cover story

(espionage) A fictitious account that is intended to hide one's real motive.


transcendental ego

en-noun

transcendental ego (plural transcendental egos)

If, however, the self be taken to mean, not an object existing among other objects, but the subject logically implied in all knowledge, the "Transcendental Ego" which we never can know as an object, and which therefore we never can "get behind," that may be allowed to be the ultimate reality.

1892, David G. Ritchie, “What is Reality?”, in The Philosophical Review, volume 1, number 3, page 280:

On the basis of such a theory, it becomes legitimate to assert that every human being "contains" a transcendental Ego.

1957, Aron Gurwitsch, “The Last Work of Edmund Husserl”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 17, number 3, page 386:

The absolute goal of all phenomenological inquiry is pure consciousness as it manifests itself in the transcendental ego, the source of all intentional acts.

2001, Joseph A. Young, “Phenomenology and Textual Power in Richard Wright's 'The Man Who Lived Underground'”, in MELUS, volume 26, number 4, page 82:

(philosophy, phenomenology, Kantianism) The conscious self which is the unifying subject of a person's experiences and which cannot itself be experienced as an object, understood by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) as knowable only by inference, and understood by Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) as pure consciousness.


minimax

(decision theory, game theory) A decision rule used for minimizing the maximum possible loss, or maximizing the minimum gain.


maximin

(decision theory, game theory) A rule to identify the worst outcome of each possible option to find one's best (maximum payoff) play.


empirical ego

When he debates, Shall I commit this crime? choose that profession? accept that office, or marry this fortune?—his choice really lies between one of several equally possible future Selves. What his entire empirical Ego shall become, is fixed by the conduct of this moment.

1879, William James, “Are We Automata?”, in Mind, volume 4, number 13, page 13:

The empirical ego is an object in the world, and, insofar as it is experienced and known, it must be subject to worldly causality.

1977, David Carr, “Kant, Husserl, and the Nonempirical Ego”, in The Journal of Philosophy, volume 74, number 11, page 688:

(philosophy, phenomenology) In the thought of Immanuel Kant and Edmund Husserl, the self of each person, understood as the locus of personality and capable of being known as an object by means of reflective awareness, in contrast with the transcendental ego which is always an experiencing subject.


sempiternally

(philosophy) in an everlasting manner, as to have an infinite temporal duration; as opposed to eternally or timelessly, as to exist outside time


silver rule

Confucius (551-479 BC) squarely faces the issue and gives us the first specific statement of the rule in its negative form, sometimes referred to as the "Silver Rule."

1934, J. O. Hertzler, “On Golden Rules”, in International Journal of Ethics, volume 44, number 4, page 421:

(ethics) The principle that one should not treat other people in the manner in which one would not want to be treated by them.


filial piety

The virtue of showing respect and doing good deeds for one's parents, elders, and ancestors, as understood in Confucian ethics and commonly observed in the East Asian cultural sphere.


occurrent

en-adj

occurrent (comparative more occurrent, superlative most occurrent)

more occurrent (comparative)
most occurrent (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French occurrent and its source, Latin occurrēns.

I hold the occurrent belief that I'm writing this sentence

One could imagine, for example, that an occurrent belief (e.g. that I'm allergic to apples) would trigger a dispositional desire (not to get an allergic crisis).

2020 November 13, B. Brodaric, F. Neuhaus, Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference (FOIS 2020), IOS Press, →ISBN, page 147:

In such a case, my belief that the person I will meet is named Robert Barchi is clearly occurrent.

2016, Douglas N. Husak, Ignorance of Law: A Philosophical Inquiry, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 196:

(philosophy, ethics) Pertaining to occurrence; having to do with an occurrence.


occurrent

the only comfort (saith Jovius) he had to ease his melancholy thoughts, was to hear news, and to listen after those ordinary occurrents, which were brought him cum primis, by letters or otherwise, out of the remotest parts of Europe.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 4:

(now chiefly philosophy) An event, something that occurs.


nominalism

en-noun

nominalism (countable and uncountable, plural nominalisms)

From French nominalisme. By surface analysis, nominal + -ism.

Blumenberg's thesis, which has since been reiterated by a number of philosophers and historians, is that nominalism, as it became widespread in Protestant theology, led to the Enlightenment, disenchantment, and the scientific revolution.

2021, Meghan O'Gieblyn, chapter 11, in God, Human, Animal, Machine […] , →ISBN:

(philosophy) A doctrine that universals do not have an existence except as names for classes of concrete objects.


there are plenty of fish in the sea

There are many more potential opportunities available.

échei ki alloú portokaliés pou kánoun portokália

έχει κι αλλού πορτοκαλιές που κάνουν πορτοκάλια

the odds are good, but the goods are odd


Pepe

The character's creator, Matt Furie, chose the name Pepe because it reminded him of the term pee-pee, a resemblance he found funny.

One thread filled up with hundreds of Pepes to help meme Florida over to Trump, as if their energy could help Florida stay red.

2016 November 9, Abby Ohlheiser, “’We actually elected a meme as president’: How 4chan celebrated Trump’s victory”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-01-16:

Alternate iterations of Pepe, including sad, smug and angry Pepes, followed. Pepe memes are ubiquitous across 4chan, Reddit, Imgur, Tumblr, and other social media and image-sharing sites.

2016 October 11, Jessica Roy, “How ’Pepe the Frog’ went from harmless to hate symbol”, in Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, Calif.: Los Angeles Times Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-03:

(Internet slang, 4chan) An image or depiction of the Pepe the Frog character.


obligatum

(logic) That which is, or must be, granted.


negatum

(logic) The proposition that is to be negated.

Something that is negated.
The proposition that is to be negated.


necessitation

necessitation (countable and uncountable, plural necessitations)

Moral obligation is not necessitation. The moral law commands but does not coerce us.

1894, J. G. Schurman, “The Consciousness of Moral Obligation”, in The Philosophical Review, volume 3, number 6, page 641:

The voluntary actions of men are now seen to claim an equal freedom from the necessitation of natural causes.

1896, J. Clark Murray, “The Idealism of Spinoza”, in The Philosophical Review, volume 5, number 5, page 485:

Determinism is an example: it alleges that all the seeming irregularities and spontaneities in the world are haunted by an omnipresent system of strict necessitation.

1957, J. W. N. Watkins, “Between Analytic and Empirical”, in Philosophy, volume 32, number 121, page 114:

In virtue of their contents, psychological states stand in logical relations like incompatibility, material implication, and conceptual necessitation.

2001, Eric Marcus, “Mental Causation: Unnaturalized but Not Unnatural”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 63, number 1, page 79:

(chiefly philosophy) Necessity, understood as a logical or other philosophical principle, or as a law or force of nature.


necessitude

In Popperian terms, it demonstrates the necessitude of public debate.

1981, Graham Dawson, “Justified True Belief Is Knowledge”, in The Philosophical Quarterly, volume 31, number 125, page 328:


logological

/ˌlɒɡ.əʊˈlɒd͡ʒ.ɪk.əl/

(theology, philosophy, rare) Of or pertaining to the doctrine of logos.

logologinen

theology: of or pertaining to the doctrine of logos


nether region

At this instant old Roger Chillingworth thrust himself through the crowd—or, perhaps, so dark, disturbed, and evil was his look, he rose up out of some nether region.

1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, ch. 23:

None of them were sorry when Faust was duly consigned to the nether regions.

1890, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Firm of Girdlestone, ch. 25:

The other, dwarfed and prehensile, might in its uncanny silhouette have been an imp of darkness from the nether regions.

1921, William MacLeod Raine, Gunsight Pass, ch. 1:

(often pluralized) Hell; a realm beneath the surface of the earth conceived as the abode of the souls of the dead and, sometimes, as the abode of demons or evil spirits.


supervenient

en-adj

supervenient (comparative more supervenient, superlative most supervenient)

more supervenient (comparative)
most supervenient (superlative)

From Latin supervenient-, stem of superveniens, present participle of supervenio (“to come to or in addition to, to overtake”).

If mental properties are supervenient on physical properties, people with identical bodies will also have identical minds.

(logic, philosophy, of a set of properties) In a relationship with another set such that membership in the other set implies membership in the present set


transeunt

transeunt (comparative more transeunt, superlative most transeunt)

more transeunt (comparative)
most transeunt (superlative)

Circa 1625; from Latin trānseunt-, transiens (“passing beyond”), present participle of trānseō (“to go over, cross”), from trans (“across, on the far side, beyond”) + eō (“to go, walk, march”). See transient.

(philosophy, of a mental act) Emanant; producing an effect outside of the mind. (Compare immanent.)

(philosophy) Passing out or operating beyond itself; transitive; opposed to immanent.


emanant

emanant (comparative more emanant, superlative most emanant)

more emanant (comparative)
most emanant (superlative)

He had an emanant volition.

(philosophy, of a mental act) Passing forth into a physical act, or making itself apparent by an effect. Compare immanent.


superintelligence

en-noun

superintelligence (countable and uncountable, plural superintelligences)

The lesson of this little story is that if and when human-level AI is achieved, superintelligence will soon follow. […] What we have in this story seems to be a form of collective superintelligence.

2015, Murray Shanahan, The Technological Singularity, MIT Press, →ISBN, pages 90–91:

(futurology) Intelligence surpassing the level of a human genius.


kiddy fiddler

According to Gus, the main enemies of hackers are not the media ("stupid, harmless"), the government or the police ("who are more interested in kiddy fiddlers").

2002 August, John Leyden, “The hacker's worst enemy? Another hacker”, in The Register:

(slang, derogatory) A pedophile or a child molester.


possibilistic

en-adj

possibilistic (comparative more possibilistic, superlative most possibilistic)

more possibilistic (comparative)
most possibilistic (superlative)

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to the philosophy of possibilism.


red-baiting

(US) The (ad hominem) practice of accusing someone of being a communist, socialist or anarchist with the intention of discrediting his or her political views.


physicalism

en-noun

physicalism (countable and uncountable, plural physicalisms)

(philosophy) A philosophical position holding that everything which exists is no more extensive than its physical properties; that is, that there are no kinds of things other than physical things, which all are of logically procedural nature, based on fundamental laws at their deepest level of causality.


quietism

quietism (countable and uncountable, plural quietisms)

(philosophy) The view that the proper role of philosophy is a broadly therapeutic or remedial one.


veridicality

veridicality (countable and uncountable, plural veridicalities)

Coordinate term: realisticness

Symbol structures can, and commonly do, serve as internal representations (e.g. "mental images") of the environments to which the symbol system is seeking to adapt. They allow it to model that environment with greater or less veridicality and in greater or less detail, and consequently to reason about it.

