sleeping sickness

sleeping sickness (usually uncountable, plural sleeping sicknesses)

African sleeping sickness
African sleeping sickness

(pathology) Any of several diseases of which lethargy is a major symptom:

Especially, African sleeping sickness, an endemic infectious disease of humans and animals in tropical Africa, caused by a parasitic trypanosome, transmitted by the tsetse fly and characterized by fever, severe headache, joint pains and lymph node swelling in the early stages, followed by a neurological phase of extreme weakness, sleepiness, and deep coma leading to death.

animal trypanosomiasis
animal trypanosomiasis

Also, animal trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana or animal African trypanosomiasis.

Eastern equine encephalitis
eastern equine encephalitis

Eastern equine encephalitis, caused by a zoonotic alphavirus and arbovirus present in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Encephalitis lethargica
encephalitis lethargica

Encephalitis lethargica, a form of encephalitis, of unknown cause, that swept the world in the 1920s.


ectropion

en-noun

ectropion (countable and uncountable, plural ectropions)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐκτρόπιον (ektrópion).

A condition of loose eyelids, characterized by the turning outward of the lower eyelid.


Asperger's syndrome

/ˈæspɜːɡəz ˈsɪndɹəʊm/

/ˈæspɜːdʒəz ˈsɪndɹəʊm/

Named after Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger (1906–1980).

named-after

Coordinate term: Kanner's syndrome

developmental disorder
developmental disorder

(dated, uncountable, neurology) An autism-related developmental disorder characterised by sustained impairment in social interaction and nonverbal communication and by repetitive behaviour as well as restricted interests and routines.


encephalopathy

en-noun

encephalopathy (countable and uncountable, plural encephalopathies)

/ɛnˌsɛfəˈlɒpəθi/

(pathology, neurology) Any of various conditions affecting the brain.


OTC

(pathology) Initialism of Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.


ischaemia

ischaemia (countable and uncountable, plural ischaemias or ischaemiae)

(cardiology, pathology) Alternative spelling of ischemia


ischemia

ischemia (countable and uncountable, plural ischemias or ischemiae)

ischemias (plural)
ischemiae (plural)
ischaemia (alternative)
ischæmia (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ischemia.wav

From New Latin ischaemia, from Ancient Greek ἴσχαιμος (ískhaimos, “stoppage of blood flow”), from ῐ̓́σχω (ĭ́skhō, “to hold back, restrain; to stay, stop”) + αἷμᾰ (haîmă, “blood”).
The plural form ischemiae is also from New Latin ischaemiae.

der

Coordinate term: hypoperfusion

(cardiology, pathology) Local disturbance in blood circulation due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply (for example, embolism, thrombosis, or vasoconstriction).

نقص التروية

local disturbance in blood circulation due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply


caisson disease

(pathology, nautical) The painful condition in which bubbles of nitrogen form in body tissues after a person makes too-rapid a transition from high atmospheric pressure to lower atmospheric pressure.


SIDS

The evidence clearly showed that ETS increased the risk of SIDS, but the panel couldn’t decide whether that risk was caused by prenatal smoking, postnatal ETS, or both.

2010, Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway, chapter 5, in Merchants of Doubt:

sudden infant death syndrome
sudden infant death syndrome#English

(medicine, pathology) Acronym of sudden infant death syndrome.


IE

infective endocarditis
infective endocarditis#English

(pathology) Initialism of infective endocarditis.


FTD

en-noun

FTD (countable and uncountable, plural FTDs)

frontotemporal dementia
frontotemporal dementia#English

(pathology, uncountable) Initialism of frontotemporal dementia.


PMI

PMI (countable and uncountable, plural PMIs)

(pathology) Initialism of post mortem interval.


NCP

neuropathic corneal pain
neuropathic corneal pain#English

(pathology) Abbreviation of neuropathic corneal pain.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:NCP.

novel coronavirus pneumonia
novel coronavirus pneumonia#English

(Mainland China, pathology, historical) Abbreviation of novel coronavirus pneumonia; COVID-19 (disease)


uraemic

en-adj

uraemic (comparative more uraemic, superlative most uraemic)

more uraemic (comparative)
most uraemic (superlative)
uremic (alternative)

(pathology) Of, relating to, or causing uremia.


VIP

en-noun

VIP (countable and uncountable, plural VIPs)

ventilator-induced pneumonia
w:ventilator-associated pneumonia

(medicine, pathology) Abbreviation of ventilator-induced pneumonia.


HSV

HSV (countable and uncountable, plural HSVs)

BHV

bovine herpes virus or bovine herpesvirus

CeHV

cercopithecine herpes virus or cercopithecine herpesvirus

EHV

equine herpes virus or equine herpesvirus

FHV

feline herpes virus or feline herpesvirus

KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

MaHV

macropodid herpes virus or macropodid herpesvirus

OsHV

oyster herpes virus or oyster herpesvirus

herpes simplex virus
herpes simplex virus#English

(virology) Initialism of herpes simplex virus.


GERD

Alternative form: (UK) GORD

gastroesophageal reflux disease
w:gastroesophageal reflux disease

(pathology) Acronym of gastroesophageal reflux disease.


SLE

Iberdomide, a cereblon modulator promoting degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos, which affect leukocyte development and autoimmunity, is being evaluated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

2022 March 17, Joan T. Merrill, Victoria P. Werth, Richard Furie et al., “Phase 2 Trial of Iberdomide in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 386, number 11, →DOI, page 1034:

systemic lupus erythematosus
systemic lupus erythematosus#English

(pathology) Initialism of systemic lupus erythematosus.


CMT

CMT (countable and uncountable, plural CMTs)

(pathology) Initialism of Charcot-Marie-Tooth.


CPA

CPA (countable and uncountable, plural CPAs)

chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
w:chronic pulmonary aspergillosis

(pathology) Initialism of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.


hacking

hacking (usually uncountable, plural hackings)

From Middle English hackynge, hakkynge, hacckinge, equivalent to hack + -ing.

(pathology) A dry coughing; the emission of a succession of short coughs.


colitis

colitis (usually uncountable, plural colitides or colitises)

Peritoneal fluid was commonly found in acute colitides, particularly pseudomembranous, infectious, and ischemic colitides, and not in chronic IBD.

1996 July, Richard M. Gore, Emil J. Balthazar, Gary G. Ghahremani, Frank H. Miller, “CT Features of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease”, in American Journal of Roentgenology, volume 167, number 1, →DOI, page 11:


phlebitis

(pathology) Inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs.


gingivitis

gingivitis (usually uncountable, plural gingivitides or gingivites)

gingivitides (plural)
gingivites (plural)

/ˌd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɪˈvaɪtəs/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-gingivitis.wav

(pathology) Inflammation of the gums or gingivae.


naevoid

en-adj

naevoid (comparative more naevoid, superlative most naevoid)

more naevoid (comparative)
most naevoid (superlative)
nævoid (alternative)
nevoid (alternative)

He thought the tumour was at first more nævoid in character, but that now it was a melanotic sarcoma.

1897, The British Homoeopathic Review, volume 41, page 3:


CFR

en-noun

CFR (countable and uncountable, plural CFRs)

The CFR for the SARS epidemic was around 9 to 10 percent, while MERS, first identified in 2012, is around 35 percent.

2020 March 12, Matt Stieb, “Does the Coronavirus Think I’m Old?”, in New York:

case fatality rate
case fatality rate#English

(countable, pathology, epidemiology, statistics) Initialism of case fatality rate.


CSC

CSC (countable and uncountable, plural CSCs)

(oncology) Initialism of cancer stem cell.


varicella

varicella (usually uncountable, plural varicellas or varicellae)

From New Latin varicella, diminutive of variola (“pox”).


ileitis

ileitis (countable and uncountable, plural ileitides)


retinitis

retinitis (usually uncountable, plural retinitides)

DHPG […] is effective in fighting Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a common virus which, for PWAs, can cause CMV retinitis — a condition which can lead to blindness within weeks.

1989 February 5, Judy Harris, “Untitled image caption”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 29, page 3:


sinus

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus (“a bent surface, curve, hollow”). Doublet of sine.

lbor

(pathology) An abnormal cavity or passage such as a fistula, leading from a deep-seated infection and discharging pus to the surface.


PNA

(pathology) Initialism of pulmonary nodular amyloidosis.


tonsillitis

en-noun

tonsillitis (usually uncountable, plural tonsillitides or tonsillites)

tonsillitides (plural)
tonsillites (plural)

(pathology) Inflammation of the tonsils.


tetanus

tetanus (usually uncountable, plural tetanuses or tetani)

From Latin tetanus, from Ancient Greek τέτανος (tétanos), from τείνω (teínō, “I stretch”).

(pathology, countable) A serious and often fatal disease caused by the infection of an open wound with the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani, found in soil and the intestines and faeces of animals.


anoxic

(pathology) Suffering from a reduced supply of oxygen.

anòxic

suffering from a reduced supply of oxygen


(oncology) The vitamin biotin labelled with radioactive (yttrium-90), used in the treatment of cancer, where it seeks out tumor cells that have been targeted by an antibody linked to streptavidin and kills them.


avulsion

avulsion (countable and uncountable, plural avulsions)

(medicine, pathology) The loss or separation of a body part, either by surgery or due to trauma.


infarct

Borrowed from Latin īnfarctus, tu-stem derivation of īnfarciō.

After RSE treatment for 90 days, there was no comparable fibrosis in noninfarct and infarct regions.

2015 December 10, “The Long-Term Consumption of Ginseng Extract Reduces the Susceptibility of Intermediate-Aged Hearts to Acute Ischemia Reperfusion Injury”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(pathology) An area of dead tissue caused by a loss of blood supply; a localized necrosis.


myocardial infarction

myocardial infarction (plural myocardial infarctions)

myocardial infarctions (plural)
myocardial infarct (alternative)

From Late Latin infarctus + French myocarde < from Greek ἔμφραγμα (obstacle) του (of) μυοκαρδίου (heart muscle).

(cardiology, pathology) Necrosis of heart muscle caused by an interruption to the supply of blood to the heart, often as a result of coronary thrombosis.


heart attack

→ Finnish: haartätäkki

Before kick-off, a section of Chelsea's support sadly let themselves and their club down by noisily interrupting the silence held in memory of the Hillsborough disaster and for Livorno midfielder Piermario Morosini, who collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack during a Serie B game on Saturday.

2012 April 15, Phil McNulty, “Tottenham 1-5 Chelsea”, in BBC:

myocardial infarction
myocardial infarction

(cardiology, pathology) An acute myocardial infarction, sometimes fatal, caused by the sudden occurrence of coronary thrombosis, which obstructs the blood supply to the heart and leads to necrosis of heart muscle tissue.


coronary thrombosis

(cardiology, pathology) Thrombosis of a coronary artery, that is, a blockage, caused by a blood clot, of the blood flow in a coronary artery of the heart, leading to myocardial infarction.


embolus

The term was coined in 1848 by Rudolf Virchow From Latin embolus (“piston”), from Ancient Greek ἔμβολος (émbolos, “peg, stopper”).

der

(pathology) An obstruction causing an embolism: a blood clot, air bubble or other matter carried by the bloodstream and causing a blockage or occlusion of a blood vessel.

