tissue

en-noun

tissue (countable and uncountable, plural tissues)

From Middle English tissu, from Old French tissu (“woven”), past participle of tistre (“to weave”), from Latin texō (“to weave”).

A sheet of absorbent paper, especially one that is made to be used as tissue paper, toilet paper or a handkerchief.


muscle

muscle (countable and uncountable, plural muscles)

From Middle English muscle, muscule, muskylle, and in part from Middle French muscle, from Latin mūsculus (“a muscle”, literally “little mouse”) because of the mouselike appearance of some muscles, from mūs (“mouse”). Doublet of mussel. More at mouse.

der

Types of muscles: See Category:en:Muscles

Muscle consists largely of actin and myosin filaments.

For as the Trunk of the Body, is kept from tilting forvvard by the Muſcules of the Back: So, from falling backvvard, by theſe of the Belly.

1701, Nehemiah Grew, “Of the Use of Organized Bodies”, in Cosmologia Sacra: Or A Discourse of the Universe as It is the Creature and Kingdom of God. […], London: […] W[illiam] Rogers, S[amuel] Smith, and B[enjamin] Walford: […], →OCLC, 1st book, paragraph 18, page 27:

(uncountable) A contractile form of tissue which animals use to effect movement.


tendon

Borrowed from French tendon or Medieval Latin tendō, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn, “sinew, tendon”), modified by association with the verb tendō (“to stretch”). Compare Middle English thenoun.

I hear a wrenching sound of tendons stretching and testing their anchors on the bone.

2016, Ian McEwan, Nutshell, Vintage, page 78:

(anatomy) A tough band of flexible but inelastic fibrous collagen tissue that connects a muscle with its bony attachment and transmits the force which the muscle exerts.


phloem

First attested in 1872. From German Phloëm, coined by Swiss botanist Carl Nägeli in 1858 from Ancient Greek φλόος (phlóos, “husk, bark”) + a Greek-sounding ending -em (cf. System).

der

(botany) A vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients manufactured in the shoot.


xylem

From German Xylem, from Ancient Greek ξύλον (xúlon, “wood”).

(botany) A vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of water and minerals taken up by the roots; also the primary component of wood.


fascia

Borrowed from Latin fascia (“a band, bandage, swathe”). Related to fascēs (“bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade projecting”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“bundle, band”). Cognate with fajita, fess, and fascism.

der

(architecture) A flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands that make up the architrave, in the Ionic order.

palkki

architecture: one of the three bands which make up the architrave

A band, sash, or fillet; especially, in surgery, a bandage or roller.

The deepest layer of cervical fascia consists of two main subdivisions: the alar and prevertebral fasciae.

2006, Dennis E. McDonnell, Steven J. Harrison, “10: Retropharyngeal Approach to the Occipitocervical Junction”, in Richard G. Fessler, Laligam N. Sekhar, editors, Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques: Spine and Peripheral Nerves, Thieme Medical Publishers, page 89:

Close-up of the fascia surrounding a muscle in an unembalmed cadaver.

2017, David Lesondak, Fascia: What it is and Why it Matters, Handspring Publishing, page 3, Figure 1.1

2017, Andrea Pasini, Antonio Stecco, Carla Stecco, 19: Fascial Anatomy of the Viscera, Torsten Liem, Paolo Tozzi, Anthony Chila (editors), Fascia in the Osteopathic Field, Handspring Publishing, page 173,
This is evidence that the insertional fasciae are the ones that provide the connections between internal fasciae and muscular fascia, and between the different organs. The same pattern can be applied to the fasciae that surround the glands.

(anatomy) The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing muscles and organs; an aponeurosis.


pomace

en-noun

pomace (countable and uncountable, plural pomaces)

[Alt: Red grape flesh and seeds]
From Late Middle English pomis, pomys (“cider; pulp of plants pressed to extract their juice or oil”), probably from Medieval Latin pōmācium, pōmātium (“cider”), possibly a variant of pomaceum (although first attested later), from Latin pōmum (“fruit; fruit tree”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“away; off”) + *h₁em- (“to take”), in the sense of something taken off a tree) + -āceum (neuter form of -āceus (suffix meaning ‘belonging to; having the nature of’, forming adjectives)). Doublet of pomade, pomate, and pomatum.
Sense 1.1 (“crushed apples”) and sense 1.2 (“residue from grapes”) were possibly influenced by Middle French pommage (“(cidermaking) apple harvest; apple orchards”) and French poma, pomas, pomat (“residue from apples”) (Northern France).

bërsi

Sovv, as yet, Pomace of Cider-preſſings to raiſe Nurſeries; and ſet all ſorts of Kernels, Stones, &c.

