like

Adjective from Middle English lik, lyk, lich, like, from Old English ġelīċ by shortening, influenced by Old Norse líkr, glíkr; both from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“like, similar, same”). Related to alike; more distantly, with lich and -ly. Cognate with West Frisian like (“like; as”), Saterland Frisian gliek (“like”), Danish lig (“alike”), Dutch gelijk (“like, alike”), German gleich (“equal, like”), Icelandic líkur (“alike, like, similar”), Norwegian lik (“like, alike”) Swedish lik (“like, similar”)
Adverb from Middle English like, lyke, liche, lyche, from Old English ġelīċe (“likewise, also, as, in like manner, similarly”) and Old Norse líka (“also, likewise”); both from Proto-Germanic *galīkê, from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“same, like, similar”).
Conjunction from Middle English like, lyke, lik, lyk, from the adverb Middle English like.
Preposition from Middle English like, lyke, liche, lyche, lijc, liih (“similar to, like, equal to, comparable with”), from Middle English like (adjective) and like (adverb).

der

Popcorn costs something like $10 dollars at the movies.


stoicism

en-noun

stoicism (countable and uncountable, plural stoicisms)

From New Latin stōicismus or stoic + -ism.

A school of philosophy popularized during the Roman Empire that emphasized reason as a means of understanding the natural state of things, or logos, and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional distress.


Ragnarok

/ˈɹæɡ.nəˌɹɒk/

/ˈɹæɡ.nəˌɹɔk/

Borrowed from Old Norse ragnarǫk (modern Icelandic ragnarök), from regin (“gods”) + rǫk (“fate, judgment”).

Wilhelmina weeps, now and then, with her good Sonsfeld; hopes nevertheless there will be some dawn to this ragnarök, or general ‘twilight of the gods.’

1858, Thomas Carlyle, chapter VIII, in History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great, volume II, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, book VII, page 274:

And all that is before them and the whole civilised world, would be long centuries of anarchy such as the world has not seen for ages—a true Ragnarok, a twilight of the very gods, an age such as the wise woman foretold in the old Voluspà.

1902, Charles Kingsley, “Ancient Civilisation”, in Historical Lectures and Essays, Macmillan and Co.:

But this heaven was not to last forever. Some day would come Ragnarok, or the Twilight of the Gods, when all creation would be destroyed, and all the Gods and men save Alfadur perish. Surtur, after killing the last of these Gods, would burn up the world.

1916 February, H. P. Lovecraft, “The Teuton's Battle-Song”, in United Amateur:

(Norse mythology) A series of future events culminating in a battle, fought between the Æsir and einherjar on one side, and the forces of Surtr, Loki, and Loki's children on the other, in which all of creation is burned down and almost all life is extinguished.


cryonics

The cryopreservation of a person with medical needs that cannot be met by available medicine until resuscitation and healing by future medicine is possible.


übermensch

Untermensch

antonym(s) of “figure in Nietzschean philosophy”

Unadapted borrowing from German Übermensch.

ubor

What does he mean when he speaks of the value of one type of man as greater than that of another? Nietzsche himself has remarked elsewhere that one can never too carefully consider the question “value for what?” And in these terms one might try to explain what he says about the value of certain men. Perhaps he means that the contribution they make to life in general — by their optimism and fearlessness for instance — makes them valuable to us all. Or perhaps he is judging their value by the contribution they make to the future. Are they not a bridge to the superior man who may come in the future — to the Übermensch? Neither suggestion tells the whole story, and the second simply shifts the problem. If the “Overman” or “Superman” is the one who gives some men value, this must be because he has value himself.

1973, Philippa Foot, “Nietzsche: The Revaluation of Values”, in Robert C. Solomon, Garden City, New York, editors, Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays, Anchor Books, →ISBN, pages 162–163:

(in Nietzschean philosophy) An overman (“higher” man) who has overcome (transcended) his (mere) humanity. (There is no consensus regarding the exact nature of the figure of the übermensch in Nietzsche’s philosophy.)


zombie

First attested in 1871.
From a Bantu language. Compare Kongo nzambi (“god”), zumbi (“fetish”), and Kimbundu nzumbi (“ghost”) (see Portuguese zumbi), and Caribbean folklore's jumbee (“a spirit or demon”).
Origin from Spanish sombra (“shadow, phantom”) has also been suggested.
May have come through Louisiana Creole [Term?]. See also French zombi (1832).

(philosophy) A hypothetical being that is indistinguishable from a normal human being except in that it lacks conscious experience, qualia, or sentience.


denial

en-noun

denial (countable and uncountable, plural denials)

The denial of "There might be X" is the null, "False, there is no X."


sophistry

sophistry (countable and uncountable, plural sophistries)

From Middle English safistre, soffistre, sofystry, sophestrie, sophestry, sophestrye, sophistre, sophistri, sophistrie, sophistry, sophistrye, sophystrye, from Old French sofisterie, sophistrie and Medieval Latin sophistria, Anglo-Latin sophestria, from Latin sophista, from Ancient Greek σοφιστής (sophistḗs, “wise man”), from σοφίζω (sophízō, “I am wise”), from σοφός (sophós, “wise”), equivalent to sophist + -ry.

der

Such conduct is at any rate not sophistical, if Aristotle be right in describing sophistry as the art of making money.

1844, Søren Kierkegaard, Philosophical Fragments:

(uncountable, historical) The actions or arguments of a sophist.


cooked

en-adj

cooked (comparative more cooked, superlative most cooked)

more cooked (comparative)
most cooked (superlative)

more than someone has had cooked dinners


humility

en-noun

humility (countable and uncountable, plural humilities)

From Middle English humilite, from Old French (h)umilité, from Latin humilitas (“lowness, meanness, baseness, in Late Latin humility”), from humilis (“low, lowly, humble, earth”), equivalent to humble + -ity.; see humble. Doublet of omerta. Displaced native Old English ēaþmōdnes.

der

She had established a character for humility, discretion, noiselessness and religion which Mrs. Piper greatly regretted losing.

1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1965, →OCLC, page 193:

The characteristic of being humble; humbleness in character and behavior.


apocalypse

From Middle English apocalips, from Latin apocalypsis, from Ancient Greek ἀποκάλυψις (apokálupsis, “revelation”), literally meaning "uncovering", from ἀπό (apó, “back, away from”) and καλύπτω (kalúptō, “I cover”). The sense evolution to "catastrophe, end of the world" stems from the depiction of such events in the biblical Book of Revelation, also called the Apocalypse of (i.e. Revelation to) John.

The early development of Perl 6 was punctuated by a series of apocalypses by Larry Wall.

A revelation, especially of supernatural events.

(Christianity) The unveiling of events prophesied in the Revelation; the second coming and the end of life on Earth; global destruction.


atheist

en-adj

atheist (comparative more atheist, superlative most atheist)

more atheist (comparative)
most atheist (superlative)

From Middle French athéiste (athée + -iste), from Latin atheos, from Ancient Greek ἄθεος (átheos, “godless, without god”), from ἀ- (a-, “without”) + θεός (theós, “god”).

der

He would have been seven times more Epicure and atheist than he was.

c. 16th-17th century, “Francis Bacon”, in Of Unity in Religion:

God! That majestic name is in the pledge. In doing this the government has already made clear that our country believes in God! We are the majority! Our nation is not Buddhist, not Hinduist, not Atheist, and the list goes on!

2007 December 1, R. D. Richardson, Violence in the Urban Schools!: What Would You Do?, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 81:

Of or relating to atheists or atheism; atheistic.


axiology

en-noun

axiology (countable and uncountable, plural axiologies)

From Ancient Greek ἄξιος (áxios, “worthy”) + -λογία (-logía, “study of”).

(uncountable, philosophy) The study of value(s), as regards origin, nature, functions, types, and interrelations; value theory.

axiologie

particular value theory of a philosopher


recapitulation

recapitulation (countable and uncountable, plural recapitulations)

re·kə·pĭ·chə·lāʹshən

From Anglo-Norman recapitulaciun et al., Middle French recapitulacion et al., or their source, from Late Latin recapitulatio (“summing up, summary”), from the participle stem of recapitulare (“recapitulate”), from re- + capitulum (“chapter, section”), diminutive of caput (“head”).

der

one would expect God's final purpose to be expressed in his created world, since the doctrine of recapitulation showed that this is where his plans had worked out before.

2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin, published 2010, page 144:

(theology) The symmetry provided by Christ's life to the teachings of the Old Testament; the summation of human experience in Jesus Christ.


autonomy

en-noun

autonomy (countable and uncountable, plural autonomies)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek αὐτονομῐ́ᾱ (autonomíā, “freedom to use its own laws, independence”), from αὐτόνομος (autónomos, “living under one's own laws, independent”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā, “-y, -ia”, nominal suffix). By surface analysis, auto- (“self”) + -nomy (“a system of rules or laws about a particular field”).

surf

(philosophy, uncountable) The capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision.


resident

From Middle English resident, from Anglo-Norman resident, from Latin residēns, present participle of resideō (“to remain behind, reside, dwell”), equivalent to reside + -ent, from re- (“back”) + sedeō (“I sit”). Doublet of resiant and rezident. The espionage sense is a semantic loan from Russian резиде́нт (rezidént).

semantic loan

(espionage) Alternative form of rezident


proof

en-noun

proof (countable and uncountable, plural proofs)

→ Russian: пруф (pruf), пру́фы (prúfy)

desc

⇒ Russian: пруфли́нк (pruflínk, literally “proof + link”)

From Middle English proof, from Old French prove, from Late Latin proba (“a proof”), from Latin probō (“to prove”); see prove; compare also the doublet probe.

the proof of the pudding is in the eating

(countable, logic, mathematics) A sequence of statements consisting of axioms, assumptions, statements already demonstrated in another proof, and statements that logically follow from previous statements in the sequence, and which concludes with a statement that is the object of the proof.


EDT

en-noun

EDT (countable and uncountable, plural EDTs)

evidential decision theory
w:evidential decision theory

(decision theory) Initialism of evidential decision theory.


contradiction

contradiction (countable and uncountable, plural contradictions)

tautology

antonym(s) of “proposition that is false for all values of its variables”

/ˌkɒntɹəˈdɪkʃən/

/ˌkɑːntɹəˈdɪkʃən/

From Middle English contradiccioun, contradiction, from Old French contradiction, from Latin contrādictiō, from contrādīcō (“speak against”).

propositional variable
propositional variable

(logic, countable) A proposition that is false for all values of its propositional variables or Boolean atoms.


pederasty

pederasty (usually uncountable, plural pederasties)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παιδεραστία (paiderastía, “love of boys”), from παιδεραστής (paiderastḗs, “pederast”), from παῖς (paîs, “child, son, boy”) + ἐραστής (erastḗs, “lover”), from ἔραμαι (éramai, “to love”).

bor

Erotic love, sexually expressed or chaste, between a man and an adolescent boy.