1996, Herbert A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd edition:

(psychology, philosophy) The degree to which something, such as a knowledge structure, is veridical; the degree to which an experience, perception, or interpretation accurately represents reality.


moral system

There exists no moral system under which there do not arise unequivocal cases of conflicting obligation.

(philosophy) A consistent set of moral axioms or principles.


moral futurism

Hegelian moral positivism, according to Popper, holds that whatever historically is is right, whereas Marxist moral futurism holds that whatever inevitably will be in history is, for that very reason, right.

2001, Robert C. Tucker, Philosophy & Myth in Karl Marx:

Any revolutionary moral futurism that advocates sacrificing the revolutionary generation so as to enable future generations to enter a Promised Land should be discarded on the basis of my desert-generation test.

2009, Avishai Margalit, On Compromise and Rotten Compromises:

(philosophy, rare) The moral stance of accepting that moral system that is probably going to be dominant in the future.


conceptual analysis

conceptual analysis (plural conceptual analyses)

(philosophy) The analysis of concepts, including, for a given concept, the search for its definition.


metaphilosophy

metaphilosophy (countable and uncountable, plural metaphilosophies)

(philosophy) The study of the subject matter, methods, and aims of philosophy.


Confucianist

en-adj

Confucianist (comparative more Confucianist, superlative most Confucianist)

more Confucianist (comparative)
most Confucianist (superlative)

Related to the teachings of Confucius; Confucian.


Confucianist

A follower of the teachings of Confucius; a Confucian.


honey trap

en-verb

honey trap (third-person singular simple present honey traps, present participle honey trapping, simple past and past participle honey trapped)

honey traps (present singular third-person)
honey trapping (participle present)
honey trapped (participle past)
honey trapped (past)

Popularised by John le Carré in the novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974).

(transitive) To entice a person into a compromising situation (such as revealing secret information) by means of a romantic or sexual relationship.

you can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar


context-sensitive

Right-click anywhere in the document window, and a context-sensitive menu appears.

(computing, philosophy) Sensitive to context; exhibiting different behaviour depending on a task or situation.

kontekstiherkkä

sensitive to context; exhibiting different behaviour depending on a task or situation


ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Reportedly coined by zoologist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919).

With reference to seedling stages the statement that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny must be made with great reserve.

1905, J. A. Harris, "The Importance of Investigations of Seedling Stages," Science, New Series, vol. 22, no. 554, p. 186

Haeckel maintained that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, and this idea was incorporated by Lombroso into his parallelism between the criminal and the child.

1961, M. E. Wolfgang, “Pioneers in Criminology: Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)”, in The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, volume 52, number 4, page 367:

For even if we accept that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," those responsible for the drafting of ancient legal documents were not children, and are hardly to be endowed with some form of infantile mentality.

2002, B. S. Jackson, “Models in Legal History: The Case of Biblical Law”, in Journal of Law and Religion, volume 18, number 1, page 11:

(biology, social sciences, art, philosophy) The physical, cultural, moral, or intellectual development of each individual passes through stages similar to the developmental stages of that individual's species, society, or civilization. Not taken literally since the late 19th century.


I think, therefore I am

Calque of French je pense, donc je suis or perhaps of Latin cōgitō, ergō sum. First written in French by René Descartes, a 17th century French philosopher, in Discourse on the Method (1637) as je pense donc je suis, which he later expressed in Latin in Principles of Philosophy (1644).

(philosophy) I am able to think, therefore I exist. A philosophical proof of existence based on the fact that someone capable of any form of thought necessarily exists.

French language
I think, therefore I am
René Descartes

bi sedgiǰu bayig-a učir-ača orusiǰu bayin-a

ᠪᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠭᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ


polysexuality

(LGBT) A sexual orientation characterized by an attraction to people of many, but not all, genders.


polysexual

en-adj

polysexual (comparative more polysexual, superlative most polysexual)

more polysexual (comparative)
most polysexual (superlative)

Of or pertaining to multiple types of sexuality.

(LGBT) Sexually attracted to many (sometimes specifically multiple but not all) genders.

Some queer relationships are monogamous (married/committed couple), some agree to polyfidelity (married/committed group), some are polysexual (open sexually), and others are polyamorous (open romantically).

2020, Alex Stitt, ACT for Gender Identity: The Comprehensive Guide, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, →ISBN, page 359:

Sexually polyamorous; that is, having multiple sexual relationships.


paraconsistent

Coined in 1976 by the Peruvian philosopher Francisco Miró Quesada, from para- + consistent.

(logic) Dealing with contradictions in a discriminating way, in order to avoid acceptance of one from entailing acceptance of all contradictions.


emotivism

en-noun

emotivism (countable and uncountable, plural emotivisms)

Another important meta-ethical theory is known as emotivism or non-cognitivism. Emotivists ... claim that all ethical statements are literally meaningless.

1999, Nigel Warburton, Philosophy: The Basics:

(ethics) The meta-ethical stance that ethical judgments, such as those containing the words "should" and "ought to", are primarily expressions of one's own attitude and imperatives meant to change the attitudes and actions of another.


boylove

Coordinate term: girllove

In another offering, Better Life Monthly was advertised as a "paper with articles, photos, poems, etc. relating to the subject of boylove."

(euphemistic) Paedophilic, hebephilic, or ephebophilic love towards boys.


childlove

From child + love, a calque of Ancient Greek παιδοφιλίᾱ (paidophilíā).

clq

The purpose of the website, according to Ashford, is to "explain my ideal of consensual childlove".

2008, Nancy Billias, Territories of Evil:

(euphemistic) Paedophilic or hebephilic love toward children; paedophilia or hebephilia.


girllove

Coordinate term: boylove

Now, it is unlikely, had a large number of professional men in Boston been charged with sexual conduct with fourteen-year-old girls, that people would have rallied to their support waving the banner of "girllove".

1981, Burton M Leiser, Values in conflict: life, liberty, and the rule of law:

I believe that the vast majority of heterosexual men have an attraction to prepubescent and pubescent girls, they just cannot bring themselves to accept it. Girllove has always been common, just look at Japan and the girl modeling industry in eastern europe.

2009, "Ignored By The Liberal Mass Media", The Duke University Child Rape Case Proves Pedophilia Isn't an "Orientation" (on Usenet newsgroup alt.politics.homosexuality)

Just highlighting it is an issue of boylove, not girllove.

2012, "Nigel Oldfield", Re: After Savile, every British man should worry about his past (on Usenet newsgroup uk.legal)

(euphemistic) Paedophilic, hebephilic, or ephebophilic love towards girls.


graymail

From gray + mail: in the threat sense, by analogy with blackmail.

(US, law) The threatened exposure of state secrets in order to manipulate legal proceedings.

(Internet) Email that is not technically spam (since the user agreed to receive it) but which is unwanted, such as newsletters after making a purchase.


graymail

en-verb

graymail (third-person singular simple present graymails, present participle graymailing, simple past and past participle graymailed)

graymails (present singular third-person)
graymailing (participle present)
graymailed (participle past)
graymailed (past)

(US, law) To threaten exposure of state secrets in order to manipulate legal proceedings.


indexical

en-adj

indexical (comparative more indexical, superlative most indexical)

more indexical (comparative)
most indexical (superlative)

In order that they might represent the worlds of experience and imagination, such symbols have to be put together with ‘indexical’ signs, as Peirce termed them, such as articles (the, some), demonstratives (this, those), tense-inflections (walk-s, walk-ed), moods (may/might walk, shall/should walk) etc.

2012, Michael Silverstein, “The [] walked down the street”, in London Review of Books, volume 34, number 21:

(linguistics, philosophy) Having or imparting a meaning, or signifying a referent, that changes according to context.


indexical

So even with indexicals, there is a Sinn for every meaning.

2007 August 15, Wayne A. Davis, “Replies to Green, Szabó, Jeshion, and Siebel”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 137, number 3, →DOI:

(linguistics, philosophy) An indexical term.


equiprobable

1964 I. A. Turyev et al. A Laboratory computer for joint operation with a simulator
The random number generator is designed to generate random numbers with an equiprobable law of distribution with the limits +1 to -1.

(mathematics, logic) Having equal probability, such as any number from 1 to 6 being the equiprobable outcome of the fair toss of fair dice.


kinderwhore

en-noun

kinderwhore (countable and uncountable, plural kinderwhores)

It allows for baby-doll dresses and kinderwhore fashions, for chunky high-heeled Mary Janes from Prada and solid-silver pacifier pendants […]

1998, Elizabeth Wurtzel, Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women:

(fashion, uncountable) A feminine fashion aesthetic that emerged with grunge rock in the early 1990s, contrasting the childlike quality of baby-doll dresses, Peter Pan collars, etc. with heavy (and possibly smudged) make-up characteristic of adult decadence.

In much the same way as that in which Punk disrupted conventional notions of female beauty the 'kinderwhore' disrupts traditional or ideological versions […]

2002, Malcolm Barnard, Fashion as Communication:

(possibly offensive, countable) A follower of this style.


ingression

ingression (countable and uncountable, plural ingressions)

[…] it is by virtue of the individual essence that an eternal object remains precisely the same eternal object through all its ingressions […]

1967, Whitehead's Metaphysics, Edward Pols, page 164:

(metaphysics) The process by which a potentiality enters into actuality.


superspy

...the beginning of the end of Israeli superspy hegemony in spy fiction.

1989, Reeva S Simon, The Middle East in Crime Fiction:

Well, at least they look good, especially after escaping from the clutches of the superspy baddies.

1994, Howard Prouty, Variety TV Reviews 1991-92:

The three superspies soon discover that the answer involves mysterious codes, secret graveyard meetings, underground torture chambers in medieval castles...

