb below. Cognate with Danish handel (“a handle”).

The successful businessman was knighted and acquired a handle to his name.

(slang) A title attached to one's name, such as Doctor or Colonel.


san

From Ancient Greek σάν (sán), from Semitic.

A letter of the Archaic Greek alphabet (uppercase Ϻ, lowercase ϻ) that came after pi and before qoppa.


u

From Middle English lower case letter v (also written u), from Old English lower case u, from 7th century replacement by lower case u of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚢ (u, ur), derived from Raetic letter u.
Before the 1700s, the pointed form v was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form u was used elsewhere, regardless of sound. So whereas valor and excuse appeared as in modern printing, have and upon were printed haue and vpon. Eventually, in the 1700s, to differentiate between the consonant and vowel sounds, the v form was used to represent the consonant, and u the vowel sound. v then preceded u in the alphabet, but the order has since reversed.

The name of the Latin-script letter U/u.


Klingon

[Alt: Photograph of two people in Klingon costume]
c. 1960s, from the Star Trek franchise, purportedly by Gene Roddenberry, named for Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan of the Los Angeles Police Department. In-universe, the name was a transcription of Klingon tlhIngan.

An artificial language created by Marc Okrand for the film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.


romaji

en-noun

romaji (countable and uncountable, plural romajis)

romajis (plural)
Romaji (alternative)
Rōmaji (alternative)
Roma-ji (alternative)
Rōma-ji (alternative)
roma-ji (alternative)
rōmaji (alternative)
romanji (alternative)

/ˈɹəʊməd͡ʒi/

/ɹəʊˈmɑːd͡ʒi/

Transliteration from Japanese ローマ字(じ) (rōmaji, literally “Roman letters”).

ja-r

The romaji of the word ローマ字 is “rōmaji”.

The katakana and the hiragana are syllabic forms of writing derived from Chinese characters, while the romaji are the letters used in writing most European languages.

For example, in Japanese advertisements sexy and my house often appear in romaji, making the underlying concepts of eroticism and private ownership more exotic.

2006, Ralph Fasold, Jeffrey Connor-Linton, An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, page 410:

Today people ordinarily use kana-kanji conversion systems for inputting Japanese text. Because many of them can touch-type the romajis for the kanas, the O-code with kana-kanji conversion is more accessible.

2011, T Okadome, J Nakajima, S Ito, K Kakusho, “An Accessible Coded Input Method for Japanese Extensive Writing”, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods:

A representation of Japanese in Latin script.


Argentinian

/ɑɹˌd͡ʒənˈtɪ.nɪ.ən/

/ɑɹˌd͡ʒənˈtiː.nɪ.ən/

Fernández acidly notes that the "Malvinas" are 8,700 miles away from London and claims, controversially, that the Royal Navy expelled the Argentinians who originally lived on the remote South Atlantic territory.

2013 January 3, Luke Harding, Uki Goni, The Guardian:

A person from Argentina or of Argentine descent.


Ukrainian

From Ukraine + -ian (suffix meaning ‘from; like; related to’, forming adjectives; or ‘one belonging to, from, like, or relating to’, forming nouns).

suffix

It [Old Slavonic] is the root of both branches of the living Russian language: of Great Russian, which is the literary and official Russian, as well as of Ukrainian, or Southern Russian. There are, moreover, no popular dialects in our country. The fourteen millions of Ukrainians, settled in the plains of south-west Russia, all speak exactly the same language.

1888, Stepniak [i.e., Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky], chapter I, in The Russian Peasantry: Their Agrarian Condition, Social Life, and Religion, 2nd edition, volume II, London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co. […], →OCLC, page 573:

The East Slavic language of Ukrainians, and the official language of Ukraine.


hanja

Borrowed from Korean 한자(漢字) (hanja), from Middle Chinese 漢字 (MC xanH dziH, “Chinese character”, literally “Han Chinese + character”).
Compare Cantonese 漢字 /汉字 (hon³ zi⁶), Japanese 漢字 (kanji), Mandarin 漢字 /汉字 (hànzì), Vietnamese Hán tự. Doublet of kanji and Hanzi.

ltc-l

The Han character script used to write Korean, particularly in classical literature.

hanja

Any individual Han character as used in the Korean language.


Governator

/ˈɡʌvɚneɪtɚ/

Blend of governor + terminator. In his acting career, Schwarzenegger played a "Terminator" robot in the Terminator film series.

[Title:] Vote for the Governator?

2003 June 30, “Vote for the Governator?”, in RedEye, page 40:

Arnold Schwarzenegger
Arnold Schwarzenegger#English

Nickname for Arnold Schwarzenegger as governor of California.


Manchu

/ˌmænˈt͡ʃuː/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ (manju), probably from Sanskrit मञ्जुश्री (mañjuśrī, “Manjushri”).

der

(obsolete) A person belonging to the Qing Dynasty (Manchu Dynasty) of China.


Manchu

/ˌmænˈt͡ʃuː/

The indigenous language of the Manchu people, spoken in Manchuria.

(obsolete) The Qing Dynasty (Manchu Dynasty).


Manchu

/ˌmænˈt͡ʃuː/

Manchurian, referring to the Manchu language.


Hindi

Hindi
Hindi (disambiguation)
Hindi language (Hindi belt)
Hindi languages

Borrowed from Hindi हिंदी (hindī), from Classical Persian هِنْدِی (hindī). By surface analysis, Hind + -i.

The Central Zone of Indo-Aryan languages. These are also spoken in Fiji, Guyana and as a second language by Indians in many other countries.


American Samoan

en-noun

American Samoan (plural American Samoans)

A person from American Samoa or of American Samoan descent.


Pyrenean

/ˌpɪɹəˈniːən/

Pierre held his berret ^([sic]) in his hand, and the boldness of the Pyrenean hunter was strangely overcome in the absence of all apparent danger: he really knew not what he did or what he said.

1845, Selina Bunbury, Evenings in the Pyrenées:

Of or pertaining to the Pyrenees, a range of mountains separating France and Spain


Milton

The English place names are from Old English mylen (“mill”) or middel (“middle”) + tun (“settlement”).