(archaic) Anal intercourse in general, usually between a man and an adolescent boy.


shade

en-noun

shade (countable and uncountable, plural shades)

Noun from Middle English schade, from Old English sċeadu, sċadu (“shadow; shade”), from Proto-West Germanic *skadu, from Proto-Germanic *skadwaz (“shadow; shade”). More at shadow.
Verb from Old English sceadwian, derived from sċeadu, above.

inh

Too long have I been haunted by that shade.

The adventurer was attacked by a shade.

Swift as thought the flitting shade / Thro' air his momentary journey made.

1700, [John] Dryden, “Ceyx and Alcyone”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

Still, Birch House (a sop to the shade of the murdered Perak Resident) had no more than its normal share of flagellation[.]

1956, Anthony Burgess, Time for a Tiger (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 39:

(chiefly literary and fantasy) A ghost or specter; a spirit.


eternity

en-noun

eternity (countable and uncountable, plural eternities)

sempiternity

antonym(s) of “existence outside of time”

From Middle English eternyte, from Old French eternité, from Latin aeternitās. Displaced native Old English ēcnes.

We sometimes speak of eternity in contradistinction to time; and often say, "through time and into eternity;" and again "from eternity to eternity," which is simply another form of expressing the same idea, and "pass through time into eternity." in other words, time is a short period allotted to man in his probationary state—and we use the word time in contradistinction to the word eternity, merely for the accommodation of man in his finite sphere, that we may comprehend and learn to measure periods.

1879, Erastus Snow, “Rest Signifies Change, etc.”, in Brigham Young, editor, Journal of Discourses, volume 21, published 1881:

(uncountable, philosophy, theology) Existence outside of time.


preterition

preterition (countable and uncountable, plural preteritions)

Borrowed from Latin praeteritiō, from praetereō (“I omit”).

(theology) The doctrine that God passes over the non-elect in electing to eternal life those predestinated to salvation.


gynandrous

From Ancient Greek γύνανδρος (gúnandros, “of doubtful sex, womanish; warlike woman”); equivalent to gyno- (“woman”) + -androus.

bor

(philosophy) Exhibiting characteristics of both femininity and masculinity. Denotational synonym and connotational antonym of androgynous.


structure

en-noun

structure (countable and uncountable, plural structures)

/ˈstɹʌkt͡ʃɚ/

[ˈstʃɹɐktʃə]

From Middle French structure, from Latin structūra (“a fitting together, adjustment, building, erection, a building, edifice, structure”), from struere, past participle structus (“pile up, arrange, assemble, build”). Compare construct, instruct, destroy, etc.

der

(logic) A set along with a collection of finitary functions and relations.


taphophilia

From tapho- + -philia. From Ancient Greek τάφος (táphos, “funeral rites, burial, funeral, wake; tomb, grave”) + Ancient Greek φιλία (philía, “love, fondness”).

uder

Deep interest of funerals, cemeteries and the rituals of death.


such

From Middle English such, swuch, swich, swilch, swulch, from Old English swelċ, from Proto-West Germanic *swalīk, from Proto-Germanic *swalīkaz (“so formed, so like”), equivalent to so + like. Cognate with Scots swilk, sic, sik (“such”), Saterland Frisian suk (“such”), West Frisian suk, sok (“such”), Dutch zulk (“such”), Low German sölk, sulk, sülk, suk (“such”), German solch (“such”), Danish slig (“like that, such”), Swedish slik (“such”), Icelandic slíkur (“such”). More at so, like.

inh

But granted that Plato does not accept the this-such distinction, why saddle him with the view that all things are thises, rather than all suches or perhaps even neither?

1991, Frank A. Lewis, Substance and Predication in Aristotle:

(philosophy) Something being indicated that is similar to something else.


befriend

en-verb

befriend (third-person singular simple present befriends, present participle befriending, simple past and past participle befriended)

befriends (present singular third-person)
befriending (participle present)
befriended (participle past)
befriended (past)

From be- + friend. Compare Saterland Frisian befrüündje (“to befriend”), Dutch bevrienden (“to befriend”), German Low German befründen (“to befriend”),
German befreunden (“to befriend”).

cog

1854, Henry David Thoreau, Walden, p. 143.
Every little pine needle expanded and swelled with sympathy and befriended me.

Befriending one of the 112 managing directors was not enough; you had to befriend a managing director with clout. There was one small problem, of course. Bosses were not always eager to befriend trainees.

1989, Michael Lewis, Liar's Poker, page 52:

"We had a professional relationship, whereas the previous vicar was a friend and had befriended me." "Were you available to befriend people? You said it in a passive voice, as though others befriended you.

1999, Jonathan Cole, About Face, page 121:

If you want to befriend the Loner, you have to be willing to show patience as he becomes more comfortable with you and what friendship entails.

2002, Jan Yager, When Friendship Hurts, page 47:

The social worker very clearly befriends the families with whom she works, and the GP becomes a friend to many of his patients.

2005, Philip Burnard, Counselling Skills for Health Professionals, page 2:

Child sexual abusers are highly manipulative in their befriending of parents and children and are able to deceive all types of family.

2006, Christiane Sanderson, Counselling Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, page 17:

(transitive) To become a friend of, to make friends with.


justice

en-noun

justice (countable and uncountable, plural justices)

From Middle English justice, from Old French justise, justice (Modern French justice), from Latin iūstitia (“righteousness, equity”), from iūstus (“just”), from iūs (“right”), from Proto-Italic *jowos, perhaps literally "sacred formula", a word peculiar to Latin (not general Italic) that originated in the religious cults, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-. Doublet of Justitia.
Displaced native Old English rihtwīsnes.

der

As to Perſons of Quality, they give Security to appropriate a certain Sum for each Child, ſuitable to their Condition; and theſe Funds are always managed with good Husbandry and the moſt exact Juſtice.

1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “Of the Inhabitants of Lilliput; […]”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part I (A Voyage to Lilliput), pages 106–107:

Correctness, conforming to reality or rules.


existentialism

en-noun

existentialism (countable and uncountable, plural existentialisms)

/ˌɛɡzɪˈstɛnʃəlɪzəm/

The heyday of existentialism occurred in the mid-twentieth century.

(philosophy, not countable) A twentieth-century philosophical movement emphasizing the uniqueness of each human existence in freely making its self-defining choices.

Sartre's existentialism is atheistic, but the existentialism of Marcel is distinctly Christian.

Instead of Existentialism, we should speak of Existentialisms.

1965 Sep, Mikel Dufrenne, “Existentialism and Existentialisms”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 26, number 1, page 51:

(philosophy, countable) The philosophical views of a particular thinker associated with the existentialist movement.


existential

From Late Latin existentialis, from existentia.

Some existential thinkers are concerned with artistic expression only indirectly, that is, they are passionately interested critics and analysts of art works.

1997, Thomas Hanna, “Albert Camus: Man in Revolt”, in William Leon McBride, editor, Sartre's French Contemporaries and Enduring Influences (Sarte and Existentialism), Garland, →ISBN, page 356:

(philosophy) Of or relating to existentialism.

存在主義的

philosophy: of, or relating to existentialism


limit

German: Limit

From Middle English limit, from Old French limit, from Latin līmes (“a cross-path or balk between fields, hence a boundary, boundary line or wall, any path or road, border, limit”). Displaced native Old English ġemǣre. Doublet of limes.

der

(logic, metaphysics) A determining feature; a distinguishing characteristic.


universalisability

Some have thought that universalisability was the criterion of ethicalness.

1964, Timothy L. S. Sprigge, “Definition of a Moral Judgment”, in Philosophy, volume 39, number 150, page 306:

(chiefly philosophy) The quality (as of a rule) of being able to be applied universally; that is, to any given situation with no exceptions.


willy

(espionage) A person who is manipulated into serving as a useful agent without knowing it.


superman

DC Comics
Friedrich Nietzsche
George Bernard Shaw
Man and Superman
Thomas Common
Thus Spoke Zarathustra

A calque of German Übermensch; super- + man. The German word was introduced by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) in his work Also sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 1883), and rendered in English as superman by Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) in the play Man and Superman (1903) and by Thomas Common (1850–1919) in his 1909 translation of Nietzsche’s work. Some scholars regard this word as not properly conveying the meaning of Übermensch, and prefer to use the German word or overman.
The “person of extraordinary powers” sense was reinforced by the DC Comics’ character Superman, who first appeared in Action Comics #1 dated June 1938.

Nietzsche wrote of the coming of the superman.

Man does desire an ideal Superman with such energy as he can spare from his nutrition, and has in every age magnified the best living substitute for it he can find. His least incompetent general is set up as an Alexander; his King is the first gentleman in the world; his Pope is a saint. He is never without an array of human idols who are all nothing but sham Supermen.

1901–1903, John Tanner [pseudonym; George Bernard Shaw], “[The Revolutionist’s Handbook and Pocket Companion] Man’s Objection to His Own Improvement”, in Man and Superman. A Comedy and a Philosophy, Westminster [London]: Archibald Constable & Co., published 1903, →OCLC, page 194:

And Zarathustra spake thus unto the people: / I teach you the Superman. Man is something that is to be surpassed. What have ye done to surpass man? / … What is the ape to man? A laughing-stock, a thing of shame. And just the same shall man be to the Superman: a laughing-stock, a thing of shame.

1909, Friedrich Nietzsche; Thomas Common, transl., “Zarathustra's Prologue”, in Thus Spake Zarathustra; a Book for All and None (Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche; 4), Edinburgh, T. N. Foulis, OCLC 1210069; republished as Thus Spake Zarathustra, New York, N.Y.: The Modern Library, [1940s?], OCLC 11993131, page 6

"Well, what is it that he does that I don't do? Just say the word, - teetotal, vegetarian, aeronaut, theosophist, superman."

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

(chiefly philosophy) An imagined superior type of human being representing a new stage of human development; an übermensch, an overman.


satisfy

en-verb

satisfy (third-person singular simple present satisfies, present participle satisfying, simple past and past participle satisfied)

satisfies (present singular third-person)
satisfying (participle present)
satisfied (participle past)
satisfied (past)

From Middle English satisfyen, satisfien, from Old French satisfiier, satisfier (also Old French satisfaire), from Latin satisfacere, present active infinitive of satisfaciō, from satis (“enough, sufficient”) + faciō (“I make, I do”).

The complex numbers satisfy #x5C;existsx#x3A;x²#x2B;1#x3D;0.

(mathematics, logic, transitive) To cause (a sentence) to be true when the sentence is interpreted in one's universe.


utility

en-noun

utility (countable and uncountable, plural utilities)

From Middle English utilite, from Old French utilite, utilitet (“usefulness”), from Latin ūtilitās, from uti (“to use”). By surface analysis, utile + -ity.

užitek

economics: ability of a commodity to satisfy needs or wants

(philosophy) Well-being, satisfaction, pleasure, or happiness.

hyöty

philosophy: well-being, satisfaction, pleasure


model

desc

→ Cantonese: 模特兒／模特儿 (mou⁴ dak⁶ ji⁴), 摩度

→ Cebuano: model

→ Mandarin: 模特兒／模特儿, 麻豆 (neologism)

→ Swahili: modeli

From Middle French modelle, from Old Italian modello, from Vulgar Latin *modellus, diminutive form of modulus (“measure, standard”), diminutive of modus (“measure”); see mode, and compare module, modulus, mould, mold.

عارض أزياء

ʕāriḍ ʔazyāʔ

(logic) An interpretation function which assigns a truth value to each atomic proposition.

(logic) An interpretation which makes a set of sentences true, in which case that interpretation is called a model of that set.


pathos

en-noun

pathos (countable and uncountable, plural pathoses)

From Ancient Greek πάθος (páthos, “suffering”).

uder

(theology, philosophy) In theology and existentialist ethics following Kierkegaard and Heidegger, a deep and abiding commitment of the heart, as in the notion of "finding your passion" as an important aspect of a fully lived, engaged life.


spy

From Middle English spien, aphetic variant of earlier espien (“to espy”), from Old French espier (“to spy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy”), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to see, look”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Akin to German spähen (“to spy”), Dutch spieden (“to spy”).
The noun displaced native Old English sċēawere (literally “watcher”), which was also the word for "mirror." In this sense, the verb displaced Old English sċēawian, which was also the word for "to watch" and became the Modern English word show.

ncog

The dead leap at the throat, destroy
The meaning of the day; dark forms
Have scaled your walls, and spies betray
Old secrets to amorphous swarms.

1941, Theodore Roethke, “Feud”, in Open House; republished in The Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke, 1975, →ISBN, page 4:

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 55:

A person who secretly watches and examines the actions of other individuals or organizations and gathers information on them (usually to gain an advantage).


contrary

/kənˈtɹɛəɹi/

From Middle English contrarie, compare French contraire, from Old French contraire, from Latin contrārius (“opposite, opposed, contrary”), from contrā (“against”).

der

If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries; as, every vine is a tree; no vine is a tree. These can never be both true together; but they may be both false.

1725, Isaac Watts, Logick: Or, The Right Use of Reason in the Enquiry after Truth, […], 2nd edition, London: […] John Clark and Richard Hett, […], Emanuel Matthews, […], and Richard Ford, […], published 1726, →OCLC:

(logic) One of a pair of propositions that cannot both be simultaneously true, though they may both be false.


convert

en-verb

convert (third-person singular simple present converts, present participle converting, simple past and past participle converted)

converts (present singular third-person)
converting (participle present)
converted (participle past)
converted (past)

[kʰə̥ɱˈvɜːt]

From Old French convertir, from Latin converto (“turn around”).

(transitive, logic) To change (one proposition) into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second.


dyadic

en-adj

dyadic (comparative more dyadic, superlative most dyadic)

more dyadic (comparative)
most dyadic (superlative)

From dyad + -ic. The mathematics sense was coined by American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1884 in the second half of his book Elements of Vector Analysis.

coin

Up to now, all the expressions we have called predicates have stood for properties which it makes sense to attribute to a single individual. Such predicates are known as monadic, or one-place, predicates. There are, however, many expressions which we cannot meaningfully apply to single objects, but only to groups of two, three or more objects. We cannot e.g. sensibly say 'x is greater than', but only 'x is greater than y'. Nor can we say 'x is between', or even 'x is between y', but only 'x is between y and z'. We shall say that an expression such as 'greater than' or 'between' stands not for a property of an individual, but for a relation between individuals. Since 'greater than' stands for a relation between two individuals, we shall say that the relation in question is a dyadic or a two-place relation. Similarly, 'between' stands for a triadic or three-place relation; and we can also have four-place, five-place, etc., relations. . . . A dyadic relation holds not simply between a pair of objects, but between those objects in a certain order. It is one thing to say that Bill is father of Tom, and another thing to say that Tom is father of Bill. . . . There are, it is true, certain dyadic relations whose direction is unimportant, in the sense that whenever they hold between x and y, they also hold between y and x; 'parallel to' and 'cousin of' are examples.

1965 G. E. Hughes and D. G. Londey: The Elements of Formal Logic p.270

Pertaining to a dyad, the number two; of two parts or elements.

(mathematics, logic) having an arity of two (taking two arguments or operands)


eros

en-noun

eros (usually uncountable, plural erotes)

From Ancient Greek ἔρως (érōs, “love, desire”).

derived

He would introduce her to the wonders of eros; she would bloom under his expert tutelage.

2008, Preeta Samarasan, Evening is the Whole Day, Fourth Estate, page 54:


friendship

en-noun

friendship (countable and uncountable, plural friendships)

From Middle English frendshipe, from Old English frēondsċiepe, from Proto-West Germanic *friundskapi. Equivalent to friend + -ship.


ideate

(metaphysics) The actual existence supposed to correspond with an idea; the correlate in real existence to the idea as a thought or existence.


doge

From dog, probably as a sensational spelling of doggy like monke. First attested in the 2005 episode "Biz Cas Fri 1" from Homestar Runner.

Bobsled wasn't the only Dogecoin-backed sporting success. Fans of Nascar will recognise the car driven by Josh Wise, emblazoned, as it is, with the adorable little doge on its bonnet (pictured above).

2015 July 23, Dave Lee, “Six times Reddit wasn't completely awful”, in BBC:

(Internet slang, humorous) Specifically, a Shiba Inu, as in the doge meme.


beloved

en-adj

beloved (comparative more beloved, superlative most beloved)

more beloved (comparative)
most beloved (superlative)

From Middle English beloved, biloved, equivalent to belove + -ed.

But I found at laſt, by hearing and conſidering of things that are Divine, which indeed I heard of you, as alſo of beloved Faithful, that was put to death for his Faith and good-living in Vanity-fair, That the end of these things is death. [Rom[ans] 6. 21, 22, 23.] And that for theſe things ſake, the wrath of God cometh upon the children of diſobedience. [Eph[esians] 5. 6.]

1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, pages 187–188:

When the Toy had once taken Jupiter in the Head to Enter into a State of Matrimony, he Reſolv'd for the Honour of his Celeſtial Lady, that the whole World ſhould keep a Feſtiual upon the Day of his Marriage, and ſo Invited all Living Creatures, Tag-Rag and Bob-Tail, to the Solemnity to his Wedding. They all came in very Good Time, ſaving the Tortoiſe. Jupiter […] Ask'd him, Why ſo Late? Why truly ſays the Tortoiſe, I was at Home, at my Own Houſe, my Dearly Beloved Houſe, and [Home is Home, let it be never ſo Homely.]

1692, Roger L’Estrange, “[The Fables of Æsop, &c.] Fab[le] CLXXXV. Jupiters Wedding.”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC, page 155:

It is ſcarce poſſible to imagine the Conſternation I was now in, being driven from my beloved Iſland (for ſo it appeared to me now to be) into the wide Ocean, almoſt two Leagues, and in the utmoſt Deſpair of ever recovering it again.

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, pages 164–165:

There was a youthe, and a well-beloved youthe, / And he was a ſquires ſon: / He loved the bayliffes daughter deare, / That lived in Iſlington.

1765, Thomas Percy, compiler, “The Bailiff’s Daughter of Islington”, in Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: […], volume III, London: […] J[ames] Dodsley […], →OCLC, book II, page 133, lines 1–4:

The vacuum brake, much beloved by English- (though not Scottish-) built or inspired railways, but little favoured elsewhere.

1964 March, “Train braking - the next steps”, in Modern Railways, page 186:

In yonder corner your little chair, / where you often sat at my knee, / singing your sweet murmuring hymns, / my belovèd child!

2014, Niall MacLeòid, “The Death of the Widow's Child”, in Meg Bateman, Anne Loughran, editors, Bàird Ghleann Dail = The Glendale Bards: A Selection of Songs and Poems by Niall MacLeòid (1843–1913), ‘The Bard of Skye’, His Brother Ian Dubh (1847–1901) and Their Father Dòmhnall nan Òran (c. 1787–1873), Edinburgh: John Donald, →ISBN, verse 4:


monad

From Latin monas (“unit”) (from Ancient Greek μονάς (monás), from μόνος (mónos), from Proto-Indo-European *men-) + -ad.

Hence Leibnitz, who looked upon things as noumena, after denying them everything like external relation, and therefore also composition or combination, declared that all substances, even the component parts of matter, were simple substances with powers of representation, in one word, monads.

1787, Immanuel Kant, translated by John Meiklejohn, The Critique of Pure Reason, published 1855:

“If we are to embark upon speculation”, said Goethe, continuing his discourse, “then I really do not see why the monad to which we owe Wieland's appearance on our planet should be unable in its new condition to enter into the highest combinations that are possible in this universe.

1813, J. D. Falk, quoting Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, translated by David Luke and Robert Pick, Goethe: Conversations and Encounters, London: O. Wolff, published 1966, page 88:

Pythagoras considered numbers as the essence and principle of all things, and attributed to them a real and distinct existence; so that, in his view, they were the elements out of which the universe was constructed. […] The "Monad" or unit he regarded as the source of all numbers.

1855, Thomas Bulfinch, chapter XXXIV, in The Age of Fable:

More than thirty years ago two atoms of the eternal Energy sped forth from the heart of it which we call God[…]. Perhaps these two atoms, or essences, or monads indestructible, did but repeat an adventure, or many, many adventures.

1918, H[enry] Rider Haggard, chapter I, in Love Eternal:

(philosophy) An ultimate atom, or simple, unextended point; something ultimate and indivisible.


fib

Unknown. Probably from fable; compare fibble-fable (“nonsense”).

"Oh! you dreadful fib," said Flora.


schema

Unadapted borrowing from Latin schēma, from Ancient Greek σχῆμα (skhêma, “form, shape”). Doublet of scheme.

der

(logic) A formula in the metalanguage of an axiomatic system, in which one or more schematic variables appear, which stand for any term or subformula of the system, which may or may not be required to satisfy certain conditions.


dasein

From German Dasein (“there-to be”), from da (“there”) + sein (“to be”).

Hereness (Dasein) might be perhaps be called more expediently, Now-Being (Jetztsein), ...

1954, Otto Samuel, “The Relationship of Hereness Dasein”, in A Foundation of Ontology: A Critical Analysis of Nicolai Hartmann, Digitized edition (Philosophy), Philosophical Library, published 2008, page 62:

(philosophy) Being; especially the nature of being; existence, presence, hereness, suchness, essence


apperception

en-noun

apperception (countable and uncountable, plural apperceptions)

/ˌæpəˈsɛpʃən/

/ˌæpɚˈsɛpʃən/

Borrowed from French aperception (New Latin apperceptiō, used by Gottfried Leibnitz (1646–1716)).

(uncountable, psychology and philosophy, especially Kantianism) The mind's perception of itself as the subject or actor in its own states, unifying past and present experiences; self-consciousness, perception that reflects upon itself.


antinomy

antinomy (countable and uncountable, plural antinomies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-antinomy.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin antinomia + English -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state); antinomia is derived from Ancient Greek ἀντινομία (antinomía), from ἀντι- (anti-, prefix meaning ‘against’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“face; forehead; front”)) + νόμος (nómos, “custom, usage; law, ordinance”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā, suffix forming feminine abstract nouns), with νόμος (nómos) derived from νέμω (némō, “to deal out, dispense, distribute”) (from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to distribute; to give; to take”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns indicating actions or their results). The English word may be analysed as anti- (prefix meaning ‘against; opposite of’) + -nomy (suffix indicating a system of laws, rules, or knowledge about a body of a particular field).

confix

This introduces the antinomy that has followed us through the whole study. The solution of this antinomy is found in making the Not-me, which interrupts self-consciousness, really reflect self-consciousness, by manifesting the nature of the I—in other words, by making it conform to the ideal of the soul.

1884, Charles Carroll Everett, Fichte’s Science of Knowledge: A Critical Exposition, page 12:

Of the work that has been done on the liar antinomy, possibly the most profound and certainly the most influential has been that of Tarski

1991, Vann McGee, Truth, Vagueness, & Paradox: An Essay on the Logic of Truth, page 67:

(by extension) Any contradiction or paradox.

(specifically, epistemology, logic) In the thought of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804): an apparent contradiction between valid conclusions; a paradox.

التضاد

(epistemology, logic) apparent contradiction between valid conclusions


altruism

en-noun

altruism (countable and uncountable, plural altruisms)

From French altruisme, which was coined in 1830 by Auguste Comte from autrui (“of or to others”) + -isme, from Old French, from Latin alteri, dative of alter (“other”) (whence also English alter). Apparently inspired by the French Latin legal phrase l’autrui, from le bien, le droit d’autrui (“the good, the right of the other”). Introduced into English by George Henry Lewes in 1853, in his translation Comte’s Philosophy of the Sciences, 1, xxi.

The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Altruism allows doing for others as one would be done by. Unlike reaction formation, which also gives to the object what the self desires, altruism leaves the self at least partly gratified. Unlike reaction formation, altruism tempers asceticism with pleasure. Unlike passive aggression and martyrdom, altruism allows the object to feel blessed and not afflicted. Altruism attracts people to the user; martyrdom repels them even as it holds them close in chains.

1995, George E. Vaillant, The Wisdom of the Ego, page 68:

Regard for others, both natural and moral without regard for oneself; devotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness.


valid

en-adj

valid (comparative more valid, superlative most valid)

more valid (comparative)
most valid (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French valide (“healthy, sound, in good order”), from Latin validus, from valeō (“I am strong, I am healthy, I am worth”) + -idus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“be strong”).

der

(logic) Of a formula or system: such that it evaluates to true regardless of the input values.

An argument is valid if and only if the set consisting of both (1) all of its premises and (2) the contradictory of its conclusion is inconsistent.

(logic) Of an argument: whose conclusion is always true whenever its premises are true.

sound

in logic: argument whose conclusion is always true whenever its premises are all true

(Christianity, theology) Genuine - as distinguished from efficient or regular - sacrament.


assumption

en-noun

assumption (countable and uncountable, plural assumptions)

From Middle English assumpcioun, from Medieval Latin assumptio (“a taking up (into heaven)”) and Latin assumptio (“a taking up, adoption, the minor proposition of a syllogism”). Doublet of assumptio; see assume.

der

categorical syllogism
categorical syllogism

(logic) The minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism.

asumpción

the minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism


coquette

Frills, lace, bows, hearts, and ribbon (in excess!) are all part of the coquette look. […]”

2023 January 12, Hannah Oh, “What Exactly is the Coquette Aesthetic That’s Taking Over the Internet Right Now?”, in Seventeen, retrieved 2024-01-05:

Are you a Lana Del Rey fan who lives for ultra-romantic fashion pieces and clings to trends that involve ribbons, lace, and Bridgerton-esque motifs? Then the coquette aesthetic is most definitely for you. […]”

2023 October 24, Sierra Mayhew, “The Coquette Aesthetic Has Its Hold on Gen Z—15 Pieces That Define the Look”, in Who What Wear, retrieved 2024-01-05:

(aesthetic) Of or relating to a feminine style of clothing involving ribbons, frills, and bows.


deification

en-noun

deification (usually uncountable, plural deifications)

From Middle English deificacion, from Middle French deifier + -acion or borrowed directly from Latin deificātiō, from deificō (“deify”) + -tiō (noun suffix), from deus (“god”) + -ficō (“make”). Equivalent to deify + -ication. In the Christian theological sense influenced by the use of deificātiō as Latin translation of Byzantine Greek θέωσις (théōsis).

euhemerization

act of deifying; chiefly Chinese contexts

There is an experiential component to Maximos’ writings: he draws upon the reality of the contemplative life and in doing so secures deification as the goal of the monastic spiritual life in Orthodoxy.

2010, Paul M. Collins, Partaking in Divine Nature: Deification and Communion, page 108:

(Christianity, theology) Union with God; theosis.


damnation

damnation (countable and uncountable, plural damnations)

From Middle English dampnacioun, from Old French dampnacion, from Latin damnatio.

The state of being damned; condemnation; openly expressed disapprobation.

проклятие

(religion) Condemnation to everlasting punishment in the future state, or the punishment itself.


damnation

Oh damnation! The window doesn't shut!

Expressing annoyance or disappointment; damn; dammit.


emanation

emanation (countable and uncountable, plural emanations)

/ˌɛməˈneɪʃən/

(theology) The generation of the Son and the procession of the Holy Spirit, as distinct from the origination of created beings.


elimination

elimination (countable and uncountable, plural eliminations)

(logic) The act of obtaining by separation, or as the result of eliminating; deduction.


dichotomy

dichotomy (countable and uncountable, plural dichotomies)

Audio (GA)

Audio (AU)

From Ancient Greek διχοτομία (dikhotomía, “dichotomy”).

der

But in the fallacy of false dichotomy, not only do the two alternatives fail to be jointly exhaustive, but they are not even likely. As a result, the disjunctive premise is false, or at least probably false.

2011, Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, page 162:

2011, Tomasz A. Gorarzd, Jacek Krzaczkowski, The Complexity of Problems Connected with Two-Element Algebras, Paweł M. Idziak, Andrzej Wronski, Reports on Mathematical Logic: No. 46, page 92,
One can ask if for any algebra the considered problem is always in P or NP-complete (P or coNP-complete)? For example, the problem of the satisfiability of a system of polynomial equations over a group G is in P if G is abelian and NP-complete otherwise ([7, 13]).
One of the most widely known subclasses of NP which exhibits such a dichotomy, is the class of constraint satisfaction problems (CSP) on the set {0,1}, see [16]. Recently Bulatov proved the dichotomy for CSP on a three-element set [3].

(logic) The division of a class into two disjoint subclasses that are together comprehensive, as the division of human into female and male.

dikotomi

logic: division of a class into two disjoint subclasses that are together comprehensive


exportation

en-noun

exportation (countable and uncountable, plural exportations)

(logic) Either the logical law ((P∧Q)→R)⇒(P→(Q→R)), or the rule of replacement ((P∧Q)→R)⇔(P→(Q→R)).


equivocation

equivocation (countable and uncountable, plural equivocations)

/ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃən/

/ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃn̩/

c. 1380, from Middle English equivocacion, from Old French equivocation, from Medieval Latin aequivocātiō, from aequivocō, from Late Latin aequivocus (“ambiguous, equivocal”), from Latin aequus (“equal”) + vocō (“call”); a calque of Ancient Greek ὁμωνυμία (homōnumía).

der

(logic) A logical fallacy resulting from the use of multiple meanings of a single expression.


empiricism

en-noun

empiricism (countable and uncountable, plural empiricisms)

ἐμπειρῐκή

practice of medicine founded on experience only

Empiricism teaches us that we are unceasingly and intimately in contact with a full, living, breathing Reality, that experience is a constant communion with the real.

1893 Sep, James Seth, “The Truth of Empiricism.”, in The Philosophical Review, volume 2, number 5, page 552:

He agrees with Kant that Hume's empiricism is refuted de facto by the example of mathematics, whose judgments are synthetic a priori.

1950 Dec, Virgil Hinshaw, Jr., “Review of Socratic Method and Critical Philosophy, Selected Essays by Leonard Nelson”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 11, number 2, page 285:

Empiricism is the doctrine that human knowledge is grounded on the kind of experience, mostly achieved through the five senses, whose objects are particular events occurring at particular times and in particular places.

1958 Apr, Ernest A. Moody, “Empiricism and Metaphysics in Medieval Philosophy”, in The Philosophical Review, volume 67, number 2, page 151:

(philosophy) A doctrine which holds that the only or, at least, the most reliable source of human knowledge is experience, especially perception by means of the physical senses. (Often contrasted with rationalism.)

Our whole life in some of its highest and most important aspects is simply empiricism. Empiricism is only another word for experience.

1885, Gerard F. Cobb, "Musical Psychics," Proceedings of the Musical Association, 11th Session, p. 119

I have found no better expression than "religious" for confidence in the rational nature of reality.... Whenever this feeling is absent, science degenerates into uninspired empiricism.

1951, Albert Einstein, letter to Maurice Solovine (Jan. 1), in Letters to Solovine

Painting needs no explanation or apology. This most religious of art forms belies the pathetic empiricisms of contemporary discussions.

2001 Sep, Mark Zimmermann, “The Stillness of Painting: Robert Kingston and His Contemporaries”, in PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art, volume 23, number 3, page 71:

A pursuit of knowledge purely through experience, especially by means of observation and sometimes by experimentation.

Empirie

(social sciences, political science, sociology) used to describe research based on methodology shaped from empirical philosophy (see above), e.g. surveys, statistics, etc.

Empiricism is not peculiar to Denmark; and I know of no way of rooting it out, though it be a remnant of exploded witchcraft, till the acquiring a general knowledge of the component parts of the human frame, become a part of public education.

1796, Mary Wollstonecraft, Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, Oxford, published 2009, page 105:

Even at the height of its popularity, medical empiricism was the creature of a most unforgiving free market economy. Successful practitioners seduced crowds as well as public officials.

1990, Alison Klairmont Lingo, "Review of Professional and Popular Medicine in France, 1770-1830 by Matthew Ramsey," Journal of Social History, vol. 23, no. 3 (Spring), p. 607

(medicine, now chiefly historical) Medicine as practised by an empiric, founded on mere experience, without the aid of science or a knowledge of principles; folk medicine, quackery.


fatalism

fatalism (countable and uncountable, plural fatalisms)

(metaphysics, philosophy) The doctrine that all events are subject to fate or inevitable necessity, or determined in advance in such a way that human beings cannot alter them.


soma

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

(philosophy) The corporeal body, as distinguished from the psyche or soul and the pneuma or spirit.


enlightenment

enlightenment (usually uncountable, plural enlightenments)

But the man who has attained enlightenment sees that the apparent reality is mere illusion, or, as was said a couple of thousand years later, that there is nothing good nor bad but thinking makes it so.

1893, Thomas Huxley, Evolution and Ethics:

Thus Django becomes the carrier of the “public use of one's reason”—the Kantian road to enlightenment given to him by the German “Forty-Eighter” dentist–turned-bounty hunter Dr. “King” Schultz, and represents the fictive, allohistorical beginning of the battle against slavery and racism in the United States.

2014 July 31, Oliver C. Speck, editor, Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained: The Continuation of Metacinema, Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 25:

A concept in spirituality, philosophy and psychology related to achieving clarity of perception, reason and knowledge.


fallacy

From Middle English fallaci, fallace, fallas, from Old French fallace, from Latin fallācia (“deception, deceit”), from fallāx (“deceptive, deceitful”), from fallere (“to deceive”).

Baldridge also showed the "one molecule of blood," usually held to be the stimulus for attracting sharks, to be another common fallacy, since a molecule of blood does not exist.

1983, Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, Knopf, →ISBN, page 163:

(logic) An argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not; a specious argument.


equivocal

From Late Latin aequivocus + -al, from aequus + vocō. By surface analysis, equi- + vocal.

Some equivocals are merely ambiguous. Sharp is an example. It is equivocal since it is appropriate to call different types of things 'sharp' though what it is for them to be sharp differs.

2012, Deborah Achtenberg, Cognition of Value in Aristotle's Ethics:

(philosophy) A word or expression capable of different meanings; an ambiguous term.


etiquette

etiquette (countable and uncountable, plural etiquettes)

1740, from French étiquette (“property, a little piece of paper, or a mark or title, affixed to a bag or bundle, expressing its contents, a label, ticket”), from Middle French estiquette (“ticket, memorandum”), from the Old French verb estechier, estichier, estequier (“to attach, stick”), (compare Picard estiquier (“to stick, pierce”)), from Frankish *stekan, *stikkan, *stikjan (“to stick, pierce, sting”), from Proto-Germanic *stikaną, *stikōną, *staikijaną (“to be sharp, pierce, prick”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp, to stab”).
Akin to Old High German stehhan (“to stick, attach, nail”) (German stechen (“to stick”)), Old English stician (“to pierce, stab, be fastened”).
The French Court of Louis XIV at Versailles used étiquettes (literally “little cards”) to remind courtiers to keep off of the grass and similar rules. More at stick (verb) and stitch. Doublet of ticket.

cog

20 May 2018, Hadley Freeman in The Guardian, Is Meghan Markle the American the royals have needed all along?
Much shock was expressed in the British press about the Palace’s utter failure to control the Markles and the Markles’ lack of etiquette.

Whenever Root would put his elbows on the table or clatter his dishes or commit any other breach of etiquette, the Professor would gently correct him.

2003, Yoko Ogawa, The Housekeeper and the Professor:

The manners or decent behaviour to be observed in social or professional life; conventional decorum; the ceremonial code of polite society.

ذَوْق

forms to be observed in social or official life

The customary behavior of members of a profession, business, law, or sports team towards each other.

2012 July 15, Richard Williams, Tour de France 2012: Carpet tacks cannot force Bradley Wiggins off track, Guardian Unlimited:
Cycling's complex etiquette contains an unwritten rule that riders in contention for a race win should not be penalised for sheer misfortune.

A label used to indicate that a letter is to be sent by airmail.


importation

en-noun

importation (countable and uncountable, plural importations)

(logic) The logical law (P→(Q→R))⇒((P∧Q)→R).


fiduciary

From Latin fīdūciārius (“held in trust”), from fīdūcia (“trust”).

(theology) One who depends for salvation on faith, without works; an antinomian.


extension

extension (countable and uncountable, plural extensions)

From Middle English extensioun, from Old French estension, from Latin extensiō, extensiōnem.

(logic) The set of tuples of values that, used as arguments, satisfy the predicate.


corollary

/ˈkɔɹəˌlɛɹi/

/kɔˈɹoʊˌlɛɹi/

From Middle English, from Late Latin corōllārium (“money paid for a garland; gift, gratuity, corollary; consequence, deduction”), from corōlla (“small garland”), diminutive of corōna (“crown”).

der

We have proven that this set is finite and well ordered; as a corollary, we now know that there is an order-preserving map from it to the natural numbers.

(mathematics, logic) A proposition which follows easily from the statement or proof of another proposition.


implication

en-noun

implication (countable and uncountable, plural implications)

From Middle French implication, from Latin implicationem (accusative of implicatio).Equivalent to implicate + -ion.

propositional calculus
propositional calculus

(countable, logic) The connective in propositional calculus that, when joining two predicates A and B in that order, has the meaning "if A is true, then B is true".


interpellation

interpellation (countable and uncountable, plural interpellations)

From Middle French interpellation, from Latin interpellātiō; equivalent to interpellate + -ion or interpel + -ation.

(philosophy) The act of interpellating: the act of identification.


interpretation

interpretation (countable and uncountable, plural interpretations)

/ɪntɚpɹəˈteɪʃən/

/ɪntəpɹəˈteɪʃən/

From Middle English [Term?], from Anglo-Norman [Term?], from Old French [Term?], from Latin interpretātiō, noun of action from interpretor (“to explain, expound, interpret, understand, conclude, infer, comprehend”)
Morphologically interpret + -ation

(countable, logic, model theory) An assignment of a truth value to each propositional symbol of a propositional calculus.


philosophy

philosophy (countable and uncountable, plural philosophies)

From Middle English philosophie, Old French philosophie, and their source, Latin philosophia, from Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía), from φίλος (phílos, “loving”) + σοφία (sophía, “wisdom”). By surface analysis, philo- + -sophy. Displaced native Old English ūþwitegung.

(uncountable, originally) The love of wisdom.

Philosophy is often divided into five major branches: logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics.

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant[…]

1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond:

(uncountable) An academic discipline that seeks truth through reasoning rather than empiricism, often attempting to provide explanations relating to general concepts such as existence and rationality.

(countable) A comprehensive system of belief.

As a matter of fact the Enlightment culture was based on a philosophy inspired to an ethical laicism whose aim was to create a better society based on principles such as solidarity, equality of rights and duties, and full freedom.

2012, Francesca Valensise, From Building Fabric to City Form: Reconstruction in Calabria at end of Eighteenth Century, Gangemi Editore spa, →ISBN, page 8:

(countable) A general principle (usually moral).


parthenogenesis

parthenogenesis (usually uncountable, plural parthenogeneses)

/ˌpɑːθɪnəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑːθənəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑɹθɪnoʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑɹθənoʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

From parthen- + -o- + -genesis, from Ancient Greek παρθένος (parthénos, “virgin”) and γένεσις (génesis, “origin, creation, generation”).

der

So one might reasonably be led to hold, for instance, that the parthenogenesis of Christ does not beget faith in Christ […]

1927, James Samuel Stone, The cult of Santiago: traditions, myths, and pilgrimages, page 58:

His theology offers four objections on dogmatic grounds commonly adduced by contemporary Protestant criticism to cast doubt on Mary’s parthenogenesis.

1966, Thomas F. O’Meara, Mary in Protestant and Catholic Theology, page 227:

Christ’s parthenogenesis exalts woman.

1999, Carol V. Kaske, Spenser and Biblical poetics, →ISBN, page 177:

(theology) Virgin birth, in reference to the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ.


innate

Borrowed from Latin innātus (“inborn”), perfect active participle of innāscor (“be born in, grow up in”), from in (“in, at on”) + nāscor (“be born”); see natal, native.

innate ideas

There is an innate light in every man, discovering to him the first lines of duty, in the common notions of good and evil, which, by cultivation and improvement, may be advanced to higher and brighter discoveries.

1691 November 1, Robert South, “An Account of the Nature and Measures of Conscience”, in Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, volume II, Oxford: UP, published 1842, page 29:

It would be ſufficient to convince unprejudiced Readers of the falſeneſs of this Suppoſition, if I ſhould only ſhew (as I hope I ſhall in the following Parts of this Diſcourſe) how Men barely by the Uſe of their natural Faculties, may attain to all the Knowledge that they have, without the help of any innate Impreſſions[…]

1690, John Locke, “No innate Principles in the Mind”, in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, book I, page 4:

(philosophy) Originating in, or derived from, the constitution of the intellect, as opposed to acquired from experience.


irascible

en-adj

irascible (comparative more irascible, superlative most irascible)

more irascible (comparative)
most irascible (superlative)

From Middle English, from Old French irascible, from Late Latin īrāscibilis, from Latin īrāscī (“to be angry, enraged”) + -bilis.

The irascible and concupiscible appetites are distinguished by different aspects of their objects. The object of the concupiscible faculty "is sensible good or evil, simply apprehended as such" while good and evil considered as "arduous or difficult … is the object of the irascible faculty."

2015, Jeffrey Froula, “Aquinas on the Moral Neutrality of the Passion of Despair”, in New Blackfriars:

(theology) Relating to the irascible passions


peripatetic

peripatetic (comparative more peripatetic, superlative most peripatetic)

more peripatetic (comparative)
most peripatetic (superlative)

From French péripatétique, from Latin peripatēticus, from Ancient Greek περιπατητικός (peripatētikós, “given to walking around”), from περιπατέω (peripatéō, “I walk around”), from περί (perí, “around”) (English peri-)+ πατέω (patéō, “I walk”).

der

περιπατητικός

аристотелев

Having to do with Aristotle's philosophy or school of thought

The true peripatetic school.

1642, James Howell, Instructions For Foreign Travel:

(philosophy, usually capitalized) Alternative letter-case form of Peripatetic


peripatetic

περιπατητικός

He who would think clearly must think like a peripatetic even if he is unwilling to walk like one.

1961, Albert Upton, Design for Thinking: A First Book in Semantics, section 11:

(philosophy, usually capitalized) Alternative letter-case form of Peripatetic (“Aristotelian”)


sophist

Learned borrowing from Latin sophista, also sophistes, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek σοφιστής (sophistḗs, “pursuer of wisdom”), from σοφίζομαι (sophízomai, “to become wise”).

One of a class of teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece.


subsistence

en-noun

subsistence (countable and uncountable, plural subsistences)

From Middle English subsistence; partly from Middle French subsistence (modern French subsistance) and partly from its etymon Late Latin subsistentia (“substance, reality, in Medieval Latin also stability”), from Latin subsistēns, present participle of subsistere (“to continue, subsist”). Perhaps also partly from subsist + -ence.

der

(theology) Embodiment or personification or hypostasis of an underlying principle or quality.


mention

en-verb

mention (third-person singular simple present mentions, present participle mentioning, simple past and past participle mentioned)

mentions (present singular third-person)
mentioning (participle present)
mentioned (participle past)
mentioned (past)

Inherited from Middle English mencioun, mention, from Old French mention, from Latin mentiōnem, accusative of mentiō (“a mention, calling to mind”).

I can illustrate this by mentioning the word lead. Now you have no way of knowing for sure which meaning I have in mind until I give it some context by using it in a sentence.

2006, Tony Evans, The Transforming Word: Discovering the Power and Provision of the Bible, Moody Publishers, →ISBN, page 140:

If the verbatimness view derives from the popular notion that DST repeats 'the actual words spoken', a second line of thought takes its cue from Quine's (1940: 23–26, 1960: 146–156) philosophical distinction between words which are “used” vs. words which are merely “mentioned”.

2009, Lieven Vandelanotte, Speech and Thought Representation in English: A Cognitive-functional Approach, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 124:

If I said rightly, “'Niggers' is a seven letter word,” I would be mentioning the word, and when we write it, we use mention-quotes for this purpose (speech typically lacks quotes, except for the occasional air-quotes). If I said, rightly or wrongly, “Niggers are good athletes,” then I would be using “niggers,” not merely mentioning it.

2013, Richard Hanley, South Park and Philosophy: Bigger, Longer, and More Penetrating, Open Court, →ISBN:

(philosophy, linguistics) To utter a word or expression in order to refer to the expression itself, as opposed to its usual referent.

mainita

to utter an expression in order to refer to the expression itself


tacit

en-adj

tacit (comparative more tacit, superlative most tacit)

more tacit (comparative)
most tacit (superlative)

Borrowed from late Middle French tacite, or from Latin tacitus (“that is passed over in silence, done without words, assumed as a matter of course, silent”), from tacere (“to be silent”).

bor

(logic) Not derived from formal principles of reasoning; based on induction rather than deduction.

подразби́ращ се

not derived from formal principles of reasoning


premise

From Middle English premise, premisse, from Old French premisse, from Medieval Latin premissa (“set before”) (premissa propositio (“the proposition set before”)), feminine past participle of Latin praemittere (“to send or put before”), from prae- (“before”) + mittere (“to send”).
The sense "a piece of real estate" arose from the misinterpretation of the word by property owners while reading title deeds where the word was used with the legal sense.

der

While the premises stand firm, 'tis impossible to shake the conclusion.

1667, attributed to Richard Allestree, The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety. […], London: […] R. Norton for T. Garthwait, […], →OCLC:

(logic) Any of the first propositions of a syllogism, from which the conclusion is deduced.

مُقَدِّمَة

either of the first two propositions of a syllogism, from which the conclusion is deduced


temperance

en-noun

temperance (countable and uncountable, plural temperances)

From Anglo-Norman temperance, from Latin temperantia (“moderation, sobriety, discretion, self-control”), from temperans, present participle of temperare (“to moderate”). See temper. English equivalent temper + -ance.

uder

temperance in eating and drinking

temperance in the indulgence of joy

Who did begin their Feaſtes with Prayers; continue them with Temperance, and Sobrietie; eating no more then would ſuffice their hunger; drinking no more then would quench and ſatisfie their thirſt […]

1628, William Prynne, Healthes Sicknesse. Or, a compendious and briefe Discourse; prouing the Drinking, and Pledging of Healthes, to be Sinfull […] , London: Augustine Matthews, page 22:

On these occasions I have noticed such a dreamy, vacant expression in his eyes, that I might have suspected him of being addicted to the use of some narcotic, had not the temperance and cleanliness of his whole life forbidden such a notion.

1891, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet. A Detective Story, 3rd edition, London, New York, N.Y.: Ward, Lock, Bowden, and Co., […], published 1892, →OCLC:

But there was no one to shake Nero into temperance. He had affairs, drank tremendously, raised taxes in the provinces to pay for his indulgences, and started once again to hold the infamous treason trials as Caligula had done.

2007, Susan Wise Bauer, “The Problem of Succession”, in The History of the Ancient World, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, page 729:

Habitual moderation in regard to the indulgence of the natural appetites and passions; restrained or moderate indulgence.


personalism

en-noun

personalism (countable and uncountable, plural personalisms)

(philosophy) A doctrine of subjective idealism that regards personality as the means of interpreting reality.


canophilia

Synonym of cynophilia (“The love of dogs.”)


Francophilia

The love or admiration of France, the French, or French culture.

francofília

love of France, the French or French culture


cartophilia

The love of cigarette cards, trade cards, postcards, etc.


lygophilia

From Ancient Greek λύγη (lúgē, “twilight”) and φιλέω (philéō, “I love”).


lexiconophilia

The love of dictionaries and other books of words.


germanophilia

The love of Germany, the Germans, or German culture.

germanofília

the love of the country, culture or people of Germany


coprophilia

coprophilia (countable and uncountable, plural coprophilias)

(psychiatry) A marked interest in excrement; especially the paraphilia involving sexual arousal and pleasure from feces and defecation.

嗜糞癥

marked interest in excrement; the use of feces for sexual excitement


bibliophilia

Perhaps his love for the Hebrew Bible prepared him for such finely tuned philanthropy. Or maybe his bibliophilia has consequences for anthropology.

2017, Andrew Gow, Peter Sabo, editors, Tzedek, Tzedek Tirdof: Poetry, Prophecy, and Justice in Hebrew Scripture: Essays in Honor of Francis Landy on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, Boston: BRILL, →ISBN, page VII:

(rare) Love or fascination with the Bible.


razor

From Middle English rasour, from Old French rasour, from raser (“to scrape, to shave”). More at rat.
Displaced native Old English sċierseax (literally “shaving knife”).

ncog

Occam's razor, Hanlon's razor

(philosophy) A conceptual device that allows one to shave away unlikely explanations for a phenomenon.


punk

en-noun

punk (countable and uncountable, plural punks)

Uncertain. Possibly from punk ("rotten wood dust used as tinder", attested since 1678; see Etymology 2 below) to anything worthless (attested since 1869) and then to any undesirable person (since 1908).

gl

(countable, US slang) A worthless person, particularly:

(humorous, rare) Synonym of fellow: any person, especially a male comrade.

He said the prisoner called them ‘punk’... He admitted that he shouted ‘punk’ to them.

1908 October 18, New York Times, page 9:

There was nothing so special about the gang, punks are punks.

I know what you're thinking. "Did he fire six shots or only five?" Well, to tell you the truth, in all this excitement I've kinda lost track myself. But being as this is a .44 Magnum, the most powerful handgun in the world, and would blow your head clean off, you've got to ask yourself one question: Do I feel lucky? Well, do ya, punk?

1971, Harry Julian Fink et al., Dirty Harry, spoken by Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood):

(derogatory) A petty criminal, especially a juvenile delinquent.

Do you think a little thing like a scratch would bother me? I'm no punk.

Taking him home she hemmed him up soon as they stepped in the door. Now Tony was a bad dude in the streets but when it came to his mama, he was a punk. A few cuss words on her part had him spilling everything.

2006, Kali James, Can U Get Away?, page 17:

(derogatory) Synonym of sissy: a weak, timid person.

A worthless person
Synonym of sissy: a weak, timid person.

(circus slang) A young, untrained animal or worker.

A worthless person
A young, untrained animal or worker.

This fellow was just a punk... a nobody.

1933, Ernest Hemingway, Winner Take Nothing, page 94:


trope

Japanese: トロープ (torōpu)

Korean: 트로프 (teuropeu)

From Latin tropus, from Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos, “a manner, style, turn, way; a trope or figure of speech; a mode in music; a mode or mood in logic”), related to τροπή (tropḗ, “solstice; trope; turn”) and τρέπειν (trépein, “to turn”); compare turn of phrase. The verb is derived from the noun.

der

For [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich] Hegel, ancient skepticism preserved the essence of the skeptical principle, and the tropes express this principle. In the earlier ten tropes, there is, according to Hegel, a lack of abstraction that becomes obvious in the fact that their diversity could be grasped under more general points of view. […] Sextus [Empiricus] explains that the first four tropes are based on the judging subject; these deal with the differences among animals, the differences among human beings, the differences that distinguish the various senses, and, finally, circumstantial differences.

2003, Tanja Staehler, “The Historicity of Philosophy and the Role of Skepticism”, in David A. Duquette, editor, Hegel’s History of Philosophy: New Interpretations (SUNY Series in Hegelian Studies), Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, →ISBN, page 116:

(Greek philosophy) Any of the ten arguments used in skepticism to refute dogmatism.

Trope theory, though a minority view today, has been popular at various times throughout the history of philosophy, especially among medieval philosophers. Trope theory holds that properties and relations are themselves (unrepeatable) particulars. (Tropes are also called 'abstract particulars' – 'abstract' in the sense of fine, partial and diffuse, not in the sense of outside space and time.) Thus the redness of a particular billiard ball is a trope, located where the ball is and nowhere else. A different but exactly resembling billiard ball has a numerically different but exactly resembling redness trope. There is no colour property common to, or instantiated in, both balls (similarly all other properties and relations).

2017, Brian Garrett, What is this Thing Called Metaphysics?, 3rd edition, Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, pages 55–56:

(metaphysics) A particular instance of a property (such as the specific redness of a rose), as contrasted with a universal.


love triangle

/ˈlʌv ˌtɹaɪ.æŋɡəl/

La Battaglia di Legnano is a patriotic melodrama with a love triangle theme included.

1961 December 12, The Times, p.5 col. F:

By placing Max and Onno in a love triangle with Ada, Mr. Mulisch achieves an emotional depth that recalls Francois Truffaut's classic film “Jules and Jim.”

1997 January 5, Jack Miles, “On a Mission From God”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A situation in which two suitors vie or compete for the love of the same person.

liefdesdriehoek

situation in which two people vie for the love of a third


panentheism

Borrowed from German Panentheismus, coined by Karl Christian Friedrich Krause in 1828 from Ancient Greek πᾶν ἐν θεῷ (pân en theôi, “all in god”) + -ismus (“-ism”).

The third great age of humanity (das Reifalter) is that in which all its powers are fully and harmoniously developed... and in which panentheism is universally and cordially accepted as the only true and adequate doctrine either of science or of society.

1874, Robert Flint, The Philosophy of History in France and Germany, page 484:

Pantheism or panentheism... is condemned by the Church, as well as by the teachings of Schopenhauer and of the modern Hartmann.

1895, Benito Pérez Galdós, Doña perfecta, page 84:

This panentheistic doctrine contains all of deism and pandeism except their arbitrary negations. Thus ARCW, or absolute-relative panentheism, is the one doctrine that really states the whole of what all theists, if not all atheists as well, are implicitly talking about.

1964, Charles Hartshorne, Man's Vision of God and the Logic of Theism, page 348:

(philosophy, religion) A doctrine that the universe subsists within God, but that God nevertheless transcends or has some existence separate from the universe.

panenteisme

a doctrine that the universe is within God


peregrination

en-noun

peregrination (countable and uncountable, plural peregrinations)

/ˌpɛɹɪɡɹɪˈneɪʃn̩/

/ˌpɛɹəɡɹəˈneɪʃ(ə)n/

From Late Middle English peregrinacioun, peregrinacion (“journey; pilgrimage; (figuratively) human journey through life”), from Anglo-Norman peregrinaciun (“human journey through life”), peregrination (“pilgrimage; overseas travel”), and Old French peregrinacion, peregrination (“pilgrimage; overseas travel”) (modern French pérégrination), and from their etymon Latin peregrīnātiō (“overseas sojourn or travel; (Late Latin) pilgrimage; sojourn; human journey through life”), from peregrīnātus (“living or travelling overseas”) + -iō (suffix forming abstract nouns). Peregrīnātus is the perfect passive participle of peregrīnor (“to live or travel overseas; to be overseas; to roam, rove; to be a stranger”), from peregrīnus (“alien, foreign; exotic”) (from peregrē̆ (“abroad; from abroad; heading abroad”) + -īnus (suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘of or pertaining to’)) + -or (suffix forming first-person singular present passive indicative verbs).

der

It is true our life in this world is not called a baniſhment any where in the Scripture: but a pilgrimage, a peregrination, a travell; but perigrinatio cum ignominia conjunctu, exilium; he that leaves his Countrey becauſe he was aſhamed, or afraid to return to it, or to ſtay in it, is a baniſhed man.

1618 April 22, John Donne, “A Sermon Preached at White-hall Aprill 12. 1618.”, in XXVI. Sermons (Never before Publish’d) Preached by that Learned and Reverend Divine John Donne, […], London: […] Thomas Newcomb, […], published 1661, →OCLC, page 179:

(countable, chiefly theology, archaic) A person's life regarded as a temporary stay on earth and a journey to the afterlife.


impression

en-noun

impression (countable and uncountable, plural impressions)

From Old French impression, from Latin impressio.

Let us, therefore, use a little freedom, and call them Impressions; employing that word in a sense somewhat different from the usual. By the term impression, then, I mean all our more lively perceptions, when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will. And impressions are distinguished from ideas, which are the less lively perceptions, of which we are conscious, when we reflect on any of those sensations or movements above mentioned.

1748, David Hume, “Of the Origin of Ideas”, in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding:

(philosophy) The vivid perception of something as it is experienced, in contrast to ideas or thoughts drawn from memory or the imagination.

aistimus

philosophy: vivid perception of something as it is experienced


Sheol

Borrowed from Hebrew שְׁאוֹל, שְׁאֹל (sheól, “abode of the dead, underworld, netherworld, etc.”).

bor

Hebrew שְׁאוֹל

(Old Testament) The realm of the dead, the common grave of mankind, Hell. In older English translations of the Bible, notably the Authorized Version or King James Bible, this word sheol is translated inconsistently and variously as grave (31 times), pit (3 times) or hell (31 times: e.g., De. 32:22; 2Sa. 22:6; Job 11:8; Ps. 9:17).


formal

en-adj

formal (comparative more formal, superlative most formal)

more formal (comparative)
most formal (superlative)

From Middle English formel, borrowed from Old French formel, from Latin fōrmālis, from fōrma (“form”); equivalent to form + -al.

Formal series are defined without any reference to convergence.

(mathematics, philosophy) Relating to mere manipulation and construction of strings of symbols, without regard to their meaning.

формален

mathematics, logic: relating to mere manipulations of symbols


porky

When she turned up at the lab, she gave us a sprawling prepared presentation relying heavily on anecdotal evidence, where it wasn't relying on skewed statistics, unfounded claims and outright porkies.

2007, Christopher Brookmyre, Attack of the Unsinkable Rubber Ducks, →ISBN, page 203:

Cockney rhyming slang
Cockney rhyming slang


hedonism

en-noun

hedonism (usually uncountable, plural hedonisms)

First attested 1856: from Ancient Greek ἡδονή (hēdonḗ, “pleasure”) + -ism.

Epicureanism

advocating mental pleasures & a need for most typical virtues to avoid pain

(ethics, uncountable) The philosophical belief that happiness, particularly sensual pleasure, is the highest good in life.


Tartarus

From Latin Tartarus, from Ancient Greek Τάρταρος (Tártaros).

[…] them with Fire and hoſtile Arms / Fearleſs aſſault, and to the brow of Heav'n / Purſuing, drive them out from God and bliſs, / Into thir place of puniſhment, the Gulf / Of Tartarus, which ready opens wide / His fiery Chaos to receave thir fall.

1667, John Milton, “Book VI”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 50–55:

(Greek mythology, Roman mythology) A dark and gloomy part of the realm of Hades, reserved for the damned and the wicked, such as the Titans; an equivalent of hell in Greek and Roman mythology.


solipsism

en-noun

solipsism (countable and uncountable, plural solipsisms)

From Latin sōlus (“alone”) + ipse (“self”) + -ism.

(philosophy) The idea that the self is all that exists or that can be proven to exist.


old man

old man (countable and uncountable, plural old men)

From Middle English alde mann, aldman, elde man, oldeman, from Old English eald man.

(theology, uncountable) Synonym of Old Adam


superject

Thus the eternal relatedness is of the form — the είδος —; the emergent actual occasion is the superject of informed value; value, as abstracted from any particular superject, is the abstract matter — the ϋλη — which is common to all actual occasions and the synthetic activity which prehends valueless possibility into superjicient informed value is the substantial activity.

1925, Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, →ISBN:

(philosophy) The emergent actual occasion from which value is abstracted.


parental love

(by extension) Love which is similar to parental love.


pederast

Borrowed from French pédéraste, from Ancient Greek παιδεραστής (paiderastḗs, “lover of boys”), from παῖς (paîs, “boy”) and ἐραστής (erastḗs, “lover”).

der

A man who is engaged in an erotic relationship with an adolescent boy; a practitioner of pederasty.

男色者

だんしょくしゃ, danshokusha; なんしょくしゃ, nanshokusha


cogito

en-noun

cogito (usually uncountable, plural cogitos)

The Cogito of Descartes and Husserl is an apprehension of fact. […] Such a Cogito is performed by a consciousness directed upon consciousness, a consciousness which takes consciousness as an object.

1957, Jean-Paul Sartre, translated by Forrest Williams and Robert Kirkpatrick, The Transcendence of the Ego, Noonday Press, pages 43–44:

But are there not as many consciousnesses or cogitos as there are individuals?

1966 Dec, Geoffrey Hartman, “Beyond Formalism”, in MLN, volume 81, number 5, page 551:

An obvious candidate for this class of propositions would be the cogito, whose evidence, Descartes insisted, is not founded on inference.

1984 Jan, Charles Larmore, “Descartes' Psychologistic Theory of Assent”, in History of Philosophy Quarterly, volume 1, number 1, page 65:

Benhabib proposes a […] "recognition that the subjects of reason are finite, embodied and fragile creatures, and not disembodied cogitos or abstract unities of transcendental apperception".

2000 Spring, Linnell Secomb, "Fractured Community," Hypatia, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 138

It may be thought that this leads to an even more radical skepticism than that envisaged by Descartes, since now even the cogito may be questioned.

2009 May, Ernest Sosa, “Précis of A Virtue Epistemology”, in Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, " vol. 144, no. 1, p. 109 n11:

I think therefore I am
I think therefore I am

(philosophy, often preceded by the, sometimes capitalized) The argument "cogito, ergo sum" ("I think therefore I am") from the philosophy of René Descartes; the mental act of thinking this thought; a conscious being which performs this mental act.


pedophile

From pedo- (“child”) + -phile, after Ancient Greek παιδοφῐ́λης (paidophílēs) (from παῖς (paîs, “boy, child”) + φιλέω (philéō, “I love”)).

com

Apart from his sexual behavior, the pedophile is typically law abiding.

1982, National Council on Crime and Delinquency, Criminal Justice Abstracts, volume 14, page 253:

The pedophile, a particular type of child molester, is an adult whose conscious sexual interests and overt sexual behavior are directly either partially or exclusively toward children.

1986, Patrick B. McGuigan, Jon S. Pascale, Crime and Punishment in Modern America, page 109:

(psychiatry, sexology) A person aged 16 or older who is mostly or only sexually attracted toward prepubescent children.


Hades

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ᾍδης (Hā́idēs).

lbor

(Greek mythology) The god of the underworld and ruler of the dead, son of Cronus and Rhea, brother of Zeus and Poseidon.

(Greek mythology) The underworld, the domain of Hades, by transference from its god.

In the Septuagint Bible, the Greek translation of Sheol.

(specifically, chiefly Eastern Orthodoxy) Hell as a waiting place for damned souls before the Last Judgement, after which they may be cast in Gehenna.


polyamory

en-noun

polyamory (usually uncountable, plural polyamories)

[ˌpɒlɪˈæməɹi]

From poly- (from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”)) + Latin amor (“love”) + -y.

af

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">πολύς</i> (polús, “many”)

Some of these are poly intimacy, polyamory, polygamy, omnigamy, multimate, multiple adult relationship, combo, cellular family, expanded family, nonexclusive relationship, intimate friendship and inclusive relationship.

1992, Deborah M. Anapol, Love without limits, page 4:

Any of various practices involving romantic or sexual relationships with multiple partners with the knowledge and consent of all involved.

puliamore

practices involving relationships with multiple partners


necromancy

en-noun

necromancy (countable and uncountable, plural necromancies)

Circa 1300, from Middle English nigromancye, from Old French nigromancie, from Medieval Latin nigromantia, from Latin necromantia, from Ancient Greek νεκρομαντεία (nekromanteía), νεκρός (nekrós, “dead”) + μαντεία (manteía, “divination”). Medieval Latin spelling, incorporating niger (“black”), influenced by the notion of black art. Modern spelling adopted in mid-1500s. By surface analysis, necro- + -mancy.

der

νεκρομαντεία

And for to make this treatise the more pleasaunt and facill, I have put it in forme of a Dialogue, which I have diuided into three bookes: The first speaking of Magie in general, and Necromancie in special.

1597, King James Daemonologie, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

And in one word for all, Nagomancy, or Necromancy; by inspecting, consulting, and divining by, with, or from the dead.

1652, Gaule The Magastromancer, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

1867 E. Rogers, quoted in K. Thomas Relig. & Decline of Magic
the Devil did often tempt me to study necromancy and nigromancy and to make use of magic, and to make a league with him...

There is no doubt..that necromancy is the touch-stone of occultism...

Loosely, any sorcery or witchcraft, especially involving death or the dead, particularly sorcery involving raising or reanimating the dead.


hedonist

From Ancient Greek ἡδονή (hēdonḗ, “pleasure”) + -ist.


determinism

en-noun

determinism (countable and uncountable, plural determinisms)

Borrowed from French déterminisme, equivalent to determine + -ism.

Pereboom’s book presents probably the best available argument for hard incompatibilism (the view that free will is not compatible with causal determinism), and his defence of the sourcehood view is just part of this overall argument.

2015 January 1, John Danaher, “The Free Will Debate: Sourcehood or Alternative Possibilities?”, in Philosophical Disquisitions:

(philosophy) The doctrine that all actions are determined by the current state and immutable laws of the universe, with no possibility of choice.


monogamy

monogamy (countable and uncountable, plural monogamies)

From French monogamie, from Late Latin monogamia, from Ancient Greek μονογαμία (monogamía). By surface analysis, mono- + -gamy.

A form of sexual bonding involving a permanent pair bond between two beings.


free will

From Middle English fre will, fre wil, fre wille.

Some people deny that humans have free will, and argue that every thought and action is preordained by God.

You can bind my limbs, but you can never deprive me of my free will.

What is free will but the power of volition and action, and of thought and speech, to all appearance as of one's self?

1869, Emmanuel Swedenborg, translated by R Norman Foster, The True Christian Religion:

The new challenge to free will comes from a different direction: neuroscience's discovery that people's brains are a collection of diversely oriented modules, and that our understanding of our own intentionality is to a great degree a legitimating fiction which one module in the left hemisphere of the brain retroactively imposes over the decisions different modules make.

2012 January 12, “Free will and politics”, in The Economist:

(philosophy, Christianity) The ability to choose one's actions and make choices that are not predetermined by predestination, fate, etc.


intelligence

intelligence (countable and uncountable, plural intelligences)

From Middle English intelligence, from Old French intelligence, from Latin intelligentia, which is from inter- (“between”) + legere (“choose, pick out, read”), or Proto-Italic *legō (“to care”). Doublet of intelligentsia.

nobody ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American people

nobody ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American public

no one ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American public

Not so, however, with Tarzan, the man-child. His life amidst the dangers of the jungle had taught him to meet emergencies with self-confidence, and his higher intelligence resulted in a quickness of mental action far beyond the powers of the apes.

1912 October, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “Tarzan of the Apes”, in The All-Story, New York, N.Y.: Frank A. Munsey Co., →OCLC; republished as chapter 5, in Tarzan of the Apes, New York, N.Y.: A. L. Burt Company, 1914 June, →OCLC:

...the test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function.

1936 Feb., F. Scott Fitzgerald, "The Crack-Up", Esquire

Irregular bedtimes may disrupt healthy brain development in young children, according to a study of intelligence and sleeping habits. ¶ Going to bed at a different time each night affected girls more than boys, but both fared worse on mental tasks than children who had a set bedtime, researchers found.

2013 July 19, Ian Sample, “Irregular bedtimes may affect children's brains”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 34:

(chiefly uncountable) Capacity of mind, especially to understand principles, truths, facts or meanings, acquire knowledge, and apply it to practice; the ability to comprehend and learn; the ability to process sentient experience to generate true beliefs with a justified degree of confidence.

From a religious point of view, a bodhisattva with sharp faculties and great intelligence can cause a tremendous upheaval if he or she misuses that power under the influence of negative emotions, like attachment and hatred.

2018, Dalai Lama, translated by Dhondup Tsering, Introduction to Buddhism, →ISBN, page 8:

(chiefly uncountable) The quality of making use or having made use of such capacities: depth of understanding, mental quickness.

The great Intelligences fair / That range above our mortal state, / In circle round the blessed gate, / Received and gave him welcome there.

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto LXXXV:

The living intelligence, the Martian within the hood, was slain and splashed to the four winds of heaven, and the thing was now but a mere intricate device of metal whirling to destruction.

1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, page 102:

But there are latent powers within man alone that are not yet fully understood and [...] we cannot definitely state what is, and what is not, due to the interference or influence of discarnate intelligences.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 275:

He passes beyond the projections and thought forms of his own creation to the wholly other and independent world of the angelic intelligences.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 228:

(countable) An entity that has such capacities.


ailurophilia

/ˌaɪljʊəɹəˈfɪlɪ.ə/

/aɪˌlʊɹəˈfɪli.ə/

/eɪˌlʊɹəˈfɪli.ə/

From ailuro- (“cat”) + -philia (“love”), from Ancient Greek αἴλουρος (aílouros, “cat”) + φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved”).

der

A fondness or love for cats or other felines.


identical

(usually pluralized, chiefly philosophy) Something which has exactly the same properties as something else.


aporia

Borrowed from Latin aporia, from Ancient Greek ἀπορία (aporía), from ἄπορος (áporos, “impassable”), from ἀ- (a-, “a-”) + πόρος (póros, “passage”).

But Green issues are already a contested zone, already a site where politicization is being fought for. In what follows, I want to stress two other aporias in capitalist realism, which are not yet politicized to anything like the same degree. The first is mental health.

2009, Mark Fisher, chapter 3, in Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?, Zero Books, →ISBN, page 19:

EL James's multimillion selling series of novels ‘encodes the aporias of heterosexual relationships’, according to Professor Eva Illouz[.]

2014 May 27, Alison Flood, quoting Eva Illouz, “Fifty Shades of Grey is really a self-help book, says academic”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

Plato believed that the core impulse to philosophizing lies in aporia, the point at which, in struggling to understand a phenomenon or answer a question, we come up against a seemingly irresolvable contradiction.

2018, David Auerbach, Bitwise: A Life in Code, Vintage, →ISBN:

(philosophy, post-structuralism) An insoluble contradiction, especially in a text's meaning; a logical impasse suggested by a text or speaker.


anthropomorphism

en-noun

anthropomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural anthropomorphisms)

/ˌænθɹəpəˈmɔɹfɪzəm/

Coined in the mid-1700s. From Ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος (ánthrōpos, “man, human”) and μορφή (morphḗ, “form, shape”). By surface analysis, anthropo- + -morphism.

surf

Literature is full of examples of anthropomorphism, especially in children’s stories, from The Wind in the Willows to Watership Down.

2016 January 14, Stephen Ross, “What you see in this picture says more about you than the kangaroo”, in The Guardian:

The attribution of human characteristics and behavior to something not human.

antropomorfisme

the attribution or ascription of human characteristics to something not human

(theology) The attribution of human characteristics to divine entities.


monism

en-noun

monism (countable and uncountable, plural monisms)

The word was coined by German philosopher Baron Christian von Wolff and first used in English in 1862, from New Latin monismus, from Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone”). By surface analysis, mon- + -ism.

(philosophy, religion) The doctrine of the oneness and unity of reality, despite the appearance of diversity in the world.


skeptic

Borrowed from Middle French sceptique (but with a pronunciation closer to that of the Greek etymon), or possibly directly from Late Latin scepticus (originally attested only in the plural Scepticī (“the sect of Skeptics”)), from Ancient Greek σκεπτικός (skeptikós, “thoughtful, inquiring”), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “I consider”), compare to σκοπέω (skopéō, “I view, examine”).

der

(in particular) Someone who is skeptical towards religion.


noumenon

From German Noumenon, from Ancient Greek νοούμενον (nooúmenon, “thing that is known”), passive present participle of νοέω (noéō, “I know”).

The final result of Kant's philosophy, expressed in the concisest terms, was the proposition, so humiliating to human cognition, but, at the same time, so fertile in consequences, that we can know only phenomena, or the outward appearances of things, but not the noumenon, or the thing in itself.

1871 January, David Asher, “Schopenhauer and Darwinism”, in Journal of Anthropology, volume 1, number 3, page 317:

We have no specific concept of the noumenon, but think of it merely as whatever the object may be apart from the manner in which our knowledge exhibits it.

1954 July, Bella K. Milmed, “Theories of Religious Knowledge from Kant to Jaspers”, in Philosophy, volume 29, pages 197–198:

That, we have seen, is what prevents the two truths from collapsing into an appearance/reality or phenomenon/noumenon distinction.

2003 January, Jay L. Garfield, Graham Priest, “Nāgārjuna and the Limits of Thought”, in Philosophy East & West, volume 53, number 1, page 16:

(from Kantian philosophy on) A thing as it is independent of any conceptualization or perception by the human mind, postulated by practical reason but existing in a condition which is in principle unknowable and unexperienceable.

نُومِينُون

thing as it is independent of any conceptualization — see also thing-in-itself


fraud

en-noun

fraud (countable and uncountable, plural frauds)

From Middle English fraude (recorded since 1345), from Old French fraude, a borrowing from Latin fraus (“deceit, injury, offence”).


if and only if

A rectangle is a square if and only if all four of its sides have the same length.

An integer is even if and only if its square is also even.

(logic, mathematics) Is equivalent to; implies and is implied by; is true and false in the same cases as.

тогда́ и то́лько тогда́

, когда́ ...


casus

(logic, philosophy, obsolete) A possible world, as a starting point for reasoning.


negative

en-adj

negative (comparative more negative, superlative most negative)

more negative (comparative)
most negative (superlative)

/ˈnɛ(e)ɡəˌɾɪv/

From Middle English negative, negatif, from Old French negatif, from Latin negātīvus (“that denies, negative”), from negāre (“to deny”); see negate.

der

(linguistics, logic) Denying a proposition.


negative

/ˈnɛ(e)ɡəˌɾɪv/

You can’t prove a negative.

(logic) A statement that something didn’t happen or doesn’t exist.


soteriology

en-noun

soteriology (countable and uncountable, plural soteriologies)

/səʊtɪəɹɪˈɒləd͡ʒi/

From Ancient Greek σωτηρία (sōtēría, “salvation”) + -ology, from σωτήρ (sōtḗr, “savior”).

af

BY the Soteriology of the Bible we mean the Doctrine of the Messiah's mediatorial work for man's salvation, as gradually revealed in Holy Scripture.

1876, John Pilkington Norris, Rudiments of Theology, E. P. Dutton, page 172:

1998 [Mohr Siebeck], Timo Eskola, Theodicy and Predestination in Pauline Soteriology, 2018, Wipf and Stock, page 302,
As we have seen during this study, most interpreters of Paul's theology have concluded that his soteriology is of a mystical nature.

2012, Richard Lints, 11: Soteriology, Kelly M. Kapic, Bruce L. McCormack (editors), Mapping Modern Theology, Baker Publishing Group (Baker Academic), page 264,
Transformationist soteriologies in the nineteenth century supposed that the transformation of individuals by the gospel surely impacted their relation to God while relational soteriologies of the same period inevitably discussed the implications of Christianity upon the character of those who believed it.

The issue of soteriology in the fourth gospel remains vexed.

2022, R. G. William Loader, Christology, Soteriology, and Ethics in John and Hebrews, Mohr Siebeck, page 139:

(theology) The study or doctrine of salvation.


a priori

en-adj

a priori (comparative more a priori, superlative most a priori)

more a priori (comparative)
most a priori (superlative)

/ˌeɪ pɹaɪˈɔːɹaɪ/

/ˌɑː pɹiˈɔːɹi/

/ˌeɪ pɹaɪˈɔːɹi/

First attested in 1610. Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ā priōrī (“involving reasoning from cause to effect; from first principles”, literally “from the former”).

lbor

In his opening argument, the student mentioned nothing beyond his a priori knowledge.

(logic) Based on hypothesis and theory rather than experiment or empirical evidence.

مُسَلَّم بِه

logic: based on hypothesis rather than experiment

لَا يُحْتَاجُ إِثْبَاتَة إِلَى تَجْرِبَة


a priori

/ˌeɪ pɹaɪˈɔːɹaɪ/

/ˌɑː pɹiˈɔːɹi/

/ˌeɪ pɹaɪˈɔːɹi/

deductively[Appendix:Glossary#broadly|broadly]] synonymous outside of philosophic arcanity>

(logic) In a way based on theoretical deduction rather than empirical observation.