parasite

/ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/

/ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/

/ˈpɛɹəˌsaɪt/

From Middle French parasite, from Latin parasitus, from Ancient Greek παράσιτος (parásitos, “person who eats at the table of another”), from noun use of adjective meaning "feeding beside", from παρά (pará, “beside”) + σῖτος (sîtos, “food”).

parasiet

(biology) organism that exists by stealing resources from another organism

Lice, fleas, ticks, and mites are widely spread parasites.

...and the mistletoe crept round many of the oaks—that pleasant parasite, whose associations belong rather to the hearth and lighted hall than to its native branches.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XIX, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 154:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 5, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(biology) An organism that lives on or in another organism of a different species, deriving benefit from living on or in that other organism, while not contributing towards that other organism sufficiently to cover the cost to that other organism.

He lacks, however, even the basic Dr. Kildare lingo about medical issues. For instance, he regularly misidentifies poppers as amyl nitrate, instead of amyl nitrite — two forms of heart medicine with different affects ^([sic]). Salmonella, a bacteria, is not usually classified as a parasite. And he mistakenly writes, "lenti means slow" in the lentiviruses. ("Lenti" means lens-shaped, biologists classify by structure, not by behavior.)

1987 December 27, Charley Shively, “AIDS In The Mind Of The Left And The Mainstream”, in Gay Community News, volume 15, number 24, page 9:

Select a disease class
Virus: Fastest evolution, Most affected by environment, Bonus to infectivity
Bacteria: Medium evolution, Normally affected by environment, Bonus to drug resistance
Parasite: Slowest evolution, Least affected by environment, Low visibility

2008 July 14, Dark Realm Studios, Pandemic II, Web:

Any germs or parasites on the surface of the meat that you could conceivably wash off are gonna die as soon as you cook it, so don't bother washing it.

2020 November 20, Adam Ragusea, 1:13 from the start, in Why People Wash Meat (or Don't):

(informal, specifically) An internal parasite that is an animal or protist.

[…] parasiting and aerial refueling as range-extension measures. Second, parasiting would be exorbitantly expensive, because each parasite bomber would need its own carrier. Two bombers could be serviced by a single tanker, however,[…]

2019 January 24, Michael E. Brown, Flying Blind: The Politics of the U.S. Strategic Bomber Program, Cornell University Press, →ISBN, page 170:

(aviation) A component of a composite aircraft which is carried aloft and air-launched by a larger carrier aircraft or mother ship to support the primary mission of the carrier; a parasite aircraft.


priapism

en-noun

priapism (countable and uncountable, plural priapisms)

From Latin priapismus, from Priapus (“the god of procreation, the penis”) + -ism, from Ancient Greek πριαπισμός (priapismós).

(pathology) A potentially painful or harmful medical condition in which the erect penis does not return to its flaccid state (despite the absence of both physical and psychological stimulation), often as a result of a spinal injury.


ranula

Late Middle English, coined by French physician and surgeon Guy de Chauliac: borrowed from Latin rānula (“a little frog, a tadpole; a little swelling on the tongue of cattle”).

der

(pathology) A tumor or swelling located in the floor of the mouth under the tongue; specifically a bluish, domed mucocele which is associated with an obstruction of the sublingual salivary gland.


adenalgia

(obsolete, rare, pathology) Pain in a gland.


hyperkeratosis

(pathology) Excess keratin formation on the skin surface, as can be seen in a number of dermatologic conditions.

角化過度 /角化过度

excess keratin formation on the skin surface


parakeratosis

(pathology) Retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum layer of skin.

角化不全

retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum layer of skin


acanthosis

From acanth- + -osis (“diseased condition”).

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(pathology) A benign abnormal thickening of the stratum spinosum, or prickle cell, layer of the epidermis.


spongiosis

(pathology) Intercellular edema of the epidermis.


appendicitis

en-noun

appendicitis (countable and uncountable, plural appendicitises or appendicitides or appendicites)

appendicitises (plural)
appendicitides (plural)
appendicites (plural)

(pathology) inflammation of the vermiform appendix


theism

theism (countable and uncountable, plural theisms)

Coined, theo- + -ism. ultimately from Ancient Greek θεός (theós, “god”). Attested in English from 1678, theist being attested 16 years earlier in 1662. Cognate French théisme, as in Diderot Principes de la philosophie morale (1745), which was probably borrowed from English.

The term stands in contradistinction to theism which, in its widest sense, means belief in a personal god, goddess, gods and/or goddesses.

1999, Jeaneane D. Fowler, Humanism: Beliefs & Practices, page 66

(strictly) Belief in the existence of a personal creator god, goddess, gods and/or goddesses present and active in the governance and organization of the world and the universe. The God may be known by or through revelation.

teismi

belief in the existence of a personal, present and active creator God


theism

Borrowing from New Latin thea (“tea”, noun) + English -ism.

Coordinate term: caffeinism

"Theism" belongs to that genus of disease in which morphinism, caffeinism, and vanillaism belong.

1888, John C. Cutter, “Narcotics, stimulants, and depressants”, in Comprehensive anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : adapted for schools, academies, colleges, and families : with instruction on the effects of stimulants and narcotics, and brief directions for illustrative dissections of mammals, for elementary work with the microscope, for physiological demonstrations on the human body, and for the management of emergent cases, 3rd edition, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, →OCLC, page 350:

A single cup of tea may cause excitement and insomnia, while a stronger dose rarely fails to produce acute "theism," characterized by excitement, hyperaesthesia, palpitation, sweats, and frequent micturition; it may occasionally simulate delirium tremens, […]

1906 September 15, “Our breakfast beverages”, in The British Medical Journal, volume 2, London: British Medical Association, →ISSN, page 653:

A morbid condition resulting from excessive consumption of tea.


fungi

Borrowed from Latin fungī, from fungus + -ī (suffix forming the nominative or vocative plurals of most second-declension nouns ending in -us).

(pathology) Spongy, abnormal growth, as granulation tissue formed in a wound.


encephalitis

encephalitis (countable and uncountable, plural encephalitides)

sleeping sickness

human African trypanosomiasis, African lethargy, Congo trypanosomiasis


prosopagnosia

prosopagnosia (countable and uncountable, plural prosopagnosias)

prosopagnosias (plural)
prosopoagnosia (alternative)

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊʒə/

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊzɪə/

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊsɪə/

/ˌpɹɑsoʊpæɡˈnoʊʒə/

Borrowed from German Prosopagnosie (see there for more). By surface analysis, prosop- + agnosia.

A normal person can name someone from facial features alone, even if the features have changed substantially over the years. People with prosopagnosia are not able to make this association, but have few other neurological symptoms other than a loss of some part of the visual field.

1984, Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, page 102:

(neurology, pathology, psychology) A form of visual agnosia characterized by difficulty with face recognition despite intact low-level visual processing.


anterograde amnesia

anterograde amnesia (plural anterograde amnesias)

Coordinate term: retrograde amnesia

(pathology) The inability to remember new information from the period beginning the amnesic episode.


retrograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia (countable and uncountable, plural retrograde amnesias)

Coordinate term: anterograde amnesia

(pathology) The loss of memories from the period leading up to the amnesic episode.


Korsakoff's syndrome

Named after Russian neuropsychiatrist Sergei Korsakoff (1854–1900) who discovered the syndrome during the late 19th century.

named-after

(pathology) A form of amnesia that is seen in chronic alcoholics coupled with nutritional deficits.


scrofulous

en-adj

scrofulous (comparative more scrofulous, superlative most scrofulous)

more scrofulous (comparative)
most scrofulous (superlative)

Borrowed from New Latin scrōfulōsus. Surface analysis: scrofula + -ous.

On the ſurface of the water there floats a liquid bitumen, although it be every day ſcummed off, as it doth on the lake Aſphaltites in Judæa: The Inhabitants uſe it as pitch: it is alſo found to be an excellent vulnerary, and good in curing old cacoethic and ſcrophulous ulcers.

1757, John Rutty, A Methodical Synopsis of Mineral Waters, Comprehending the Most Celebrated Medicinal Waters, both Cold and Hot, of Great-Britain, Ireland, France, Germany, and Italy, and several other Parts of the World, London: Printed for William Johnston, at the Golden Ball in St. Paul's Church-Yard, →OCLC, page 494:

The proſtate gland is ſometimes ſcrofulous. I have ſeen, in cutting into it, preciſely the ſame white curdly matter, which takes place in a ſcrofulous abſorbent gland. In ſqueezing it alſo, I have forced from out from its ducts a ſcrofulous pus.

1794 August, Matthew Baillie, “Art. VII. The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body. By Matthew Baillie, M.D. F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and Physician of St. George’s Hospital. 8vo. pp. 314. 6s. Boards. Johnson. 1793. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, volume XIV, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, in Pall Mall, →OCLC, page 407:

(pathology, dated) Of, related to, or suffering from scrofula (form of tuberculosis tending to cause enlarged lymph nodes and skin inflammation).

risatautinen

of, related to, or suffering from scrofula


failure

en-noun

failure (countable and uncountable, plural failures)

From Anglo-Norman failer, from Old French faillir (“to fail”).

heart failure

congestive heart failure

liver failure

kidney failure

State or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, opposite of success.

(pathology) A condition in which a specified organ does not function well enough to support life.

فَشَل

(pathology) condition in which a specified organ does not function well enough to support life


hypothermia

hypothermia (countable and uncountable, plural hypothermias)

hypothermias (plural)
hypothermy (alternative)

→ Japanese: ハイポサーミア

→ Turkish: hipotermiya

/ˌhaɪpəʊˈθɜː(ɹ)mi.ə/

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hupo-, “under”) + θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”) + feminine suffix -ία.

affix

Hypothermia is the systemic cold injury.

(pathology) Abnormally low body temperature; specifically, below 35 degrees Celsius for humans.


indolence

en-noun

indolence (usually uncountable, plural indolences)

Borrowed from Middle French indolence, or from its etymon Latin indolentia (“freedom from pain; insensibility”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + dolēns (“hurting, suffering; grieving, lamenting”) + -ia (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns). Dolēns is the present participle of doleō (“to hurt, suffer; to be sorry, deplore, grieve for, lament”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to divide, split”).


RSI

en-noun

RSI (countable and uncountable, plural RSIs)

repetitive strain injury
repetitive strain injury#English

(pathology) Initialism of repetitive strain injury.


dissect

en-verb

dissect (third-person singular simple present dissects, present participle dissecting, simple past and past participle dissected)

dissects (present singular third-person)
dissecting (participle present)
dissected (participle past)
dissected (past)

Borrowed from Latin dissectus past participle of dissecare (“to cut asunder, cut up”), from dis- (“asunder”) + secare (“to cut”); see section.