Herbert, Sydney, Milton, Seymour. You know, all the time I was growing up I thought those were the most ordinary Jewish first names, until someone pointed out that they were British last names. I guess to my great-grandparents those names must have sounded so modern, so sophisticated, so - non-Eastern European. And now they're just Uncle Miltie, Uncle Sy, Uncle Herb. Do other people have Uncle Donne and Uncle Wordsworth?

1989, David Leavitt, Equal Affections, →ISBN, page 215:

A male given name transferred from the surname.


Kannada

From Kannada ಕನ್ನಡ (kannaḍa). Doublet of Canara.

The Dravidian language that is the official language of the state of Karnataka, India.


suspension

suspension (countable and uncountable, plural suspensions)

Borrowed from Late Latin suspensiōnem (“arching, vaulting; suspension”), from suspendēre (“to hang up, to suspend”), from sub- (“under”) + pendere (“to hang, to suspend”), from Proto-Italic *pendō (“to hang, to put in a hanging position”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pénd-e-ti, from *(s)pend- (“to pull; to spin”)). Compare Anglo-Norman suspensiun, French suspension, Occitan suspensio.

der

(Scots law) A stay or postponement of the execution of a sentence, usually by letters of suspension granted on application to the Lord Ordinary.

εκκρεμότητα

Scots law: stay or postponement of the execution of a sentence


Dutchman

From Middle English Ducheman; equivalent to Dutch + -man.

[…]the tyranny of the rockspiders, crunchies, hairybacks, ropes, and bloody Dutchmen. Those were the names by which we referred to Afrikaners.

1990, Rian Malan, My Traitor's Heart: Blood and Bad Dreams, page 54:

(South Africa, derogatory) A male white Afrikaner.

(nautical) Ellipsis of Flying Dutchman.: a ghost ship


Dutchman

President Roosevelt called a press conference in the Oval Office. [...] when asked where the Billys had originated, the Dutchman smiled broadly [...].

2003, James Bradley, chapter 8, in Flyboys, New York: Little, Brown and Company:

(US) A nickname for President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


Netherlander

/ˈnɛðɚˌlændɚ/

Nederlander

someone from the Netherlands — see also Dutchman, Dutchwoman


Cypriot

From Ancient Greek Κυπριώτης (Kupriṓtēs, “Cypriot”). By surface analysis, Cypr(us) + -iot.

bor

Holonym: Arcado-Cypriot

The dialect of Turkish spoken in Cyprus.


Andorran

A person from Andorra or of Andorran descent.


Emirian

From Emir(ates) (“United Arab Emirates”) + -ian.

af

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates

An Emirati; a person from the United Arab Emirates or of Emirian descent.


Emirian

en-adj

Emirian (comparative more Emirian, superlative most Emirian)

more Emirian (comparative)
most Emirian (superlative)

Of, from, or relating to the United Arab Emirates.


Antiguan

A person from Antigua in Antigua and Barbuda, or of Antiguan descent.


Barbudan

Barbudans (plural)
Barbudian (alternative)

A person from Barbuda in Antigua and Barbuda or of Barbudan descent.


Barbudan

Barbudan (comparative more Barbudan, superlative most Barbudan)

more Barbudan (comparative)
most Barbudan (superlative)
Barbudian (alternative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Barbuda, the Barbudan people.


Barbudian

Barbudians (plural)
Barbudan (alternative)

A person from Barbuda in Antigua and Barbuda, or of Barbudian descent.


Anguillan

A person from Anguilla or of Anguillan descent.


Armenian

Of, from, or pertaining to Armenia, the Armenian people, the Armenian language, or the Armenian alphabet.

аерман

of, from, or pertaining to Armenia, Armenians, the language or alphabet


Armenian

(uncountable) The language of Armenia and the Armenian people, whose older stages are Old Armenian and Middle Armenian.

(uncountable) A branch of Indo-European languages, which includes the various stages of the Armenian language.


Angolan

A person from Angola or of Angolan descent.


Britain

en-proper noun

Britain (countable and uncountable, plural Britains)

→ Hawaiian: Pelekāne

→ Tokelauan: Peletānia

From Middle English Britayne, Breteyn, from Anglo-Norman Bretaigne, Bretaine, from Latin Brittannia, variant of Latin Britannia, from Britannī; reinforced by native Old English Breten, from the same Latin source. Ultimately from Proto-Brythonic *Prɨdėn (“Britain”) from *Pritanī (also compare *Prɨdɨn (“Picts”) from *Pritenī), attested to in Ancient Greek as Πρεττανική (Prettanikḗ), compare Welsh Prydain. Doublet of Britannia and Brittany. More at Britto.


upgive

en-verb

upgive (third-person singular simple present upgives, present participle upgiving, simple past upgave, past participle upgiven)

upgives (present singular third-person)
upgiving (participle present)
upgave (past)
upgiven (participle past)

From up- + give. Cognate with German aufgeben (“to abandon, give up, quit”).

cog

[…] we hereby resign, surrender, upgive, overgive and deliver, ALL and WHOLE — (here the lands were described) — together with all right, title and interest whatever […]

1811, Robert Bell, A System of the Forms of Deeds Used in Scotland, page 116:

Then, too, are Jersey's sons all resolute, / Repairing to the camp in numbers great, / Their sufferings to avenge upon the foe, / Which all must cease should Jersey be upgiven.

1849, Robert Wharton Landis, Liberty's Triumph: A Poem, page 255:

There fell a sudden rain then, from the gods: / Which glisters, in the sun, like golden hairs; / And earth upgave sweet savour of her sod, / Mingled with iron stink of sweat and blood.

1906, Charles Montagu Doughty, The Dawn in Britain, page 4:

(transitive, poetic, obsolete except in Scots law) To give up or yield up.


Faeroese

en-noun

Faeroese (countable and uncountable, plural Faeroese)


Laura

From Late Latin saint's name Laura, from the feminine form of laurus (“laurel tree”). A post-classical name made famous by Petrarch's sonnets to Laura in the fourteenth century.

Now is he for the numbers that Petrarch flowed in; Laura to his lady was but a kitchen-wench; marry, she had a better love to be-rime her;

c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

Laura was saying something. A mellifluous name, he thought. I wish she were far away, so I could call her.

