dictionary

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *déyḱti
Proto-Italic *deikō
Latin dīcō
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Italic *-tjō
Latin -tiō
Latin dictiō
Latin -ārium
Medieval Latin dictiōnāriumlbor.
Middle English dixionare
English dictionary
From Middle English dixionare, a learned borrowing from Medieval Latin dictiōnārium, from Latin dictiōnārius, from dictiō (“a speaking”), from dictus, perfect past participle of dīcō (“to speak”) + -ārium (“room, place”). By surface analysis, diction + -ary.

etymon

Look it up in the dictionary, and what do you find?

1930, Norman Lindsay, chapter 6, in Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1965, →OCLC, section I, page 106:

By 1986 the name Walkman was included as a word in the English dictionary.

2019, John Hughes, Life Pre-Intermediate Student's Book, National Geographic Learning, page 188:

(preceded by the) A synchronic dictionary of a standardised language held to only contain words that are properly part of the language.


thesaurus

en-noun

thesaurus (plural thesauri or thesauruses)

16th century, borrowed from Latin thēsaurus, from Ancient Greek θησαυρός (thēsaurós, “storehouse, treasure”); its current English usage/meaning was established soon after the publication of Peter Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases in 1852. Doublet of treasure.

der

en:dictionary or encyclopedia, archaically


lexicography

en-noun

lexicography (countable and uncountable, plural lexicographies)

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/

From lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’).

confix

But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.

1828, Moses Stuart, “Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 3rd edition, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105, page 51:

What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.

1840, Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer], “§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke, transl., A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament, Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I, page 37:

If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.

1845 February, Wilhelm Freund, “Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey, transl., edited by B[ela] B[ates] Edwards and E[dwards] A[masa] Park, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review, volume II, number V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1, page 80:

[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.

1911 December 13, C. J. Ball, “A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, volume XXXIII, number CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC, page 13:

Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].

2002, Howard Jackson, “Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 173:

(uncountable, linguistics) The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.

лексикогра́фия

scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures


false friend

zh-l

偽友／伪友 (wěiyǒu)

→ Chinese: 假朋友 (jiǎpéngyou), 假友 (jiǎyǒu), 偽友／伪友 (wěiyǒu) (calque)

Calque of French faux-ami, from the longer phrase faux amis du traducteur (“false friends of a translator”), first used by Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in 1928 in their book Les Faux Amis ou les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais (False Friends, or the Pitfalls of the English Vocabulary).

lang

A word and its false friend may well be etymologically related: in such cases semantic shifts have made them drift apart.

(linguistics, translation studies, lexicography) A word in a language that bears a deceptive resemblance to a word in another language but in fact has a different meaning.


definition

en-noun

definition (countable and uncountable, plural definitions)

From Middle English diffinicioun, from Middle French definition, from Latin dēfīnītiō, from dēfīniō. Equivalent to define + -ition.

Your definition of "elephant" needs to be more precise than "a big animal with large ears".

DEFINITIONS mean nothing unless the concept in the mind of the men who makes the definition is the same as that in the mind of the man who hears it.

1925, Thomas R. Marshall, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 65:

(semantics, lexicography) A statement of the meaning of a word or word group or a sign or symbol (dictionary definitions).


defining vocabulary

defining vocabulary (plural defining vocabularies)

(lexicography) A restricted set of words used to define all other terms in a dictionary.


lexicographer

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfə(ɹ)/

From French lexicographe + -er, from Ancient Greek λεξικός (lexikós, “of words”) + γράφω (gráphō, “write”). By surface analysis, lexico- + -grapher.

der

Lexico′grapher. […] A writer of dictionaries; a harmleſs drudge, that buſies himſelf in tracing the original, and detailing the ſignification of words.

[1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “Lexico′grapher”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume II (L–Z), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton; […], →OCLC, column 1:

Pitt has furnish'd us a word or two / Which lexicographers declined to do.

1811, George Gordon Byron, Hints from Horace:

The best lexicographer may well be content if his productions are received by the world with cold esteem.

1860, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Biographies contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica:

One who writes or compiles a dictionary.


archaic

en-adj

archaic (comparative more archaic, superlative most archaic)

more archaic (comparative)
most archaic (superlative)

From archaism (“ancient or obsolete phrase or expression”) or from French archaïque, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀρχαϊκός (arkhaïkós, “old-fashioned”), from ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos, “from the beginning, antiquated, ancient, old”), from ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “beginning, origin”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I am first”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).

der

The language of the Faerie Queene was made archaic Language:— in order to be in keeping with the chivalry of bygone ages that formed its subject.

1893, Harrington Hugh Melville Percival, “Introduction”, in The faerie queene: Book 1, page lxi:

Almost every writer of power will occasionally use with strong effect an archaic term that he has unearthed from the treasures of the older English vocabulary. This is especially true of poets, who recognize that the unusualness of the archaic word will sometimes heighten the poetic effect.

1900, Mary Hall Leonard, “The Revival of Old English Words”, in The Writer, volume 13, page 23:

When generations pass and the object or institution referred to by the archaic word is no longer part of present, lived experience, though the word has been retained, its meaning is commonly altered or simply vanishes. African talking drums, as used for example among the Lokele in eastern Zaire, speak in elaborate formulas that preserve certain archaic words which the drummers can vocalize but whose meaning they no longer know.

1982, Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: the technologizing of the word, page 46:

his resistance to censorship blends nicely with his scorn for the common folk, so a limited edition, in beautiful archaic language incomprehensible to the masses, of rude or blasphemous material such as one can find in the Decameron, would simultaneously satisfy both impulses.

2005, Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin, “Editor's Introduction”, in Decameron, page lxvi:

Cabell also uses a kind of stylistic dissonance to reinforce his novel's thematic ironies at the sentence level. An inflated speech in archaic language might end with a modern pinprick: "And so on, and so on!"

2008, Susan F. Beegel, “Introduction”, in John Steinbeck, Cup of gold: a life of Sir Henry Morgan, buccaneer, page xx:

(chiefly lexicography, of words) No longer in ordinary use, though still used occasionally to give a sense of antiquity and are still likely to be understood by well-educated speakers and are found in historical texts.


neologism

en-noun

neologism (countable and uncountable, plural neologisms)

/niːˈɒləd͡ʒɪzəm/

From French néologisme, from Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”) + -ism.

(linguistics, lexicography, countable) A word or phrase which has recently been coined; a new word or phrase.

(linguistics, lexicography, countable, by extension) An existing word or phrase which has gained a new meaning.


ë

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨e⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FACE vowel, as in the word "cafe".


lexicon

William Fulke
lexicon
lexicon (disambiguation)

Through Middle French or directly from New Latin lexicon, from Byzantine Greek λεξικόν (lexikón, “a lexicon, a dictionary”), ellipsis from Ancient Greek λεξικὸν βιβλίον (lexikòn biblíon, literally “a book of words”), from λεξικός (lexikós, “of words”), from λέξις (léxis, “a saying, speech, word”), from λέγω (légō, “to speak”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather, collect”).
Attested at least since 1583 (in William Fulke's A Defense of the Sincere and True Translations of the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue) in the sense 'a dictionary of a classical language'.

der

λεξικὸν βιβλίον

Sluiter examines a tension inherent in such scholarly works as lexica, scholia, epitomai, and commentaries: although the very titles of these works claim no more than secondary status, their authors engage nonetheless in a rhetoric of self-legitimation.

2000, Mary Depew, Dirk Obbink, Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, page 10, →ISBN:

(lexicography, linguistics) A dictionary that includes or focuses on lexemes.


Oxford

From Middle English Oxenford, Oxneford, from Old English Oxnaford (“Oxford”, literally “oxen's ford”), equivalent to ox + ford. Compare Old Norse Öxnafurða.

inh

A number of places in the United States:

A village in Furnas County and Harlan County, Nebraska.


glossary

From Middle English glosarie, from Latin glossārium, from Ancient Greek γλῶσσα (glôssa, “tongue”). Doublet of glossarium.

At the back of the book you can find the glossary.

A list of difficult words or specialized terms used in a particular book or document, or in a particular domain of knowledge, with their definitions; a list of glosses (explanatory annotations).


coinage

en-noun

coinage (countable and uncountable, plural coinages)

Inherited from Middle English coynage, from Old French coignage, from coignier.

Caution needs to be exercised in regards to claims of coinage as the data contained a number of examples of writers professing the invention of a term that had actually been in existence for many years.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 13:

(uncountable, lexicography) The creation of new words, neologizing.

As for Nash his chief aim seems to have been to vilify ; he by no means troubled himself about consistency. In Christ’s Tears over Jerusalem we find more strange expressious than he could have got out of all Harvey’s works, of which the following may serve as samples : callichrimate, Works, IV, 51 ; investurings, 72; sacrificatory, 76; delinquishment, 78; succoursuers, 116 ; intercessionate, 156 ; deplorement, 30. There are also a great number of derivatives in -ize, which are worth particular mention, e. g., unmortalize, 70 ; carionized, 75 ; oblivionize, 79 ; anatomize, 109 ; and many others. Of these some were in good use at the time, but others are obviously new coinages. There was some comment upon these particular derivatives on the appearance of the first edition of Christ’s Tears over Jerusalem, and in the second edition Nash commented upon the matter.

