AC

adenylyl cyclase
adenylyl cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenylyl cyclase.


PR

en-noun

PR (countable and uncountable, plural PRs)

progesterone receptor
progesterone receptor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of progesterone receptor.


ADH

ADH (countable and uncountable, plural ADHs)

antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of antidiuretic hormone.


BSA

(biochemistry) Initialism of bovine serum albumin.


mast

(bodybuilding slang) The anabolic steroid drostanolone propionate, also known as Masteron


adenine

adenine (countable and uncountable, plural adenines)

From German Adenin, from Ancient Greek ἀδήν (adḗn, “gland”). By surface analysis, aden- + -ine. It was named in 1885 by the German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, in reference to the pancreas (a specific gland) from which Kossel's sample had been extracted.

One of these labels is ethenoadenine, which is obtained by chemical modification of adenine.

2002, Nikolai L. Vekshin, Photonics of Biopolymers, page 115:

There are two genes in the adenine biosynthetic pathway of yeast (ADE1 and ADE2) that, apart from producing an absolute requirement for adenine when mutant, also produce a change in colony color.

2006, David Markie, “1: Markers, Selection, and Media in Yeast Artificial Chromosome Cloning”, in Alasdair MacKenzie, editor, YAC Protocols, 2nd edition, page 2:

The HCN pentamer, adenine (a constituent of DNA, RNA and many coenzymes), is one of the most abundant biochemical molecules.

2010, Debjani Roy, Rogué Schleyer, “6: Chemical Origin of Life: How do Five HCN Molecules Combine to form Adenine under Prebiotic and Interstellar Conditions”, in Chérif F. Matta, editor, Quantum Biochemistry, page 202:

(biochemistry, genetics) A base, C₅H₅N₅, found in certain glands and tissues, which pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


GABA

[Valium] was followed by many imitators, all sharing the same pharmacological mechanism, which is to enhance the actions of the key inhibitory brain chemical messenger GABA.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 58:

Its action as an inhibitor also distinguishes GABA from the “big three” amines—dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—which generally stimulate brain circuits.

2003, Samuel H. Barondes, chapter 4, in Better than Prozac, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 54:

gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-aminobutyric acid#English

(biochemistry) Acronym of gamma-aminobutyric acid.


-ase

Derived from ending of diastase; a libfix


enzyme

enzyme (countable and uncountable, plural enzymes)

From German Enzym, coined 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).

affix

en:proteinaceous or ribonucleic biocatalyst

(biochemistry) A biomolecule that catalyses a biological chemical reaction: either a globular protein with this function or an RNA molecule with this function.

Coordinate term: ribozyme

(strictly) The protein type specifically.

(Christianity) Leavened bread, as opposed to azyme.


prion

From Prion (former genus name), from Ancient Greek πρίων (príōn, “saw”).


hormone

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὁρμῶν (hormôn), present participle of ὁρμάω (hormáō, “to set in motion, to urge on”), from ὁρμή (hormḗ, “rapid motion forwards, onrush, onset, assault, impulse to do a thing, effort”).

hormon

synthetic compound with the same activity as a hormone

I'm going to be going to slightly higher doses of hormones soon.

hormone replacement therapy
hormone replacement therapy

(pharmacology) A synthetic compound with the same activity.

(LGBT, colloquial, usually in the plural) Sex hormones, as used in hormone replacement therapy for transgender or intersex people.


casein

en-noun

casein (countable and uncountable, plural caseins)

From French caséine, formed from Latin cāseus (“cheese”) + -ine.

It’s the clumping nature of the caseins that makes possible most thickened milk products, from yogurt to cheese. The whey proteins play a more minor role; they influence the texture of casein curds, and stabilize the milk foams on specialty coffees.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A protein present in both milk and in the seeds of leguminous plants


fibrin

fibrin (usually uncountable, plural fibrins)

From fibre + -in (“used to form chemical names of proteins, etc”).

suffix

A white, albuminous, fibrous substance, formed in the coagulation of the blood.

An elastic, insoluble, whitish protein produced by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen and forming an interlacing fibrous network in the coagulation of blood.

An albuminous body, resembling animal fibrin in composition, found in cereal grains and similar seeds; vegetable fibrin.


fibrin

en-verb

fibrin (third-person singular simple present fibrins, present participle fibrining, simple past and past participle fibrined)

fibrins (present singular third-person)
fibrining (participle present)
fibrined (participle past)
fibrined (past)

To apply fibrin sealant to a surgical site to either stop bleeding or for surgical flap closure.


niacin

in 1942 derived from nicotinic + acid + vitamin, chosen to dissociate it from nicotine, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins.

Mixing the alkali into the recipe in the right way chemically releases the otherwise unavailable niacin in the corn, which stops pellagra in its tracks, and allowed corn-based agricultural populations to grow and spread.

2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 7, in The Secret of Our Success […] , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A water-soluble vitamin, a component of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast, and dairy products; it is essential to metabolism.

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


hemoglobin

en-noun

hemoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural hemoglobins)

hēʹmōglōʹbĭn

hēʹməglōʹbĭn

Originally hematinoglobulin, from hematin (from Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma, “blood”) + -in) + -o- + globulin (from Latin globus (“ball, sphere”) + -in).

(American spelling) The iron-containing substance in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body; it consists of a protein (globulin), and haem (a porphyrin ring with an atom of iron at its centre).

հեմոգլոբին

the iron-containing substance in red blood cells that transports oxygen


GC

GC (countable and uncountable, plural GCs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of glucocorticoid.

guanylate cyclase
guanylate cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanylate cyclase.


dopamine

dopamine (countable and uncountable, plural dopamines)

“The short-term, dopamine-driven feedback loops that we have created are destroying how society works: no civil discourse, no cooperation, misinformation, mistruth. And it’s not an American problem. This is not about Russian ads. This is a global problem.”

2017 December 12, Amy B Wang, “Former Facebook VP says social media is destroying society with ‘dopamine-driven feedback loops’”, in Washington Post:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A monoamine C₈H₁₁NO₂ that is a decarboxylated form of dopa, present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including adrenalin.


keratin

keratin (countable and uncountable, plural keratins)

Borrowed from German Keratin, from Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -in.

(biochemistry) The protein of which hair and nails are composed.


permease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that transport membrane proteins.

permeaasi

enzyme that transports membrane proteins


androgen

(biochemistry, steroids) Any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. A male sex hormone such as testosterone or anabolic steroids.


vitamin

1920, originally vitamine (1912), from Latin vīta (“life”) (see vital) + amine (see amino acids). Vitamine coined by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk after the initial discovery of aberic acid (thiamine), when it was thought that all such nutrients would be amines. The term had become ubiquitous by the time it was discovered that vitamin C, among others, had no amine component. In 1920, British biochemist Jack Drummond proposed that the final -e be dropped to deemphasize the amine reference. The ending -in was acceptable because it was used for natural substances of undefined composition. Drummond also introduced the lettering system of nomenclature (Vitamin A, B, C, etc.) at this same time.

a food rich in vitamins

Any of a specific group of organic compounds essential in small quantities for healthy human growth, metabolism, development, and body function; found in minute amounts in plant and animal foods or sometimes produced synthetically; deficiencies of specific vitamins produce specific disorders.

vitaminë

organic compound essential to human health


glycoprotein

(biochemistry) A protein with covalently bonded carbohydrates.


heteroauxin

heteroauxin (countable and uncountable, plural heteroauxins)

A growth-promoting hormone, 3-indoleacetic acid, occurring in some plants.


oxygenase

From German Oxygenase, corresponding to oxygen + -ase.

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyses biochemical reactions with oxygen.


oxytocin

oxytocin (countable and uncountable, plural oxytocins)

From oxytocic, from Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús, “swift”) + τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”, from τίκτω (tíktō, “I give birth”)).

af

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τίκτω</i> (tíktō, “I give birth”)

Some women describe episodes of intense pleasure akin to orgasm during nursing. It would be interesting to know whether the release of oxytocin during suckling plays a role in this subjective feeling, as it may do in actual orgasm.

1994, Simon LeVay, The Sexual Brain, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 67:

MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, greatly increases feelings of empathy (and perhaps the actual capacity to perceive the emotions of others); one of the mechanisms (oxytocin release) is now becoming understood, […]

2011, Mark A.R. Kleiman et al., Drugs and Drug Policy, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

When human beings bond—by hugging, kissing, touching, having sex, eating together, giving massages, or even when singing together or speaking reassuring words—oxytocin brings us “in from the cold,” warming us—quite literally—as it redirects blood flow into hands, feet, chests and cheeks.

2012, Giles Slade, “World without oxytocin”, in Big Disconnect, Prometheus Books, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A hormone that stimulates contractions during labor, and then the production of milk; also plays a role in social bonding.


ricin

It had to be one of three things: A hoax. Or anthrax, which meant I’d have to go on Cipro for a month. Or if it was ricin, I was dead, so bye-bye.

