Nephthys

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Νέφθυς (Néphthus), from Egyptian nbt-ḥwt, O9 t:H8

(Egyptian mythology) An ancient Egyptian goddess, the wife of Set and sister of Isis, Osiris, and Set, worshiped as a protective goddess and nurse of the pharaoh and associated with funerary rites and the transition from life to death.

Νέφθυς

ancient Egyptian funerary and protective goddess


Phrygian cap

/ˌfrɪd͡ʒɪən ˈkæp/

Eugène Delacroix
Liberty Leading the People

From Phrygian (“of or relating to Phrygia, its people or their culture”) + cap. Sense 2 (“congenital abnormality of the gall bladder”) is a calque of German phrygische Mütze, coined by J. Bartel in 1916 and popularized by Edward A. Boyden.

compound

A Phrygian Priapus of Elegant VVorkmanſhip: The Phrygian Cap pointed and hanging dovvn behind, as our Caps in Diſhabille are novv vvorn.

1699, Martin Lister, “Of Paris in General”, in A Journey to Paris in the Year 1698, 2nd edition, London: […] Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC, page 46:

[Cornelian. Brit[ish] Muſ[eum].] The tvvo Dioſcuri, vvith Phrygian caps, on horſeback, approaching a female in a long robe, in the middle, vvho ſeems to hold their horſes by the head.

1791, R[udolf] E[rich] Raspe, “Castor and Pollux, or the Twins”, in A Descriptive Catalogue of a General Collection of Ancient and Modern Engraved Gems, Cameos as well as Intaglios, Taken from the Most Celebrated Cabinets in Europe; […], volume I, London: […] [C. Buckton] for and sold by James Tassie, […]; and J[ohn] Murray, […], →OCLC, paragraph 1261, pages 108–109, column 1:

He was a handsome wretch, physically. […] I have no doubt that his red Phrygian cap concealed a pair of pointed furry ears; but his tattered habiliments and the strips of gay cloth wound, brigand-like, about his calves were not able to hide the ungyved grace of his limbs.

1878 May, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, “From Ponkapog to Pesth. Chapter II. On a Balcony.”, in The Atlantic Monthly: A Magazine of Literature, Science, Art, and Politics, volume XLI, number CCXLVII, Boston, Mass.: Houghton, Osgood and Company […], →OCLC, page 599, column 2:

A short while later, the fire in the courtyard was lit again when a hen laid a fantastic egg that looked like a Ping-Pong ball with an appendage like that on a Phrygian cap. My grandmother identified it on the spot: "It's a basilisk's egg." She threw it into the fire, murmuring prayers of conjuration.

2003, Gabriel García Márquez, chapter 2, in Edith Grossman, transl., Living to Tell the Tale […] (A Borzoi Book), New York, N.Y.: Alfred A[braham] Knopf, →ISBN, page 75:

Smiley Phryge (pronounced, with French style, as "Free-juh") represents what's known as a Phrygian cap, based on similar caps worn by 18th-century French revolutionaries, who saw it as a symbol of freedom. […] "When the French and British wanted to choose a cap of liberty from antiquity, they got it wrong," he [Charles Brian Rose] says. "They chose the Phrygian cap, which signified Middle East status, rather than the pileus, which signified liberty—and so the Phrygian cap came to be interpreted as a symbol of liberty."

2024 July 13, Tom Metcalfe, “Why this Ancient Hat is the 2024 Olympic Mascot”, in National Geographic, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-07-28:

(Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome) A soft, close-fitting conical cap with the top bent forward, represented in Greek and Roman art as worn by ancient Phrygians, and later associated with the Roman liberty cap.


ustrinum

The Romans had, even in their smaller municipia, Boards of Health—such, at least, I take to be the meaning of Novemvir and Triumvir Valetudinarius; and it may seem extraordianry that they did not remove the ustrinum to a greater distance.

1858, John Kenrick, Roman Sepulcral Inscriptions: Their Relation to Archaeology, Language, and Religion:

(historical, Ancient Rome) The site of a funeral pyre


lares and penates

A calque of Latin lares et penates. See lar and penates.

The particular gods of the household were its lares and penates.

1995, Antony Kamm, The Romans: An Introduction, page 87:

(Roman mythology) The household deities of ancient Rome, respectively overseeing the family and its house and storerooms.


Danaus

From Latin Danaus, from Ancient Greek Δᾰνᾰός (Dănăós).

(Greek mythology) a mythical king who founded Argos


Enbilulugugal

(Mesopotamian mythology) One of the three aspects of the god Enbilulu, as the power presiding over growth and abundance.


Icarus

From Latin Īcarus, from Ancient Greek Ἴκαρος (Íkaros).

(Greek mythology) A Greek mythological figure, son of Daedalus, who escaped from the Cretan labyrinth of Knossos by flying with wings made from feathers and wax, but flew too near to the sun, which melted the wax in the wings, so he fell down and drowned in the Aegean Sea.


Nausicaa

/nɔːˈsɪkeɪə/

From Latin Nausicaa, from Ancient Greek Ναυσικάα (Nausikáa).

But no catastrophe occurred. I lived to watch on a strange shore a black and youthful Nausicaa, with a joyous train of attendant maidens, carrying baskets of linen to a clear stream overhung by the heads of slender palm-trees.

1904–1906, Joseph Conrad, chapter XXXIX, in The Mirror of the Sea, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers, published October 1906, →OCLC:

(Greek mythology) A princess who aids Odysseus.


lamassu

Learned borrowing from Akkadian 𒀭𒆗 (lamassu).

lbor

An Assyrian protective deity, often depicted as having the head of a human, the body of an ox or lion, and the wings of a bird.


Chelone

From Ancient Greek χελώνη (khelṓnē, “tortoise”).

uder

(Greek mythology) A woman who became the tortoise as punishment for disobeying a summons from the gods.


Enkidu

From Akkadian 𒂗𒆠𒆕 (EN.KI.DÙ, literally “Enki's creation”).

der

Companion of Gilgamesh in the poem Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia.


velite

Borrowed from Latin vēlitēs, plural of vēles.

(historical) A type of Roman infantryman who worked as a skirmisher.


Autolycus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Αὐτόλυκος (Autólukos).

(Greek mythology) In Ancient Greek mythology, a son of Hermes and Chione. A successful robber, he was capable of changing his own form and that of the goods he stole.


Clytemnestra

From Latin Clytaemnēstra, Ancient Greek Κλυταιμνήστρα (Klutaimnḗstra).

Κλυταιμνήστρα

(Greek mythology) wife of Agamemnon, whom she killed after the Trojan War, whereupon was killed herself by their son Orestes


barracks emperor

en-noun

barracks emperor (plural barracks emperors)

/ˈbæɹəks ˈɛmpəɹə/

/ˈbæɹəks ˈɛmpəɹɚ/

The next twenty-nine emperors, who ruled Rome for ninety-two years, or until a.d. 284, were known as the Barracks Emperors, because most of them owed their elevation to the purchase of favors from the soldiers. A few of these men were of unblemished character, but most of them encouraged the progress of corruption and aided the downfall of Rome.

1924, Charles H[erbert] Sylvester, “The History of Rome”, in The Writings of Mankind: […] Twenty Volumes, volume V (Greece·Latin), Kansas City, Mo.: The Epsilon Sigma Alpha Sorority, National Headquarters, →OCLC, page 2481:

While Iran and Mesopotamia therefore enjoyed relative security in the third century a.d., the internal cohesion of the Roman state showed signs of serious disrepair. The civil war between 193 and 197 a.d., which brought the first "barracks emperor" to power, was a mere prelude to the distresses of the years 235 to 285 a.d., when recurrent struggles between rival candidates for the imperial throne opened the gates to barbarian invasion accompanied by pestilential disease of unusual severity.

1963, William H[ardy] McNeill, “Barbarian Onslaught and Civilized Response, 200–600 a.d.”, in The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →OCLC, part II (Eurasian Cultural Balance 500 B.C.–1500 A.D.), page 387:

Abraham Lincoln had only one thing in common with a Roman barracks-emperor: that he had risen, as had Diocletian and others, from a poverty-stricken rural background.

1974, Russell Kirk, The Roots of American Order, Malibu, Calif.: Pepperdine University Press, →ISBN; republished Newburyport, Mass.: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2014, →ISBN:

Who was the first "barracks emperor" of Rome? […] The "barracks emperors" were Roman military leaders of this era who seized supreme power in the field or were elevated to the throne by the army against their will. They were often uncultured or semieducated, or natives of backward provinces, like Maximinus Thrax ("the Thracian"), the first common soldier who rose through the ranks to become Roman emperor.

2010 March, Peter D’Epiro, “Third Century”, in The Book of Firsts: 150 World-changing People and Events from Caesar Augustus to the Internet, New York, N.Y.: Anchor Books, Random House, →ISBN, question 18, pages 56–57:

(Ancient Rome, historical) An emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army.

Capitoline Museums
Imperial Roman army
Legio IV Italica
Maximinus Thrax
Praetorian Guard
Roman emperor


Maleventum

(historical) An ancient city in Samnium, in modern Campania, Italy; modern Benevento.


Bubastis

Borrowed from Latin Bubastis, from Βούβαστις (Boúbastis), from pr (“house”) + bꜣstt (“Bastet”).

1861, Bubastis, entry in W. Smith (editor), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 1, John Murray, page 515,
But it seems more natural to suppose here, as in other instances of Egyptian religion, that the worship of Bubastis was originally the worship of the cat itself, which was subsequently refined into a mere symbol of the goddess. The fact that the ancients identify Bubastis with Artemis or Diana is to us a point of great difficulty, since the information we possess respecting the Egyptian goddess presents little or no resemblance between the two divinities.

(Egyptian mythology) The goddess Bastet.


Thyonian

en-adj

Thyonian (comparative more Thyonian, superlative most Thyonian)

more Thyonian (comparative)
most Thyonian (superlative)

(Greek mythology) Of or relating to Thyone.


Sumerogram

Several ancient Near Eastern texts made cross references so as to cause readers to apprehend more than one text or theme at a time. Sumerograms in Akkadian literature or biblical quotations in Qumran pesharim are clear examples.

1998 October, Terje Stordalen, Echoes of Eden: Genesis 2-3 and Symbolism of the Eden Garden in Biblical Hebrew Literature, Oslo: The Norwegian Lutheran School of Theology, page 36:

Often the context will be clear enough and leave little room for doubt, but in many cases the need was felt to make the function of the Sumerogram in a particular clause explicit. This was done by adding the Hittite case ending to the Sumerogram: e.g., išḫaš is the subject case, išḫan the object case, and išḫi the indirect object case. These could be written ᴇɴ-aš, ᴇɴ-an, and ᴇɴ-i respectively. Such endings attached to a Sumerogram are known as phonetic complements.

2011, Theo van den Hout, The Elements of Hittite, →ISBN, page 12:

(linguistics) A Sumerian cuneiform symbol used as a logogram in another language, such as Akkadian or Hittite.


Akkadogram

(linguistics) An Akkadian word used as a logogram in another language, such as Hittite.


Plautus

From Latin Titus Maccius Plautus, the latter two names traditionally held to be stage names, from plautus (“flat-footed, flap-eared”).

A Roman comic playwright (c. 254 – 184 BC) of the Old Latin period.


Lysander

Lysander
Lysander (disambiguation)
Westland Lysander

From Ancient Greek Λῠ́σᾰνδρος (Lŭ́săndros).

A British military aircraft used during World War II


Fama

(Roman mythology) The Roman equivalent of the Greek Pheme, a personification of fame and renown.


Tironian note

Any one of thousands of signs in a system of shorthand developed in the 60s BC by Cicero’s scribe Marcus Tullius Tiro.

note tironienne

one of M. Tullius Tiro’s many shorthand signs


Xenophontic

Xenophontic (comparative more Xenophontic, superlative most Xenophontic)

more Xenophontic (comparative)
most Xenophontic (superlative)

By surface analysis, Xenophon (“Greek historian and philosopher”) + -tic (adjectival suffix), though possibly derived from Ancient Greek, as suggested by the adjectival suffix being -tic (from Ancient Greek -τῐκός (-tĭkós)), as opposed to -ic (from Latin -icus).

surface analysis

(relational, literary) Of or relating to the language or style of Xenophon.