(transitive, pathology) Of an infection or foreign material, following the fascia separating muscles or other organs.


metamorphosis

en-noun

metamorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural metamorphoses)

/ˌmɛtəˈmɔːfəsɪs/

/ˌmɛtəmɔːˈfəʊsɪs/

/ˌmɛtəˈmɔɹfəsɪs/

First attested in 1533, from Latin metamorphōsis, from Ancient Greek μεταμόρφωσις (metamórphōsis), from μετά (metá, “change”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “form”). Analyzable as meta- + -morph + -osis

der

μεταμόρφωσις

(pathology) A change, usually degenerative, in the structure of a specific body tissue.


hypoglycemia

en-noun

hypoglycemia (countable and uncountable, plural hypoglycemias)

hypoglycemias (plural)
hypoglycaemia (alternative)
hypoglycæmia (alternative)

From hypo- + glycemia or hypo- + glyc- + -emia.

(pathology) A too low level of blood glucose.

glycemia

polysemic; may be hypernym or coordinate term, depending on sense used


tonic

en-adj

tonic (comparative more tonic, superlative most tonic)

more tonic (comparative)
most tonic (superlative)
tonick (alternative)

From Ancient Greek τονικός (tonikós), from τόνος (tónos). 17th century writers believed health to be derived from firmly stretched muscles, thus tonic; the extension of tonic medicine appeared in the late 18th century. By surface analysis, ton(e) + -ic.

Out in front and across the street, Doc noted half a dozen or so young men, not loitering or doing substances but poised and tonic, as if waiting for some standing order to take effect.

2009, Thomas Pynchon, Inherent Vice, Vintage, published 2010, page 316:

(physics, pathology) Pertaining to tension, especially of muscles.


plague

en-noun

plague (countable and uncountable, plural plagues)

From Middle English plage, borrowed from Old French plage, from Latin plāga (“blow, wound”), from plangō (“to strike”). Cognate with Middle Dutch plāghe (> Dutch plaag), plāghen (> Dutch plagen); Middle Low German plāge; Middle High German plāge, pflāge (> German Plage); plāgen (> German plagen); Swedish plåga; French plaie, Occitan plaga. Doublet of plaga. Displaced native Old English wōl.

(pathology) An epidemic or pandemic caused by any pestilence, but specifically by the above disease.

طَاعُون

an epidemic or pandemic caused by any pestilence


lockjaw

lockjaw (usually uncountable, plural lockjaws)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lockjaw.wav

(pathology) A spasmodic, nervous system disease brought on by the tetanus bacteria, causing muscles to seize up and may cause death by suffocation.


efflorescence

efflorescence (countable and uncountable, plural efflorescences)

/ˌɛfləˈɹɛsəns/

Borrowed from French efflorescence, from Latin efflōrēscō (from ex- (“out”) + flōrēscō (“to blossom”)) + -ence. By surface analysis, effloresce + -ence.

(pathology) A redness, rash, or eruption on the skin.


tumorigenesis

tumorigeneses (plural)
tumorgenesis (alternative)
tumourigenesis (alternative)

(oncology) Production of a new tumor or tumors.

(oncology) The process involved in the production of a new tumor or tumors.


dichromatic

en-adj

dichromatic (comparative more dichromatic, superlative most dichromatic)

more dichromatic (comparative)
most dichromatic (superlative)

From di- + Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + -ic.

(pathology) having a form of colorblindness in which only two of the three primary colors can be distinguished


mumps

Circa 1600, from mump (“grimace”, noun), compare mump (verb), most likely referring to the painful difficulty in swallowing.

(pathology) A contagious disease caused by the Mumps virus of the genus Rubulavirus, mostly occurring in childhood, which causes swelling of glands in the face and neck.

流行性耳下腺炎

りゅうこうせいじかせんえん


idiopathic

/ˌɪdioʊˈpæθɪk/

From idio- + -pathic. First appears c. 1669, in the publications of William Simpson.

So when I was diagnosed with a fairly difficult-to-treat disease called idiopathic angioedema and chronic urticaria (a fancy way of saying we don’t know why you swell and hey, enjoy the 24/7 hives) six months ago, I wasn't quite sure how to cope.

2014 January 20, Simona Supekar, “How the Internet Helped Me Cope With My Rare Disease”, in The Atlantic:

(pathology) Of, relating to, or designating a disease or condition having no known cause.

idiopàtic

diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis


measly

measly (comparative measlier, superlative measliest)

measlier (comparative)
measliest (superlative)
measley (alternative)

From measle (“singular of measles”) + -y; the word measle is either from Middle Dutch masel (“a blister filled with blood; a pustule, a skin blemish”), or Middle Low German masel (“a red skin blemish”), from Proto-Germanic *masuraz (“a knot or scar in wood; a knarl”), from *mas-, *mēs- (“a spot; a sore; a scar”), from Proto-Indo-European *mos- (“a skin sore”).

suffix

singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">measles</i>

der

Then take five or six apples, pick out the cores and fill up the holes thus made with flour of brimstone; stop up the holes and cast in the apples to the measly hog.

1847, William Youatt, The Pig: A Treatise on the Breeds, Management, Feeding, and Medical Treatment, of Swine; with Directions for Salting Pork, and Curing Bacon and Hams, page 113:

Particularly of pigs or pork: infected with larval tapeworms or trichinae (parasitic roundworms).

A measly boy, he looked like a tramp, probably one of the street boys from the village, just walked up here and made himself at home, and when I told him to leave, he wouldn't.

For one whole day's work all I was given was twenty measly pounds.

The visiting tourists eagerly forked over a measly two dollars per group to their guides as payment for their services. This amount was measly sum to the givers, but a princely sum to the takers.

2004, Richard Rizun, Ora, Trafford Publishing, →ISBN:

So it wasn't a hotel, as I said in my novel, just a measly motel. But to me it was like the First measly motel, and I remember laughing about the things I was saying straight from my unconscious to both his and God's ear.

2010, Marylee Daniel Mitcham, Blacktime Song by Rosalie Wolfe, Strategic Book Publishing, →ISBN, page 127:

(figuratively, informal) Small (especially contemptibly small) in amount.


obesity

en-noun

obesity (countable and uncountable, plural obesities)

From French obésité, from Latin obēsitās, from obēsus (“fat”). By surface analysis, obese + -ity.

While the majority of individuals with severe obesity are able to maintain eucapnia, a significant minority will develop obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), characterized by alveolar hypoventilation (PaCO 2 > 45 mmHg) unexplained by other disorders.

2015 July 4, Vilma E. Ortiz, Jean Kwo, “Obesity: physiologic changes and implications for preoperative management”, in BMC Anesthesiology, volume 15, →DOI:


piles

Many women get piles when pregnant.

Who with thy leaves shall wipe (at need)
The place where swelling Piles do breed ...

1648, Robert Herrick, “Another”, in Hesperides:


CVS

CVS (countable and uncountable, plural CVSs)

chorionic villus sampling
chorionic villus sampling#English

(obstetrics, pathology) Initialism of chorionic villus sampling.


catalepsy

catalepsies (plural)
catalepsis (alternative)

From cata- + -lepsy; ultimately from Ancient Greek κατάληψις (katálēpsis, “act of seizing”), from καταλαμβάνω (katalambánō, “I seize”), from κατά (katá, “against”) + λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).

compound

"But they could not have been asleep!" cried Lord John. "Dash it all, Challenger, you don't mean to believe that those folk were asleep with their staring eyes and stiff limbs and that awful death grin on their faces!" "It can only have been the condition that is called catalepsy," said Challenger.

1913, Arthur Conan Doyle, “(please specify the page)”, in The Poison Belt […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

I was furious with Edgar Allan Poe for writing so accurately about this. His tales of catalepsy and live burial poisoned my childhood, and still killed me.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 190:

(pathology) A severe bodily condition, described in psychiatric pathology, marked by sudden rigidity, fixation of posture, and loss of contact with environmental conditions.


vegetation

en-noun

vegetation (countable and uncountable, plural vegetations)

/ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/

Borrowed from Middle French végétation, from Medieval Latin vegetātiōnem.

(pathology, countable) An abnormal verrucous or fibrinous growth


palsy

palsy (countable and uncountable, plural palsies)

From Middle English palesie, from Anglo-Norman paralisie, parleisie et al., from Latin paralysis, from Ancient Greek παράλυσις (parálusis, “palsy”), from παραλύω (paralúō, “to disable on one side”), from παρα- (para-, “beside”) + λύω (lúō, “loosen”). Doublet of paralysis.

der

The palsie plagues my pulses
when I prigg yoͬ: piggs or pullen
your culuers take, or matchles make
your Chanticleare or sullen

c. 1620,, anonymous, “Tom o’ Bedlam’s Song” in Giles Earle his Booke (British Museum, Additional MSS. 24, 665)

"Young lady, there is no hope; one side of the Duchesse is struck with palsy; she retains her senses, and will, most probably, to the last; but she cannot live through the night."

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter VIII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 73:

"Ah! now we come to business! Barber, who's dead?"
 "Alderman Croten, sir."
"Tut-tut. Croten gone?"
"Yes, sir; palsy took him at a ripe age. And Abel's gone, the Town Crier;"

1891, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, chapter 1, in The Blue Pavilions:

Again we were stricken of our palsy, slowed down, re-accelerated, and there, at last, were the few huts of a hamlet, with the lorry, lying at an angle in the road's camber, outside a tea-shop.

(pathology) Complete or partial muscle paralysis of a body part, often accompanied by a loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements such as shaking.

شَلَل

complete or partial muscle paralysis of a body part


acalculia

From a- (negative prefix) + Latin calculare (“to calculate”) + -ia (“pathological condition”).

affix

(pathology) The condition of lacking basic mathematical skills caused by a brain injury, or more specifically an injury to the parietal lobe.


blood pressure

en-noun

blood pressure (countable and uncountable, plural blood pressures)

/ˈblʌd ˌpɹɛʃə(ɹ)/

the great majority of people who have serious conditions from high blood pressure suffer debilitating illness

The nurse spent all day taking blood pressures at the hospital.

She threw her head back and inflated the lungs. “UPJOHN!” she boomed, rather like someone calling the cattle home across the sands of Dee, and I issued a kindly word of warning. “Watch that blood pressure, old ancestor.” “Never you mind my blood pressure. You let it alone, and it'll leave you alone. UPJOHN!”

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, “XVII, XVIII, AND XIX”, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries and veins; it varies during the heartbeat cycle, and according to a person's age, health and physical condition.


asthma

asthma (usually uncountable, plural asthmas or asthmata)

Australian Kriol: esma

→ Tamil: ஆஸ்துமா (āstumā)

Tok Pisin: asma

From Middle English asma, asme, from Medieval Latin asthma, asma, from Ancient Greek ἆσθμα (âsthma, “laborious breathing, asthma”). The spelling was changed to add -th- in the 16th century to match the Greek etymological roots.

der

...but rheumatism is a vulgar complaint, and would sink even a ducal coronet—the very lowest people have it. I question if there is a workhouse in Great Britain exempt from it. Neither is there one free from asthma, and yet all the world knows a royal duke suffers from it as much as a coalheaver might do;...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter LV, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 74:

"He kind of spat," said Piggy. "My auntie wouldn't let me blow on account of my asthma. He said you blew from down here." Piggy laid a hand on his jutting abdomen.