2007, Deborah Abela, Max Remy Superspy: The French Code:


antirealism

antirealism (countable and uncountable, plural antirealisms)

(philosophy) Any position involving denial of the objective reality of certain entities, or denial that certain general statements are objectively either true or false.

antirealismi

any position involving denial of the objective reality of certain entities


conceptualism

conceptualism (countable and uncountable, plural conceptualisms)

We have thus returned, then, to that conceptualism of the middle age, which, concentrating truth within the human intelligence, makes the nature of things a phantom of intelligence projecting itself everywhere out of itself[…]

1853, Victor Cousin, Lectures on the True, the Beautiful, and the Good:

(philosophy) A theory, intermediate between realism and nominalism, that the mind has the power of forming for itself general conceptions of individual or single objects; the doctrine that universals have an existence in the mind apart from any concrete embodiment.


conceptualist

I have taken no notice of an intermediate sect called Conceptualists ; whose distinguishing tenet is said to have been , that the mind has a power of forming general conceptions

1792, Dugald Stewart, Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind:

(philosophy) One who maintains the theory of conceptualism.


bioethical

en-adj

bioethical (comparative more bioethical, superlative most bioethical)

more bioethical (comparative)
most bioethical (superlative)


proprium

(So you can use a proprium to pick out a species—for example, you could say: “a human is a risible mortal animal”—but, in that case, you aren’t picking out the species by its true definition.)

Abraham Stone, Humanities 116: Philosophical Perspectives on the Humanities, people.ucsc.eduhttps://people.ucsc.edu/~abestone/courses/uchicago/readings2.pdf

(philosophy) A property that applies to all members of a species and only to them, serving to distinguish the species from other species within the same genus, yet is not part of the true definition or the essence of the species.

Man of himself, so far as he is under the influence of his proprium, is worse than the brutes. If man should be led by his own proprium, he could not possibly be saved.

1758, Emanuel Swedenborg, The New Jerusalem and Its Heavenly Doctrine:


use-mention distinction

en-noun

use-mention distinction (plural use-mention distinctions)

Thus, they purport to expand the domain of our judgments beyond all bounds of experience through concepts to which no corresponding object at all can be given in experience. For convenience, we ignore use-mention distinctions here and elsewhere.

2014, Thomas D. Sullivan, Russell Pannier -, Modern Challenges to Past Philosophy: Arguments and Responses, →ISBN:

(linguistics, philosophy) A distinction between the use of a word for its meaning (as in "Cheese is derived from milk") and the mention of a word as a lexical unit (as in " Cheese is derived from a word in Old English").


panphilia

A state of loving or accepting all things.


memome

The complete set of memes stored in the mind of a person.


esthesis

esthesis (countable and uncountable, plural estheses)

From the Ancient Greek αἴσθησις (aísthēsis, “perception”).

der

(philosophy, psychology) Elemental awareness of sensory stimulation.


arrow of time

(philosophy) The subjective feeling of movement from past to future.


diatessaron

en-noun

diatessaron (plural diatessarons or diatessara)

diatessarons (plural)
diatessara (plural)

From Latin, from Ancient Greek διά (diá, “through, across”) + τεσσάρων (tessárōn) (genitive plural of τέσσαρες (téssares, “four”)).

uder

(theology) A continuous narrative arranged from the first four books of the New Testament (the canonical gospels).


doomer

From doom + -er. The more recent sense was popularized via a meme, “30 Year-Old Boomer”. The derivations of which are other words that end in -oomer, describing various personality types.

Those who suggest the likely return of the four horsemen of the apocalypse (famine, pestilence, war, and death) are more vocal than ever before despite being labeled Malthusian or just "doomer."

2009, David Holmgren, Future Scenarios, Chelsea Green:

[…] while a Minnesotan in her early thirties summed up the general influence of apocalyptic popular culture: “I think it has made me more of a doomer. […]

2015, Matthew Schneider-Mayerson, Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture, page 114:

One who believes that petroleum depletion will inevitably lead to a severe recession or depression, followed by a Malthusian catastrophe.

Doomers, meanwhile, are the nihilistic cousins of “Bloomers” and “Gloomers,” all three gradients of the same 20-something. Whereas Bloomers are well adjusted and Gloomers are depressed because they are not, Doomers have simply stopped trying. They are no longer pursuing friendships or relationships, and get no joy from anything because they know that the world is coming to an end.

2020 February 3, Kaitlyn Tiffany, “The Misogynistic Joke That Became a Goth-Meme Fairy Tale”, in The Atlantic:

Tim Joung, a 20-year-old student in New York, agrees with almost everything that so-called doomers believe: individual action makes little difference, and unscrupulous corporations are at fault for climate change.

2020 September 21, Alexandra Villarreal, “Meet the doomers: why some young US voters have given up hope on climate”, in The Guardian:

(neologism, sometimes capitalized) Someone who is apathetic or has a negative prospect towards the world, especially in relation to climate change.

Are not the heavens doomers of men's deedes?

1590, T[homas] L[odge], Rosalynde. Euphues Golden Legacie: […], London: […] Thomas Orwin for T. G[ubbin] and John Busbie, →OCLC; republished [Glasgow]: [ […] Hunterian Club], [1876], →OCLC:

That fatal look of a common intelligence, of a common assent, was exchanged among the doomers of the prisoner's life and death, as the judge concluded.

1869, Edward Bulwer Lytton, Prose Works:


culture of death

en-noun

culture of death (plural cultures of death)

(theology) In moral theology, the concept that human life can be a means to some other end and not solely an end itself.

cywilizacja śmierci

(philosophy, politics) In contemporary political and philosophical discourse, a culture asserted to be inconsistent with the concept of a "culture of life", such as cultures that support contraception and abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, human cloning, self-absorption, apathy or poverty.

სიკვდილის კულტურა

in contemporary political and philosophical discourse, a culture that is deemed to be inconsistent with the concept of a "culture of life"


addressivity

Evidently, in certain languages some of these meanings may be expressed by special affixes (without a causative meaning), as, for example, the meanings of commitativity (cf. 6.3), addressivity (cf. 6.5) and mutuality (cf. 6.6) in Kabardian.

1970, V.P. Nedyalkov, “On the Typology of the Polysemy of Verbal Affixes”, in Theoretical Problems of Typology and the Northern Eurasian Languages, →ISBN, page 97:

(linguistics, philosophy) The quality of being addressive, of engaging in communication for the sake of one's interlocutor


neuroethics

The ethics of neuroscience and neurotechnology.


ultramontane

en-adj

ultramontane (comparative more ultramontane, superlative most ultramontane)

more ultramontane (comparative)
most ultramontane (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French ultramontain, from Late Latin ultramontanus.

'Tis no wonder that a Council which had declar'd itſelf ſuperior to the Popes, which had undertaken to try, and even to depoſe them, and had given ſuch great Blows to the Privileges, and to the Authority of the Cardinals, was not relith'd by the Court of Rome, nor approv'd of by the Popes or tlieir Divines, nor by the Ultramontane Canonists.

1730, [1728], Jacques L'enfant, translated by Stephen Whatley, The History of the Council of Constance, volume 1, page ix:

It was by becoming a Catholic that I pacified the Vendee, and a Mussulman that I established myself in Egypt; it was by becoming ultramontane that I won over public opinion in Italy.

1910 [August 13, 1800], Napoleon Bonaparte, The Corsican: a Diary of Napoleon's Life in his Own Words, trans. Robert Matteson Johnston, Houghton Mifflin, pg. 144-145

My friend, a Scottish newspaper chief, has spent half a lifetime gliding across some of Fleet Street's more ultramontane and unreasonable titles.

2010 September 12, Kevin McKenna, “Save Catholicism? The pope needs a miracle”, in The Guardian:

(theology) Promoting the supremacy of the Pope.


ersatzer

From ersatz + -er. Coined in 1986 by the philosopher David Kellogg Lewis.

The ersatzers just do not believe in what I call worlds; and sometimes -- depending on which version of ersatzism we encounter -- I just do not believe in what they call worlds.

1986, David K. Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds, Routledge, published 2001, page 140:

My quarrel with the Ersatzer is perhaps not very deep, and I should not be too distressed if I were forced back to his position. But the quarrel is real. Mere representations of possibilities, which is what the Ersatzer uses, are not to be identified with the possibilities that we seek to represent.

1989, David Malet Armstrong, A Combinatorial Theory of Possibility, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 49, →ISBN:

Now that the metaphysics and semantics have been given for ersatzer presentism, I should answer one possible objection: why is it that a certain atomic proposition p appears in a given E-related time if not because it was the case that p? But if this is the explanation, if this is how the story ultimately bottoms out, then how is ersatzer presentism any better off than Priorian presentism.

2006, Craig Bourne, A Future for Presentism, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 65, →ISBN:

(metaphysics) A proponent of ersatzism, the doctrine that possible worlds are merely abstract and do not have the same reality as the present world


forgottenness

Abandonment of being is the ground of the forgottenness of being.

1938, Parvis Evad, Kenneth Maly, “Echo”, in Contributions to Philosophy: From Enowning, translation of original by Martin Heidegger, published 1999, →ISBN, page 80:

(philosophy) The quality or state of being forgotten


instrumentalisation

en-noun

instrumentalisation (countable and uncountable, plural instrumentalisations)

(philosophy) The treatment of an idea as an instrument that functions as a guide to action.


postcolonial

a postcolonial theory of esthetics

There can be no doubt that Derrida's contribution to postcolonialism is not as clearly politicized as that of Fanon, Sartre or Gandhi, but it is nevertheless crucial in its careful consideration of the contrasting ethics and politics that might inform postcolonial thought.

2014, Jane Hiddleston, Understanding Postcolonialism, Routledge, →ISBN, page 112:

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to postcolonialism.


sacramentalism

sacramentalism (usually uncountable, plural sacramentalisms)

(theology) The belief that observance of the sacraments is necessary for salvation, or belief in their efficacy.

sacramentarianism

belief in observation or efficacy of the sacraments

(theology) The belief that the natural world is a reflection or imitation of a perfect supernatural one.


mechaphilia

a sexual desire for a mechanical inanimate object.


compatibilism

(philosophy) The doctrine that free will and determinism are compatible ideas.

Kompatibilismus

the doctrine of compatibility between determinism and free will


humanation

In sixteenth-century England the Protestant Church dropped the word ‘humanation’, but the German version, Menschwendung, survived in Lutheran ‘wound mysticism’.

2006, Marsha Keith Schuchard, Why Mrs Blake Cried, Pimlico, published 2007, page 33:

(theology, rare) The fact or process of becoming human.


probabilist

(theology, philosophy) A follower of probabilism.


universe of discourse

universe of discourse (plural universes of discourse)

(logic) The set of all entities over which quantifiers—including "for all" and "there exists"—range.


Rousseauesque

en-adj

Rousseauesque (comparative more Rousseauesque, superlative most Rousseauesque)

more Rousseauesque (comparative)
most Rousseauesque (superlative)


Wigner's friend

Named after Hungarian-American physicist Eugene Wigner, who described the experiment in an article published in 1961.

2001, David Lewis, How Many Lives Has Schrödinger's Cat?, Lecture, republished in 2004, Frank Jackson, Graham Priest (editors), Lewisian Themes: The Philosophy of David K. Lewis, page 13,
There is no collapse until Wigner comes along, yet because different branches of the previous superposition have acted differently to bring about different branches of Wigner's friend, each branch of Wigner's friend is under the illusion of seeing a sharp state, and thus under an illusion of collapse.

2009, Henry Stapp, Wigner's Friend, Daniel Greenberger, Klaus Hentsche, Compendium of Quantum Physics: Concepts, Experiments, History and Philosophy, Springer, page 857,
The second step is to treat Wigner's friend as an unobserved inanimate measuring device that has two states: either it registers the photon, χ₁ or it does not χ₂.

In 1962 Eugene Wigner elaborated on the knowledge issue with his Wigner's Friend paradox, an expansion of the Schrödinger's Cat problem [11]. Wigner replaced the cat with a “friend”, i.e., an intelligent observer and at the same time replaced the hydrocyanic acid mechanism with a less lethal piece of apparatus, e.g., a light bulb that is switched on when a count is recorded.

2016, John G. Cramer, The Quantum Handshake: Entanglement, Nonlocality and Transactions, Springer, page 82:

(physics, philosophy) The hypothetical observer in a thought experiment in which Wigner, absent when his friend observes the state of a particle (in some versions, Schrödinger's cat) as it collapses from quantum superposition, concludes that both the particle and his friend remain in quantum superposition until Wigner himself learns the result of the observation.


haunted house

en-noun

haunted house (countable and uncountable, plural haunted houses)

بَيْت أَشْبَاح

house believed to be a center for supernatural occurrences

It was easy to see that it was an avoided house—a house that was shunned by the village, to which my eye was guided by a church spire some half a mile off—a house that nobody would take. And the natural inference was, that it had the reputation of being a haunted house.

1859, Charles Dickens, “The Mortals in the House”, in The Haunted House:

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see haunted, house.


phenomenal world

phenomenal world (plural phenomenal worlds)

With intelligence springs up at a stroke the phenomenal world, the world as we know it.

1876, Robert Adamson, “Schopenhauer's Philosophy”, in Mind, volume 1, number 4, page 500:

He . . . suggests a new theory based on the radical assumption that light can convey information about the world and, hence, that the phenomenal world does not have to be constructed by the mind (or the brain) out of meaningless data.

1970, James Gibson, “The Information Available in Pictures”, in Leonardo, volume 4, number 1, page 27:

It is true that Wang does write about the power of tragedy to pierce the illusions of the phenomenal world and release us from the bondage of the "desires of life."

2004, Zong-qi Cai, “The Influence of Nietzsche in Wang Guowei's Essay ‘On the Dream of the Red Chamber’”, in Philosophy East and West, volume 54, number 2, page 172:

(philosophy) Especially in philosophical idealism, the world as it appears to human beings as a result of being structured by human understanding; the world as experienced, as opposed to the world of things-in-themselves.


verification principle

verifiability principle
verifiability principle#English

(philosophy) Synonym of verifiability principle


verifiability principle

Coined by the philosopher Alfred Jules Ayer circa 1936.

It is generally agreed among most advocates of the Verifiability Principle that analytic and empirical statements exhaust the class of cognitively meaningful statements.

1962, Marvin Zimmerman, “The Status of the Verifiability Principle”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 22, number 3, page 334:

Carnap, for example, invoked the verifiability principle to argue that the problem of the external world was a 'pseudo-problem'—for neither the proposition 'there is an external world' nor its negation is verifiable in experience, so both are meaningless.

2001, Samir Okasha, “Verificationism, Realism and Scepticism”, in Erkenntnis, volume 55, number 3, page 376:

(philosophy) The principle, especially in 20th-century empiricism, that a statement has meaning if, and only if, either it can be verified by means of empirical observations or it is logically true by definition.


nonbelief

nonbelief (countable and uncountable, plural nonbeliefs)

But of course, heresy and nonbelief are hardly comparable crimes.

1988 January 15, Name withheld, “Movie Politics”, in Chicago Reader:

(religion, philosophy) Failure to believe; lack of belief.


argument form

(logic) The result of replacing parts of an argument with letters, leaving only logic words such as "if" and "for all" unreplaced.


ecosophy

ecosophy (countable and uncountable, plural ecosophies)

Blend of ecology + philosophy, coined by Félix Guattari and Arne Næss.

[…] ecosophy argues that an individual should act in such a way as to “do as little harm as possible.” The “oath” of those committed to ecosophy closely parallels that of medical doctors: Above all else do no harm.

1996, Donald T. Wells, Environmental Policy: A Global Perspective for the Twenty-first Century, →ISBN:

His ideas on ecology and ecosophy were developed in numerous books and articles, notably “Freedom, Emotion and Self-Subsistence” (1975), “Ecology, Community and Lifestyle” (1989) and “Life’s Philosophy: Reason and Feeling in a Deeper World” (2002).

2009 January 15, William Grimes, “Arne Naess, Norwegian Philosopher, Dies at 96”, in New York Times:

Ecological philosophy, particularly of the type associated with the deep ecology movement.


mechanist

The economic spirit of a people cannot be manipulated in as simple-minded a fashion as the Keynesian mechanists imagine.

2009 January 16, David Brooks, “An Economy of Faith and Trust”, in New York Times:

(philosophy) A person who takes a mechanical view; someone who subscribes to mechanism.


relatum

From Latin relatum, neuter past participle of referre.

And with respect to secondary processes, whether a PDT becomes an ADT will vary according to both the ADTs a person has acquired through primary acquisition processes (for this determines which objects can be the relata in the relational properties) and according to the individual’s experiential and epistemic history with respect to disgust elicitors.

2003, Christopher Knapp, “De-moralizing Disgustingness”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LXVI, № 2, page 265:

For according to the externalist, the opposing view rests on the idea that “being conscious of” is a genuine relation, that is, a relation whose obtaining entails the existence of its relata.

2007 July 12, Harold Langsam, “Rationality, Justification, and the Internalism/Externalism Debate”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 1, →DOI:

However we understand the defect, most divine determinists will likely wish to say that the relation of inconformity between act and law obtains (when it does obtain) merely in virtue of the intrinsic natures of the relata. In other words, the relation of inconformity follows merely upon the nonrelational characteristics of the relata.

2019, Peter Furlong, The Challenges of Divine Determinism: A Philosophical Analysis, page 94:

(logic, philosophy) A term that is related to the referent.


concretum

There are quite familiar and truly outstanding liabilities—ontological, epistemological, and phenomenological—associated with saying that merely intentional objects are abstracta, or mental concreta, or non-existent non-mental concreta.

2008 August 5, Uriah Kriegel, “The dispensability of (merely) intentional objects”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 141, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) Something that is concrete, rather than abstract.


Aristotelianism

(philosophy) The philosophical system of Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE) and his followers.


felicific calculus

Widely attributed to British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), but apparently used only by his successors.

Bentham's way of becoming the Newton of the moral world was to develop the "felicific calculus."

1918, Wesley C. Mitchell, “Bentham's Felicific Calculus”, in Political Science Quarterly, volume 33, number 2, page 164:

cost-benefit analysis
cost-benefit analysis

(historical, philosophy, economics) A quasi-mathematical technique proposed by 19th-century utilitarian ethical theorists for determining the net amount of happiness, pleasure, or utility resulting from an action, sometimes regarded as a precursor of cost-benefit analysis.


felicific

en-adj

felicific (comparative more felicific, superlative most felicific)

more felicific (comparative)
most felicific (superlative)

Has conduct worth in and for itself, or only as its consequences are felicific as regards the social welfare?

1895, John Grier Hibben, “Automatism in Morality”, in International Journal of Ethics, volume 5, number 4, page 467:

It is plain that for Jane Austen the settled habit of moral behavior was of far more importance than spontaneity of moral response, though that in turn was preferable to a calculated weighing of advantages, a point well illustrated when Elizabeth ironically advises Jane that if she is in doubt about whether she ought to accept Bingley she should decide the matter by striking a felicific balance.

1980, Philip Drew, “Jane Austen and Bishop Butler”, in Nineteenth-Century Fiction, volume 35, number 2, pages 141–142:

The Langham is proof of the felicific power of good architecture, the power to promote, both in its inhabitants and in passers-by, happiness.

2005 February 7, James Gardner, “Remembering a Great Institution”, in New York Sun, retrieved 2009-01-25:

(rare, chiefly philosophy) Of, pertaining to, or producing pleasure or happiness.


principle of substitutivity

indiscernibility of identicals
indiscernibility of identicals#English

(philosophy) Synonym of indiscernibility of identicals


Leibniz's law

identity of indiscernibles
identity of indiscernibles

(philosophy) The identity of indiscernibles.


identity of indiscernibles

(philosophy) The principle that, if two objects are indistinguishable from one another with respect to all of their properties, then they are identical.


substitutivity

One of the fundamental principles governing identity is that of substitutivity—or, as it might well be called, that of indiscernibility of identicals. It provides that, given a true statement of identity, one of its two terms may be substituted for the other in any true statement and the result will be true.

1943, Willard V. Quine, “Notes on Existence and Necessity”, in The Journal of Philosophy, volume 40, number 5, page 113:

(philosophy) A logical relationship in which two terms can be mutually substituted without affecting the truth value of any propositions in which the terms occur, thereby establishing that the terms are identical.


indiscernibility of identicals

For example, Levinson claims that a Stamitz symphony containing a "Manheim rocket"—a novel device in Stamitz's day—is an exciting musical work, but a work written today with the same sound structure would be funny rather than exciting. Since the Stamitz symphony and the (hypothetical) contemporary sound-identical work differ in properties, it follows from the indiscernibility of identicals that they are distinct musical works.

2004, Peter Alward, “The Spoken Work”, in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, volume 62, number 4, page 335:

(philosophy) The principle that if two objects are absolutely identical then they must be indistinguishable from one another with respect to all of their properties.


apriorism

en-noun

apriorism (countable and uncountable, plural apriorisms)

From a priori + -ism, after French apriorisme.

The linguistic apriorism of Chomsky has stimulated some psychologists to search for nonlinguistic roots of language development.

1982, Dan I Slobin, in Eric Wanner & Lila Gleitman, Language Acquisition, p. 128

What was needed for modern science to take shape was a renunciation of their bookish a priorism, with its Aristotelian notion that all things can be deduced by logical, abstract argument from (ultimately arbitrary) first principles.

2006, Philip Ball, The Devil's Doctor, Arrow, published 2007, page 51:

(philosophy) The idea that some knowledge of the physical world can be derived logically from general principles.

apriorismo

the idea that some knowledge of the physical world can be derived logically


Cartesian doubt

Cartesian doubt (countable and uncountable, plural Cartesian doubts)

(philosophy) The philosophical idea proposed by Descartes that the world outside the self is subject to uncertainty.


ephebophile

From Ancient Greek ἔφηβος (éphēbos, “adolescent”) + -phile.

der

According to the age of the attracting person homosexuals are divisible into ephebophiles (lovers of youths, 14-21), androphiles (grown men up to the period of old age), gerontophiles (lovers of the aged) and pedophiles (lovers of small boys). The two latter are not as conspicuous as the two former, which compromise 45 per cent of the whole. The corresponding divisions in women are parthenophiles (lovers of young women, virgins), gynecophiles (lovers of adult women), grasphiles (lovers of old women), and korophiles (lovers of undeveloped girls).

1914, State Hospital Bulletin, volume 7, pages 351-352:

The hebephile sees the female adolescent as having adult development but vulnerability. There may also be a sense of safety from rejection because the hebephile may have had actual or perceived poor sexual performance with adult partners. The ephebophile is even more likely to reflect the emphasis on youth in society; in this case, the gay culture's emphasis on youthful appearance.

1989 Intervention Strategies for Sexual Abuse page 94 (and also page 97 of Tough Customers: Counseling Unwilling Clients)

The term ephebophilia seems to have been coined by Magnus Hirschfeld in his Wesen der Liebe (1906), where he applied to sexually mature youths from puberty up to the age of 20; in his 1914 magnum opus, Die Homosexualitat des Mannes und des Weibes, Hirschfeld specified the range of love objects as from "the beginning to the completion of maturity, so approximately ages 14-21." The German research estimated that 45 of all homosexuals were ephebophiles. For women, he used the term "parthenophiles."

2016, Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, page 361:


interdefinable

(logic, philosophy) That can be defined in terms of each other.


supervenience

en-noun

supervenience (usually uncountable, plural superveniences)

(philosophy) The state or quality of being supervenient, of being in a dependency relationship such that an object with the supervened properties must also have the supervening properties.


externalist

en-adj

externalist (comparative more externalist, superlative most externalist)

more externalist (comparative)
most externalist (superlative)

One possible way out would be to appeal to some suitable form of externalist epistemology— based e.g. on facts about reliable empirical connections between the creatures’ responsive dispositions and the content of their experiences—to try to explain just how the content of perceptual experiences informs these subjects’ intentional behaviour.

2008 August 30, Josefa Toribio, “State Versus Content: The Unfair Trial of Perceptual Nonconceptualism”, in Erkenntnis, volume 69, number 3, →DOI:

(epistemology) Contending that there are non-internal factors which can affect the justificatory status of a belief


eliminativist

Option (ii) has two variants: (iia) conclude that the concepts conscious state and conscious creature fail to refer, adopting an eliminativist position; and (iib) claim that future, correct versions of the concepts will be vague.

2007 November 24, Michael V. Antony, “Are Our Concepts”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 239–263:

(philosophy) Supporting eliminativism, the materialist position which holds that folk psychology presents a false view of the mind


eliminativist

(philosophy) A supporter of eliminativism.


conventionalism

en-noun

conventionalism (usually uncountable, plural conventionalisms)

Skepticism arrives at conventionalism by way of the claims that the conditions on evidential support cannot be satisfied […] but that we must have beliefs in order to carry on.

2024 October 2, (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume 140, number 3, →DOI:

(uncountable, philosophy) The doctrine that logical or mathematical principles are simply the expression of conventions.


foundationalism

A radical denial of foundationalism is offered by social constructivism (Ernest 1998 ), an approach that many researchers in mathematics education embrace.

2008 March 21, Bernd Buldt, Benedikt Löwe, Thomas Müller, “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 3, →DOI:

(epistemology) The doctrine that beliefs derive justification from certain basic beliefs

fundamentalismi

the doctrine that beliefs derive justification from certain basic beliefs


mereological

/ˌmɪəɹiəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/

Join is a mereological relation which can be interpreted as union set-theoretically.

I think that theories like mereological nihilism are interesting in the way that epistemological skepticism is interesting, the main question for both being how do we avoid this?

2008 August 13, Jonathan Schaffer, “Truthmaker commitments”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 141, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy, logic) Of or pertaining to mereology, a collection of axiomatic first-order theories dealing with parts and their respective wholes.


communitarianism

communitarianism (countable and uncountable, plural communitarianisms)

[…] Tony Blair dallied with communitarianism in the mid-90s and was wont to quote the Quaker philosopher John Macmurray.

2009 February 9, Madeleine Bunting, “The maverick ideas of red Toryism could give Cameron a potent edge”, in The Guardian:

(ethics) The group of doctrines that oppose excessive individualism in favour of a more community-based approach

comunitarisme

doctrine opposing execessive individualism


internalist

en-adj

internalist (comparative more internalist, superlative most internalist)

more internalist (comparative)
most internalist (superlative)

For one thing, many people regard rationality as an epistemically internalist notion, whereas reliability is a paradigmatic example of an epistemically externalist notion.

2008 December 6, Sanford C. Goldberg, “Reliabilism in philosophy”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 142, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) Holding that a particular mental phenomenon, such as motivation or justification, has an internal rather than external basis


internalist

Perhaps I will appear presumptuous and misguided in claiming to explain the debate between internalists and externalists, for some would insist that there are a variety of related debates that get discussed under the heading of internalism and externalism.

2007 July 12, Harold Langsam, “Rationality, Justification, and the Internalism/Externalism Debate”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 1, →DOI:


poetics

Both significantly build on the poetics of death and dissolution that Black and Tan broached so powerfully[…].

1988 October 21, Jonathan Rosenbaum, “Bird Watching”, in Chicago Reader:

(philosophy, literature) The theory of poetry, or of literature in general.


indeterministic

For instance, suppose that one thinks that the world is indeterministic.

2007 November 21, Frank Arntzenius, “No Regrets, or: Edith Piaf Revamps Decision Theory”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 2, →DOI:

(philosophy) Not deterministic; containing randomness


reliabilism

en-noun

reliabilism (countable and uncountable, plural reliabilisms)

He now rejects reliabilism in favor of a socio-historical conception of knowledge.

2008 November 28, Albert Casullo, “Analyzing a priori knowledge”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 142, number 1, →DOI:

(epistemology) Any of a group of related doctrines holding that knowledge or justified belief must be the result of a reliable process


reliabilist

However, reliabilist accounts of a priori knowledge are paradigmatically naturalistic, and although they are psychologistic in the sense that they locate warrant within the psychological processes and methods that generate belief, if correct, they cannot be faulted for failing to establish the objectivity of their target beliefs: a belief is apriori-justified on a reliabilist account of justification just in case it is solely the result of a process that is, in fact, reliable and is indifferent to the particulars of experiential input.

2008 January 30, Lisa Warenski, “Naturalism, fallibilism, and the a priori”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 142, number 3, →DOI:

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to reliabilism


reliabilist

To be sure, most reliabilists don’t want to be too ambitious in what they include in their foundations.

2008 November 22, Richard Fumerton, “Luminous enough for a cognitive home”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 142, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) A person who supports the doctrine of reliabilism


sortal

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
John Locke

From sort + -al. Coined by John Locke in 1690 in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

But, it being evident that things are ranked under names into sorts or species, only as they agree to certain abstract ideas, to which we have annexed those names, the essence of each genus, or sort, comes to be nothing but that abstract idea which the general, or sortal (if I may have leave so to call it from sort, as I do general from genus), name stands for.

1690, John Locke, “Chapter III: Of General Terms”, in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book III:

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to a sort, or kind.

The possession of sortal concepts is a prerequisite for philosophers like Wiggins or Lowe in determining the nature and extent of our referential capacities.

2008 January 8, John E. Sarnecki, “Sortals for Dummies”, in Erkenntnis, volume 69, number 2, →DOI:

(philosophy) Having the character of a sortal.


sortal

And central to this notion is the distinction, among semantic types of g-words, between sortals on the one hand and non-sortal general-character-specifiers on the other

1974, P.F. Strawson, Subject and Predicate in Logic and Grammar, →ISBN, page 135:

(philosophy) A type of universal that defines a particular sort of object

Sortals in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


eliminativism

This ontology, however, leads to our second problem: the Overdetermination Argument (OA) for eliminativism.

2007 December 8, Patrick Toner, “Emergent substance”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 141, number 3, →DOI:

(philosophy) The materialist view that the majority of the mental states assumed by common sense like belief or sensation do not exist.


contextualism

contextualism (countable and uncountable, plural contextualisms)

If contextualism is true, then change ramifies through all the contextual connections.

2008 March 21, Brendan Larvor, “What can the Philosophy of Mathematics Learn from the History of Mathematics?”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 3, →DOI:

(philosophy) Any of a group of doctrines that stress the importance of context


foundationalist

So the foundationalist holds that both experiences and beliefs can justify beliefs, whereas the coherentist holds that only beliefs can justify beliefs.

(philosophy) A supporter of foundationalism, the doctrine that beliefs derive justification from certain basic beliefs


experimentalism

experimentalism (usually uncountable, plural experimentalisms)

Finally, I argued that moderate experimentalism and IAE can help resolve these different kinds of conflicts.

2007 August 8, S. Matthew Liao, “A defense of intuitions”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 140, number 2, →DOI:

(philosophy) An empirical or pragmatic approach which emphasizes the importance of experimentation


biconditional

Although (MR) is discussed here as simply (CP ), in actuality (MR) is a biconditional of which one part is (CP ).

2008 January 3, Anand Vaidya, “Modal Rationalism and Modal Monism”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 2, →DOI:

(logic) An "if and only if" conditional wherein the truth of each term depends on the truth of the other


abstractum

Borrowed from Latin abstractum, neuter of abstractus (“drawn away”). Doublet of abstract.

There are quite familiar and truly outstanding liabilities—ontological, epistemological, and phenomenological—associated with saying that merely intentional objects are abstracta, or mental concreta, or non-existent non-mental concreta.

2008 August 5, Uriah Kriegel, “The dispensability of (merely) intentional objects”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 141, number 1, →DOI:

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(philosophy, usually in the plural) Something which is abstract or exists abstractly.


Baconian

en-adj

Baconian (comparative more Baconian, superlative most Baconian)

more Baconian (comparative)
most Baconian (superlative)

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English statesman and polymath, or his writings.

baconovský

of or pertaining to Francis Bacon and his philosophical system


apriority

en-noun

apriority (countable and uncountable, plural apriorities)

The apriority is, however, not to be merely as a result of the fixing of the meaning of the term, such as when I dub my cat ‘Cat’ and then claim to know a priori that my cat is called ‘Cat’.

2008 April 5, Ásta Sveinsdóttir, “Essentiality conferred”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 140, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) The quality or state of being known a priori

先驗性

the quality or state of being known a priori


disjunctivism

(philosophy) A school of thought that rejects the existence of sense data in certain cases, believing that a hallucination differs from a veridical experience in that the latter is the experience of an actual external entity.


hyperrealist

(philosophy) One who subscribes to the idea of hyperreality.


ontosophy

(philosophy) A comprehensive explanation for being (in contrast to merely a description of being, or a reason for being).


disquotation

The universalist claims that ‘The Taj Mahal exists’ is true, so if she is right about what is true then ‘The Taj Mahal exists’ is true. By disquotation, then, the Taj Mahal exists.

2008 April 1, Ross P. Cameron, “Truthmakers and ontological commitment: or how to deal with complex objects and mathematical ontology without getting into trouble”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 140, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) The reversal of the process of quotation; turning a quoted utterance into an actual statement


fictionalist

Rather than being aimed at those who deny the existence of mathematical objects, the argument’s target is those who deny the objectivity of mathematics—in Putnam’s opinion, intuitionists and fictionalists.

2007 September 28, David Liggins, “Quine, Putnam, and the ‘Quine–Putnam’ Indispensability Argument”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) One who subscribes to fictionalism, the belief that certain concepts are simply convenient logical fictions


all's fair in love and war

Unpleasant behavior is acceptable during love and conflict.

كل شيء مباح في الحب والحرب

unpleasant behavior is acceptable during love or conflict

可以不择手段

zhǐyào mùdì zhèngdàng, kěyǐ bùzéshǒuduàn

sodassa ja rakkaudessa kaikki on sallittua

en amour comme à la guerre, tous les coups sont permis

in der Liebe und im Krieg ist alles erlaubt

with the right strategy you can wage war

כִּי בְתַחְבֻּלוֹת תַּעֲשֶׂה-לְּךָ מִלְחָמָה

恋愛と戦争では手段を選ばない

れんあいとせんそうではしゅだんをえらばない

in love and war you don't choose the means

mu mukwano ne mu lutalo byonna byejeerezebwa.

orang sedang bercinta, yang dibuat betul belaka

w miłości i na wojnie wszystko jest dozwolone

в любви́ и на войне́ все сре́дства хороши́

muḥabbat aur jang meṉ sab kuch jā'iz hai

مُحَبَّت اَوْر جَنگ میں سَب کُچھ جائز ہَے


pretheoretical

Let’s grant, as seems plausible, that […] knowledge of what it takes to be a T, according to our pretheoretical notion of Ts, has an important role to play in settling metaphysical disputes about the nature of Ts.

2008 April 23, J. L. Dowell, “Empirical metaphysics: the role of intuitions about possible cases in philosophy”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 140, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) Arising before any theoretical considerations


deconstructionist

en-adj

deconstructionist (comparative more deconstructionist, superlative most deconstructionist)

more deconstructionist (comparative)
most deconstructionist (superlative)

“[…] He says it's going to be a deconstructionist reading of the play. That doesn't worry me, of course, because I've done deconstruction; but Mummy and Daddy may not like it.”

2004, Alan Hollinghurst, chapter 5, in The Line of Beauty […], 1st US edition, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN:

Another way of circumventing — or, at least, limiting — this deconstructionist chitchat is by a de-neutered effort of will or an impeccable professional background outside the political arena altogether.

2007 August 26, Daphne Merkin, “The Politics of Appearance”, in New York Times:

(chiefly philosophy) Characteristic of, related to, or supporting deconstructionism


deconstructionist

(philosophy) A proponent of deconstructionism


indexicality

en-noun

indexicality (countable and uncountable, plural indexicalities)

The theories of Kripke ( 1980 ), Soames ( 2003 ), and the proposal of Devitt and Sterelny, among others, take a stand on how the indexicality of natural kind terms is implemented.

2007 May 31, Jussi Wiljami Jylkkä, “Theories of natural kind term reference and empirical psychology”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 139, number 2, →DOI:

(philosophy, linguistics) The quality or state of being indexical.


coherentist

en-adj

coherentist (comparative more coherentist, superlative most coherentist)

more coherentist (comparative)
most coherentist (superlative)

(philosophy) Of or supporting coherentism


coherentist

2007 July 12, Harold Langsam, “Rationality, Justification, and the Internalism/Externalism Debate”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) One who supports coherentism in terms of truth or justification


commutant

The basic mathematical entity to be used here in elucidating the different senses of superselection rules is a von Neumann algebra #x7B;#x5C;mathfrak#x7B;M

2008 September 27, John Earman, “Superselection Rules for Philosophers”, in Erkenntnis, volume 69, number 3, →DOI:

(algebra, logic) The subset of all elements of a semigroup that commute with the elements of a given subset


nonself

en-noun

nonself (countable and uncountable, plural nonselfs or nonselves)

In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

(philosophy, psychology) Any entity other than oneself.


counterevidence

counterevidence (countable and uncountable, plural counterevidences)

Having been strongly pressed to do so, I gave counter-evidence, and I believe, in the opinion of the Commission, demolished the Doctor a second time.

1838, David King, “Two lectures, in reply to the speeches of Dr. Chalmers on church extension”, in Hume Tracts, Glasgow: David Robertson, page 21:

As the alternative norms and counterevidences are uncovered, it is the evaluator's task to determine inconsistency, contradiction, and subterfuge, and then to render his own verdict.

1975, Edward Kelly, “Curriculum Evaluation and Literary Criticism: Comments on the Analogy”, in Curriculum Theory Network, volume 5, number 2, page 102:

People persevere in asserting all sorts of things in the face of apparent counterevidence.

2007, Daniel A. Weiskopf, “Patrolling the Mind’s Boundaries”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 2, page 273:

(philosophy, law, sciences) Evidence which tends to disprove a claim or hypothesis.


sensibilia

For in the past I have been aware of sensibilia; and I have sensed instances of sensibilia temporally related to one another.

1950, Winston H F Barnes, The Philosophical Predicament:

Russell also brought in the sense-data sensed by other persons and even unsensed sense-data, to which he gave the name of sensibilia.

1969, Alfred Jules Ayer, Metaphysics and Common Sense:

It is because their being as sensibilia does not depend upon their being intentional objects for anyone […]

1988, Ramon M Lemos, Metaphysical Investigations:

Among the things which human beings do are (a) think of sensibilia in their absence, (b) make mental or verbal pictures of sensibilia, […]

1989, Anthony John Patrick Kenny, The Metaphysics of Mind:

(philosophy) Things that can be sensed; stimuli.


animal welfare

The protection of animals' health with appropriate accommodation, nutrition and care.

The safeguarding of animals in a laboratory or similar environment with a code of practice, enforced by legislation or regulation.


base rate fallacy

base rate fallacy (plural base rate fallacies)

A common error in logical reasoning where an effect is attributed to an incorrect cause because the basic statistical ratios have not been taken into account.


possibilium

All mental reference that purports to refer to something does indeed succeed in effecting such reference, although it may be a merely-hypothetical something that is at issue, a possibilium that merely quasi-exists.

2003, Nicholas Rescher, Imagining Irreality: A Study of Unreal Possibilities, →ISBN, page 59:

Now, it is true that both counterfactuals and ability claims can be given analyses in terms of possibilia.

2008 April 9, Peter A. Graham, “A defense of local miracle compatibilism”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 140, number 1, →DOI:

Whereas, on the “multiverse” interpretation, Modal Realism acknowledges physical possibilities only--and worse, (assuming either axiom S5 or axiom B) each possibilium ends up as a necessary physical existent.

2011, T Parent, Modal Realism and the Meaning of 'Exist':

But here we face the particularity problem: that semantics seems to be ruled out by the seeming impossibility of specifying a unique possibilium, using either of the two recognised mechanisms underlying normal reference.

2012, J. Ross, The Semantics of Media, →ISBN, page 63:

An unrealized option is then a concrete possibilium, the realization it would have if it were realized. An unrealized event may be a possibilium realized in a nonactual possible world and having concrete features, such as a duration.

2015, Paul Weirich, Models of Decision-Making, →ISBN, page 215:


subpersonal

So there remains the problem of linking the intended whole-person disposition to a subpersonal disposition of a rather different kind.

2007 September 29, Toby Handfield, Alexander Bird, “Dispositions, rules, and finks”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 140, number 2, →DOI:

(philosophy) Of or pertaining to factors underlying the personal level of moral explanation, such as biological or chemical factors


subjectivist

en-adj

subjectivist (comparative more subjectivist, superlative most subjectivist)

more subjectivist (comparative)
most subjectivist (superlative)

When Martin rejects a foundationalist as well a subjectivist understanding of phenomenology (5f.), instead stressing phenomenology’s “characteristic concern” with “the structure of experience” (6), […].

2007 November 23, Günter Zöller, “Kant and the problem of existential judgment: critical comments on Wayne Martin’s Theories of Judgment”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 137, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) Regarding subjective experience as fundamental.


systematicity

en-noun

systematicity (countable and uncountable, plural systematicities)

The coincidence in modern tongues between harmony, as spoken of sounds, with any other concordance or systematicity— is one derived from ancient Greek sources and roots[…].

1845, J. L---y, “The Myths of 'Harmony'”, in The Musical World, page 291:

[…] but it is reasonable to see a certain amount of causal and functional integration as a hallmark of systematicity.

2007 March 6, Andrew Sneddon, “The depths and shallows of psychological externalism”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 138, number 3, →DOI:

At times there is consistency to Yule’s headword spelling (e.g. long-a /aː/ is rendered au except when word final, where it is rendered a), but there is also inconsistency (e.g. short-a /ʌ/ is sometimes rendered a and sometimes u). My analysis indicates the lack of any overarching systematicity.

2018, James Lambert, “Setting the Record Straight: An In-depth Examination of Hobson-Jobson”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 31, number 4, →DOI, page 491:

(now chiefly philosophy and linguistics) The state or quality of being systematic.


loli

From Japanese ロリ or a clipping of lolicon.

(fandom slang, chiefly anime and manga) A childlike female character, particularly in the lolicon genre.


expressivism

expressivism (usually uncountable, plural expressivisms)

It attempts to show that expressivism is superior to realism at explaining two key theses.

2007 February 7, Jeff Wisdom, “Base property exemplification and mixed worlds: remarks on the Shafer-Landau/Mabrito exchange”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 138, number 3, →DOI:

(philosophy, ethics) The doctrine that moral statements such as "this is wrong" express a moral evaluation rather than a statement of fact


evidentialist

en-adj

evidentialist (comparative more evidentialist, superlative most evidentialist)

more evidentialist (comparative)
most evidentialist (superlative)

An evidentialist variant would require the agent be responsive to a telling evidential basis for thinking that p obtains in contrast to the alternatives.

2008 November 22, David Henderson, “Motivated contextualism”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 142, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) Of or supporting evidentialism, the doctrine that evidence is of primary importance in questions of belief


evidentialist

(philosophy) One who supports or argues for evidentialism


conventionalist

conventionalist (comparative more conventionalist, superlative most conventionalist)

more conventionalist (comparative)
most conventionalist (superlative)

Minimal entities would thus be language-dependent in this conventionalist sense.

2008 August 12, Luca Moretti, “The ontological status of minimal entities”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 141, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) Of, pertaining to, or supporting conventionalism


conventionalist

(philosophy) A supporter or adherent of conventionalism.


countersurveillance

It says the cousins, both United States citizens, sought training in firearms and countersurveillance from a person with an American military background.

2007 February 22, Libby Sander, “2 Chicago Cousins Are Charged With Plotting Overseas Attacks”, in New York Times:


intersubjectively

en-adv

intersubjectively (comparative more intersubjectively, superlative most intersubjectively)

more intersubjectively (comparative)
most intersubjectively (superlative)

This brings us to the problem of names which are intersubjectively associated with certain characteristics (non-semantically so, of course).

2006 November 22, Arvid Båve, “A pragmatic defense of Millianism”, in Philosophical Studies, →DOI:

(philosophy) In an intersubjective way; between or among multiple subjects


fictionalism

en-noun

fictionalism (countable and uncountable, plural fictionalisms)

But it seems to me that modal fictionalism is also incredible: normally we do not think that there are countless theories and stories besides the ones we will ever tell, much less that they are infinitely complex and infinitely long and so that it would be humanly impossible to tell them.

2007 July 17, Chris John Daly, “Fictionalism and the attitudes”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 139, number 3, →DOI:

(philosophy) The doctrine that certain concepts are simply convenient fictions


compatibilist

en-adj

compatibilist (comparative more compatibilist, superlative most compatibilist)

more compatibilist (comparative)
most compatibilist (superlative)

Such a reply is not, however, in the spirit of the compatibilist strategy of interest here.

2007 September 29, Richard M. Glatz, “The (near) necessity of alternate possibilities for moral responsibility”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 139, number 2, →DOI:

(philosophy) Of, pertaining to or supporting compatibilism, the belief that free will and determinism are compatible ideas.


compatibilist

Moreover, suggestions that compatibilists can refute hard determinism on non-semantic grounds are misguided, building more into hard determinism than an adherent of this view needs to accept.

2009, Susan Pockett, William P. Banks, Shaun Gallagher, editors, Does Consciousness Cause Behavior?, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 128:

To which the compatibilists replied, This is still totally artificial—choosing when to leap into an abyss or whether to turn left or right in a driving simulator tells us nothing about our free will in choosing between, say, becoming a nudist versus a Buddhist, or becoming an algologist versus an allergologist.

2023, Robert M. Sapolsky, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

(philosophy) A supporter of compatibilism.


intensionally

en-adv

intensionally (comparative more intensionally, superlative most intensionally)

more intensionally (comparative)
most intensionally (superlative)

Indeed the whole point of Aristotle’s example of truth depending on being was that the truth of the proposition and the existence of the man are intensionally equivalent, yet there is an asymmetry of dependence.

2008 August 13, Jonathan Schaffer, “Truthmaker commitments”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 141, number 1, →DOI:

A term is treated either extensionally as a class of objects or intensionally as a set of properties. The ‘intent’ of the term ‘dog’ includes all the properties that are included in the intent of ‘mammal’. The intensional treatment of ‘dogs are mammals’ interprets this sentence as true because the semantic interpretation of the subject is a superset of the interpretation of the predicate. On the extensional treatment of the sentence, however, the sentence is true because the interpretation of the subject (the class of dogs) is a subset of the interpretation of the predicate (the set of mammals).

2011 July 20, Edwin Mares, “Propositional Function”, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved 2012-07-15:


dualist

She has a strictly dualist approach to morality.


dualist

The Manicheans were dualists.

Any person who supports dualism, the belief in absolute good and absolute evil.

Regarding the second option, suppose that a substance dualist who is also a theist accounts for the conceptual possibility of a mental difference by claiming that God decided to put a soul in one individual but not the other.

Any person who believes in or argues for the duality of something.


truthmaker

It is possible for two non-synonymous sentences to have the same truthmaker.

2008 August 27, Kevin Dewan, “Review of Heather Dyke, Metaphysics and the Representational Fallacy”, in Erkenntnis, volume 69, number 2, →DOI:

(philosophy) That entity in virtue of which a truthbearer is true.


inferentialist

en-adj

inferentialist (comparative more inferentialist, superlative most inferentialist)

more inferentialist (comparative)
most inferentialist (superlative)

From inferential + -ist. Coined by the philosopher Robert Brandom to describe his own theory, and since applied more widely.

This, I suggest, is why two-dimensionalism requires an inferentialist account of recognition.

2008 January 8, Markos Valaris, “Two-dimensionalism and the epistemology of recognition”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 142, number 3, →DOI:

(philosophy, semantics) Of, pertaining to or supporting a belief in the primary importance of inference to any account of meaning


particularism

en-noun

particularism (countable and uncountable, plural particularisms)

From particular + -ism, after French particularisme.

(Christianity, Judaism, theology) The principle that only certain people are chosen by God for salvation.


nominalistic

en-adj

nominalistic (comparative more nominalistic, superlative most nominalistic)

more nominalistic (comparative)
most nominalistic (superlative)

The debate over whether or not there are sets, or numbers, or other abstracta, shouldn’t be pursued by trying to work out whether talk of such things is paraphrasable away into a nominalistic language[…].

2008 April 1, Ross P. Cameron, “Truthmakers and ontological commitment: or how to deal with complex objects and mathematical ontology without getting into”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 140, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) Having a nominalist character


ostension

en-noun

ostension (countable and uncountable, plural ostensions)

Borrowed from Middle French ostension, in turn from Latin ostensiō, ostensiōnem.

And ostension is one perfectly familiar way of introducing a concept.

2008 November 22, Richard Fumerton, “Luminous enough for a cognitive home”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 142, number 1, →DOI:

(philosophy) The act of presenting an ostensive definition.


ontologist

On the other hand, nominalists and parsimonious ontologists who do not believe in the existence of properties, facts and abstract entities do stick to these colloquial usages of ‘property’ and ‘fact’ grounded in principles as platitudinous as [i]–[iii] without apparent problems.

(philosophy) A scholar or theorist of ontology, or an adherent of a particular ontological doctrine.


DDE

(ethics) Initialism of doctrine of double effect.


maieutic

en-adj

maieutic (comparative more maieutic, superlative most maieutic)

more maieutic (comparative)
most maieutic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek μαιευτικός (maieutikós, “obstetric”). The rhetorical sense comes from a passage in Plato's Theaetetus where Socrates likens his procedure to that of a midwife.

der

(philosophy) Of or related to the Socratic method.


object language

en-noun

object language (plural object languages)

Objektsprache

language speaking about objects rather than about language

(philosophy) A language or a part of a language that is used to speak about objects but not about sentences or propositions.


Presburger arithmetic

Introduced in 1929 by Mojżesz Presburger.

(logic) A set of axioms of first-order logic for the natural numbers specifying the operations of zero, successor, and addition, including a first-order schema of induction, without multiplication.

Mojżesz Presburger
Presburger arithmetic


Turing degree

(computer science, logic) A measure of the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the decision problem of whether a given set of natural numbers contains any given number.


Peano arithmetic

Peano arithmetic (countable and uncountable, plural Peano arithmetics)

Named after Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932).

named-after

(logic) A set of axioms of first-order logic for the natural numbers specifying the operations of zero, successor, addition and multiplication, including a first-order schema of induction.


investigable

en-adj

investigable (comparative more investigable, superlative most investigable)

more investigable (comparative)
most investigable (superlative)

Indeed it is only possible to learn any thing at all of these really curious and interesting aboriginal people, by cross-examining living men, and ascertaining what they remember to have heard their fathers or their grandfathers say. The period which goes back beyond this very brief depth of reliable and investigable tradition is an absolute blank.

1869, Dr. Mann, “Statistical Notes Regarding the Colony of Natal”, in Journal of the Statistical Society of London, volume 32, number 1, page 3:

This, of course, leaves aside those in value theory who maintain that values are not investigable by science.

1954, James Bates, “A Model for the Science of Decision”, in Philosophy of Science, volume 21, number 4, page 336:

The Paris population might hold bacteriological and epidemiological secrets, but to Yersin they were investigable and knowable ones.

2003, J. Andrew Mendelsohn, "The Microscopist of Modern Life," Osiris, 2nd series, vol. 18, p. 159

(chiefly philosophy and sciences) Capable of being investigated or studied.


mathematizable

mathematizable (comparative more mathematizable, superlative most mathematizable)

more mathematizable (comparative)
most mathematizable (superlative)

Formalism seeks to correct this deficiency by translating verbal texts into formal, mathematizable lexicons which are then manipulated into general propositions.

1979, Charles C. Lemert, “Language, Structure, and Measurement: Structuralist Semiotics and Sociology”, in The American Journal of Sociology, volume 84, number 4, page 944:

This gap was a challenge to develop mechanical, mathematizable, models of the particles and their interactions.

2009, Helen Longino, “Perilous thoughts: comment on van Fraassen”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 143, number 1, pages 25–32:

(chiefly philosophy and sciences) Capable of being analyzed or described using mathematical concepts or notation.

mathématisable

able to be transcribed in mathematical concepts


axiomatic system

en-noun

axiomatic system (plural axiomatic systems)

(logic) A set of axioms from which theorems can be derived.


intelligence agency

intelligence agency (plural intelligence agencies)

A mysterious maverick to say the least, the Illusive Man heads the Cerberus network. Dubbed "the illusive empire" by investigators, Cerberus is an allegedly untraceable syndicate of private intelligence agencies, biotics laboratories, engineering and scientific research teams, and lucrative front companies.

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Cerberus: The Illusive Man Codex entry:

A governmental agency that is tasked with information gathering (known in the context as "intelligence") for purposes of national security and defense.

intelligensiediens

governmental agency devoted to information gathering


expressivist

Since cognitivism is already a commitment of SEN, I see no harm in assuming it so long as we keep in mind that one possible lesson of MTE is that the content of moral predicates is [primarily] non-cognitive or expressivist.

2007 May 26, Michael Rubin, “Sound intuitions on Moral Twin Earth”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 139, number 3, →DOI:

(ethics) Pertaining to or advocating expressivism, the doctrine that the primary function of moral sentences and sensation sentences (like "I am in pain") is to express an evaluative attitude, rather than stating a fact


many-sorted logic

many-sorted logic (plural many-sorted logics)

(logic) A logic that directly supports classification of entities into disjunct sorts.


mathematical realism

(philosophy) A doctrine that mathematical entities such as numbers and triangles exist independently of the human mind.


propositional attitude

propositional attitude (plural propositional attitudes)

Of course, the problem applies not only to belief, but also to a host of other mental phenomena which may be called propositional attitudes: doubting, considering, desiring, etc. In all these cases it seems natural to express the phenomenon in the form "A doubts p," "A desires p," etc., which makes it appear as though we were dealing with a relation between a person and a proposition.

1922, Bertrand Russell, “Introduction”, in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus:

(philosophy) A relational mental state connecting a person to a proposition, such as believing that, desiring that, or hoping that.


poststructuralist

In reading Davis’s stories, therefore, we are likely to be reminded as much of the poststructuralist emphasis on language in the works of Blanchot as of the antinarrative impulse of French nouveau-Romanists like Butor.

2007 May 27, Siddhartha Deb, “Just So Stories”, in New York Times:

(philosophy) Of, pertaining to, or advocating post-structuralism


poststructuralist

(philosophy) An advocate of post-structuralism


reductivism

reductivism (countable and uncountable, plural reductivisms)

(philosophy of mind) The view that mental states can be reduced to physical phenomena.


arithmetic hierarchy

arithmetic hierarchy (plural arithmetic hierarchies)

arithmetical hierarchy
arithmetical hierarchy#English

(logic) Alternative form of arithmetical hierarchy


arithmetical set

arithmetical set (plural arithmetical sets)

(logic) A set of natural numbers that can be defined by a formula of first-order Peano arithmetic.


arithmetical hierarchy

arithmetical hierarchy (plural arithmetical hierarchies)

existential quantifier
existential quantifier

universal quantifier
universal quantifier

(logic) A hierarchy which classifies the complexity of first-order formulae (and sets defined by them) based on the number of alternations between series of unbounded existential quantifiers and universal quantifiers.


parthood

For describing changes in parthood relations over time some sort of temporal apparatus needs to be incorporated into the mereology.

2008 February 1, Maureen Donnelly, Thomas Bittner, “Summation relations and portions of stuff”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 143, number 2, →DOI, pages 167–185:

(philosophy) The relational quality of being a part.


sensualism

sensualism (countable and uncountable, plural sensualisms)

(ethics) The doctrine that gratification of the senses is the highest good.

1858, The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 2, No. 1, Gottfried Wilhem von Leibnitz,
He [Locke] repudiated any supposed dowry of original truths or innate or connate ideas, and endeavored to show how, by acting on the report of the senses and personal experience, the understanding arrives at all the ideas of which it is conscious. The mode of procedure in this case is empiricism; the result with Locke was sensualism,--more fully developed by Condillac, [18] in the next century.

For Sensualism the only source of human knowledge is sensation: everything reduces to transformed sensations.

1913, “Philosophy”, in Catholic Encyclopedia:

(epistemology) The doctrine that all knowledge not only originates in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies or relics of sensations; sensationalism.

сэнсуалізм

doctrine: everything reduces to transformed sensation


Gödel number

Named after Austrian mathematician and logician Kurt Gödel

named-after

(logic) A number uniquely assigned to each symbol, and to each well-formed formula of some formal language.


description logic

en-noun

description logic (plural description logics)

knowledge representation
knowledge representation

(logic) One of a family of knowledge representation languages which can be used to represent the concept definitions of an application domain (known as terminological knowledge) in a structured and formally well-understood way.


unimaginability

unimaginability (usually uncountable, plural unimaginabilities)

For such propositions unimaginability looks like a function of a kind of conceptual impossibility.

2008 January 11, Cain Samuel Todd, “Imaginability, morality, and fictional truth: dissolving the puzzle of ‘imaginative resistance’”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 143, number 2, →DOI, pages 187–211:

(philosophy) The quality of being unimaginable.


antimaterialism

(philosophy) Any belief system that opposes philosophical materialism.

antimaterialismo

any belief system that opposes philosophical materialism


assertable

(philosophy) Something that can be asserted.


non-rational

In the total artistic process the two phases—rational and non-rational, planful and inspirational—may be successive or simultaneous.

1959, Thomas Munro, “Art and Scientific Technology”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 19, number 3, page 400:

Holton, a Harvard physicist and science historian, introduces us to the two extremist factions he sees attacking science from both sides: the "new Dionysians" who would widen the spectrum of scientific knowledge to include nonrational experience and the "new Apollonians" who would restrict scientific investigation to dealing only with those questions that seem to guarantee rational solution from the outset.

1974 August 10, John Douglas, “Daedalus on the Challenges to Science”, in Science News, volume 106, number 6, page 92:

Although some nonrational elements may be inconsistent with legal ideals, others—emotions and intuitions of certain types, imagination, judgment, rhetorical persuasiveness (considered below)—are fully consistent with those ideals.

1996, Paul Gewirtz, “On ‘I Know It When I See It’”, in The Yale Law Journal, volume 105, number 4, page 1036:

(often philosophy) Not within the domain of what can be understood or analyzed by reason; outside the competence of the rules of reason.

arational

not within the domain of what can be understood or analyzed by reason


diaper lover

(sexuality, ABDL) A person who wears diapers for pleasure or a fetish rather than necessity.


arational

en-adj

arational (comparative more arational, superlative most arational)

more arational (comparative)
most arational (superlative)

If the end-product of a man's philosophizing about the nature of the cosmos is the ultimate, arational matter, this will affect his moral opinion of the cosmos.

1938, Marten Ten Hoor, “The Philistines over Philosophy,”, in The Journal of Philosophy, volume 35, number 20, page 542:

Scientific knowledge is conceptual, rational, and testable. Mystical knowledge is usually aconceptual, arational, and does not lend itself to interpersonal testing.

1974, Ervin Laszlo, “Why Should I Believe in Science?”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 34, number 4, page 484:

Regarded with the objectivity of hindsight, the illusion appears arational, almost fantastic: it would be like being able both to lie and to trust other people at the same time.

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 146:

On the first view, emotions are purely biological phenomena. . . . They are arational and amoral, like other natural bodily functions.

2001, Ronald De Sousa, “Moral Emotions,”, in Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, volume 4, number 2, page 109:

(chiefly philosophy) Not within the domain of what can be understood or analyzed by reason; not rational, outside the competence of the rules of reason.

arracional

that cannot be understood or analysed by reason


logicism

en-noun

logicism (countable and uncountable, plural logicisms)

(philosophy) The doctrine that mathematics is a branch of logic in that some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.


arationality

Croce's early treatise . . . was resolutely grounded in the identification of intuition and expression, of genius and taste, and in the amorality and arationality of all art.

1946, G. A. Borgese, “Literary Criticism in Italy during the Romantic Period,”, in Italica, volume 23, number 2, page 70:

Thus there appears to be very little doubt that arationality is one manifestation of stress which arises when goal-seeking man is confronted with conditions which becloud the outcome of his actions.

1962, L. S. Lewis, J. Lopreato, “Arationality, Ignorance, and Perceived Danger in Medical Practices,”, in American Sociological Review, volume 27, number 4, page 513:

This sort of view contrasts with a more ‘‘Humean’’ account that gives greater weight to the need for, to the relevance of, and to the fundamental arationality of desires. . . . [R]easons cannot by themselves provide adequate motivation for action.

2004, David Sosa, "A Big, Good Thing" (review of T.M. Scanlon's What We Owe to Each Other), Noûs, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 366

(philosophy, sciences) The state or characteristic of being arational, of being outside the domain of reason.

arracionalidade

the state or characteristic of being arational


bromance

bromance (countable and uncountable, plural bromances)

Blend of bro + romance. Coined by American editor Dave Carnie 1990s as part of an article for the skateboard magazine Big Brother to refer specifically to the sort of relationships that develop between skaters who spent a great deal of time together.

coinage

There is a bromance between Josh and David.

Bromance—Romance between bros. Example: ‘It looks like there's a bit of bromance between Ryan and Matt.’

2001 April, “WORD”, in TransWorld Surf, retrieved 2018-01-06, page 40:

The letter was pure puffery, probably written by some clerk in North Korea's agitprop bureau, but Trump loved it. This was the beginning of the Trump-Kim bromance.

2020 June 23, John Bolton, The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 96:

(informal) A close but non-sexual relationship between men.


organicism

en-noun

organicism (countable and uncountable, plural organicisms)

(philosophy) The treatment of society or the universe as if it were an organism.


arete

All arete is included in justice, Cyrnus.

1962, Lionel Ignacius Cusack Pearson, Popular Ethics in Ancient Greece, page 78 (translating a line from an old text)

(philosophy) The proper state or condition for a human.


complementary antonym

complementary antonym (plural complementary antonyms)

Complementary (also called contradictory) antonyms are those for which the assertion of one entails the negation of the other and vice versa, as in (17).
a. That integer is even. → That integer is not odd.
b. That integer is not odd. → That integer is even.

2010, M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning, page 120:

(linguistics, philosophy, semantics) One of a pair of words wherein affirmative use of one entails the negative of the other with no gradability.