2021 January 24, Donald G. McNeil Jr, “Fauci on What Working for Trump Was Really Like”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, toxicology) An extremely toxic lectin extracted from the castor bean.


actinidin

en-noun

actinidin (countable and uncountable, plural actinidins)

(biochemistry) A protein-digesting enzyme present in kiwi fruit. It is also an allergen.


yearning

yearning (countable and uncountable, plural yearnings)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From earlier yerning, from Middle English yernyng, erning, renning. From Old English rynning and gerunnen, geurnen (“run together, coagulated, curdled”), past participles of gerinnan, geirnan, respectively. Influenced by Middle English yern (“to (cause to) coagulate or curdle”), Old English iernan (“to run, flow”), metathesized forms derived from the same origin. From verbal prefix ge- + rinnan (“to run”). First element is from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, by”); second element is from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥-néw-ti, from *h₃er- (“to move”). Doublet of rennet, run.

m+

(Scotland, archaic) rennet (an enzyme to curdle milk in order to make cheese).


glutelin

A minor protein (along with gluten and gliadin) in wheat.


gliadin

en-noun

gliadin (countable and uncountable, plural gliadins)

Coordinate term: glutenin

Most of the gluten proteins, the gliadins and the glutenins, are around a thousand amino acids long. The gliadin chains fold onto themselves in a compact mass, and bond weakly with each other and with the glutenin proteins.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 10, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

A minor protein (along with gluten and glutelin) in wheat; it may cause a toxic reaction in some people.


maltase

maltase (countable and uncountable, plural maltases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose; often associated with amylase.

maltáza

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose


amylase

amylase (countable and uncountable, plural amylases)

egg yolk amylase

Egg yolks contain a starch-digesting enzyme, amylase, that is remarkably resistant to heat. Unless a starch-egg mix is brought to a full boil, the yolk amylase will survive, digest the starch, and turn the stiff cream into a pourable one.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 2, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of digestive enzymes, present in saliva and also contributed to the gut by the exocrine pancreas, that break down complex carbohydrates such as starch into simpler sugars such as glucose.

amilasa

enzyme, present in saliva, that breaks down carbohydrates such as starch


albumin

albumin (countable and uncountable, plural albumins)

Borrowed from French albumine, from Latin albumen. Compare albumen.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of monomeric proteins that are soluble in water, and are coagulated by heat; they occur in egg white, milk etc; they function as carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones and play a role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume.


/ˌtiː ˈθɹiː/

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of triiodothyronine.


CK

(biochemistry) Initialism of creatine kinase.


histaminase

We suggest, however, that the substance, or system, which produces a change in structure responsible for the loss of physiological activity of histamine be designated histaminase.

1930 December 4, C. H. Best, E. W. McHenry, “The inactivation of histamine”, in The Journal of Physiology:

(biochemistry) A widely occurring flavoprotein enzyme that oxidizes histamine and various diamines.


histamine

histamine (countable and uncountable, plural histamines)

Mellanby and Twort have isolated from the fæces a bacillus which is able to produce from one of the amino acids normally formed in digestion of proteins a highly active body, histamine.

1913 June 1, Henderson VE, “Res Judicatae: On the Colon and Ileocolotomy”, in The Canadian Medical Association Journal, volume 3, number 6, page 521:

The intake of food triggers a release of histamine, which activates the acid-secreting cells.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 46:

In a strongly ripened cheese, the casein proteins are broken down to amino acids, and the amino acids can be broken down into amines, small molecules that can serve as chemical signals in the human body. Histamine and tyramine are found in large quantities in Cheddar, blue, Swiss, and Dutch-style cheeses, and can cause a rise in blood pressure, headaches, and rashes in people who are especially sensitive to them.

(biochemistry) An amine, C₅H₉N₃, formed by decarboxylation of histidine, that causes dilatation of capillaries, contraction of smooth muscle, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion; it is released during allergic reactions.


vitamin C

The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid, a water-soluble nutrient essential for life, synthesized by most animals and plants but not humans, although used in our bodies for many purposes. It is plentiful in citrus fruits and many vegetables, and a deficiency causes scurvy.


ascorbic acid

(biochemistry) A white crystalline organic compound, C₆H₈O₆, found in citrus fruits and many vegetables; it is an antioxidant and an efficient scavenger of free radicals.

àcid ascòrbic

the white crystalline organic compound, C6H8O6


gibberellic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound, one of the gibberellins, obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, that functions as a growth hormone in plants.


gibberellin

gibberellin (countable and uncountable, plural gibberellins)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of diterpene plant growth hormones first isolated from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi.


indoleacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) an auxin plant hormone, synthesized in leaves, that stimulates growth, especially in the presence of ethylene


coenzyme A

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A coenzyme, formed from pantothenic acid and adenosine triphosphate, that is necessary for fatty acid synthesis and metabolism.


pantothenic acid

(biochemistry) A water-soluble antioxidant vitamin, 3-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido]propanoic acid needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; it is found in cereals, legumes, meat and other foods


adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) a nucleotide that is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions, in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and as a neurotransmitter recognised by purinergic receptors

アデノシン三リン酸

アデノシン三燐酸, アデノシンさんりんさん, adenoshin sanrinsan


transacetylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from one molecule to another. It is produced by the ‘a’ structural gene of the lac operon.


transaminase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination.

轉氨酶

biochemistry: any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination


coenzyme

(biochemistry) Any small molecule that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.


transcriptase

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to RNA.


reverse transcriptase

reverse transcriptase (plural reverse transcriptases)

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.


polymerase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the formation of polymers of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of RNA or DNA respectively as a template.

聚合酶

enzyme that catalyses the formation of polymers


transhydrogenase

(biochemistry) A mitochondrial enzyme that transports protons across a cell membrane.


transferase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a functional group, such as amine or phosphate from one molecule to another.

transferasa

enzyme which catalyses the transfer of a functional group


transposase

transposase (countable and uncountable, plural transposases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for the transposition of transposons


nicotinic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; together with nicotinamide is a part of the vitamin B complex


vitamin B complex

A group of water-soluble vitamins, once thought to be a single vitamin, occurring in yeast, liver, eggs etc.


folate

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A salt or ester of folic acid, especially one present in the vitamin B complex.


folic acid

From Latin folium (“leaf”), from its occurrence in leafy vegetables.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid, one of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction

azido foliko

vitamin B9, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid

folate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


oxaloacetic acid

One of the constituents of the citric acid cycle, formed by the oxidation of malic acid and via the transamination of aspartic acid; an intermediate in the synthesis of amino acids and the metabolism of carbohydrates


nitrogenase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, especially in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.


retinoic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) A derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of acne; it is essential for bone and tissue development.


Rho

(biochemistry) Any of a family of GTP-binding proteins


PK

PK (countable and uncountable, plural PKs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase.


E

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 誒／诶 (ê̄), from E ɛ⁵⁵.

A Tai-Chinese mixed language spoken primarily in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi, China; Kjang E.

誒話

a Tai-Chinese mixed language spoken primarily in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County


antidiuretic hormone

antidiuretic hormone (plural antidiuretic hormones)

(biochemistry) a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland


T

T (countable and uncountable, plural Ts)

(automotive) The Ford Motor Company's Model T automobile.

(rail transport, in multiple unit formations) Trailer car.

The symmetry of the negative Ts in II, III, and avF (210) may have that significance, or it may mean coronary insufficiency in a patient with an old infarct, or may be a stable part of an old lesion.

1999, Thomas M. Blake, Annotated Atlas of Electrocardiography: A Guide to Confident Interpretation, New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, →ISBN, page 63:

Mind your Bs and Ts'
The other prong comes in the form of “T” lymphocytes (which mature in the thymus). These recognise and kill infected body cells.

2020 May 2, “Leaving lockdown means understanding immune responses to the virus”, in The Economist:


invertase

invertase (usually uncountable, plural invertases)

The costs incurred for the processing of sucrose with invertase could be considerably reduced with the introduction of immobilised invertases, by adopting technology similar to that developed for glucose isomerase.

1995, L. F. J. Woods, S. J. Swinton, “8: Enzymes in the starch and sugar industries”, in Gregory A. Tucker, L.F.J. Woods, editors, Enzymes in Food Processing, page 257:

The disaccharide sucrose and the trisaccharide raffinose are both substrates of invertase. Invertase is encoded by the SUC genes from which six unlinked loci have been identified (SUC1-SUC5, SUC7), which are dipersed through the yeast genome (Lampen, 1968; Ouwehand and van Wijk, 1972; Ottolenghi, 1971).

1997, Karl-Dieter Entian, Hans-Joachim Schüller, “Chapter 13: Genetics of Di- and Trisaccharide Utilization”, in Friedrich K. Zimmermann, Karl-Dieter Entian, editors, Yeast Sugar Metabolism, page 226:

Up-regulation of these invertases is a common response to infection (Hall and Williams, 2000).

2004, J. S. C. Clark, P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, “The Compatible Interaction in Downy Mildew Infections”, in Peter Spencer-Phillips, Michael J. Jeger, editors, Advances in Downy Mildew Research, volume 2, page 18:

2013, Maria Kamiko Kadowaki, Rite de Cássia Garcia Simão, Jose Luís da Conceição Silva, Clarice Aoki Osaku, Luis Henrique Souza Guimarāes, 1: Biotechnical Advances in Fungal Invertases, Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli, Mahendra Rai (editors), Fungal Enzymes, page 14,
The methods used for the immobilization of fungal invertases include adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking and entrapment (Uzun et al. 2011).
Nelson and Griffin (1916) reported that invertase was the first enzyme to be immobilized, and it was bound on charcoal and aluminium hydroxide. Subsequently, mant fungal invertases have been immobilized onto a variety of media […] .

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose (invert sugar), used by bees to produce honey and in the food industry to soften chocolate.


ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone#English

(endocrinology, biochemistry) Initialism of adrenocorticotropic hormone.


urokinase

urokinase (countable and uncountable, plural urokinases)

deep vein thrombosis
deep vein thrombosis

(biochemistry) A protease, found in the urine, which converts plasminogen to plasmin, and is used in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.


TGIF

transforming growth interacting factor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of transforming growth interacting factor.


LHRH

luteinizing hormone
luteinizing hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.