1664, J[ohn] E[velyn], “Kalendarium Hortense: Or, The Gard’ners Almanac; […] [December.]”, in Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions. […], London: […] Jo[hn] Martyn, and Ja[mes] Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 80:

Next to the VVhite is the Black Thorne and the Crab, vvhich make a very good Fence, and is raiſed as the VVhite Thorne, only if you ſovv the Pummace vvith them, they vvill come up the firſt Year.

1708, J[ohn] Mortimer, “Of Inclosing of Land”, in The Whole Art of Husbandry; or, The Way of Managing and Improving of Land. […], 2nd edition, London: […] J[ohn] H[umphreys] for H[enry] Mortlock […], and J[onathan] Robinson […], →OCLC, book I, page 3:

The pulp or pulplike matter remaining from a substance pressed to extract its juice or oil.

(historical) Such residue (especially castor bean cake or fish scrap) used as fertilizer.


cartilage

en-noun

cartilage (countable and uncountable, plural cartilages)

Borrowed from French cartilage, from Latin cartilāgō. Partially displaced native gristle, from Old English gristel.

(anatomy, uncountable) A usually translucent and somewhat elastic, dense, nonvascular connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints. It composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos, being replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.


connective tissue

connective tissue (countable and uncountable, plural connective tissues)

extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix#English

(anatomy) A type of tissue found in animals whose main function is binding other tissue systems (such as muscle to skin) or organs and consists of the following three elements: cells, fibers and a ground substance (or extracellular matrix).

bindweefsel

type of tissue that binds other tissue systems


ligament

From Middle English ligament, from Latin ligāmentum, from ligō (“tie, bind”).

It so chanced that at this juncture the decayed ligaments of the skeleton gave way, and the dry bones fell together in a heap, thus causing the dusty wreath of cypress to drop upon the table.

1846, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Christmas Banquet”, in Mosses from an Old Manse:

(anatomy) A band of strong tissue that connects bones to other bones.

ligament

band of strong tissue that holds the bones of an animal in position


epithelium

epithelium (plural epitheliums or epithelia)

/ˌɛpɪˈθiːlɪəm/

the passenger's roving eyes paused for a moment as he listened inwardly to a nether itch, which he supposed to be (correctly, thank Log) only a minor irritation of the epithelium.

1969, Vladimir Nabokov, Ada or Ardor, Penguin, published 2011, page 25:

The sap of this species was able to cause loss of corneal epithelium 16 h after direct exposure to the sap in a 60-year-old male.

2014 May 30, Victor Kuete, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 505:

(anatomy) A membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells which forms the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs: internally including the lining of vessels and other small cavities, and externally being the skin.


endothelium

From endo- + -thelium, as in epithelium.

(anatomy) A thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines the heart, serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels.


cistern

From Middle English cisterne, from Old French cisterne (Modern French citerne) from Latin cisterna, from cista (“box”), from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē, “box”). Doublet of cisterna.

1913, A.C. Cotter, Catholic Encyclopedia, "Wells in Scripture",
Their extreme necessity is attested by the countless number of old, unused cisterns with which the Holy Land is literally honeycombed.

On a broad ledge near the top, we found a stone cabin. Higher up was a cistern and a few more terraces.

1989, Octavia E. Butler, “Part III, Chapter 7”, in Imago, page 211:

Cisterns (bôr, bō'r), mentioned frequently in the Bible, are artificial reservoirs, usually cut into bedrock, for collecting and conserving rain runoff from roofs and courtyards.

2001, Philip J. King, Lawrence E. Stager, chapter 3, in Life in Biblical Israel, →ISBN, page 126:

A reservoir or tank for holding water, especially for catching and holding rainwater for later use.


sinew

From Middle English synwe, synewe (“tendon; ligament or other connective tissue; muscle; nerve; leaf vein”), from Old English sinu (“tendon, sinew; nerve”), from Proto-West Germanic *sinu, from Proto-Germanic *sinwō, *senawō (“sinew”), from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”), from *(s)neh₁- (“to twist (threads), spin, weave”).
The word is cognate with sinnow (“sinew”), Scots senon, sinnon, Saterland Frisian Siene (“sinew”), West Frisian senuw, sine (“sinew; nerve”), Dutch zenuw (“nerve, sinew”), German Sehne (“tendon, sinew; cord”), Icelandic sin (“tendon”), Swedish sena (“sinew”), Avestan 𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (snāuuar, “tendon, sinew”), Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “tendon; nerve; cord”), Latin nervus (“tendon, sinew; nerve”), Sanskrit स्नावन् (snāván, “sinew, tendon; muscle”), Tocharian B ṣñor (“sinew”). Doublet of nerve and neuron.

cog

(figuratively) Muscular power, muscle; nerve, nervous energy; vigor, vigorous strength.