1903, Edward E. Hale, Jr., “Ideas on Rhetoric in the Sixteenth Century”, in Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, volume XVIII, number 3, Modern Language Association of America, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 441–442:

Most importantly perhaps, it is evident that the impression of archaicity which any reader will experience on reading The Lord of the Rings is partly due to three simple lexical causes: the “overuse” of words borrowed from nineteenth-century fiction (e.g. yonder, journey [v], topmost), the avoidance of words associated with the modern world and the comparatively dense use of new coinages, unusual grammatical patterns, rare or obsolescent words.

2021, Thomas Kullmann and Dirk Siepmann, Tolkien as a Literary Artist: Exploring Rhetoric, Language and Style in The Lord of the Rings, Palgrave-Macmillan 2021

(countable, lexicography) Something which has been made or invented, especially a coined word; a neologism.


AHD

Initialism of American Heritage Dictionary.


radical

en-adj

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

more radical (comparative)
most radical (superlative)

derivative

antonym(s) of “linguistics, in reference to words”

Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

der

(lexicography, not comparable) Of or pertaining to the root of a word.

詞根的 /词根的

linguistics: pertaining to the root of a word


clavis

From Latin clāvis (“a key”). Doublet of clave and clef.

Iron clavis, the solid web-shaped at the edges to fit the wards in the lock, and having a pointed broach and a kite-formed looped haft.

1873, “Proceedings of the Association”, in Journal of the British Archaeological Association, volume 29, April 9th, page 202:


encyclopedic

en-adj

encyclopedic (comparative more encyclopedic, superlative most encyclopedic)

more encyclopedic (comparative)
most encyclopedic (superlative)

[p 151] Although separate encyclopedic sections have nothing to do with the dictionary proper, there are no compelling logical reasons for condemning them.
[p 212] Terms derived from names fall into three categories. Some, like Chomskyan, refer to a person and the work done by that person, or to a place or a person from that place (Virginian, Londoner), and should be defined only in relation to the person or place. They are essentially encyclopedic entries and, if the dictionary contains an entry for the person or place in question, could well be run on without a separate definition.
[p 359] The difficulty of distinguishing between lexical units and items in a nomenclature is especially nettlesome in specialized dictionaries, which are by their nature more encyclopedic than general dictionaries.

2001, Sidney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, 2nd ed, Scribner

Thus there are 3751 lexical items covered in total. Taking into account polysemy, there are 4315 separate senses. Of these, 1021 terms are proper nouns. Thus 23.7% of the lexis covered consists of encyclopaedic material.

2018, James Lambert, “Setting the Record Straight: An In-depth Examination of Hobson-Jobson”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 31, number 4, →DOI, page 490:

(lexicography) Relating to or containing descriptive information rather than only linguistic or lexical information; about facts and concepts, and not only a word or term; including proper names, biographical and geographical information and illustrations.


paleologism

From paleo- + -logism, from Ancient Greek: παλαιός (palaiós, “old”) in combination with λόγος (lógos, “word”).

Another is the paleologism of pars pro toto in which a part of an organ or function can symbolize the whole organ or concept; eg, the stomach may be the locus of difficulty with a patient with a history of frustrated dependency needs because of its association with the process of being fed and loved by the mother.

1964, Charles William Wahl, New Dimensions in Psychosomatic Medicine, page 41:

Levinas seems to be offering new words or newly burnished words for old, those apparent semantic neologisms are more like pre-semantic paleologisms.

1995, John Llewelyn, Emmanuel Levinas: The Genealogy of Ethics, →ISBN, page 163:

The word trust is in no way a neologism. On the contrary, it is a kind of paleologism, a primitive signifier, "a word from a barbarian time."

2006, Philippe Roger as, translated by Sharon Bowman, The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism, →ISBN, page 252:

A word or phrase that was coined in the distant past, often now obscured, or if recently used: possibly having a definition or implication different from that of any earlier usage.

paleologisme

phrase that was coined in the past and now obsolete


nonce word

From for the nonce and word. Coined by James Murray, the influential first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.

Sometimes
I feel quite CERTAIN
there's a JERTAIN
 in my CURTAIN

1974, Dr. Seuss, There's a Wocket in My Pocket!, Random House:

nonce-word (nons'wèrd) n. A word coined and used only for the nonce, for the particular occasion.

1889-1891, William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin Eli Smith, et al., The Century Dictionary : an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language, The Century House, page 411:

(lexicography) A word invented for the occasion; especially to create alliteration or a rhyme

James Murray (lexicographer)
Oxford English Dictionary
nonce word


ʀ

(lexicography) Indicates non-English R sounds (e.g. IPA [r, ʁ]) in unassimilated loans.


ə

(superscript ⟨ᵊ⟩) optional schwa, e.g. \băt′ᵊl\ for battle.

(superscript ⟨ᵊ⟩) French final schwa, as in \bᴀstôn′yᵊ\ for Bastogne.

(lexicography) schwa, e.g. \sō′fə\ for sofa.


ʜ

(lexicography) Used in the digraphs ⟨ᴄʜ ᴋʜ sʜ ᴛʜ ᴛ͟ʜ ᴢʜ⟩ for the sounds /t͡ʃ, x, ʃ, θ, ð, ʒ/.

(lexicography) Indicates the Scottish or unassimilated German /x/ – e.g. \lôʜ\ for loch or \bâʜ\ for Bach.


ʏ

(lexicography) Indicates IPA [y, ʏ] in unassimilated French or German loans.


ʉ

+ r

(lexicography) An element of the digraph ʉr, a dictionary transcription for the NURSE vowel


ɶ

(lexicography) Indicates IPA [ø, œ] in unassimilated French or German loans.


ɴ

(lexicography) Indicates nasal vowels in unassimilated French loans, e.g. \văɴ blâɴ\ for vin blanc.

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ɴɢ⟩ for the /ŋ/ sound.


ŭ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the STRUT vowel


OED

(linguistics) Initialism of Oxford English Dictionary.


ä

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the PALM vowel


lemma

non-lemma

linguistics, lexicography: canonical form of a word

From Ancient Greek λῆμμα (lêmma, “premise, assumption”), from the same root as λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).

تَمْهِيدِيَّة

mathematics: proposition used mainly in the proof of some other proposition

Holonym: lexeme (holonymous sense)

For the second sense, where "word" means "item that should have its own dictionary entry," lexicographers sometimes use the term "lemma," but that has other meanings too, so among linguists the term lexeme is now standard, and I'll use it. For the different forms or shapes that belong to a lexeme we can use the term word-form.

2024, Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Truth About English Grammar, Polity Press, →ISBN, page 17:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:lemma.

(linguistics, lexicography) The canonical form of an inflected word; i.e., the form usually found as the headword in a dictionary, such as the nominative singular of a noun, the bare infinitive of a verb, etc.


nonce

Inherited from Middle English nonse, nones, a rebracketing of Middle English to þen anes, for þen anes (to/for the once (i.e., the one occasion or instance)), from the dative singular neuter of þe. The cryptography sense is commonly said to be a contraction of number used once, although this is probably incorrect.

gl

I had thought that the term was a nonce, but it seems as if it's been picked up by other authors.


citation

en-noun

citation (countable and uncountable, plural citations)

[ˌsaɪˈtʰeɪʃn̩]

From Middle English citacioun, from Old French citation, from Latin citātiō. By surface analysis, cite + -ation.

Historically, target words were garnered through focused reading programs and citations were handwritten on slips of paper which were collated alphabetically and stored in drawers for ready access (much like old-fashioned library catalogues).

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 3:

dictionary on historical principles
dictionary on historical principles

(lexicography) A quotation with attached bibliographical details demonstrating the use of a particular lexical item in a dictionary, especially a dictionary on historical principles.

شَاهِد

(lexicography) a quotation with attached bibliographical details


variant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-variant.wav

Recorded since c.1380, from Old French variant, from Latin variāns, the present active participle of variō (“to change”).

The word "kerosine" is a variant of “kerosene”.

The "Terms" number is the total number of words and lexical phrases, including sub-headwords and other nested lexical items, but exclusive of variants.

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 297:

Each member of this group of two or more forms is called a variant. [...] In this case ‘-in’ and ‘-ing’ are variants of the sociolinguistic variable -ing.

2014, Kimberly Geeslin, Avizia Yim Long, Sociolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition, page 27:

(linguistics, lexicography) One of a set of words or other linguistic forms that conveys the same meaning or serves the same function.


(lexicography) Sometimes used for secondary stress in glossaries that use ◌́ for primary stress when full pronunciations are not given.


alphanumeric

Consisting of, or limited to, letters and/or numbers, especially the characters A to Z (lowercase and uppercase) and 0 to 9.


tramline

Those words that [James] Murray classified as denizens and aliens, as well as those casuals approaching these two prior categories, were marked by two parallel lines beside the headword (||), a symbol known by the in-house term tramline. Murray himself admitted to the inherent subjectivity of his method of classification, which unsurprisingly led to a number of inconsistencies in the use of tramlines, and may even have contributed to the patchiness of the OED's regional coverage that Weiner acknowledged many years later.

2014 May 23, Danica Salazar, “Towards improved coverage of Southeast Asian Englishes in the Oxford English Dictionary”, in Lexicography, Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(lexicography, Oxford English Dictionary jargon) A pair of vertical bars (||) placed to the left of the headword in certain editions of the OED to indicate that the term is "alien or not fully naturalized" (such as a recent borrowing).


Brit

1901, either a shortening of Britisher or Briton, or a back-formation from British.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of British English.


DOE

Dictionary of Old English
w:Dictionary of Old English

Initialism of Dictionary of Old English.