DHT

DHT (countable and uncountable, plural DHTs)

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of dihydrotestosterone.


adaptive enzyme

adaptive enzyme (plural adaptive enzymes)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is present in the cell only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value.


neurotransmitter

Together with this is the influence of an infinite number of neurotransmitters, neurohormones, environmental hazards, and accidental programmings.

2016, David R. Hawkins, The Eye of the I: From Which Nothing is Hidden, page 142:

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons.

نَاقِل عَصَبِيّ

substance responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons

神経伝達物質

しんけいでんたつぶっしつ

нейромедіа́тор m (nejromediátor, literally “neuromediator”)


serotonin

serotonin (countable and uncountable, plural serotonins)

/ˌsɛɹəˈtəʊnɪn/

/ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/

(biochemistry) An indoleamine neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine, that is involved in depression, appetite, etc., and is crucial in maintaining a sense of well-being, security, etc.


testosterone

testosterone (countable and uncountable, plural testosterones)

From test(is) + -o- + -sterone (“steroid hormone”).

af

Mammalian testes contain almost no testosterone because it is sent out into the body as quickly as it is made.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 168:

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.


rennet

en-noun

rennet (countable and uncountable, plural rennets)

From Middle English renet, a variant of renelesse, renels, renlys, rendlys (“rennet”), from rennen (“to run”), from Old English rennan, from Proto-Germanic *rannijaną. Compare Middle Dutch rinsel, runsel (“rennet”), Middle English irennen (“to curdle; to run”), Old English ġerennan (“to coagulate”), German gerinnen (“to coagulate; congeal”).

cog

An enzyme used as the first step in making cheese, to curdle the milk and coagulate the casein in it, derived by soaking the fourth stomach of a milk-fed calf in brine.


MAO

monoamine oxidase
monoamine oxidase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of monoamine oxidase.


trypsin

en-noun

trypsin (countable and uncountable, plural trypsins)

From Ancient Greek τρῖψις (trîpsis, “rubbing”) + -in, since the substance was first found on rubbing down the pancreas with glycerine.

af

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds (a serine protease)


IF

en-noun

IF (countable and uncountable, plural IFs)

intermediate filament
intermediate filament#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of intermediate filament.


PKC

protein kinase C
protein kinase C#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase C.


zymase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the fermentation of simple carbohydrates to ethanol and carbon dioxide.


eicosanoid

From Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”) + -ane (“an alkane”) + -oic (“a carboxylic acid”) + -oid (“-like”).

af

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
epoxyeicosatrienoic acid

(organic chemistry) Any of a family of naturally-occurring substances derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids; they include the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids; they function as hormones.


actinomycin

en-noun

actinomycin (countable and uncountable, plural actinomycins)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of a class of toxic polypeptide antibiotics found in soil bacteria of genus Streptomyces.

اکتینومایسین

antibiotic found in bacteria of genus Streptomyces


polypeptide

(biochemistry) A small protein containing up to 100 amino acids; see also oligopeptide.

多肽

biochemistry: a small protein containing up to 100 amino acids


DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase (countable and uncountable, plural DNA polymerases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that assists DNA replication.


shikimic acid

(organic chemistry) A naturally occurring organic compound, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, extracted commercially from star anise; it is the base of very many natural products and is used in the production of the antiviral drug Tamiflu.


riboflavin

riboflavin (countable and uncountable, plural riboflavins)

(biochemistry) Yellow or orange-yellow water-soluble compound, a member of the vitamin B complex, that acts as a growth-promoting factor in humans and other animals.


hormonal

en-adj

hormonal (comparative more hormonal, superlative most hormonal)

more hormonal (comparative)
most hormonal (superlative)


metalloprotein

(biochemistry) a protein, such as haemoglobin or chlorophyll, that contains a metal atom as a cofactor

metalloproteiini

a protein that contains a metal atom as a cofactor


epinephrine

en-noun

epinephrine (countable and uncountable, plural epinephrines)

From Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + νεφρός (nephrós, “kidney”) + -ine.

At the ER, after deflating me with a cocktail of epinephrine, a steroid and an antihistamine, the doctors scolded me for not coming in more quickly: I could have died of asphyxiation.

2023 November 1, “‘We’re sedating women with self-care’: how we became obsessed with wellness”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, medicine) A catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter; as a hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress (when it stimulates the autonomic nervous system); as a neurotransmitter, synthesized from norepinephrine. It is also used as a medication.


adrenaline

adrenaline (usually uncountable, plural adrenalines)

→ Catalan: adrenalina

→ Dutch: adrenaline

→ French: adrénaline

→ Spanish: adrenalina

→ Swahili: adrenalini

/əˈdɹɛnəlɪn/

From adrenal + -ine, coined by Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi in 1901.

coin

(biochemistry) Epinephrine, the hormone and neurotransmitter.


merlin

Acronym of moesin-Ezrin-Radixin-like protein + -in (“protein”)

suffix

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">protein</i>

(biochemistry) A cytoskeletal protein active in the suppression of tumors.


chemokine

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of various chemotactic cytokines, produced during inflammation, that organize the leukocytes.


cytokine

/ˈsa͜ɪˌɾəˌka͜ɪn/

From cyto- + Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”).

der

Thus, in the case of viral infection, mechanisms of resistance would be threefold, namely, interferon production, the immune response, including both antibody and lymphokine production, and the generation of lymphokine-like substances by the infected cells themselves. These latter substances have been defined as cytokines.

1975 July 5, Bigazzi PE, Yoshida T, Ward PA, Cohen S., “Production of Lymphokine-Like Factors (Cytokines) by Simian Virus 40-Infected and Simian Virus 40-Transformed Cell”, in The American Journal of Pathology, volume 80, number 1, page 69:

A fundamental feature expressed by the vast majority of cytokines is a profound immunomodulatory activity.
Many cytokines, presently available in pure recombinant form, modify bone cell metabolism.

1991, Maxine Gowen, Cytokines and Bone Metabolism, page 26:

The cytokines are generally considered to be a group of peptides secreted by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, lymphocytes and T cells, although the same peptides may also be secreted by non-immune cells such as neurological tissues and adipocytes.

2012, Victor R. Preedy, Ross Hunter, editors, Preface: Cytokines, page v:

The cytokines provide a classic example of products of the immune system which alter brain and endocrine activities. A variety of cytokines, including interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α, have been traditionally associated with peripheral control of the immune system, inflammation, and acute phase response.

2013, Errol B. De Souza, editor, Preface: Neurobiology of Cytokines: Methods in Neurosciences, volume 16, page xiii:

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system.

細胞因子

any of various small regulatory proteins


œstrogen

(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative spelling of estrogen


estrogen

en-noun

estrogen (countable and uncountable, plural estrogens)

/ˈɛstɹəd͡ʒən/

/ˈiːstɹəd͡ʒən/

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroids that are secreted by the ovaries and function as female sex hormones.


gamma globulin

A class of proteins in the blood, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are antibodies.

A fraction of blood serum containing the most antibodies.


progesterone

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛstəɹəʊn/

/pɹoʊˈd͡ʒɛstəˌɹoʊn/

From pro- (“supporting”) + Latin gestāre (“to bear, to carry”) + -one (“a ketone”).

af

Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">gestāre</i>

(biochemistry, steroids, uncountable) A steroid hormone, secreted by the ovaries, whose function is to prepare the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and to maintain pregnancy.

(biochemistry, steroids, countable) A synthetic version of the compound, used in contraceptive pills and other pharmaceutical products.


norepinephrine

en-noun

norepinephrine (countable and uncountable, plural norepinephrines)

/ˌnɔːɹɛpɪˈnɛfɹɪn/

For quotations using this term, see Citations:norepinephrine.

(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter found in the locus coeruleus which is synthesized from dopamine.


noradrenergic

en-adj

noradrenergic (comparative more noradrenergic, superlative most noradrenergic)

more noradrenergic (comparative)
most noradrenergic (superlative)


noradrenaline

en-noun

noradrenaline (countable and uncountable, plural noradrenalines)

/nɔːɹəˈdɹɛnəlɪn/


adrenergic

en-adj

adrenergic (comparative more adrenergic, superlative most adrenergic)

more adrenergic (comparative)
most adrenergic (superlative)


tyrosinase

en-noun

tyrosinase (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosinases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to catechol oxidase, that catalyzes the production of phenolic pigments such as melanin.


vitamer

Any of a combination of substances that, together, function as a vitamin.

provitamine

combination of substances that function as a vitamin


immunoglobulin

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of the glycoproteins in blood serum that respond to invasion by foreign antigens and that protect the host by removing pathogens; an antibody.


gorgonin

(biochemistry) A complex protein frequently containing appreciable quantities of iodine and bromine that makes up the horny skeleton of typical gorgonians.

gorgonina

protein that makes up the skeleton of gorgonians


insulin

insulin (countable and uncountable, plural insulins)

From Latin īnsula (“island”) (named for the islets of Langerhans, where insulin is produced) + -in.

Coordinate term: glucagon

Ask a dozen persons to tell you what they know about insulin and you will get some surprising and contradictory an- swers. The truth is this: Insulin is not a cure for diabetes, but it is helping to prolong and gladden lives.

Nationally the average insulin price nearly tripled from 2002 through 2013, and prices have risen 10% or more a year since then, forcing many diabetics to ration their insulin.