Amarna

An extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of Akhetaten, the capital city newly established and built by the pharaoh Akhenaten


Typhonomachy

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Τῡφωνομᾰχία (Tūphōnomăkhía), from Τῡφῶν (Tūphôn) + μάχη (mákhē, “battle, fight”).

bor

(Greek mythology) The battle between Zeus and the fearsome monster Typhon


Eurybia

(Greek mythology) A sea goddess in Ancient Greek mythology.


Aesculapian snake

en-noun

Aesculapian snake (plural Aesculapian snakes)

A European species of nonvenomous snake, Zamenis longissimus, associated with Asclepius (Roman counterpart: Aesculapius) in Ancient Greek mythology.


Harpocrates

From Ancient Greek Ἁρποκράτης (Harpokrátēs), from Egyptian ḥr-pꜣ-ẖrd, from ḥr (“Horus”) + pꜣ (“the”) + ẖrd (“child”).

(Greek mythology) The god of silence, secrets and confidentiality.

Roman goddess of trust and confidentiality


Aidos

(Greek mythology) The goddess or personification of humility, modesty.


Lagash

(historical) An ancient city in Sumer, in contemporary southeast Iraq.


Quirinalia

(historical, Ancient Rome) A festival dedicated to the god Quirinus, celebrated on February 17th.


Ephialtes

From Ancient Greek Ἐφιάλτης (Ephiáltēs).

Éphialtès

either the ancient Greek statesman or a mythological Giant


Acoetes

(Greek mythology, Roman mythology) One of several mythological characters.

One of several mythological characters.
An attendant of Bacchus.

One of several mythological characters.
The father of Laocoön.

A Theban character in Statius’s Thebaid.


Sutekh

From Egyptian sw-W-t:x-A40 (swtḫ), a New Kingdom variant of s-t:X (stẖ).

(Egyptian mythology) An ancient Egyptian god, variously described as the god of chaos, the god of thunder and storms, or the god of destruction.


Aeolic Greek

(Ancient Greece) The dialect group of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly, Boeotia, and Aeolia and on the island of Lesbos, most closely related to Arcadocypriot and contributing some forms to Epic Greek. The language of Sappho and Alcaeus of Mytilene.


decarchy

From Ancient Greek δεκαρχία (dekarkhía), from δεκα- (deka-, “deca-: ten”) + -αρχία (-arkhía, “-archy: rule”). Equivalent to dec- + -archy.

(politics) A government of ten people, especially (historical) various Greek councils of ten men


Roman road

(historical) Any of many roads built in Europe, including Britain, by the Ancient Romans, many of which survive in various forms.


Theron

Borrowed from Latin Thērōn, in turn from Ancient Greek Θήρων (Thḗrōn).

Theron of Akragas (died 473 BC), a tyrant of Akragas in Sicily.


Rhene

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ῥήνη (Rhḗnē).

bor+

the paramour of King Oïleus of Locris and the mother of either or neither of his sons Medon and Ajax.

Rene

nymph, paramour of Locrian king Oïleus, disputed mother by him of Medon or Ajax

an oread of Mount Cyllene, lover of Hermes and the mother by him of Saon of Samothrace.

Rene

oread of Mouth Cyllene, lover of Hermes, mother by him of Samothracian Saon


lampadarius

From Latin lampada, from Ancient Greek λαμπάς (lampás, “candle”).

(historical) A slave who carried torches before consuls, emperors and other high officials both during the later Roman Republic and under the Empire.

(Christianity) The leader of the second (left) choir of singers in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.


antode

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀντῳδή (antōidḗ), from ᾠδή (ōidḗ).

For instance, in the agon of the Knights beginning at 757 we first (761 ff.) find a katakeleusmos and a debate in anapaestic tetrameters catalectic, while the symmetrical section, after the antode, is in iambic tetrameters catalectic.

1975, Francisco Rodríguez Adrados, Festival, Comedy and Tragedy: The Greek Origins of Theatre:

(historical, Ancient Greece, theater) A particular ode sung in response to another.


Orthrus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ὄρθρος (Órthros).

(Greek mythology) A two-headed dog who guarded Geryon's cattle and was killed by Heracles.


Hypsipyle

From Latin Hypsipylē and its etymon, the Ancient Greek Ῠ̔ψῐπῠ́λη (Hŭpsĭpŭ́lē).

(Greek mythology) The daughter of Thoas and Myrina, queen of Lemnos at the time of the curse by Aphrodite, the island’s subsequent androcide, and the Argonauts’ two-year sojourn on the island, during which time she bore Jason twin sons.


duplicarius

Borrowed from Latin duplicārius, from duplicō (“multiply by two”).

(historical) A member of the Ancient Roman army who received double the basic pay.


Nergal

From Sumerian 𒀭𒄊𒀕𒃲 (ᵈGÌR-UNUG-GAL /nergal/).

(Mesopotamian mythology) A deity worshipped throughout ancient Mesopotamia, associated with war, pestilence, and the Sun.


Oriental Orthodox Church

Eastern Christianity
Eastern Christianity

Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Church

One of the three major divisions of Eastern Christianity, distinguished by its miaphysite Christology, not to be confused with Eastern Orthodox Church and the Church of the East.

Արեւելյան ուղղափառ եկեղեցի

one of the three major divisions of Eastern Christianity


quartary

From Latin quārtārius (“quarter-sextarius, quarter-pint”), from quārtus (“fourth”) + -ārius (“-ary: forming adj.”). Equivalent to quart + -ary. Doublet of quartarius.

der

(historical, rare, obsolete) A Roman unit of mass, one-fourth of a Roman pound.


Olynthus

[ɔˈlʲʏn̪t̪ʰʊs̠]

From Latin, from Ancient Greek Ὄλυνθος (Ólunthos).

An ancient city in Chalcidice, modern Chalkidiki, Greece.


Cyzicus

From Latin Cȳzicus, from Ancient Greek Κύζικος (Kúzikos).

(historical) A former city in Balikesir Province, Turkey, formerly part of the ancient region of Mysia.


Stabiae

Castellammare di Stabia
Castellammare di Stabia#English

(historical) An ancient city in Italy near Pompeii, in Campania; now Castellammare di Stabia


Nefertiti

From Egyptian nfrt-jj.tj (literally “The Beautiful One has Come”).

bor

A queen of Ancient Egypt, the chief consort of the pharaoh Akhenaten.

(rare) A female given name from Egyptian.


akh

Their abode is heaven; and the Akh, by contrast with the Ba, does not retain any relation to the body.… It is a deceased, a transcendent being, without earthly or material ties; and, as such, it is the most spiritualized of the various concepts of the dead.

1948, Henri Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature, page 64:

After spending the night asleep in their tombs, the akhs would wake each morning at sunrise and “come forth from the necropolis” to enjoy an ideal life, free from the cares of physical existence.

2000, James P. Allen, Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, page 33:

The akh would later become the state achieved when the ba and ka are rejoined.

2005, Gary A. Stillwell, Afterlife: Post-Mortem Judgments in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, page 118:

If a person’s ka and ba were not reunited and akh failed to develop, then everlasting life would not occur.

2009, Janet Balk, “Egyptian Perceptions of Death in Antiquity”, in Clifton D. Bryant, Dennis L. Peck, editors, Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience, page 399:

Different postmortem aspects of the individual are mentioned in ritual texts, so that it is unclear how they relate to one another: the ka (what leaves the body when death occurs), the ba (the personality of the individual), and the akh (a glorified bodily form).

2015, “Afterlife”, in Eric Orlin, editor, Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions, page 17:

In Egyptian mythology, (roughly) a spirit of the dead that has successfully completed its transition to the afterlife.


akh

Borrowed from Arabic أَخ (ʔaḵ, “brother”). Doublet of ock.

(Islam, MLE, MTE, slang) Brother; a close male friend or associate.


Empusa

From Ancient Greek Ἔμπουσα (Émpousa, “species of monster of Greek mythology”).

der

Hobbes compares this hybrid school divinity to Empusa, a female specter in ancient Greek mythology who was supposed to have been sent by the goddess Hecate[…].

1999, Douglas M. Jesseph, Squaring the Circle, University of Chicago Press, page 311:

The Empusa was a female vampire from Greek mythology that feasted on the blood of men.

2014, Barbara Cox, Scott Forbes, Haunted Homes, Gareth Stevens Publishing, page 20:

(Greek mythology) A monster sent by (and sometimes the progeny of) the goddess Hecate; when imagined as the first or only empusa, or as a species of monster.


empusa

1858, "Empūsa", entry in William Smith, A Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and Geography, John Murray, page 240,
The Lamiae and Mormolyceia, who assumed the form of handsome women for the purpose of attracting young men, and then sucked their blood like vampyrs and ate their flesh, were reckoned among the Empusae.

The empusae of Greek mythology demonstrate physical animal traits of the donkey and the female dog in order to emphasize certain negative characteristics associated with these animals in mythology that can also be applied to human beings.

2016, Heide Crawford, The Origins of the Literary Vampire, Rowman & Littlefield, page 41:

(Greek mythology) In Ancient Greek mythology, a kind of spectre sent by Hecate to guard roads and devour travellers.


empousa

(Greek mythology) Alternative form of empusa


Leonidas

From Ancient Greek Λεωνίδᾱς (Leōnídās, “son of Leon / lion”).

(chiefly history) A male given name from Ancient Greek.


congy

From French conge, from Latin congius, q.v. Only attested in English in the obsolete plural form congys.

(historical, obsolete) Synonym of congius, Roman units of liquid measure and mass.


Antisthenean

en-adj

Antisthenean (comparative more Antisthenean, superlative most Antisthenean)

more Antisthenean (comparative)
most Antisthenean (superlative)

Of or relating to the ancient philosopher Antisthenes.


Telamon

From Ancient Greek Τελαμών (Telamṓn, literally “the bearer”).

der

(Greek mythology) Father of Ajax, brother of Peleus.


Aegisthus

/ɪˈd͡ʒɪsθəs/

From Latin Aegisthus, from Ancient Greek Αἴγισθος (Aígisthos).

(Greek mythology) The murderer of Agamemnon and lover of his wife Clytemnestra.


Phaëthontean

Borrowed from Latin Phaëthontēus + English -an.

Of, belonging to, or connected with Phaëthon.


Phaëthontiad

Borrowed from Latin Phaëthontias (stem: Phaëthontiad-).

bor

stem: <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">Phaëthontiad-</i>

(Greek mythology) Each of the sisters of Phaëthon.


Juturna

(Roman mythology) A goddess of fountains, wells and springs, and the mother of Fontus by Janus.


erotes

Regretfully, the shaft of the stele is lost, and only the central part of its gable is preserved, featuring a bust of the goddess, flanked by two Erotes.

1999, Yulia Ustinova, The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom, BRILL, page 49:

There is also a parallel if less common iconography of the standing Narcissus (both alone with erotes—for example, from IX.3.5/24[…]—and with Echo and erotes—for example, Naples Museum[…].

2007, Jaś Elsner, Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text, Princeton University Press, unnumbered page:

The relative scarcity of children's sarcophagi (i.e. of child-sized sarcophagi) and specifically child-related iconographies. The Attic sarcophagi with Erotes are an exception to this.

2018, B. C. Ewald, “Attic Sarcophagi”, in Lucy Gaynor Audley-Miller, Beate Dignas, editors, Wandering Myths, De Gruyter, page 239:

(Greek mythology, often capitalised) Collectively, a group of winged gods attendant to Aphrodite, of whom Eros is the best known.


Ambraciot

An adaptation of the Latin Ambraciōtēs and the Ancient Greek Ἀμβρᾰκῐώτης (Ambrăkĭṓtēs).

(Ancient Greece) Of or pertaining to the city of Ambracia; Ambracian.


Rem

(Egyptian mythology) An Egyptian fish god who fertilized the land with his tears.


tyet

An ancient Egyptian symbol of the goddess Isis, resembling an ankh but with the arms curving downward.