1954, William Golding, Lord of the Flies:

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:

(pathology) A long-term respiratory condition, in which the airways may unexpectedly and suddenly narrow, often in response to an allergen, cold air, exercise, or emotional stress. Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.


lethargy

en-noun

lethargy (countable and uncountable, plural lethargies)

From Middle English litargie, from Medieval Latin litargia, from Late Latin lēthārgia, borrowed from Ancient Greek ληθᾱργῐ́ᾱ (lēthārgĭ́ā, “drowsiness”), from λήθᾱργος (lḗthārgos, “forgetful, lethargic”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā, adjectival suffix).

af

This Apoplexie is (as I take it) a kind of Lethargie, a sleeping of the blood, a horson Tingling.

c. 1599, William Shakespeare, King Henry IV, Part 2:

So in order to avoid unpleasant side effects like lethargy and sexual dysfunction, most recent trials also gave men testosterone supplements.

2003 October 20, Amanda Ripley, “At Last, the Pill for Men”, in Time:

(pathology) A condition characterized by extreme fatigue or drowsiness, deep unresponsiveness, or prolonged sleep patterns.


lymphoma

en-noun

lymphoma (countable and uncountable, plural lymphomata or lymphomas)

From lymph, from Latin lympha (“water”) + -oma (“disease, morbidity”).

af

In the one sub-class, we have the Leukaemic Lymphoma, the Typhous Lymphoma, the Hyperplastic Lymphoma (ex. the simple hypertrophied tonsil), Lympho-sarcoma, Scrofulous Glands; and in the other sub-class, Tubercle of man, and Perlsucht or Parresyge, or Morbus Gallicus, the pearl distemper of ruminating animals.

1867, Reginald Southey, The Nature and Affinities of Tubercle: Being the Gulstonian Lectures for the Year 1867:

Common immunohistochemical markers of this lymphoma include CD2, CD56, CD3, and T-cell receptors. 7 Typically, the histology of these lymphomas are characterized by monomorphic inflammatory cellular infiltrates, which may be diffuse or show angiocentricity and angiodestruction as well as tissue destruction. 7 Lymphoid markers from the nasal mucosal biopsy from this patient were negative for CD56 and EBER.

2015, Brook McConnell, M. Sherif Said, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, “Nasal septal perforation associated with pyoderma gangrenosum”, in Allergy & Rhinology, volume 6, →DOI:

(oncology, pathology) A malignant tumor that arises in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid tissue.


narcolepsy

en-noun

narcolepsy (countable and uncountable, plural narcolepsies)

From French narcolepsie. By surface analysis, narco- + -lepsy, from Ancient Greek ναρκόω (narkóō, “put to sleep”) + λῆψις (lêpsis, “seizure”).

compound

Excitement-induced narcolepsy caused him to sleep through the most important events of his life.

(pathology) A disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable attacks of deep sleep, often brief, sometimes accompanied by paralysis and hallucinations.


necrosis

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From Ancient Greek νέκρωσις (nékrōsis), equivalent to necro- + -osis.

These included multilobular consolidation with histiological lesions of bronchiolitis with epithelial necrosis and syncytia [14 ].

2015 November 17, “Single Pathogen Challenge with Agents of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

the interruption of blood supply
ischemia

(pathology) The localized death of cells or tissues through injury, disease, or the interruption of blood supply. (Usually gangrene will follow unless the dead tissue is resected).


sarcoma

From Latin sarcoma , from Ancient Greek σάρκωμα (sárkōma), from σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) + -ωμα (-ōma, “process”) or from Ancient Greek σαρκόω (sarkóō), itself from σάρξ (sárx); by surface analysis, sarc- + -oma.

suffix

Only about 1 per cent of cancers are found in connective tissue; these are known as sarcomas.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 393:

(oncology) A type of malignant tumor of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.


dysentery

en-noun

dysentery (countable and uncountable, plural dysenteries)

From Middle English dissenterie, from Old French dissenterie, from Latin dysenteria, from Ancient Greek δυσεντερία (dusentería), from δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) + ἔντερα (éntera, “bowels”).

We ate, we drank, and we were merry / and we got typhoid and dysentery.

1959, “In Old Mexico”, Tom Lehrer (music):

(pathology) A disease characterised by inflammation of the intestines, especially the colon (large intestine), accompanied by pus (white blood cells) in the feces, fever, pain in the abdomen, high-volume diarrhea, and possible blood in the feces.


halitosis

halitosis (countable and uncountable, plural halitoses)

Coined by doctor Joseph William Howe in 1874 and described as being derived from the Latin hālitus (literally “whiff, breath”) and the Ancient Greek νόσος (nósos, literally “disease”). It can be also understood as combination of the Latin hālitus and the English suffix -osis.

der

Bad breath or halitosis is an indication of a disturbed digestive system. It is indicative of a bowel toxemia in either the small or large intestine with an overgrowth of bacteria or yeast.

2004, Dicken Weatherby, Signs and Symptoms Analysis from a Functional Perspective, Weatherby & Associates, LLC, →ISBN, page 115:

For example, the word halitosis was almost completely unknown among the general public until the early 20th century when a business owner named Gerard Lambert started using it to sell a new product called Listerine. By giving a mundane fact of life (bad breath) a scientific sounding label, Lambert elevated the authority and desirability of his product many times over.

[2018 June 13, Michael Schein, “Author Simon Sinek Is Full Of Hot Air (And Other Reasons You Should Follow His Lead)”, in Forbes:

(pathology) The condition of having stale or foul-smelling breath.

بَخَر

condition of having foul-smelling breath


carcinoma

en-noun

carcinoma (countable and uncountable, plural carcinomas or carcinomata)

carcinomas (plural)
carcinomata (plural)

/ˌkɑːsɪˈnəʊmə/

/ˌkɑːsnˈəʊmə/

/ˌkɑɹsɪˈnoʊmə/

/ˌkɑːsɪˈnəʊmətə/

/ˌkɑːsnˈəʊmətə/

/ˌkɑɹsɪˈnoʊmətə/

/ˌkɑːsɪnəʊˈmɑːtə/

/ˌkɑːsnəʊˈmɑːtə/

/ˌkɑɹsɪnoʊˈmɑtə/

Medical Compendium in Seven Books
Paul of Aegina

Learned borrowing from Latin carcinōma (“tumour; ulcer; carcinoma”), from Ancient Greek κᾰρκῐ́νωμᾰ (kărkĭ́nōmă, “sore, ulcer; cancer”), from καρκινόω (karkinóō, “to make (something) resemble a crab”, in the mediopassive "to become cancerous; to suffer from cancer") + -μᾰ (-mă, action noun suffix). Καρκινόω is derived from καρκῐ́νος (karkĭ́nos, “crab; the zodiac sign Cancer; sore, ulcer; cancer”) (according to Paul of Aegina (c. 625 – c. 690) in his Medical Compendium in Seven Books, because the veins surrounding a cancerous tumour resemble a crab’s legs). The English word is a doublet of cancer, and may be analysed as carcino- + -oma.
The plural form carcinomata is a learned borrowing from Latin carcinōmata, from Ancient Greek κᾰρκῐνώμᾰτᾰ (kărkĭnṓmătă).

lbor

(countable) An invasive malignant tumour derived from epithelial tissue that tends to metastasize to other areas of the body.

سرطانة

invasive malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue


melanoma

en-noun

melanoma (plural melanomas or melanomata)

(oncology, pathology) A dark-pigmented, usually malignant tumor arising from a melanocyte and occurring most commonly in the skin.

black cancer

see A Comprehensive Medical Dictionary citation from 1880

Melanome

see The Washington Post citation from 1904


osteoporosis

osteoporosis (countable and uncountable, plural osteoporoses)

/ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/

From Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”) + Ancient Greek πώρωσις (pṓrōsis, “petrification, callousness”), from Ancient Greek πῶρος (pôros, “tuff, a porous type of rock”). By surface analysis, osteo- + pore + -osis.

surf

(pathology) A disease, occurring especially in women following menopause, in which the bones become extremely porous and are subject to fracture.


presbyopia

en-noun

presbyopia (usually uncountable, plural presbyopias)

From New Latin presbyōpia, from Ancient Greek πρέσβυς (présbus, “old man”), and New Latin -ōpia (“vision problem”), from Ancient Greek ὤψ (ṓps, “eye”). By surface analysis, presby- + -opia.

der

(pathology) Inability of the eye, due to ageing, to focus on nearby objects.

قُصُوُّ البَصَرِ الشَيْخُوخِيّ

inability of the eye, due to ageing, to focus on nearby objects


bubo

Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin būbō, from Ancient Greek βουβών (boubṓn, “groin, swelling”).

If a Bubo or Carbuncle appear, set on Leeches not far from it, if it be in an ignoble part; ...

1661, Johann Jacob Wecker, Eighteen books of the secrets of art and nature: being the summe and substance of naturall philisophy ..., page 42:

(pathology) An inflamed swelling of a lymph node, especially in the armpit or groin, due to an infection such as bubonic plague, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, or syphilis.


migraine

en-noun

migraine (countable and uncountable, plural migraines)

1777 re-spelling (following French) of late 14th century Middle English megrim, from 13th century Old French migraigne, from Vulgar Latin pronunciation of Latin hemicrania (“pain in one half of the head”), from Ancient Greek ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “hemi-, half”) + κρανίον (kraníon, “skull”) (whence also cranium), a calque of Egyptian gs-tp (“headache”), from gs (“half”) + tp (“head”), although the link between the Egyptian magical papyri and the Greek ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía) could be purely incidental.
Cognate to megrim, hemicrania.

der

He had a headache so bad that he wished he was dead, but it was the sort of migraine that promised him he would continue to suffer but not die.

After consuming too much coffee every day for six weeks, she got severe migraines that would last up until 47 minutes after her first cup of coffee.

It was in 1976, during our first family holiday to Disneyland, California, that my family learned the difference between a headache and a migraine.

2006, Dian Caouette, Migraine Rewritten: A Journey from Debilitating Headache Pain to Regained Health, page 6:

A team of international researchers has recently identified the first—ever genetic link to common migraine (common migraine refers to migraine without aura, and it is the most common type of migraine that occurs).

2013, Susan Hutchinson, The Woman's Guide to Managing Migraine, page 18:

2013, Health Press Publishing, Natural Therapies and Prevention for Headaches and Migraines, unnumbered page,
Migraine headaches are fortunately suffered by a relatively small percentage of people, but for those who do suffer, migraines can literally take over their life.

(pathology) A severe, disabling headache, usually affecting only one side of the head, and often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia and visual disturbances.

skeelhoofpyn

headache usually affecting only one side of the head

Syncope is estimated to occur in bouts of headache in approximately 5% of adult patients with migraine.

1995, Robert A. Davidoff, Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management, page 60:

Migraine is characterized by recurrent unilateral, often pulsating, headaches, worsened by physical activity and associated with nausea, photophobia and phonophobia.