2019, Associated Press, “Colorado law caps cost of insulin at $100 a month,” The Washington Times

en:endogenous hormone for glucose catabolism

A polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism (in various animals including humans).


xanthine oxidase

xanthine oxidase (plural xanthine oxidases)

(biochemistry) A crystallizable flavoprotein enzyme containing iron and molybdenum that promotes the oxidation especially of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid and of many aldehydes to carboxylic acids and that is obtained usually from milk or liver.


thrombin

thrombin (countable and uncountable, plural thrombins)

(biochemistry) An enzyme in blood that facilitates blood clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin (by means of ionized calcium).


adrenalin

adrenalin (usually uncountable, plural adrenalins)


lectin

From Latin lēctus (“chosen”) + -in. Coined by W.C. Boyd in 1954.

The result proved less about the safety of genetic engineering than it did about the safety of lectins – known animal poisons.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 252:

Soybeans are another excellent source of plant proteins but they are also on the list of high lectin foods. They are very important to vegans and vegetarians as they make it easy for them to get adequate proteins in their diet.

2018, Stanley Adamson, Lectin Free Handbook: The Essential Guide To The Lectin Diet Plus A 7-Day Lectin Avoidance Meal Plan And Recipes, PublishDrive:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that bind specific carbohydrates.


betanin

betanin (countable and uncountable, plural betanins)

(organic chemistry) A glycoside obtained from beetroot.

betanin

the glycoside also known as beetroot red


protamine

(biochemistry) Any of various strongly basic proteins of relatively low molecular weight that are rich in arginine and are found associated especially with DNA in place of histone in the sperm cells of various animals (such as fish).


thiamine

thiamine (usually uncountable, plural thiamines)

(biochemistry) One of the constituents of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast and bran, that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates.


melatonin

melatonin (usually uncountable, plural melatonins)

How exactly melatonin relates to sleep is still not understood.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 310:

A hormone, related to serotonin, that is secreted by the pineal gland, and stimulates colour change in the skin of reptiles, and is involved in the sleep/wake and reproductive cycles in mammals.

Any material similar in its chemistry and effect to the natural hormone.


androsterone

androsterone (countable and uncountable, plural androsterones)

(biochemistry, steroids) An androgenic hormone, excreted in the urine, somewhat less active than testosterone.


aldosterone

/ælˈdɒstəɹəʊn/

From aldo- (“related to aldehydes”) + -sterone, modelled on German Aldosteron; coined in the 1950s.

af

(biochemistry, steroids) A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body.


corticosterone

en-noun

corticosterone (countable and uncountable, plural corticosterones)

“The brain doesn’t get the rest it needs, resulting in a drop in executive function and accompanied by an increase in corticosterone levels.”

2022, Bonnie Garmus, Lessons in Chemistry, Penguin (2023), page 206:

(biochemistry, steroids) A corticosteroid hormone, produced in the adrenal glands, involved in metabolism.


theelin

The isolation of the crystalline hormone seems to justify the selection of a new name which should be reserved for the crystalline material and which in reality becomes the name of a new and probably hitherto unknown chemical substance. Accordingly, we suggest the term “theelin.“ This word is derived from the Greek word “theelus” used both adjectively and nominally to signify “female.”

1930 June, CD Veler, “The preparation of the crystalline follicular ovarian hormone: Theelin”, in Journal of Biological Chemistry, page 357:

(biochemistry, steroids) The steroid hormone estrone.


estrone

estrone (countable and uncountable, plural estrones)

(American spelling, biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A natural estrogenic hormone that is a ketone C₁₈H₂₂O₂ found in the body chiefly as a metabolite of and less potent than estradiol, that is also secreted especially by the ovaries, and that is used to treat various conditions (such as ovarian failure and menopausal symptoms) relating to estrogen deficiency.


deoxycorticosterone

deoxycorticosterone (countable and uncountable, plural deoxycorticosterones)

deoxycorticosterones (plural)
DOC (abbreviation)

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone, produced in the adrenal cortex; sometimes manufactured synthetically for use in cases of adrenal insufficiency.


corticosteroid

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in a large range of physiological systems.


cortisone

cortisone (countable and uncountable, plural cortisones)

(biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A corticosteroid hormone, closely related to corticosterone, produced by the adrenal cortex. One of the glucocorticoids, it is also made synthetically for use as an anti-inflammatory and antiallergy agent. 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone, with formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.


ribonuclease

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid.

ribonucléase

enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid


glucocorticoid

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties.


cortisol

cortisol (countable and uncountable, plural cortisols)

(biochemistry, steroids) A glucocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that mediates various metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis), has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, and whose levels in the blood may become elevated in response to physical or psychological stress. When used medicinally it is known as hydrocortisone.


acetylcholinesterase

acetylcholinesterase (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholinesterases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.


acetylcholine

acetylcholine (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholines)

Acetylcholine build-up in the body can be toxic.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 11:

(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter in humans and other animals. It is an ester of acetic acid and choline with chemical formula CH₃COOCH₂CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₃.


tocopherol

From Ancient Greek τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”) + φέρειν (phérein, “to bear or carry”) + -ol.

compound

(biochemistry) Any of several isomers of the principal component of vitamin E, each containing a chromanol ring and an isoprene side-chain.

E308 and E309 when used as an antioxidant


hydrolase

→ Polish: hydrolaza

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a substrate.


pyridoxine

en-noun

pyridoxine (countable and uncountable, plural pyridoxines)

/ˌpɪɹɪˈdɒksɪn/

(biochemistry) A derivative of pyridine, 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, found in fish, liver, cereals and yeast, and essential for the metabolism of amino acids and starch.


monoamine oxidase

monoamine oxidase (plural monoamine oxidases)

monoamine oxidases (plural)
as MAO (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes, found in the outer membrane of mitochondria, that degrade biogenic amines and are thus responsible for the destruction of transmitter substances at neuronal synapses.

monoaminooxidasa

biochemistry: enzyme that degrades biogenic amines


oxidase

From oxide + -ase introduced by Gabriel Bertrand.

The effects of hemoglobin in anemia and chlorosis, and even in tuberculosis, are due to its triple action; it acts opotherapeutically, through the blood oxydases, which it contains when properly prepared.

1915, “Hemoglobin in Anemia”, in American Medicine, volume 21, page 22:

(biochemistry) Any of many enzymes which catalyze oxidation reactions, especially ones using molecular oxygen.


nicotinamide

nicotinamide (countable and uncountable, plural nicotinamides)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The amide of nicotinic acid (or niacin).


TPN

triphosphopyridine nucleotide
triphosphopyridine nucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of triphosphopyridine nucleotide.


NADP

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.


DPN

DPN (countable and uncountable, plural DPNs)

diphosphopyridine nucleotide
diphosphopyridine nucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of diphosphopyridine nucleotide.


NAD

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (uncountable)

The treatment in mice involved boosting their levels of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) – a natural protein that already controls DNA repair in our body.

2017 March 24, Tom Bawden, Not getting any older may be possibility after key discovery, in the i, № 1,975, page 15/5:

(biochemistry) An organic coenzyme involved in biological oxidation and reduction reactions.


diphosphopyridine nucleotide

diphosphopyridine nucleotide (plural diphosphopyridine nucleotides)

diphosphopyridine nucleotides (plural)
as DPN (abbreviation)

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide


triphosphopyridine nucleotide

triphosphopyridine nucleotide (plural triphosphopyridine nucleotides)

triphosphopyridine nucleotides (plural)
as TPN (abbreviation)

nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide


nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide

nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide (uncountable)


spongin

A horny, sulfur-containing protein, related to keratin, that forms the skeletal structure of certain classes of sponges. A proteinaceous compound of which the spicules in Demospongiae are composed.


isoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different structures and physical, biochemical and immunological properties.


metalloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that contains a metal atom which is essential for its biological activity


pepsin

pepsin (countable and uncountable, plural pepsins)

From German Pepsin, corresponding to Ancient Greek πέψις (pépsis, “digestion”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that chemically digests, or breaks down, proteins into shorter chains of amino acids.


oxidoreductase

From its morphology, oxido- + reductase.

It remains to be seen whether oxidoreductase deficiency is a significant cause of non-syndromic ambiguous genitalia in newborn females and undermasculinized males of unknown diagnosis as assessed by urinary steroid analyses.

2011, Charles G. D. Brook, Peter Clayton, Rosalind Brown, Brook's Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, page 196:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.


PAH

phenylalanine hydroxylase
phenylalanine hydroxylase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of phenylalanine hydroxylase.


dinitrogenase reductase

(biochemistry) One of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dinitrogen reductase

dinitrogenase reductase
dinitrogenase reductase


dinitrogenase

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dioxygenase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dioxygenation reactions


anabolic steroid

en-noun

anabolic steroid (plural anabolic steroids)

(biochemistry, steroids) A class of steroid hormones that promote growth of tissue.

“anabole Steroide”)

anaboles Steroid n (often referred to in plural

anabol steroid

often referred to in plural: “anabola steroider”


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (uncountable)

(biochemistry) The phosphate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme important in fatty acid synthesis.


phospholipase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphate ester bonds of phospholipids.


auxin

auxin (countable and uncountable, plural auxins)

From Ancient Greek αὐξάνειν (auxánein, “to grow”).

der

(botany, biochemistry) A class of plant growth substance (often called phytohormones or plant hormones) which play an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant life cycle.


phosphatase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze phosphate esters, and are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and phospholipids, and in the formation of bone.

磷酸酶

an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate esters


TR

thioredoxin reductase
w:thioredoxin reductase

(biochemistry) Initialism of thioredoxin reductase.


papain

Attested since the late 1800s. From papaya + -in.

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme in papaya fruit which can be used to tenderize meat.