Sospita

From Latin Sospita (“One who Saves, Salvatrix, Savior”).


Philodemus

Borrowed from Latin Philodemus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Φιλόδημος (Philódēmos).

Philodemus of Gadara, an Epicurean philosopher and poet


Achaeus

(Greek mythology) A male given name from Ancient Greek.


Telemachian

en-adj

Telemachian (comparative more Telemachian, superlative most Telemachian)

more Telemachian (comparative)
most Telemachian (superlative)

(Greek mythology) Of or relating to Telemachus.


Hippolyta

(Greek mythology) An Amazonian queen who possessed a magic girdle given to her by her father, Ares.


Pyramus

(Greek mythology, Roman mythology) a Babylonian lover in the tragedy of Pyramus and Thisbe


Perigenia

(Greek mythology) the beautiful daughter of Sinis


Cephalus

From the Ancient Greek κέφᾰλος (képhălos, “a species of mullet”).

der

(Greek mythology) An ancient Greek lover of Procris who accidentally slew her as she spied upon him.


Thyia

Ancient Greek, from θύω (thúō, “celebrate”)

(Greek mythology) the naiad of a spring on Mount Parnassos where the Thyiades of Dionysus gathered to revel


propylaeon

en-noun

propylaeon (plural propylaeons or propylaea)

Beyond these is the first great propylaeon; then, as you advance, a second and a third; their number not being limited any more than that of the sphinxes, but both varying in various temples, as well as the length and breadth of the dromus.

1831, John Lempière, Bibliotheca Classica, s.v. "Æegyptus" § 18

(historical contexts, especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome) Alternative form of propylaeum.

historical contexts; especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome; historical contexts; especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome


Teucer

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Τεῦκρος (Teûkros).

(Greek mythology) The son of King Telamon and Hesione, who fought in the Trojan War and was renowned for his skill in archery.


tetraeteris

From Late Latin tetraeteris, from Ancient Greek τετραετηρίς (tetraetērís), from τετρα- (tetra-, “four”) + ἔτος (étos, “year”).

Synonym of quadrennium: A four-year period, particularly (historical) those used in ancient Egyptian and Greek astronomical calculations.


tetraeterid

Alternative form of tetraeteris: A four-year period, particularly (historical) those used in ancient Egyptian and Greek astronomical calculations.


Chaon

Andromache informs Aeneas that Helenus named the region Chaonia after the Trojan Chaon (334-5).

1997, Michael Paschalis, Virgil's Aeneid: Semantic Relations and Proper Names, Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press), page 132:

(Greek mythology) A character in Virgil's Aeneid: a Trojan hero, a companion or perhaps brother of Helenus, and the eponym of Chaonia and the Chaonians.


Nut

Borrowed from Egyptian nwt (“Nut, sky”).

(Egyptian mythology) The goddess who serves as the personification of the sky.


Chironian

(Greek mythology, astronomy) Pertaining to Chiron.


Ino

(Greek mythology) A queen of Boeotia who, after her death and transfiguration, was worshipped as a goddess under the epithet Leucothea.


Hieroglyphic Luwian

a variant of the Luwian language, recorded in official and royal seals and a small number of monumental inscriptions, written in a hieroglyphic script known as Anatolian hieroglyphs


Palatua

(Roman mythology) The tutelary goddess of the Palatine.


Damocles

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Δαμοκλῆς (Damoklês).

A courtier said to have lived at the court of Dionysius II of Syracuse.


Pyrrha

(Greek mythology) The wife of Deucalion.


Creon

It has often been observed that Creon imputes corrupt motives (here and to Teiresias), because this was a level of motivation within his comprehension.

1980, R. P. Winnington-Ingram, Sophocles: An Interpretation, →ISBN, page 126:

Above all -- and this is of central importance in connection with the legal implications -- it is essential to understand that Creon must emerge as an appropriate counterweight to the obsessive energy of Antigone: that "Antigone's fate provides the foil for Creon and, in turn, Creon's fate becomes evident only against the background of Antigone's desitiny.

2003, Theodore Ziolkowski, The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crises, →ISBN, page 152:

Perhaps more than any other figure in the Oedipus Trilogy, Creon, Oedipus' brother-in-law, seems to be a very different character in each of the plays.

2011, Regina Higgins, Charles Higgins, Cliffs Notes on Sophocles' Oedipus Trilogy, →ISBN, page 81:

(Greek mythology) King of Thebes, noted primarily in the stories of Antigone and Oedipus.


decadarchy

From Ancient Greek δεκαδαρχία (dekadarkhía), from δεκάς (dekás, “a group of ten”) + -αρχία (-arkhía, “-archy: rule”). Equivalent to deca- + -archy.


dekadarchy

From Ancient Greek δεκαδαρχία (dekadarkhía), from δεκάς (dekás, “a group of ten”) + -αρχία (-arkhía, “-archy: rule”). Equivalent to deka- + -archy.

(politics) Synonym of decarchy: rule by ten people.


undecimvirate

From Latin ūndecimvirātus, from ūndecimvirī (“undecimvirs”) + -ātus (“-ate”).

(uncommon) A group of eleven people, especially (politics) a council of eleven men sharing office or power and particularly (historical) the groups of eleven magistrates in ancient Athens.


Eleusinian Mysteries

Calque of Ancient Greek Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια (Eleusínia Mustḗria).

cal

Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια

(Ancient Greece) Initiations held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone, based at Eleusis in ancient Greece, now named Elefsina.


Ogygia

/əʊˈdʒɪdʒiə/

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ὠγυγία (Ōgugía).

(Greek mythology) The island home of the nymph Calypso, where she entertained Odysseus for seven years.


Gello

From Ancient Greek Γελλώ (Gellṓ), perhaps from Akkadian; see Γελλώ (Gellṓ) for more.

spontaneous abortion
spontaneous abortion

(Greek mythology) A female demon or revenant who threatens the reproductive cycle by causing infertility, spontaneous abortion, and infant mortality.


Thyestes

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Θυέστης (Thuéstēs).

(Greek mythology) A king of Olympia; the son of Pelops and Hippodamia; and father of Pelopia and Aegisthus. He and his brother Atreus were exiled by their father for having murdered their half-brother Chrysippus.


Ladon

(Greek mythology) A serpent-like dragon that twined around the tree in the Garden of the Hesperides and guarded the golden apples.


Byblis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Βυβλίς (Bublís).

(Greek mythology) A daughter of Miletus who fell in love with Caunus, her twin brother.


Thalestris

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Θάληστρις (Thálēstris).

Victory must now have fallen to the side of the travellers (for the bravest troops must yield to numbers) had not Susan the chambermaid come luckily to support her mistress. This Susan was as two-handed a wench (according to the phrase) as any in the country, and would, I believe, have beat the famed Thalestris herself, or any of her subject Amazons; for her form was robust and man-like, and every way made for such encounters.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

(Greek mythology) The queen of the Amazons, said to have brought 300 women to Alexander the Great, hoping to breed a race of children as strong and intelligent as he.


Scillus

An ancient town in Greece, now an archaeological site.


Ancient Egyptian

the Afroasiatic language spoken and written in Ancient Egypt


Archelaus

After Herod died, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt and said, “Get up, take the child and his mother and go to the land of Israel, for those who were trying to take the child’s life are dead.” ¶ So he got up, took the child and his mother and went to the land of Israel. But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning in Judea in place of his father Herod, he was afraid to go there[…].

1984, The Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan, →ISBN, Matthew 2:19-22:

It was not that there had been no Greece influence in the kingdom prior to Archelaus; the Greeks who had lived in Macedon earlier, including those who served with Perdiccas, had, true to form, brought their cuture with them, and some of it may have rubbed off on the Macedonians. But Archelaus is the first Macedonian king for whom we have evidence of a conscious and public adoption of some aspects of Greek culture.

1992, Eugene N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon, →ISBN, page 173:

Any of various kings in the area of Macedonia dating from BC 399 to AD 6, most notably Herod Archelaus, an ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea from 4 BC to 6 AD.

The date of the Disputation itself admits of tolerably exact settlement. Epiphanius, indeed, says that Manes fled into Mesopotamia in the ninth year of the reign of Vaerianus and Gallienus, and that the discussion with Archelaus took place about the same time. This would carry the date back to about 262 A.D.

2012, Archelaus, The Sacred Writings of Archelaus, →ISBN:

A bishop of Mesopotamia under the emperor Probus, noted for his treatise on the Manichaean heresy dating to AD 277.

A sculptor from Priene during the reign of Claudius, most noted for an image of Homer reputed to have been found in 1658.

An Athenian or Milesian philosopher who was preceptor to Socrates, noted for the doctrine that heat and cold are the principles of all things.


Mazdayasnian

en-adj

Mazdayasnian (comparative more Mazdayasnian, superlative most Mazdayasnian)

more Mazdayasnian (comparative)
most Mazdayasnian (superlative)

Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1), Brill, →ISBN, page XI
The Mazdayasnian creed attained dominance in the Achaemenid (559–336 BCE) and the Sasanian (ca. 224–651 CE) Persian Empire.

Zoroastrian; of or pertaining to the Zoroastrian religion.


Patroclus

From Latin Patroclus, from Ancient Greek Πάτροκλος (Pátroklos).

(Greek mythology) A character in the Iliad, known for his close relationship to Achilles.


dastur

(Zoroastrianism) A Zoroastrian high priest ranking above a mobad or herbad.


Victory

en-proper noun

Victory (countable and uncountable, plural Victorys or Victories)

All along the Champs Elysées were […] statues of plaster representing nymphs, triumphs, victories, and other female personages painted in oil so as to represent marble; real marble could have had no better effect, and the appearance of the whole was lively and picturesque in the extreme.

1841, M. A. Titmarsh [pseudonym; William Makepeace Thackeray], “Mr. Titmarsh to Miss Smith on the Second Funeral of Napoleon. Letter III. The Funeral Ceremony.”, in The Second Funeral of Napoleon: […] And The Chronicle of the Drum. […], London: Hugh Cunningham, […], →OCLC, page 63:

The two reverse groupings which originate on sestertii of Hadrian (BMCCRE III, pl. 79, 7), continue through the coinage of Caracalla, and show Victory floating or standing to the left or right with a standard or trophy held crosswise and extended in the hands are nothing more than the translations of similarly arranged Victoriae from the spandrels of triumphal arches to coin reverses.

1953, Gnomon: Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft, pages 475–476:

Behind Roma seated with Victoriola on the exten ded^([sic]) hand a full-sized Victory approaches from the right with crown and palm.

1974, The Goddess Roma in the Art of the Roman Empire, page 44:

We know from Dio that, when the Curia Iulia, begun by Caesar in 44 B.C., was finally dedicated in 29 B.C., Octavian set up a statue of Victory beside the altar of Victoria which he also dedicated there (51, 22, 2).[…]The type, which inspired innumerable copies, appears on coins by 31 B.C., if not earlier, and shows such a Victory holding in the right hand a wreath and in the left a palm branch, occasionally other attributes. Four years later, when Augustus received the clupeus virtutis, this was placed near the statue of Victory in the Curia Iulia.[…]The fact that there are two Victories at Lugdunum raises a different question, however.

1993, Duncan Fishwick, “The Twin Victories”, in The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, 2nd edition, volume I,1, E.J. Brill, →ISBN, book I, chapter “Roma et Augustus”, subchapter “The Altar of the Three Gauls”, pages 111–112:

(uncountable, Roman mythology) Synonym of Victoria (“the Roman goddess of victory, the counterpart of the Greek goddess Nike”); also (countable), an artistic depiction of her, chiefly as a winged woman.


Shu

Borrowed from Egyptian šw (“Shu”, literally “Emptiness”), a derivative of the verb šwj (“to be empty, devoid of”).

bor

(Egyptian mythology) A god personifying the air and atmosphere.


Senectus

(Roman mythology) A son of Nox and the spirit of old age. He is the Roman equivalent of Geras.


Tmolus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Τμῶλος (Tmôlos).

(Greek mythology) A king of Lydia and husband to Omphale.