1960 Peter S. Beagle: A Fine And Private Place. Random House Publishing, 1982:The Fantasy Worlds of Peter Beagle. →ISBN page 258

'Mine's Laura'./ 'A beautiful name.'/ Laura has never liked her name. It's too old-fashioned and has, to her mind, a slightly whiny sound, like the twang of a country and western guitar. In fact she was given the name because Michelle liked the song 'Tell Laura I Love Her'.

2019 February 7, Elly Griffiths, The Stone Circle: The Dr Ruth Galloway Mysteries 11, Hachette UK, →ISBN:

The request for a retraction centers around an October 28 segment on Laura Ingraham’s prime time show, “The Ingraham Angle.”

2019 November 20, Oliver Darcy, “Lawyer for impeachment witness Lt. Col Vindman demands Fox News retract ‘false and defamatory’ segment”, in CNN:


Ursula

/ˈɜː(ɹ).ʃʊ.lə/

From Latin Ursula, the name of a fourth century saint.

Whisper her ear, and tell her, I and Ursula / Walk in the orchard, and our whole discourse / Is all of her;

"Is her name Ursula?" And I called to mind the little girl who had tried to give some bread to the hungry John Halifax, and whose cry of pain we heard as the door shut upon her. Poor little lady! how sorry I was.

1857 Dinah Craik, John Halifax, Gentleman, Chapter III


Low Saxon

Holonym: Low German (broad sense)

The Low Saxon dialect area is usually divided into West Low Saxon and East Low Saxon.

1961, R. E. Keller, German Dialects: Phonology and Morphology with selected Texts, page 339:

Low German

Synonym of Low German (strict sense: a certain West Germanic language)

There is general agreement that, to the east, Low Saxon should be divided from East Low German (Ostniederdeutsch) approximately though quite coincidentally, along the modern border between the Federal Republic and the GDR, although there is no general agreement as to precisely where the dialect boundary should lie, or as to which isogloss should be crucial to its delineation. [...] The Low Saxon dialects are sometimes referred to collectively as West Low German (Westniederdeutsch) [...]

1990, Stephen Barbour, Patrick Stevenson, Variation in German: A critical approach to German sociolinguistics, Cambridge University Press, page 86f:

A group of related dialects of Low German, spoken in northern Germany and parts of the Netherlands, formerly also in Denmark.


Hispanic

en-adj

Hispanic (comparative more Hispanic, superlative most Hispanic)

more Hispanic (comparative)
most Hispanic (superlative)

From Latin hispānicus, from Hispānia (“Iberia”) + -icus.

Of or pertaining to the Iberian peninsula, its people, its culture or its languages.

Houses in New Mexico, California and Florida exhibit a strong Hispanic architectural influence.

(colloquial) Of or relating to a Spanish-speaking people or culture, as in Latin America.

hispà

Of or relating to Spanish-speaking people or culture


Hispanic

A native or descendant of a Spanish-speaking country.


Hispano

Borrowed from Spanish hispano, from Latin Hispānus, from Hispānia.

There are many famous Hispanos in the music world.

Hispanos are quickly becoming the largest minority in the United States.

(slang) A Hispanic; a person of Spanish descent.


Hispano

Hispano (comparative more Hispano, superlative most Hispano)

more Hispano (comparative)
most Hispano (superlative)


Hunmin Jeongeum

Borrowed from Korean 훈민정음(訓民正音) (Hunminjeong'eum), literally "correct sounds to educate the people".

This setting was the same in the Revised Nogeoldae, corrected during the King Seongjong (成宗), and was also the same in Translated Nogeoldae and Nogeoldae Eonhae, which Korean Hangeul (Hunmin Jeongeum) pronunciations and interpretations are added based on Revised Nogeoldae.

2003, Gregory K.. Iverson, Ahn Sang-Cheol, Explorations in Korean Language and Linguistics, page 41:

Hunmin-jeongeum (the original name for Hangul) kept coming to mind.

2009, Buddhism and Culture - Issues 1-3, page 61:

Research on Hunmin Jeongeum as the archetype of the current Korean script is practically nonexistent, to the extent that Japanese research on the subject is highly acclaimed.

2013, The Korea Foundation, Korea Focus - February 2013:

(historical) The phonetic script in which Korean is written, now usually called hangul.


Ardhamagadhi

Transliteration of Sanskrit अर्धमागधी (ardhamāgadhī).

translit

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit


Vietnamese

The Vietnamese I own is the one you gave me, the one whose diction and syntax reach only the second-grade level.

2019, Ocean Vuong, On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous, Jonathan Cape, page 31:

The Austroasiatic language spoken predominantly in Vietnam.


hypocoristic

en-adj

hypocoristic (comparative more hypocoristic, superlative most hypocoristic)

more hypocoristic (comparative)
most hypocoristic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ὑποκοριστικός (hupokoristikós), from ὑποκορίζομαι (hupokorízomai, “I speak in the language of children”), from ὑπό (hupó, “below”) + κορίζομαι (korízomai, “I act like a girl”), from κόρη (kórē, “girl”).

uder

ὑποκοριστικός

Relating to a nickname, usually indicating intimacy with the person.

hipocorístic

relating to a nickname, usually indicating intimacy


hypocoristic

ὑποκοριστικός

A nickname, especially one indicating intimacy and formed through a shortening of the original name.

hipocorístic

nickname, especially one indicating intimacy and formed through shortening of the original name


exonym

“Mandarin” is what linguists call an exonym, an external name for a place, people, or language. And exonyms often tell of a history of how cultures met, fought, and interacted.

2019 January 4, Sarah Zhang, “Why Mandarin Doesn’t Come From Chinese”, in The Atlantic:

An external name for a place, people or a language used by outgroup members (such as foreigners) instead of ingroup members (such as native-language speakers).


Andrew

en-proper noun

Andrew (countable and uncountable, plural Andrews)

[ˈeᵊnˌd̠ɹ̠˔ʷʊ̈u]

[ˈænˌd̠ɹ̠ʷ˔ʊ̈u]

From Ancient Greek Ἀνδρέας (Andréas), cognate with ἀνδρεῖος (andreîos, “manly”), both from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”). Doublet of André, Andreas, Andrei, and Andrey.

doublet

I like him - I like a man who can be extreme. Depend upon it, Miss Mercer - but what is his first name?" "Andrew." "A good name, though common - there is a possibility of a sound reputation in Andrew Morton, especially if he narrows himself down to a point […]

1890, John Davidson, Perfervid: The Career of Ninian Jamieson, Ward and Downey, page 94:

"Well, I'd say he ought to have a Scottish name like Andrew or Bruce or Sandy...or...Duncan...or Angus or..." He ticked them off on his fingers as they came to mind.