2005, Michael H. Silber, “Chapter 28: Headaches and sleep disorders”, in Christian Guilleminault, editor, Clinical Neurophysiology of Sleep Disorders, page 337:

2006, Joshua W. Devine, Daily Migraine Prevention and Its Influence on Resource Utilization in the Military Health System, PhD Thesis, page 1,
Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder with substantial variation in the frequency, severity, and duration of headaches (Goadsby, Lipton, & Ferrari, 2002).

(pathology) A neurological condition characterised by such headaches.


arteriosclerosis

en-noun

arteriosclerosis (countable and uncountable, plural arterioscleroses)

/ɑːˌtɪəɹɪəʊskləˈrəʊsɪs/

(pathology) Hardening, narrowing or loss of elasticity in arteries or blood vessels.

arteriosklerozë

hardening, narrowing or loss of elasticity in arteries or blood vessel


glaucoma

glaucoma (countable and uncountable, plural glaucomas or glaucomata)

/ɡlɔːˈkəʊmə/

/ɡlɔːˈkoʊmə/

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γλαύκωμα (glaúkōma, “an opacity of the crystalline lens”), derived from γλαυκός (glaukós, “blue-green”).

bor

Professor Rosas, in his last work on Diseases of the Eye (Lehre von den Augenkrankheiten, Wien, 1834, p. 326), distinguishes three kinds of glaucoma, viz. glaucoma of the hyaloid, glaucoma of the retina, and glaucoma of the choroid. He makes no mention of lenticular glaucoma, which is much more common than any of the three which he particularizes. Indeed, vitreous, retinal, and choroidal glaucomata, are, to say the least of them, rare diseases.

1838, William Mackenzie, “Remarks on Lenticular Glaucoma”, in The London Medical Gazette; Being a Weekly Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences, volume II, London: […] Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, […], page 105, column 2:

Nearly all of the so-called noncongestive glaucomata are of Types 1, 2, and 3.

1948 June, Edward J. Curran, “Advances in the Treatment of Glaucoma: The Joseph Schneider Foundation Eye Presentation”, in Postgraduate Medicine, volume III, number VI, page 409, column 2:

The term primary glaucoma designates that group of glaucomata, the cause of which is not yet known, in contrast to secondary glaucoma, which is due to some obvious cause.

1952, The West Indian Medical Journal, page 180:

The development of latent glaucomata is usually slow and chronic, following the rhythm of primary glaucomata.

1960, Premier Congrès de la Société Européenne d’Ophtalmologie, page 28:

Unfortunately, most of the older data are of limited value because the distinction between the various forms of glaucoma was often difficult and thus unreliable and because glaucomata are diseases of advanced age.

1962, Werner Kalow, “[Human Hereditary Defects With Altered Drug Response] Angle-Closure Glaucoma”, in Pharmacogenetics: Heredity and the Response to Drugs, Philadelphia, Pa., London: W. B. Saunders Company, →LCCN, page 193, column 2:

Oh, I got the glaucoma, real bad.

2013 January 15, Dave Andron, “Where's Waldo?”, in Justified, season 4, episode 2:

(pathology) An eye disease or disorder that is defined as a characteristic optic neuropathy, or disease of the optic nerve, possibly, if untreated, leading to damage of the optic disc of the eye and resultant visual field loss due to lack of communication between the retina and the brain, which can lead to blindness.


atherosclerosis

/ˌæθɚoʊskləˈɹoʊsəs/

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:

(pathology) The clogging or hardening of arteries or blood vessels caused by plaques (accumulations of fatty deposits, usually cholesterol).

атеросклеро́за

clogging or hardening of blood vessels caused by plaques


scorch

en-noun

scorch (countable and uncountable, plural scorches)

From Middle English scorchen, scorcnen (“to make dry; parch”), perhaps an alteration of earlier *scorpnen, from Old Norse skorpna (“to shrivel up”).

(phytopathology) Brown discoloration on the leaves of plants caused by heat, lack of water or by fungi.


CP

CP (countable and uncountable, plural CPs)

(virology) Initialism of capsid protein.


erectile dysfunction

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The observation that topical application of nitroglycerin to the penis may lead to erection adequate for sexual intercourse (Talley and Crawley 1985) has stimulated several investigations on the efficacy of this potential mode of treatment of erectile dysfunction.

1998, Alvaro Morales, editor, Erectile Dysfunction: Issues in Current Pharmacotherapy, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 107:

(medicine, pathology) The inability of a male to achieve or sustain an erection.


gross

en-adj

gross (comparative grosser or more gross, superlative grossest or most gross)

grosser (comparative)
more gross (comparative)
grossest (superlative)
most gross (superlative)

From Middle English gross (“whole, entire; flagrant, monstrous”), from Old French gros (“big, thick, large, stout”), from Late Latin grossus (“thick in diameter, coarse”), and Medieval Latin grossus (“great, big”), influenced by Old High German grōz (“big, thick, coarse”), from Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“large, great, thick, coarse grained, unrefined”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to rub, to stroke, to grind”).
Cognate with French grossier (“gross”). See also French dialectal grôt, groût (“large”) (Berry) and grô (“large”) (Burgundy), Catalan gros (“big”), Dutch groot (“big, large”), German groß (“large”), English great.

der

gross anatomy

We are accustomed to look for the gross and immediate effect and to ignore all else. Unless this appears promptly and in such obvious form that it cannot be ignored, we deny the existence of hazard.

1962, Rachel Carson, chapter 12, in Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 190:

(sciences, pathology) Seen without a microscope (usually for a tissue or an organ); at a large scale; not detailed.


hamartia

en-noun

hamartia (usually uncountable, plural hamartias)

/ˌhæˌmɑɹˈtiː.ə/

/ˌhɑːˌmɑɹˈtiː.ə/

From Ancient Greek ἁμαρτία (hamartía, “tragic failure, sinful nature”), from the verb ἁμαρτάνω (hamartánō, “to miss the mark”).

der

Coordinate term: hamartoma

(pathology) A focal malformation consisting of disorganized arrangement of tissue types.


diastema

en-noun

diastema (plural diastemas or diastemata)

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma, “interval, space between”). Compare diastasis.

der

A gormless-looking boy, thin and exhibiting diastemata in the shop-front lights, offered him English newspapers.

(pathology) A gap or space between two adjacent teeth, especially the upper front incisors (in humans).

(pathology) Any abnormal space, fissure, or cleft in an organ or other part of the body.


heteroplasm

(pathology) Tissue growing in a part of the body where it does not normally occur.


heteroplastic

en-adj

heteroplastic (comparative more heteroplastic, superlative most heteroplastic)

more heteroplastic (comparative)
most heteroplastic (superlative)

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(pathology) Of, or relating to heteroplasm


-philia

From Ancient Greek φιλία (philía, “(fraternal) love”).

der

(pathology) Used to form nouns meaning abnormal liking or tendency (for something), e.g. paraphilia.

-fília

forming words denoting abnormal linking towards a given thing


anaplastic

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(oncology) Of, or relating to, a tumor that shows little histogenetic differentiation. It implies that a tumor is high grade and likely to behave in an aggressive fashion.


neurosis

en-noun

neurosis (countable and uncountable, plural neuroses)

On inquiry it was found that this neurosis corresponded in time with the oncome of the catamenia.

1881, American journal of obstetrics and diseases of women and children: Volume 14:

In the period from Spinoza to the end of the 19th century, the reading of design into nature received such devastating attacks from naturalists to non-naturalists alike that there developed an epistemological neurosis which Von Baer aptly termed “teleophobia.”

1952, D. Maurice Allan, “Towards a Natural Teleology”, in The Journal of Philosophy, volume 49, number 13, →DOI:

(pathology) A mental disorder, less severe than psychosis, marked by anxiety or fear which differ from normal measures by their intensity, which disorder results from a failure to compromise or properly adjust during the developmental stages of life, between normal human instinctual impulses and the demands of human society.


psychosis

psychosis (countable and uncountable, plural psychoses)

From psych- + -osis or from Ancient Greek ψύχωσις (psúkhōsis, “animation, principle of life”).

der

Manganism has been known about since the 19th century, when miners exposed to ores containing manganese[…]began to totter, slur their speech and behave like someone inebriated. The poisoning was irreversible, and soon ended in psychosis and death.

2014 April 21, “Subtle effects”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8884:

(psychology) A severe mental disorder, sometimes with physical damage to the brain, marked by a deranged personality and a distorted view of reality.


granulocytopenia

(pathology) An abnormally low concentration of granulocytes in the blood, which reduces the body's resistance to many infections.


obelisk

Hippodrome of Constantinople
Obelisk of Theodosius
Theodosius I
Thutmose III

From Middle French obelisque, from Latin obeliscus (“obelisk”), from Ancient Greek ὀβελίσκος (obelískos), diminutive of ὀβελός (obelós, “needle”). Compare obelus.

(virology) An RNA structure similar to a viroid, with a rod-like secondary structure, which comprises its own phylogenetic group.


SBS

sick building syndrome
sick building syndrome#English

(pathology) Initialism of sick building syndrome, health effects experienced by building occupants that appear to be linked to time spent in a building.

shaken baby syndrome
shaken baby syndrome#English

(pathology) Initialism of shaken baby syndrome.

short bowel syndrome
short bowel syndrome#English

(pathology) Initialism of short bowel syndrome.


genotoxic

en-adj

genotoxic (comparative more genotoxic, superlative most genotoxic)

more genotoxic (comparative)
most genotoxic (superlative)

(oncology) Capable of damaging genetic material such as DNA, and thus causing mutations or possibly cancer.


asthenozoospermia

Infertility was caused by fallopian tube dysfunction and/or male-related factors (a diagnosis of asthenozoospermia and/or asthenoteratozoospermia or azoospermia according to the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen).

2015 July 25, “Clinical Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization among Chinese Infertile Couples Treated for Syphilis Infection”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(pathology) Condition in which a large proportion of spermatozoa produced in an ejaculate possess poor motility.


amniotic fluid embolism

en-noun

amniotic fluid embolism (plural amniotic fluid embolisms)

(pathology) A complication of pregnancy characterized by movement of amniotic fluid past the placenta


fester

Inherited from Middle English festre, festur, borrowed from Old French festre (cognate with Italian fistola, Occitan fistola, Spanish fístula), from Latin fistula. The verb is derived from the noun, while the “condition of something that festers” noun sense is derived from the verb. Doublet of fistula.

The larger the Spider, the warmer the climate or season of the year, and the more susceptible the wounded individual, so much worse will the effects be; and it is no therefore no wonder that people who would have a fester from a simple prick with a needle, should feel more violent effects from the bite of a Spider.

1848, Samuel Maunder, “SPIDERS. (Arachnida.)”, in The Treasury of Natural History; or, A Popular Dictionary of Animated Nature: In which the Zoological Characteristics that Distinguish the Different Classes, Genera, and Species, are Combined with a Variety of Interesting Information Illustrative of the Habits, Instincts, and General Economy of the Animal Kingdom. To which are Added, a Syllabus of Practical Taxidermy, and a Glossarial Appendix. …, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC, page 637, column 1:

While to the fingers and toes, which are frequently the seat of spontaneous festers, &c., irritation is kept up [if a hot poultice is applied], the skin is thickened, and rendered less liable to be permeated by matter; the heat is driven down the soft structures to the very bones and joints, and a portion of them may be lost in consequence.