Akhet

The concept of the Akhet was a practical explanation of why light fades gradually after sunset and appears gradually before sunrise, instead of disappearing and reappearing with the sun all at once.

2000, James P. Allen, Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, page 21:

Within the tomb, indeed within the coffin, the ‘house of life’, the deceased lay facing the east and the world of the living, the Akhet, and the rising sun.

2006, Peter Robinson, “The Locational Significance of Scatological References in the Coffin Texts”, in Current Research in Egyptology 2006: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Symposium, page 147:

Recitation. The sky’s two reedfloats have been set by the Dayboat for the Sun, that the Sun might cross on them to where Horus of the Akhet is, to the Akhet.

2007, trans. James P. Allen, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p.221

To the east and west were the akhets, or horizons — liminal zones in which the sun god and the dead king were prepared, either for rebirth into the upper world on the east or for successful entry into the other world on the west, the place of death and burial.

2008, Zahi A. Hawass, Tutankhamun: The Golden King and the Great Pharaohs, page 33:

The heretic king Akhenaten believed the akhet appeared on the horizon to show him where to build Akhet-Aten, his new city in the desert… Amulets in the shape of the akhet represented Re the sun god and provided powerful protection to the wearer.

2010, Pat Remler, Egyptian Mythology, A to Z, page 6:

(Egyptology) The region in the sky in which the sun tarries just before it rises or after it sets.


Akhet

As Janssen noted, the information covering the first five days of III akhet is not quite the same in both ostraca.

2003, Koen Donker Van Heel, B. J. J Häring, Writing in a Workmen's Village: Scribal Practice in Ramesside Deir El-Medina:

The lunar month in question would have started on II Akhet 17.

2003, The synchronisation of civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C. II: proceedings of the SCIEM 2000—EuroConference Haindorf, 2nd of May-7th of May 2001:

I mean it’s the time of the year — Akhet. The time when the river rises.… Akhet brings us food.

2009, Terry Deary, Egyptian Tales: The Plot on the Pyramid, page 5:

Favorite dates were the first month of the akhet season and the third month of the peret season.

2013, Koenraad Donker van Heel, Djekhy & Son: Doing Business in Ancient Egypt:

He was moving from Shemu to Akhet. But what had he harvested, in this last hard year?

2014, Wendy Wallace, The Sacred River: A Novel:

(Egyptology) One of the three seasons of Ancient Egypt, coming after Shemu and before Peret; Inundation.


Peret

[Year 9, Xandikos day 4], which is equivalent to the Egyptian month, second month of Peret, day 18, of the King ‘The Youth who has appeared as King in the place of his Father’, the Lord of the Uraei ‘Whose might is great, who has established Egypt, causing it to prosper, whose heart is beneficial before the gods’…

1999, “The Demotic Text of the Memphis Decree on the Rosetta Stone”, in R. S. Simpson, transl., Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment, page 164:

In other words, the crew did not show up for work from I peret 19 to 22, only to resume work on I peret 23.

Fortunately, the absence record is picked up in the more complete Ostracon Cairo CG 25521, which records absences from IV Akhet 15 through to the end of I Peret.

2016, Mark Collier, “The Sting of the Scorpion”, in Mummies, Magic and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Multidisciplinary Essays for Rosalie David:

(Egyptology) One of the three seasons of Ancient Egypt, coming after Akhet and before Shemu; Emergence.


Shemu

The entry for IV shemu 25 on the reverse was written on the sloping edge of the ostracon to the right of the main text.

Beckerath, one of those who accepted Helck’s argument, paraphrased it as follows: The accession of Amenhotep I and thus the beginning of his regnal years apparently lay on III Shemu 9 or on one of two later days.

Across the Nile—still wide even in Shemu season when the water was low—Ra hung hot and gold over the western fields and their harvesters.

According to the statement above, Petosiris was to take the oath that relinquished his alleged rights to the tomb on 19 October 559 BCE, about three weeks later (day 13 of the second month of shemu in the same year 12).

(Egyptology) One of the three seasons of Ancient Egypt coming after Peret and before Akhet; Harvest.


Suen

(Mesopotamian mythology) Synonym of Nanna (god of the moon)


Atum

Borrowed from Coptic ⲁⲧⲟⲩⲙ (atoum, “Atum”), from Egyptian tm (“Atum”).

(Egyptian mythology) The creator god of Heliopolis, the original source of all matter, associated with the evening sun.


Geb

Borrowed from Egyptian gbb (“Geb, earth”).

(Egyptian mythology) The god who serves as the personification of the earth.


throne name

A regnal name, particularly in the context of the ancient Near East and Egypt.


damnatio memoriae

Unadapted borrowing from New Latin damnātiō memoriae (literally “condemnation of memory”).

ubor

(historical, Ancient Rome) A posthumous punishment for traitors etc. by which they were effectively erased from history by having their works undone and any mention of their name forbidden.


damnation of memory

damnatio memoriae
damnatio memoriae#English

(historical, Ancient Rome, uncommon) Synonym of damnatio memoriae


Hippodamia

/ˌhɪpɒdəˈmaɪə/

From Ancient Greek Ἱπποδάμεια (Hippodámeia).

Restored to life, Pelops competes for Hippodamia against her father Oenomaus, who dies cursing Pelops' family.

2007, Marianthe Colakis, Mary Joan Masello, Classical Mythology & More: A Reader Workbook, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, →ISBN, page 207:

(Greek mythology) Various female Ancient Greek mythological figures, especially the queen of Pisa as the wife of Pelops.


Red Crown

The figure of the king wearing the Red Crown is uncommon when standing alone; it seldom occurs except in connection with a companion figure wearing the White Crown.

1917, M. A. Murray, “Statue of Nefer-Sma-Āa”, in Flinders Petrie, editor, Ancient Egypt and the East, page 147:

Two examples are here quoted, addressed respectively to the White Crown of Upper, and to the Red Crown of Lower Egypt: […] The Red Crown gleams upon thee, O Sobk, that thou mayest be protected.

1931, Eric Peet, A Comparative Study of the Literatures of Egypt, Palestine and Mesopotamia: Egypt’s Contribution to the Literature of the Ancient World, page 64:

The earliest representation of the Red Crown, traditionally identified with the northern Kingdom is much earlier and is moulded on a pottery sherd recovered from a southern site, Naqada, and quite firmly dated to the Naqada I period, in the middle of the fourth millennium, c.3500 BC.

2004, Michael Rice, Egypt’s Making: The Origins of Ancient Egypt 5000-2000 BC, page 112:

A crown of Ancient Egypt symbolizing control over Lower Egypt.


White Crown

Two examples are here quoted, addressed respectively to the White Crown of Upper, and to the Red Crown of Lower Egypt: Adoration of the White Crown […]

The earliest Egyptian representation of the White Crown of the south is on the Narmer palette.

A crown of Ancient Egypt symbolizing control over Upper Egypt.


life, prosperity, health

Calque of Egyptian ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb, anx-DA-s

It is a communication to the Master,—Life, Prosperity, Health!—about causing to be sent to me 10 re-geese for (?) the servant there.

1898, William Matthew Flinders Petrie, Francis Llewellyn Griffith, Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob (principally of the Middle Kingdom), page 67:

The matters that occurred following what was written in the book of decrees from Year 44 of the Pharaoh — life, prosperity, health — Amasis — life, prosperity, health —, until Cambyses was in command of Egypt; he died ...(?) before regaining his country.

2013, A. Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, page 125:

Then did His Majesty say to him, ‘I have traversed all the rooms of the palace (life, prosperity, health) in search of recreation, but I have found none.’

2014, Alan B. Lloyd, Ancient Egypt: State and Society, page 85:

However, it happened that, as for King Seqnen-Re—life, prosperity, health!—he was Ruler—life, prosperity, health!—of the Southern City. Distress was in the town of the Asiatics, for Prince Apophis—life, prosperity, health—was in Avaris, and the entire land was subject to him with their dues, the north as well, with all the good prduce of the Delta.

2016, James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement, page 231:

(in translations of Ancient Egyptian documents) an honorific phrase used after the names of kings, queens, princes, etc., after the words of a king, ruler, or prince, after references to the royal household, and, more rarely, after the names of ordinary people.


Chryseis

(Greek mythology) A character in the Iliad.


Briseis

Borrowing from Ancient Greek Βρισηΐς (Brisēḯs, “daughter of Briseus/Brises”).

bor

So Akhilleus calls an assembly — any oddness in his doing so at this juncture is mitigated by Thetis' instructions (34–6) — and much of the Book is occupied with the speeches of reconciliation and the handing over of Briseis and Agamemnon's gifts.

1991, Mark W. Edwards, The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume V, books 17–20, Cambridge University Press, published 1995, page 234:

1993 [Random House (Knopf)], Tim Parks (translator), Roberto Calasso, The Marriage Of Cadmus And Harmony, 1994, Random House (Vintage), page 90,
And the Iliad was founded on a play of words, the substitution of a couple of letters in a name. Briseis, Chryseis. The bone of contention that triggers the poem is Briseis kallipárēos, Briseis “of the lovely cheeks”: Agamemnon wants her exchanged with, or substituted for, Chryseis kallipárēos, Chryseis “of the lovely cheeks." In Greek only two letters separate the two girls.

The character of Briseis and the story of her relationship with Achilles stand in the background of the entire Iliad: the poem opens, literally, with Achilles' anger, which at 1.298–9 turns out to be caused by Briseis’ abduction on Agamemnon's order, and ends shortly after Achilles sleeps with her once again in his tent (24.675-6).

2012, Marco Fantuzzi, Achilles in Love: Intertextual Studies, Oxford University Press, page 99:

(Greek mythology) A legendary figure who features in the Iliad; a princess granted as concubine to Achilles after the sacking of her city, Lyrnessus, before the beginning of the story.


Massiliote

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Μασσαλιῶτης (Massaliôtēs).

(historical) A native or inhabitant of Massilia. (ancient Marseille)


Akhenaten

/ˌɑːkəˈnɑːtən/

/ˌækəˈnɑːtən/

From Egyptian i-t:n:ra-Ax-x:n (ꜣḫ-n-jtn).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ꜣḫ-n-jtn</i>

A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by the 14th century BCE pharaoh Akhenaten, father of Tutankhamon and founder of Atenism

Эхнатон

Pharaoh in 14th century BCE, founder of Atenism


Ennead

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἐννεάς (Enneás), itself a calque of Egyptian psḏt (“nine, nineness, ennead”), from psḏw (“nine”).

calque

(Egyptian mythology) The collection of nine gods worshipped at Heliopolis and taking part in the Heliopolitan creation myth, together representing the sum of all the elements of the created world: Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Nut, Geb, Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys.


Tefnut

Borrowed from Egyptian tfnwt, tfnt (“Tefnut”).

(Egyptian mythology) A goddess of the Heliopolitan Ennead, commonly taken to be a personification of moisture


amphidromia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀμφιδρόμια (amphidrómia).

An ancient Greek postnatal festive ceremony.


epogdoon

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐπόγδοον (epógdoon), from ἐπι- (epi-, “greater [by]”) + ὄγδοον (ógdoon, “an eighth part”).

Eighteen... bears the epogdoon relation to sixteen, which is broken up by the intervention of seventeen, an odd number.

1936, Frank Cole Babbitt translating Plutarch as "Isis and Osiris" in Moralia, Vol. V, p. 103, n.

We cannot say that 256 is the epogdoon of 243, for in the number 256 is not contained the whole of 243 and an eighth thereof, since an eighth of 243 is approximately 30½...

2016, John Magee translating Calcidius as On Plato's Timaeus, p. 201

(mathematics, Ancient Greece, rare) A number equal to another plus an eighth thereof; a number 1.125 times another.


yasht

From Middle Persian yšt' (yašt, “prayer, worship”), probably from Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (yašta, “honored”), from 𐬫𐬀𐬰 (yaz, “to worship, honor”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁yaǵ-.

bor

(Zoroastrianism) Any of a collection of hymns and prayers.