1966, Ester Wier, The Barrel, D. McCay Co., page 57:

Lloyd was a piss-ant name. Andrew was better because Andrew was one of the twelve apostles, and anybody with a twelve-apostle name was a good guy. If you were reading a book - which Parker rarely did - and you ran across a guy named Luke, Matthew, Thomas, Peter, Paul, James, like that, you knew right off he was supposed to be a good guy. - - - He would have preferred to be called Andrew, which was his true and honorable middle name.

1985, Ed McBain, Eight Black Horses, Simon&Schuster, published 2003, →ISBN:

"Irina? Call me 'Andy,' please."
"I think that I would rather call you 'Andrew'."
This was flattering, somehow. For everyone I knew called me "Andy"―a name comfortable as an old sneaker. There was dignity in "Andrew," and a kind of depth, complexity. Perhaps I began to fall in love with Irina Kacinzk for seeing more in me than I saw in myself at the time.

2015, Joyce Carol Oates, Jack of Spades, Head of Zeus, →ISBN, page 104:

(countable) A male given name from Ancient Greek.


eng

Probably created in analogy with other names for nasal consonants em (m) and en (n).

Roman alphabet ŋ: The Latin-based letter formed by combining the letters n and g, used in the IPA, Saami, Mende, and some Australian aboriginal languages. In the IPA, it represents the voiced velar nasal, the ng sound in running and rink. .


Australian

General Australian, Macquarie Dictionary

/ɔːˈstɹeɪlɪən/

A language of the country or continent of Australia; Australian (Australian English).

inglés australiano

a language of the country or continent of Australia; Australian (Australian English)


Austrian

An economist supporting the ideals of the Austrian School of Economics.


Gaelic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Gaelic.wav

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Irish Gaelic.

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Manx Gaelic.

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Scottish Gaelic.

She taught herself some Gaelic as a child. It’s hard to pronounce, and with no other Gaelic speakers around that she could practice on, she’s forgotten nearly all of what she learned.

2020, N. K. Jemisin, The City We Became, Orbit, page 342:


Gaelic

Of or relating to the Gaels, the Goidel peoples of Scotland and Ireland, and the Manx, or their languages.


Gaelic

Undoubtedly, the main reasons why many gifted young Irish sportsmen such as Niall Quinn, Kevin Moran and Frank Stapleton opted to play soccer instead of Gaelic is^([sic]) that soccer afforded them the opportunity to display and test their abilities in an international arena and earn a good living.

1995, John Sugden, Alan Bairner, Sport, Sectarianism and Society, page 42:


oh

From Middle English o, oo, from Old English ō, from Latin ō.

One genuine recycled local glass of aitch-two-oh

Exes and Ohs: A Downtown Girl's (Mostly Awkward) Tales of Love, Lust, Revenge, and a Little Facebook Stalking

2011, Shallon Lester, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.


Fand

(Irish mythology) A fairy and the wife of Manannán mac Lir and later the lover of Cúchulainn.


alpha

en-noun

alpha (countable and uncountable, plural alphas)

From the Ancient Greek ἄλφα (álpha), the first letter of the Greek alphabet, from the Phoenician 𐤀 (ʾ, “aleph”). Doublet of alif and aleph.

The name of the first letter of the Greek alphabet (Α, α), followed by beta. In the Latin alphabet it is the predecessor to A.


beta

beta (countable and uncountable, plural betas)

From Ancient Greek βῆτα (bêta). Doublet of beth.

The second letter of the Greek alphabet (Β, β), preceded by alpha (Α, α) and followed by gamma, (Γ, γ). In modern Greek it represents the voiced labiodental fricative sound of v found in the English words have and vase.


gamma

gamma (countable and uncountable, plural gammas)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γάμμα (gámma). Doublet of gimel.

The third letter of the Greek alphabet (Γ, γ), preceded by beta (Β, β) and followed by delta, (Δ, δ).


delta

From Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta), borrowed from a Phoenician word for "door", ultimately from Proto-Semitic *dalt-. Doublet of dalet.
* (river): from the triangular shape of the majuscule Greek letter delta Δ
* (USSF): from the delta wing, symbol of the USSF, a triangular wing, shaped like the majuscule Greek letter delta Δ

The fourth letter of the modern Greek alphabet Δ, δ.

This will slow the main code path down, but only by delta.

(computing, informal) A small but noticeable effect. Compare epsilon.


epsilon

epsilon (countable and uncountable, plural epsilons or epsila)

From Ancient Greek ἒ ψιλόν (è psilón, “simple Ε”).

uder

The fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, ε or Ε, preceded by delta (Δ, δ) and followed by zeta (Ζ, ζ).

إِبْسِلُون

name for the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet


zeta

From the Ancient Greek ζῆτα (zêta). Doublet of zed.

The sixth letter of the modern Greek alphabet (Ζ (Z), ζ (z)) preceded by epsilon (Ε (E), ε (e)) and followed by eta, (Η (I), η (i)); or the seventh letter in the ancient Greek alphabet, in which it is preceded by digamma (Ϝ (W), ϝ (w))

زِيتَا

Sixth letter of the modern Greek alphabet (Ζ, ζ)

зе́та

Seventh letter of the ancient Greek alphabet


digamma

From di- + gamma, from its shape resembling two stacked capital gammas (Γ).

Letter of the Archaic Greek alphabet: Ϝ, ϝ


Paris

Paree (alternative)
Parish (alternative)
Parris (alternative)
Parrish (alternative)
Pares (alternative)

desctree

→ Arabic: بارِيس (bārīs), بَارِيز (bārīz) — dated, پَارِيس (pārīs) — rare
→ Afar: Baaríis
→ Somali: Baaríis

→ Hindi: पेरिस (peris)

→ Urdu: پَیرِس (pairis)
→ Punjabi: پَیرَس (pairas)

From Middle English Parys, Paris, from Old French Paris, from the Late Latin name of an earlier settlement, Lutetia Parisiorum (“Lutetia of the Parisii”), from Latin Parīsiī, a Gaulish tribe, from Transalpine Gaulish *parios (“cauldron”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Doublet of Parizh.

der

A female given name transferred from the place name, of modern usage, usually from the French city.