тромб

an obstruction causing an embolism: a blood clot


embolism

The term was coined in 1848 by Rudolf Virchow. From Old French embolisme (“intercalation of days in a calendar to correct errors”), from Late Latin embolismus, from Ancient Greek ἐμβολισμός (embolismós, “intercalary”), from ἐμβάλλω (embállō, “to insert, throw in”).

(pathology) An obstruction or occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus, that is by a blood clot, air bubble or other matter that has been transported by the blood stream.


sudden infant death syndrome

en-noun

sudden infant death syndrome (uncountable)

(pathology) The sudden and unexplained death of an infant aged one month to one year, normally while sleeping.


harelip

(teratology) A congenital malformation of the upper lip, reminiscent of the mouth of a hare.

兎唇

としん, toshin, いぐち, iguchi, みつくち, mitsukuchi


tubercle

tubercles (plural)
tubercule (alternative)
tuberculum (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tubercle.wav

tubercle

wartlike protuberance on the roots of some plants

(pathology) A small rounded nodule forming the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis.


peritonitis

peritonitis (countable and uncountable, plural peritonitides or peritonites)

peritonitides (plural)
peritonites (plural)

Intraperitoneal injections of a strong solution produce fibrohemorrhagic peritonitis of varying intensity, according to the strength of the solution; while intraperitoneal injections of small quantities of a diluted solution of formalin induce a chronic peritonitis with great connective tissue proliferation, and a striking eosinophilia.

1901 December, E. Q. THORNTON M.D., “PRACTICAL THERAPEUTIC REFERENDUM”, in PROGRESSIVE MEDICINE. A QUARTERLY DIGEST OF ADVANCES DISCOVERIES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SCIENCES., volume IV, page 363:

(pathology) Inflammation of the peritoneum, especially when caused by an infectious organism introduced into the abdominal cavity.


tenderness

tenderness (countable and uncountable, plural tendernesses)

tendernesses (plural)
tendernesse (alternative)

He noted her extreme tenderness when he touched the bruise on her thigh.

(medicine, pathology) A pain or discomfort when an affected area is touched.


paraplegia

paraplegia (countable and uncountable, plural paraplegias)

From New Latin paraplegia, from Ancient Greek παραπληγίη (paraplēgíē), Ionic Greek for παραπληξία (paraplēxía, “paralysis on one side”), from παραπλήσσεσθαι (paraplḗssesthai, “to be stricken on one side”), active παραπλήσσειν (paraplḗssein, “to strike on one side”), from παρά (pará, “beside”) + πλήσσειν (plḗssein, “to strike”).

(pathology) A condition where the lower half of a patient's body is paralyzed and cannot move.


sinusitis

sinusitis (usually uncountable, plural sinusitises or sinusitides)

sinusitises (plural)
sinusitides (plural)

(pathology) An inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses.


HGV

(rare, pathology, virology) Abbreviation of hepatitis G virus.


hypoxia

hypoxia (countable and uncountable, plural hypoxias)

(pathology) A condition in which tissues are deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen .

недостиг на кислород

condition in which tissues are deprived of oxygen


anoxia

anoxia (usually uncountable, plural anoxias)

From an- (prefix meaning ‘lacking, without’) + ox- (meaning ‘oxygen’) + -ia (suffix forming names of diseases).

affix

(ecology, pathology) A condition in which a body tissue or an environment is severely or totally deprived of oxygen; severe hypoxia.


pathological

en-adj

pathological (comparative more pathological, superlative most pathological)

more pathological (comparative)
most pathological (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pathological.wav

But we can no longer regard the mere fact of these diffuse condensations of the lung becoming yellow and caseous as an evidence of their tuberculous nature, especially since the pathological anatomists, and among them Virchow, have shown that formations of the most different kind, having not the slightest connection with tubercule— as, for example, old cancerous masses, lymphatic glands swollen by a hyperplasia of cells, hæmorrhagical infarctions, abscesses, &c.— undergo exactly the same caseous transformation.

1868, Felix von Niemeyer, J. L Parke, Clinical Lectures on Pulmonary Phthisis, Moorhead, Simpson & Bond, page 3:


aposthia

From a- + Ancient Greek πόσθη (pósthē) + -ia.

(medicine, pathology) Congenital absence of a foreskin.


decompression sickness

(pathology) A sometimes fatal condition resulting from the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the blood and tissues, because of too rapid decompression, seen especially in deep-sea divers ascending rapidly from a dive. It is characterized by severe pains in the joints and chest, skin irritation, cramps, nausea, and paralysis.


angioedema

en-noun

angioedema (usually uncountable, plural angioedemas)

angioedemas (plural)
angioœdema (alternative)
angio-œdema (alternative)
angiooedema (alternative)
angio-oedema (alternative)
angio-edema (alternative)

/ˌænd͡ʒiəʊ.ɪˈdiːmə/

Angioedema of the throat can cause suffocation and should be treated as a medical emergency.

(pathology) Swelling of the lower layers of the skin, often around the mouth, or of the mucosa or submucosa of the mouth or throat which can appear quickly in response to an allergen or due to other conditions

血管性水腫 /血管性水肿

swelling of the lower layers of the skin or of other tissues


cardiomyopathy

(pathology) The deterioration of the myocardium.


lepra

From Latin lepra (“psoriasis & similar skin diseases”), from Koine Greek λέπρα (lépra, “psoriasis & similar skin diseases”), from λεπρός (leprós, “scaly”), from either λεπίς (lepís, “scale”) or λέπος (lépos, “husk, scale”) + -ρος (-ros, suffix forming adjectives). The shift of sense from psoriasis to Hansen's disease occurred in large part from the use of λέπρα (lépra) to translate Hebrew צרעת (“tzaraath”) in the Septuagint and its subsequent use in the New Testament and Late Latin.

der

Lepra is frequently met with on the trunks, especially of young trees.

1805, translation of Karl Ludwig Willdenow as The Principles of Botany and of Vegetable Physiology, p. 344

(botany, rare, obsolete) Any layer of algae, lichens, or other substance producing a leprosylike appearance on the surfaces of plants.


delirium tremens

From Latin dēlīrium tremēns (literally “trembling madness”), coined by Thomas Sutton in 1813.

bor

(pathology) A psychosis of chronic alcoholism, usually due to alcohol withdrawal, which can be fatal. Symptoms include sweating, tremors, terrifying hallucinations, insomnia, restlessness, disorientation and anxiety.


IAD

Internet addiction disorder
Internet addiction disorder#English

(neurology, pathology) Initialism of Internet addiction disorder.


neuralgia

en-noun

neuralgia (countable and uncountable, plural neuralgias)

From New Latin neuralgia, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”) + ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”). By surface analysis, neur- + -algia.

(pathology, neurology) An acute, severe, intermittent pain that radiates along a nerve.


bilious

en-adj

bilious (comparative more bilious, superlative most bilious)

more bilious (comparative)
most bilious (superlative)

From French bilieux, from Latin bīliōsus (“full of bile”), from bīlis (“bile”) + -ōsus (“full of”).

Perry tells me that Mr. Cole never touches malt liquor. You would not think it to look at him, but he is bilious—Mr. Cole is very bilious.

1815, Jane Austen, Emma, volume II, chapter 7:

(pathology) Suffering from real or supposed liver disorder, especially excessive secretions of bile.

sappitautinen

suffering from real or supposed liver disorder


cirrhosis

en-noun

cirrhosis (countable and uncountable, plural cirrhoses)

From Ancient Greek κιρρός (kirrhós, “tawny”) and -osis.

(pathology) A chronic disease of the liver caused by damage from toxins (including alcohol), metabolic problems, hepatitis, or nutritional deprivation, characterised by an increase in fibrous tissue and the destruction of liver cells.


impetigo

impetigo (countable and uncountable, plural impetigos or impetigoes or impetigines)

impetigos (plural)
impetigoes (plural)
impetigines (plural)

/ɪmpɪˈtaɪɡəʊ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-impetigo.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin impetīgō, from impetĕre (literally “to rush upon, assail, attack”).

(pathology) A contagious bacterial skin disease forming pustules and yellow crusty sores, chiefly on the face and hands. It is common in children and infection is often through cuts or insect bites.


anthrax

anthrax (usually uncountable, plural anthraxes)

From Ancient Greek ἄνθραξ (ánthrax, “abscess, boil”).

der

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis#Translingual

(pathology) An acute infectious disease of herbivores, especially sheep and cattle, caused by Bacillus anthracis.


alcoholism

en-noun

alcoholism (usually uncountable, plural alcoholisms)

From alcohol + -ism. Derived from New Latin alcoholismus chronicus, coined by the Swedish professor of medicine Magnus Huss in 1849.


ataxia

en-noun

ataxia (countable and uncountable, plural ataxias)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀταξία (ataxía, “disorder”), derived from ἄτακτος (átaktos, “disorderly”).

bor+

Cerebellar dysfunction is characterized by truncal ataxia, a broad-based stance, dysmetria in which the limbs either overstep (hypermetria) or understep (hypometria), and tremor that is most pronounced when the animal attempts a goal-orientated movement (intention tremor).

2004, Johnny D. Hoskins, Geriatrics and Gerontology of the Dog and Cat, →ISBN, page 358:

(pathology) Lack of coordination while performing voluntary movements, which may appear to be clumsiness, inaccuracy, or instability.


EB

en-noun

EB (countable and uncountable, plural EBs)

Epstein-Barr virus
Epstein-Barr virus#English

(virology) Initialism of Epstein-Barr virus.


phantom limb

Weak or pulverized
No better medicine
Angels have been advised
Don't want no requiem
I'll just haunt you like a phantom limb

2013, “Phantom Limb”, performed by Alice in Chains:

(pathology) The false sensation, which is often painful, that an amputated limb is still present and attached.


sciatica

sciatica (countable and uncountable, plural sciaticas)

Late Middle English, from Late Latin sciatica, feminine of sciaticus, from Ancient Greek ἰσχιαδικός (iskhiadikós), the adjective of ἰσχίον (iskhíon, “hip”).

(pathology, neurology) Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, characterised by pain radiating down through the buttocks and the back of the thigh.


pertussis

pertussis (countable and uncountable, plural pertusses)

From New Latin, from Latin per- (“thorough”) + tussis (“cough”).

With the introduction of an improved and standardized pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, there followed a remarkable decline in pertussis in the United States, most of the Western world, and Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.

1976, Charles R. Manclark, “The Current Status of Pertussis Vaccine: An Overview”, in D. Perlman, editor, Advances in Applied Microbiology, volume 20, page 1:

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that infects the human respiratory tract, causing the disease pertussis or whooping cough.