GHB

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) Initialism of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, often used as a date rape drug.


vitamin A acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) Synonym of retinoic acid


vitamin B

(biochemistry) Any member of the vitamin B complex.


retinol

en-noun

retinol (countable and uncountable, plural retinols)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A fat-soluble carotenoid vitamin (vitamin A), present in fish oils and green vegetables, essential to normal vision and to bone development.


vitamin A

(biochemistry) Any of several closely related fat-soluble vitamins that are essential for normal vision; retinol.

فِيتَامِين أَلِف

any fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision


vitamin B6

Synonym of pyridoxine (or pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine)


vitamin B3

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) niacin


cyanocobalamin

cyanocobalamin (usually uncountable, plural cyanocobalamins)

The cyanocobalamin molecule contains the element cobalt (Co). Cattle and sheep grazing areas deficient in this element develop vitamin B12 deficiency, as the rumen microorganisms are then unable to manufacture the vitamin.

2013, David Frape, Equine Nutrition and Feeding, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A synthetic form of vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).


vitamin B12

(biochemistry) The compound cobalamin or cyanocobalamin.


vitamin D4

(biochemistry) Dihydroergocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D2

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol or calciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D3

(biochemistry) Cholecalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D1

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol and lumisterol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D5

(biochemistry) Sitocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


biotin

biotin (countable and uncountable, plural biotins)

Borrowed from German Biotin, from Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos, “life”) + the suffix -in.

(biochemistry) A sulfur-containing member of the vitamin B complex, 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid, found in liver, egg yolk, milk, and yeast, essential to the activity of multiple enzyme systems.


vitamin F

essential fatty acid
essential fatty acid

F-vítamín

An early name for the essential fatty acids


vitaminize

en-verb

vitaminize (third-person singular simple present vitaminizes, present participle vitaminizing, simple past and past participle vitaminized)

vitaminizes (present singular third-person)
vitaminizing (participle present)
vitaminized (participle past)
vitaminized (past)

To add vitamins to a food product as a dietary supplement.


vitamin P

(slang, euphemistic) Prozac, an antidepressant.


vitamin K

Named similarly to the other vitamins, that are named after their order of discovery. This one was assigned its "K" from Danish koagulation by the Danish researcher Henrik Dam.

Any of several related fat-soluble vitamins, found in leafy green vegetables, essential for blood clotting.


vitamin E

1977-1980, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure
Put Vitamin E oil on scars, move wounded skin from side to side one minute per day to loosen scar tissue from muscle. Begin exercises to build pectorals again.

Any of several fat-soluble vitamins, found in plants, that act as antioxidants and are essential for reproduction; the tocopherols.


vitamin D

From vitamin + D (“4th letter”). From being the fourth vitamin discovered. Coined in 1922 by Elmer McCollum, who discovered the vitamin.

(biochemistry) Any of a number of fat-soluble vitamins, required for normal bone development and that prevents rickets; can be manufactured in the skin on exposure to sunlight.


laccase

Higushi (54) reported on mushroom phenol oxidase prepared by the method of Freudenberg and its use for oxidation of coniferyl alcohol and related compounds and demonstrated that the enzyme product was a mixture of tyrosinase and laccase.

1962, Forest Products Journal, volume 12, page 142:

(biochemistry) Any of several copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in plants and microorganisms.


protease

/ˈpɹəʊtɪeɪz/

As a matter of fact the casein protease digests boiled and coagulated serum far more easily than unboiled serum, as set forth by the following experiments.

1903 November 2, S. G. Hedin, “On the presence of a proteolytic enzyme in the normal serum of the ox”, in The Journal of Physiology, volume 30, number 2, page 195:

All were tested for their ability to clot milk and to hydrolyze denatured hemoglobin, egg albumin, protamine (salmon), histone (calf thymus), and benzoyl-l-arginineamide. In no case was any trace of protease activity detected.

1948 September 20, Margaret R. McDonald, “A method for the preparation of "protease-free" crystalline ribonuclease”, in Journal of General Physiology, volume 32, number 1, page 39:

For our purposes, it is sufficient to note that dysregulation of desquamatory protease activity in the SC is often involved in conditions of compromised skin barrier.

2015, Raja Sivamani, Jared R. Jagdeo, Peter Elsner, Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that cuts or cleaves proteins.

蛋白質分解酵素

たんぱくしつぶんかいこうそ


restriction enzyme

en-noun

restriction enzyme (plural restriction enzymes)

We now know of 400 different kinds of restriction enzymes, each of which recognises a different sequence of DNA letters and cuts there, like a pair of scissors that cuts the paper only where it finds the word ‘restriction’.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 244:

(genetics) An endonuclease that catalyzes double-strand cleavage of DNA containing a specific sequence.


sulphatase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of sulfatase


sulfatase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes, in animals and bacteria, which catalyze the hydrolysis of organic sulfates


exonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of enzymes which cleave single nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) chain.


exoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, generated by a cell, that functions outside of that cell.


endoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was generated.


exopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes which catalyze the removal of a single amino acid from the end of a polypeptide chain


endopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and elastase, which catalyze the splitting of polypeptide chains away from the ends


endonuclease

(biochemistry) Any enzyme which catalyzes the cleavage of nucleic acids so as to produce variously sized fragments.


somatostatin

somatostatin (countable and uncountable, plural somatostatins)

From Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) + statin.

(biochemistry) A cyclopeptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that inhibits the production of certain other hormones


photolyase

photolyase (countable and uncountable, plural photolyases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that repairs DNA that has been damaged by light.

fótaláis

an enzyme that repairs DNA that has been damaged by light


photophosphorylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is involved in the photosynthetic phosphorylation of ATP.


MMO

methane monooxygenase
methane monooxygenase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of methane monooxygenase.. See Methane monooxygenase.


nuclease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids.

核酸酶

any of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester


pendrin

pendrin (countable and uncountable, plural pendrins)

(biochemistry) A protein involved in the exchange of chloride and iodide ions across biological membranes.


leptin

leptin (countable and uncountable, plural leptins)

Ancient Greek λεπτός (leptós, “thin”) + -in

If we could control leptin, then presumably we could help people to control their weight.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 171:

That is because sleep affects two appetite-controlling hormones, leptin and ghrelin.

2022 February 26, Ruth Alexander, “The surprising links between what you eat and how well you sleep”, in BBC News, BBC, retrieved 2022-02-27:

(biochemistry) A protein hormone produced in adipose tissue; it plays a role in regulating appetite and metabolism.


mineralocorticoid

Severely undervirilized males may have normal mineralocorticoid activity; fully masculinized males may display salt loss.

2011, Christine A. Gleason, Sandra E. Juul, Avery's Diseases of the Newborn, page 1301:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism.

電解質コルチコイド

でんかいしつコルチコイド


progestagen

(biochemistry, steroids) The steroid hormone progesterone.

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a class of synthetic hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone (the only natural progestagen) and have antiestrogenic and antigonadotropic properties.


ergosterol

ergosterol (countable and uncountable, plural ergosterols)

Terbinafine has a unique mechanism of action among the antifugal agents (Petranyi et al, 1984; Balfour and Faulds, 1992), inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key sterol component in the plasma membrane of the fungal cell.

2003, Peter G. Pappas, “Terbinafine”, in William E. Dismukes, Peter G. Pappas, Jack D. Sobel, editors, Clinical Mycology, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 104:

(biochemistry, steroids, mycology) The steroid precursor of vitamin D₂. It is found in cell membranes of fungi, and is their functional equivalent of cholesterol. It is also found in the membranes of some protists.


coagulase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that induces coagulation

(biochemistry) Specifically, the enzyme produced by various Staphylococcus species that converts fibrinogen to fibrin


lactoflavin

lactoflavin (usually uncountable, plural lactoflavins)


ergocalciferol

ergocalciferol (countable and uncountable, plural ergocalciferols)

From ergo- + calciferol. The calciferous ergosterol.

Constituent of vitamin D₁ and vitamin D₂.


cholecalciferol

cholecalciferol (countable and uncountable, plural cholecalciferols)

From chole- + calciferol. The calciferous cholesterol.


sitocalciferol

From sito- + calciferol. The calciferous sitosterol.


calciferol

Coined in 1931 as a blend of calciferous + sterol (see quote below).

Owing to the exceptional difficulty of purification in the sterol group, we cannot yet be certain that this substance is a single compound, but we think the provisional adoption of a new name is justified, for the sake of convenience, and suggest “Calciferol” in view of the high antirachitic activity of the substance.

1931 June 1, T. C. Angus, F. A. Askew, R. B. Bourdillon, Hilda M. Bruce, Robert Kenneth Callow, Catherine Fischmann, J. St L. Philpot, T. A. Webster, “A crystalline antirachitic substance”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, volume 108, number 757, →DOI, page 340:


lactase

lactase (countable and uncountable, plural lactases)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A β-galactosidase enzyme that is involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers.


telomerase

(biochemistry, genetics) An enzyme in eukaryotic cells that adds a specific sequence of DNA to the telomeres of chromosomes after they divide; gives the chromosomes stability over time.


mutase

(biochemistry) An isomerase that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule


It is a tryptamine with a hydroxyl group attached to the carbon atom that is numbered as 5.


elastase

elastase (countable and uncountable, plural elastases)

An endopeptidase enzyme involved in the breakdown of elastin.


chymotrypsin

chymotrypsin (countable and uncountable, plural chymotrypsins)

(biochemistry) An endopeptidase enzyme that cleaves peptides at the carboxyl side of tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine amino acids.


elastin

elastin (countable and uncountable, plural elastins)

Our stomachs produce an enzyme specifically designed to break down elastin, a type of protein found in meat and nowhere else.

2006, Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma, The Penguin Press, →ISBN, page 289:

(biochemistry) A protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue, that has elastic properties.