Aristaean

en-adj

Aristaean (comparative more Aristaean, superlative most Aristaean)

more Aristaean (comparative)
most Aristaean (superlative)

(Greek mythology) Of or relating to Aristaeus.


Venti

1858, John Brougham, Neptune’s Defeat, New York: Sameuel French, Act I, Scene 3, p. 15,
Boreas, old buster, go unlock the cave
of Æolus, and let the Venti rave.

(Roman mythology) The four Roman gods of the winds (Aquilo, Favonius, Auster, and Eurus, who were each ascribed a cardinal direction from which their respective winds came), considered collectively.


Athenaeum

en-noun

Athenaeum (plural Athenaeums or Athenaea)

Borrowed from Latin Athenaeum, from Ancient Greek Ᾰ̓θήναιον (Ăthḗnaion), from Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē, “Athene”).

The Athenaea were built in form of Amphitheatres.

1728, Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia, s.v. "Athenaeum"

(Ancient Greece) A temple primarily dedicated to Athena or her Roman equivalent Minerva, especially that of Athens.


Jebusite

From Jebus + -ite, from the prior name of Jerusalem according to the Book of Kings.

A member of a Canaanite tribe said to have inhabited Jerusalem prior to its conquest by Joshua or King David.


herbad

From Classical Persian هیرْبَد (hērbad), from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hylpt' /hērbed/, “teacher-priest”).

der

(Zoroastrianism) A Zoroastrian priest of a minor order.


Sobek

bor+

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">sbk</i>

(Egyptian mythology) An ancient Egyptian deity associated with the crocodile.


Comnenus

Borrowed from Latin Comnenus, from Byzantine Greek Κομνηνός (Komnēnós).

(historical) member of a noble family who ruled the Byzantine Empire from 1081 to 1185


Imhotep

From Egyptian jj-m-ḥtp (literally “(the one) coming in peace, (the one) returning home safely”): M18-G17-R4:X1*Q3 from the perfective active participle of jj (“to come, to return”) + m ḥtp (“in peace, safely”).


qite

Borrowed from Demotic qt, from Egyptian qdt, with the vowels supplied by the word’s descendant, Coptic ⲕⲓⲧⲉ (kite).

[I]n the great Harris papyrus, […] precise quantities are recorded by weight in terms of the deben (about 2½ oz.) and the qite (¼ oz.) of gold, silver, copper and precious stones, without any reference to their value. […] Five pots of honey were bought for five qite of silver and an ox for five qite of gold.

1981, Pierre Montet, “The Arts and the Professions”, in A[ymer] R[obert] Maxwell-Hyslop, Margaret S[tefana] Drower, transl., Everyday Life in Egypt in the Days of Ramesses the Great, Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, →ISBN, page 167:

The scribe of the temple Sedy set out with the pure priest and goldsmith Tuty for the frames; they removed one deben and three and a half qite of gold, which they took for the chief of the gang Pameniu.

2003, Pascal Vernus, “The Plunder of Western Thebes”, in David Lorton, transl., Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt: Translated from the French, Ithaca, N.Y., London: Cornell University Press, →ISBN, page 25:

(Egyptology) Alternative spelling of kite (“measure of weight equivalent to ¹⁄₁₀ deben (about 0.32 ounces or 9.1 grams)”)


Momus

From Ancient Greek Μῶμος (Mômos), whose name is related to μομφή (momphḗ, “blame, reproach”).

The extraordinary section of the poem that here follows is based on the mythological story of Momus, expanded by the fancy of the modern poet. The story ran that Momus, "the jester", was hurled off Olympus by the other gods, who could not endure his satirical criticism. When Zeus gave the "fatal kick" that sent Momus off Olympus, it was fatal not so much to Momus as to the mountain of the gods, although apparently Olympus still aspired to heaven, while Momus went limping, crippled by his fall. But the gods, lacking the criticism of his Comic Spirit, rapidly degenerated, and soon fell to earth.

1912 G. M. TREVELYAN (in notes to The Poetical Works of George Meredith)

(Greek mythology) The personification of satire and mockery.


skolion

(historical) A song sung by invited guests at banquets in Ancient Greece, often extolling the virtues of the gods or heroes.


kyathos

From Ancient Greek κύαθος (kúathos, “ladle, ladle-like vase”). Doublet of cyathus.

bor

(historical) A style of painted Greek vase with a single long flat looping handle resembling a ladle.


Demetrian

en-adj

Demetrian (comparative more Demetrian, superlative most Demetrian)

more Demetrian (comparative)
most Demetrian (superlative)

(Greek mythology) Of or relating to Demeter.


Mezentius

(Roman mythology) The king of Caere and ally of Turnus.


hotep

From Egyptian Htp:t*p (ḥtp, “to be content, at peace; contentment, peace”), a common element of Ancient Egyptian personal names, with the vowels taken over from its descendant, Coptic ϩⲱⲧⲡ̄ (hōtp̄); Ancient Egypt is the focus of several Afrocentric conspiracy theories.

lbor

Dr. Ben gave me a good laugh. As a matter of fact I saw him at City College several years back with his crowd of 'hoteps'. […] He loves to beat up on the black bourgeios^([sic]) and brought a few light skinned freshman girls to tears. He doesn't conceal his feelings about his ostracism and sometimes it can get rather tedious. But if you have a thousand bucks he'll show you the pyramids the way they are *supposed* to be seen, and things will be happy again.

1993, Mike Bowen, “Black Intellectuals (was: Re: THE CASE AGAINST RAP MUSIC)”, in soc.culture.african.american (Usenet):

[…] and while i'm at it, and i say this out of love for our people, i hope the self-identified “hoteps” and “Pro-Black” people who claim that queerness, trans and nonbinary identities were invented by the west learn from this history and do better […]

2016, Khari Jackson, my gender is My Gender, page 9:

At least half of the millenials^([sic]) are alt-right. We have the alt-right and the black Hoteps uniting. Jews are on the run.

2018, 4meg...@gmail.com, “Re: The unbearable asymmetry of neo-Nazi bullshit--WAS: Summary of Australian Centurty^([sic]): JEWS somethin'...somethin...”, in aus.politics (Usenet):

(informal, derogatory) A subscriber to Afrocentric conspiracy theories.


Oenomaus

(Greek mythology) A king of Pisa, son of Ares and father of Hippodamia.


QV

Initialism of queen+valley.; from Valley of the Queens.

Valley of the Queens
Valley of the Queens#English

(Egyptology) Prefix code for sites in the Valley of the Queens


Actaeon

From Latin Actaeōn, from Ancient Greek Ἀκταίων (Aktaíōn).
In Greek mythology, Artemis transformed Actaeon into a stag with horns on his head. In European folklore, horns were considered the sign of a cuckold, whence the noun sense of Actaeon, "cuckold", and the verb sense "to cuckold", are derived. Compare horned, put horns on, etc.

Amid so much prosperity, it was one of his grandsons, Actaeon, who first brought distress to Cadmus, when antlers, foreign to his human shape, sprouted from the youth's forehead, and his hounds gorged themselves on their master's blood.

1979, Eric S. Rabkin, Fantastic Worlds: Myths, Tales, and Stories, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 62:

(Greek mythology) Grandson of Cadmus, transformed into a stag by Artemis in book III of Ovid's Metamorphoses.


Bellerophon

From Ancient Greek Βελλεροφῶν, Βελλεροφόντης (Bellerophôn, Bellerophóntēs).

der

Βελλεροφῶν, Βελλεροφόντης

(Greek mythology) A mythical hero, best known for slaying the Chimera.


Orodes

Borrowed from Latin Orōdēs, from Ancient Greek Ὀρώδης (Orṓdēs), from Middle Iranian Worōd; see 𐭅𐭓𐭅𐭃 (wrwd) for more.

(historical) any of several rulers of Parthian Empire and kings of its nearby kingdoms including Elymais, Armenia, and Hatra


Laius

From Latin Lāius, from Ancient Greek Λᾱ́ῐ̈ος (Lā́ĭ̈os).

(Greek mythology) The father of Oedipus and husband of Jocasta


Phrixus

(Greek mythology) Son of Athamas and brother of Helle, with whom he fled to Colchis on a golden winged ram.


Nessus

(Greek mythology) A centaur killed by Heracles, whose tainted blood in turn killed Heracles.


Aeschines

From Latin Aeschinēs or its etymon, Ancient Greek Αἰσχῐ́νης (Aiskhĭ́nēs).

(Ancient Greece) A celebrated Greek statesman and orator (389–314 B.C.E.; full name Αἰσχίνης Ἀτρομήτου Κοθωκίδης, Aeschines Atrometi f. Cothocides), one the Canon of Ten Attic Orators.

إيسخينيس

Greek statesman and Canonical Attic Orator (389–314 BC)


Otrera

From Latin Otrēra, from Ancient Greek Ὀτρήρη (Otrḗrē).

(Greek mythology) the creator and first Queen of the Amazons


gerontes

From New Latin Gerontes, from Ancient Greek γέροντες (gérontes, literally “elders”).

(historical, Ancient Greece) magistrates in Sparta who, with the kings, constituted the Gerousia


kernos

From Ancient Greek κέρνος (kérnos) or κέρχνος (kérkhnos).

(historical) A pottery ring or stone tray to which are attached several small vessels for holding ritual offerings in Ancient Greece.


lakaina

From Ancient Greek λᾴκαινα (lā́ikaina), believed to stem from the shape's origin in Laconia.

An Ancient Greek pottery drinking vessel: a high two-part cup with a rim and two handles.


kotylos

From Ancient Greek κότῦλος (kótûlos). Doublet of cotyle and kotyle.

Synonym of cantharus (“a kind of ancient Greek and Roman cup”).


kotyle

en-noun

kotyle (plural kotyles or kotylai or kotylae)

kotyles (plural)
kotylai (plural)
kotylae (plural)

From Ancient Greek κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup, half-pint”). Doublet of cotyla, cotyle, and kotylos.

bor

There were many kotylai found in the Limenia sanctuary which were decorated with bird-files (Perachora ii pl. 25); […]

1895, The Annual of the British School at Athens, number 67, page 172:

During the early history of Metapontion Ionic cups, kotylai and other East Greek shapes (D’Andria [1980] 118; for the production of Ionic cups in Magna Graecia: Guzzo [1978] 123-128), but also shapes based upon local indigenous vase types, came out of the workshops.

2000, Tobias Fischer-Hansen, “Ergasteria in the Western Greek World”, in Pernille Flensted-Jensen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, Mogens Herman Hansen, Lene Rubinstein, editors, Polis & Politics: Studies in Ancient Greek History, Museum Tusculanum Press, →ISBN, part one (The Polis), section 1 (Physical Aspects of the Polis), page 101:

The black- and red-figure vases that were found are mainly small in size (lekythoi, kylikes, aryballoi, alabastra, kotylae, skyphoi, exaleiptra, and kantharoi), although there are also larger pots (oinochoae, pelikae, hydriae, kraters, and amphoras).

2011, G. Karamitrou-Mentessidi, “Aiani—Historical and Geographical Context”, in Robin J[ames] Lane Fox, editor, Brill’s Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 bc–300 ad, Brill, →ISBN, page 106:

At least four Attic black-glazed ovoid kotylai were found in the Drain. […] Attic black-glazed imitations of the Corinthian kotyle had been imported from the first half of the 6th century.

2012, Ian McPhee, Elizabeth G. Pemberton, Late Classical Pottery from Ancient Corinth: Drain 1971-1 in the Forum Southwest (Corinth; VII.6), American School of Classical Studies at Athens, →ISBN, page 171:

Milesians, for example, purchased several thousand bird kotylae and bird bowls in ‘standard fabric’ from Teos during the first half and middle of the seventh century (Graeve 1973-4: 86-7), even though Miletos had her own prolific production of high-quality drinking vessels in the characteristic south-Ionian ‘cup with everted rim’ (the so-called ‘Ionian cup’) (e.g. Kalaitzoglou 2008: 67-92, pls 5-16; Schlotzhauer 2000; 2012: 45-8, pls 9-13).