2009, Zoë E. V. Worthington, Nicholas H. Carbonetti, “18: Bordetella pertussis”, in Karl Wooldridge, editor, Bacterial Secreted Proteins: Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis, page 413:

2015, Dr. Stephen Berger, Pertussis: Global Status, GIDEON Informatics, Inc., E-book, page 343,
During 1993 to 2004, the hospitalization rate [in the US] for pertussis among infants ages <= 2 months was 239 per 100,000 live births.


diphtheria

diphtheria (countable and uncountable, plural diphtherias)

/dɪfˈθɪə.ɹi.ə/

/dɪpˈθɪə.ɹi.ə/

From French diphtérie (later for a while also spelled diphthérie) in 1857, which was coined in 1855 with the suffix -ie to replace -ite in the previous term diphtérite for the disease because it affects more than one part of the body. The previous term (later for a while also spelled diphthérite) was coined in 1817 by Pierre Bretonneau using Ancient Greek διφθέρα (diphthéra, “prepared hide, leather”) in reference to the tough membrane that forms in the throat.
Bretonneau perhaps coined and used the Latin term diphtheritis (with its close imitation of Greek spelling typical of Neolatin) even earlier than the French term diphtérite, which follows the French habit of sometimes spelling t for the Latin transliteration th of Greek θ (but not, for example, in thermomètre).

der

Today diphtheria has become so rare — just five cases in the United States in the most recent decade measured — that many doctors would struggle to recognize it.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 377:

(pathology) A serious infectious disease leading to inflammation of mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

witseerkeel

infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract


astigmatism

en-noun

astigmatism (countable and uncountable, plural astigmatisms)

From a- (negative prefix) + stem of Ancient Greek στίγμα (stígma, “mark, point”) + -ism. Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1846.

coin

(pathology) A disorder of the vision, usually due to a misshapen cornea, such that light does not focus correctly on the retina causing a blurred image.


hyperopia

en-noun

hyperopia (countable and uncountable, plural hyperopias)

(pathology) A disorder of the vision where the eye focuses images behind the retina instead of on it, so that distant objects can be seen better than near objects.


haemophilia

haemophilia (countable and uncountable, plural haemophilias)

haemophilias (plural)
hæmophilia (alternative)
hemophilia (alternative)

From haemo- + -philia, from Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma, “blood”) + φιλία (philía, “friendship”). Originally called haemorrhaphilia, probably from the word haemorrhage.

(British spelling, pathology) Any of several hereditary illnesses that impair the body's ability to control bleeding, usually passed from mother to son.

هِيمُوفِيلِيَا

any of several hereditary illnesses that impair the body's ability to control bleeding


dyspepsia

dyspepsia (countable and uncountable, plural dyspepsias)

From dys- + Ancient Greek πέψις (pépsis, “digestion”) + -ia.

der

He divides dyspepsias into accidental, temporary (indigestions) and habitual.

It is not my strength of mind (exert it as I may) that will prevent me from experiencing dyspepsia, if such follies as these are exhibited before me.

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter XLIII, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 253:

"And the cramps when my body - like a badly articulated skeleton - would all get twisted into one rigid tangle! But now, except some dyspepsia and urticaria of the palms, I am free from pain."

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

I've never hunted myself, but I understand that half the battle is being able to make noises like some jungle animal with dyspepsia, and I believe that Aunt Dahlia in her prime could lift fellow-members of the Quorn and Pytchley out of their saddles with a single yip, though separated from them by two ploughed fields and a spinney.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XII, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

(pathology) Any mild disorder of digestion characterised by stomach pain, discomfort, heartburn, and nausea, often following a meal.


heartburn

en-noun

heartburn (countable and uncountable, plural heartburns)

heartburns (plural)
heart-burn (alternative)

/ˈhɑːtˌbɜːn/

From Middle English hertbryne, herte-bren (“lust", also "heartburn”, literally “heart burn”), equivalent to heart + burn. Compare also Middle English herte-brennyng (“anger, bitterness, heartburn”, literally “burning of/in the heart, heart-burning”). Compare also Ancient Greek καρδιαλγία (kardialgía), from καρδία (kardía, “heart”) + ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”). From being a burning sensation near the location of the heart in the chest.

cog

Coordinate term: cardiodynia

(pathology) A burning pain in the chest that is caused by stomach acid entering the gullet.

rescoldera / ardentilla / agriera (monosemic)


cold abscess

(pathology) A chronic abscess that forms slowly, without pain, heat or inflammation.


carbuncle

/ˈkɑɹˌbʌŋ.kl̩/

From Middle English carbuncle, charbocle, from Old French carbuncle, charbuncle, from Latin carbunculus (“a small coal; a reddish kind of precious stone; a kind of tumor”), diminutive of carbō (“a coal, charcoal”). Doublet of Garfinkel and Garfunkel.

der

(pathology) An abscess larger than a boil, usually with one or more openings draining pus onto the skin. It is usually caused by staphylococcal infection.


testudo

en-noun

testudo (plural testudos or testudoes or testudines)

testudos (plural)
testudoes (plural)
testudines (plural)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin testūdō (“tortoise, turtle, lyre, type of military shelter”).


scabies

From Middle English scabies, scabiez, from Latin scabiēs (“scurf; scab, mange, itch”), from scabō (“scratch, scrape”, verb).

der

Coordinate term: (in animals) mange

Further, just as the discovery of the cause of scabies proved the absurdity of many of the old prescriptions for the prevention and treatment of that disease; so the discovery of the cause of splenic fever, and other such maladies, has given a new direction to prophylactic and curative measures against the worst scourges of humanity.

1889, T. H. Huxley, The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century:

Sarcoptes scabiei
Sarcoptes scabiei#Translingual

(pathology) An infestation of parasitic mites, Sarcoptes scabiei, causing intense itching caused by the mites burrowing into the skin of humans and other animals. It is easily transmissible from human to human; secondary skin infection may occur.

zgjebe

an infestation of parasitic mites, Sarcoptes scabiei


rubella

From Latin rubellus (“reddish”), diminutive of ruber (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ-.

(pathology) A mild disease caused by the Rubella virus infecting the respiratory tract, and characterised by a rash of pink dots, fever and swollen lymph nodes.


poliomyelitis

en-noun

poliomyelitis (countable and uncountable, plural poliomyelitides)

pŏ'lĭōmīəlīʹtĭs

pō'lĭōmīəlīʹtĭs

/ˌpɒlɪəʊmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs/

/ˈpəʊlɪəʊmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs/

Borrowed from German Poliomyelitis, from the Ancient Greek πολιός (poliós, “grey”) + μυελός (muelós, “marrow”) + -ῖτις (-îtis, “-itis”). Compare French poliomyélite.

af

(pathology) Acute infection by the poliovirus, especially of the motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis and sometimes deformity.

急性灰白髄炎

きゅうせいかいはくずいえん


emphysema

en-noun

emphysema (countable and uncountable, plural emphysemas or emphysemata)

emphysemas (plural)
emphysemata (plural)

Multiple origins. Partially from post-Classical Latin emphȳsēma (“swelling”), from Ancient Greek ἐμφῡ́σημα (emphū́sēma), from ἐμφῡσάω (emphūsáō, “to puff up”). Also borrowed from Middle French emphysema, from the same Latin source; compare French emphysème. Attested from the late 16th century.

(pathology) An abnormal accumulation of air or other gas in tissues, most commonly the lungs.


rheumatoid arthritis

rheumatoid arthritis (usually uncountable, plural rheumatoid arthritides)

(pathology) A chronic and progressive disease in which the immune system attacks the joints. It is characterised by pain, inflammation and swelling of the joints, stiffness, weakness, loss of mobility and deformity. Tissues throughout the body can be affected, including the skin, blood vessels, heart, lungs, and muscles.


osteoarthritis

osteoarthritis (countable and uncountable, plural osteoarthritides or osteoarthritises)

osteoarthritides (plural)
osteoarthritises (plural)

(pathology) A form of arthritis, affecting mainly older people, caused by chronic degeneration of the cartilage and synovial membrane of the joints, leading to pain and stiffness.

فُصَال عَظْمِيّ

form of arthritis caused by chronic degeneration of the cartilage and synovial membrane of the joints

変形性関節症

へんけいせいかんせつしょう


lumbago

lumbago (countable and uncountable, plural lumbagos)

/lʌmˈbeɪɡəʊ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-lumbago.wav

/ˌlʌmˈbeɪˌɡoʊ/

The noun is borrowed from Late Latin lumbāgō (“backache of the lumbar region”), from Late Latin lumbus (“lumbar”), Latin lumbus (“loin”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“loins”)) + -āgō (suffix forming nouns describing objects, animals, and plants).
The verb is derived from the noun.

bor

Sir Oswald Feiling winced as he turned to go home. He had felt a warning twinge of lumbago.

1935, Francis Beeding [pseudonym; John Palmer], chapter VII, in The Norwich Victims, London: Arcturus Publishing, published 2013, →ISBN, →OL, section 2:

We may imagine an athletics coach with a scientific training researching into the physiology and the psychology of runners. [...] He finds out the effects of fatigue, of alcohol, of tobacco, of lumbago and of depression upon their performances.

1953, Gilbert Ryle, “Dilemma VII: Perception”, in Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, published 1954 (1987 printing), →ISBN, page 105:

(uncountable) Backache of the lumbar region or lower back, which can be caused by muscle strain or a slipped disc.


sepsis

en-noun

sepsis (countable and uncountable, plural sepses)

coined by Hippocrates From Ancient Greek σῆψις (sêpsis, “putrefaction”), from σήπειν (sḗpein, “to make rotten”), from σήψ (sḗps, “a kind of lizard; also a kind of serpent whose bite was alleged to cause putrefaction”).

der

Imagine the sepsis of helpless loathing [Jimmy Connors] must have inspired in his opponents during his "great runs" at the US Open.

1994, Martin Amis, New Yorker, reprinted in The Rub of Time (NY: Knopf, 2017), pp. 213-14

(pathology) A serious medical condition in which the whole body is inflamed, causing injury to its own tissues and organs as a response to infection.


verruca

(pathology) A wart, especially one that grows on the foot, caused by a human papilloma virus.


repetitive strain injury

en-noun

repetitive strain injury (plural repetitive strain injuries)

repetitive strain injuries (plural)
as RSI (abbreviation)

(pathology) injury to muscles and tendons caused by continuous repetitive use of particular muscle groups, especially in one's arms and hands, for example by using a keyboard and/or mouse, playing a musical instrument or working on an assembly line

重複使力傷害 /重复使力伤害

injury to muscles and tendons caused by repetitive use

(acronym "LER") lesão por esforço repetitivo


sublime

en-adj

sublime (comparative sublimer, superlative sublimest)

sublimer (comparative)
sublimest (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle French sublime (“admirable, excellent, perfect; placed in a high position; reaching a great height; of a person: of high office or rank”) (modern French sublime), and from its etymon Latin sublīmis, sublīmus (“elevated, raised; exalted, uplifted, sublime”, adjective): see etymology 1.
The noun is derived from Middle French sublime (“elevated style in writing; quality in art or nature inspiring awe, reverence, etc.”) (modern French sublime), from the adjective: see further above.
Cognates
* Catalan sublim
* Italian sublime
* Portuguese sublime
* Spanish sublime

վեհ

of a person: dignified, majestic, noble — see also dignified, majestic, noble

(pathology) Of breathing: very laboured.


rickets

Unknown. Originally a local name for the disease in Dorset and Somerset, England. Occasionally postulated to be derived from a Dorsetian dialectal term *rucket (“to breathe with difficulty, wheeze”), but the semantic connection is tenuous. See rachitis, but the medical name was chosen purposefully by English physician Daniel Whistler from phonetic similarity to rickets.