Paris

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Πάρις (Páris).

A male given name from Ancient Greek, from the Trojan hero.


Kurdish

/ˈkɜː(ɹ)dɪʃ/

Family of Indo-Iranian languages of Kurdistan (in the Mesopotamia region, from the Zagros of mid-western Iran to the eastern extension of the chain of the Taurus Mountains).


Sardinian

A Romance language spoken in the Italian region of Sardinia.


Moscow

Ultimately from Old East Slavic Москов- (Moskov-), originally referring to the Moskva River, probably from Proto-Slavic *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”). Perhaps related to Czech moskva (“raw bread”), Slovak mozga (“puddle”), Polish Mozgawa, and more distantly Latvian mazgāt (“to wash, rinse”), Sanskrit मज्जति (májjati, “to sink”), Latin mergō (“to dive”), all from Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to plunge, dip”). Cognate with Russian промозглый (promozglyj, “dank”).

A large number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Latah County, Idaho; probably named after the Russian city.

Lackawanna County
Lackawanna County#English

A borough of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania.

A village in Clermont County, Ohio; said to be named by French veterans of Napoleon's siege of Moscow.

An unincorporated community in Marengo County, Alabama.

Muscatine County
Muscatine County#English

An unincorporated community in Muscatine County, Iowa.

Hillsdale County
Hillsdale County#English

An unincorporated community in Hillsdale County, Michigan

An unincorporated community in Freeborn County, Minnesota.

An unincorporated community in Kemper County, Mississippi.


London

en-proper noun

London (countable and uncountable, plural Londons)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: London

From Middle English London, from Old English Lunden, from Proto-Celtic via Latin Londinium – see for details. Doublet of Londinium.

Londens

of, from or pertaining to London in the UK

Sonja made me promise I would go to college. She said she'd wanted her daughter, Murphy, to go. She'd named her baby Murphy because it could never be a stripper name. But her daughter had changed her name to London.

2012, Louise Erdrich, The Round House, Corsair, published 2013, →ISBN, page 178:

(rare) A unisex given name transferred from the place name.


eta

Greek was an exercise in making the familiar strange. Its alphabet mapped onto the Roman alphabet, but only partly so, and often letters did not sound how they looked — a rho (Ρ) was not a P, and an eta (Η) was not an H.

2022, R. F. Kuang, Babel, HarperVoyager, page 25:

The seventh letter of the Modern Greek alphabet, the eighth in Old Greek.


theta

→ Malay: teta

Borrowed from Ancient Greek θῆτα (thêta).

The eighth letter of the Modern Greek alphabet, ninth in Old Greek: Θ, θ.


iota

From Ancient Greek ἰῶτα (iôta), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *yad- (“hand”). Doublet of jot and yodh.
* (jot): In reference to a phrase in the New Testament: "until heaven and earth pass away, not an iota, not a dot, will pass from the Law" (Mt 5:18), iota being the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet.

As a Greek numeral, iota represents ten.

There are twelve iotas on that page.


Tibetan

en-noun

Tibetan (countable and uncountable, plural Tibetans)


Peruvian

From Peru + -v- + -ian, or from Latin Peruvia.

A person from Peru or of Peruvian descent.


kappa

kappa (countable and uncountable, plural kappas)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κάππα (káppa), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *kapp- (“palm, hand”). Doublet of kaph.


lambda

From Ancient Greek λάμβδα (lámbda). Doublet of lamed.

The eleventh letter of the Classical and Modern Greek alphabet, the twelfth of the Old Greek alphabet.


mu

en-noun

mu (countable and uncountable, plural mus)

From Ancient Greek μῦ (mû), derived from Phoenician 𐤌𐤌 (mm /mem/, “water”). Doublet of mem.

The 12th letter of the Modern Greek alphabet.


Modern English

The English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift, completed in roughly 1550.


Modern Greek

The Greek language as spoken by the Greek people since the fall of Constantinople in 1453. It was written using polytonic script until 1982, when this was officially dropped in favour of monotonic.


xi

The 14th letter of Classical and Modern Greek. The 15th in Ancient and Old Greek.


Modern French

French spoken after the fifteenth century.


Tok Pisin

Borrowed from Tok Pisin Tok Pisin, from English talk + pidgin or business.

A creole of Indo-European, Malayo-Polynesian and Trans-New Guinean languages (principally English and Kuanua); one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea.


em

Attested since 1808. In typography, the em is named after the em quadrat (later called em quad), from m quadrat, a metal type used in letterpress typesetting, which is as wide as the point size of the font.

etymid

name of the Latin script letter _M_, _m_

The ems and ens at the beginnings and ends.

It said, in a whispering, buzzing voice, "Gee-you-ess-ess-ay-dash-em-ee-ar-ar-wye-dash-em-eye-en-gee-oh-dash-pee-eye-pee-dash-pee-ee-ar-ar-wye-dash-pee-eye-en-gee-oh."

2004, Will Rogers, The Stonking Steps, page 170:

The name of the Latin-script letter M/m.


em

name of Cyrillic letter homologous to Latin script _M_, _m_

Cyrillic script
Appendix:Cyrillic script#English

The name of the Cyrillic script letter М / м.


Scandinavian

Scandinavian Defence
Scandinavian Defence


Scandinavian

en-adj

Scandinavian (comparative more Scandinavian, superlative most Scandinavian)

more Scandinavian (comparative)
most Scandinavian (superlative)

(Of a language) Of or relating to the North Germanic family of languages to which Swedish, Norwegian (Bokmål, Nynorsk), Danish, Icelandic, and Faeroese belong.

skandinavisk

of or relating the North Germanic family of languages


PC

(UK politics) Initialism of Plaid Cymru.


kana

Borrowed from Japanese 仮名(かな) (kana, “phonetic character”, literally “borrowed character”, from the way that kana were originally Chinese characters "borrowed" for their phonetic values).

ja-r

The hiragana and katakana syllabaries. These are made up of characters that represent individual syllables, which are used to write Japanese words and particles. Kana are derived from kanji.


extraterrestrial

extraterrestrials (plural)
extra-terrestrial (alternative)

Smith returns in Men In Black 3 as a veteran agent of a secret organization dedicated to policing the earth’s many extraterrestrials.