2017, Michael Kerschner, “East Greek pottery workshops in the seventh century BC: tracing regional styles”, in Xenia Charalambidou, Catherine Morgan, editors, Interpreting the Seventh Century BC: Tradition and Innovation, Archaeopress, →ISBN, page 108:

Greek imports present in the Levant during the Geometric period include open drinking vessels, especially the PSC skyphos but also kotylae and kraters, sourced from Euboea, Attica, and the Cyclades.

2017, Sarah C. Murray, The Collapse of the Mycenaean Economy: Imports, Trade, and Institutions 1300–700 BCE, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 203:

(chiefly historical) Synonym of cantharus (“a kind of ancient Greek and Roman cup”).


Antiphon

an Ancient Greek sophist who wrote several philosophical treatises (480 – 411 BCE)


Lyceum

An ancient Greek temple in Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus.


Epicharmus

From Latin Epicharmus, from Ancient Greek Ἐπίχαρμος (Epíkharmos).

comic playwright and moralist from Kos (c. 530 – 450 BCE)


Atreus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀτρεύς (Atreús).

(Greek mythology) A mythological king of Mycenae and son of Pelops and Hippodamia.


tjaty

Borrowed from Egyptian TA-t:Z1-A1 (ṯꜣtj).


Sennacherib

From Latin Sennacherib, ultimately from Akkadian 𒁹𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢 (/Sîn-ahhī-erība/, “Sîn has replaced the brothers”).

der

The king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 705 BCE to 681 BCE, famous for the role he plays in the Bible which describes his campaign in the Levant.


Priapos

(Greek mythology) Alternative form of Priapus


Até

(Greek mythology) A goddess of mischief, delusion, ruin, and folly, the daughter either of Zeus or of Eris.


Macris

(Greek mythology) A daughter of Aristaeus and Autonoe.


Parilia

(historical) An annual rural festival held on 21 April in Ancient Rome, thought to cleanse sheep and shepherds.


Eleutheria

From Ancient Greek Ἐλευθερία (Eleuthería).

(Greek mythology) A personification of liberty, represented on certain ancient coins, and sometimes denoting the goddess Artemis.


archaic smile

From archaic + smile, referring to the Archaic period of Ancient Greek art.

(Ancient Greece, art, sculpture, historical) A smiling facial expression commonly found on Greek statues of the Archaic period (circa 700–500 B.C.E.).

Ancient Greece; sculpture; Ancient Greece; sculpture


Valetudo

(Roman mythology) Roman goddess of health and hygiene (equivalent to the Greek Hygieia), great-granddaughter of Jupiter.


conscript father

en-noun

conscript father (plural conscript fathers)

Calque of Latin patrēs cōnscrīptī; see there for more.


New Kingdom

Calque of German Neues Reich, eventually displacing New Empire, an older calque of the same term. Coined in the 1840s as part of a periodization of Ancient Egyptian history into Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.

Second Intermediate Period
Second Intermediate Period

Third Intermediate Period
Third Intermediate Period

(historical, Egyptology) Egypt after the Second Intermediate Period but before the Third Intermediate Period, from the time of the overthrow of the Hyksos under Ahmose I at the start of the 18th Dynasty to its de facto disintegration at the end of the 20th Dynasty.

Det nye Rige

Egypt from the 18th Dynasty through the 20th


First Intermediate Period

the First Intermediate Period (canonical)

(historical) The period of Egyptian history from the end of the Old Kingdom to the start of the Middle Kingdom (comprising the Seventh/Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and early Eleventh dynasties), characterized by a loss of central authority in favor of local nomarchs.

Erste Zwischenzeit

Egypt between the Old and Middle Kingdoms


White Wall

Calque of Ancient Greek Λευκὸν τεῖχος (Leukòn teîkhos), itself calqued from Egyptian jnb-ḥḏ. Some of the modern uses are likely to be directly calqued from Egyptian.

calque

Λευκὸν τεῖχος

Thoſe who eſcaped fled to Memphis, whither the conquerors purſued them, and immediately made themſelves maſters of two quarters or diviſions of the city: but the Perſians having fortified themſelves in the third, called the white wall, which was the largeſt and the ſtrongest of the three; they were beſeiged in it near three years, during which they made a moſt vigorous defence, till they were at laſt delivered by the forces that were ſent to their ſuccour.

1735, Charles Rollin, The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians, and Grecians, volume III, pages 250–251:

I will make an offering unto Ptaḥ and the gods who are within White Wall, I will perform all the ceremonies appertaining to Seker in the secret sanctuary, I will look upon the god who is on his southern wall (i.e. Ptaḥ), and then I will sail on down the river in peace.

1907, Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge, transl., The Egyptian Sûdân: Its History and Monuments, volume 2, page 19:

Lord of remembrance in the Hall of Justice,
Secret ba of the lord of the cavern,
Holy in White-Wall,
Ba of Re, his very body.

1976, Miriam Lichtheim, transl., Ancient Egyptian Literature, volume II: The New Kingdom, University of California Press, page 81:

For the Egyptians even more important was the fact that the place of the royal residence did not change, but remained at White Wall (Ineb-hedj), on the west bank of the Nile south of modern Cairo. […] The original capital at White Wall, founded at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty, was probably gradually replaced in importance by the more populated suburbs further to the south, approximately to the east of Teti’s pyramid.

2000, Jaromir Malek, “The Old Kingdom”, in Ian Shaw, editor, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, pages 83 and 104:

The First Dynasty kings, however, continued to be buried in the south, in the cemetery of their forefathers of Dynasty Zero at Umm al-Ga‘ab by Abydos, close to the town of Tjeny (called Thinis or This in Greek)—likewise not yet reliably located archaeologically—which in the Early Dynastic Period still served as the capital of the country alongside the White Wall.

2012, Miroslav Verner, translated by Anna Bryson-Gustová, Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt, page 93:

(rare) Memphis, Egypt or its central fortress


lightland

Calque of German Lichtland, itself intended as a rough calque of Egyptian Ax-x*t:N18 (ꜣḫt), on the assumption that it relates to Ax-x:H_SPACE (ꜣḫ, “to be(come) splendid, radiant, glorious”). Apparently first used in English by Miriam Lichtheim (3 May 1914 – 27 March 2004).

Appearing on his father’s throne,
Like Re when he rises in lightland,
He places light above the darkness,
He lights the shade with his plumes.

1976, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, volume II: The New Kingdom, page 83:

When you have dawned in eastern lightland, / You fill every land with your beauty.

2004, Thomas F. X. Noble, Western Civilization to 1500: The Continuing Experiment, page 28:

The Coffin Texts liturgy begins with spell 30:
“A cry goes out from the mouth of the great ones, the lords of the rḫy.t,
a plaintive cry sounds in the mouth of the veiled ones
at the thunderclap of the gods in Light-land,
when they see the terror on their faces,
the like of which they have never seen before,
when they see Osiris N.,
how he fares in peace on the roads of the West
in his form of a divine ancestral spirit,
after he has equipped himself with all the power of spirits,
when the great ones at the head of Light-land said to him: […]”
And yet the chiefs of Light-land, that is, of the liminal area between sky, earth, and the netherworld, where the sun rises and sets, greet the newcomer as son of the “beautiful West” […]

2007, Jan Assmann, Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, page 151:

They were intended to assist Unas on his journey to the afterlife and ensure that he would dwell in ‘lightland for all eternity’.

2014, Martin Meredith, The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000-Year History of Wealth, Greed, and Endeavor:

(Egyptology) Synonym of Akhet (the region in the sky in which the sun tarries just before it rises or after it sets)


heliast

From Ancient Greek ἡλιαστής (hēliastḗs).

(historical, Ancient Greece, law) A judge in the supreme court of ancient Athens.


phonetic determinative

en-noun

phonetic determinative (plural phonetic determinatives)

Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs

The Egyptological sense was apparently coined by Alan Gardiner in his 1927–1957 Egyptian Grammar.

Now if we look at the meaning of the five-rayed star (Fig. III-1,c,i) as an Egyptian hieroglyph [Gardiner, 1957, 487, symbols N13,14,15], we find that when the star was alone it was used as an ideogram or determinative (sometimes it was also used phonetically or as a phonetic determinative) in various words having to do with stars or constellations.

1987, Roger Herz-Fischler, A Mathematical History of Division in Extreme and Mean Ratio, page 52:

Although the standing ram, fully articulated and thus suggesting vitality, can function as a generic determinative, it also appears in the primary position, often accompanied by a phonetic determinative: either the flaming bꜣ-pot or the nẖnm-vase for ẖnm.

2008, Susan T. Hollis, The Ancient Egyptian “Tale of Two Brothers”: A Mythological, Relgious, Literary, and Historico-Political Study, page 65:

It is difficult to know whether the boat hieroglyph was merely intended as an ideogram, or as a phonetic determinative for the verb ḫd, ‘to fare downstream’.

2012, Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt, page 116:

At this point, one can notice that “entire words entering bodily into the writing of etymologically unrelated words” is not a phenomenon limited to the so-called “phonetic determinatives”.

2015, Stéphane Polis, Serge Rosmorduc, “The Hieroglyphic Sign Functions: Suggestions for a Revised Taxonomy”, in Fuzzy Boundaries: Festschrift Für Antonio Loprieno, I, page 168:

(Egyptology) a type of hieroglyph that functions similarly to a phonogram, representing a series of consonants, but is unable to function autonomously and must follow other phonograms that together represent the same consonants


Comus

(Greek mythology) The god of festivity, revels and nocturnal dalliances, a son of Dionysus.


Ismene

Ismene and the Guard are the opposite of Antigone and Creon, yet for a full understanding of the human condition they are equally important.

2012, André Lardinois, “5: Antigone”, in Kirk Ormand, editor, A Companion to Sophocles, Wiley-Blackwell, page 65:

(Greek mythology) A daughter and half-sister of Oedipus, daughter and granddaughter of Jocasta, and sister of Antigone, Eteocles and Polynices.

(Greek mythology) A daughter of the river-god Asopus by the nymph Metope.


Pelopid

(Greek mythology) Any of the descendants of Pelops.


Regifugium

From Latin [Term?], literally "Flight of the King".

(historical) An annual festival on February 24 in Ancient Rome, commemorating the expulsion of the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, in 510 BC.


Fugalia

Synonym of Regifugium (“ancient festival”)


Megapolitan

/mɛɡəˈpɒlɪtən/

/mɛɡəˈpɑlɪtən/

A variant of Megalopolitan; analysable as Megapolis + -itan. Megapolis is derived from Late Latin megapolis, from Ancient Greek μεγα- (mega-, “prefix meaning ‘large’”) + πόλις (pólis, “city”).

der

At length he [Antigonus III Doson] assaulted with his right wing the position of Eucleidas; and, favoured by an error of that general, and a timely charge of Philopœmen with the Megapolitan cavalry, gained a complete victory.

1860, “SELLASIA”, in [Thomas Stewart Traill], editor, The Encyclopædia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, 8th edition, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, & Co., →OCLC, page 42, column 1:

The upshot is, we are guided by a party of shock-headed Arcadians, who are going in the direction of the excavations, and a Megapolitan boy who has probably an eye to gain.

1902 January, H. R. James, “Art. V.—Across the Peloponnesus.”, in The Calcutta Review, volume CXIV, number CCXXVII, Calcutta: Printed & published by the City Press, […], Messrs. Thacker, Spink & Co., […]; Madras: Messrs. Higginbotham & Co.; London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ld., […], →OCLC, section III (Karytæna and Megalopolis), page 51:

(Ancient Greece) Of, pertaining to, or from the ancient city of Megalopolis (now Megalopoli) in Greece.


Megapolitan

/mɛɡəˈpɒlɪtən/

/mɛɡəˈpɑlɪtən/

The Megapolitans whoſe City did abide the ſiege, were compelled to pay as a fine for their rebellion twenty talents to the Athenians, and the Æolians.

1670, Quintus Curtius Rufus, “The Sixth Book of Quintus Curtius. Of the Acts of Alexander the Great, King of Macedon.”, in Robert Codrington, transl., The Life and Death of Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. In Ten Books, […], London: Printed for Tho[mas] Johnson for Samuel Speed, […], →OCLC, page 213:

The Lacedæmonians, in Conjunction with the Phocenſes, make War with the Megapolitans, Thebans and Argives. After ſeveral Battles, in which both ſides are ſometimes ſucceſsful, and at other times unſucceſsful, a Truce is concluded between the Lacedæmonians and Megapolitans.

1709, Lewis Ellis du Pin [i.e., Louis Ellies Dupin], “Sect. XXXV. An Abridgment of the History of the Time between Xerxes and Alexander the Great, Extracted from Diodorus Siculus. [Olympiad CVII. 1st Year. Aristodemus Archon.]”, in The Universal Library of Historians; (viz.) The Oriental, Greek, Latin, French, German, Spanish, Italian, English, and Others. […], volume II, London: Printed for R. Bonwicke [et al.], →OCLC, page 159:

When, therefore, the above-mentioned request for help from the Megapolitans reached Athens in 352, Demosthenes expressed himself in favour of complying with it, especially emphasizing the necessity of not allowing Sparta to become too powerful.

1896, Adolf Holm, [Frederick Clarke, transl.], “The Sacred War—Beginning of Demosthenes’ Career (356–352)”, in The History of Greece from Its Commencement to the Close of the Independence of the Greek Nation … Translated from the German: In Four Volumes, volume III (The 4th century B.C. up to the Death of Alexander), London: Macmillan and Co., Limited; New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 238:

(Ancient Greece) An inhabitant of the ancient city of Megalopolis (now Megalopoli) in Greece.


Heracleidae

(Greek mythology) The descendants of Heracles.


Heraclidan

(Greek mythology) Of or relating to the Heraclids.


Hydaspes

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ὑδάσπης (Hudáspēs), proposed to have been borrowed from Old Persian *Vidāspaʰ (literally “caring for horses”), from *vīd- (“to take care of”) + 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p, “horse”) to explain the development -sp- instead of -st-, but this has no basis in any attested names for the river.

(Greek mythology) A god associated with the river.


Achlys

(Greek mythology) An ancient Greek goddess of death-mist, misery and sadness.


Aion

From Ancient Greek Αἰών (Aiṓn, “Greek god or personification, Gnostic spirit”).

bor

(Greek mythology) A Hellenistic deity associated with time, the orb or circle encompassing the universe, and the zodiac.

Eon

Greek god associate with time, the universe and the zodiac


Phanes

(Greek mythology) The primordial god of creation in the Orphic cosmogony.


Ourea

The primordial gods of the mountains in Greek mythology


Ophion

(Greek mythology) A Titan-king of heaven, before being overthrown by Cronus and Rhea.


Oenone

Borrowed from Latin Oenōnē, from Ancient Greek Οἰνώνη (Oinṓnē).

They went to that fair villa by the sea; and pleasantly did many a morn pass in the large hall, on whose frescoed walls was painted the story of Œnone, she whom the Trojan prince left, only to return and die at her feet.

1832, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Forget Me Not 1833, Giulietta—A Tale of the Forteeenth Century:

(Greek mythology) The first wife of Paris of Troy, whom he abandoned for Helen.


Eurystheus

Borrowing from Ancient Greek Εὐρυσθεύς (Eurustheús).

"But why hasn't Iolaus killed Eurystheus?," she asks. In a witticism very much akin to Electra's "But where are the messengers?," Euripides has Alcmene ask, essentially, why the plot she is part of has just swerved from its expected course: Iolaus is supposed to kill Eurystheus, by tradition.

1991, Transactions of the American Philological Association, Scholars Press, page 129:

Already we have seen from Iliad 19 and the birth of Eurystheus that at an early stage of the tradition Herakles was destined to be subordinate to his cousin.

1993, Timothy Gantz, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Volume 2, Johns Hopkins University Press, page 381:

There is a different kind of religious reference at 989-90, where Eurystheus claims that it was Hera who had afflicted him with the enmity towards Heracles.

2003, Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood, Tragedy and Athenian Religion, Rowman & Littlefield (Lexington Books), page 323:

(Greek mythology) A Mycenaean king of Tiryns (or, according to some authors, of Argos), in Argolis, who imposed the twelve labours on Heracles.


Phorcys

Sophocles calls them^([the sirens]) the daughters of Phorcys.

1836, Leigh Hunt, The Sirens and Mermaids of the Poets: The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, Part 2, page 273:

But what of Phorcys as father of Persephone?
Phorcys too has a role in Orphic genealogy, already known to Plato: he belongs to the Titan generation, together with Kronos and Rhea (Tim. 40e = Orph. fr. 24 Bernabé / 16 Kern).

2010, Noel Robertson, Religion and Reconciliation in Greek Cities: The Sacred Laws of Selinus and Cyrene, Oxford University Press, page 126:

Now, Phorcys, it is known, was a variation of Orcus, the equivalent of Hades in the Uranid pantheon. Phorcys belonged to the Atlantean group of deities or monsters, who was reputed to carry off men to the Inner world and keep them imprisoned there, which was possibly a folklore memory of subterranean temples for magic rites.

2016, Comyns Beaumont, Britain: The Key to World History, Resonance BookWorks, page 287:

(Greek mythology) A primordial sea god, son of Pontus and Gaia, who by Ceto fathered numerous monsters including Echidna and the gorgons.

But the Phrygians are ſometimes mentioned as ſeparate from the Trojans: in the catalogue of the Trojan allies they are led from the distant Aſcania by Phorcys and Aſcanius, whose names are not derived from Greek, and we learn that ſome of the Phrygians spoke a different language.

1798, John Bacon Sawrey Morritt, A Vindication of Homer and of the Ancient Poets and Historians Who Have Recorded the Ancient Siege of Troy, page 52:

(Greek mythology) Phorcys of Phrygia, a Phrygian ally of the King Priam of Troy during the Trojan War.

Forci

Phrygian ally of Priam in the Trojan War


tree nymph

(Greek mythology) In Greek myth, a female tree spirit; a dryad.


solar boat

(archaeology, Egyptology) A wooden burial boat intended to be used by a king to make celestial journeys in the afterlife.

(archaeology, Egyptology) The boat that, in myth, carries the sun on its journey across the sky; solar barque.


bouleuterion

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek βουλευτήριον (bouleutḗrion).

lbor

βουλευτήριον

[…]we print here an updated and revised list of bouleuteria, some attested only in written sources, some physically preserved.⁶³ In most cases, however, the identification of a building as a bouleuterion is uncertain.

1994, Mogens Herman Hansen, From Political Architecture to Stephanus Byzantius: Sources for the Ancient Greek Polis, Franz Steiner Verlag, →ISBN, page 38:

The "Old Bouleuterion", whether it was built before or after the Persian sack of Athens,³ certainly antedates the New Bouleuterion.

1995, Michel Troper, Mikael M. Karlsson, Law, Justice and the State: Proceedings of the 16. World Congress of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy: Reykjavík, 26 May - 2 June, 1993, page 135:

The history of the bouleuterion as a distinct architectural form seems to begin in late Archaic Athens, where the first Bouleuterion was perhaps built soon after the constitutional reforms of Kleisthenes.

2006, Frederick E. Winter, Studies in Hellenistic Architecture, University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, page 142:

(architecture, historical) A building in Ancient Greece, housing the boule (council of citizens), where public affairs were discussed.


Whites

1996, S. Greenfield, "When the Whites Go Marching In? Racism and Resistances in English Football", Marquette Sports Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, Art. 7, p. 315: #*: "When the Whites go Marching In" is a version of the hymn "When the Saints Go Marching In" and has been sung by football fans whilst attending "away" matches in other countries... In this context the reference is to English supporters indicating their disapproval of black players.

When the Whites go marching in, oh, when the Whites go marching in, oh, I wanna be in that number when the Whites go marching in!

(sports, historical) Any of several sports teams whose uniform is predominantly white, particularly

(soccer, UK) The away team during international matches.


archflamen

en-noun

archflamen (plural archflamens or archflamines)

archflamens (plural)
archflamines (plural)


Libertas

Unadapted borrowing from Latin Lībertās. Doublet of liberty

(Roman mythology) the Roman goddess and personification of liberty; equivalent to the Greek goddess Eleutheria.


Jovial

/ˈd͡ʒəʊ.vɪ.əl/

I know the ſhape of's Legge: this is his Hand: / His Foote Mercuriall: his martiall Thigh / The brawnes of Hercules: but his Iouiall face— / Murther in heaven?

1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii], page 390, column 1:

It was pointed out in chapter 3 that [C. S.] Lewis liked to regard Jupiter as his personal presiding deity, but Mercury would have been almost as apt a choice, for Lewis had been extraordinarily favoured by that Intelligence whom, in ‘The Planets,’ he calls the ‘Lord of language’: both as a speaker and as a writer Lewis was uncommonly fluent. However, despite these talents, despite the fact that he saw Mercurial as well as Jovial strains in his paternity, and despite his opinion that Mercury shared with Jupiter a special need of rehabilitation, Lewis claimed no special relationship with the planet of the second sphere. In fact, he confesses that the Mercurial essence is almost beyond his grasp: […]

2008, Michael Ward, Planet Narnia: The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C. S. Lewis, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

(Roman mythology, obsolete) Pertaining to the Roman god Jove or Jupiter (the counterpart of the Greek god Zeus), the god of the sky and thunder and the king of the gods; Jovian.


octovir

(historical, Ancient Rome) Any member of a group of eight officials.


duodecimvir

duodecimvir (plural duodecimvirs or duodecimviri)

duodecimvirs (plural)
duodecimviri (plural)

(historical, Ancient Rome) Any member of a group of twelve officials.


quindecimvir

quindecimvir (plural quindecimvirs or quindecimviri)

quindecimvirs (plural)
quindecimviri (plural)

From Latin quīndecimvir, from quindecim (“fifteen”) + vir (“man”).

(historical) Any member of an official group of fifteen people, especially a member of the 15-man college of priests who cared for the Sibylline Books in ancient Rome.


thermopolium

About 80 thermopolia have been found at Pompeii, where residents could choose their edibles from containers set into street-front counters.

2020 December 26, Elisabetta Povoledo, “Snail, Fish and Sheep Soup, Anyone? Savory New Finds at Pompeii”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(historical, Ancient Rome) A place where food and hot drinks were sold.


Hecatoncheires

/ˌhɛkətɒŋˈkaɪɹiːz/

From Ancient Greek ἑκᾰτόν (hekătón, “hundred”) + χείρ (kheír, “hand”), compare the adjective ἑκατόγχειρος (hekatónkheiros, “hundred-handed”). The putative *Ἑκατόγχειρες (*Hekatónkheires) is unattested in Hesiod's Theogony, which instead describes the giants with the phrase ἑκατὸν μὲν χεῖρες (hekatòn mèn kheîres).

lang

τῶν ἑκατὸν μὲν χεῖρες ἀπ’ ὤμων ἀίσσοντο, ἄπλαστοι, κεφαλαὶ δὲ ἑκάστῳ πεντήκοντα ἐξ ὤμων ἐπέφυκον ἐπὶ στιβαροῖσι μέλεσσιν· ἰσχὺς δ’ ἄπλητος κρατερὴ μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ εἴδει.

The three Hecatoncheires were named Cottus, Briareus (or Aegaeon) and Gyges (or Gyes).

1840, George Cornewall Lewis (translator), John William Donaldson (translator, later chapters), Karl Otfried Müller, History of the Literature of Ancient Greece: To the Period of Isocrates, Robert Baldwin, page 92,
[…] nor is it until the poet has related how Zeus set free these Hecatoncheires, by the advice of the Earth, that we are introduced to the battle with the Titans, which has already been some time going on.

But then Zeus went down to Tartarus and released the Cyclopes and the hundred-handed monsters. The Cyclopes awarded Zeus their weapons of thunder and lightning, and the Hecatoncheires pelted the Titans with boulders.

1973, James Weigel, James L. Roberts, Mythology, CliffsNotes, page 50:

1993, Tim Parks (translator), Roberto Calasso, The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony, [1988, R. Calasso, Le nozze di Cadmo e Armonia], Random House (Vintage), page 202,
By this time many beings had spread out across space, both on high and below: the Titans, the Cyclopes, the Hecatoncheires.