(pathology) A disorder of infancy and early childhood due to a deficiency of vitamin D, causing soft or weak bones.


insectophobia

Remembering her insectophobia I did not point out the amazing line of ants ferrying leaves up the wall.

(pathology) An abnormal fear of insects.


carcinogenic

en-adj

carcinogenic (comparative more carcinogenic, superlative most carcinogenic)

more carcinogenic (comparative)
most carcinogenic (superlative)

/ˌkɑː(ɹ)sɪnəˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/

Although BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) are avoided by some consumers because several studies have suggested they may be toxic or carcinogenic (they are banned in Britain), these antioxidants have also been shown to inhibit the action of cancer-causing chemicals, and BHT has been shown to suppress the growth of harmful viruses.

1985 May 1, Jane E. Brody, “PERSONAL HEALTH; HOW INNOVATIONS AFFECT SAFETY AND NUTRITION”, in The New York Times:

The disadvantage of the underfired grill is the potential for flareups, which can cause a burned spot or carbonization. Not only do these taste bad, but they are also carcinogenic.

2009, Peter Osbaldeston, The Palm Springs Diner's Bible: A Restaurant Guide for Palm Springs, Cathedral City, Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, la Quinta, Bermuda Dunes, Indio, and Desert Hot Springs, Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 250:


decubitus

Borrowed from New Latin dēcubitus (“lying down”).

(pathology) Ellipsis of decubitus ulcer.


cold sore

Compound of cold + sore, probably for the tendency of the vesicles to recur along with other illness, or possibly during cold weather, though this explanation is less common. Compare synonym fever blister.

(pathology) A small bump (namely a vesicle) on the lips resulting from infection by herpes simplex viruses (mostly HHV1 but also HHV2).


ARC

en-noun

ARC (countable and uncountable, plural ARCs)

AIDS-related complex
AIDS-related complex#English

(pathology) Initialism of AIDS-related complex.


neuritis

neuritis (countable and uncountable, plural neuritides or neuritises)

Optic neuritis (or retrobulbar neuritis) is the inflammation of the optic nerve that may cause a complete or partial loss of vision.

(neurology, pathology) Inflammation of one or more nerves.


salpingitis

salpingitis (countable and uncountable, plural salpingitises or salpingitides)

salpingitises (plural)
salpingitides (plural)

(pathology) Inflammation of the Fallopian tube or the Eustachian tube as a result of infection.


avian influenza

(pathology) Any strain of influenza carried by and primarily affecting birds.


speciation

speciation (usually uncountable, plural speciations)

requirements specifying speciation and serotyping in addition to reporting of presence or absence

(medicine, pathology) The determination of which species are present in a fluid or tissue specimen, bacterial culture, or viral culture.


irritated

en-adj

irritated (comparative more irritated, superlative most irritated)

more irritated (comparative)
most irritated (superlative)

/ˈɪɹɪteɪtɪd/


conformer

(physical chemistry, biochemistry) A particular folded state or conformation of a protein, especially an abnormal conformation of a prion


ichor

en-noun

ichor (countable and uncountable, plural ichors)

Sense 1 (“liquid said to flow in place of blood in the veins of the gods”) is borrowed from Medieval Latin ichor, from Ancient Greek ῑ̓χώρ (īkhṓr, “fluid running through the veins of gods, ichor; watery part of blood, lymph, serum; watery part of milk, whey; gravy; pus; naphtha”); further etymology unknown, probably from Pre-Greek.
Sense 2.4 (“fetid, watery discharge from a sore”) is from Middle English icor, icore [and other forms], from Medieval Latin ichor; see further above.

der

(pathology, obsolete) A fetid, watery discharge from a sore; pus.

վէրք

fetid, watery discharge from a sore — see also pus


botulism

en-noun

botulism (usually uncountable, plural botulisms)

From German Botulismus, from Latin botulus (“sausage”), the first identified source of the disease, + -ism.

Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum#Translingual

(pathology) Poisoning caused by the toxin from Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic bacterium that grows in improperly prepared food.


(oncology) A subcategory of stage 3 cancer.


viraemia

viraemias (plural)
viremia (alternative)
viræmia (alternative)

From Latin virus (“poison”), in conjunction with Ancient Greek αἷμα (“blood”).

(pathology) The condition or disease of having a virus in the bloodstream.


pathogenesis

pathogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural pathogeneses)

The origin and development of a disease.


farsightedness

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-farsightedness.wav

(pathology) The condition of being unable to focus on near objects; presbyopia.


PAM

PAM (countable and uncountable, plural PAMs)

(pathology) Initialism of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.


male pattern baldness

(dermatology) A genetically predisposed loss of hair from the scalp in males, theorized to be caused by an excessive response to androgens, specifically dihydrotestosterone.


tropism

tropism (countable and uncountable, plural tropisms)

From -tropism (suffix meaning ‘growth towards; movement, turning’) (possibly based on geotropism and heliotropism), from Latin tropus + English -ism (suffix forming nouns of action, process, or result). Tropus is derived from Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos, “a turn; a manner, style, way; figure of speech, trope; etc.”), from τρέπω (trépō, “to turn; to divert; to rotate or change orientation”) (from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns of result or abstract nouns of action).
Sense 1 (“turning of an organism or part of an organism towards or away from a stimulus”) is modelled after German Tropismus.

der

host tropism    tissue tropism

Studies similar to those describe above for cells cultivated in vitro were performed using homogenates of tissues and organs from humans and rhesus monkeys to investigate tissue tropisms in susceptible species […] McLaren (personal communication) found an excellent correlation between poliovirus tissue tropisms and presence or absence of receptor activity in human and rhesus tissues and organs.

1964, J. J. Holland, “Viruses in Animals and in Cell Culture”, in Joan Taylor, editor, Microbial Behaviour, ‘in Vivo’ and ‘in Vitro’: Fourteenth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Held at the Royal Institution, London, April 1964, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press for the Society for General Microbiology, →OCLC, page 271:

Virus tropism can be defined at two levels: host tropism being the range of host species that a virus can productively infect, and tissue tropism reflecting the particular tissues or organs within the host that are the site(s) of virus replication. […] The primary determinant of virus tropism is the presence on the cell surface of a suitable receptor which the virus can utilize to gain entry to the cell.

1977, D. J. Evans, “Picornavirus Receptors, Tropism and Pathogenesis”, in M. A. McCrae, J. R. Saunders, C. J. Smyth, N. D. Stow, editors, Molecular Aspects of Host–pathogen Interactions: Fifty-fifth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Held at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, March 1997, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press for the Society for General Microbiology, →ISBN, page 23:

HBLV [human B-cell lymphotropic virus] has a broad range of cell tropisms, and it infects B cells, T cells, megakaryocytes, and glioblastoma cells.

1989 January 4, Susan P. Spring, Ann Scluederberg, William P. Allen, Jack Gruber, “Commentary: Pathogenic Diversity of Epstein-Barr Virus”, in Robert E. Wittes, editor, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, volume 81, number 1, Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health & Human Services, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19, column 1:

A very wide spectrum of tissue tropism among the animal adenoviruses is evident, e.g. porcine adenovirus type 3 shows a tropism for columnar epithelial cells whereas bovine adenoviruses prefer capillary endothelial cells; however, it is not clear how far tissue tropism relates to pathogenesis and disease.

1994, William C. Russell, Mária Benkö, “Animal Viruses”, in Robert G[ordon] Webster, Allan Granoff, editors, Encyclopedia of Virology, volume 1, London; San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, →ISBN, pages 16–17:

The capacity of a virus to selectively infect cells in particular organs is referred to as tropism[…]. Viral tropism depends on viral and host factors.

1999, Frederick A. Murphy, E. Paul J. Gibbs, Marian C. Horzinek, Michael J. Studdert, “Mechanisms of Infection and Viral Spread through the Body”, in Veterinary Virology, 3rd edition, San Diego, Calif.; London: Academic Press, →ISBN, part I (Principles of Virology), page 97, column 1:

Orthoreovirus has primary tropisms associated with its acquisition and transmission as an upper respiratory infection and those include the facial sinuses, lungs, pharynx, and tonsils, presumably its tropism towards the intestines represents a secondary tropism (assuming that fecal-oral transmission does not also represent a primary route of disease spread, in which case the intestines would have to be considered a primary tropism), […]

2011, Christon J. Hurst, “The Relationship between Humans, Their Viruses, and Prions”, in Christon J. Hurst, editor, Studies in Viral Ecology: Animal Host Systems, volume 2, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section II (Viruses of Macroscopic Animals), page 361, column 1:

(countable, by extension, chiefly virology) A capability or tendency for a pathogen (chiefly a virus) to infect a type of cell, tissue, organ, or host organism.

tropismi

capability or tendency for a pathogen to infect a type of cell, tissue, organ, or host organism


zymotic

From Ancient Greek ζυμωτικός (zumōtikós, “causing fermentation”), from ζυμοῦν (zumoûn).

uder

[…] these […] accounts by no means bear out the zymotic doctrine of the Board of Health as to the cause of cholera; for where the zymotic influences from the sewers were the worst, […] the cholera was the least destructive.

1851, Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, volume 2, London: G. Newbold, page 395:

The incidence of zymotic diseases upon any particular organ or set of organs, is, of course, well recognised; one recalls the nephritis of scarlatina, the endocarditis of rheumatism, gastritis of rabies, and—perhaps the most striking instance of the selective affinity of disease for specific local manifestation—the lesions of foot-and-mouth disease.

1901 August 16, H. Watkins-Pitchford, “Horsesickness”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record, volume 4, number 12, page 354:

Farr concluded that overcrowding was the main determinant of high mortality from what (following Liebig) he style ‘zymotic diseases’.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 394:

(pathology, now historical) Infectious, contagious, of diseases originally regarded as being caused by a process similar to fermentation.


oncologist

/ɒŋˈkɒləd͡ʒɪst/

From oncology + -ist or onco- + -logist.

There's been a lot of screening, and people still die," says Ian Thompson, a urologic oncologist at the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.

2009 February 13, Jennifer Couzin, “BIOMARKERS: Metabolite in Urine May Point To High-Risk Prostate Cancer”, in Science, volume 323, number 5916, →DOI:

When considered in combination with the use of antiangiogenic therapy, this diagnostic tool is easy to apply and has broad utility among medical oncologists to avoid the risk of hemosputum in the great vessels [ 5 ].

2015 July 30, Hidetaka Uramoto et al., “Easy Diagnosis of Aortic Invasion in Patients with Lung Cancer Using Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging”, in Case Reports in Oncology, volume 8, →DOI:

(oncology) A doctor or scientist who specializes in oncology.


sclerotic

The outer wood exposed to the air may become carbonaceous due to the interaction of sclerotic mycelium and the wood.

1920, Clarence Ritchie Phipps, Plant Lice Injurious to Apple Orchards:

(anatomy or pathology) Having or relating to sclerosis; hardened.


invasive

en-adj

invasive (comparative more invasive, superlative most invasive)

more invasive (comparative)
most invasive (superlative)

PIE word
 *h₁én
The adjective is derived from Middle English invasif (“of a weapon: offensive”), from Middle French invasif, Old French invasif (“invasive”) (modern French invasif), from Medieval Latin invāsīvus, from Latin invāsus (“entered; invaded”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives). Invāsus is the perfect passive participle of invādō (“to enter; to invade”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside’) + vādō (“to go; to rush; to walk”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ- (“to go, proceed; to pass, traverse”)).
The noun is derived from the adjective.

der

Two patients developed cancer in the upper urinary tract, and 3 eventually developed invasive cancer.