զորություն

muscular power, muscle; vigor, vigorous strength


sinew

en-verb

sinew (third-person singular simple present sinews, present participle sinewing, simple past and past participle sinewed)

sinews (present singular third-person)
sinewing (participle present)
sinewed (participle past)
sinewed (past)

And now to London with Triumphant march, / There to be crowned Englands Royall King: / From whence, ſhall Warwicke cut the Sea to France, / And aske the Ladie Bona for thy Queene: / So ſhalt thou ſinow both theſe Lands together, / And hauing France thy Friend, thou ſhalt not dread / The ſcattred Foe, that hopes to riſe againe: […]

c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi], pages 157–158:

[I]t were to be wiſhed that we tried the restrictive arts of government, and made law the protector, but not the tyrant of the people. […] [W]e ſhould then find that wretches, now ſtuck up for long tortures, left luxury ſhould feel a momentary pang, might, if properly treated, ſerve to ſinew the ſtate in times of danger; […]

1766, [Oliver Goldsmith], “The Same Subject Continued”, in The Vicar of Wakefield: […], volume II, Salisbury, Wiltshire: […] B. Collins, for F[rancis] Newbery, […], →OCLC, page 123:

(transitive) To knit together or make strong with, or as if with, sinews.


meristem

From German Meristem, from Ancient Greek μεριστός (meristós, “divided”), from μερίζω (merízō), from μέρος (méros) + στέμμα (stémma, “wreath, garland”). First used in 1858 by Swiss botanist Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891).

af

Coordinate term: cambium

By looking back at a past populated by beings of grotesque difference, humans could place themselves at the apical meristem—the growing tip—of the future.

2020, Janet Chernela, quotee, “Life Finds A Way”, in Jonathan Elmore, editor, Fiction and the Sixth Mass Extinction, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN:

(botany) The plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growth.


medulla

en-noun

medulla (plural medullas or medullae or medullæ)

medullas (plural)
medullae (plural)
medullæ (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-medulla.wav

Borrowed from Latin medulla (“pith, marrow”), perhaps from medius (“middle”).

The soft inner part of something, especially the pith of a fruit.

(anatomy) The inner substance of various organs and structures, especially the marrow of bones.

髓质

the inner substance of various organs and structures, especially the marrow of bones

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.

(botany) The internal tissue of a plant.


frenulum

Borrowed from New Latin frēnulum, diminutive of frēnum (“a bridle, curb, bit”).

Humans have three oral frenulums: beneath the tongue, between the upper lip and gum, and between the lower lip and gum.

(anatomy) A small fold or ridge of tissue that supports or restrains the motion of the part to which it is attached, in particular a fold of skin beneath the tongue, or between the lip and the gum.


frenum

Borrowed from Latin frēnum (“bridle, curb, bit”).


fascicle

From Latin fasciculus, a diminutive of fascis (“bundle”); see also fasces. Doublet of fasciculus.

(botany) A discrete bundle of vascular tissue.


parenchyma

parenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural parenchymas or parenchymata)

parenchymas (plural)
parenchymata (plural)

/pəˈɹɛŋ.kɪm.ə/

From Ancient Greek παρέγχῠμα (parénkhŭma, “anything poured in beside”), from πᾰρᾰ- (pără-, “beside”) + ἔγχῠμα (énkhŭma, “instillation, content of a vessel”), given by the Greek anatomist Erasistratus to the peculiar substance of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen, as if formed separately by the veins that run into them.

af

(botany) The cellular tissue, typically soft and succulent, found chiefly in the softer parts of leaves, pulp of fruits, bark and pith of stems, etc.


gristle

en-noun

gristle (countable and uncountable, plural gristles)

From Middle English gristel, grystyl, from Old English gristel (“gristle, cartilage”), Proto-West Germanic *gristl, of obscure origin; possibly from a pre-Germanic substrate language. Seemingly equivalent to a diminutive of Old English grist (“a grinding”), equivalent to modern English grist + -le; possibly related to Proto-Germanic *gredaną (“to crunch”). Cognate with Old Frisian gristel, gerstel (“gristle, cartilage”), Middle Low German gristel (“gristle”).

inh

When you're chewing on life's gristle
Don't grumble, give a whistle
And this'll help things turn out for the best[…]

1979, Monty Python (lyrics and music), “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life”:

But she was tired of cell culture, tired of meticulously cutting away dead tissue like gristle from a steak […]

2011, Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, New York: Broadway Books, →ISBN, page 35:

Cartilage; now especially: cartilage present, as a tough substance, in meat.


-enchyma

From Ancient Greek ἔγχυμα (énkhuma, “infusion”).


vascular tissue

en-noun

vascular tissue (countable and uncountable, plural vascular tissues)

(zoology, anatomy) The arteries, veins, capillaries, and associated tissues in an animal.


epicardium

epicardium (plural epicardiums or epicardia)

New Latin, from Latin epi- (“over”) + Ancient Greek καρδία (kardía, “heart”). Attested in English from the 19th century.

(anatomy) The layer of tissue between the pericardium and the heart.


collenchyma

collenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural collenchymas or collenchymata)

collenchymas (plural)
collenchymata (plural)

/kəˈlɛŋkəmə/

Ancient Greek κολλα (kolla, “glue”) + -enchyma (“tissue”)

(biology) A living, elongated, mechanical and flexible ground tissue with angular pectin depositions; present just under leaves, tendrils and stems of climbers; formed before vascular differentiation.

kolenchyma

a supporting ground tissue just under the surface of various leaf structures formed before vascular differentiation


aponeurosis

(anatomy) A flattened pearly white fibrous membrane taking the place of a tendon that binds together and forms the terminations and attachments of muscles or connects them to other body parts like skin or bone.


sclerenchyma

sclerenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural sclerenchymas or sclerenchymata)

sclerenchymas (plural)
sclerenchymata (plural)

/sklɪəɹˈɛŋkɪmə/

/skləɹˈɛŋkəmə/

(botany) A mechanical ground tissue, impermeable to water, which consists of cells having narrow lumen and thick, mineralized walls of lignin; present in stems, vascular bundles (of monocots), seed coverings, and vein and tips of leaves.

sklerenkima

a mechanical, supportive ground tissue in plants consisting of aggregates of cells having thick, often mineralized walls


territorial matrix

territorial matrix (plural territorial matrices or territorial matrixes)

territorial matrices (plural)
territorial matrixes (plural)

The layer which surrounds chondrocytes in cartilage. It is basophilic, and stains metachromatically due to proteoglycans.


aerenchyma

aerenchyma (plural aerenchymas or aerenchymae)

aerenchymas (plural)
aerenchymae (plural)

→ Irish: aereincíoma

(botany) A spongy, airy tissue found especially in the roots of aquatic plants.

aerenkyymi

airy tissue found in the roots of aquatic plants


perichondrium

(anatomy) a dense layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the cartilage of developing bone


perineurium

perineurium (plural perineuria or perineuriums)

perineuria (plural)
perineuriums (plural)

(anatomy) The sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibres


endoneurium

(anatomy) A layer of delicate connective tissue enclosing the myelin sheath of a spinal cord nerve fiber.


epineurium

epineurium (plural epineuriums or epineuria)

From New Latin epineurium, from Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”).

(anatomy) The connective tissue framework and sheath of a nerve which bind together the nerve bundles, each of which has its own special sheath, or perineurium; The outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve.


prosenchyma

(botany) The tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities, such as the principal cells of ordinary wood.

προσέγχυμα

the tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities


nervous tissue

nervous tissue (countable and uncountable, plural nervous tissues)

(neurology) The principal constituent of the central and peripheral nervous system comprising neurons and neuroglia cells.


chlorenchyma

From Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “green”) (in reference to chloroplast) + -enchyma.

(botany) A mechanical, supportive ground tissue in plants containing chloroplasts.


ground tissue

ground tissue (countable and uncountable, plural ground tissues)

(botany) The basic supportive tissues in plants.


merenchyma

/ˌmɛɹɪŋˈkaɪmə/

(archaic, botany) tissue composed of spheroidal cells


metaxylem

metaxylem (countable and uncountable, plural metaxylems)

(biology) The part of xylem, developing after protoxylem, that has larger cells and vessels.


granulation tissue

granulation tissue (plural granulation tissues)

New connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process.