RHD

(linguistics) Initialism of Random House Dictionary of the English Language.


alphabetization

alphabetization (countable and uncountable, plural alphabetizations)

The act or process of arranging in alphabetical order.


antedate

en-verb

antedate (third-person singular simple present antedates, present participle antedating, simple past and past participle antedated)

antedates (present singular third-person)
antedating (participle present)
antedated (participle past)
antedated (past)

Furthermore, while OED entries are generally regarded as a good indication of when terms were first used in English, for 5 of the 7 terms the present research has been able to antedate OED’s earliest attestations, usually by a decade or more.

2017 January, James Lambert, “A multitude of “lishes”: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, volume 38, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN:

(lexicography) To find earlier citational evidence for a term.


MW

Merriam-Webster OnLine has a slightly more extensive definition than the AHD […]
MW (1a) and (1b) cover about the same ground as AHD (1) and (2) but divide it up a little differently; […]

2006 December 2, Brian M. Scott <b.scottcsuohio.edu>, "Re: CRIT: Untitled", message-ID <a86e8xtjh2mi.nv2vbi8kpxb0$.dlg@40tude.net>, rec.arts.sf.composition, Usenet http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.sf.composition/msg/bb413cfaa74b0fa4

(linguistics) Initialism of Merriam-Webster: an American publishing company known for its dictionaries


fig.

(fig.) a fat bank account

(chiefly lexicography) Abbreviation of figurative.


ā

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FACE vowel.


û

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the GOOSE vowel, as in the word "rude".

+ r

(lexicography) An element of the digraph ûr, a dictionary transcription for the NURSE vowel


ē

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FLEECE vowel


orismology

From Ancient Greek ὁρισμός (horismós, “definition”) + -logy.

af

(rare, lexicography) The explanation of technical terms.

In the Terminology, or what, to avoid the barbarism of a word compounded of Latin and Greek, they would beg to call the Orismology of the science, they have endeavoured to introduce throughout a greater degree of precision and concinnity—dividing it into general and partial Orismology; […]

1815, William Kirby, William Spence, “Preface”, in An Introduction to Entomology: Or Elements of the Natural History of Insects: with Plates, 3rd edition, volume 1, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, published 1818, page xii:

(rare, lexicography) Technical terms collectively; terminology.


Kangxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 康熙 (Kāngxī).

According to Kangxi, this word has two kinds of pronunciation.

1992, O. Harrassowitz, Central Asiatic Journal, volume 36, page 189:

[He wrote] Textual Criticism of Kangxi Zidian, 1827[,] in which he identified more than 2500 erroneous citations in Kangxi.

2003, Lexicography: Reference works across time, space and languages, →ISBN:

The Kangxi Dictionary, a dictionary and cross reference of Chinese characters, first published in 1716 at the behest of the Kangxi emperor, and used to the present day.


ă

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the TRAP vowel


nested

(lexicography) (Of a lexical item) contained within a dictionary entry as a subordinate term of the main headword.


â

(lexicography) An element of the digraph âr, a dictionary transcription for the SQUARE vowel


î

(lexicography) An orthographic ⟨i⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FLEECE vowel, as in the word "machine".

(lexicography) An element of the digraph îr, a dictionary transcription for the NEAR vowel


ĕ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the DRESS vowel


ō

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOAT vowel


ô

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the THOUGHT vowel; also an orthographic ⟨o⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as having that value, as in the word "nor".


ü

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOOSE vowel


faux ami

Unadapted borrowing from French faux-ami, from faux (“false”) + ami (“friend”).

ubor

(linguistics, translation studies, lexicography) A false friend; one of a pair of words in different languages or dialects that look similar and may be related but that differ significantly in meaning.


ġ

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨g⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /d͡ʒ/, as in the word "giant".


lemmatisation

en-noun

lemmatisation (countable and uncountable, plural lemmatisations)

(computing, lexicography) The process of finding the lemma that corresponds to an inflected form of a word.


antedating

The new edition of the dictionary contains several antedatings.

Had I access to large databases of scanned-in newspapers from the Philippines, or Africa, or India, etc., we would expect to see a good percentage of antedatings of the current earliest instances.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 14:

(lexicography) An earlier citation of a lexical item.


alphabetisation

alphabetisation (countable and uncountable, plural alphabetisations)

Non-Oxford British English standard spelling of alphabetization.


inf.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of informal.


(lexicography) Used in glossaries, such as for Latinate technical terms or Classical names, to mark stressed syllables when full pronunciations are not given, as the pronunciation is largely predictable once stress-placement is known.


dvandva

Borrowed from Sanskrit द्वंद्व (dvaṃdvá).

Tatpuruṣa and dvandva compounds regularly have a single gender, that of the final constituent, although a subgroup of dvandvas has the gender of the first constituent.

2003, Dhanesh Jain, George Cardona, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, page 153:

(linguistics, lexicography) A copulative or coordinative type of compound in which members, if not compounded, would be in the same case and connected by the conjunction and. Common in languages such as Sanskrit, Chinese and Japanese, but less so in English.


content word

(linguistics, lexicography) A word that is not a function word, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs.


(lexicography) Used to mark a vowel letter as having its 'long' sound: ⟨ā⟩ /eɪ/, ⟨ē⟩ /iː/, ⟨ī⟩ /aɪ/, ⟨ō⟩ /oʊ/, ⟨ū⟩ /juː/.


postdating

The new edition of the dictionary contains several postdatings.

Indeed, for 10 of these terms, the latest known record was their inclusion in Hobson-Jobson, and without any published postdatings this may have suggested that those terms were obsolescent at the end of the nineteenth century.

2018, James Lambert, “Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes, volume 37, page 256:

(lexicography) A later citation of a lexical item.


CCE

(lexicography) Initialism of Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary.


LDE

Initialism of Longman Dictionary of the English Language.


OAL

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
w:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Initialism of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (of Current English).


object language

object language (plural object languages)

Objektsprache

language speaking about objects rather than about language

(lexicography) the language of the headwords in a dictionary (in a French-to-English translation dictionary, French is the object language)


DCHP

w:en:Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles

Initialism of Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles.


DARE

w:Dictionary of American Regional English

(lexicography) Acronym of Dictionary of American Regional English.


ɢ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ɴɢ⟩ for the /ŋ/ sound.


(lexicography) The breve, used to mark a vowel letter as having its 'short' sound: ⟨ă⟩ /æ/, ⟨ĕ⟩ /ɛ/, ⟨ĭ⟩ /ɪ/, ⟨ŏ⟩ /ɒ/, ⟨ŭ⟩ /ʌ/.


pronunciation respelling

pronunciation respelling (countable and uncountable, plural pronunciation respellings)

Coordinate term: pronunciation spelling

(lexicography) The respelling of a word to show pronunciation, especially as used in dictionaries not employing a phonetic alphabet for phonetic transcription.


ö

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the THOUGHT vowel


ᴀ

(lexicography) Indicates IPA [a] in unassimilated loans (e.g. French ami, Spanish casa).


ꜱ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ꜱʜ⟩ for the /ʃ/ sound.


ᴢ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴢʜ⟩ for the /ʒ/ sound.

ᴀ ʙ ᴄ ᴅ ᴇ ꜰ ɢ ʜ ɪ ᴊ ᴋ ʟ ᴍ ɴ ᴏ ᴘ ꞯ ʀ ꜱ ᴛ ᴜ ᴠ ᴡ ʏ ᴢ


RHU

w:Random House Dictionary of the English Language

Initialism of Random House Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged.


metalexicography

Metalexicography can be divided into five fields of interest; the first is lexicographic theory […]

1986, Robert Ilson, Lexicography: An Emerging International Profession, page 101:

This is a bibliography of works that deal with the theory, methods, and procedures of lexicography (in short, with what is called in French and German metalexicography)

1988, Ladislav Zgusta et al., Lexicography Today: An Annotated Bibliography of the Theory of Lexicography, page 7:

(linguistics, lexicography) The study of lexicography


guideword

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-guideword.wav

Secondly, the teacher-librarian must know how to use books herself to find information — title page, table of contents, index, guidewords, etc.

1936, Wilson Bulletin for Librarians, page 18:

(publishing) A word that is printed at the top or bottom of the page in a reference work, in order to help readers find a specific entry.

otsikkohakusana

word printed at the top or bottom of the page in a reference work, in order to help readers find a specific entry


ȧ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the BATH vowel


ạ

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the THOUGHT vowel, as in the word "call".


ė

(lexicography) Indicates the HAPPY vowel (final vowel of happy).

(lexicography, dated) An element of the digraph ⟨ėr⟩, indicating the NURSE vowel.


ị

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨i⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /j/, as in the word "peculiar".


ṡ

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨s⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /z/, as in the word "his".


subsense

When an italicized label or guide phrase follows a boldface numeral, the label or phrase applies only to that specific numbered sense and its subsenses.

2003, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, page 21a:

(lexicography) A sense of a word that reflects a part or aspect of a more general (broader) sense.


ŏ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the LOT vowel


ONF.

1989: Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition), January, etymology
In early form a. ONF. Jenever, Genever, = mod.F. Janvier: — L. Jānuārium, nom. Jānuārius (mensis), i.e. the month of Janus, as presiding over the entrance into the year. Whence also It. Gennajo, Gennaro, Pr. Genovier, Januer, Sp. †Jenero, Enero, Pg. Janeiro. The later forms show gradual conformation to the L.; which was sometimes used unchanged in OE.


mod.F.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of Modern French.


Pr.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of Provençal (the language).


s.t.