(Greek mythology) Three monstrous giants of enormous size and strength, each with fifty heads and one hundred arms, who were offspring of Uranus by Gaia, whom Zeus freed from captivity and who in return aided the Olympians in the Titanomachy.


Centimanes

From Latin centimanus, a calque of Ancient Greek Ἑκατόγχειρες (Hekatónkheires, “the Hundred-Handed”) from centi- (“100”) + manus (“hand”).

der

Ἑκατόγχειρες

1882, The Chautauquan, Volume 3, Chautauqua Press, page 486,
The Titans with the Cyclops and Centimanes (hundred-handed), were giants and the first inhabitants of the earth. Strictly the hundred hands belong to the brothers of the Titans, the Centimanes.

Of the three Centimanes enumerated by Hesiod, Brisareus only is mentioned in Homer, and, to all appearance, not as the son of Uranos, but as the son of Poseidṑn; not as aiding Zeus in his combat with the Titans, but as rescuing him at a critical moment from a conspiracy formed against him by Hḕrḕ, Poseidṑn and Athḕnḕ.

1906, George Grote, A History of Greece, Volume 1, Dent, page 54:

1998, Robert Temple, The Sirius Mystery: New Scientific Evidence of Alien Contact 5,000 Years Ago, 2nd Edition, Random House (Arrow), page 325,
‘"From their shoulders sprang a hundred invincible arms and above these powerful limbs rose fifty heads attached to their backs." For this reason they were called the Hecatoncheires or Centimanes,’ as we are reliably told.

(Roman mythology) Synonym of Hecatoncheires.


heqat

(historical units of measure) An Ancient Egyptian dry measure of volume equivalent to 10 hins (or about 4.8 litres).


dakhma

tower of silence
tower of silence#English

(Zoroastrianism) Synonym of tower of silence (“a low, cylindrical, open-topped tower where Zoroastrians place the bodies of deceased people to disintegrate from exposure and consumption by carrion birds such as vultures, the remaining bones being kept in an ossuary”)


oecist

Euarchos of Katane has no patronymic or pedigree, nor, though oecist of a secondary colony, is he associated with an oecist from the original metropolis, Chalkis.

1970, Molly Miller, The Sicilian Colony Dates, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 46:

The most important local cult was the cult of the founder (oecist), which was connected to the historical event of the city's foundation in a given year.

1992, Shlomo Berger, Revolution and Society in Greek Sicily and Southern Italy, Franz Steiner Verlag, →ISBN, page 63:


Anthesteria

From Ancient Greek Ἀνθεστήρια (Anthestḗria).

a Dionysian flower festival in ancient Athens


Elagabalus

ĕl'əgăbʹələs

/ˌɛləˈɡæbələs/

From Latin Elagabalus. The emperor is named for the deity, whose name is from an Arabic name whose elements are إِلٰه (ʔilāh, “god”) and Arabic جَبَل (jabal, “mountain”).

Racial prejudice also played a part, says Icks: before coming to Rome to rule it, Elagabalus was a priest in an obscure cult in Syria that venerated a black stone meteorite – a culture that would have been deeply strange to the Romans.

2023 November 24, Esther Addley, “Was Roman emperor Elagabalus really trans – and does it really matter?”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(Ancient Rome) The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (reigned 218–222), noted for eccentricity, femininity, decadence, and disregard for Roman religious traditions and sexual taboos.


Iambe

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἰάμβη (Iámbē).

(Greek mythology) A Thracian woman, daughter of Pan and Echo, granddaughter of Hermes.


Okeanos

/əʊˈkeɪənɒs/

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós). Doublet of Oceanus and ocean.

bor+

(Greek mythology) Synonym of Oceanus (“god and personification of the world ocean”)


bouleutes

From Ancient Greek βουλευτής (bouleutḗs).


Epigoni

From Latin Epigonī, itself from Ancient Greek Ἐπίγονοι.

(Greek mythology) The legendary sons of the Argive heroes of the first Theban War, who as legend has it, were themselves prosecutors of the second Theban War.


Aristippan

en-adj

Aristippan (comparative more Aristippan, superlative most Aristippan)

more Aristippan (comparative)
most Aristippan (superlative)

(chiefly historical) Alternative form of Aristippian, of or related to Aristippus of Cyrene or Aristippus the Younger.


Aristippan

(chiefly historical) Alternative form of Aristippian, an adherent of Cyrenaicism, the school of philosophy founded by Aristippus of Cyrene and codified by Aristippus the Younger.


Vejovis

From Latin Vējovis, a later spelling of Vēiovis, from Old Latin Vēdiovis, from vē + Diovis from Proto-Italic *djous, *djowes, from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws.

(Roman mythology) an ancient Italic Roman deity of Etruscan origin considered to be an underworld counterpart of Jupiter; literally “Little Jupiter”, “Anti-Jove”


Tenes

(Greek mythology) The eponymous hero of the island of Tenedos.


Tennes

(Greek mythology) Alternative form of Tenes


desultor

(historical) A person skilled at leaping from one horse or chariot to another.


Pandemic

From Ancient Greek Ἀφροδίτη Πάνδημος (Aphrodítē Pándēmos, “Aphrodite Pandemos”), from πάνδημος (pándēmos, “of or belonging to all the people, public”) + English -ic (suffix forming adjectives from nouns with the sense ‘of or pertaining to’). See further at pandemic (etymology 1).

der

Ἀφροδίτη Πάνδημος

[page 64] The Love, therefore, which attends upon Venus Pandemos is, in truth, common to the vulgar, and presides over transient and fortuitous connexions, and is worshipped by the least excellent of mankind. The votaries of this deity seek the body rather than the soul, and the ignorant rather than the wise, disdaining all that is honourable and lovely, and considering how they shall best satisfy their sensual necessities. […] [page 67] That Pandemic lover who loves rather the body than the soul is worthless, nor can be constant and consistent, since he has placed his affections on that which has no stability.

a. 1822, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Banquet. Translated from Plato.”, in Richard Herne Shepherd, editor, The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley: From the Original Editions […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Chatto and Windus, […], published 1888, →OCLC, pages 64 and 67:

The same distinction between an Uranian and a Pandemic Venus runs, as all those who have any acquaintance with the sculptures of the Greeks know, through their whole art. […] The latter [the Capitoline Venus] is the true Pandemic Venus, the perfect type of voluptuousness, soulless, animal beauty,— […]

1840 January–June, “Shelley’s Translation of ‘The Banquet’ of Plato”, in The Monthly Chronicle; a National Journal of Politics, Literature, Science, and Art, volume V, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], →OCLC, pages 316–317:

That was spoken of the celestial Aphrodite, whose symbol is the tortoise, the emblem of domestic modesty and chastity: not of that baser Pandemic one.

1852 January – 1853 April, Charles Kingsley, Jun., “She Stoops to Conquer”, in Hypatia: Or, New Foes with an Old Face. […], volume II, London: John W[illiam] Parker and Son, […], published 1853, →OCLC, page 109:

The meeting of Venus with Phoebe distinguishes her roles: the business of Venus in her pandemic form is to ensure the immortality of the kinds. Her Garden has the voluptuousness necessary to ensure this, and this is 'the first seminarie / Of all things that are borne to live and die / According to their kindes.' [Quoting from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene.]

1967, Frank Kermode, “World Without End or Beginning”, in The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction (The Mary Flexner Lectures on the Humanities; 1965), New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →OCLC; new edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 2000, →ISBN, page 76:

For the complicated history of the Uranian and Pandemic Aphrodite of whom the Venus genetrix, the creative and vivifying force of nature, and Venus, the goddess of erotic passion, are Roman versions, see "Aphrodite" and "Venus" in Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, […]. [Allen] Tate sees the attempt to reconcile the claims of the Uranian and Pandemic Aphrodite as the lifelong concern of [John] Keats.

1969, Gerhard Joseph, “From Fatal Goddess to a God of Love”, in Tennysonian Love: The Strange Diagonal, Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, →OCLC, footnote 8, page 141:

The Symposium [of Plato] presents strong and varied opinions on Aphrodite. Aristodemus reports Pausanias's speech on the Homeric and Hesiodic versions of the goddess's origins, and differentiates between the two loves and the two Aphrodites—the Pandemic one, daughter of Zeus, and the heavenly Uranic Aphrodite.

2015, Nora Clark, “Aphrodite and Venus: Myth Timeless and Temporal”, in Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN, page 30:

(Greek mythology, Roman mythology) Of Aphrodite Pandemos, the earthly aspect of the Greek goddess of beauty and love Aphrodite and her Roman counterpart Venus, as contrasted with the heavenly aspect known as Aphrodite Urania: earthly, physical, sensual.

Aphrodite Pandemos
Capitoline Museums
Capitoline Venus


Massalia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Μασσαλία (Massalía).

(historical) An ancient Greek city and colony in modern southern France; modern Marseille.


KV

Valley of the Kings
Valley of the Kings#English

(Egyptology) Abbreviation of Valley of the Kings.


Cytherea

From Ancient Greek Κυθέρεια (Kuthéreia), via Latin Cytherea.

The gloved and jewelled bards who sing / Of Pippa, Maud, and Guinevere, / Have hardly done the 'handsome thing' / For you, my inky Cytherea.

1877, Henry Kendall, “Ode to a Black Gin”, in The Australian Town and Country Journal, page 24:

(Greek mythology) The goddess Aphrodite.


plebeiate

From plebeian + -ate (forms noun denoting rank or office, a body of people involved with it).

af

Those writers, on the other hand, who take a more aristocratic view of early institutions, and consider the ceorls as an essentially inferior class, would look upon "commendation" as their original and necessary condition. The Roman plebeiate is of course an argument for the latter view.

1870, William Francis Allen, “Review of The History of the Norman Conquest of England”, in The North American Review, volume 110, number 227, page 355:

In the old life of the pagus and the gens, the weaker sought protection of the stronger by a willing vassalage, which ripened, when the state was formed, into the Plebeiate which had its origin in clientship.

1901, Abel Greenidge, Roman Public Life, pages 5–6:

I propose that this ordo was a stratified and competitive hierarchy, a network with multiple interacting and context-specific hierarchies (clan, patriciate, plebeiate, age, sexual status, social position, sacerdotal public office, wealth etc.) […]

2019, Lewis Webb, “Mihi es aemula: Elite Female Status Competition in Mid-Republican Rome and the Example of Tertia Aemilia”, in Eris vs. Aemulatio: Valuing Competition in Classical Antiquity, page 258:

(rare, Ancient Rome) The class of plebeians or common citizens.


Charonic

(Greek mythology) Of or relating to the mythological Charon.


Mazdaic

(dated) relating to or characteristic of Mazdaism; Zoroastrian


catasterize

en-verb

catasterize (third-person singular simple present catasterizes, present participle catasterizing, simple past and past participle catasterized)

catasterizes (present singular third-person)
catasterizing (participle present)
catasterized (participle past)
catasterized (past)

From Ancient Greek καταστερισμός (katasterismós, “star legend”), from καταστερίζω (katasterízō, “to place among the stars”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἀστήρ (astḗr, “star”).

uder

καταστερισμός

Erigone, daughter of Icarius, was catasterized into the constellation Virgo.

(Greek mythology, transitive) To turn into a star, constellation, comet or other celestial object.


catasterismus

καταστερισμός

... the absence of Phaethon's catasterismus in the Metamorphoses.

(Greek mythology) The state of being transformed into a star, constellation, comet or other celestial object.


Pherecydes

From Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō, “to carry, to bring”) + κῦδος (kûdos, “renown, glory”).

der

an Ancient Greek thinker from the island of Syros, who authored a cosmogony that bridged the mythological thought of Hesiod and pre-Socratic philosophy (c. 620-550 BC)


Ammit

(Egyptian mythology) An ancient Egyptian goddess, the Devourer of the Dead.

أمت

Egyptian funerary deity, the Devourer of the Dead


Anhur

(Egyptian mythology) An ancient Egyptian war god