élastine

protein with elastic properties, similar to collagen


catalase

catalase (countable and uncountable, plural catalases)

An enzyme found in the liver that catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

过氧化氢酶 (guòyǎnghuàqīng méi, literally “hydrogen peroxide enzyme”)


reductase

disulfide reduction by glutathione is a three-step process, the last of which is catalyzed by glutathione reductase

2008, Louis J. Casarett, Curtis D. Klaassen, Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons, McGraw-Hill Professional, page 187:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that chemically reduces its substrate.


catechol oxidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to tyrosinase, that catalyses the oxidation of phenols such as catechol.


peroxidase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that act on substrates such as hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides such as lipid peroxides.


diastase

From Ancient Greek διάστασις (diástasis, “separation”).

uder

(biochemistry) Any one of a group of enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of starch into maltose; mostly amylases (α-amylase and β-amylase).

diastaasi

enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose


proteid

When strong nitric acid is added to an aqueous solution of any of the proteids, a white precipitate forms, which turns yellow on heating the liquid.

1907, R. Douglas Bailey, The Brewer's Analyst, page 89:

1914, Eugene Christian, Encyclopedia of Diet: A Treatise on the Food Question, Digital Edition, unnumbered page,
The proteid substances in the body must be formed from proteids taken in the form of food, because only proteid foods contain the element nitrogen. All proteids contain nitrogen, but all nitrogen does not contain protein. All proteids, therefore, are nitrogenous compounds.

1996, Arnold Eiloart (translator and editor), M. Bircher-Benner, Food Science for All and a New Sunlight Theory of Nutrition, page 12,
It was in the forties of the last century that the great chemist, Justus Liebig, brought the chemistry of food up to this point. As he believed moreover that proteids provide not only the building-material of living substance, but also muscular power, he regarded it as a nourishing principle.


lipase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes which catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids.


kinase

From Ancient Greek κινεῖν (kineîn, “to move”) + -ase, a suffix forming enzyme names.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates), in a process termed phosphorylation.


globulin

en-noun

globulin (countable and uncountable, plural globulins)

The most effective approach to delaying and preventing recurrent HBV infection has been high dose immune globulin (anti-HBsIg) perioperatively and postoperatively (table 4).

1993 November 27, Teresa L. Wright, Johnson Y. N. Lau, “Clinical aspects of hepatitis B virus infection”, in The Lancet, volume 342, number 8883, →PMID, page 1342:

On the good news front, the guide reports that a new hepatitis A vaccine, which is now licensed in Europe, should be available in the United States sometime this year. It provides longer protection than the current recommended vaccine -- immune globulin (IG) -- against the hepatitis A virus, which means it does not have to be administered as frequently.

1994 March 20, James Yenckel, “Health in the Tropics”, in The Washington Post:

Even for the unprotected, those who are exposed can expect 90 percent effectiveness with a course of postexposure prophylaxis that includes hepatitis B immune globulin and initiation of hepatitis B vaccine.

2000, Kimbra Cutlip, “Preventing needlestick injuries in healthcare settings”, in Hospital Topics, volume 78, →PMID:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of simple proteins, soluble in water only in the presence of salts, that are coagulated by heat


ubiquitin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of small protein, or polypeptide, present in the cells of all eukaryotes, that play a part in modifying and degrading proteins.


thyrocalcitonin

thyrocalcitonin (countable and uncountable, plural thyrocalcitonins)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of calcitonin.


thyroxine

thyroxine (countable and uncountable, plural thyroxines)

From thyr- (“thyroid”) + ox- (“oxygen”) + -ine.

af

(biochemistry) A hormone (an iodine derivative of tyrosine), produced by the thyroid gland, that regulates cell metabolism and growth.


calcitonin

en-noun

calcitonin (countable and uncountable, plural calcitonins)

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that has the effect of lowering blood calcium.


rhomboid protease

rhomboid protease (plural rhomboid proteases)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that cleave proteins within biological membranes allowing release of effector domains from the membrane


hemagglutinin

hemagglutinin (countable and uncountable, plural hemagglutinins)

(biochemistry) An antigenic glycoprotein that causes agglutination of red blood cells


phosphoprotein

(biochemistry) any protein containing bound phosphate or complexed with a phospholipid


acrosin

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, found in the acrosome of spermatozoa, that enables penetration of the egg.


actin

actin (countable and uncountable, plural actins)

→ Spanish: actina

From Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktís, “ray”), based on the shape of the filament formed, + -in.

2012, Elaine N. Marieb & Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th ed., chapter 9 "Muscles and Muscle Tissue", page 281.
Actin has kidney-shaped polypeptide subunits, called globular actin or G actin, which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction.

(biochemistry, uncountable) A globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament).

(biochemistry, countable) One of the six isoforms of actin.


cytohesin

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of a family of proteins, abundant in cells of the immune system, that are regulatory factors in lymphocytes.


oxyntomodulin

oxyntomodulin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyntomodulins)

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone found to suppress appetite.


somatotrophin

somatotrophin (countable and uncountable, plural somatotrophins)


somatotropin

somatotropin (countable and uncountable, plural somatotropins)

(biology, medicine) Synonym of growth hormone


phytonadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Alternative form of phytomenadione.


phytomenadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A yellow oily naphthoquinone C₃₁H₄₆O₂ that is obtained especially from alfalfa, cabbage, spinach, and other leafy green vegetables or made synthetically and that has a fast, potent, and prolonged biological effect. It is essential for the blood-clotting process, effective orally, and useful especially in treating hypoprothrombinemia induced by anticoagulant drugs (trademark Mephyton).


phylloquinone

phylloquinone (countable and uncountable, plural phylloquinones)

From phyllo- (“leaf”) + (naphtho)quinone.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Synonym of phytomenadione.


menaquinone

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A pale yellow crystalline naphthoquinone C₄₁H₅₆O₂ that is obtained especially from putrefied fish meal and produced by bacteria in the large intestine and essential for the blood-clotting process. It is much more unsaturated than vitamin K₁ and slightly less active biologically, and is an isoprenoid derivative of menadione.


HGH

(medicine) Initialism of human growth hormone.


angiotensin

/ænd͡ʒɪəʊˈtɛnsɪn/

From angio- + (hyper)tens(ion) + -in. Compare also the morphologic parallels of vasopressin.

2001: In addition to stimulating the srteries to constrict, angiotensin also acts on the kidneys to suppress urine production, and acts on the brain to stimulate thirst and drinking behaviour. — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 43)

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptides that narrow blood vessels and thus regulate arterial pressure.

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2


GH

(medicine, biochemistry) Initialism of growth hormone.


growth hormone

growth hormone (countable and uncountable, plural growth hormones)

growth hormones (plural)
as: GH (abbreviation)

A polypeptide hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland in many animals including humans, that promotes growth and regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

(often, in context) The human homologue specifically: human growth hormone.

A synthetic substance that produces similar effects in the body:


haloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that is activated by a cofactor.


apoenzyme

(biochemistry) An inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor.

apoentsyymi

an inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor


proteorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins, found in marine bacteria, that are light-dependent proton pumps.


bacteriorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several related purple photosynthetic proteins, found in halobacteria, that act as proton pumps


plant hormone

(biochemistry) Any of many substances, produced by plants, that control or regulate their germination, growth, metabolism etc.


abscisic acid

(biochemistry) A terpenoid best known as a plant hormone that inhibits seed germination and was once thought to be important in abscission.


apoinducer

(biochemistry) A protein that binds to DNA to activate transcription, particularly in positive gene control mechanisms.


flavorubredoxin

(biochemistry) A flavoprotein that reduces nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N₂O) under anaerobic conditions. It is an oxygen sensitive nitric oxide reductase that contributes to resistance to nitrosative killing by macrophages.


pilus

Borrowed from Latin pilus (“hair”). Doublet of pile.

(biochemistry) A bacterial protein that has several biochemical functions


subtilase

subtilase (countable and uncountable, plural subtilases)

(biochemistry) A serine protease similar to subtilisin


subtilisin

subtilisin (countable and uncountable, plural subtilisins)

(biochemistry) A protease produced by soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus.


chymosin

chymosin (countable and uncountable, plural chymosins)

(biochemistry) The proteolytic enzyme rennin


Fromase

From French fromage (“cheese”) + -ase, coined as a trademark.

(biochemistry) A protease produced by the soil fungus Rhizomucor miehei, used as a vegetarian alternative to chymosin in the manufacture of some cheeses.


rennin

rennin (countable and uncountable, plural rennins)

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, obtained from the gastric juice of the abomasum of calves, used to coagulate milk and make cheese.


cyclase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the cyclization of a compound


prolactin

prolactin (usually uncountable, plural prolactins)

From pro- (from Ancient Greek πρό (pró, “before”)) + lact- (variation of lacto-, from Latin lac (“milk”)) + -in (modification of -ine).

af

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">πρό</i> (pró, “before”)

variation of lacto-, from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">lac</i> (“milk”)

Men get a dose of the hormone prolactin after orgasm and this acts as a sedative.

(biochemistry) A peptide gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland; it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation in females.


estradiol

en-noun

estradiol (countable and uncountable, plural estradiols)

/ˌɛ.stɹəˈdaɪˌɔl/

(American spelling, biochemistry, pharmacology) A natural estrogenic hormone that is a phenolic alcohol estra-1,3,5-triene-3,17-diol (C₁₈H₂₄O₂) secreted chiefly by the ovaries of all vertebrates, that is a major and the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens; the semisynthetic esterified compound is used medicinally to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer.


polygalacturonase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of polymeric galacturonic acids and similar carbohydrates.


pregnenolone

pregnenolone (usually uncountable, plural pregnenolones)

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid prohormone involved in the steroidogenesis of progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.


desoxycorticosterone

(biochemistry, steroids) US form of deoxycorticosterone.


(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative form of deoxycorticosterone.


prohormone

(biochemistry) A substance that is a precursor to a hormone, usually having minimal hormonal effect by itself


boldenone

(biochemistry, steroids) An anabolic steroid, 1-dehydrotestosterone, developed for veterinary use


boldenone undecylenate

(biochemistry, steroids) The undecylenate ester of the anabolic steroid boldenone, developed for veterinary use, mostly for treatment of horses.


progestogen

(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative spelling of progestagen


polypeptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of a polypeptide


polynucleotidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of polynucleotides to form oligonucleotides and eventually simple nucleotides.


phenethylamine

phenethylamine (countable and uncountable, plural phenethylamines)

(uncountable, organic chemistry, biochemistry) An aromatically substituted aliphatic amine, C₆H₅C₂H₄NH₂, which is a neurotransmitter in the brain; it has pharmacological properties similar to amphetamine.


cyclooxygenase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze a cyclooxygenation reaction, but especially the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (prostanoids); their inhibition is the mode of action of the NSAIDs aspirin and ibuprofen.


cyanocobalmin

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cyanocobalamin


cobalmin

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cobalamin


mucoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of a group of widely-distributed natural compounds that exist as complexes of proteins with mucopolysaccharides


glycosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups between biological molecules, especially during the biosynthesis of glycoproteins


gamma-hydroxybutyric acid

gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (plural gamma-hydroxybutyric acids)

gamma-hydroxybutyric acids (plural)
as: GHB (abbreviation)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) A naturally-occurring biochemical of uncertain function; sometimes used as a recreational drug


luciferase

Aptly enough, glowworms light up their underworld with a pair of chemicals that have a satanic etymology—luciferins and luciferases, after the Latin for “light bringer.”

2017 October 6, Ed Yong, “The Most Beautiful Death Trap”, in The Atlantic:

The novel coronavirus vaccine manufactured by Moderna does not contain luciferin, an organic compound involved in bioluminescence, or the enzyme luciferase, contrary to claims on social media.

2021 May 6, “Fact Check-Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine does not contain luciferin or luciferase”, in Reuters:

(biochemistry) Any one of a group of enzymes that produce bioluminescence by oxidizing luciferin.

luciferazo

biochemistry: any one of a group of enzymes that produce bioluminescence by oxidizing luciferin


deacetylase

(biochemistry) Any of several classes of enzyme that remove acetyl groups from proteins


histone deacetylase

histone deacetylase (plural histone deacetylases)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from lysine amino acids in proteins, especially the histone proteins of the nucleus


streptavidin

streptavidin (countable and uncountable, plural streptavidins)

(biochemistry) A tetrameric protein purified from Streptomyces avidinii that binds very tightly to the vitamin biotin


ligase

The glue is an enzyme called ligase, which stitches together loose sentences of DNA whenever it comes across them.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the binding of two molecules; synthetase.


transthyretin

transthyretin (countable and uncountable, plural transthyretins)

transthyretins (plural)
TTR (abbreviation)

From trans- (“denoting change or transfer”) + thyr(oxine) + ret(inol) + -in (“protein”).

af

(biochemistry) a protein found in human blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid that functions as a carrier of the thyroid hormone thyroxine and the retinol-binding protein


DNase

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of deoxyribonuclease.


deoxyribonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of DNA.


talin

Talin showed two isoforms in rohu, where as talin-1 and talin-2 in model vertebrates produces two talins through alternative mRNA splicing [75 ].

2015 July 6, “Construction, De-Novo Assembly and Analysis of Transcriptome for Identification of Reproduction-Related Genes and Pathways from Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytoskeletal proteins


topoisomerase

/ˌtɒpəʊˌaɪˈsɒməˌɹeɪs/

/ˌtɑpoʊˌaɪˈsɑməˌɹeɪs/

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that affect the topology of DNA, especially ones that relax supercoiling.


calmodulin

en-noun

calmodulin (countable and uncountable, plural calmodulins)

Two distinct anti-allergic drugs, amlexanox and cromolyn, bind to the same kinds of calcium binding proteins, except calmodulin, in bovine lung extract.

2006, Journal of the National Cancer Institute:

(biochemistry) A calcium-binding protein found in all nucleated cells


dismutase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dismutation reactions.

Dismutase

any of several enzymes that catalyze dismutation reactions


ceruloplasmin

ceruloplasmin (countable and uncountable, plural ceruloplasmins)

cerulo (derived from Latin caeruleus (“colored blue”)) + plasmin

(biochemistry) A blue metalloprotein that contains copper; it acts as a ferroxidase in association with transferrin.


dehydrogenase

This led to a search in the filtrate for a dehydrogenase which should activate lactate in preference to the other three substances.

1928, Marjory Stephenson, “On lactic dehydrogenase: A cell-free enzyme preparation obtained from bacteria”, in Biochemical Journal:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen (a proton) from biological compounds.


leukotriene

From leuko- + triene, coined by Swedish biochemist Bengt I. Samuelsson.

(organic chemistry) Any of several physiologically active lipids, related to the prostaglandins, that participate in allergic responses.

白三烯

any of several physiologically active lipids


jasmonic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) An oxylipin lipid, containing a cyclopentanone ring, related to the prostaglandins; its esters, the jasmonates, are responsible for the smell of jasmine and act as plant hormones


ferritin

From Latin ferrātus (“iron-bearing”) and -in.

Coordinate term: transferrin (key protein of extracellular iron transport)

(biochemistry) Any of a family of iron-carrying globular protein complexes consisting of 24 protein subunits; the key protein of intracellular iron storage.

ferritina

any of a family of iron-carrying globular protein complexes consisting of 24 protein subunits


gastrin

gastrin (countable and uncountable, plural gastrins)

(biochemistry) A hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach


adrenocorticotrophin

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone


secretin

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted by the duodenum, that serves to regulate its acidity


adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone (plural adrenocorticotropic hormones)

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that stimulates the secretion of other hormones


aromatase

aromatase (countable and uncountable, plural aromatases)

/əˈɹoʊ̯məteɪ̯s/

/əˈɹoʊ̯məteɪ̯z/

(biochemistry) An enzyme responsible for aromatization of androgen hormones into estrogens.


dehydroepiandrosterone

dehydroepiandrosterone (countable and uncountable, plural dehydroepiandrosterones)

(biochemistry) An androgen hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex; a synthetic version is used as a dietary supplement


galactosidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a galactoside


methylase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze methylation, especially of nucleic acids


cyclo-oxygenase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cyclooxygenase


gamma-aminobutyric acid

(biochemistry) An amino acid found in the nervous systems of vertebrates and acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Abbreviated as GABA.


betalain

Coined to describe the pigments as derivatives from betalamic acid, from Latin bēta (“beet”), + -in.

Among the angiosperms, betalains are known only in the Caryophyllales, although they also occur in some Basidiomycetes.

1981, Arthur Cronquist, An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants, page 237:

Neither the red betacyanins nor the other kind of betalain pigments, the yellow betaxanthins, are at all structurally related to the anthocyanins, and anthocyanins and betalains do not occur together in the same plant.

1992, Frank B. Salisbury, Cleon W. Ross, Plant Physiology, 4th edition, page 325:

2004 — Luisa Tesoriere, Mario Allegra, Daniela Butera, & Maria A. Livrea. "Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary anioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80: 941-945.
Betalains, known for a long time as safe colorants for food or other industrial purposes, are phytochemicals that were recently classified as antioxidants.

A class of red and yellow indole-derived water-soluble pigments found in beets and other plants of the Caryophyllales and used commercially as coloring agents.


exoribonuclease

(biochemistry) A ribonuclease that catalyzes the exonucleolytic cleavage of nucleotides from a ribonucleotide chain.


cathepsin

Borrowed from German Kathepsin, from Ancient Greek καθέψω (kathépsō), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἕψω (hépsō, “boil”).

affix

Grassmann and Dyckerhoff (1930) showed that cysteine and cyanide inhibited the action of ereptic aminopolyase, while they accelerated the action of proteases such as cathepsin.

1931, A Pirie, BE Holmes, “The cause of inactivation of the Rous sarcoma filtrate during incubation”, in British journal of experimental pathology:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteases primarily active within lysosomes.


neuropeptide

(biochemistry) Any of several peptides, such as endorphins, that function as neurotransmitters.

neuropèptid

peptide that function as a neurotransmitter


helicase

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for DNA unwinding.


caspase

Short for cysteine-aspartic acid protease.

(biochemistry) Any of several intracellular proteolytic enzymes that mediate apoptosis and pyroptosis.


harpin

(biochemistry) A protein produced by certain plant pathogens


selenoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of many proteins that include a selenocysteine or selenomethionine residue.


methyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes transmethylation


serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

en-noun

serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (uncountable)

(biochemistry) An enzyme found in heart and liver tissues.


aspartate transaminase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino groups between biologically active compounds, especially between aspartic acid and glutamic acid


clathrin

clathrin (countable and uncountable, plural clathrins)

(biochemistry) A fibrous protein that forms a polyhedral coat on the surface of the coated pits and vesicles of cells during endocytosis.


octopamine

From oct(opus) + -opamine (“dopaminergic agent, dopamine derivative”), because it was isolated from an octopus's salivary gland.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An aromatic amine, 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)phenol, related to noradrenaline, having similar characteristics to dopamine.


photoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins that generate light when oxidized, normally without the aid of an enzyme catalyst


connexin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins that assemble to form gap junctions in vertebrates.


cadherin

/kædˈhɪəɹɪn/

From calcium-dependent adhesion molecules + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins important in maintaining tissue structure.


segrosome

(biochemistry) A protein complex that functions during the segregation of plasmids or chromosomes during bacterial cell division


lactoprotein

(biochemistry) Any protein (such as casein) present in milk


sulphiredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant enzymes that work with peroxiredoxin


peroxiredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant enzymes that mediate signal transduction in mammalian cells.


thioredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant proteins that are found in all mammalian cells.


aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

en-noun

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (plural aminoacyl tRNA synthetases)

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the linkage of a tRNA molecule to an appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis.

Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase

any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the linkage of a tRNA molecule to an appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis


glomalin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein found in soil, important in the storage of carbon


spastin

spastin (countable and uncountable, plural spastins)

(biochemistry) A protein, related to katanin, mutations of which lead to spastic paraplegia


katanin

(biochemistry) A heterodimeric protein which functions to sever microtubules


deaminase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses deamination


actomyosin

actomyosin (countable and uncountable, plural actomyosins)

(biochemistry) A protein complex composed of actin and myosin, found in muscle fibres.

aktomiosina

a protein complex found in muscle fibres


hydrogenase

From hydrogen + -ase, after dehydrogenase.

It is clear from the experiments cited already that we are dealing with a bacterial enzyme comparable with the dehydrogenases, the substrate in this case being molecular hydrogen. […] In order to conform with the accepted terminology we suggest that this enzyme be called "hydrogenase."

1930, Marjory Stephenson, LH Stickland, “Hydrogenase: a bacterial enzyme activating molecular hydrogen”, in Biochemical Journal:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a substrate by the reversible oxidation of hydrogen.


smoothened

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Dan L. Lindsley
segment polarity gene

Ultimately the same as etymology 1. The gene encoding the protein was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster as a segment polarity gene and initially named smooth (smo) by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard et al. in 1984. This was later revised to smoothened by Dan L. Lindsley and Georgianna G. Zimm in 1992, because the former name already described another locus.

transmembrane protein
transmembrane protein

(biochemistry) A transmembrane protein belonging to the group of G protein-coupled receptors that is a key component of the hedgehog signaling pathway.


ceramidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that separates the two parts of ceramide.


vasopressin

vasopressin (countable and uncountable, plural vasopressins)

/ˌveɪzəʊˈpɹɛsɪn/

From vasopressor + -in, circa 1927; see details at vasopressor § Etymology.

(biochemistry) An antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

抗利尿激素

an antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland


beetroot red

(organic chemistry) A glycoside obtained from beets and used as a food dye, also known as betanin and E162.


aleurone

aleurone (countable and uncountable, plural aleurones)

/əˈl(j)ʊəɹəʊn/

1865/70; from Ancient Greek ἄλευρον (áleuron, “flour, meal”).

der

(biochemistry) The protein content of the embryo, endosperm, or perisperm of cereals, in the form of minute particles.

糊粉

protein content of the embryo, endosperm or perisperm of cereals


ornithine transcarbamylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine to form citrulline and phosphate.


ornithine carbamoyltransferase

ornithine transcarbamylase
ornithine transcarbamylase

(biochemistry) The enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase.


cellulase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the cellulolysis (or hydrolysis) of cellulose.


deformylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that removes the formyl group from some amino acids (especially from methionine).


apolipoprotein

(biochemistry) Any polypeptide or protein that can serve as an apoprotein by binding with a lipid to form a lipoprotein.


aminopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the peptide bond of the terminal amino acid at the amino end of a polypeptide or protein

aminopeptydaza

any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the peptide bond of the terminal amino acid


formyl methionine

(organic chemistry) The formylated form of the amino acid methionine; it initiates peptide synthesis in bacteria


proteinase

Thrombin is another endogenous serine proteinase that can be released from fibrin clot following gingival tissue injury or inflammation.

2017, E. S. Rovai, M. Holzhausen, “The Role of Proteinase-Activated Receptors 1 and 2 in the Regulation of Periodontal Tissue Metabolism and Disease”, in Journal of immunology research, →DOI:


metalloproteinase

(biochemistry) Any of several proteinases that have a metal atom (often zinc) at their active centre


sphingomyelinase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyzes the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in sphingomyelin


gelatinase

(biochemistry) Any of several proteolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of gelatin.


aprotinin

(biochemistry) A polypeptide, obtained from bovine lung tissue, that acts as a protease inhibitor, and is used in surgery to reduce bleeding

aprotiniini

protease inhibitor used in surgery to reduce bleeding


contactin

(biochemistry) Any of several glycoproteins active in cell adhesion.


galactosyltransferase

The gene is the recipe for galactosyl transferase, an enzyme, i.e. a protein with the ability to catalyse a chemical reaction.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 138:

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose entities.


calpain

(biochemistry) Any of a family of enzymes that regulate calcium in the body.


neurofascin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins involved in cell adhesion.


neuregulin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that have functions in the development of the nervous system.


neurexin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins found in nerve tissue


paranodin

(biochemistry) A transmembrane neuronal glycoprotein that has a role in cell adhesion


sulfotransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase enzyme that catalyses the transfer of sulfate groups


tetraspan

(biochemistry) Any of a family of membrane glycoproteins whose multimolecular complexes have four transmembrane domains


spectrin

en-noun

spectrin (countable and uncountable, plural spectrins)

(biochemistry) A contractile protein found on the surface of the membranes of blood cells


pteroylglutamic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, dated) folic acid, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction.


phosphodiesterase

(biochemistry) Any of a family of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of phosphodiester links in nucleic acids.


epidermin

(biochemistry) A protein related to fibrin.


acetylglucosaminyltransferase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that adds acetylglucosamine to heptose residues of bacterial cell walls


peptidoglycan

A polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls


cholinesterase

The little tablets she has to take inhibit cholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 11:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of choline-based esters (acetylcholine or butyrylcholine).


streptokinase

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An enzyme produced by some streptococci which is involved in breaking down red blood cells by activating plasminogen to produce plasmin. It is used to treat blood clots and inflammation.


ataxin

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins, found in several organs of the body, that have an association with ataxia


adenyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from or to adenyl groups in nucleic acids


lactamase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the opening of a lactam ring, especially one that deactivates a lactam-containing antibiotic


isocitric acid

(organic chemistry) An isomer of citric acid that is involved in the citric acid cycle


ephrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that are involved in cell signalling


parvin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins involved in actin binding.


catenin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that have a role in cell adhesion


estriol

estriol (countable and uncountable, plural estriols)

/ˈɛˌstɹaɪˌɔl/

(American spelling, biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A relatively weak natural estrogenic hormone that is a glycol C₁₈H₂₄O₃ found in the body chiefly as a metabolite of estradiol, is the main estrogen secreted by the placenta during pregnancy, and is the estrogen typically found in the urine of pregnant women.


amanitin

Amanita phalloides
Amanita phalloides#Translingual

Amanita virosa
Amanita virosa#Translingual

(biochemistry) A deadly amatoxin found in Amanita phalloides (the death cap), the four destroying angels (Amanita bisporigera, Amanita ocreata, Amanita verna, and Amanita virosa), and some other amanitas.


carboxyhemoglobin

carboxyhemoglobin (usually uncountable, plural carboxyhemoglobins)

(biochemistry) The stable complex of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin; it prevents the normal complexing with oxygen and thus leads to anoxia


hemeprotein

(biochemistry) Any conjugated protein containing heme as the prosthetic group.


monooxygenase

(biochemistry) Any oxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of a single atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate, the other atom being reduced to water; active in the metabolism of many foreign compounds


myoglobin

myoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural myoglobins)

(biochemistry) A small globular protein, containing a heme group, that carries oxygen to muscles.


dehydratase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the removal of the elements of water from a compound, often leaving a double bond.


hydratase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the addition or removal of the elements of water; a hydrase


transpeptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino or peptide group from one molecule to another


esterase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ester


peptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptides into amino acids; a protease.


cupin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins and enzymes that have a domain in the form of a small barrel


hydroxylase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of compounds by the introduction of hydroxyl groups.


melanopsin

A type of photopigment (an opsin) found in the retina; it is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell


carboxylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes either a carboxylation or decarboxylation reaction.

羧化酶

any enzyme that catalyzes either a carboxylation or decarboxylation reaction


elongase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of an aliphatic chain, but especially one that elongates a fatty acid


desaturase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of single to double bonds, especially in the production of essential fatty acids.


immunoglobin

(immunology, biochemistry) Any protein that functions as an antibody


immunoglobulin E

(immunology) A class of antibody (or immunoglobulin "isotype") found in mammals.


deadenylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes a deadenylation reaction


polyhedrin

(biochemistry) A protein that forms the crystalline matrix of viral polyhedral bodies


acyltransferase

/ˌeɪsʌɪlˈtɹɑːnzfəɹeɪz/

(biochemistry) Any of several transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups between lipids.

asyylitransferaasi

any of several enzymes that catalyse the transfer of acyl groups between lipids


cytokinin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of plant hormones involved in cell growth and division


cyclin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins whose presence in a cell varies through its cycle, and that regulates this cycle by forming a complex with kinase


argonaute

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of proteins responsible for the gene silencing phenomenon known as RNA interference

Argonauta

any of a group of proteins responsible for RNA interference


lipoxygenase

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids


prothrombin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, produced in the liver, that is converted into thrombin during bleeding and subsequent clotting.


xylosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of xylose.