2012 May 24, Nathan Rabin, “Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, in The Onion AV Club:

A being originating from outside of the Earth's atmosphere, from space, or from another planet; an alien.


ar

→ Malay: ar

→ Tagalog: ar

From Middle English *ar, arres pl, from earlier *er.

All the ars in the inscription.

I have drunk en-ee-cee-tee-ay-ar from the ef-ell-oh-doubleyou-ee-ar-ess in his gee-ay-ar-dee-ee-en many a time.

RV [is spoken] as "ar-vee" instead of "I SPELL Romeo Victor".

2016 CCEB, Communications Instructions Radiotelephone Procedures: ACP125 (G), p. 3-5

The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.


Mo

A diminutive of the male given names Mohammed, Moses, Maurice, Morris, Moritz, or Mortimer.

A diminutive of the female given names Marjorie, Maureen, Moira, or Monica.


omicron

omicrons (plural)
omicra (plural)
Omicron (alternative)
omikron (alternative)
Omikron (alternative)
o (alternative)
O (alternative)
Ο (alternative)
ο (alternative)

/əʊˈmaɪkɹɒn/

/əʊˈmaɪkɹən/

/ˈoʊməˌkɹɑn/

/ˈoʊmɪˌkɹɑn/

Johann Bayer
Uranometria
en:omicron (disambiguation)

From Latin omicron, from Koine Greek ὂ μῑκρόν (ò mīkrón, “little o”), named in contrast with omega (“big o”). The uncommon form omicra is similarly borrowed from Latin and Greek. The use for designating stars in a constellation—typically in order of apparent brightness—began with Johann Bayer's 1603 Uranometria.

der

Your Majestie knows that unfortunate I [...] was the first who when I published my Poem of Italia Liberata endeavoured to bring the Omicron, Eupselon, Omega, and other Greek Letters, which I thought very requisite for that language, into my own Tongue;

1656 [1612], Henry, Earl of Monmouth, transl., I Raggvagli di Parnasso: or Advertisements from Parnassus, London: Humphrey Moseley, translation of De Ragguagli di Parnaso by Traiano Boccalini, page 180:

The E serves both for the Epsilon and Eta; the O, both for the Omicron and Omega, and likewise for the dipthong OΥ.

1750 [1748 January 10], James Russel, “Letter LI”, in Letters from a Young Painter Abroad to his Friends in England, volume II, London: W. Russel, page 120:

... They include Mira itself (omicron Ceti) which can be seen shortly before dawn.

There are now seven “variants of interest” or “variants of concern” and they each have a Greek letter, according to a W.H.O. tracking page. Some other variants with Greek letters do not reach those classification levels, and the W.H.O. also skipped two letters just before Omicron — “Nu” and “Xi” — leading to speculation about whether “Xi” was avoided in deference to the Chinese president, Xi Jinping.

2021 November 27, Vimal Patel, "How Omicron, the New Covid-19 Variant, Got Its Name", New York Times

(sometimes capitalized) The 15th letter of the Classical and Modern Greek alphabets (16th in Ancient and Old Greek), used in ordering lists as in naming (astronomy) the 15th star of a constellation or (epidemiology) the 15th discovered major variant of a disease.


omicron

/əʊˈmaɪkɹɒn/

/əʊˈmaɪkɹən/

/ˈoʊməˌkɹɑn/

/ˈoʊmɪˌkɹɑn/

Omicron (alternative)
omikron (alternative)
Omikron (alternative)
o (alternative)
O (alternative)
Ο (alternative)
ο (alternative)

(virology, pathology) Ellipsis of Omicron variant.


Pr

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of propyl.


Persian

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

From Middle English percynne, from Middle French persien, from Italian persiano, from Medieval Latin Persiānus, from Latin Persia, from Ancient Greek Περσίς (Persís), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/, “Persia”) (compare Early Classical Persian پارس (pārs) or modern Iranian Persian فارس (fârs), where the shift p > f. Equivalent to Persia + -ian.

The Persian language, or a family of languages spoken primarily in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.


Persian

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/


Persian

en-adj

Persian (comparative more Persian, superlative most Persian)

more Persian (comparative)
most Persian (superlative)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

Of or pertaining to the Persian language.

Persies

of or pertaining to the Persian language


es

Alternative form of ess (the name of the Latin-script letter S/s) in compounds such as "es-hook".


Pennsylvania Dutch

en-noun

Pennsylvania Dutch (countable and uncountable, plural Pennsylvania Dutch)

From their primary residence in Pennsylvania and from Palatine German Deitsch (“German”), their own endonym, gradually modified under influence from Dutch.

(uncountable) Their language, Pennsylvania German, a High German language descended from Palatine German.


pe

From Hebrew פֵּא (pê), from Proto-Semitic *pay- (“mouth”). Doublet of pi.

The seventeenth letter of many Semitic alphabets/abjads (Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew פ, Syriac ܦ, and others; Arabic has the analog faa).


pe

pes (plural)
pei (alternative)
pey (alternative)

The name of the Cyrillic script letter П / п.


rho

From the name of the Ancient Greek letter ῥῶ (rhô).

Greek was an exercise in making the familiar strange. Its alphabet mapped onto the Roman alphabet, but only partly so, and often letters did not sound how they looked – a rho (Ρ) was not a P, and an eta (Η) was not an H.

The seventeenth letter of the Modern Greek and Classical alphabets and the nineteenth letter of Old and Ancient.


Albert

en-prop

Albert (countable and uncountable, plural Alberts)

From Old English Æþelbeorht, from Proto-West Germanic *Aþalberht, a compound of *aþalaz (“noble”) + *berhtaz (“bright, famous”), or from Old French Albert, from Latin Albertus, itself from the Germanic name. Regardless of the exact route, it is a doublet of Ethelbert. It became popular in 19th-century England due to Queen Victoria’s consort, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

Thou noble Father of her Kings to be - - - / Dear to thy land and ours, a Prince indeed, / Beyond all titles, and a household name, / Hereafter, thro' all times, Albert the Good.