1861, Benjamin Ridge, “Medical and Self Torture”, in Ourselves, Our Food, and Our Physic, London: Chapman and Hall, 193 Piccadilly, →OCLC, page 68:

He has been away so long and so often, there has been such mismanagement under a long minority, such changes and such misrule, such a hard hand and such a high hand, that the whole place is a fester.

1864 July, “The Rim. Part III.—Conclusion.”, in The Atlantic Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Art, and Politcs, volume XIV, number LXXXI, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, 135, Washington Street; London: Trübner and Company, →OCLC, page 68:

(pathology) A sore or an ulcer of the skin.


asystole

(pathology, cardiology) An absence of a systole; a failure of the heart to contract.


FOB

FOB (countable and uncountable, plural FOBs)

FOBs (plural)
F.O.B. (alternative)
F. O. B. (alternative)
fob (alternative)

fecal occult blood
fecal occult blood#English

(pathology) Abbreviation of fecal occult blood.


infection

infection (countable and uncountable, plural infections)

From Old French infection, from Late Latin īnfectiō.

Coordinate term: colonization (subclinical or commensal)

(pathology) The act or process of infecting.


wilt

wilt (countable and uncountable, plural wilts)

Recorded since 1691, probably an alteration of welk, itself from Middle English welken, presumed from Middle Dutch (preserved in modern inchoative verwelken) or Middle Low German welken (“to wither”), cognate with Old High German irwelhen (“to become soft”).

cog

(phytopathology) Any of various plant diseases characterized by wilting.


yellow fever

The town up the road was overcome by yellow fever, he said. All travelers warned away.

2016, Colson Whitehead, The Underground Railroad, Fleet (2017), page 257:

(pathology) An acute febrile illness of tropical regions, caused by a flavivirus (Yellow fever virus) and spread by certain mosquitoes, characterised by jaundice, black vomit and the absence of urination.


rumination

en-noun

rumination (countable and uncountable, plural ruminations)

/ˌɹuːmɪˈneɪʃən/

From Latin rūminātio (“chewing the cud”); see ruminate.

(pathology) An eating disorder characterized by repetitive regurgitation of small amounts of food from the stomach.


ruptured membrane

ruptured membrane (plural ruptured membranes)

(pathology) During pregnancy, a premature rupture in which amniotic fluid is discharged from the uterus and vagina putting encumbent infant at risk for infection.


cyanose

en-verb

cyanose (third-person singular simple present cyanoses, present participle cyanosing, simple past and past participle cyanosed)

cyanoses (present singular third-person)
cyanosing (participle present)
cyanosed (participle past)
cyanosed (past)

(pathology, ambitransitive) To turn blue due to cyanosis.


cyanosis

en-noun

cyanosis (countable and uncountable, plural cyanoses)

(pathology) A blue discolouration of the skin due to the circulation of blood low in oxygen.


diglossia

From Latin diglōssia. In linguistics introduced 1959 by Charles A. Ferguson, based on French diglossie, from Ancient Greek δίγλωσσος (díglōssos, “bilingual”) + -ία (-ía). Equivalent to di- + -glossia.

der

(pathology) The presence of a cleft or doubled tongue.


anemia

en-noun

anemia (countable and uncountable, plural anemias or anemiae or anemiæ)

anemias (plural)
anemiae (plural)
anemiæ (plural)
anaemia (alternative)
anæmia (alternative)

→ Swahili: anemia

From Ancient Greek ἀναιμία (anaimía), from ἀν- (an-, “not”) + αἷμα (haîma, “blood”) + -ia; those roots are the basis of the English combining forms an- + -aemia/-emia.

(American spelling, uncountable, pathology) A medical condition in which the capacity of the blood to transport oxygen to the tissues is reduced, either because of too few red blood cells, or because of too little hemoglobin, resulting in pallor and fatigue.

anemi

medical condition with decreased oxygen transport

Pernicious anemia and sickle-cell anemia are two anemias.

(countable, pathology) A disease or condition that has anemia as a symptom.

貧血 /贫血

disease of condition with anemia as symptom


croup

From Scots croup, croop (“the croup”), from Scots croup, crowp, croop (“to croak, speak hoarsely, murmur, complain”), from Old Scots crowp, crope, croap (“to call loudly, croak”), alteration of rowp, roup, roip, rope (“to cry, cry hoarsely, roop”), from Middle English roupen, ropen, from Old English hrōpan (“to shout, proclaim; cry out, scream, howl”), from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną (“to shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *ker-, *kor- (“to caw, crow”). More at roop.

der

(pathology) An infectious illness of the larynx, especially in young children, causing respiratory difficulty.


mononucleosis

en-noun

mononucleosis (usually uncountable, plural mononucleoses)

(pathology) A viral infection marked by extreme fatigue, high fever, and swollen lymph nodes.

單核細胞增多症 /单核细胞增多症

infectious mononucleosis, glandular fever

伝染性単核球症

でんせんせいたんかくきゅうしょう


latent

From Middle English latent, latente, from Old French latent, from Latin latēns, present participle of lateō (“lie hidden”).

2008 July 2, Joe Palca, “Scientists Make Herpes Breakthrough”, abstract, All Things Considered, National Public Radio
Those infected with a herpes virus are infected for life. That’s because the virus goes "latent." Sometimes, it awakes from its slumber, producing painful illnesses.

(pathology, of a virus) Remaining in an inactive or hidden phase; dormant.


herpes zoster

From the description, Letha felt sure Jane had herpes zoster, or shingles, which often strikes cancer patients or others with depressed immune systems. Jane spent another week in the Bubble, treated with acyclovir.

2005, Donald Hall, The Best Day the Worst Day: Life with Jane Kenyon, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, page 98:

(pathology) An acute viral inflammation of the sensory ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves associated with a vesicular eruption and neuralgic pains, caused by reactivation of the Human herpes virus 3, in genus Varicellovirus, that also causes chicken pox as primoinfection.


varicose vein

(pathology) An abnormally swollen or dilated vein.


cholera

cholera (countable and uncountable, plural choleras)

From Latin cholera (“bilious disease”), from Ancient Greek χολέρα (kholéra, “cholera”). Doublet of choler.

der

'This again,' said the Bacteriologist, slipping a glass slide under the microscope, 'is a preparation of the celebrated Bacillus of cholera - the cholera germ.'

At that time, the city [Christiania, now Oslo] was in the grip of a cholera epidemic, and victims were dying at the rate of 60 a day. Bradshaw contracted the disease, and died on September 6 [1853].

1950 January, “Notes and News: George Bradshaw's Grave”, in Railway Magazine, pages 61–62:

Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholerae#Translingual

(pathology) Any of several acute infectious diseases of humans and domestic animals, caused by certain strains of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium through ingestion of contaminated water or food, usually marked by severe gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration.


pulmonary tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis#Translingual

(pathology) The most common form of active tuberculosis (TB) infecting the lungs, generally caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


ulcer

From Old French ulcere, from Latin ulcus. Doublet of ulcus.

(pathology) An open sore of the skin, eyes or mucous membrane, often caused by an initial abrasion and generally maintained by an inflammation and/or an infection.


septicemia

en-noun

septicemia (countable and uncountable, plural septicemias)

septicemias (plural)
septicaemia (alternative)
septicæmia (alternative)

Borrowed from New Latin sēpticaemia, from Latin sēpticus + -aemia.

(medicine, pathology) A disease caused by the presence of pathogenic organisms, especially bacteria, or their toxins, in the bloodstream, characterized by chills and fever.

се́псис

disease caused by pathogens in the blood


asepsis

asepsis (usually uncountable, plural asepses)

(pathology) The state of being free from sepsis.

(pathology) The process of removing pathogenic organisms or protecting against such organisms.


atrophy

atrophy (countable and uncountable, plural atrophies)

Borrowed from French atrophie, from Latin atrophia, from Ancient Greek ἀτροφία (atrophía, “a wasting away”), from ἄτροφος (átrophos, “ill-fed, un-nourished”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”), from τρέφω (tréphō, “I fatten”). Equivalent to a- + -trophy.

der

(pathology) A reduction in the functionality of an organ caused by disease, injury or lack of use.


leucocythemia

en-noun

leucocythemia (countable and uncountable, plural leucocythemias)

leucocythemias (plural)
leucocythaemia (alternative)

(oncology) A disease in which there is a vastly increased number of white blood cells in the blood.


echolalia

echolalia (countable and uncountable, plural echolalias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-echolalia.wav

/ˌɛkə(ʊ)ˈleɪlɪə/

From echo + -lalia; Latin ēchō from Ancient Greek ἠχώ (ēkhṓ, “reflected sound, echo”), and -lalia from Ancient Greek λαλιά (laliá, “talk, chat”).

der

Their echolalic responses may be much more extensive than the single words or short phrases that are characteristic of normal echolalia. Thus, a pseudoverbal autistic child may respond to "Do you want a cookie, Jimmy?" with a replication of the very same words.

1984, Jon Eisenson, Aphasia and related disorders in children, page 30:

(clinical psychology, autism) The involuntary repetitive echoing of words or phrases spoken by another person; either immediate or delayed.


pathogen

/ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/

In his first book since the 2008 essay collection Natural Acts: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature, David Quammen looks at the natural world from yet another angle: the search for the next human pandemic, what epidemiologists call “the next big one.” His quest leads him around the world to study a variety of suspect zoonoses—animal-hosted pathogens that infect humans.

2013 January 5, Katie L. Burke, “Ecological Dependency”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 1, archived from the original on 2017-02-09, page 64:

(pathology, immunology) An agent that can cause disease, especially an infectious microorganism, such as a bacterium, virus, protozoon or fungus.

sëmundjeshkaktues

any organism or substance that causes disease


ulcus

From Latin ulcus (“sore”). Doublet of ulcer.

He also likes the vapor-cauterization of Wesseli (100° C.), which does not produce an action at a distance. It also helps for deep scrophulous ulcera.

1916, Ophthalmology: Essays, Abstracts and Reviews, volume 12, page 150:

By the observations and experiments of numbers of clinicians and investigators it has become certain now that the central brain, particularly the hypothalamus, is of great importance for the origin of erosions and ulcera of the stomach.

1954, Jules Samuels, Endogenous Endocrinotherapy, Including the Causal Cure of Cancer: Compendium, Amsterdam: N.V. Cycloscoop, page 316:

V. E., ♀.born 1920 (File Nr. 27, 26 October to 8 January 1954). Gastrectomy in March 1953 because of multiple ulcera of the stomach.

1957, Experimental Medicine and Surgery, New York: Brooklyn Medical Press, page 163:

More than 80% of all ulcera of the stomach in humans can be found along the lesser curvature (Haftner, 1965; Kommerell & Reiferscheid, 1979) and HCI and pepsin are supposed to be related to the aetiology of the ulcera.