Coordinate term: s.o.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of something.


encyclopedic dictionary

encyclopedic dictionary (plural encyclopedic dictionaries)

A form of dictionary with long, detailed entries on words (and often notable people and places), usually with images or illustrations.


sbd.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of somebody.


s.o.

Coordinate term: s.t.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Abbreviation of someone.


Brit.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of British English.


ISV

ISV (countable and uncountable, plural ISVs)

international scientific vocabulary
w:international scientific vocabulary

(linguistics, lexicography) Initialism of international scientific vocabulary.


Richard Snary

A pun involving the name Dick (short for Richard) and the Early Modern English pronunciation of dictionary as /ˈdɪksnæːrɪ/, /ˈdɪksnɛːrɪ/ (see dixnary, dixery).

Talke not to me of Dick snary, nor Richard-snary; I care not how little I come neare them.

1627, William Hawkins, Apollo Shroving, Composed for the Schollars of the Free-schoole of Hadleigh in Suffolke:

A country lad, having been reproved for calling persons by their Christian names, being sent by his master to borrow a dictionary, thought to show his breeding by asking for a Richard Snary.

1796, Francis Grose, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue:

I still didn’t see anything in it but the meaningless sort of humor that used to make richardsnary the thieves’ word for dictionary.

(rhyming slang, humorous, archaic) A dictionary.


Wiktionary

→ Esperanto: Vikivortaro (calque)

→ Finnish: Wikisanakirja (calque)

desc

→ Greek: Βικιλεξικό (Vikilexikó) (calque)

וִיקִימִלּוֹן

→ Hebrew: וִיקִימִלּוֹן (vikimilón) (calque)

→ Irish: Vicífhoclóir (calque)

/ˈwɪk.ʃəˌnɛə.ɹi/

Etymology tree
Proto-Polynesian *witi
Hawaiian wiki
Hawaiian wikiwikider.
English wikiblend.
Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *déyḱti
Proto-Italic *deikō
Latin dīcō
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Italic *-tjō
Latin -tiō
Latin dictiō
Latin -ārium
Medieval Latin dictiōnāriumlbor.
Middle English dixionare
English dictionaryblend.
English Wiktionary
Blend of wiki + dictionary.

etymon

The site was brought online in English on December 12, 2002; on March 29, 2004, the first non-English Wiktionaries were initiated in French and Polish. Wiktionaries in over 200 languages now exist, and more than 100 have more than 100 definitions.

2008, Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, Ben Yates, “Wikimedia Commons and Other Sister Projects”, in How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It, San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press, →ISBN, page 430:

A particular version of this dictionary project, written in a certain language, such as the English-language Wiktionary (often known simply as the English Wiktionary).

Wikiwoordeboek

the collaborative project; a particular version of this project written in a certain language

Wikizziunariu m (italianized spelling adopted for the relative project)


ī

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the PRICE vowel


ū

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the USE vowel; also an orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as having that value, as in the word "tune".

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOOSE vowel


RAS syndrome

Coined by science magazine New Scientist in 2001.

coinage

(lexicography, humorous) Redundant acronym syndrome syndrome, a tautology in which one or more words that make up an acronym or initialism are used redundantly in conjunction with said abbreviation.


idioticon

en-noun

idioticon (plural idiotica or idioticons)

/ˌɪdɪˈəʊtɪk(ə)n/

LL-Q1860_(eng)-I learned some phrases-idioticon.wav

PIE word
 *swé
Borrowed from German Idiotikon, Idioticon (archaic), from Late Latin idioticon (chiefly in the titles of works), from Ancient Greek ἰδιωτικόν (idiōtikón), the neuter singular of ἰδιωτικός (idiōtikós, “pertaining to or for a person not engaged in public affairs; private; amateurish”), from ῐ̓δῐώτης (ĭdĭṓtēs, “person not engaged in public affairs; amateur, layperson; ignorant person, idiot”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘of or pertaining to’). ῐ̓δῐώτης is derived from ῐ̓́δῐος (ĭ́dĭos, “private (as opposed to public); distinct, separate; peculiar, specific”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self (reflexive pronoun)”) + -ώτης (-ṓtēs, suffix forming nouns referring to types of persons). The English word is cognate with Dutch idioticon.
The plural form idiotica is derived from German Idiotika, Latin idiotica, and Ancient Greek ἰδιωτῐκᾰ́ (idiōtĭkắ).

der

IDIO′TICON. (Gr[eek]) A word of frequent use in Germany, signifying a dictionary confined to a particular dialect, or containing words and phrases peculiar to one part of a country.

[1842, “IDIO′TICON”, in W[illiam] T[homas] Brande, assisted by Joseph Cauvin, editors, A Dictionary of Science, Literature, & Art: […], London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], →OCLC, page 585, column 1:

There exist in Germany several valuable Idiotica.

1854, “Idioticon”, in Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth and T. G. Bradford, editors, Encyclopædia Americana. […], new edition, volume VI, Philadelphia, Pa.: Blanchard and Lea, →OCLC, page 534, column 1:

"Wische," says the Westerwald Idioticon, "expresses a quick movement connected with a whizzing or swishing sound."

1865, Hensleigh Wedgwood, “To Wipe”, in A Dictionary of English Etymology, volume III, part II, London: N[icholas] Trübner & Co., →OCLC, page 502:

This gentleman [Titus Tobler] certainly made a greater name by his work on Palestine than by that on the language of his native land; nevertheless this book marks a great advance in the scientific treatment of an Idioticon, particularly through the more accurate specification of the actual sounds and forms of the popular idiom.

1878 May 17, Henry Sweet, “VII.—Seventh Annual Address of the President, to the Philological Society, Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting, Friday, 17th May, 1878”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, volume XXIV, part II, London: Published for the [Philological] Society by Trübner & Co., […]; Strasbourg: Karl I. Trübner, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 420:

The ideal [Taco H.] de Beer had in mind, was an "idioticon", which he probably visualized as a dictionary comprising all the Netherlandic dialects. Idiotica were the first results also of Flemish dialectological activities.

1954, C[oenraad] B[ernardus] van Haeringen, “Dialectology”, in Netherlandic Language Research: Men and Works in the Study of Dutch, Leiden: E[vert] J[an] Brill, →OCLC, page 72:

[T]he Flemings, anxious that the dictionary would turn out to be too 'Hollandic', started collecting their own regional words for a general Flemish idioticon.

1992, Anton M. Hagen, “Dutch Dialectology: The National and International Perspective”, in Jan Noordegraaf, Kees Versteegh, Konrad Koerner, editors, The History of Linguistics in the Low Countries (Studies in the History of the Language Sciences; 64), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 1.3 (From the 18th Century till 1876), page 332:

In Western dialectology, dialect dictionaries as a phenomenon are especially widespread in the German (and, for that matter, in the Dutch) language area, where we find a deeply rooted tradition dating back to the so-called idioticons of earlier centuries.

1998, Hendrik Boeschoten, “On Dialect Dictionaries”, in Lars Johansen et al., editors, The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994 (Turcologica; 32), Wiesbaden, Hesse: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 575:

While there was a solid tradition of idioticons by that time, dialect lexicography on the other hand only developed into a more scholarly activity by the end of the century [...].

2019, Gjisbert Rutten, “The Folklorisation of Non-standard Language”, in Language Planning as Nation Building: Ideology, Policy and Implementation in the Netherlands, 1750–1850 (Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics; 9), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →DOI, →ISBN, part III (Discipline Formation), page 212:

A dictionary of a specific dialect, or of the words and phrases peculiar to one part of a country.


translation dictionary

en-noun

translation dictionary (plural translation dictionaries)

Wiktionary is meant to be both an explanatory dictionary and a translation dictionary.

A multilingual dictionary assisting translation between two or more languages.

雙語詞典 /双语词典

a dictionary that assists in translating between languages


anisomorphism

anisomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural anisomorphisms)

These well-known examples of the ‘imperfect matching’ or anisomorphism of languages do not really support the conclusion that translation is impossible.

2011, David Bellos, Is That a Fish in Your Ear?, Penguin, published 2012, page 82:

translation dictionary
translation dictionary

(linguistics, lexicography) The absence of an exact correspondence between words etc. in two different languages; the differences between two given languages that create mismatches in a translation dictionary.


interj.

(lexicography, grammar) Alternative form of interj


cap.

demo n. (usu. cap.) a Democrat.

2004, The Oxford Dictionary of American Political Slang, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 90:

(lexicography) Abbreviation of capitalized.


transf.

transf. (countable and uncountable, plural transfs.)

transferred sense
transferred sense#English

(lexicography) Abbreviation of transferred sense.


ʹ

(lexicography) Alternative form of ′ (stress mark).


o.s.

(chiefly grammar and lexicography) Initialism of oneself.


glossology

glossology (countable and uncountable, plural glossologies)

/ɡlɔˈsɑləd͡ʒi/

From Ancient Greek γλῶσσα (glôssa, “tongue; language”) + -ology.

der

If the indexed items (E3) are core terms for descriptive glossology (C4), they are underlined, and their definitions will be found in Annex V, in a record indicated by the notation preceding the index term.

1981, Fred W[arren] Riggs, Interconcept Report: A New Paradigm for Solving the Terminology Problems of the Social Sciences, Volumes 44-53 (Reports and Papers in the Social Sciences; 47), Paris: UNESCO, →OCLC, page 45:

And in the sanctified, post-exorcist intercourse which leads to conception, Margrethe appears 'obediently', speaking in initiated, divine tongues, interpreted by 'the friends': glossology.

1992, Karola Dillenburger, Violent Bereavement: Widows in Northern Ireland, Aldershot, Hampshire: Avebury, →ISBN, page 198:

A similar and more influential use of the term can be found in William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (1847), where phenomenology occurs in the context of the "palaetiological sciences" (i.e., sciences which deal with more ancient conditions of things), as that branch of these studies which is to be followed by aetiology and theory. Among such phenomenologies Whewell mentions particularly phenomenological uranology, phenomenological geography of plants and animals, and even a phenomenological glossology.

1994, Herbert Spiegelberg, Karl Schuhmann, “Introduction”, in The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction, 3rd rev. and enlarged edition, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISBN, page 8:

(chiefly lexicography) The definition and explanation of terms in constructing a glossary.


ĭ

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the KIT vowel


pronunciation dictionary

en-noun

pronunciation dictionary (plural pronunciation dictionaries)

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

A dictionary that provides pronunciation of words, usually in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

uitspraakwoordeboek

dictionary that provides pronunciations of words


tatpuruṣa

Borrowed from Sanskrit तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣa), itself an example of tatpuruṣa.

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A dependent determinative compound, i.e. a compound XY meaning a type of Y which is related to X in a way corresponding to one of the grammatical cases of X.


lexifier

A great deal of linguistic evidence reveals that creole creators transformed the lexifier in a fashion unexplainable as just hybridization, but well known from studies of pidginization and second-language acquisition.

2018, John H. McWhorter, The Creole Debate, Cambridge University Press, page 9:

(linguistics, lexicography) The language of a pidgin or creole that serves as the basis for most of its vocabulary.


diastratic

a diastratic usage label

According to Hausmann (1977, Ch. 8), lexically relevant units can receive — typically by means of labels or usage notes — any or all of the following types of diasystematic marking: diachronic (e.g. archaic, neologism); diatopic (e.g. American English for elevator 'lift', British English for loo); diaintegrative for foreign borrowings used in English (e.g. German for Weltanschauung); diastratic (e.g. informal for loo, formal for perambulator); diaconnotative (e.g. from Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (W9), often used disparagingly for dyke); diatechnical (e.g. law for tort, anatomy for clavicle; diafrequential (e.g. rare); dianormative (e.g. substandard for ain't).

1991, “Lexicography”, in Kirsten Malmkjær, editor, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 295, column 2:

The eschewing of Grantha letters despite their widespread use in modern Tamil, and the unnecessary diastratic and dianormative labelling of many common items as 'non-standard', echo traditional views that the language needs to be 'protected' against the innovations of ordinary everyday speech.

2000, Gregory James, Colporuḷ: A History of Tamil Dictionaries, Chennai: Cre-A, →ISBN, page 266:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language varies across social, cultural or educational factors.


fanqie

/fɑːnˈt͡ʃjɛ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 反切 (fǎnqiè).

(Chinese phonetics) In traditional Chinese lexicography, a method of indicating the pronunciation of a character by using two other characters, each giving part of the pronunciation.

反切

method of indicating pronunciation of a character


pronouncing dictionary

pronouncing dictionary (plural pronouncing dictionaries)

pronunciation dictionary
pronunciation dictionary#English


bilingual dictionary

bilingual dictionary (plural bilingual dictionaries)

A translation dictionary in two languages.


non-lemma

non-lemma (plural non-lemmas or non-lemmata)

non-lemmas (plural)
non-lemmata (plural)

According to Schmauder (1991) they had a narrow range of frequency of occurrence (our nonlemma count yields an average of 68; Francis & Kucera, 1982).

1991, Lewis P. Shapiro et al., “Verb effects during sentence processing”, in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, volume XVII, № 5, pages 986-987:

Prep. … Prenominal adjectives … Non lemmas … Basque multiword … English multiwords … English unknown … Others
11% … 21% … 7% … 5% … 17% … 16% … 21%

2000, Arantxa Diaz de Ilarraza et al., Building a Lexicon for an English–Basque Machine Translation System from heterogeneous wide coverage dictionaries, § 5.1, page 4, Table 2

If the database is to be printed out in the form of a dictionary, non-lemmas can be generated from the items contained in these fields.

2002, Christian Lehmann, “Structure of a comprehensive presentation of a language”, in Tasaku Tsunoda, editor, Basic Materials in Minority Languages, § 4.3, page 17?:

Initialize lemmatizer by providing dictionary file. If unknown, leave as non lemmata not found.

2010, “cayorodriguez” (username), “Lemmatization module in NLTK” in nltk-dev, Usenet

In step 3, non-words or non-lemmas, that are often generated by the guesser modules, are filtered out from the result.

2012, Maciej Piasecki et al., “Recognition of Polish Derivational Relations Based on Supervised Learning Scheme”, in LREC 2012, § 2.2, page 918/2:

(lexicography, rare) Any form of a lexeme that is not its lemma.

ragozott/ragosalak (szó)

any form of a lexeme that is not its lemma


lemmatically

(linguistics, lexicography) On a lemma-by-lemma basis, considering only lemmata.

lematicamente

on a lemma-by-lemma basis, considering only lemmata


wiktionary

However, with the increase in free resources like wiktionaries, or the increase in the number of translated materials available on the Internet

2011, Zygmunt Vetulani, Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science:

PanLex draws on various lexical resources, including dictionaries, wiktionaries, glossaries, lexicons, word lists, terminologies, thesauri, wordnets, ontologies, vocabulary databases, namedentity resources, and standards

2011, Nikolas Coupland, The Handbook of Language and Globalization:

This lower bound is logically determined – a wiktionary with fewer entries could never provide a full IDS list – and not meant to be realistic. We do not know how big a wiktionary has to be in order to provide, say, 75% of an IDS list, but it is likely that several thousands of entries are required for this.

2013, Lars Borin, Anju Saxena, Approaches to Measuring Linguistic Differences, page 297:

Any online lexicon resembling Wiktionary.


reverse dictionary

reverse dictionary (plural reverse dictionaries)

A dictionary in which entries are sorted alphabetically by their last letter, then second-to-last, and so on: Nausicaa would precede Hecuba, which would precede orca; influenza would precede cab, and so on.

հանգարան

a dictionary in which entries are sorted alphabetically by their last letter, then second-to-last, and so on


comb.

comb. form


karmadharaya

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मधारय (karmadhāraya).

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A form of tatpuruṣa in which the relation of the first member to the last is appositional, attributive, or adverbial, e.g. uluka-yatu (owl + demon) for a demon in the shape of an owl. Most typically this involves an adjective which modifies a following substantive.


dvigu

(Sanskrit grammar, lexicography) A form of tatpuruṣa in which the modifying member is a number.


metadictionary

XML can also be used to create metadictionaries, or vocabularies, for databases. These metadictionaries can be used by applications that need to access other external data sources.

2008, Peter Rob, Database Systems: Design, Implementation & Management, page 788:

An online dictionary portal that allows searches on multiple lexicographical databases at once.


pocket dictionary

pocket dictionary (plural pocket dictionaries)


orismologist

(rare, lexicography) One who can explain technical terms; a person who engages in orismology.


tatsama

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit तत्सम (tatsama).
Tatsama was originally employed to refer to those inherited Prakrit words that were identical in form with Sanskrit; later it came to refer to learned loans introduced into the post-Prakritic speech as well. Traditionally, the term was used for both inherited words that were unmodified in form, and learned words. However from a strict linguistic point of view, the term refers only to learned borrowings from Sanskrit.

lbor

However, beyond lexis, the Macmillan range includes other adaptations, such as IPA encoding which reflects Indian English pronunciation, and etymologies that distinguish between "tatsama" and "tadbhava" terms, based on McGregor (1992).

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes, page 298:

(lexicography) A Sanskrit learned loanword used in a South Asian language.

তৎসম

a word borrowed from Sanskrit in a South Asian language


euphemism treadmill

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-euphemism treadmill.wav

Coined by Steven Pinker in 1994, but preceded by Sharon Henderson Taylor's 1974 "euphemism cycle."

Coordinate term: pejoration

The euphemism treadmill shows that concepts, not words, are in charge: give a concept a new name, and the name becomes colored by the concept; the concept does not become freshened by the name. (We will know we have achieved equality and mutual respect when names for minorities stay put.)

1994 April 5, Steven Pinker, “The Game of the Name”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, page A21:

Linguists are familiar with the phenomenon, which may be called the euphemism treadmill. People invent new words for emotionally charged referents, but soon the euphemism becomes tainted by association, and a new word must be found, which soon acquires its own connotations, and so on.

Euphemism, if successful, exemplifies case m: the new term has a new tone, but preserves sense and reference. The sort of backfire characteristic of the 'euphemism treadmill' is a shift to case i: the tone reverts to that of the old term.

2011, Gary Hardcastle, George Reisch, Bullshit and Philosophy: Guaranteed to Get Perfect Results Every Time:

Next in line was the Euphemism Treadmill, / gaining its power from the perpetually offended; / and once we take enough steps, it starts to run by itself, / its gears turned and greased by political correctness.

2014, Trevor Patrick, Sooner Or Later, They'll Turn on You!:

Whereas there is a certain degree of clarity as to why the euphemism treadmill comes to exist (since people keep inventing new, often more vague names for uncomfortable things), it is not so clear why there is a constant and steady influx of new iconic coinages in the language.

2017, Angelika Zirker, Matthias Bauer, Olga Fischer, Dimensions of Iconicity, page 33:

(lexicography) The process by which euphemisms fall into disuse and are replaced by new ones, as the old ones become socially unacceptable over time.


neol.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of neologism.


tadbhava

Borrowed from Sanskrit तद्भव (tadbhava).

(lexicography) A word inherited from Old Indo-Aryan through a Prakrit used in a modern Indo-Aryan language.


semi-tatsama

It will be interesting to note how persistent is the Prakritic or MIA. system of phonetics in NIA., in giving a tadbhava look to recently introduced tatsama words, in pronunciation, and turning them into semi-tatsamas going very close to tadbhavas, actually existing or possible,—although the spelling would scorn to note it:[…]

1926, Suniti Kumar Chatterji, The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, page 200:

Initial v can also go back to Pkt. v, arisen either from Skr. vr in vaṇ (vraṇa-) and the semi-tatsama vaḍvat (vrata-)...

1970, J. Bloch, Formation of the Marathi Language, page 160:

In New Indo-Aryan currency the tadbhava and semitatsama forms of yakṣa and yakṣiṉī have come to mean demon and demoness, goblin or malevolent spirits of some kind.

1972, Jacob Ensink, Peter Gaeffke, editors, India Maior: Congratulatory Volume Presented to J. Gonda, page 194:

The tripartite scheme of tadhbava, semi-tatsama, and tatsama accounts for the majority of the words encountered in the texts included in this book; but loans from Persian and from Arabic (through Persian) are also commonplace, especially in texts which are not self-consciously based on Sanskrit models.

2001, Rupert Snell, The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāṣā Reader, page 4:

semi-learned borrowing
semi-learned borrowing

(lexicography, Indo-Aryan linguistics) A semi-learned borrowing from Sanskrit.

অর্ধতৎসম

a word borrowed from Sanskrit earlier in an Indo-Aryan language's history and having since underwent change


word family

Furthermore, the current study goes beyond previous wordlist development by contributing accompanying pedagogical lists containing word associations (i.e. collocations) and word families.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 106:

(linguistics, lexicography, language teaching) A set of etymologically related words consisting of a single word with its inflections and derivations, such as walk, walked, walks, walking, walkings, walker, walkers, walkies, walkable, walkathon.


dictionary on historical principles

en-noun

dictionary on historical principles (plural dictionaries on historical principles)

dictionaries on historical principles (plural)

As such, dictionaries on historical principles not only treat pronunciation, grammatical category, etymology (word derivation and history), orthographical form, and semantic content (in the form of definitions), but do so from a historical perspective, displaying the changes (and stabilities) of these various features of the lexis over time, from the earliest days of the language to present.

2017, James Lambert, “Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes, page 2:

(lexicography) A type of scholarly dictionary that displays the history of lexical items through citations.


historical dictionary

historical dictionary (plural historical dictionaries)

(lexicography) A dictionary on historical principles.


rime dictionary

rime dictionary (plural rime dictionaries)

rhyme dictionary
rhyme dictionary#English

Alternative spelling of rhyme dictionary.


rhyme dictionary

rhyme dictionary (plural rhyme dictionaries)

(historical) A Chinese lexicon arranged by tones and rhyme rather than radical, frequently without definitions.

rhyming dictionary
rhyming dictionary#English


loan meaning

From loan + meaning. Calque of German Lehnbedeutung.

(lexicography, linguistics) A meaning that has been borrowed from a word in another language, through a process of semantic loan.


law dictionary

law dictionary (plural law dictionaries)

A dictionary designed to give information about terms used in the world of law.


misetymologize

en-verb

misetymologize (third-person singular simple present misetymologizes, present participle misetymologizing, simple past and past participle misetymologized)

misetymologizes (present singular third-person)
misetymologizing (participle present)
misetymologized (participle past)
misetymologized (past)

Even professors of education in their textbooks on education usually misetymologize the word as being derived from the Latin educere, to draw out.

1978, The Individual and the Future of Organizations - Volumes 7-13, page 7:

(lexicography) To derive erroneously; to provide an incorrect etymology.


mislexicalize

mislexicalize (third-person singular simple present mislexicalizes, present participle mislexicalizing, simple past and past participle mislexicalized)

mislexicalizes (present singular third-person)
mislexicalizing (participle present)
mislexicalized (participle past)
mislexicalized (past)

The question was raised whether or not P had also mislexicalized the name of the nonsense object, and on the following visit to his home, he was asked to look for the laǒshủ from among a group of toys on the floor and bring it over to me.

1977, Harold Victor Clumeck, Studies in the Acquisition of Mandarin Phonology, page 44:

Evidence such as this argues strongly against the hypothesis that children at this age mislexicalize determiner universal quantifiers as belonging to the same surface form syntactic category as adverbs (Roeper and de Villiers 1991), since adverbs in English cannot occur between a verb and a direct object NP.

For example , this fact is problematic for the hypothesis, suggested to me at one point by Ken Drozd, that the child may have simply mislexicalized the universal quantifier as denoting a biconditional rather than a condition

1995, William Churchill Houston Philip, Event Quantification in the Acquisition of Universal Quantification, page 27:

More generally: If a sentence S1 lexically presumes a sentence S2 and S2 is false, then S1 will be heard as deviant in a particular way, viz., as mislexicalized.

2015 November, William G. Lycan, “Slurs and lexical presumption”, in Language Sciences, volume 52:

(linguistics) To lexicalize incorrectly; to assign the wrong meaning to a word or group of words.


xenism

Borrowed from French xénisme, from Ancient Greek ξενισμός (xenismós, “strangeness, novelty”).

der

Coordinate term: borrowing

The first stage is when a word from one language is used in an utterance of another language in order to create a somewhat exotic effect. At this stage, the word is not a borrowing, but rather what they term a xenism. An example of a xenism used in an English sentence would be At the harbour, we went for a sail in a gulet, where gulet is the word for a type of Turkish sail boat, which has no real equivalent in English.

2013, Mari Jones, Ishtla Singh, Exploring Language Change, Taylor & Francis, published 2005, →ISBN, page 34:

My objective was to collect all loanwords, such that this work is as complete as possible, though some words may not be commonly used by speakers of a given language that seem to be pure Arabic xenisms (see Swahili hamsa ‘five’ < ḫamsa 841).

2020 November 30, Sergio Baldi, Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, page 5

A word used in utterances of a language but generally marked as foreign.


parting phrase

A standard formula to part from a conversation.

Abschiedssatz

which uses to mean non-idiomatic sentences, too

Abschiedswort n (possibly, but this idiomatically means a whole speech for somebody who quits)


closing form

Mr. Knudson. Well, as I pointed out to Mr. Bakes when we were speaking, they are in consecutive order, Senator. I could have very easily gotten all of the numbers in consecutive order and initiated one of these forms, closing forms, to begin the process through to close the case.

1975, Oversight of Civil Aeronautics Board Practices and Procedures: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session, volume 3, U.S. Government Printing Office, page 2347:

(US) A form in an authority filled to formally document the closing a case.

Holonym: closing document

They boast over 1700 merge variables for use in word processing in order to fully customize all necessary closing forms including deeds, affidavits, payoff letters etc.

2003, K. F. Boackle, Real Estate Closing Deskbook. A Lawyer's Reference Guide & State-by-state Summary, 2nd edition, American Bar Association, →ISBN, page 323:

(US) A form used to document an important legal transaction.

(programming) A method to end an implemented functionality.


graphogram

nowhere in Sanskrit literature do we find an individual’s name, never mind an astrologer’s name, which could have served even remotely as a base form for the Arabic graphograms. […] In the face of these findings, any attempt at explaining the Arabic graphograms must proceed from the premise of their validity and integrity or, in other words, from the presumed accuracy of their transmitted forms.

2019 August 23, Oliver Kahl, “A Note on ‘Arabic’ صنجهل”, in Journal of Semitic Studies, volume 64, number 2, →DOI, pages 606–607

Thus, Manfred Ullmann (after the Sanskritist Adolf Stenzler) wants to amend the Arabic graphograms […] the Indologist Ronald Emmerick has demonstrated that solely on the basis of the Arabic graphograms and the Arabic ‘loan-translation’ of the title, the underlying Sanskrit word can only be Siddhasāra;

2015, أبو بكر محمد بن زكريا الرازي (Rhazes), edited by Oliver Kahl, The Sanskrit, Syriac and Persian Sources in the Comprehensive Book of Rhazes (كتاب الحاوي) (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies; 93), Leiden: Brill, published 2015, →ISBN, page 24:

A written inkling of a name in a writing system incompletely rendering the phonological system of a language.


variograph

I could not find a better solution than to produce comprehensive tables and to collect in them all relevant variographs for a single given term, including moreover some additional material — that way, the user of this book can hardly fail to see that the extractions of a term are due to variographies. […] let us further assume that the spelling of this name is līnū; so we go to section ‘L’, where we find, in the column of the unknown, another name, līqu; this tells us that there exists a variograph, caused by a clerical error which, in fact, could easily be worse. […] signs are ‘characters’ (aškāl) or ‘graphical forms’ (ṣuwar) which signify meaning; pronunciation and ‘linguistic verification’ (ḥaqīqā fī al-luġa) are independent of meaning and hence irrelevant for the ‘recognition of an unknown word’ (taʿarruf al-maǧhūl); different ‘manifestations’ (ḍurūb) of the same sign, each being an ‘image of the unknown’ (ṣūrat al-maǧhūl), are ‘variographs’ (iḫtilāfāt) of a fictitious core element; the latter reveals itself, and may as such be memorized, by lining up its ‘variographies’ (iḫtilāf kitābatihi) through a process of systematic ‘derivation’ (istinbāṭ) or ‘extraction’ (istiḫrāǧ) — in other words, an obscure graphical entity becomes an extrapolation of a prototype or virtual ideograph which, in turn, becomes actual by establishing its semantic correlate in the target language.

2011 June 27, Oliver Kahl, “The Pharmacological Tables of Rhazes”, in Journal of Semitic Studies, volume 56, number 2, →DOI, pages 376 and 398–399


ᵺ

(lexicography) Used in some American dictionaries for the sound /ð/, contrasting with ⟨th⟩ for /θ/.


OLD

Oxford Latin Dictionary
w:Oxford Latin Dictionary

(publishing, linguistics) Initialism of Oxford Latin Dictionary.


MWU

VT was supported by MWU’s start-up funds.

2020, Dominik D. Kaltenbach, Dinesh Jaishankar, Meng Hao, Jacob C. Beer, Michael V. Volin, Umesh R. Desai, Vaibhav Tiwari, “Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development”, in Shibashish Giri, Chandravanu Dash, editors, Epigenetic Approaches in Drug Discovery, Development and Treatment, Frontiers Media, page 35:

Add to this list my longtime friend Lori Kemper, DO, who later became an MWU dean and who also did and does mentor me still.

2021, Karen J. Nichols, Physician Leadership: The 11 Skills Every Doctor Needs to be an Effective Leader, Wiley, →ISBN, page 212:

Since 2016, she has been a full-time assistant clinical professor of Shelter Medicine at MWU, teaching multiple classes but primarily third-year electives in shelter medicine and veterinary forensics and fourth-year shelter medicine rotations.

2021, “Editors”, in Jason H. Byrd, Patricia Norris, Nancy Bradley-Siemens, editors, Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences, CRC Press:


(lexicography) Used to mark digraphs such as the consonants ⟨c͜h, n͡g, s͜h, t͜h, z͜h⟩ for IPA /t͡ʃ, ŋ, ʃ, θ, ʒ/, ⟨ᴋ͜ʜ⟩ for Scottish /x/, or the rhotic vowels ⟨a͡r, e͡r⟩ for IPA /ɑɹ, ɜɹ/.


MED

As frequent users of the MED well know, of course, the MED history of ‘misledinge’ only appears inverted if we look at dates of composition, since it is in fact manuscript date that dictates the order of quotation under any of the semantic subdivisions in any MED entry.

2001, Christopher Cannon, “The Unchangeable Word: The Dating of Manuscripts and the History of English”, in A. J. Minnis, editor, Middle English Poetry: Texts and Traditions: Essays in Honour of Derek Pearsall (York Manuscripts Conferences: Proceedings Series), York Medieval Press, →ISBN, page 2:

Make a list of the lexical (that is open-class words) in the passage, and use the OED and/or MED online to find other citations elsewhere in ME texts.

2002, Simon Horobin, Jeremy Smith, An Introduction to Middle English, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 85:

The MED evidence gives the impression that non-impersonal verbs of Pleasure/enjoyment other than lŏven cannot be strictly distinguished from the impersonal counterparts, apart from the presence or absence of impersonal use.

2015, Ayumi Miura, Middle English Verbs of Emotion and Impersonal Constructions: Verb Meaning and Syntax in Diachrony (Oxford Studies in the History of English), Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 194:

Middle English Dictionary
w:Middle English Dictionary

Initialism of Middle English Dictionary.


chrematonym

From chremato- + -onym from Ancient Greek χρῆμα (khrêma) and ὄνυμα (ónuma).

A name for an economic good, product name.


ergonym

/ˈɜː(ɹ)ɡənɪm/

A name for an organized association of people.


Prakritism

/ˈpɹɑːkɹɪtɪzəm/

/ˈpɹɑkɹɪtɪzəm/

From Prakrit + -ism; compare Prakritic, Prakritize.

¹ This constant use of sabbai in Chand may be nothing more than a Prakritism for the nom. pl. of Skr. sarvve.

1872, John Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India, volumes II: The Noun and Pronoun, Trübner and Co., page 25:

With this chapter we once more enter definitely into the sphere of Prakritism. In a considerable number of cases the variations seem to be, in fact, strictly Prakritic.

1930, Maurice Bloomfield, Franklin Edgerton, “XIV: Vocalic Liquids and Other Vowels”, in Vedic Variants: A Study of the Variant Readings in the Repeated Mantras of the Veda, volume II: Phonetics, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, page 295:

Dukūla appears to be the name of a particular kind of textile and a yarn […] Some think that the term is a Prakritism for dvikūla, that is, a cloth with two borders. This is, however, unlikely, because of the use of the term for a kind of yarn.

2020 January 2, Patrick Olivelle, “Long-distance trade in ancient India: Evidence from Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra”, in The Indian Economic and Social History Review, volume 57, number 1, SAGE, →DOI, page 39:

A (usually Sanskrit) word borrowed from a Prakrit, especially one showing the characteristic phonological developments separating the Prakrits from Sanskrit.


o͝o

w:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FOOT vowel, used i.a. in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language


o͞o

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the GOOSE vowel, used i.a. in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language


vr.

(lexicography) Abbreviation of variant reading.


superdictionary

From super- (“above, over”) + dictionary.

The law is a kind of superdictionary that knows in advance what any possible combination of words and expressions means.

1998, Harriet Murav, Russia's Legal Fictions, Ann Arbor, M.I.: University of Michigan Press, →ISBN, page 104:

Mr. [Michael] Proffitt was reluctant to place the O.E.D. at the forefront of such a project. The dictionary, he said, lacks resources to transform itself this way. Instead, he advocates a federation of reference works. "The superdictionary may be, in fact, superdictionaries," he said. "What you want is some kind of search that then sends you to the right place."

2014 January 22, Tom Rachman, “O.E.D.'s New Chief Editor Speaks of Its Future”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-06:

[…] will anyone ever have enough time and motivation to consult them all, for the entire alphabet, and thus arrive at a truly complete superdictionary?

2019, David Crystal, “The Nature of the Lexicon”, in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 129:

The current direction in Estonian lexicography is a unification of lexical resources (dictionaries and term bases) into a central superdictionary, the online public dictionary CombiDic.

2022 December 21, Geda Paulsen, Maria Tuulik, Ahti Lohk, Ene Vainik, “From verbal to adjectival: evaluating the lexicalization of participles in an Estonian corpus”, in Slovenščina 2.0, volume 10, number 1, Ljubljana: Ljubljana University Press, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 68:

(lexicography) An exceptionally comprehensive dictionary, which includes all other dictionaries.


Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary

the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary (canonical)

Coined by English linguist Rosamund Moon in a 1989 paper (see first quote).

coinage

The dictionary most cited in such cases is the UAD: the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary, usually referred to as 'the dictionary,' but very occasionally as 'my dictionary.'

1989, Rosamund Moon, “Objective or Objectionable: Ideological Aspects of Dictionaries”, in English Language Research Journal, volume 3, Birmingham, West Midlands: University of Birmingham, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 63; quoted in Words Words Words, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 2010, →ISBN, pages 5–6:

The individual lexicographer has ceded power to the team, the computerised corpus has come to stand side by side with, if not actually to replace, the readers of earlier research, but what has been termed the 'Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary' is still the court of last resort.

1996, Jonathon Green, Chasing the Sun: Dictionary-Makers and the Dictionaries They Made, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN, page 11:

This war ended with the death of both men and their replacement by Johnson as authors of the "Unidentified Authorising Dictionary".

1996 March 24, David Honigmann, “Abecedarians in the war of the words”, in The Independent, London: Independent Digital News & Media Ltd, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-07:

Have you hear^([sic]) of the Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary?

2004 June 22, Raymond S. Wise, “tarot”, in alt.english.usage (Usenet):

The reference here, certainly, is to a generic compilation, not to any specific collection. This is the 'Unidentified Authorizing Dictionary' identified by Rosamund Moon, and the purpose for which it might be consulted is decidedly utilitarian.

2018, Elizabeth Knowles, 'And I Quote...', Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 52:

(lexicography, humorous) A fictional supremely authoritative dictionary, supposed to be referenced by laypeople in discussions of "the dictionary".


o̱

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨o⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the STRUT vowel, as in the word "son".


(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a͟i and c͟h.


(lexicography) Marks a vowel as a schwa.

(lexicography) A partially or optionally reduced vowel, e.g. fa᷵‧tal′i‧ty, de᷵‧pend′, pro᷵‧pose′, for′mu᷵‧late.


dictionaryese

/ˈdɪkʃəˌnəɹɪˈiːz/

/ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛɹiˈiz/

From dictionary + -ese (suffix denoting jargon used in a particular context).

af

-ese<pos:suffix denoting jargon used in a particular context>

For a concise dictionary the extent of the German vocabulary dealt with is commendable and fairly searching spot-checks in many fields have shown no serious gaps, but an English reviewer must be forgiven for commenting on the ‘dictionaryese’ of some of the English renderings.

1962, D. F. S. Scott, “Langenscheidts Handwörterbuch Deutsch–Englisch. Langenscheidt’s Concise Dictionary German–English. (Second Edition, Berlin 1960; pp. 672; published in England by Methuen; 17s. 6d.) [book review]”, in The Durham University Journal, volume LIV (New Series, volume XXIII), Durham, County Durham: Senate of the University of Durham, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-29, page 86:

'Cause to die' is immediately recognizable as dictionaryese, which is to say that dictionaries do not, in general, honor the condition that definitions must be couched in the syntax of surface English.