1862, Alfred Tennyson, The Idylls of the King: Dedication::

Helena was not flattered. "Albert just doesn't appreciate music," she said. They all called me Albert then. I thought it was a fine name; I like elegance.

1956, Eddie Condon, Thomas Sugrue, We Called it Music: A Generation of Jazz., Peter Davies, page 40:

Hogan, Byrne, O'Brien. She stopped at one name. Albert Delahunty — what Catholic in their right mind would call a child Albert?

2000, Anne Enright, What Are You Like?, Random House, published 2001, →ISBN, page 85:

A male given name from the Germanic languages.


eponym

Albert Einstein
Alois Alzheimer
Charles Boycott
Christopher Columbus
Earl of Sandwich
Enrico Fermi
Euclid
Isaac Newton
Nicolaus Copernicus
Victoria
eponym

From Latin eponymus, from Ancient Greek ἐπώνῠμος (epṓnŭmos), from ἐπί (epí, “upon, epi-”) + ὄνυμα (ónuma, “name”) + -ος (-os, suffix forming adjectives and nouns). Equivalent to epi- + -nym.

эпані́м

person's name that has given rise to the name of something

antonomasia

using an eponym as an example of some quality

en:entity named after another entity so called

A noun for something named after a person.

Rockefeller became the very eponym of wealth.

(archaic) Synonym of epitome, a person taken as a symbol or quintessential representative of some trait, school, etc.

epitome

It was only posthumously that Julian was distinguished with the eponym "Apostate".

(archaic) Synonym of epithet, a distinguishing title.

Alexandria is an eponym, taken from its founder Alexander the Great.

[Mesmer] lives on today as the root of the eponym mesmerize.

2004, Bill Sherk, 500 Years of New Words, →ISBN:

For their dubious contribution to literature, Doctor Bowdler and Henrietta were recognized with the eponym bowdlerize[.]

2015, Robert B. Taylor, What Every Medical Writer Needs to Know, →ISBN:

An eponym was once considered medicine’s highest honor. Like monuments to great generals, they paid tribute to medicine’s most brilliant minds, ensuring their names would live on in perpetuity.

2023 June 19, Rachel E. Gross, “Should Medicine Still Bother With Eponyms?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(sometimes proscribed) A name taken from a person, a namesake toponym, term, etc.

"Tangerine" is an eponym in reference to Tangier... The unflattering eponym "shanghai" derived from the behavior of American shippers, not the Chinese themselves...

(loosely, sometimes proscribed) A name or term derived from any proper noun, inclusive of places, brands, etc.


omega

From Middle English, from Ancient Greek ὦ μέγα (ô méga), meaning “great ω” (omega is a long vowel in Ancient Greek).

The fact that the letter was incised above the line indicates that it is probably an omega.

2013, Albert Schachter, Fabienne Marchand, “Fresh Light on the Institutions and Religious Life of Thespiai: Sixe New Inscriptions from the Thespiai Survey”, in Paraskevi Martzavou, Nikolaos Papazarkadas, editors, Epigraphical Approaches to the Post-Classical, Polis, page 284:

The twenty-fourth letter of the Classical and the Modern Greek alphabet, and the twenty-eighth letter of the Old and the Ancient Greek alphabet, i.e. the last letter of every Greek alphabet. Uppercase version: Ω; lowercase: ω.


Vulcan

From Latin Vulcānus, probably from Etruscan although very unclear, but unknown meaning and further origin (see more in Latin entry). Doublet of bolcane and volcano.

A town in Vulcan County, southern Alberta, Canada.

A ghost town in Gunnison County, Colorado.


Vulcan

From Vulcan (etymology 1), from the Star Trek TV series of the 1960s.

language constructed
constructed language

A language constructed for the Star Trek franchise, spoken by the fictional Vulcan species.


Brittany

Inherited from Middle English Bretany, Brytany, itself borrowed from Medieval Latin Britannia, applied to Brittany from at least the 6th century, and reinforced by Middle French Bretagne. See Britannia for more. Doublet of Britain and Britannia.

Britney (alternative)
Brittney (alternative)
Britanny (alternative)

- - - No one has family names. These girls with rooster hair I see on the streets. They pick the names. They're the mothers." "I have a granddaughter named Brittany," Hazel said. " And I have heard of a little girl called Cappuccino." "Cappuccino! Is that true? Why don't they call one Cassaulet? Fettuccini? Alsace-Lorraine?"

1990, Alice Munro, Friend of My Youth, →ISBN, page 102:

Names of the times. Borrowed from soap opera characters of prominence fifteen years ago, who have since been replaced by spiffy new models: the social-climbing Brittany now an unscrupulous Burke, the generous Pamela a refitted, urbanized Parker.

1999, Andrew Pyper, chapter 10, in Lost Girls:

A female given name transferred from the place name, of 1980s and 1990s American usage.


Christian name

Christian names (plural)
christen name (alternative)
christian name (alternative)

(Christianity) A first name formally given to a child at a Christian baptism.

(Singapore) An English given name, particularly for ethnic Chinese who usually have a separate Chinese name.

At the convent he is known as "Andrew." This is Shin's baptismal name. Korean Catholics baptized as infants take on a Christian name which also acts as their confirmation name.

Many of these, however, thoughtfully join their given names with a hyphen, or even write them solid, so that Lee Soo Man may present himself as Soo-Man Lee or Sooman Lee. A Korean who is a Christian will additionally take a Christian name, and so our Mr Lee may present himself as Noah Lee.

2003 January 30, R L Trask, Mind the Gaffe: The Penguin Guide to Common Errors in English, Penguin UK, →ISBN:

An Chung-gun (baptized Thomas as his Christian name), Korean 'national hero,' who assassinated the Japanese Prime Minister and was a criminal from the Japanese point of view[…]

2011, Manfred Schmeling, Hans-Joachim Backe, From Ritual to Romance and Beyond: Comparative Literature and Comparative Religious Studies : Proceedings of the ICLA Conference at Jacobs University, Bremen, August 6-8, 2008, Königshausen & Neumann, →ISBN, page 46:

(chiefly Korea) A baptismal name or confirmation name used in religious contexts, but not part of the legal name.


surname

surnames (plural)
sirname (alternative)
sur-name (alternative)

From Middle English surname, a partial calque of Old French surnum, surnoun (“surname; nickname”) (whence Middle English surnoun), from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), from super- (“over, above, beyond”) and nōmen (“name”), equivalent to sur- + name.

der

apelido m (Portugal, means "nickname" in Brazil)

про́звище n (prózvišče) (dated, now means "nickname")

patronymic

a surname specifically referencing one's father's given name

matronymic

a surname specifically referencing one's mother's given name

James is my first name, and Smith is my surname.