1982, William W. Bonney, George R. Prout, Jr., editors, Bladder Cancer: American Urological Association Seminar on Bladder Cancer, Chicago, Illinois, April 1980 (AUA Monographs; 1), Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 162:

(pathology) Of a carcinoma or other abnormal growth: that invades healthy tissue, especially rapidly.


encephalomyelitis

(pathology) Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.

encefalomyelitida

inflammation of the brain and spinal cord


nosocomial

Learned borrowing from Late Latin nosocomīum (“hospital, infirmary”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Nosocomīum is borrowed from Ancient Greek νοσοκομεῖον (nosokomeîon, “hospital, infirmary”), from νοσοκομέω (nosokoméō, “to tend the sick”) + -εῖον (-eîon, suffix forming nouns denoting places); νοσοκομέω (nosokoméō) is from νόσος (nósos, “disease, illness, sickness”) (further etymology uncertain) + κομέω (koméō, “to take care of, look after, tend”) (from Proto-Indo-European *kem(H)- (“to be tired; to exert oneself”)).

der

It is a febrile disease accompanied by symptoms quite peculiar to it. […] There is a peculiar conformity between it and nosocomial fever, or typhus of prisons, described by Pringle [i.e., Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet], a disease of a complicated nature, and named by Pinal adynamic & ataxic fever. We shall soon see that both may originate from analogous causes, and that a contagion not being sufficiently strong for developing the true nosocomial fever among healthy persons, may, nevertheless, produce hospital gangrene.

1815 November, S[ebald] J[ustinus] Brugmans, “Memoir on the State and Composition of the Atmosphere, Considered as the Cause of the Hospital Gangrene, or Putrescence among the Wounded”, in The London Medical and Physical Journal. […], volume XXXIV, number 5 (number 201 overall), London: Printed for the proprietors, by J. and C. Adlard, […]; published by J. Souter, […], →OCLC, § 10.2, page 398:

Professor Laveran furnishes this narration as a specimen of the injurious effects which nosocomial influences exert upon otherwise benign affections. The return of troops from the Italian war had the effect of producing great accumulations of troops in the military Hospitals. […] [W]e find that some [febrile diseases], as malarial diseases for example, are benefited by the very fact of residence within an Hospital, and are but little subjected to nosocomial influences.

1861 August 31, [Charles Louis Alphonse] Laveran, anonymous transl., “[Progress of Medical Science. Selections from Foreign Journals.] On an Epidemic of Measles at Val de Gr[â]ce.”, in The Medical Times and Gazette. A Journal of Medical Science, Literature, Criticism, and News, volume II, number 583, London: John Churchill, […], →OCLC, page 229, column 1:

Gosselin discovered that this mode of [raw cotton] dressing was not a certain prophylactic against nosocomial intoxication, because he saw a patient die of purulent infection, whose limb had been amputated in his service, and in another case an attack of erysipelas followed.

1880 October 20, Jules Rochard, translated by B. A. Watson, “[Translations. From the French.] New Modes of Surgical Treatment. (‘Histoire de la Chirurgie Française’ par le Docteur Jules Rochard. Edit. 1875.)”, in Tho[ma]s F. Rumbold, editor, The Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, volume XXXIX, number 8, St. Louis, Mo.: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 488:

Nosocomial infections are infections occurring during hospitalization that were not present, and not incubating, at the time of hospital admission[…]. All patients in an ICU are at increased risk of developing nosocomial infections[…].

1984 November, Robert A. Berenson, “Outcomes of Intensive Care: Medical Benefits and Cost Effectiveness”, in Intensive Care Units (ICUs): Clinical Outcomes, Costs, and Decisionmaking (Health Technology Case Study; 28), Washington, D.C.: Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, →OCLC, page 40:

The most common nosocomial infections are urinary tract infections (42 percent), followed by surgical wound infections (24 percent), pneumonia (10 percent), and infections of the bloodstream (bacteremia) (5 percent). […] Almost three-quarters of nosocomial infections occur among patients undergoing surgery […] The most difficult obstacle to the reliable measurement of nosocomial infections is the lack of standardized case finding.

1988 June, Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, “Adverse Events”, in The Quality of Medical Care: Information for Consumers (OTA-H-386), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 109, column 1:

For many years we have known that patients at high risk for nosocomial rhinosinusitis are those who require extended periods of intensive care with prolonged endotracheal intubation or nasogastric tubing[…]. Nasotracheal intubation has a higher risk for nosocomial sinusitis than orotracheal intubation[…].

2014, Elizabeth K. Hoddeson, Sarah K. Wise, “Acute Rhinosinusitis”, in Jonas T. Johnson, Clark A. Rosen, Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery—Otolaryngology, 5th edition, volume 1, Baltimore, Md., Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, section III (Rhinology and Allergy), page 512, column 2:

(pathology) Of an infection or its cause: arising from the environment of, or treatment in, a hospital.

nosokomiaal

of an infection or its cause: arising from the environment of, or treatment in, a hospital

durch den Aufenthalt oder der Behandlung in einem Krankenhaus verursacht


GBS

Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome#English

(neurology, pathology) Initialism of Guillain-Barré syndrome.


torsade

en-noun

torsade (countable and uncountable, plural torsades)

Magnesium infusions for atrial fibrillation & torsade http://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/magnesium-infusions-for-atrial-fibrillation-torsade/


TDR

totally drug resistant
totally drug resistant#English

(medicine, pharmacology, pathology) Abbreviation of totally drug resistant.


-oma

From Ancient Greek -ωμα (-ōma), from verbs in -όω (-óō) + -μα (-ma) (from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥), which lengthens a preceding vowel.

(pathology) Forming nouns indicating disease or morbidity.

-oom

suffix forming nouns indicating disease or morbidity

(pathology, specifically) Forming nouns indicating tumors or masses, which may be non-neoplastic or (more often) neoplastic, and (if the latter) either benign or cancerous (malignant); in accord with present-day understanding of histopathology, the suffix is now nonproductive for non-neoplastic senses.

-oma

suffix forming nouns indicating tumors or masses


glioma

(pathology) A tumour that arises from glial cells in the brain or spinal cord


mesothelioma

mesothelioma (countable and uncountable, plural mesotheliomas or mesotheliomata)

mesotheliomas (plural)
mesotheliomata (plural)

(pathology, oncology) An uncommon malignant tumour of the mesothelium, usually of the lungs after exposure to asbestos.


teratoma

teratoma (plural teratomas or teratomata)

/tɛɹəˈtəʊmə/

From German Teratom; equivalent to terato- + -oma.

‘What is a teratoma?’ asked Jack, holding the object in his hand. ‘A kind of grenado?’ ‘It is an inward wen, a tumour: we find them, occasionally, in the abdominal cavity. Sometimes they contain long black hair, sometimes a set of teeth: this has both hair and teeth.’

(pathology) A benign or malignant tumour, especially of the gonads, that arises from germ cells and consists of different types of tissue such as skin, hair, or muscle.


myeloma

(pathology, oncology) A malignant tumour arising from cells of the bone marrow, specifically plasma cells.


fibroma

(pathology) A benign tumour of fibrous connective tissue.


neoplasm

From neo- + plasm, after German Neoplasma.

Other and less common causes for an oromaxillary fistula are infections, cysts and neoplasms of the maxilla which may destroy the intervening bone, resulting in a fistula between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity.

1947, William Lincoln Ballenger, Howard Charles Ballenger, John Jacob Ballenger, Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, page 208:

While we cannot firmly attribute the cause of the benign neoplasm to the irregularity in your genetic makeup, we can confirm that the progressive damage renders you unable to conceive a child.

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2: Lair of the Shadow Broker (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, PC, scene: Miranda Lawson Dossier: Medical Correspondence:

Angiosarcoma is the most-common differentiated malignant neoplasm of the heart and accounts for 10–15% of primary cardiac malignancies.

2017, Gaballah AH, Jensen CT, “Angiosarcoma: clinical and imaging features from head to toe”, in The British journal of radiology, volume 90, number 1075, British Institute of Radiology, →DOI, →PMID:

(pathology, oncology) An abnormal new growth of disorganized tissue in animals or plants.


atheroma

atheroma (plural atheromas or atheromata)

From Latin athērōma (“tumor/mass full of gruel-like matter”), from Ancient Greek ἀθήρωμα (athḗrōma). By surface analysis, ather- + -oma.

uder

(pathology) An abnormal fatty deposit which develops within the walls of arteries.

(pathology, obsolete) A kind of cyst on the scalp.


ameloblastoma

en-noun

ameloblastoma (plural ameloblastomas or ameloblastomata)

ameloblastomas (plural)
ameloblastomata (plural)

(pathology) A rare benign tumour of the upper or lower jaw.


blood clot

(hematology, pathology) A clot formed from platelets and other elements; that forms in a blood vessel in a living organism, and causes thrombosis or obstruction of the vessel at its point of formation or travel to other areas of the body.


asbestosis

(pathology) A chronic, inflammatory lung disease caused by long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos.

ազբեստոզ

lung disease caused by exposure to asbestos


fibroid

(pathology) A benign tumour of the uterus that is composed of either fibrous connective tissue or muscle.


myoma

(pathology) A tumor composed of muscle tissue, usually benign and commonly occurring in the uterus and the esophagus.


sclerosis

sclerosis (countable and uncountable, plural scleroses)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sclerosis.wav

From Ancient Greek σκλήρωσις (sklḗrōsis, “hardening”), from σκληρόω (sklēróō, “to harden”), from σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”); by surface analysis, sclero- + -osis.

der

(pathology) The abnormal hardening of body tissues, such as an artery; the appearance of hardenings, indurations, lesions, nodules.


multiple sclerosis

Ellipsis of multiple cerebral sclerosis, i.e. appearance of hardenings or nodules dispersed throughout parts of the central nervous system, in the brain or spinal cord. Confusingly, at some point during the 20th century most sources started dropping cerebral from the expression, even though sclerosis can occur in the other tissues of the body, in unrelated pathologies.

(pathology) A chronic non-contagious disease of the brain and spinal cord characterized by changes in sensation, visual problems, weakness, depression, difficulties with coordination and speech, impaired mobility and disability.

esclerosi múltiple

chronic disease of the brain and spinal cord


gastritis

en-noun

gastritis (usually uncountable, plural gastritides)

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From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting New Latin combining forms: gastr- + -itis, from Ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastḗr).

(pathology, medicine) Inflammation of the lining of the stomach, characterised by nausea, loss of appetite, and upper abdominal discomfort or pain.

classical compound
gastritis
international scientific vocabulary

gastrit

inflammation of the lining of the stomach


spina bifida

(pathology) A birth defect resulting in a cleft in the spinal column through which the spinal membranes and spinal cord may protrude. It is characterised by hydrocephalus and other neurological disorders.


meningitis

meningitis (countable and uncountable, plural meningitides)

From Ancient Greek μῆνῐγξ (mênĭnx) + -itis, equivalent to meninge + -itis.

(pathology) Inflammation of the meninges, characterized by headache, neck stiffness and photophobia and also fever, chills, vomiting and myalgia.


myalgia

myalgia (countable and uncountable, plural myalgias)

Southern physicians were prone to calling all fevers, malaises, myalgias, and headaches "malaria" and to treating them with quinine.

2001, Margaret Humphreys, Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States:

(medicine, pathology) Muscular pain or tenderness.


blood poisoning

blood poisoning (countable and uncountable, plural blood poisonings)

(pathology) The presence in the bloodstream of microorganisms or their toxins in a sufficient quantity to cause serious illness; sepsis or septicemia.

qan zəhərlənməsi

presence of micro-organisms in bloodstream


salmonellosis

salmonellosis (countable and uncountable, plural salmonelloses)

(pathology) Any of several diseases caused by infection with Salmonella bacteria


food poisoning

food poisoning (usually uncountable, plural food poisonings)

(pathology, bacteriology) Any food-borne disease, such as salmonella, that typically causes diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, fever and abdominal cramps.


vaso-

(medicine, pathology) Pertaining to blood vessels or the vascular system.

vaso-

pertaining to blood vessels or the vascular system


symptomatic

en-adj

symptomatic (comparative more symptomatic, superlative most symptomatic)

more symptomatic (comparative)
most symptomatic (superlative)
symptomatick (alternative)

Borrowed from French symptomatique, from New Latin symptomaticus, from Ancient Greek συμπτωματικός (sumptōmatikós, “of or pertaining to a chance (or a symptom), casual”), from σύμπτωμα (súmptōma, “a symptom”). By surface analysis, symptom + -atic.

der

συμπτωματικός

It is important to observe symptomatic cats out of the carrier, on the floor in a safe, escape-proof room. Swelling, heat, and pain in one or more joints can explain many signs, including lameness, malaise, and fever.

2009, Stephen J. Ettinger, Edward C. Feldman, Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, page 9:


roseola

en-noun

roseola (countable and uncountable, plural roseolas or roseolae)

/ɹə(ʊ)ˈziːələ/

/ˌɹəʊzɪˈəʊlə/

From New Latin roseola, from diminutive of Latin rosa (“a rose”).

(pathology) A rosy rash occurring in measles, typhoid fever, syphilis and some other diseases.


muscular dystrophy

muscular dystrophy (countable and uncountable, plural muscular dystrophies)

(pathology) A group of genetic diseases which cause progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue.


hemicrania

hemicrania (countable and uncountable, plural hemicranias)

hemicranias (plural)
hemicrany (alternative)

From Late Latin hemicrania (“pain in one half of the head”), from Ancient Greek ἡμικρᾱνίᾰ (hēmikrāníă), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “hemi-, half”) + κρανίον (kraníon, “skull”) (from whence also cranium).
Cognate to megrim and migraine, which also derive from the Latin.

bor

Gods, gods, why do you punish me? Yes, no doubt it is upon me again, again this terrible, invincible affliction … this hemicrania which grips half the head with pain … without remedy, without escape … I must try not to move my head. …

1993, The Master and Margarita, by Mikhail Bulgakov, translation Burgin and O’Connor, Chapter 2, p. 17

(pathology) A headache affecting one side of the head.

hemicrania

a headache affecting one side of the head


amphicrania

(pathology) A headache affecting both sides of the head.


otalgia

en-noun

otalgia (countable and uncountable, plural otalgias)


otitis

otitis (countable and uncountable, plural otitides or otitises)


cystitis

cystitis (countable and uncountable, plural cystitides)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cystitis.wav

Partying involves taking the tube home two days late, in a damp silk dress, ravenous, reeking of Moët, sweat and stale Shalimar, a bunch of plastic cocktail twizzlers in your clutch bag, with glitter on your face and extreme dehydration, followed by a 20-hour sleep and three days of cystitis.

2022 August 27, Bidisha Mamata, “Tinder is 10 but after a dip in the dating app pool I’m staying resolutely single”, in The Observer:

(pathology) Inflammation of the urinary bladder.


vaginismus

vaginismus (usually uncountable, plural vaginismuses)

(pathology) A painful muscular contraction of the vagina when attempting to insert something, such as a tampon or a penis, into it.


hematoma

hematoma (plural hematomas or hematomata)

hematomas (plural)
hematomata (plural)
haematoma (alternative)
hæmatoma (alternative)

From hemato- + -oma. Among the many words derived from -oma that are in current common use, this word is one of only a few that do not denote a neoplasm; another is granuloma.

The so-called Danlos or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome consists of three symptoms: (1) pronounced fragility of the skin and its blood vessels, with breaking, splitting and the formation of hematomas and pseudotumors subsequent to the slightest trauma (dermatorrhexis-fragilitas cutis), (2) a more or less pronounced hyperlaxity and hyperelasticity of the skin (dermatochalasis-laxitas cutis) and (3) more or less pronounced hyperlaxity or hyperflexibility of the joints (arthrochalasis-laxitas articularis).

1936 June 5, F Ronchese, “Dermatorrhexis with dermatochalasis and arthrochalasis (the so-called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome)”, in American Journal of Diseases of Children, volume 51, number 6, page 1403:

In 30 years as an expert witness, I have seen total plexus paralysis in three patients after needle angiography with intraaxillary hematoma not followed by surgical repair.

2012, E. Zeitler, Radiology of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, page 191:

(pathology) A swelling of blood, usually clotted, which forms as a result of broken blood vessels.


tendinitis

tendinitis (countable and uncountable, plural tendinitises or tendinitides or tendinites)

tendinitises (plural)
tendinitides (plural)
tendinites (plural)
tendonitis (alternative)
tenonitis (alternative)

From New Latin from tendin-, stem of Medieval Latin tendo, from Late Latin tenon, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn, “tendon, sinew”). By surface analysis, tendon + -itis and tendo- + -itis but not actually formed in this way; similarly with tendinopathy § Etymology.


cardiac arrest

en-noun

cardiac arrest (countable and uncountable, plural cardiac arrests)

(cardiology, pathology) The sudden and complete cessation of the heartbeat resulting in the loss of effective circulation of the blood.


heart failure

heart failure (countable and uncountable, plural heart failures)

heart failures (plural)
heart-failure (alternative)

(cardiology, pathology) The chronic inability of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body, leading to a pooling of blood and shortness of breath.

(cardiology, pathology) The cessation of the heartbeat; cardiac arrest.


apnea

apnea (countable and uncountable, plural apneas)

apneas (plural)
apnoea (alternative)
apnœa (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-apnea.wav

From a- + -pnea, from the New Latin apnoea, from the Ancient Greek ἄπνοια (ápnoia), formed from ἀ- (a-, “absence of”) + πνοή (pnoḗ, “breathing”).

(pathology) The cessation of breathing, most often in reference to transient instances thereof during sleep.


sleep apnea

sleep apnea (countable and uncountable, plural sleep apneas)

sleep apneas (plural)
sleep apnoea (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sleep apnea.wav

(pathology, American spelling) Brief interruptions of breathing during sleep.

apnea del son

brief interruptions of breathing during sleep


common cold

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-common cold.wav

So he went to the hospital and got checked. Doctors determined it was a common cold, not the new coronavirus, he says, and he returned home. Then a week ago, he says, five officers showed up at his house in Xishui County, a two hour drive from Wuhan. They wore masks and wielded blue, gun-shaped thermometers.

2020 January 31, Dake Kang, “The shunned: People from virus-hit city tracked, quarantined”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-02-15:

(pathology) A very common, mild viral infection of the nose and throat, whose symptoms typically include sneezing, sniffling, a running or blocked nose, a sore throat, coughing and a headache.


ovaritis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-overitis.wav


medusa

medusa (plural medusas or medusae or (obsolete) medusæ)

medusas (plural)
medusae (plural)
medusæ (obsolete plural)


radiation sickness

radiation sickness (countable and uncountable, plural radiation sicknesses)

(medicine, pathology) Any illness produced by ionizing radiation with symptoms ranging from nausea to death.


tinnitus

tinnitus (countable and uncountable, plural tinnituses)

From Latin tinnītus (“a jingling, ringing”).

(otolaryngology, pathology) The experience of auditory sensations, such as a ringing or pulsating sound, occurring in the absence of any external stimulus.


extinction

extinction (countable and uncountable, plural extinctions)

From late Middle English, borrowed from Latin extinctio (“extinction, annihilation”), from extinguere, past participle extinctus (“to extinguish”); see extinguish.

der

extinction event → Triassic-Jurassic extinction event

(pathology) The inability to perceive multiple stimuli simultaneously.


hyperthermia

en-noun

hyperthermia (countable and uncountable, plural hyperthermias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hyperthermia.wav

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”) + θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”) + -ία (-ía).

affix

Hyperthermia, that's just a word. The reality is different. You can't breathe. Sweating doesn't work. You're being roasted, like meat in an oven, and you can feel that.

2020, Kim Stanley Robinson, The Ministry for the Future, Little, Brown Book Group, →ISBN:

(pathology) The condition of having an abnormally high body temperature caused by a failure of the heat-regulating mechanisms of the body to deal with the heat coming from the environment.

熱中症

ねっちゅうしょう, ねっちゅうしょう, nettchūshō


scrofula

en-noun

scrofula (countable and uncountable, plural scrofulas or scrofulae or scrofulæ)

scrofulas (plural)
scrofulae (plural)
scrofulæ (plural)
scrophula (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin scrōfulae, a diminutive form of scrōfa (“breeding sow”), because swine were supposed to be subject to the complaint; or by fanciful comparison of the glandular swellings to little pigs.

1970: R.H.C. Davis A History of Medieval Europe Longman: SBN 582482089. P298. "(In 1100) It (The Church) relied on the king (of France) for protection and in return gave him authority. It even ..gave support for the claim that by his royal touch, he could miraculously cure the scrofula. (A similar claim was made for the kings of England, and was exercised till the reign of Queen Anne; one of the last people to be cured in that way being Dr. Johnson.)

(pathology) A form of tuberculosis, most common in women 30-40 years of age, tending to cause enlarged and degenerated lymph nodes, especially in the neck, and often chronic, intractable skin inflammation as well.


pathologist

An expert in pathology; a specialist who examines samples of body tissues for diagnostic or forensic purpose.


pathologic

en-adj

pathologic (comparative more pathologic, superlative most pathologic)

more pathologic (comparative)
most pathologic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek παθολογικός (pathologikós), corresponding to pathology + -ic.

der

(dated) Caused by or related to disease, pathology.


pathophysiology

en-noun

pathophysiology (countable and uncountable, plural pathophysiologies)

(pathology) The physiological processes associated with disease or injury.


pathophysiologic

(pathology) Pertaining to pathophysiology.


pathophysiological

What, beyond abnormal, dysregulated cell division, was the common pathophysiological mechanism underlying cancer?

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 285:


pathophysiologically

(pathology) In a pathophysiologic manner.


murrain

murrain (countable and uncountable, plural murrains)

murrains (plural)
murrein (alternative)
murrion (alternative)

The noun is derived from Late Middle English morein, morine, moreyn (“(widespread) death; widespread sickness, plague; fatal disease; carnage; carrion”), from Anglo-Norman morine, mourine, moreyn (“death; widespread sickness, plague; carrion; cattle disease”), Middle French morine, and Old French morine, mourine, murine (“widespread sickness, plague; animal which has died from a disease”), from Late Latin morina (“plague”), probably from Latin morī, the present active infinitive of morior (“to die; to decay, wither”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).
The adjective and adverb are derived from the noun.
Cognates
* Italian morìa (“plague”)
* Latin morticīnus (“that has died naturally, dead; (relational) carrion”) (Medieval Latin morticinium)
* Occitan moria (“death; plague”)
* Old French morie (“death”) mourie (“flesh of animals that have died of disease”) (Middle French murie)
* Portuguese morrinha (“cattle plague”)
* Spanish morriña (“cattle plague”)

cog

potato murrain

[H]e had reason to think that a murrain had fallen over the whole of the potato crops in England, and that, if it extended to Ireland, the most serious consequences must ensue.

1880, [Benjamin Disraeli], chapter XIV, in Endymion […], volume III, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, pages 141–142:

(countable, by extension, phytopathology) An infectious disease affecting plants.


holoprosencephaly

en-noun

holoprosencephaly (countable and uncountable, plural holoprosencephalies)

From Ancient Greek ὅλος (hólos, “whole”) + πρόσω (prósō, “forwards, onwards”) (referring to the prosencephalon (“forebrain”)) + ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos, “brain”) + English -y (suffix denoting a condition), i.e. “condition of a whole (inappropriately divided) forebrain”. By surface analysis, holo- + pro- + -s- + encephal- + -y.

surf

(teratology) A congenital disorder involving insufficient division of the lobes of the brain during fetal development, resulting in skull and facial deformities ranging from minor cleft lip problems to cyclopia, in which a single eye develops where the nose would normally be.

holoprosenkefalia

a congenital disorder involving insufficient division of the lobes of the brain


azotemia

en-noun

azotemia (countable and uncountable, plural azotemias)

/ˌæzəʊˈtiːmɪə/

(pathology) The accumulation in the blood of nitrogen-bearing waste products (such as urea) that are usually excreted in the urine.

αζωθαιμία

accumulation in the blood of waste products


trichinosis

trichinosis (countable and uncountable, plural trichinoses)

From New Latin trichinōsis. By surface analysis, trichina + -osis.

(pathology) A disease characterized by headache, chills, fever, and soreness of muscles, caused by the presence of nematodes of genus Trichinella in the intestines and muscular tissues.


mosaic

mosaic (countable and uncountable, plural mosaics)

mosaics (plural)
mosaick (alternative)
musaic (alternative)

From Middle French mosaïque, from Italian mosaico, from Medieval Latin musaicum, from Late Latin musivum (opus), from Latin museum, musaeum, probably from Ancient Greek Μουσεῖον (Mouseîon), shrine of the Muses (Μοῦσα (Moûsa)).

(phytopathology) Any of several viral diseases that cause mosaic-like patterns to appear on leaves.


aprosopia

/æpɹəˈsəʊpɪə/

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) + πρόσωπον (prósōpon, “face”) + -ῐᾰ (-ĭă).

af

(teratology) having an underdeveloped face, or having no face


scoliosis

en-noun

scoliosis (countable and uncountable, plural scolioses)

From Latin scoliosis, from Ancient Greek σκολίωσις (skolíōsis, “twisting; torsion”).

uder

“Scoliosis,” Mwita said. “Curvature of the spine. It’s hereditary, but that doesn’t always explain it. Most common in girls, but boys get it, too.”

2018, Nnedi Okorafor, Who Fears Death, HarperVoyager, page 211:

(pathology) A condition in which there is abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.


cystic fibrosis

(pathology) An inherited condition in which the exocrine glands produce abnormally viscous mucus, causing chronic respiratory and digestive problems.


byssinosis

en-noun

byssinosis (usually uncountable, plural byssinoses)

/ˌbɪsɪˈnəʊsɪs/

From Late Latin byssinum (“linen cloth”) via Latin byssus + New Latin -osis.

A lung disease, caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working environments.


cleft palate

(teratology) An abnormal condition in which the two plates of the skull that form the hard palate (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined.


toxic shock syndrome

toxic shock syndrome (countable and uncountable, plural toxic shock syndromes)

From toxic + shock + syndrome. First appears in medical literature c. 1978.

(pathology) An acute infection caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, characterized by sudden high fever, muscle aches, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and fainting.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (uncountable)

central nervous system
central nervous system

(neurology, pathology) A chronic, progressive disease characterized by degeneration of the central nervous system and the loss of voluntary muscle control.

筋萎縮性側索硬化症

きんいしゅくせいそくさくこうかしょう


chronic fatigue syndrome

chronic fatigue syndrome (countable and uncountable, plural chronic fatigue syndromes)

(pathology) A condition characterized by immune, endocrine and neurologic pathology whose main symptoms are extreme fatigue, extremely low stamina, muscle pain, lymph node swelling, postexertional malaise, and cognitive difficulties.

encefalopatía miálgica/síndrome de fatiga crónica


goitre

goitre (countable and uncountable, plural goitres)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-goitre.wav

Borrowed from French, either from Old French goitron (“throat, neck, goitre”), itself from Vulgar Latin *gutturiō, *gutturiōnem (“throat, goitre-like protrusions”), from Latin guttur, or a back-formation from French goitreux (“goitered”).

der

(pathology, UK) An enlargement of the front and sides of the neck caused by inflammation of the thyroid gland.

coto

Venezuelan Andes - Argentinian and Venezuelan standard usage : bocio

güegüecho

Southern Mexico - Mexican standard usage : bocio


porphyria

/pɔː(ɹ)ˈfɪɹɪə/

The term porphyria, derived from the Greek word porphyra, meaning purple, is apt because a hallmark of most of the porphyrias is the overexcretion of porphyrins in urine or feces.

2000, Herbert L. Bonkovsky, Richard W. Lambrecht, “44: Hemochromatosis, iron overload, and porphyria cutanea tarda”, in James C. Barton, Corwin Q. Edwards, editors, Hemochromatosis: Genetics, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, page 453:

However, the appearance of homozygous forms without consanguinity and coincidence of two types of porphyria in the same patient, dual porphyrias, is possible.

2003, M. Lecha, C. Herrero, D. Ozalla, “Porphyrias”, in Andreas D. Katsambas, Torello M. Lotti, editors, European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments, page 419:

The usual presenting symptoms and signs of porphyrias are either skin photosensitivity or neurovisceral symptoms and signs.

2010, James C. Barton, Corwin Q. Edwards, Pradyumna D. Phatak, Robert S. Britton, Bruce R. Bacon, Handbook of Iron Overload Disorders, page 160:

(pathology) Any of several usually hereditary abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism characterized by excretion of excess porphyrins in the urine.


severe acute respiratory syndrome

en-noun

severe acute respiratory syndrome (countable and uncountable, plural severe acute respiratory syndromes)

severe acute respiratory syndromes (plural)

taxfmt

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

(b) Severe acute respiratory syndromes, which are diseases that are associated with fever and signs and symptoms of pneumonia or other respiratory illness, are capable of being transmitted from person to person, and that either are causing, or have the potential to cause, a pandemic, or, upon infection, are highly likely to cause mortality or serious morbidity if not properly controlled.

2014 July 31, Barack Obama, “Executive Order—Revised List of Quarantinable Communicable Diseases”, in https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House:

(pathology) A form of pneumonia resulting from infection by a coronavirus characterized by fever, myalgia, lethargy and coughing and which can be fatal.

重症急性呼吸器症候群

じゅうしょうきゅうせいこきゅうきしょうこうぐん


coronavirus

en-noun

coronavirus (countable and uncountable, plural coronaviruses)

coronaviruses (plural)
corona virus (alternative)
corona-virus (alternative)

→ Samoan: koronavairusi

→ Tokelauan: kolonavailuhi

/kəˈɹəʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

/kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

From corona (“crown-like circle of light appearing around the sun”) + virus. Corona is derived from Latin corōna (“garland, wreath; crown”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “something curved; curved stern of a ship; end, point, tip”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, turn”). The name refers to the characteristic appearance of its virions by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a solar corona. Compare the former genus name Coronavirus.

der

A new group of viruses with the name of coronaviruses has been recognized by an informal group of virologists who have sent their conclusions to Nature. […] In the opinion of the eight virologists these viruses are members of a previously unrecognized group which they suggest should be called the coronaviruses, to recall the characteristic appearance by which these viruses are identified in the electron microscope.

[1968 November 16, “Virology: Coronaviruses”, in Nature, volume 220, number 5168, page 650:

This characteristic structural resemblance and other shared properties of these viruses have caused certain virologists to propose the name coronavirus for this previously unrecognized group.

[1969 November, Harold S. Kaye, Walter R. Dowdle, “Some Characteristics of Hemagglutination of Certain Strains of ‘IBV-Like’ Virus”, in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, volume 120, number 5, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, →PMID, page 576, column 1:

The virus, designated as rat coronavirus (RCV), exhibits properties representative of the coronavirus group: characteristic surface structure, particles somewhat variable in size averaging approximately 90 mμ, apparent RNA content, essential lipid, heat sensitivity, and a close serologic relationship with the mouse hepatitis virus complex.

1970 September, J. C. Parker, S. S. Cross, W. P. Rowe, “Rat Coronavirus (RCV): A Prevalent, Naturally Occurring Pneumotropic Virus of Rats”, in Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, volume 31, numbers 3–4, New York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, →ISSN, →OCLC, summary, page 293:

In 1971 a canine coronavirus was isolated from feces of military dogs that were suffering from severe vomiting and diarrhea. [...] Diagnosis usually is based on the history and physical examination and the identification of coronavirus by electron microscope examination of feces or by performing other laboratory tests on the feces.

1984, Johnny D. Hoskins, John D. Rhoades, “Distemper, Other Infectious Dog Diseases”, in Jack Hayes, editor, 1984 Yearbook of Agriculture: Animal Health: Livestock and Pets, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 388:

Some accompanying cytotoxicity has also been observed as well as slight activity against A59 corona virus without concurrent cytotoxicity [...].

1993, Kenneth L. Rinehart, Lois S. Shield, Martha Cohen-Parsons, “Antiviral Substances”, in David H. Attaway, Oskar R. Zaborsky, editors, Marine Biotechnology, volumes 1 (Pharmaceutical and Bioactive Natural Products), New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press, →ISBN, section 4.7 (Thyrsiferol and Related Triterpenes), page 319:

[T]he replication of the corona-virus and the herpes-simplex virus is blocked by cystatin C [...]

1997, Michiel F. J. Blankenvoorde et al., “Antibacterial Activity against Porphyromonas Gingivalis by Cystatins”, in V. K. Hopsu-Havu, M. Järvinen, H. Kirschke, editors, Proteolysis in Cell Functions, Amsterdam: IOS Press, →ISBN, page 532:

There are many viruses that have been implicated as the cause of 'colds'. Among the most common are coronaviruses, rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Coronaviruses are so called because they look like crowns when viewed in an electron microscope, [...]

1999, J. Heritage, E[mlyn] G[lyn] V[aughan] Evans, R. A. Killington, “Microbial Infections”, in Microbiology in Action, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, published 2000, →ISBN, section 7.6.8 (What Causes Sore Throats and Glandular Fever?), page 191:

[T]he common cold is attributed to rhinoviruses and corona viruses; [...]

2005, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, “Sampling for Pollutants of Biological Origin”, in Occupational Exposure Assessment for Air Contaminants, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 14.1 (Introduction), page 221:

SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome] is caused by a coronavirus. Viewed under a microscope, the virus looks like a crown, or corona. This is the same type of virus that causes the common cold and pneumonia. The coronavirus that causes SARS is called SARS-CoV.

2008, Carol Ballard, “SARS”, in AIDS and Other Epidemics (What If We Do Nothing?), Pleasantville, N.Y.: Gareth Stevens Publishing, →ISBN, page 22:

It took four months to identify the culprit of the new disease as a virus of the corona-virus family that had jumped to infect humans from wild small animals handled and consumed as food in the Guangdong province of China.

2010, Rodolfo Saracci, “What is Epidemiology?”, in Epidemiology: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

Coronaviruses are worrying because epidemics caused by other members of the viral family, SARS and MERS, have had high death rates: 10 percent for SARS, and about 35 percent for MERS.

2020 January 24, Denise Grady, “Chicago woman is second patient in U.S. with Wuhan coronavirus”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(virology) A member of the family Coronaviridae, comprising viruses which infect animals and human beings, and the genome of which consists of a single strand of RNA.

A woman in her 70s was confirmed as the first coronavirus death in the UK on Thursday as Downing Street warned that it was now highly likely that the virus would spread in “a significant way”.

2020 March 6, “First UK death from coronavirus confirmed as cases surge to 116”, in The Guardian:

(often the intended sense, since 2020) SARS-CoV-2, the specific coronavirus that causes the infectious disease COVID-19.


latah

en-noun

latah (countable and uncountable, plural latahs)

Latah is a condition occurring in Southeast Asia. Otherwise sane, Latahs compulsively imitate every motion once their attention is attracted by snapping the fingers or calling sharply.

1962 [1959], William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch, New York: Grove Press:

It seemed to Sir Edwin that this patient, a young man who had never set foot outside England, was suffering from an ailment known as latah – common enough in the Malay archipelago but hitherto unknown, so far as the clinical records – admittedly not very reliable – could advise, in the temperate clime of northern Europe.

1989, Anthony Burgess, The Devil's Mode:

Actually, there is a debate among scholars as to whether the latah condition should be regarded as a culture-related "mental disorder" or merely as an "unusual behavior response" found in some cultures.

2003, Wen-Shing Tseng, Clinician's Guide to Cultural Psychiatry, page 116:

(pathology) A condition found in Malaysia and nearby areas characterised by extreme suggestibility; also, a person suffering from this malady.


variola

variola (usually uncountable, plural variolas)

From Middle English variolas pl (“pustules, pocks”), from Medieval Latin or Medical Latin variola (“infectious disease causing pustules; pox”), from Latin varius. Doublet of variole.


adenoma

(pathology) A benign tumour of the epithelium arising from or resembling a gland.


consumptive

en-adj

consumptive (comparative more consumptive, superlative most consumptive)

more consumptive (comparative)
most consumptive (superlative)

From Middle English consumptive, from Latin cōnsūmptus, past participle of cōnsūmō, + -ive.

consumptive cough

The lean, conſumptive, wench, with coughs decay'd, / Is call'd a pretty, tight, and ſlender maid.

a. 1701 (date written), John Dryden, “The Latter Part of the Fourth Book of Lucretius; Concerning the Nature of Love”, in The Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, […], volume II, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1760, →OCLC, page 457:

pulmonary tuberculosis
pulmonary tuberculosis

(pathology) Relating to pulmonary tuberculosis.


myalgic encephalomyelitis

Chronic fatigue syndrome
chronic fatigue syndrome


narcosis

en-noun

narcosis (countable and uncountable, plural narcoses)

(pathology) Unconsciousness caused by a drug, anaesthetic or other chemical substance.

narkózis

unconsciousness caused by a drug, anaesthetic or other chemical substance


nystagmus

nystagmus (countable and uncountable, plural nystagmuses)

First attested in 1798. From New Latin nystagmus, from Ancient Greek νυσταγμός (nustagmós, “nodding, drowsiness”), from νυστάζω (nustázō, “nod, be sleepy”).

der

For months Travis had seen his solitary figure, shoulders hunched inside the flying jacket, in more and more newsreels, as an extra in war films, and then as a patient in an elegant ophthalmic film on nystagmus

1970, JG Ballard, The Atrocity Exhibition:

(pathology) rapid involuntary eye movement, usually lateral


hyperkinetic

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) Of, relating to, or affected with hyperkinesis or hyperactivity.

hyperkineettinen

of, relating to, or affected with hyperkinesis or hyperactivity


hyperkinesis

en-noun

hyperkinesis (countable and uncountable, plural hyperkineses)

(pathology) Abnormally increased and sometimes uncontrollable activity or muscular movements.

ipercinesia

abnormally increased and sometimes uncontrollable activity or muscular movements

(pathology) A condition especially of childhood characterized by hyperactivity.

hyperkinésie

a condition characterized by hyperactivity

hyperkinetic disorder

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


hyperemia

hyperemia (countable and uncountable, plural hyperemias)

hyperemias (plural)
hyperaemia (alternative)
hyperæmia (alternative)

From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”) + αἷμα (haîma, “blood”), equivalent to hyper- + -emia.

(pathology) excess of blood in a body part.


ischaemic

en-adj

ischaemic (comparative more ischaemic, superlative most ischaemic)

more ischaemic (comparative)
most ischaemic (superlative)

(pathology, cardiology) British English spelling of ischemic


neuralgic

(neurology, pathology) Pertaining to or affected by neuralgia.


foot-and-mouth disease

So Joe starts telling the citizen about the foot and mouth disease and the cattle traders and taking action in the matter and the citizen sending them all to the rightabout and Bloom coming out with his sheepdip for the scab and a hoose drench for coughing calves and the guaranteed remedy for timber tongue.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 12: The Cyclops]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part II [Odyssey], pages 301–302:

(pathology) A highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease that can affect animals with cloven hooves.


sitophobia

From sito- + -phobia < Ancient Greek, σῖτος (sîtos, “wheat, bread”) + -φοβία (-phobía, “fear”).

(pathology) A morbid or insane dread of eating. An aversion to food.


achondroplastic

(teratology) Of, related to, or suffering from achondroplasia.

achondroplasique

relating to or suffering from achondroplasia


infiltrate

From Middle English infiltrate (adj), from Medieval Latin infiltrātus, from infiltrō.

One critical distinction to make is whether a focal corneal infiltrate is infected with bacteria or is a sterile immunologic response.

2008, Jimmy D. Bartlett, Siret D. Jaanus, Clinical Ocular Pharmacology, page 539:

Extensive lumpy infiltrates with a tendency to caseate and to form fistulas with purulent secretions appear, mainly in the anogenital region.

2013, Otto Braun-Falco, Dermatology, page 141:

Common immunohistochemical markers of this lymphoma include CD2, CD56, CD3, and T-cell receptors. 7 Typically, the histology of these lymphomas are characterized by monomorphic inflammatory cellular infiltrates, which may be diffuse or show angiocentricity and angiodestruction as well as tissue destruction. 7 Lymphoid markers from the nasal mucosal biopsy from this patient were negative for CD56 and EBER.

2015, Brook McConnell, M. Sherif Said, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, “Nasal septal perforation associated with pyoderma gangrenosum”, in Allergy & Rhinology, volume 6, →DOI:

(pathology) Any undesirable substance or group of cells that has made its way into part of the body.


homeosis

en-noun

homeosis (countable and uncountable, plural homeoses)

homeoses (plural)
homoeosis (alternative)
homœosis (alternative)
homoiosis (alternative)

(pathology) The formation of a normal plant or animal structure or organ in place of another at an abnormal site; the transformation of one body part to another.

homéose

transformation of one body part into another


aplasia

aplasia (countable and uncountable, plural aplasias)

(pathology) A condition marked by the incomplete development, or entire absence, of an organ or tissue.

aplasie

incomplete development or absence of organ or tissue


aplastic

(pathology) Relating to the inability of the body to create new cells, such that tissue cannot grow or regenerate.


ectopia

ectopia (countable and uncountable, plural ectopias)

From Ancient Greek ἔκτοπία (éktopía), from ἔκτοπος (éktopos, “away from a place”), from ἐκ- (ek-) + τόπος (tópos).

(pathology) The condition where an organ or other body part has an abnormal position.


arachnodactyly

(teratology) a condition in which the fingers and hands are abnormally long and slender


dyspeptic

en-adj

dyspeptic (comparative more dyspeptic, superlative most dyspeptic)

more dyspeptic (comparative)
most dyspeptic (superlative)

First attested in 1694. From Ancient Greek δύσπεπτος (dúspeptos, “difficult to digest”), from δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) + πέπτω (péptō, “I digest”).

af

...but Lady Anne could not be deceived—in five years' time he would become dyspeptic, be surrounded by physicians, consigned to all the Badens in Germany, and think much more of a renovating draught than a beautiful young wife.

1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “(please specify the page)”, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], published 1842, →OCLC, pages 272–273:

(pathology, not comparable) Of, relating to, or having dyspepsia or indigestion.


typhlitis

(pathology) Inflammation of the blind gut (caecum).


atonic

en-adj

atonic (comparative more atonic, superlative most atonic)

more atonic (comparative)
most atonic (superlative)


Hodgkin's disease

Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma#English

(oncology, pathology) Former name of Hodgkin's lymphoma.


Hodgkin's lymphoma

en-noun

Hodgkin's lymphoma (countable and uncountable, plural Hodgkin's lymphomas)

Coordinate term: non-Hodgkin lymphoma

(pathology, oncology) A malignant lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the formation of large tumour cells (Reed-Sternberg cells) in the lymph nodes.


Reed-Sternberg cell

Reed-Sternberg cell (plural Reed-Sternberg cells)

Named after Dorothy Reed Mendenhall and Carl Sternberg, who provided the first definitive microscopic descriptions of Hodgkin's disease.

(oncology) A giant lymphocyte characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphoma.


embolic

en-adj

embolic (comparative more embolic, superlative most embolic)

more embolic (comparative)
most embolic (superlative)

(pathology) Of or relating to an embolus or an embolism.


chorea

en-noun

chorea (countable and uncountable, plural choreas or choreae or choreæ)

choreas (plural)
choreae (plural)
choreæ (plural)

(pathology) Any of the various diseases of the nervous system characterized by involuntary muscular movements of the face and extremities; St. Vitus's dance.


Dutch elm disease

Named after the country in which the disease was first identified. (It is not specific to Dutch elms.)

The village is a dignified place of thatch, half-timbering, box hedges and neat farms, set among elms (though not as many as formerly, since Dutch elm disease took its toll) on the level plain of the Pewsey Vale.

1980, AA Book of English Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 67:

The process began 50 years ago when Europe’s elms were ravaged by the beetle-borne fungal malady misnamed ʻDutch elm diseaseʼ (which, in fact, is Asian).

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 296:

(phytopathology) A disease of elm trees caused by ascomycete fungi in the genus Ophiostoma and spread by bark beetles.