1988, Peter Langer, The Mammalian Herbivore Stomach: Comparative Anatomy, Function, and Evolution, Gustav Fischer Verlag, →ISBN, page 408:


dysuria

en-noun

dysuria (countable and uncountable, plural dysurias)

A cystometrogram differentiates "active" and "passive" types of normal bladders, accounting for some instances of enuresis and mild forms of dysurias and, as prolonged bladder distention can be maintained at any point for any period, it is possible occasionally to use the cystometric procedure as a therapeutic agent to relieve dysurias due to a spastic bladder musculature.

1929, The American Journal of Syphilis, volume 13, page 390:

2009, Scott Kahan, Redonda Miller, Ellen G. Smith, Signs and Symptoms, 2nd Edition, Wolters Kluwer (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins), page 98,
Dysuria is a painful or burning sensation during or immediately after urination caused by irritation of the urothelium and its innervation. This is a common symptom in primary care: Nearly 20% of women aged 20–55 will have at least one episode of dysuria per year, resulting in more than 8 million physician office visits annually. Women have episodes of acute dysuria much more frequently than men.

Neurologic dysurias are among the most difficult to characterize and to treat.

2012, Richard B. Ford, Elisa Mazzaferro, Kirk & Bistner's Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment, Elsevier, page 426:

(pathology) The experience or condition of experiencing pain while discharging urine, or (rarely) of having difficulty doing so.


dyspnea

dyspnea (countable and uncountable, plural dyspneas)

dyspneas (plural)
dyspnoea (alternative)
dyspnœa (alternative)

Variant spelling of dyspnoea, a learned borrowing from Latin dyspnoea (“difficulty breathing”), from Ancient Greek δῠ́σπνοιᾰ (dŭ́spnoiă, “difficulty breathing, shortness of breath”), from δῠ́σπνοος (dŭ́spnoos, “short of breath, breathing with difficulty”, adjective) (also δῠ́σπνους (dŭ́spnous) by contraction) + -ῐᾰ (-ĭă, suffix forming abstract nouns). Δῠ́σπνοος (Dŭ́spnoos) is derived from δῠσ- (dŭs-, prefix meaning ‘bad; difficult, hard; unfortunate’) + πνέω (pnéō, “to blow; to breathe”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pnew- (“to breathe; to pant”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming adjectives). The English word is analysable as dys- (prefix meaning ‘abnormal; difficult; disease’) + -pnea (suffix meaning ‘breathing, respiration’).

affix

also <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">δῠ́σπνους</i> (dŭ́spnous) by contraction

confix

In a Diſpnœa, the breath is thick, vvithout noiſe or anhelation, and vvith leſs trouble.

1655, Lazarus Riverius [i.e., Lazare Rivière], “Of Asthma, or Difficulty of Breathing”, in Nicholas Culpeper, Abdiah Cole, and William Rowland, transl., The Practice of Physick, […], London: […] Peter Cole, […], →OCLC, 7th book (Of the Diseases of the Breast), page 148:

During August the tumor again grew rapidly, causing dyspnœa, constipation and general malaise.

1888, R[euben] Ludlam, “Lecture LIX. Ovariotomy.”, in Medical and Surgical Lectures on the Diseases of Women, a Clinical and Systematic Treatise. […], 6th edition, Chicago, Ill.: Halsey Brothers, →OCLC, page 962:

(pathology) Difficult or laboured breathing.


dyskinesia

en-noun

dyskinesia (countable and uncountable, plural dyskinesias)

(uncountable) A state of involuntary muscle movements, like tics and torticollis, and reduced voluntary muscle movements.


pernicious anemia

pernicious anemia (countable and uncountable, plural pernicious anemias)

pernicious anemias (plural)
pernicious anaemia (alternative)
pernicious anæmia (alternative)

(pathology) A severe form of anemia caused by vitamin B₁₂ insufficiency.


exsanguination

exsanguination (countable and uncountable, plural exsanguinations)

(pathology) Excessive loss of blood due to hemorrhage.

кровопотеря

excessive loss of blood due to hemorrhage


typhoid fever

typhoid fever (countable and uncountable, plural typhoid fevers)

The great French microbiologist Louis Pasteur [...] lost three of his five children to typhoid fever.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 377:

(pathology) An illness caused by the bacterium serovar Salmonella Typhi. Not to be confused with typhus.


typhus

typhus (usually uncountable, plural typhuses)

From New Latin typhus, from Ancient Greek τῦφος (tûphos, “fever, stupor”), from τύφω (túphō, “to smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-, extended form of *dʰew- (“scatter like dust”).

der

Typhoid and typhus have similar names and symptoms, but are different diseases.

(pathology) Any of several similar diseases, characterised by high recurrent fever, caused by Rickettsia bacteria. Not to be confused with typhoid fever.


infantilism

en-noun

infantilism (usually uncountable, plural infantilisms)

A craniopharyngioma may produce infantilism.

(pathology) An appearance like (that of) an infant.


cancerous

en-adj

cancerous (comparative more cancerous, superlative most cancerous)

more cancerous (comparative)
most cancerous (superlative)

From Middle English cancerous, from Latin cancerōsus, from cancer (“crab; tumor, cancer”) + -ōsus (adjective-forming suffix). By surface analysis, cancer + -ous.

On Sunday at five they operated to remove the cancerous kidney.

2002, Zadie Smith, The Autograph Man, Penguin Books (2003), page 368:

(oncology) Relating to or affected with cancer.


furuncle

/ˈfjʊɹˌʌŋ.kəl/

Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin fūrunculus (“a petty thief, pilferer; a pointed burning sore, boil”), diminutive of fūr (“a thief”).

der

(pathology) A boil or infected, inflamed, pus-filled sore.


AFB

en-noun

AFB (countable and uncountable, plural AFBs)

American foulbrood
American foulbrood#English

(pathology) Initialism of American foulbrood.


carcinogen

/kɑɹˈsɪnəd͡ʒən/

We know there are substances in our environment that are proven carcinogens—ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields, organochlorines, pesticides and herbicides.

1995, Barbra Wiener, Executive Director Women's Cancer Resource Center Minneapolis, "Letter: Focus Cancer Research on Prevention," New York Times, 26 Oct. (retrieved 19 Oct. 2009)

A substance or agent that can cause cancer.


syndrome

Learned borrowing from New Latin syndrome, from Ancient Greek συνδρομή (sundromḗ, “concurrence of symptoms, concourse”), from σύνδρομος (súndromos, “running together”), from συν- (sun-, “with”) + δρόμος (drómos, “running, course”).

der

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome

Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome

Down syndrome; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; restless-leg syndrome; battered-wife syndrome

A “zone of rarity” emerges when symptoms cluster neatly into syndromes and interforms are uncommon, although not altogether absent. Fuzzy boundaries and interforms are a special problem for PTSD […]

2004, Gerald Rosen, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies, page 127:

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:

(pathology) A recognizable pattern of signs, symptoms and/or behaviours, especially of a disease or medical or psychological condition.

مُتَلَازِمَة

recognizable pattern of symptoms or behaviours


crib death

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-crib death.wav

(pathology, US) The unexplained death of a baby usually while sleeping.

mort sobtada

the unexplained death of a baby usually while sleeping


cot death

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cot death.wav

(pathology, British) The unexplained death of a baby, usually while sleeping.


parosmia

en-noun

parosmia (countable and uncountable, plural parosmias)

From para- (prefix meaning ‘abnormal’) + -osmia (suffix denoting diseases connected to smelling).

affix

Parosmis, from παρα, "male [Latin: ‘badly; wrongly’]," and ὄζω, "oleo, olfacio;" analogously with paracusis and paropsis, and hence preferred to parosmia. The common term among nosologists is anosmia, but this only includes one species of the genus, namely, privation or destitution of smell; which, in fact, is the only one that has hitherto been introduced into nosological systems.

1817, John Mason Good, “Gen[us] III. Parosmis.”, in A Physiological System of Nosology; […], London: […] Bensley and Son, […], for E. Cox and Son, […], →OCLC, page 320:

The smell, too, is often perverted—Parosmia. The author was formerly acquainted with a lady, who scented her snuff with the tincture of assafœtida.

1842, Robley Dunglison, “Of the Neuroses”, in The Practice of Medicine; or, A Treatise on Special Pathology and Therapeutics. […], volume II, Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Blanchard, →OCLC, book VI (Diseases of the Nervous System), page 280:

Smell disturbances occur quite frequently after head injuries. They consist in unilateral or bilateral hypnosmia or anosmia which may be bound with spontaneous parosmias.

1949 July, F. C. Sumner, “[Part III.—Bibliography and Epitome.] Smell and Taste Disturbances after Head Injuries.”, in G. W. T. H. Fleming, editor, The Journal of Mental Science: The British Journal of Psychiatry, volume XCV, number 400, London: J[ohn] & A[ugustus] Churchill, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 767:

Parosmia has been reported by a number of patients with head trauma. In some cases, parosmia is a sign of nerve regeneration and the return (at least partially) of the sense of smell. In other cases, parosmia can be severe, persistent, and intrusive.

1996, “Smell Disorders”, in M. Eric Gershwin, Gary A. Incaudo, editors, Diseases of the Sinuses: A Comprehensive Textbook of Diagnosis and Treatment, Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, →ISBN, part III (Clinical Disease), page 438, column 1:

Parosmias tend to decrease to a bearable level after approximately one year. However, recent work revealed that more than 50% of the parosmias are still present after two years. Over time, parosmia seems to lose its devastating effect on quality of life.

2005, B. N. Landis, T. Hummell, J.-S. Lacroix, “Basic and Clinical Aspects of Olfaction”, in J. D. Pickard, editor, Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, volume 30, Vienna: SpringerWienNewYork, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 88:

In June 2021, a study found that of 1,299 people suffering with long-Covid, that 10.8 percent or 140 of them were suffering with change in their sense of smell. Also known as parosmia, change in your sense of smell can affect everyone differen[tly].

2022 January 15, Christopher Sharp, “Covid symptoms: Five foods that could trigger parosmia – reported symptom after infection”, in Gary Jones, editor, Daily Express, London: Express Newspapers, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-04-18:

(pathology) A distorted sense of smell, often resulting in the apparent detection of non-existent smells which are mostly unpleasant.