In late yeeres Surnames have beene given for Christian names among vs, and no where else in Christendom.

The Norman Conquest...brought with it the novelty of family nomenclature, that is to say, the use of hereditary surnames.

1876, E. A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest, V xxv 563:

The portion of a person's name that is generally hereditary or treated as an indicator of a person's family, which may be shared with other members of the family, or otherwise derived from their names in some fashion; distinguished from that person's given name(s).

Barsabas (whose syrname was Iustus).

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Acts j:[23]:

My sirname is Peace-Maker, one that is but poorely regarded in England.

1590, Richard Harvey, Plaine Percevall the peace-maker of England, Sweetly indeuoring with his blunt persuasions to botch vp a reconciliation between Mar-ton and Mar-tother, B3:

To his sur-name Coriolanus longs more pride
Then pitty to our Prayers.

c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii], line 171:

(obsolete) Synonym of epithet, an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement.

epithet

I have before declared that Baal was the Sun, and Baal Peor, a sirname, from a particular place of his worship.

1638, Abraham Cowley, Davideis, section IV:

(obsolete) Synonym of nickname, an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname.

nickname

(Classical studies) The cognomen of Roman names.


Breton

en-noun

Breton (countable and uncountable, plural Bretons)

From French Breton. Doublet of Briton and Brython.

(uncountable) The Celtic language of Brittany.


augmentation

augmentation (countable and uncountable, plural augmentations)

From Middle English augmentation, augmentacion, augmentacioun, from Old French augmentacion, from Latin augmentātiō, verbal noun from augmentō (“increase”, verb).

(Scots law) An increase of stipend obtained by a parish minister by an action raised in the Court of Teinds against the titular and heritors.


Thracian

/ˈθɹeɪʃi.ən/

(uncountable) the extinct language formerly spoken in Thrace.


Texan

Cruz was obviously analogizing Bernie Sanders to the Bolsheviks and Hillary Clinton to the Mensheviks. The oleaginous Texan is an erudite slyboots, but his history is off-kilter.

2015 November 1, Hendrik Hertzberg, “That G.O.P. Debate: Two Footnotes”, in The New Yorker:

In 2012, over three million Texans voted Democrat.

2015 November 9, “Why The Electoral College Ruins Democracy” (00:02:08 from the start), in Adam Ruins Everything (television production), spoken by himself (Adam Conover), truTV, via truTV:

Even though the mandatory inspections have been eliminated, Texans with vehicles registered in emissions counties are required to have emissions tests.

2024 October 2, Julianna Russ, “Texas vehicle safety inspections going away, but you’ll still have to pay”, in KXAN:

United States of America
United States of America

A native or resident of the state of Texas in the United States of America.


Floridian

Floridians (plural)
Floridan (alternative)

[S]ince the end of September, the average daily unemployment claims for Florida have risen by 55 percent, translatin into approximately 50,000 more Floridians applying for unemployment benefits. That is mind-boggling. That is staggering.

2001 November 30, [Bill] Nelson, “[SENATE—Friday, November 30, 2001] The Economic Stimulus Package”, in Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 107th Congress, First Session, volume 147, part 17, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 23620, column 3:

A native or resident of the state of Florida in the United States of America.

Floriďan

an inhabitant or a resident of the state of Florida


New Mexican

A native or resident of the state of New Mexico in the United States of America.

neomexicà

an inhabitant or a resident of the state of New Mexico


Transylvanian

From, or pertaining to, Transylvania or its people.


Piedmontese

A Gallo-Italic language spoken in Piedmont.


New Yorker

նյույորքցի

a native or resident of the state of New York

United States of America
United States of America#English

A native or resident of the state of New York in the United States of America.


Pennsylvanian

A native or resident of the state of Pennsylvania in the United States of America.


Tasmanian

The engineer of the line, a young Tasmanian named Sharland, decided the best course would be to take the new railway along a chain of four deep valleys. [...].

1939 July, John D. Hewitt, “Some Notable British Main Lines: 1. Settle and Carlisle, L.M.S.R.”, in Railway Magazine, page 37:

An inhabitant or a resident of the state of Tasmania.


Buffalonian

An inhabitant or a resident of Buffalo, NY.


Genoese

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəʊˈiːz/

America. One of the four parts of the world, ſo called from Americus Veſpuſius a Florentine, who with Columbus a Genoeſe, firſt diſcover'd this Country about the yeer 1492 which is moſt aptly called the New world; ….

1656, T. B. of the Inner-Temple, Glossographia: or a Dictionary, Interpreting all such Hard Words, …, London, s.v. America (https://books.google.com/books?id=QctmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP45)

However, John not liking a Partner in the Empire, left Conſtantinople, and retir'd to Tenedos, where he engag'd Francis Cataluze a Genoeſe to aſſiſt him, and with the Fleet under his Command, return'd to the Imperal City, compell'd Contacuzenus to quit the Empire; …

1708, The General History of the World, being an Abridgment of Sir Walter Raleigh. With a Continuation from the Best Historians to the Present Times. Vol. III, London, p. 249 (https://books.google.com/books?id=UXE9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA249)

For at preſent the Greateſt, among the Genoeſe, are in part ſubjects to the monarchy of Spain …. The Spaniards tax them very high upon occaſion, and are ſo ſenſible of the advantage this gives them over the republick, that they will not ſuffer a Neapolitan to buy the lands of a Genoeſe, who muſt find a purchaſer among his own countrymen, if he has a mind to ſell.

1741, The Works of the Late Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq; – Volume the Second. – The Third Edition: With a Compleat Index, London, p. 6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ZNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA6)


Genoese

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəʊˈiːz/


Genoese

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəʊˈiːz/