I

I (countable and uncountable, plural I's)

From Middle English I (also ik, ich), from Old English ih (also ic, iċċ (“I”)), from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek (“I”), from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ (“I”).
Cognate with Scots I, ik, A (“I”), Saterland Frisian iek (“I”), West Frisian ik (“I”), Dutch ik (“I”), Low German ik (“I”), German ich (“I”), Bavarian i (“I”), Yiddish איך (ikh, “I”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål jeg (“I”), Norwegian Nynorsk eg (“I”), Swedish jag (“I”), Icelandic ég, eg (“I”), Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik, “I”), and more remotely with Latin ego (“I”), Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ, “I”), Russian я (ja, “I”), Lithuanian aš (“I”), Armenian ես (es, “I”), Sanskrit अहम् (ahám, “I”), Hittite 𒌑𒊌 (ūk, “I”). See also English ich. Doublet of ego and Ich.
Capitalized since 13th century to mark it as a distinct word and prevent misreading and omission (due to cursive writing).

They are called men, becauſe each of them poſſeſſeth the whole man, though not wholly. There are by their means two I’s in every believer, Rom. vii. 15. For that which I do, I allow not: for what I would, that do I not; but what I hate, that do I. There is not one part of the man that is in Chriſt, but grace has a part of it, and corruption has a part of it: as in the twilight there is light over all, and darkneſs over all too, the darkneſs being mixed in every part with the light. So my renewed part is I, a man having an underſtanding enlightened, a will renewed, affections ſpiritualized, uſing my body conform: but my unrenewed part is I too, having an underſtanding darkened, a will rebellious, affections corrupted, and uſing my body accordingly.

a. 1733, Thomas Boston, edited by [Thomas Boston the younger], Sermons and Discourses on Several Important Subjects in Divinity. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] William Gray, […], published 1753, page 333:

In other words, he said: “I have two natures. I have a flesh nature, an outside nature, and that keeps sinning; and then I have another nature—an inside, a spiritual nature—and that does not like sinning; and with my heart-power, my conscience-power, my love-power, with the power of the divine element that is in me, I look and see what this body outside, which clothes me, is trying to do. And here are two I’s that are fighting. The inside I is arrayed against the outside I; and the outside has the advantage.”

1873, Henry Ward Beecher, “Paul”, in The Great Bible Renowns, page 45:

Am I a double personality? Are there two “I’s” in my anatomy—one a conscious “I,” giving attention to what I am doing, and another unconscious “I,” giving attention to something entirely different?

1916, S. A. Steel, “Down the James Long Ago—I”, in Christian Advocate, volume 77, page 1094, column 1:

B. (smiling): Have you come to examine me? You must say who you are. / D.: However much I may try, I do not seem to catch the ‘I’. It is not even clearly discernible. / B.: Who is it that says that the ‘I’ is not discernible? Are there two ‘I’s in you, that one is not discernible to the other?

1962, Arthur Osborne, editor, The Teachings of Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi in His Own Words, London: Rider & Company, published 1975, page 122:

Who is it that says that ‘I’ is not perceptible? Is there an ignorant ‘I’ and an elusive ‘I’? Are there two ‘I’s in the same person? It is the mind that says that ‘I’ is not perceptible. Where is that mind from? Know the mind. You will find it a myth. / We all feel that there is only one I; not two, one ignorant of the other.

2011, Michael Gluckman, Making Your Wisdom Come Alive: A Guide to the Source of Your Wisdom and Joy, Light Up Your Life, →ISBN:

Sucking vomit, acting like its honey
Deprived of I
Falling while thrusting squares through circles
Serving one single new dimension

2012, “Demiurge”, in Mårten Hagström (lyrics), Koloss, performed by Meshuggah, track 9:


Initialism of one true threesome coined by analogy with OTP (“one true pairing”).

And you don't have to limit your favorite ship to two characters — if there's a third involved, they can be your OT3.

2015, Sam Maggs, The Fangirl's Guide to the Universe: A Handbook for Girl Geeks, page 31:

For some, each member of the triangle cares deeply for the other two, like Elena/Damon/Stefan and Scott/Allison/Isaac—both the most popular OT3s in their respective fandoms.

2017, Charity A. Fowler, "Negotiating Desire: Resisting, Reimagining and Reinscribing Normalized Sexuality and Gender in Fan Fiction", dissertation submitted to Virginia Commonwealth University, page 286

Not only are male characters often presented as unapologetically bisexual (or, in some sense, post-sexual), but OT3 partnerships are not uncommon.

2018, Lucy Neville, Girls Who Like Boys Who Like Boys: Women and Gay Male Pornography and Erotica, page 237:

(fandom slang) One true threesome; a polyamorous ship involving three characters that is a personal favorite of a fan.


loved-up

en-adj

loved-up (comparative more loved-up, superlative most loved-up)

more loved-up (comparative)
most loved-up (superlative)


Aristotle

/ˈæɹɪˌstɒtəl/

[ˈæɹɪˌstɒtᵊɫ̩]

/ˈæɹɪˌstɑtəl/

[ˈæɹɪˌstɑɾɫ̩]

/ˈɛɹɪˌstɑtəl/

[ˈɛɹɪˌstɑɾɫ̩]

From Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs).

An ancient Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist (382–322 BCE), student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

أَرِسْطُوطَالِيس

ʔarisṭūṭālīs


OTP

Other common OTPs are Frodo/Sam and Aragorn/Legolas.

2007, Kristin Thompson, The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood, page 179:

The 'shippers in the study asserted that they may enjoy reading stories about other 'ships, or stories without a 'ship […] but the stories they most enjoy are those about their OTP.

2013, Jennifer K. Stuller, Fan Phenomena: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, page 43:

Over Rico's shoulder, I see Claire biting her lip, wearing the look of a shipper watching her OTP interact.

2018, Britta Lundin, Ship It, unnumbered page:

(fandom slang) Initialism of one true pair (or pairing): the romantic pairing preferred by an author or reader of fan fiction.


trying

In a variety of places, O'Shaughnessy argues that there is an internal relation between trying and the events that tryings produce. For example, he argues that tryings are not independently specifiable except as would-be causes of physical events.

2006, Andrew Sneddon, Action and Responsibility, page 145:

When I write with others, the pauses and manyfold attempts to get at an idea mirror the cadence of a conversation or the tryings of finding a word that evades the tongue. That searching is such a beautiful thing.

(philosophy) The act by which one tries something; an attempt.


becoming

en-noun

becoming (usually uncountable, plural becomings)

/bɪˈkʊm.ɪŋɡ/

By tracing the turns from U.S. to Japan to China, we can see that becoming American, the classic ethnic American narrative, itself opens to further becomings and unbecomings and rebecomings that address mobility and ethnicization […]

(chiefly philosophy) The act or process by which something becomes.


theologian

From Old French theologien, equivalent to theology + -an.

During a burping contest to celebrate wonderfully cold soft drinks after a long hike one hot afternoon, one little girl said, "My dad can outburp any of you!" Her father is a distinguished theologian and church leader whom I will not name here.

1999, Diana S. Richmond Garland, Family ministry: a comprehensive guide, page 45:

Of all the theologians of his age, Hooker was the most unpuritan; […]

1861, John Tulloch, English Puritanism and its leaders, page 29:

In Roman Catholic usage, a theological lecturer attached to a cathedral church.

In Eastern Orthodox usage, a person who has had direct experience of and unity with God.


literal

en-adj

literal (comparative more literal, superlative most literal)

more literal (comparative)
most literal (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-literal.wav

From Middle English literal, from Old French literal, from Late Latin litteralis, also literalis (“of or pertaining to letters or to writing”), from Latin littera, litera (“a letter”); see letter.

It is most important to distinguish literalistic from literal interpretation. The former generates an unlettered, ultimately illiterate reading—one that is incapable of recognizing less obvious uses of language such as metaphor, satire, and so forth. ... Interpreters err either when they allegorize discourse that is intended to be taken literally or when they "literalize" discourse that is intended to be taken figuratively.

1998, Kevin Vanhoozer, Is There a Meaning in this Text?, quoted on https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/13136/what-is-the-difference-between-a-literal-and-literalistic-interpretation-of

(theology) (broadly) That which generally assumes that the plainest reading of a given scripture is correct but which allows for metaphor where context indicates it; (specifically) following the historical-grammatical method of biblical interpretation


literal

(logic) A propositional variable or the negation of a propositional variable. ᵂᵖ


attrition

en-noun

attrition (countable and uncountable, plural attritions)

15th century, learned borrowing from Latin attritio (“a rubbing against”), from the verb attritus, past participle of atterere (“to wear”), from ad- (“to, towards”) + terere (“to rub”).

lbor

(theology) Imperfect contrition or remorse.

attritio

theology: imperfect contrition or remorse


SAM

Sample Analysis at Mars
w:Sample Analysis at Mars

Mars Science Laboratory
w:Mars Science Laboratory

(space science, NASA) Acronym of Sample Analysis at Mars. (a scientific instrument of the Mars Science Laboratory on board the Curiosity rover on Mars.)


SAM

surface-to-air missile
surface-to-air missile#English

(military) Initialism of surface-to-air missile.

A SAM conversion occurs when Java converts the SAM interface into functional code.

2020, Barry Burd, John Paul Mueller, Android Application Development All-in-One For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 213:

(programming) Initialism of single abstract method.

The SAM is a way of deliberately de-coupling sex and romance.

2022, Eris Young, Ace Voices: What it Means to Be Asexual, Aromantic, Demi or Grey-Ace, page 167:

Now before anyone can excuse me of making this up or saying that the SAM is just another “modern” (therefore “uselessly millennial”) invention, the idea of distinguishing orientations is actually a concept that can trace its origins further back in history.

2023, Michele Kirichanskaya, Ace Notes: Tips and Tricks on Existing in an Allo World, page 94:

Not everyone who can or does experience these attractions differently uses or identifies with the SAM.

2023, Ace and Aro Journeys: A Guide to Embracing Your Asexual or Aromantic Identity, page 30:

split attraction model
split attraction model#English

(psychology) Initialism of split attraction model.

shared appreciation mortgage
shared appreciation mortgage#English

Initialism of shared appreciation mortgage.


move the goalposts

en-verb

move the goalposts (third-person singular simple present moves the goalposts, present participle moving the goalposts, simple past and past participle moved the goalposts)

moves the goalposts (present singular third-person)
moving the goalposts (participle present)
moved the goalposts (participle past)
moved the goalposts (past)

/ˈmuːv ðə ˈɡəʊlpəʊsts/

/ˈmuːv ðə ˈɡɔʊlpəʊsts/

A metaphor of British origin derived from association football (soccer), from the idea that it is difficult for a player to kick the ball into the goal if it is moved.

This is a Government that meets its economic targets and does not move the goalposts.

We were given a moving date, and an exchange date, but the buyers kept moving the goalposts and giving us a later date.

The tempo at which events are moving, the technological changes and the new developments being encountered on all sides sometimes gives the impression that the objectives or goal posts are constantly being moved.

[1958, Telephone Engineer and Management, volume 62, Wheaton, Ill.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publications, →OCLC, page 64:

The conflict between being a lady and having a career was crystallized when I was in high school. It seemed as if my mother kept moving the goalposts around.

1977, The Ladies’ Home Journal, volume 94, Los Angeles, Calif.: Family Media, inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 62, column 3:

The common thread to these four problems is the question of wha can reasonably be inferred about the covert processes, as opposed to the overt acts, of other organisms if we and they cannot communicate directly through verbal disclosure. […] No one baulks at applying the same standards of inference to other cultures of our species, but it is still easy to move the goalposts when another species is involved[…].

1992, W[illiam] C[lement] McGrew, “What Chimpanzees Are, Are Not, and Might Be”, in Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published 1996, →ISBN, page 217:

Sooner or later we have to have rules, and we have to know that they are not going to change, for people to have business plans developed and so that they can go out and raise capital and stick with their business model. But if there is this constant uncertainty that when the Commission changes, or when they have another rule tha they are going to move the goal posts again, nobody is going to want to have anything to do with this field.

2003 January 14, Peter G[osselin] Fitzgerald, “Statement of Hon. Peter G. Fitzgerald, U.S. Senator from Illinois”, in Competition in the Telecommunications Industry: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, Washington, D.C.: Printed for use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation; U.S. Government Printing Office, published 2006, →ISBN, page 85:

He had to put down a deposit of sixty grand to secure the theatre and just as he was about to sign the cheque, American Equity moved the goalposts yet again.

2010, Mike Bradwell, The Reluctant Escapologist: Adventures in Alternative Theatre, London: Nick Hern Books, →ISBN, page 249:

When a practice harmfully moves the goalposts, but does not violate freedom to trade, the ban on "unfair methods of competition" in Section 5 of the FTC Act might be a better fit than the ban on restraints of trade in the Sherman Act.

2015, Aaron Edlin, Joseph Farrell, “Freedom to Trade and the Competitive Process”, in Roger D. Blair, D. Daniel Sokol, editors, The Oxford Handbook of International Antitrust Economics, volume 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, section 13.5 (Bundling and Loyalty Pricing), pages 305–306:

(idiomatic) To alter the terms of an agreement or an agreed target, or the rules of a negotiation while it is ongoing, especially in an unfair way.

搬龍門

to alter the terms of an agreement or an agreed target, or the rules of a negotiation while it is ongoing

menet közben változtatja meg a játékszabályokat

menet közben változtat a játékszabályokon


tenderhearted

en-adj

tenderhearted (comparative more tenderhearted, superlative most tenderhearted)

more tenderhearted (comparative)
most tenderhearted (superlative)

I am tender-hearted by nature, and have found my eyes moist many a time over the scream of a wounded hare.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

The other patients in the ward, all but the Texan, shrank from him with a tenderhearted aversion from the moment they set eyes on him the morning after the night he had been sneaked in.

1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC, page 169:


federalism

en-noun

federalism (countable and uncountable, plural federalisms)

From French fédéralisme, equivalent to federal + -ism.


cunny

cunny (countable and uncountable, plural cunnies)

(countable, fandom slang, chiefly anime and manga) The vulva or vagina of a child or childlike character (loli).

(uncountable, metonymically) Lolicon-themed media, especially when erotic (hentai).


necromantic

Of or relating to necromancy: the resurrection of or communication with the dead, especially through the use of black magic.


monogamous

/məˈnɒɡəməs/

/məˈnɑɡəməs/

(zoology) Having only one sexual partner at a time.

monògam

having only one sexual partner at a time


spooky

en-adj

spooky (comparative spookier, superlative spookiest)

spookier (comparative)
spookiest (superlative)

(informal) Eerie, or suggestive of ghosts or the supernatural.


antithesis

Borrowed from Latin antithesis, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀντίθεσις (antíthesis). By surface analysis, anti- + thesis.

(philosophy) The second stage of a dialectical process in which the thesis is negated.


anthroposophy

/ˌænθɹəˈpɑsəfi/

/ˌænθɹəˈpɒsəfi/

From anthropo- + -sophy, from Renaissance Latin anthroposophia (attested in Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, d. 1535, and Thomas Vaughan, d. 1666), popularized from the 1910s via German Anthroposophie (Rudolf Steiner, 1861–1925).

Anthroposophy was having definite effects. I couldn't take any of this to heart. Other-worldliness tinged it all and every little while my spirit seemed to dissociate itself.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 223:

A philosophy founded in the early 20th century by the esotericist Rudolf Steiner (also capitalized as Anthroposophy), postulating the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world accessible to direct experience through inner development.


renew

en-verb

renew (third-person singular simple present renews, present participle renewing, simple past and past participle renewed)

renews (present singular third-person)
renewing (participle present)
renewed (participle past)
renewed (past)

From Middle English renewen, an alteration (possibly on analogy with Latin renovāre) of earlier anewen (“to renew”), from Old English nīewian (“to restore; renovate; renew”), equivalent to re- + new. Cognate with Old High German giniuwōn (“to renew”), Middle High German geniuwen (“to renew”), Old Norse nýja (“to renew”).

cog

And fassion not youre selves lyke vnto this worlde: But be ye chaunged in youre shape by the renuynge of youre wittes that ye maye fele what thynge that good yt acceptable and perfaycte will of god is.

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Romans xij:[2]:

For which cause we faint not, but though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is renewed day by day.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 4:16:

(theology) To make new spiritually; to regenerate.

подновя́вам

to substitute for a new one of the same nature


DL

en-noun

DL (countable and uncountable, plural DLs)


restoration

restoration (countable and uncountable, plural restorations)

/ɹɛstəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English restoracion, altered from restauracion (from Latin restaurātiō) by partly deriving from restoren + -acion. By surface analysis, restore + -ation.

(theology) The receiving of a sinner to divine favor.


foie gras

foie gras (countable and uncountable, plural foies gras)

/ˌfwɑː ˈɡɹɑː/

Unadapted borrowing from French foie gras (literally “fat liver”).

ubor

Foies Gras are now sold in cans in every large grocery establishment in the United States.[…]Bake this paste, and then fill in with the foies gras.

1901, The Picayune’s Creole Cook Book, 2nd edition, New Orleans, La.: The Picayune, page 130, columns 1–2:

Foies gras are supplied either by geese or ducks.

1907, “Poultry”, in A Guide to Modern Cookery, London: William Heinemann Ltd., translation of Le guide culinaire by Auguste Escoffier, section “1726—Foie Gras”, page 547:

Many foies gras put up by French canneries aren’t really French at all.

Fresh duck foies gras are so highly prized in the southwest of France[…]

1963, Réalités, section “Louisa Porter’s Comments”, page 87, column 3:

The fattened liver of geese or ducks, used for gourmet cooking.

כָּבֵד אַוָּז

kå̄ḇēḏ ʾawwå̄z


provocateur

Borrowed from French provocateur. Doublet of provocator.

An undercover agent who incites suspected persons to partake in or commit criminal acts.


ghostly

en-adj

ghostly (comparative ghostlier, superlative ghostliest)

ghostlier (comparative)
ghostliest (superlative)

From Middle English gostly, gastlich, from Old English gāstlīċ (“spiritual, holy, clerical (not lay), ghastly, ghostly, spectral”), from Proto-West Germanic *gaistalīk (“spiritual”), equivalent to ghost + -ly. Cognate with Scots ghaistly, gaistly (“spiritual, ghastly, terrifying”), West Frisian geastlik (“spiritual, clerical, religious”), Dutch geestelijk (“spiritual, clerical, ecclesiastical”), German geistlich (“spiritual, sacred, religious”), Danish geistlig (“ecclesiastical, clerical”).

cog

A ghostly hush fell.

Scores of coconut-shell fires blazed with their characteristic glaring white flame, throwing grotesque shadows on the brown thatched huts, dancing in fairylike shimmerings among the domes of coconut fronds, casting ghostly reaches of light through the adjacent graveyards, and silhouetting the forms of pareu-clad natives at work cleaning their fish or laying them on the live coals to broil.

1929, Robert Dean Frisbee, The Book of Puka-Puka, Eland, published 2019, page 35:

His lips were chapped and lined with a ghostly purple fringe.

2019, Dave Eggers, The Parade, N.Y.: Vintage Books, page 134:


buddy

First appears c. 1788, in the writings of Charles Dibdin. Possibly from *bruddy, *bruthy, a child-talk alteration of brother. Alternatively, perhaps from British colloquial butty (“companion”), also the form of an older dialect term meaning workmate, associated with coal mining. Itself believed derived from 1530 as booty fellow, a partner with whom one shares booty or loot.

I found some earphones in the pocket, buddy must have been pissed.

Buddy's loaded. 'Got like three houses.

(Maritime English) A person far removed from the conversation.


AND

(logic) Alternative form of ∧, the conjunction operator.

(logic) The binary operator and, only true if both of two inputs is true. In infix notation.


AND

en-verb

AND (third-person singular simple present ANDs, present participle ANDing, simple past and past participle ANDed)

ANDs (present singular third-person)
ANDing (participle present)
ANDed (participle past)
ANDed (past)

If an internal node is encountered that contains a mask, the search key is logically ANDed with the mask and another search is made of the subtree...

2006, Gary R Wright, W Richard Stevens, The Implementation:

(logic, transitive) To combine (a value) with another value by means of this operator.


modus ponens

From Latin modus ponendo ponens (roughly, “mode where affirming affirms”).

1. If P, then Q.

2. P.

3. Therefore, Q.

(philosophy, logic) A valid form of argument in which the antecedent of a conditional proposition is affirmed, thereby entailing the affirmation of the consequent. Modus ponens has the form

肯定前件

a valid form of argument in which the antecedent of a conditional proposition is affirmed, thereby entailing the affirmation of the consequent


PAP

(philosophy) Initialism of principle of alternate possibilities.


negation

en-noun

negation (countable and uncountable, plural negations)

From Middle English negacioun, from Old French negacion, from Latin negātiō (“a denial; negative word”).
Morphologically negate + -ion

der

You get the negation of a proposition if you insert "not" (or some equivalent expression) into it in such a way as to form a contradictory of it.

2001, Mark Sainsbury, chapter 1, in Logical Forms — An Introduction to Philosophical Logic, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing, →ISBN, §4, page 19:

(logic, countable) A proposition which is the contradictory of another proposition and which can be obtained from that other proposition by the appropriately placed addition/insertion of the word "not". (Or, in symbolic logic, by prepending that proposition with the symbol for the logical operator "not".)

Although some of the logicians working in term logic have very complicated treatments of negation, we can see the origin of the modern conception in the extensional tradition as well. In Boole and most of his followers, the negation of a term is understood as the set theoretic complement of the class represented by that term. For this reason, the negation of classical propositional logic is often called ‘Boolean negation’.

2011 July 20, Edwin Mares, “Propositional Functions”, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved 2012-07-15:

(logic) The logical operation which obtains such (negated) propositions.


Bulverism

Coined by British writer, lay theologian and scholar C. S. Lewis in 1941.

coinage

[Y]ou must show that a man is wrong before you start explaining why he is wrong. The modern method is to assume without discussion that he is wrong and then distract his attention from this (the only real issue) by busily explaining how he became so silly. In the course of the last fifteen years I have found this vice so common that I have had to invent a name for it. I call it Bulverism. Some day I am going to write the biography of its imaginary inventor, Ezekiel Bulver, whose destiny was determined at the age of five when he heard his mother say to his father—who had been maintaining that two sides of a triangle were together greater than the third—'Oh you say that because you are a man.'

[1944, C[live] S[taples] Lewis, “'Bulverism': or, the Foundation of 20th Century Thought”, in Walter Hooper, editor, God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics, Grand Rapids, M.I.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, published 1970, →ISBN, page 273:

A rhetorical fallacy in which a speaker assumes that their opponent's argument is wrong, and instead of disproving it, condescendingly explains why their opponent would have come to that conclusion.


Maoism

en-noun

Maoism (usually uncountable, plural Maoisms)

From Mao (surname of Mao Zedong) + -ism.

Some of the farmers were arrested in Wuhan parks where they allegedly spoke against Maoism and the Communist dictatorship, the report said.

1973 March 4, “Starving farmers given jail terms”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 8, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

The philosophy espoused by Chinese leader Mao Zedong, a form of Marxism-Leninism that focuses on the peasantry as the revolutionary vanguard.


theosophy

theosophy (usually uncountable, plural theosophies)

From Medieval Latin theosophia, from Ancient Greek θεοσοφῐ́ᾱ (theosophíā, “knowledge of things divine”, from θεός (theós, “god”) + σοφῐ́ᾱ (sophíā, “wisdom”)); analogous to theo- + -sophy.

der

They have their own traditions of art and science. They do not […] discuss God or metaphysics or men. […] All their wisdom and theosophy, and all their grasp of beauty, truth or love, is in the singing. […] They look unloving enough, and so they are. Pitiless fallen angels.

1984 Oct, Tanith Lee, “Bite-Me-Not, or Fleur de Feu”, in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, volume 8, Davis Publications, →ISSN:

(philosophy, religion) Any doctrine of religious philosophy and mysticism claiming that knowledge of God can be attained through mystical insight and spiritual ecstasy, and that direct communication with the transcendent world is possible.


ming

From Chinese 命 (mìng, “destiny, fate; luck”).


indifference

en-noun

indifference (countable and uncountable, plural indifferences)

From Middle French indifférence, from Late Latin indifferentia.

"I call reason absolute reason, or reason insofar as it is conceived as the total indifference of the subjective and objective."

1801, FWJ Schelling, The Philosophical Rupture between Fichte and Schelling, page 145:

(philosophy) Self-identity defined through the negation of difference, non-difference.


petitio principii

/pɪˈtɪʃiˌəʊ prɪnˈkɪpiˌaɪ/

From Latin petītiō prīncipiī (literally “an assumption from the beginning”), calque of Ancient Greek τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ αἰτεῖσθαι (tò en arkhêi aiteîsthai, “to assume from the beginning”).

uder

τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ αἰτεῖσθαι

begging the question
begging the question

(philosophy, logic, uncountable) The logical fallacy of begging the question (i.e., "assuming the conclusion").

A somewhat similar objection has been made by Locke and others, to the effect that the ordinary demonstrative syllogism is a petitio principii.

1869, C. S. Pierce, “Grounds of Validity of the laws of Logic: Further Consequences of Four Incapacities.”, in Journal of Speculative Philosophy:

The Streitberg-Michels Theory is evidently a petitio principii. To explain ē in gēbum, it is from the outset taken for granted, for inadequate reasons of method, that the form must be a perfect. [italics original]

1938, E. Prokosch, A Comparative Germanic Grammar:

(philosophy, logic, countable) A particular argument which commits the fallacy of begging the question; a circular argument.


aro

en-adj

aro (comparative more aro, superlative most aro)

more aro (comparative)
most aro (superlative)

Clipping of aromantic. Coined on the Internet in the 2010s.

For ace and aro people, the possibilities for diverse relationships are endless, despite how pop culture often brands our identity as restrictive and confined.

2016, Laura Chan, "My sexual preference is nope", Dalhousie Gazette (Dalhousie University), 12 February - 18 February 2016, page 16

For the show to completely and utterly ignore this is huge since there are very few representations of aro and ace-spec people in media of any kind.

2017 October 26, Melissa Reph, “You might not like hearing this, but I don't like 'Riverdale'”, in The Muhlenberg Weekly, Muhlenberg College, page 3:

This provides a home base for people looking to learn more about ace and aro identities.

2018 November 29, Alexis Stark, “A-spectrum student experiences on MSU's campus”, in The State News, Michigan State University, page 5:

(slang, neologism) Aromantic (not experiencing romantic attraction).


begging the question

/ˈbɛɡɪŋ ðə ˈkwɛst͡ʃən/

It is an instance of begging the question to argue that God can only do good deeds because God is good.

But the thing which is called begging the question, is the making use of the very point, that is the thing in debate, or the thing to be proved, as an argument to prove itself. […] It is called begging the question, because it is a depending as it were on the courtesy of the other side, to grant me the point in question, without offering any argument as the price of it.

1844, [Jonathan Edwards], “Misrepresentations Corrected and Truth Vindicated, in Reply to the Rev. Solomon Williams”, in The Works of President Edwards, in Four Volumes. A Reprint of the Worcester Edition, with Valuable Editions and a Copious General Index, volume I, New York, N.Y.: Leavitt, Trow & Co., 194 Broadway; London: Wiley & Putnam, →OCLC, part III (Remarks on Mr. Williams's Reasoning), section VII (Begging the Question), page 263:

We now turn to four particular fallacies that describe special kinds of unacceptable premises. The first two – begging the question and inconsistency – are important because they identify arguments where it is unnecessary even to ask whether its premises are acceptable. […] An argument begs the question when its premises presuppose, directly or indirectly, the truth of its conclusion. […] Begging the question is sometimes referred to by its Latin name: petitio principii. Begging the question typically arises when we want to defend some strongly held conviction, yet have difficulty in finding reasons that will persuade others of its truth.

2004, William [H.] Hughes, Jonathan Lavery, “Assessing Truth-claims”, in Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic Skills, 4th edition, Peterborough, Ont., Orchard Park, N.Y.: Broadview Press, →ISBN, page 133:

The begging-the-question fallacies are flawed because they assume, in a variety of ways, the truth of the conclusion in their premises. Hence, the premises provide no good reason to accept the conclusion.

2008, T. Edward Damer, “Fallacies that Violate the Structural Criterion”, in Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments, 6th edition, Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, →ISBN, page 63:

A logical fallacy in which a premise of an argument contains a direct or indirect assumption that the conclusion is true; offering a circular argument; circular reasoning.


Uranian

Uranian (comparative more Uranian, superlative most Uranian)

more Uranian (comparative)
most Uranian (superlative)

Aphrodite Urania
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
Plato

From Latin Ūrania (“muse of astronomy in Greek mythology”) + -an (suffix forming agent nouns). Ūrania is derived from Ancient Greek Οὐρᾰνῐ́ᾱ (Ouraníā, “muse of astronomy”), from οὐράνιος (ouránios, “of or relating to the sky, celestial, heavenly”) (from οὐρανός (ouranós, “the sky; heaven, home of the gods; the universe”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wers- (“rain”)) + -ιος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘pertaining to’).
The alternative form Ouranian is derived from Ancient Greek οὐράνιος (ouránios).
Adjective sense 2 (“homosexual”) and the noun sense (“a homosexual”) refer to Plato’s work Symposium (c. 385–370 B.C.E.), where the goddess Aphrodite, in her heavenly aspect Aphrodite Urania (see adjective sense 3) is described as inspiring a noble form of affection between older and younger men. Compare German Urning (“a homosexual, Uranian”), Urnigtum (“homosexuality”), also referring to Aphrodite Urania, coined by the German writer Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–1895) in 1864. By the 1900s, the use of the word in this sense had largely been supplanted by homosexual (see further at that entry). The term is no longer mainstream and is almost never used in modern contexts, though it has enjoyed a slight revival as a term for "gay man" as an analogue to lesbian.

der

/jʊˈɹeɪnɪən/

Hence is that secret pardon we bestow / In the true instinct of the grateful heart, / Upon the Sons of Song. The good they do / In the clear world of their Uranian art / Endures for ever; while the evil done / In the poor drama of the mortal scene, / Is but a passing cloud before the sun; [...]

1853, Edward Bulwer[-]Lytton, “The Ideal World”, in The Poetical and Dramatic Works of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, Bart., volume III, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, stanza IV, page 317:

Hail thou! sole Muse that, in an age of toil, / Of all the old Uranian sisterhood, / Art left to light us o'er the furrowed soil, / Of this laborious star!

1859, Owen Meredith [pseudonym; Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton], “Epilogue”, in The Wanderer, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, part III, stanza I, page 424:

At first sight the winds would appear to be if anything Ouranian powers of the upper air, yet it seems that sacrifices to the winds were buried, not burnt.

1903, Jane Ellen Harrison, “The Anthesteria. The Ritual of Ghosts and Spirits.”, in Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: At the University Press, →OCLC, page 67:

[T]hose deities which are called ‘chthonic’ or earthly are, as a matter of fact, not in any sense deities of the earth. They are, in one of their aspects associated with the ‘underworld,’ but that underworld is but a segment of their cycle; they are deities of the underworld not because they appertain to the earth or are in any sense a personification of it, but because they are, on the contrary, heavenly bodies which, in the course of their cycle, pass under the earth. They are therefore just as much ‘uranian’ as are the Olympians.

1927, Robert Briffault, “The Great Mothers”, in The Mothers: A Study of the Origins of Sentiments and Institutions, volume III, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, pages 146–147:

If he [the Hindu god Varuna] cannot be classed exclusively among the "gods of the sky" he nevertheless has qualities proper to the ouranian divinities. He is visva-darsata, "everywhere visible", he "separated the two worlds", the wind is his breath; [...]

1991, Mircea Eliade, “The ‘God who Binds’ and the Symbolism of Knots”, in Philip Mairet, transl., Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious Symbolism, Mythos paperback edition, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, pages 96–97:

Conversely, Kenneth Anger's only widely released film since 1972, Lucifer Rising (1980), uses a megalithic temple (not Stonehenge) and a number of ancient Egyptian sites in a Crowleyan ritual hymn to chthonian and ouranian deities of power and light.

2002, P. Adams Sitney, “The End of the 20th Century”, in Visionary Film: The American Avant-Garde 1943–2000, 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 417:

(comparable, literary, poetic) Celestial, heavenly; uranic.

uranien

celestial, heavenly — see also celestial, heavenly

To have altered my life would have been to have admitted that Uranian love is ignoble. I hold it to be noble – more noble than other forms.

1898 February 18?, Oscar Wilde, “Letter to Robert Ross”, in Merlin Holland, Rupert Hart-Davis, editors, The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde, New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, published 2000, →ISBN, page 1019:

His [Plato's] Philosophical Eros is not the Uranian Eros which possessed the nation, and the Uranian doctrine is not primarily either philosophical or paederastic. It is a value attached to the masculine which included philosophy as masculine and paederasty when not anti-masculine, but was itself the idea and form of virtue.

1930, Arthur Lyon Raile [pseudonym; Edward Perry Warren], “The Uranian Idea”, in A Defence of Uranian Love, part the second (The Uranian Eros), [London]: Privately printed, →OCLC, pages 19–20:

Before these ideals would once again become available to "homosexuality" as a positive social identity, however, the Uranian modality of male love would be rejected by the avant-garde itself as an outworn fashion.

1994, Linda [C.] Dowling, “The Higher Sodomy”, in Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, →ISBN, page 134:

[Edward] Carpenter was disappointed by these meetings with [Walt] Whitman but began to integrate a positive homosexual view into his socialist writings. Carpenter saw the Uranian (homosexual) spirit to be more enlightened than that of the common man and believed that Uranians were the new prophets of the coming social revolution.

2003, Chuck Stewart, “Biographical Sketches”, in Gay and Lesbian Issues: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues), Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, →ISBN, page 138:

Through Veiled Eyes [by John Moray Stuart-Young, published in 1908] was produced by a specialist Uranian publisher for circulation to a specialist Uranian readership, and it required the audience to identify with an adult narrator who spends the bulk of one summer "grooming" an English boy for physical intimacy. This is the sexual scenario most likely to inspire public violence in contemporary Britain, [...] Set in the context of Uranian art, however, it is possible to regard this as a desire fated to be celibate, if only by the status of the angelic love object in the real world as a "real boy, grubby, ink-stained, insolent, uncomprehending of Uranian passion and rebuffing its smallest manifestations." Such a forgiving perspective is one of the few options available to literary critics wishing to avoid the discomfort of drawing biographical conclusions from the material produced by Uranian authors such as Stuart-Young.

2006, Stephanie Newell, “‘Uranian’ Love in West Africa”, in The Forger’s Tale: The Search for Odeziaku (New African Histories), Athens, Oh.: Ohio University Press, →ISBN, page 86:

(comparable, literary, archaic) Homosexual; also, pederastic; relating to a man's erotic love for adolescent boys; (specifically) of poetry: conveying appreciation for young men.

For assuredly are there two Venuses; one, the eldest, the daughter of Uranus, born without a mother, whom we call the Uranian; the other younger, the daughter of Jupiter and Dione, whom we call the Pandemian;—of necessity must there also be two Loves, the Uranian and Pandemian companions of these goddesses. [...] [T]he attendant on the other, the Uranian, whose nature is entirely masculine, is the Love who inspires us with affection, and exempts us from all wantonness and libertinism.

a. 1822, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Banquet. Translated from Plato.”, in Mrs. Shelley [i.e., Mary Shelley], editor, Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments, … In Two Volumes, volume I, Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Blanchard, published 1840, →OCLC, page 86:

That this is indeed the general tendency of his [Pausanias of Athens'] speech is made clear by two remarks that follow immediately upon his differentiating the Pandemian from the Uranian gods. [...] But what is true for Aphrodite seems to be a contradiction in terms: she is both one and two and all gods must be praised—both Uranian and Pandemian—and yet only the Uranian ought to be praised [...].

2010, Steven Berg, “Pausanias: Noble Lies and the Fulfillment of Greekness”, in Eros and the Intoxications of Enlightenment: On Plato’s Symposium (SUNY Series in Ancient Greek Philosophy), Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, →ISBN, part 1 (Athens and Enlightenment), page 27:

(not comparable, Greek mythology, Roman mythology) Of Aphrodite Urania, the heavenly aspect of the Greek goddess of beauty and love Aphrodite and her Roman counterpart Venus, as contrasted with the earthly aspect known as Aphrodite Pandemos: heavenly, spiritual.

Graced by nurses (art's nurse highly grac'd him) / Who fed him with pure marrow of the Muses; / And when he list, with moisture to refresh him, / He drunke cleare Helicon: cleare from abuses, / He bent his mind to pure Vranian vses, / Vranianie him did to heau'n vpreare: / And made to man, him demi-god appeare.

1600, Cyril Tourneur, The Transformed Metamorphosis, [London]: Printed by Valentine Sims, […], →OCLC; republished in John Churton Collins, editor, The Plays and Poems of Cyril Tourneur: […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Chatto and Windus, […], 1878, →OCLC, page 213:

Actually, this little girl-child should have been as happy as a lark. But, she wasn't. This is because her Bengali genes had her continually wish to be a Sarasvati, or Uranian Muse, to all the males who came within her ambit – incessantly inspiring them to great works of Art or Scientific discoveries.

2007, Vivek Iyer, chapter 8, in Samlee’s Daughter: A Novel, Great Britain: Polyglot Publications, →ISBN, section I:

(not comparable, Greek mythology, dated) Relating to Urania, the Muse of astronomy.


Uranian

/jʊˈɹeɪnɪən/

[T]he fury of a fiery hot-brained Marsian, may kindle immediate and incessant wrangling and feuds; whilst a quiet placid Uranian, in his turn, may yet at times be excessively annoyed, ay, worried and tormented, by the tardiness, listlessness and inactivity of his dronish companion.

1839, A Fantastical Excursion into the Planets, London: Saunders and Otley, […], →OCLC, page 172:

And obviously, since the year of the Uranians lasts 84 of our years, the continuance of the sun above the horizon would last for many years. [...] And as with the summer day, so with the winter night, years elapse before either comes to an end. For upwards of 20 years, in a latitude corresponding to that of London, the Uranians—if there are any—never see the small Uranian sun.

1872, Richard A[nthony] Proctor, “Uranus and Neptune, the Arctic Planets”, in Other Worlds than Ours: The Plurality of Worlds Studied under the Light of Recent Scientific Researches, 3rd edition, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, pages 171–172:

(chiefly science fiction) An inhabitant of the planet Uranus.


antitrinitarianism

(theology) Rejection of the Trinitarian doctrine that God subsists as three distinct persons in the single substance of the Holy Trinity; nontrinitarianism.

antitrinitarisme

rejection of the doctrine that God subsists as three distinct persons


antitrinitarian

en-adj

antitrinitarian (comparative more antitrinitarian, superlative most antitrinitarian)

more antitrinitarian (comparative)
most antitrinitarian (superlative)

(theology) Rejecting the Trinitarian doctrine that God subsists as three distinct Persons in the single substance of the Holy Trinity.

antitrinitarisch

rejecting the doctrine that God subsists as three distinct persons


antitrinitarian

(theology) One who rejects the doctrine (or dogma) of the Trinity, the Trinitarian doctrine.

Antitrinitarier

one who rejects the Trinitarian doctrine


Hegelian

Hegelian (comparative more Hegelian, superlative most Hegelian)

more Hegelian (comparative)
most Hegelian (superlative)

/hɪˈɡiːlɪən/

The Germanic Tribes had told the whole world in all possible tones carrying conviction, the gently persuasive, the coldly logical; in tones Hegelian, Nietzschean, warlike, pious, cynical, inspired, what they were going to do to the inferior races of the earth, so full of sin and all unworthiness.

1921, Joseph Conrad, “The Crime of Partition”, in Notes on Life & Letters, London: J. M. Dent & Sons, pages 165–166:

As events such as 9/11, the Afghan and Iraq wars and the 2008 financial crisis took their toll on liberalism’s self-confidence, Fukuyama’s work was denounced as the height of Hegelian hubris.

2022 March 8, Andrew Anthony, “Liberalism and Its Discontents by Francis Fukuyama review – a defence of liberalism… from a former neocon”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to the philosophical system of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831).


assurance

en-noun

assurance (countable and uncountable, plural assurances)

From Middle English assuraunce, from Old French asseürance, from asseürer; as if assure + -ance.

(theology) Subjective certainty of one's salvation.


sleeper cell

A group of people (sleepers) who inconspicuously remain dormant in a community until activated, by a prearranged signal, in order to perform acts of espionage, sabotage, or terrorism.

nukkuva solu

group of people who remain dormant in a community until activated


all your base are belong to us

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-all your base are belong to us.wav

Mistranslation of Japanese 君達の基地は、全てCATSがいただいた (literally “we (CATS) have taken all of your bases”). This grammatically incorrect "Engrish" phrase originated in the English subtitles of the 1991 European Sega Mega Drive version of the 1989 Japanese arcade game Zero Wing and became a catchphrase/meme on the Internet in the early 2000s.

der

君達の基地は、全てCATSがいただいた

(Internet slang, humorous) Used to tout victory over an opponent, or simply as a humorous catchphrase.


hereafter

en-noun

hereafter (countable and uncountable, plural hereafters)

/hɪəˈɹɑːftə/

From Old English hēræfter (“in the aftertime; later on”). By surface analysis, here + after.

inh

'Tis the Divinity that stirs within us; / 'Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter, / and intimates eternity to man.

1712, Joseph Addison, Cato, a Tragedy, act 5, scene 1:

see also Thesaurus:life after death or Thesaurus:afterlife

(poetic, uncommon) Existence after death.


naturalist

естественик

person who studies nature or natural history

(philosophy) A person who believes in or advocates the tenets of philosophical or methodological naturalism.

натуралист

person who advocates philosophical naturalism


tradecraft

en-noun

tradecraft (countable and uncountable, plural tradecrafts)

(espionage) The methods used in espionage and clandestine operations.


backstop

[…] to be set up in Indonesia with a phony book and school supplies company established in New York City as a backstop.

1976, Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior, page 116:

Closely representing an alibi, creating a backstop could involve such measures as having people available to verify the details of an agent's cover story.

1990, Bruce W. Watson, Susan M. Watson, Gerald W. Hopple, United States intelligence: an encyclopedia, page 1974:

(espionage) Something serving to bolster or support a cover story etc.


prudence

prudence (countable and uncountable, plural prudences)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-prudence.wav

From Middle English prudence, from Old French prudence, from Latin prūdentia, alternative form of prōvidentia.

Prudence, which is principally in reference to actions to be done, the due means, order, season, method of doing or not doing

a. 1677 (date written), Matthew Hale, The Primitive Origination of Mankind, Considered and Examined According to the Light of Nature, London: […] William Godbid, for William Shrowsbery, […], published 1677, →OCLC:

Prudence like experience must be paid for—

1777, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, The School for Scandal, IV.iii:

Mrs Varden approved of this meek and forgiving spirit in high terms, and incidentally declared as a closing article of agreement, that Dolly should accompany her to the Clerkenwell branch of the association, that very night. This was an extraordinary instance of her great prudence and policy; having had this end in view from the first, and entertaining a secret misgiving that the locksmith (who was bold when Dolly was in question) would object, she had backed Miss Miggs up to this point, in order that she might have him at a disadvantage.

1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge. Chapter 41.”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock, volume III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC:

Prudence supposes the value of the end to be assumed, and refers only to the adaptation of the means. It is the selection of right means for given ends

1845, William Whewell, The Elements of Morality: Including Polity:

With 3,600 h.p. underfoot, acceleration was reasonably brisk, but the flickering wheel-slip indicator light showed the prudence of not putting full power through the traction motors while there were traces of early-morning dampness on the rails.

1960 August, R. K. Evans, “Railway Modernisation in Spain”, in Trains Illustrated, page 494:


love bomb

en-verb

love bomb (third-person singular simple present love bombs, present participle love bombing, simple past and past participle love bombed)

love bombs (present singular third-person)
love bombing (participle present)
love bombed (participle past)
love bombed (past)

My hypothesis is that a great many of the troubled children who have been love bombed would have had elevated or blunted cortisol prior to the intervention and that measured afterwards, the experience would have “reset” them to more benign ones.

2018 [2014], Andrew Odgers, editor, From Broken Attachments to Earned Security, Routledge, →ISBN:


weaker

(logic) Said of one proposition with respect to another one: that the latter entails the former, but the former does not entail the latter.


kinesis

en-noun

kinesis (usually uncountable, plural kineses)

From Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “motion, movement”).

der

(philosophy) The force driving life forward.


fluff

en-noun

fluff (countable and uncountable, plural fluffs)

From earlier floow (“woolly substance, down, nap, lint”), also spelt flough, flue, and flew, from West Flemish vluwe,
of uncertain ultimate origin:
* Compare Old English flōh (“that which is flown off, fragment, piece”) - see flaw
* Possibly representing a blend of flue + puff; compare Middle Dutch vloe, or perhaps onomatopoeic; compare dialectal English floose, flooze, fleeze (“particles of wool or cotton; fluff; loose threads or fibres”), Danish fnug (“down, fluff”), Swedish fnugg (“speck, flake”).
* Alternatively, West Flemish vluwe may derive from French velu (“hairy, furry”), from Latin villūtus (“having shaggy hair”), from villus (“shaggy hair, tuft of hair”).
For words of similar sound and meaning in other languages, compare Japanese フワフワ (fuwafuwa, “lightly, softly”), Hungarian puha (“soft, fluffy”), Polish puchaty (“soft, fluffy”),Romanian puf (“down, peachfuzz, soft hair of some animals, powderpuff”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

cog

And when something triggers, I can close the window and go read fluff for hours until I calm down.

2011, anonymous, quoted in Katherine Larsen & Lynn Zubernis, Fandom at the Crossroads: Celebration, Shame and Fan/producer Relationships, page 138

Fans prefer fluff to other types of fic. But angst (dramatic stories where characters have a wide range of emotions, including...angsty ones) comes in close second.

2017, "Flourish Kink", quoted in Ashley J. Barner, The Case for Fanfiction: Exploring the Pleasures and Practices of a Maligned Craft, page 67

Ah, fluff. My happy place. These fics are dedicated to feel-good feelings, which are the very best type of feelings.

2017, Carrie DiRisio, Brooding YA Hero: Becoming a Main Character (Almost) as Awesome as Me, unnumbered page:

(fandom slang) Fan fiction, or part of a fan fiction, which is sweet and feel-good in tone, usually involving romance.


quantify

en-verb

quantify (third-person singular simple present quantifies, present participle quantifying, simple past and past participle quantified)

quantifies (present singular third-person)
quantifying (participle present)
quantified (participle past)
quantified (past)

From Medieval Latin quantificare (introduced by Sir William Hamilton in logic).

The statement (#x5C;forallx#x5C;in#x5C;mathbb#x7B;R#x7D;)#x5C;,2x#x3D;x#x2B;x quantifies over the real numbers.

(logic) To relate a statement (called a predicate) to a given set using a quantifier—either for all (denoted ∀) or there exists (denoted ∃).


beg the question

beg the question (third-person singular simple present begs the question, present participle begging the question, simple past and past participle begged the question)

begs the question (present singular third-person)
begging the question (participle present)
begged the question (participle past)
begged the question (past)

From Latin petitio principii, from Ancient Greek τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ αἰτεῖσθαι (tò en arkhêi aiteîsthai, “to assume from the beginning”).

uder

τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ αἰτεῖσθαι

The objection is that the argument begs the question, meaning that the premise, that God has all the virtues, assumes the conclusion, that God is benevolent.

1994, D. N. Walton, “Begging the question as a pragmatic fallacy.”, in Synthese, volume 100, number 1:

(philosophy, logic, law) To engage in the logical fallacy of begging the question (petitio principii).

olettaa johtopäätös todeksi

to engage in the logical fallacy of begging the question (petitio principii)


pro-choice

When I defend my pro-choice position in the debate over abortion in our country, I frequently refer to Romania, where pregnancy could be monitored on behalf of the state, and to China, where it could be forcibly terminated.

2003, Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Prague Summer”, in Living History, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 354:

But if past is prologue, it’s hard to predict what our prochoice Republican governor will do. […] “You’re totally prochoice and bipartisan,” Caroline says in the ad, as they sit together on a park bench surrounded by trees and grass.

2022 July 26, Shirley Leung, “Charlie Baker is ‘100% prochoice.’ He shouldn’t veto the new reproductive rights bill.”, in The Boston Globe:

(public policy, law, ethics) Supportive of a person's right to choose whether or not to have an abortion.

These cases help create and sustain an essentially pro-choice regime, at least with respect to passive euthanasia and arguably with respect to physician-assisted suicide as well.

1994, Tom Stacy, “Euthanasia and the Supreme Court's Competing Conceptions of Religious Liberty”, in Issues in Law and Medicine, volume 10, number 1, page 62:

Two other sites worthy of note are http://www.efn.org/~ergo/ (Pro-Choice) and http://www.euthanasia.com (Pro-Life).

1998, C. G. Prado, The Last Choice: Preemptive Suicide in Advanced Age, page 103:

Whether we are pro-choice on euthanasia or anti-euthanasia, we can all agree that leaving patients in pain is abhorrent, ethically, and morally reprehensible, and should be punished severely by the law.

2014, Margaret Somerville, Death Talk: The Case Against Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide, 2nd edition, McGill-Queen's University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC:

(public policy, law, ethics) Supportive of a person's right to choose whether or not to end their life by euthanasia.


awaken

en-verb

awaken (third-person singular simple present awakens, present participle awakening, simple past and past participle awakened)

awakens (present singular third-person)
awakening (participle present)
awakened (participle past)
awakened (past)

From Middle English awakenen or awaknen, from Old English awæcnan or awæcnian, from a- plus wæcnan or wæcnian.

արթնացնել

transitive: to cause to become conscious


straw man

From straw + man.
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1986 passim, shows first known usages for things insubstantial date to 1585-95. Universal Dictionary of the English Language, 1897, Vol 4, p. 4485, notes “man of straw” as “The figure of a man formed of an old suit of clothes stuffed with straw; hence, the mere resemblance of a man; one of no substance or means; an imaginary person.”
Compare West Frisian strieman, Dutch strooman, stroman, German Strohmann, Danish stråmand, Swedish stråman, Norwegian stråmann.

If a broker or a salesperson attempts to use a straw man to purchase property for which he or she has a listing, the real estate person must specifically disclose in writing to the seller this relationship with the buyer.

2000, John W. Reilly, The Language of Real Estate, page 381:


CBI

(British) Initialism of Confederation of British Industry.

(India) Initialism of Central Bureau of Investigation.


CBI

(law) Initialism of Confidential Business Information.

(railways) Initialism of Computer-Based Interlocking.


righteousness

en-noun

righteousness (countable and uncountable, plural righteousnesses)

/ˈɹaɪt͡ʃəsnəs/

From Middle English rightwisnes, from Old English rihtwīsnes (“justice”).

21 ¶ I hate, I despise your feast dayes, and I will not smell in your solemne assemblies.
22 Though ye offer me burnt offerings, and your meat offerings, I will not accept them: neither will I regard the peace offerings of your fat beasts.
23 Take thou away from mee the noise of thy songs: for I will not heare the melodie of thy violes.
24 But let iudgement run downe as waters, and righteousnesse as a mightie streame.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Amos 5:21–24:

By some paradoxical evolution rancour and intolerance have been established in the vanguard of primitive Christianity. Mrs. Spoker, in common with many of the stricter disciples of righteousness, was as inclement in demeanour as she was cadaverous in aspect.

1921, Ben Travers, chapter 4, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

(uncountable, theology) Holiness; conformity of life to the divine law.

There are two kinds of Christian righteousness: the one without us, which we have by imputation; the other in us, which consisteth of faith, hope, and charity, and other Christian virtues.

1594-7, Richard Hooker, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie, A Discourse, Section 21

Only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone.

1646-7, Westminster Shorter Catechism, Q.33

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(theology) The state of being right with God; justification; the work of Christ, which is the ground justification.


biofact

Ancient Greek βίος (bíos, “life”) + Latin arte factum (“something made with skill”).

uder

(philosophy, sociology, the arts) A hybrid of an artefact and a living entity, or between concepts of nature and technology.


everlasting

en-adj

everlasting (comparative more everlasting, superlative most everlasting)

more everlasting (comparative)
most everlasting (superlative)

finite

antonym(s) of “existing or continuing without end”

/ˌɛvɚˈlæstɪŋ/

/ˌɛvəˈlɑːstɪŋ/

From Middle English, equivalent to ever + lasting.

(philosophy) Existing with infinite temporal duration (as opposed to existence outside of time).

sempiternal

existing with infinite temporal duration


phenomenologist

(philosophy) A philosopher who practices, advocates, or specializes in the scholarly study of phenomenology.


anschauung

Borrowed from German Anschauung, from anschauen (“to look at”).


adoption

en-noun

adoption (countable and uncountable, plural adoptions)

French adoption, Latin adoptio, allied to adoptare (“to adopt”).

(theology) An act of divine grace by which the redeemed in Christ are admitted to the privileges of the sons of God.


asexuality

asexuality (usually uncountable, plural asexualities)

From a- (“lacking, without”) + sexuality, equivalent to asexual + -ity.

aseksualitet

state of not experiencing sexual attraction

Coordinate term: allosexuality

The quality of experiencing little or no sexual attraction.


phenomenological

en-adj

phenomenological (comparative more phenomenological, superlative most phenomenological)

more phenomenological (comparative)
most phenomenological (superlative)

Phenomenological "things" are not commonsense objects or sense data but the phenomena in their presentation, grasped as intentional objects.

1956 Dec, Maurice Natanson, “The Schism between Theory and Ardent Empiricism”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 17, number 2, page 244:

I call my models "mechanistic" to distinguish them from classical models that are more phenomenological.

1991 Nov, David Tilman, “Phenomenology From the Natural Standpoint: A Reply to Van Meter Ames”, in The American Naturalist, volume 138, number 5, page 1284:

A similar and more influential use of the term can be found in William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (1847), where phenomenology occurs in the context of the "palaetiological sciences" (i.e., sciences which deal wih more ancient conditions of things), as that branch of these studies which is to be followed by aetiology and theory. Among such phenomenologies Whewell mentions particularly phenomenological uranology, phenomenological geography of plants and animals, and even a phenomenological glossology.

1994, Herbert Spiegelberg, Karl Schuhmann, “Introduction”, in The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction, 3rd rev. and enlarged edition, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISBN, page 8:

He [Martin Heidegger] was influenced by Edmund Husserl, a German thinker born in 1859 who was soon to become the leading figure of the phenomenological movement, dedicated to the description and investigation of our conscious experience without reference to its extramental causes and consequences.

2014 April 12, Michael Inwood, “Martin Heidegger: the philosopher who fell for Hitler [print version: Hitler's philosopher]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review), London, page R10:

(philosophy) Of or relating to phenomenology, or consistent with the principles of phenomenology.


phenomenology

en-noun

phenomenology (countable and uncountable, plural phenomenologies)

/fɪˌnɒmɪˈnɒləd͡ʒi/

/fɪˌnɑməˈnɑləd͡ʒi/

From phenomenon + -logy, from Ancient Greek φαινόμενον (phainómenon, “thing appearing to view”), hence "the study of what shows itself (to consciousness)".
According to Heidegger's Introduction to Phenomenological Research, "the expression “phenomenology” first appears in the eighteenth century in Christian Wolff’s School, in Lambert’s Neues Organon, in connection with analogous developments popular at the time, like dianoiology and alethiology, and means a theory of illusion, a doctrine for avoiding illusion." (p.3)

der

Writing, individuation, and civilization are all parts of one larger cultural phenomenology.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 196:

(philosophy) The study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view.

The process of questioning back displaces the emphasis in phenomenology from an inquiry into modes of givenness, which assumes that there can be a simple starting point, to an inquiry into modes of pregivenness.

1995, Anthony J. Steinbock, Home and Beyond: Generative Phenomenology After Husserl, page 83:

(philosophy) A movement based on this, originated about 1905 by Edmund Husserl.

fenomenologia

philosophy based on intuitive experience of phenomena


lapse

From Middle French laps, from Latin lāpsus, from lābī (“to slip”). Doublet of lapsus.


residuum

The residuum of the minimum t-norm is a function → such that x→y=y,ifx>y\1,ifx⩽y.

(fuzzy logic) A binary function from [0,1] × [0,1] to [0,1] which is defined in terms of the t-norm as follows: x→y= sup z|z*x⩽y, where * denotes the t-norm function and sup denotes the supremum.


conjunct

From Latin conjunctus, the perfect past participle of conjungō. Doublet of conjoint. See conjoin.

Asserting a conjunction would be irrational if the epistemic grounds for one conjunct defeat those for the other, for example when the two conjuncts are logically inconsistent.

2007 July 14, Timothy Chan, “Belief, assertion and Moore’s Paradox”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 139, number 3, →DOI:


Radha Soami

an Indian philosophical or religious movement


nativism

en-noun

nativism (countable and uncountable, plural nativisms)

(philosophy) The doctrine that some skills or abilities are innate and not learned.


discursive

en-adj

discursive (comparative more discursive, superlative most discursive)

more discursive (comparative)
most discursive (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French discursif, formed from the stem of Latin discursus and the suffix -if, and in part borrowed from Medieval Latin discursivus.

(philosophy) Using reason and argument rather than intuition.

redenerend

using reason and argument rather than intuition


Thomism

(philosophy, theology) The philosophy and theology of Thomas Aquinas.

թոմիզմ

the philosophy and theology of Thomas Aquinas


infernal

infernal (comparative more infernal, superlative most infernal)

more infernal (comparative)
most infernal (superlative)

celestial

antonym(s) of “of or relating to hell, underworld or fire”

From Middle French infernal, from Medieval Latin infernalis, from Latin īnfernus, from īnferum (“netherworld, underworld, hell”), equivalent to inferno + -al.

Of or relating to hell, or the world of the dead; hellish.

جَحِيمِيّ

of or relating to hell, or the world of the dead; hellish

(by extension) Of or relating to a fire or inferno.

infernaal

by extension: of or relating to a great fire or inferno


simplification

en-noun

simplification (countable and uncountable, plural simplifications)


emergent

en-adj

emergent (comparative more emergent, superlative most emergent)

more emergent (comparative)
most emergent (superlative)

/ɪˈmɜːd͡ʒənt/

/ɪˈmɝd͡ʒənt/

an emergent property

A high-level phenomenon is strongly emergent with respect to a low-level domain when the high-level phenomenon arises from the low-level domain, but truths concerning that phenomenon are not deducible even in principle from truths in the low-level domain.[…] A high-level phenomenon is weakly emergent with respect to a low-level domain when the high-level phenomenon arises from the low-level domain, but truths concerning that phenomenon are unexpected given the principles governing the low-level domain.

2008, David J. Chalmers, “Strong and Weak Emergence”, in Philip Clayton, Paul Davies, editors, The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion, →DOI:

(philosophy, epistemology, sciences) That arises at a higher level than that of its components and is not explainable by the behaviour of said components taken individually; having properties as a whole that are more complex than the properties contributed by each of the components individually.

эмердже́нтный

(philosophy, sciences) Having properties as a whole that are more complex than the properties contributed by each of the components individually.


epistemic

PIE word
 *h₁epi
From Ancient Greek ἐπιστήμη (epistḗmē, “knowledge; science”) + English -ic (suffix meaning of or pertaining to forming adjectives from nouns) (compare modern Greek επιστημικός (epistimikós, “relating to science, scientific”)). Ἐπιστήμη (Epistḗmē) is derived from ἐπῐ́στᾰμαι (epístamai, “to have knowledge of, know”) (from ἐπῐ- (epi-, prefix meaning ‘all over; on, on top of’) + ῐ̔́στημῐ (hístēmi, “to stand; to weigh”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”))) + -η (-ē, suffix forming action nouns).

der

Second, note the role of the respondent's epistemic state. It is a factor in determining the correct replies, but only when the propositum is irrelevant.

2008 July 1, Paul Vincent Spade, “Medieval Theories of Obligationes”, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, archived from the original on 2012-10-23:

This chapter describes the contours of the epistemic crisis in media and politics that threatens the integrity of democratic processes, erodes trust in public institutions, and exacerbates social divisions.

2018, Youchai Benkler, Robert Faris, Hal Roberts, “Epistemic Crisis”, in Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN:

(philosophy) Of or relating to cognition or knowledge, its scope, or how it is acquired.

epistemisk

of or relating to cognition or knowledge, its scope, or how it is acquired

[Robert] Audi considers whether [Roderick Milton] Chisholm might be able to incorporate into his epistemic system an internalist evidential grounding requirement addressing this question.

2000 July, Timm Triplett, “The Philosophy of Roderick M. Chisholm. Edited by Lewis Edwin Hahn. The Library of Living Philosophers, vol. 25. Chicago and La Salle, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Company, 1997. Pp. xviii, 738. [book review]”, in Richard Boyd et al., editors, The Philosophical Review, volume 109, number 3, Ithaca, N.Y.: Sage School of Philosophy, Cornell University, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 452:

(philosophy) Of or relating to epistemology (“the branch of philosophy dealing with the study of knowledge”); epistemologic or epistemological.


sapphist

From sapphic + -ist, by analogy with Sapphist (“admirer or student of Sappho”).


phenomenal

en-adj

phenomenal (comparative more phenomenal, superlative most phenomenal)

more phenomenal (comparative)
most phenomenal (superlative)

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to the appearance of the world, as opposed to the ultimate nature of the world as it is in itself.

fenomènic

philosophy: pertaining to the appearance of the world


nescience

en-noun

nescience (countable and uncountable, plural nesciences)

From Latin nescientia, from the present participle of nescire.

The theory of nescience is but the obverse of the fact of science.

1895, J. G. Schurman, “Agnosticism”, in The Philosophical Review, volume 4, number 3, page 244:

(philosophy) The doctrine that nothing is actually knowable.


love-in

The summer in between wasn't a total love-in of hugs and sweet family times, for us and other families.

2018, Carol Kuykendall, Krista Gilbert, Give Them Wings: Preparing for the Time Your Teen Leaves Home:

(by extension, colloquial) A situation characterized by (possibly insincere) friendship and affection.


polygamous

/pəˈlɪɡəməs/


apraxia

apraxia (usually uncountable, plural apraxias)

From Ancient Greek ἀπραξία (apraxía, “inaction”), from ἀ- (a-, “without”) + πρᾶξις (prâxis, “activity”) + -ία (-ía, abstract noun suffix).

confix

But how does the skeptic live without knowledge or at least belief? It seems that the skeptical challenges, though theoretically unimpeachable, have objectionable practical consequences. Call this the apraxia problem for skepticism.

2020 June 9, Kelly Arenson, The Routledge Handbook of Hellenistic Philosophy, Routledge, →ISBN:

(philosophy) The state of total inaction caused by holding global skepticism.


natality

en-noun

natality (countable and uncountable, plural natalities)

From French natalité. Philosophical usage introduced by Hannah Arendt.

(philosophy) The human ability to create new ideas, institutions and frameworks out of nothing.


facticity

facticity (usually uncountable, plural facticities)

From fact + -icity, possibly modelled on German Faktizität which first appeared in the writings of the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814).

For as sure as the absolute knowledge (in the infinite facticity—actual existence—of each single knowledge) is only in the absolute form of the For-itself, so sure each knowledge goes also beyond itself; or, viewed from another point, is in its own Being absolutely outside of itself, and encircles itself entire.

1869 August, J[ohann] G[ottlieb] Fichte, “New Exposition of the Science of Knowledge. Translated from the German …”, in A[dolph] E[rnst] Kroeger, transl., edited by W[illia]m T[orrey] Harris, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, volume III, number 2 (number 10 overall), St. Louis, Mo.: E. P. Gray; F. Roeslein, →OCLC, 1st part (Knowledge Posits Itself as a Power of Formal Freedom of Quantitating Determined through an Absolute Being), page 113:

In particular, we cannot choose the circumstances of our birth and our entire bodily condition. These "facticities" appear to us as having no foundation or justification. Why is one person born blind and another born with perfect vision? Facticities are thus contingent, they present themselves as simply "there."

1985, Joseph S. Catalano, “The Immediate Structures of the For-itself”, in A Commentary on Jean-Paul Sartre’s “Being and Nothingness”, Midway Reprint edition, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, part II (Being-for-itself), section II (The Facticity of the For-itself), page 100:

The dynamics of affective motivation change the immanently given fact (Tatsache) into a processional facticity which originally contains within itself its own temporalizing dynamics. If, as [Friedrich] Nietzsche contended early on, there are no facts but only interpretations of them, facticity is inhabited by an originary plasticity.

1998, Natalie Depraz, “Imagination and Passivity. Husserl and Kant: A Cross-relationship.”, in Natalie Depraz, Dan Zahavi, editors, Alterity and Facticity: New Perspectives on Husserl, Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, page 45:

The ownmost possibility of be-ing itself which Dasein (facticity) is, and indeed without this possibility being "there" for it, may be designated as existence. It is with respect to this authentic be-ing itself that facticity is placed into our forehaving when initially engaging it and bringing it into play in our hermeneutical questioning.

1999, Martin Heidegger, “Hermeneutics”, in John van Buren, transl., Ontology—The Hermeneutics of Facticity (Studies in Continental Thought), Bloomington, Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana University Press, →ISBN, § 3 (Hermeneutics as the Self-interpretation of Facticity), page 12:

[Martin] Heidegger replaces spirit—the principle of subjectivity—with the principle of facticity, which binds the activity of philosophizing to factical life, that is to say, to Dasein.

2003, Thomas Schwarz Wentzer, “Hegel’s Challenge to the Early Heidegger”, in Dan Zahavi, Sara Heinämaa, Hans Ruin, editors, Metaphysics, Facticity, Interpretation: Phenomenology in the Nordic Countries (Contributions to Phenomenology; 49), Dordrecht, Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 232:

(uncountable, specifically, philosophy) In existentialism, the state of being in the world without any knowable reason for such existence, or of being in a particular state of affairs which one has no control over.


biophilia

/ˌbaɪəʊˈfɪlɪ.ə/

Our deepest needs stem from ancient and still poorly understood biological adaptations. Among them is biophilia: the rich, natural pleasure that comes from being surrounded by living organisms, not just other human beings but a diversity of ...

1979, E. O. Wilson, New York Times Saturday Review of Books and Art, volume 84, page xxxii:

The love of or empathy with nature and all living things.


remaining

For where Gelasius saith, that "there remaineth the substance or nature of bread and wine," to declare thereby the remaining of two natures in Christ, you say, that "Gelasius' saying may be verified in the last, and not in the first," that is to say, that the nature of bread and wine remaineth.

1580, Thomas Cranmer, An Answer Unto A Crafty and Sophistical Cavillation Devised by Stephen Gardiner, Parker Society, published 1844, page 298:

It is important for us to know to what extent the remaining of that naval force is advantageous, and I hope therefore, that you will seek an opportunity informally to confer upon this question, […]

1864 August 8, William H. Seward, “Mr Seward to Mr Pike, No. 171”, in Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, Part 3, published 1865, page 322:

In this steadfast remaining with the Church that he so often criticizes, Küng shows himself to be a true son of Roman Catholicism.

1975, Michael D. Ryan, Langdon Brown Gilkey, editors, The Contemporary Explosion of Theology, page 39:

(uncountable, now obsolete or in theology) An act or occurrence by which someone or something remains


inferno

From Italian inferno (“hell”), from Latin infernus (“of the lower regions”), inferna (“the lower regions”); see infernal.
The meaning "big fire" came as a figurative use from the traditional idea of hellfire.

At each sudden explosion in the inferno below they sprang back from the brink [of the volcanic crater].

1899, D. C. Worcester, The Philippine Islands and Their People:

When Jurgis had first inspected the packing plants with Szedvilas, he […] found that each one of these lesser industries was a separate little inferno, in its way as horrible as the killing beds, the source and fountain of them all[, and t]he workers in each of them had their own peculiar diseases.


modality

modality (countable and uncountable, plural modalities)

(logic) The classification of propositions on the basis on whether they claim possibility, impossibility, contingency or necessity; mode.

(theology) The organization and structure of the church, as distinct from sodality or parachurch organizations.


bleen

Blend of blue + green; coined by American philosopher Nelson Goodman in 1955 to illustrate concepts in the philosophy of science

coinage

(philosophy) Of an object, blue when first observed before a specified time or green when first observed after that time.


spiritualism

en-noun

spiritualism (countable and uncountable, plural spiritualisms)

/ˈspɪɹɪt͡ʃuəlɪzəm/

/ˈspɪɹɪt͡ʃəlɪzəm/

From spiritual + -ism.
In Allan Kardec's 1857 book The Spirits Book (Le Livre des Esprits in original French), in which a distinction between spiritism and spiritualism is defined.

What is called spiritualism should, I think, be called a mental species of materialism.

1880, R. H. Hutton, “Preface”, in Theological essays:

(philosophy) A doctrine, opposing materialism, that claims transcendency of the divine being, the altogether spiritual character of reality and the value of inwardness of consciousness.

espiritualisme

the philosophic doctrine, opposing materialism


positivism

positivism (countable and uncountable, plural positivisms)

Borrowed from French positivisme, from positif (“positive”). Equivalent to positive + -ism.

The goal of positivism is to construct an objective, empirical and systematic foundation for knowledge. Given the above five tenets, it follows that positivists would hold that the world is composed of ‘facts’, or ‘sense data’ (or ‘atoms’).

1980, David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 164:

History, and its literary expression, narrative, were not scientific, and so did not deserve the attention that true sciences did. Only science could yield positive knowledge—hence the passion for positivism, and the origin of the term.

2012, Lydia Pyne, Stephen J. Pyne, The Last Lost World, Penguin, →ISBN:

(philosophy) A doctrine that states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method, refusing every form of metaphysics.


eschaton

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἔσχατον (éskhaton, “last thing”), from the neuter singular of ἔσχατος (éskhatos, “last”).

bor+

Only in the eschaton will God’s purpose gain its final fulfilment, a fulfilment, be it noted, which may still include some form of movement within a time-series.

1953, F. W. Dillistone, “The Church and Time”, in Scottish Journal of Theology, volume 6, page 163:

And this is also true of the revelation of the eschata: they do not reach us in a discourse about the future still to come, but in an action, in which God has already really begun them in us.

1966 [1962], Karl Rahner, “The Hermeneutics of Eschatological Associations”, in Karl Rahner, translated by Kevin Smyth, Theological Investigations, volume 4, page 336:

Without these sayings, the textual basis for saying Jesus expected an imminent eschaton becomes very slender.

1994, Marcus J. Borg, Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship, →ISBN, page 86:

(Christianity, theology) The apocalypse; the arrival and the era of God’s reign immediately preceding the end of the world; a conception of or circumstance pertaining to this era.


ethic

en-adj

ethic (comparative more ethic, superlative most ethic)

more ethic (comparative)
most ethic (superlative)

From Middle English etik, from Late Latin ēthicus, from Ancient Greek ἠθῐκός (ēthikós).


Chewbacca defense

en-noun

Chewbacca defense (plural Chewbacca defenses)

Chewbacca (a character from the 1977 film Star Wars) + defense; coined in "Chef Aid", a 1998 episode of South Park.

But at this point John Taylor, at least — and I believe he's not alone — has gone full Chewbacca defense.

2013 July 12, Paul Krugman, “The Monetary Debate: Enter Chewbacca”, The Conscience of a Liberal, in The New York Times:

(law, humorous) Any legal strategy or propaganda strategy that seeks to overwhelm its audience with nonsensical arguments, as a way of confusing the audience and drowning out legitimate opposing arguments.

Chef Aid
Chewbacca
Chewbacca defense
South Park


prolepsis

prolepsis (countable and uncountable, plural prolepses)

From Latin prolepsis, from Ancient Greek πρόληψις (prólēpsis, “preconception, anticipation”), from προλαμβάνω (prolambánō, “take beforehand, anticipate”).

der

Point (1) seems to imply that one may have a false judgement because of a mismatch between different criteria for truth. For example, my sensation is paired with a prolepsis of a horse, therefore I make an assertion that ‘there is a horse’, which upon further inspection may turn out to be a cow.

2017, Attila Németh, Epicurus on the Self, page 42:

(philosophy, epistemology) A so-called "preconception", i.e. a pre-theoretical notion which can lead to true knowledge of the world.


teratophilia

The paraphilia, or abnormal sexual attraction, to people with disabilities or deformities, has been classified as teratophilia.

2017, Jessica L. Williams, Media, Performative Identity, and the New American Freak Show, page 120:

The paraphilia characterized by sexual attraction to deformed or monstrous people.


ekstasis

en-noun

ekstasis (countable and uncountable, plural ekstases)

Ancient Greek ἔκστασις (ékstasis, “displacement, cession, trance”)

uder

[1914], 1995, Holden E Sampson, The True Mystic http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&id=Qqm7RQvTQ3sC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&sig=5lVGuxEcsuYip2s9t2xgSTWp4nc
In Psychics the strange phenomenon of “Katalepsis” experienced by developed “trance-mediumship” bears so close a resemblance, physically, to Ekstasis, that the two are often taken for one and the same thing.

In no wise is it possible for the State of Ekstasis to be attained by Mankind except as the prelude to Initiation in the Divine Mysteries. When the Initiations have been fully accomplished, to the Seventh Golden Gate, there is no further need for the Processes requisite to induce the State of Ekstasis.

1918, Holden Edward Sampson, Theou Sophia:

We find ourselves then in the presence of two human ekstases: the ekstasis which throws us into being-in-itself and the ekstasis which engages us in non-being.

1956, Hazel E. Barnes, Being and Nothingness, translation of original by Jean-Paul Sartre:

Conversely, expecting is, as we say, ecstatic. The ecstasy mentioned here, stepping out itself (ἔκστασις) is to some extent a raptus [rapture]. [...] And we therefore call these three basic phenomena the ecstases of temporality.

1984, Michael Heim, The Metaphysical Foundations of Logic, translation of original by Martin Heidegger:

This is a double but infinite responsibility, infinitely redoubled, split in two (dé-doublée), shared and parcelled out; an infinitely divided responsibility, dissemintated, if you will, for one person, for only one---all alone (this is the condition of responsibility)---and a bottomless double responsibility that implicitly describes an intertwining of temporal ekstases; a friendship to come of time with itself where we meet again the interlacing of the sameand the altogether other ('Grundlick-Anderes') which orientates us in this labyrinth.

1994, George Collins, The Politics of Friendship, Verso, translation of original by Jacques Derrida, published 2005, page 73:

2002, Angela Dalle Vacche, “Unexplored Connections in a New Territory,” in The Visual Turn, Angela Dalle Vacche ed. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&id=mrxLuyQ1GjYC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&sig=LX0CsBvZonTHzR-w7F2suuDhwck
Eisenstein’s discussion of Serov’s portrait associates ekstasis with an “expulsion of meaning.” By contrast, the filmmaker’s handling of Vasily Surikov’s large canvas, La Bojara Morozova (1887), is an example of ekstasis as expressive conversion from the visual to the acoustic.

(mysticism, philosophy) The state of being beside oneself or rapt out of oneself.


being-in-itself

(philosophy, existentialism, phenomenology) The self-contained and fully realized being or existence of objects.


dolour

en-noun

dolour (countable and uncountable, plural dolours)

From Middle English dolour (“physical pain, agony, suffering; painful disease; anguish, grief, misery, sorrow; grieving for sins, contrition; hardship, misery, trouble; cause of grief or suffering, affliction”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman dolour, Old French dolour, dolor, dulur (“pain”) (modern French douleur (“pain; distress”)), from Latin dolor (“ache, hurt, pain; anguish, grief, sorrow; anger, indignation, resentment”), from doleō (“to hurt, suffer physical pain; to deplore, grieve, lament”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to divide, split”)) + -or (suffix forming third-declension masculine abstract nouns). The English word is a doublet of dol.

der

Supposedly, utilitarians are able to add and subtract hedons (units of pleasure) and dolors (units of pain) without any signs of cognitive or affective distress […]

1986, Rosemarie Tong, Ethics in Policy Analysis (Occupational Ethics Series), Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, →ISBN, page 16:

(countable, economics, ethics) In economics and utilitarianism: a unit of pain used to theoretically weigh people's outcomes.


humanitarian

en-adj

humanitarian (comparative more humanitarian, superlative most humanitarian)

more humanitarian (comparative)
most humanitarian (superlative)

From humanity + -arian (suffix indicating an advocate of or believer in something), possibly modelled after Unitarian (“Christian who does not believe in the doctrine of the Trinity; pertaining to Unitarianism”) (see noun sense 2 and verb sense 2).

suffix

By the study of natural laws, Humanitarian philosophers know how to distinguish those thoughts, desires and actions which are rewarded, from those that are corrected, and Humanitarian philosophers are thus, next to the God of Nature, the safest guides and greatest benefactors of mankind; for, not a single individual, still less Society, can improve without the Humanitarian philosophy, as it alone is based on the only infallible criterion.

1876, Joachim Kaspary, Natural Laws; or The Infallible Criterion, London: J. A. Brook & Co., […], →OCLC, pages 3–4:

(philosophy, historical) Synonym of humanist (“relating to humanism”)


humanitarian

Therefore, Humanitarians alone devote their present lives to create heavens within themselves and others, and a real paradise upon earth, because they do not waste their time with Pagan delusions, Sceptical doubts, and Atheistical selfishness, but live happily in the present by preparing for themselves and others happier future human lives upon our improveable globe.

1876, Joachim Kaspary, Natural Laws; or The Infallible Criterion, London: J. A. Brook & Co., […], →OCLC, page 136:

(philosophy, historical) Synonym of humanist (“a person who believes in the philosophy of humanism”)


nihilate

en-verb

nihilate (third-person singular simple present nihilates, present participle nihilating, simple past and past participle nihilated)

nihilates (present singular third-person)
nihilating (participle present)
nihilated (participle past)
nihilated (past)

From Latin nihilō (“I reduce to nothing”).

(philosophy) The action of consciousness, which is the origin of negation in facticity.


anthropomorphize

anthropomorphize (third-person singular simple present anthropomorphizes, present participle anthropomorphizing, simple past and past participle anthropomorphized)

anthropomorphizes (present singular third-person)
anthropomorphizing (participle present)
anthropomorphized (participle past)
anthropomorphized (past)

/ˌanθɹəpəˈmɔːfʌɪz/

By surface analysis, anthropo- + morph + -ize.

surf

Bonnie Lucas further anthropomorphizes the flower in her watercolors, combining it surreally with the human female figure[…]

1988 January 15, Kathryn Hixson, “On Exhibit: a gallery full of flowers”, in Chicago Reader:

A month away from twenty-six and there you are, in the middle of a Monday afternoon, genuinely engaged in the madcap antics of a slope-headed, claymated man and his anthropomorphized horse.

1998, Paul McComas, Twenty Questions: A Collection of Short and Very Short Stories, Fithian Press, →ISBN, page 33:

It has been two months since I last checked my feed, during which time Facebook has sent me notifications I didn't sign up for, informing me every time someone posts, and invited me to attend locally organised focus groups. […] Of course, I am anthropomorphising a machine; no one is in charge of all this.

2018 June 15, Emma Brockes, “No, Facebook, I won’t be back. I’ve seen the dangers of habitual sharing”, in The Guardian:

But for some animal-obsessive ceramists, anthropomorphizing as a sculptural approach is a zany (and speedy) joy.

2021 August 19, Nancy Hass, “The Ceramists Crafting Miniature Menageries”, in The New York Times Style Magazine:

I do think that this perspective offers a useful corrective to the tendency to anthropomorphize large-language models, but there is another aspect to the compression analogy that is worth considering.

2023 February 9, Ted Chiang, “ChatGPT Is a Blurry JPEG of the Web”, in The New Yorker:

(transitive) To attribute human-like characteristics to (something that is non-human).

antropomorfizować

to attribute human-like characteristics to something that is non-human


life after death

The state of afterlife; existence in heaven.


idealist

From French idéaliste, from Late Latin idealis (“ideal”), from Latin idea (“idea”), equivalent to ideal + -ist.

(philosophy) One who adheres to idealism.

իդեալիստ

(philosophy) one who adheres to idealism


plenitude

en-noun

plenitude (countable and uncountable, plural plenitudes)

From Middle English plenitude, that borrowed from Anglo-Norman plenitude, Middle French plenitude, and their source, Latin plēnitūdō.

(philosophy) The metaphysical idea that the universe contains everything that is possible.


subsumption

subsumption (countable and uncountable, plural subsumptions)

(logic) The premise of a syllogism that contains the minor term.


Taoism

The philosophical Taoism of the “Tao Te Ching” seeks to remain connected to this “mother of the world,” the formless Tao (meaning “Way” or “Course”), that is seemingly the opposite of all we value, but is actually the source of all we value, as manure is to flowers, as the emptiness of a womb is to the fullness of life.

2020 September 16, George Yancy, quoting Brook Ziporyn, “How to Die (Without Really Trying)”, in New York Times, archived from the original on 2020-09-16:

Taoism puts a significant emphasis on noninterference, imbuing the decision not to act with moral quality. As a result, Taoism seems like a virtue ethic, with wu-wei as its chief virtue.

2022 Jan-Mar, Liam C. Butchart, “Taoism, bioethics, and the COVID-19 pandemic”, in Tzu Chi Medical Journal, volume 34, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-15:

A Chinese mystical philosophy traditionally founded by Lao-tzu in the 6th century B.C.E. that teaches conformity to the tao by unassertive action and simplicity.

The Chinese New Year holiday period, being disrupted this year by the outbreak of a viral illness, has evolved over more than 3,000 years to become the most important of China’s traditional festivals.
As celebrated in China and in many other places where its known as the Lunar New Year, it is largely a secular holiday, yet it includes rituals and traditions that derive from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, as well as from ancient myths and folk religions.

2020 January 23, David Crary, “Chinese New Year secular now but kept religious underpinning”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-15:

He also spent one year in Wudang Mountain in central China's Hubei Province, a place famous for Taoism and martial arts tradition, learning acupuncture techniques and knowledge about traditional herbal medicine.

2021 August 19, “GLOBALink Get to the point of acupuncture -- one Australian man's journey with traditional Chinese medicine”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2021-08-19:

A religion developed from Taoist philosophy and folk and Buddhist religion and concerned with obtaining long life and good fortune often by magical means.


anamnesis

anamnesis (countable and uncountable, plural anamneses)

From Ancient Greek ἀνάμνησις (anámnēsis, “remembrance”), verbal noun of ἀναμιμνήσκω (anamimnḗskō), from ἀνα- (ana-) + μιμνῄσκω (mimnḗiskō, “call to mind”).

affix

1990, Stewart Umphrey, Zetetic Skepticism, Longwood Academic, page 13,
There are also reasons for thinking that Socratic anamnesis, inquiry and learning are quite unlike anamnesis, inquiry and learning as ordinarily understood.

(epistemology, Platonism) The recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth, according to Plato’s theory of epistemology.


subsist

en-verb

subsist (third-person singular simple present subsists, present participle subsisting, simple past and past participle subsisted)

subsists (present singular third-person)
subsisting (participle present)
subsisted (participle past)
subsisted (past)

From Latin subsistō (“halt, stop”), from sub (“below”) + sistō (“stand, place”). Compare consist, desist, exist, insist, persist.

Remember Man! "the Univerſal Cauſe / Acts not by partial, but by gen’ral Laws ; / And makes what Happineſs we juſtly call / Subſiſt not in the Good of one, but all.

1734, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Man. […], epistle IV, London: Printed for J[ohn] Wilford, […], →OCLC, page 63, lines 33–36:

Subject to section 5(1), copyright subsists only by virtue of this Act.

2021, Parliament of Singapore, “Copyright Act 2021”, in Republic of Singapore Government Gazette, Acts Supplementᵂⁱᵏⁱˢᵒᵘʳᶜᵉ, page 76:

(chiefly philosophy) To have ontological reality; to exist.


transitivity

en-noun

transitivity (countable and uncountable, plural transitivities)

From French transitivité.
Morphologically transitive + -ity

The hypothetical syllogism inference rule states the transitivity of implication.

(mathematics, logic) The property of being transitive.