刺激性異嗅症

しげきせいいきゅうしょう


mastitis

en-noun

mastitis (countable and uncountable, plural mastitides or mastitises)

From French mastite, derived from Ancient Greek masto- + -itis.


oncology

oncology (countable and uncountable, plural oncologies)

/ɒŋˈkɒləd͡ʒi/

First attested 1857, from New Latin onco- (“tumor”), from Ancient Greek ὄγκος (ónkos, “lump, mass, bulk”) + -logy (“study of”).

der

The branch of medicine concerned with tumors, including study of their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.


lymphosarcoma

en-noun

lymphosarcoma (plural lymphosarcomas or lymphosarcomata)

lymphosarcomas (plural)
lymphosarcomata (plural)

(pathology) A diffuse malignant lymphoma.


malign

en-adj

malign (comparative more malign, superlative most malign)

more malign (comparative)
most malign (superlative)

From Middle English maligne, from Old French maligne, from Latin malignus, from malus (“bad”) + genus (“sort, kind”). Compare benign.

a malign ulcer

malign ulcers

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Seditions and Troubles”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:


pyrogenic

pyrogenic (comparative more pyrogenic, superlative most pyrogenic)

more pyrogenic (comparative)
most pyrogenic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pyrogenic.wav

(pathology, chemistry) generating or produced by heat, especially in the body; causing or caused by fever


pyrogenous

pyrogenous (comparative more pyrogenous, superlative most pyrogenous)

more pyrogenous (comparative)
most pyrogenous (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pyrogenous.wav

(pathology, chemistry, geology) Synonym of pyrogenic

(pathology, chemistry, geology) Synonym of pyrogenetic


rheumatism

en-noun

rheumatism (countable and uncountable, plural rheumatisms)

First attested 1601, from Latin rheumatismus (“rheum”), from Ancient Greek ῥευματισμός (rheumatismós, “humour, discharge, rheum”) from ῥευματίζομαι (rheumatízomai, “I suffer from a rheum”) from ῥεῦμα (rheûma, “stream, flow”) from ῥέω (rhéō, “I flow”)

uder

And then as to your ſcurvys, and gouts, rheumatiſms, conſumptions, coughs and catarrhs, tar-vvater and turpentine vvill make you as ſound as a roach.

1763 June 20 (first performance), Samuel Foote, The Mayor of Garret. A Comedy, […], London: […] P[aul] Vaillant, […], published 1764, →OCLC, Act I, scene i, page 4:

The old man had become a confirmed invalid, confined by chronic rheumatism to his chair.

(pathology) Any disorder of the muscles, tendons, joints, bones, nerves, characterized by pain, discomfort and disability.

رَثْيَة

any painful disorder of muscles, tendons, joints, bones and nerves

rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

(pathology) Atrophic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis


monomania

en-noun

monomania (plural monomanias or monomaniæ)

/ˌmɒnəʊˈmeɪnɪə/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-monomania.wav

Either:
* Formed in English as mono- + mania;
* From the French monomanie; or,
* From the Modern Latin monomania.

“There are no limits to the possibilities of monomania,” I answered. “There is the condition which the modern French psychologists have called the ‘idée fixe,’ which may be trifling in character, and accompanied by complete sanity in every other way. A man who had read deeply about Napoleon, or who had possibly received some hereditary family injury through the great war, might conceivably form such an ‘idée fixe’ and under its influence be capable of any fantastic outrage.”

1904 April 30, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Six Napoleons”, in The Return of Sherlock Holmes, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., published February 1905, →OCLC, page 212:

(pathology, dated) A pathological obsession with one person, thing or idea.


antineoplastic

(pharmacology, oncology) Inhibiting the development of tumours.


schizophrenia

schizophrenia (countable and uncountable, plural schizophrenias)

First attested 1908, from New Latin schizophrenia, from German Schizophrenie, coined by Eugen Bleuler, from Ancient Greek σχίζω (skhízō, “to split”) + φρήν (phrḗn, “mind, heart, diaphragm”) + English -ia.

af

(pathology) A psychiatric diagnosis denoting a persistent, often chronic, mental illness characterised by abnormal perception, thinking, behavior and emotion, often marked by delusions.


xanthosis

en-noun

xanthosis (countable and uncountable, plural xanthoses)

(pathology) A yellowish discolouration of tissues undergoing degeneration.


dysplasia

dysplasia (countable and uncountable, plural dysplasias)

(pathology) Abnormal development of cells or tissue, often a precancerous stage of growth.


virid

PIE word
 *wisós
Either:
* from virus + -id (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives and nouns); or
* from translingual viridae (“grouping of viruses”) + English -id; viridae is derived from Latin virus (“poison; venom; (New Latin) virus (infectious organism)”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime”)) + translingual -idae (suffix forming names of families of animals).

cog

(virology, chiefly in the plural) Any of a group of related viruses.


bulimia

en-noun

bulimia (countable and uncountable, plural bulimias)

PIE word
 *gʷṓws
From Ancient Greek βουλιμία (boulimía, “ravenous hunger”), from βοῦς (boûs, “cow, ox”) + λῑμός (līmós, “hunger”).

compound

Grow up, Heather, bulimia is so '87.

1989, Daniel Waters, Heathers, spoken by Heather Chandler:

(pathology) A chronic eating disorder characterized by a binge-and-purge cycle: extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting.


saturnine

en-adj

saturnine (comparative more saturnine, superlative most saturnine)

more saturnine (comparative)
most saturnine (superlative)
♄ine (alternative)

From Middle English saturnine, satournine, satournyne, saturnin, saturnyn, saturnyne (“pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Saturn; line on the palm of the hand associated with Saturn”), from Old French saturnine, saturnin (modern French saturnin (“of, pertaining to, resembling or containing lead, plumbic”)), or directly from its etymon Medieval Latin Sāturnīnus, from Sāturnus (“the Roman god Saturn; the planet Saturn”) + -īnus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’); analysable as Saturn + -ine. The English word is cognate with Italian saturnino (“saturnine”), Portuguese saturnino (“melancholy, saturnine; pertaining to the planet Saturn”), Spanish saturnino (“melancholy, saturnine; pertaining to the planet Saturn”).
Sense 1 (“having a tendency to be cold, bitter, gloomy, etc.”) refers to the fact that individuals born under the astrological influence of the planet Saturn were believed to have that disposition.

cog

The slow saturation of the animal economy by the metal renders the individual saturnine, and prepares in him a fresh ground, containing a reserve of lead, which, under the influence of accidental causes, may pass back in a notable quantity into the blood and bring on accidents analogous to those of acute poisoning or presenting special characteristics. The first effects of lead impregnation are, production of saturnine anæmia [...] acute or chronic saturnine asthma then come on; [...]

1875 August 16, “Renaut on Chronic Lead-poisoning”, in The London Medical Record: A Review of the Progress of the Medical Sciences and of Subjects Relating to Public Health, volume III, London: Smith, Elder & Co., […], →OCLC, page 503, column 1:

(not comparable, pathology) Caused or affected by lead poisoning (saturnism).


spastic

en-adj

spastic (comparative more spastic, superlative most spastic)

more spastic (comparative)
most spastic (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin spasticus, from Ancient Greek σπαστικός (spastikós, “drawing in”). By surface analysis, spasm + -tic. Compare French spastique and see also spasm.

der

(pathology) Of, relating to, or affected by spasm.

(pathology) Of or relating to spastic paralysis.


DSM-IV

In the new “DSM-5” manual, “the criteria will incorporate several diagnoses from DSM-IV including autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder (not otherwise specified) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder for DSM-5 to help more accurately and consistently diagnose children with autism,” according to an APA statement Saturday.

2012 December 2, Miriam Falco, “Psychiatric association approves changes to diagnostic manual”, in CNN:

(psychology) The revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1994.


hyperchlorhydria

(pathology) The presence of an excessive amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Often treatable with antacid.


pleurisy

en-noun

pleurisy (countable and uncountable, plural pleurisies)

From Middle English pleuresi, pleresye, that borrowed from Old French pleuresie (French pleurésie), from Late Latin pleurisis, alteration of Latin pleuritis.

1829 September, Richard N. Allen, An Essay on Pneumonia Biliosa, Horatio Gates Jameson (editor), The Maryland Medical Recorder, Volume 1, Number 1, page 591,
The division of pleurisies now sanctioned by the general language of medical men, is that which arranges them as inflammatory,* bilious and typhoid.

And the dope often gave him a painful case of pleurisy if he smoked it for more than two straight days of heavy continuous smoking[…]

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 22:

Pleurisy usually causes pain, which is made worse by deep breathing, since the two inflamed layers of the pleura rub against each other.

2005, David B. Jacoby, R. M. Youngson, Encyclopedia Of Family Health, 3rd edition, page 1618:

Pleurisy usually occurs as a secondary disease to other infections (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis), conditions (e.g., pulmonary embolism, tumors), or as a result of injury.

2009, Susan G. Salvo, Mosby′s Pathology for Massage Therapists, 2nd edition, page 286:

(pathology) Inflammation of lung pleura.


ganglion

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γᾰγγλῐ́ον (gănglĭ́on, “encysted tumour on a tendon or aponeurosis”).

bor

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

(pathology) A benign cystic tumour on a tendon sheath or joint capsule.


septic shock

(pathology) A life-threatening condition caused by infection and sepsis, often after surgery or trauma.


mastoiditis

en-noun

mastoiditis (countable and uncountable, plural mastoiditides or mastoidites)

mastoiditides (plural)
mastoidites (plural)

(pathology) Inflammation of the mastoid process of the temporal bone.


blight

blight (countable and uncountable, plural blights)

The etymology of the noun is uncertain; suggested derivations include the following:
* possibly related to Middle English blichening (“mildew or rust on grain, blight”), possibly related to Middle English bliken (“to gleam, shine; to turn pale”), from Old English blīcan (“to shine, sparkle”) (whence modern English blike (“(obsolete) to gleam, shine”); also compare Old Norse blikna (“to grow pallid”)), from Proto-West Germanic *blīkan (“to shine”), from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną (“to gleam, shine”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”); or
* since sense 2.2 is a diseased condition of the skin, possibly from Middle English *bleighte, *bleȝte, from Old English blǣcþa (“leprosy”) (related to blǣċe (“an itching skin-disease”) and blǣċo (“leprosy; paleness”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“pale; white”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”). If so, the word is a doublet of bleak.
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

Proceed, inhuman Parent in thy Scorn; / Root up my Trees, vvith Blites deſtroy my Corn; / My Vineyards Ruin, and my Sheepfolds burn.

1697, Virgil, “The Fourth Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 136, lines 467–469:

As ſudden blights corrupt the ripen'd grain, / And of its verdure ſpoil the mournful plain; / So hapleſs love on blooming features preys, / So hapleſs love deſtroys our peaceful days.

1720, John Gay, “[Miscellanies.] Panthea. An Elegy.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, volume II, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], and Bernard Lintot, […], →OCLC, page 388, lines 337–340:

Some there are vvho imagine the moſt deſtructive Blights vvhich attend Fruit-Trees, are produc'd by ſmall Shovvers of Rain, or vvhite Hoar-Froſts falling upon the Bloſſoms of Fruit-trees, vvhich being ſucceeded by cold North or Eaſterly VVinds, or froſty Mornings, are the Occaſion of the frequent Blights vvhich happen in the Spring Seaſon: […]

1733, Philip Miller, “BLIGHTS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:

A blight in 1855–56 set back the industry, many plantations being ruined and then given over to sugar cane. After the blight had disappeared, the plantations were re-established, and prosperity continued for years.

1922, William H[arrison] Ukers, “Cultivation of the Coffee Plant”, in All About Coffee, New York, N.Y.: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, →OCLC, page 241, column 1:

A diseased condition suffered by a plant; specifically, a complete and rapid chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as floral organs, leaves, branches, or twigs, especially one caused by a fungus; a mildew, a rust, a smut.

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type of diseased condition of a plant — see also mildew, rust, smut

The cause of such a condition, often unseen but believed to be airborne; specifically, a bacterium, a virus, or (especially) a fungus; also, an aphid which attacks fruit trees.

(pathology, dated) A diseased condition of the face or skin; specifically, bleeding under the conjunctiva of the eye, a form of skin rash, or a palsy of the face due to cold.


blight

en-verb

blight (third-person singular simple present blights, present participle blighting, simple past and past participle blighted)

blights (present singular third-person)
blighting (participle present)
blighted (participle past)
blighted (past)
blight (infinitive)

But if it happens, as ſometimes it does, that this Vapour bears up along vvith it any noxious mineral Steams, it then blasts Vegetables, eſpecially thoſe vvhich are more young and tender: blights Corn and Fruits: and is ſometimes injurious even to Men vvho chance to be then abroad in the Fields.

1695, John Woodward, “Part IV. Of the Origin and Formation of Metalls and Minerals.”, in An Essay toward a Natural History of the Earth: And Terrestrial Bodies, Especially Minerals: […], London: […] Ric[hard] Wilkin […], →OCLC, pages 212–213:

In your eye there is death, / There is frost on your breath / Which would blight the plants.

1830 June, Alfred Tennyson, “The Poet’s Mind”, in Poems. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 51:

Oh, Love! like the blast of the desert thou blightest / The fairest of flowers with thy venomous breath.

1840 August, “The Talisman”, in The Citizen; a Monthly Journal of Politics, Literature, and Art, volume II, number X, Dublin: Machen and Company, […]; London: Simpkin and Marshall, and Richard Groombridge, →OCLC, stanza IV, page 157:

Much is permitted to the power of spirits, so that, being unseen and unperceived, they appear rather in their effects than in their acts: as when some lurking evil in the air blighteth the fruit or grain in the blossom, killeth it in the blade, woundeth it in its full growth, and when the atmosphere tainted in some secret way poureth over the earth its pestilential vapours.

1842, Tertullian, “The Book of Apology against the Heathen”, in C[harles] Dodgson, transl., edited by E[dward] B[ouverie] P[usey], Tertullian (A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, […]; 10), volume I (Apologetic and Practical Treatises), Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: J. G. F. and J. Rivington, →OCLC, pages 54–55:

(phytopathology) To affect the fertility or growth of (a plant) with a blight (noun sense 1.1), especially one caused by a fungus; to blast, to mildew, to smut.

antaa ruostetauti

to affect the fertility or growth of (a plant) with a blight

[B]lighted be the tongue / That names thy name without the honour due!

1811, Walter Scott, The Vision of Don Roderick; a Poem, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for John Ballantyne and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, stanza LI, page 47:

(by extension, pathology, dated) To affect (a body part) with a disease.


Daltonism

Named for the English chemist John Dalton (1766–1844), who had the condition and did early research into it, + -ism.

A person with Daltonism may be said to lack a discriminatory power that others have: his perceptions of red and green are, as such, not to be relied on.

2002, Richard Davies, Descartes: Belief, Scepticism and Virtue, page 25:

The Ishihara plates were developed for the assessment of congenital colour anomalies (Daltonism) and so there is considerable detail in the testing that is not relevant to optic nerve disease where the losses do not follow the specific patterns seen in Daltonism but show largely global losses.

2011, Gordon Plant, James Acheson, Charles Clarke, Elizabeth Graham, Robin Howard, Simon Shorvon, “13: Neuro-Ophthalmology”, in Charles Clarke, Robin Howard, Martin Rossor, Simon D. Shorvon, editors, Neurology: A Queen Square Textbook, unnumbered page:

The concern of Kosmetatos was not how affected individuals would manage to organize their lives taking the effects of Daltonism as given; rather, using the specific case of Daltonism, he suggested the bureaucratization and surveillance of humans by recording their health condition over long periods.

2013, Sevasti Trubeta, Physical Anthropology, Race and Eugenics in Greece (1880s–1970s), page 109:

(medicine, pathology) Inability or defective ability to perceive or distinguish certain colors, especially red-green color blindness.

color blindness

inability or defective ability to perceive or distinguish certain colors

achromatism

inability or defective ability to perceive color


dementia

en-noun

dementia (usually uncountable, plural dementias or dementiae)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-dementia.wav

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 200:

In recent years some clinical trials involving potential dementia drugs have had disappointing setbacks.

2018 January 18, Jürgen Götz, “Why it’s so hard to treat dementia”, in CNN:

(pathology) A progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from normal aging. Areas particularly affected include memory, attention, judgement, language and problem solving.


tongue-tied

en-adj

tongue-tied (comparative more tongue-tied, superlative most tongue-tied)

more tongue-tied (comparative)
most tongue-tied (superlative)

From tongue + tied (“restricted”, adjective).

(pathology) Having tongue-tie or ankyloglossia (“a congenital oral anomaly in which the lingual frenulum (a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth) is unusually short and thick, decreasing mobility of the tongue and affecting eating, speech, etc.”).

arero whīwhiwhi

suffering from tongue-tie or ankyloglossia


TS

en-noun

TS (countable and uncountable, plural TSs or TSes)

(pathology) Initialism of Turner syndrome.


infarction

infarction (countable and uncountable, plural infarctions)

Borrowed from Latin infarctiō, equivalent to infarct + -ion.

(pathology) The process which causes an infarct.

But we can no longer regard the mere fact of these diffuse condensations of the lung becoming yellow and caseous as an evidence of their tuberculous nature, especially since the pathological anatomists, and among them Virchow, have shown that formations of the most different kind, having not the slightest connection with tubercule— as, for example, old cancerous masses, lymphatic glands swollen by a hyperplasia of cells, hæmorrhagical infarctions, abscesses, &c.— undergo exactly the same caseous transformation.

1868, Felix von Niemeyer, J. L Parke, Clinical Lectures on Pulmonary Phthisis, Moorhead, Simpson & Bond, page 3:

Once stroke was classified by a risk factor-free method, the stronger relationship between hypertension and lacunar versus nonlacunar infarction patients disappeared.

2016 March 3, “Comparison of Risk Factor between Lacunar Stroke and Large Artery Atherosclerosis Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Study in China”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(pathology) An infarct (an area of ischemic necrosis).


autism

autism (usually uncountable, plural autisms)

Borrowed from German Autismus, coined by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler, first usage dated to 1907 attributed by Carl Jung as an alternative of his for "auto-erotism", although Bleuler himself differentiates the terms in his book Dementia Praecox, first published 1911. From Ancient Greek αὐτός (autós, “self”) + -ισμός (-ismós, “-ism”).

coinage

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, London: The Economist Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-27, pages 72–3:

sensory processing sensitivities
sensory processing sensitivity

(clinical psychology) A pervasive neurological condition that is observable in early childhood and persists throughout the lifespan, characterised by atypical communication patterns (e.g., differences in body language or eye contact), delayed language development, and sensory processing sensitivities.

(loosely) Synonym of autism spectrum; a range of disorders.

(clinical psychology, obsolete) A diagnosis involving a pathological tendency to engage in self-centered fantasy thinking, historically considered a symptom of insanity and/or schizophrenia.


chemotherapeutic

But for a vast majority of cancers, more intensive regimens of standard chemotherapeutic drugs did not necessarily mean more survival.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 232:

(medicine, oncology) Of or having to do with chemotherapy.


chemotherapeutic

Several novel chemotherapeutics that target specific signaling pathways are now available as anti-cancer agents including EGFR inhibitors and rapamycin.

2005, Michael G. Goggins, “The Molecular Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer”, in Von Hoff et al., editors, Pancreatic Cancer, →ISBN, page 260:

(medicine, oncology) A chemical agent used in chemotherapy


infectious

en-adj

infectious (comparative more infectious, superlative most infectious)

more infectious (comparative)
most infectious (superlative)

noninfectious

which are hypernymous to noncommunicable

Cancer is usually not infectious.

More infectious diseases like the flu are usually less potent.

(pathology, of an illness) Caused by an agent that enters the host's body (such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or prion); often, also, transmitted among hosts via any of various routes (for example, contact, droplet-borne, airborne, waterborne, foodborne, fomite-borne, or bloodborne).

Despite feeling better, the patient is still infectious.

I doubt that [saliva] is very infectious ... I don't think this is a normal route of transmission.

1981 December 1, Sue Hyde, quoting Paul Black, “AIDS Update: Little To Cheer About”, in Gay Community News, volume 12, number 20, page 3:

(pathology, typically of a person) Able to infect others; capable of transmitting pathogens.


dermatitis

en-noun

dermatitis (plural dermatitises or dermatitides or dermatites)

dermatitises (plural)
dermatitides (plural)
dermatites (plural)
dermitis (alternative)

From Ancient Greek δερματῖτις (dermatîtis), from δέρμα (dérma, “skin, hide”), from δέρω (dérō, “to skin, flay”).

eczema

usually hyponymous, sometimes synonymous; see explanation


skin cancer

skin cancer (countable and uncountable, plural skin cancers)

(oncology, pathology) A malignant growth on the skin, such as melanoma.


breast cancer

breast cancer (countable and uncountable, plural breast cancers)


tumour

From Middle English tumour, from Old French tumour, from Latin tumor (“swelling”), from tumeō (“bulge, swell”, verb), from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Related to English thumb.

der

(oncology, pathology) Alternative spelling of tumor


macrosomia

en-noun

macrosomia (countable and uncountable, plural macrosomias)

(pathology) The state (of a foetus or neonate) of being abnormally large


meningoencephalitis

meningoencephalitis (countable and uncountable, plural meningoencephalitides)

(pathology) Inflammation of the brain and the meninges.


nephritis

nephritis (plural nephritides or nephritises)

nephritides (plural)
nephritises (plural)


nephrosis

nephrosis (countable and uncountable, plural nephroses)

(pathology) A non-inflammatory disease of the kidneys that is characterised by the leaking of blood protein into the urine, swelling or oedema, and degenerative lesions.


nephropathy

The recorded causes of kidney disease were as follows: diabetic nephropathy (in 21% of the patients), nephroangiosclerosis and glomerulonephritis (18%), interstitial nephropathy (7%), hypertensive nephropathy (5%), polykystosis (5%) and other recorded diagnoses (hereditary disease, solitary kidney, dysglobulinemia, and systemic disease) (22%).

2015 July 17, “The Addition of Vascular Calcification Scores to Traditional Risk Factors Improves Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(pathology) Damage to, disease of, or abnormality of the kidneys.


typhoid

typhoid (countable and uncountable, plural typhoids)

Typhoid may not worry people as it once did, but it still affects more than 20 million people a year around the world.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 378:


paratyphoid fever

paratyphoid fever (countable and uncountable, plural paratyphoid fevers)

(pathology) Any of a variety of acute infectious intestinal diseases resembling typhoid fever but less severe, caused by eating food contaminated with certain bacteria of the genus Salmonella.