1975, Jerry A[lan] Fodor, “The Structure of the Internal Code: Some Linguistic Evidence”, in The Language of Thought, New York, N.Y.: Thomas Y[oung] Crowell Company, →ISBN, page 127:

Such an approach has two immediate advantages: it disposes of the need to present what is not fact as fact; and it goes some way to seeing off the need to employ dictionaryese, the crabbed and clipped prose-style that, in many reference-books, only ossifies its subject-matter.

1981, Justin Wintle, “Introduction”, in Justin Wintle, editor, Makers of Modern Culture, New York, N.Y.: Facts on File, →ISBN, page xvi:

Oxford American’s usage notes are among the best I’ve found: clear, consistent, sensibly prescriptive, and up-to-date (it’s the only dictionary to acknowledge that “nonplussed” is frequently misused to mean “unperturbed”). Its rendering of slang into dictionaryese—“shake one's booty” is defined as “dance energetically”—is a thing of beauty.

2003 December 4, YiLing Chen-Josephson, “Word Up”, in Slate, New York, N.Y.: The Slate Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

If I were defining "hella" without using substitutability, I would probably come up with something long-winded and full of dictionaryese, like "to an excessive degree."

2017, Kory Stamper, “Surfboard: On Defining”, in Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries, New York, N.Y.: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, page 103:

<https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sodomy> runs down to "Sexual intercourse that is not the union of the genital organs of a man and a woman", but in dictionaryese that /could/ mean one specific sexual intercourse that they're choosing not to describe.

2019 January 14, Robert Carnegie, “Homosexuality is more acceptable to atheists, than theists”, in alt.atheism (Usenet):

(informal) The style of language used in dictionary definitions, characterized by dry, straightforward, and occasionally awkward phrasing.


(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a᷍a, a᷍i, a᷍u, e᷍e, e᷍i, e᷍u, o᷍i.


(lexicography) Used to mark the digraph ⟨oo⟩ as having its 'long' sound: ⟨o͞o⟩ /uː/.

(lexicography, dated) Ties together the pronunciation-key digraphs a͞a, a͞e, a͞o, e͞w, c͞i, s͞i, t͞h, t͞i.


(lexicography) Used to mark the digraph ⟨oo⟩ as having its 'short' sound: ⟨o͝o⟩ /ʊ/.


k͟h

(lexicography) Indicates the Scottish or unassimilated German /x/ – e.g. \lôk͟h\ for loch or \bâk͟h\ for Bach.


c̣

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨c⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /s/, as in the word "celestial".


ǣ

close front unrounded vowel
w:close front unrounded vowel

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨æ⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as representing the close front unrounded vowel /i/.


ȳ

(lexicography) An orthographic ⟨y⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "lyre".


ᴋ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴋʜ⟩ or ⟨ᴋ͜ʜ⟩ for Scottish and unassimilated German /x/ – e.g. \lôᴋ͜ʜ\ for loch or \bâᴋ͜ʜ\ for Bach.


ᴛ

(lexicography) Used in the digraphs ⟨ᴛʜ⟩ and ⟨ᴛ͟ʜ⟩ for the sounds /θ/ and /ð/.


ᴄ

(lexicography) Used in the digraph ⟨ᴄʜ⟩ for the /t͡ʃ/ sound.


u̇

(lexicography) A dictionary transcription for the FOOT vowel

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨u⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the NURSE vowel, as in the word "turn".


y̆

(lexicography) An orthographic ⟨y⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the KIT vowel, as in the word "typical".


c͟h

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨c⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /k/, as in the word "character".


s͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨si⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʒ/, as in the word "division".


c͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ci⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʃ/, as in the word "delicious".


t͞i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ti⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /ʃ/, as in the word "attraction".


t͞h

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨th⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the consonant /t/, as in the name "Thomas" (capitalized T͞homas).


a᷍u

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨au⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the THOUGHT vowel, as in the word "maul".


e᷍u

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨eu⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the USE vowel, as in the word "neuter".


e͞w

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ew⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the USE vowel, as in the word "lewd".


e᷍e

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ee⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FLEECE vowel, as in the word "heed".


e᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨i⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "fine".


o᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨oi⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the CHOICE vowel, as in the word "oil".


a᷍i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ai⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the PRICE vowel, as in the word "aisle".


a͞a

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the TRAP vowel, as in the word "am".


a͞o

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨o⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the GOAT vowel, as in the word "alone".


a᷍a

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨a⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the SQUARE vowel, as in the word "fare".


a͟i

(lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨ai⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FACE vowel, as in the word "hail".


aspectual pair

(grammar, lexicography) Pair of verbs that have the same meaning but differ in aspect.


Nic.Dam.

Nic.Dam. = Nicolaus Damascenus

1940, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie, A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: at the Clarendon Press, frontmatter, §: V. General List of Abbreviations:

Nicolaus Damascenus
w:Nicolaus of Damascus

(bibliography and lexicography) Abbreviation of Nicolaus Damascenus.


lexical resource

en-noun

lexical resource (plural lexical resources)

computational linguistics
computational linguistics

(computational linguistics) A linguistic asset comprising information about the words and their meanings within one or more languages.


ᴄʜ

(lexicography) Used for the /t͡ʃ/ sound.


diatechnical

a diatechnical usage label

According to Hausmann (1977, Ch. 8), lexically relevant units can receive — typically by means of labels or usage notes — any or all of the following types of diasystematic marking: diachronic (e.g. archaic, neologism); diatopic (e.g. American English for elevator 'lift', British English for loo); diaintegrative for foreign borrowings used in English (e.g. German for Weltanschauung); diastratic (e.g. informal for loo, formal for perambulator); diaconnotative (e.g. from Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (W9), often used disparagingly for dyke); diatechnical (e.g. law for tort, anatomy for clavicle; diafrequential (e.g. rare); dianormative (e.g. substandard for ain't).

1991, “Lexicography”, in Kirsten Malmkjær, editor, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 295, column 2:

In order to apply linguistic and semiotic analysis to conquering the territory of the new media, it is suggested that the sociolinguistic model be integrated with a fifth axis of variation, the diatechnical axis.

2015, Domenico Fiormonte, Teresa Numerico, Francesca Tomasi, translated by Desmond Schmidt and Christopher Ferguson, The Digital Humanist: A Critical Inquiry, New York, N.Y.: Punctum Books, page 112:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to how language is used across particular technical fields.


diasystematic

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language is used across different fields and contexts.


diaintegrative

a diaintegrative usage label

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which multiple languages are integrated with one another.


diaconnotative

a diaconnotative usage label

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a particular term may have different connotations in different situations.


diafrequential

a diafrequential usage label

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a term's frequency may vary across different contexts and situations.


dianormative

a dianormative usage label

The eschewing of Grantha letters despite their widespread use in modern Tamil, and the unnecessary diastratic and dianormative labelling of many common items as 'non-standard', echo traditional views that the language needs to be 'protected' against the innovations of ordinary everyday speech.

2000, Gregory James, Colporuḷ: A History of Tamil Dictionaries, Chennai: Cre-A, →ISBN, page 266:

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which a term's perceived correctness may vary across different contexts and situations.


dictionarize

en-verb

dictionarize (third-person singular simple present dictionarizes, present participle dictionarizing, simple past and past participle dictionarized)

dictionarizes (present singular third-person)
dictionarizing (participle present)
dictionarized (participle past)
dictionarized (past)

The word dictionarize has been dictionarized on Wiktionary.

Our starting point will be data obtained by the Antenas Neológicas Network! (https://www.upf.edu/web/antenas), whose representation in three different lexicographic tools will be analyzed with the purpose of identifying problems in the methodology used to dictionarize — that is, how and what words were selected to be included in dictionaries and how they were represented in their entries — neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic (sources and corpora of analysis, selection criteria, types of definition, among other aspects).

2022, Andreína Adelstein, Victoria de los Ángeles Boschiroli, “Spanish neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic: Changing criteria for their inclusion and representation in dictionaries”, in Annette Klosa-Kückelhaus, Ilan Kernerman, editors, Lexicography of Coronavirus-Related Neologisms (Lexicographica; 163), Berlin: De Gruyter, page 94:

(transitive) To add (something) to a dictionary.


Pherecr.

πολύτῡρος, ον, with much cheese, Pherecr. Περσ. 1. 7.

1883, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, edited by Henry Drisler, A Greek–English Lexicon, seventh edition, New York: Harper & Brothers, page 1251/1, s.v. πολύτῡρος:

(bibliography and lexicography) Abbreviation of Pherecrates.

Phérécr.

abbreviation of (the equivalent of) Pherecrates


Cetacea, ⸟n (that is, cetacean)

(lexicography) equivalent to ⟨~⟩, but indicates that in the derivation the headword changes from uppercase to lowercase.


(lexicography) equivalent to ⟨~⟩, but indicates that in the derivation the headword changes from lowercase to uppercase.


Daijirin

Daijirin (canonical)
the Daijirin (canonical)

Borrowed from Japanese 大辞林(だいじりん) (Daijirin, literally “Great Forest of Words”).

ja-r

Although synonyms, tasogare and kawatare, the Daijirin informs us, took up a popular pseudodivision of labor: tasogare came to refer to the evening phenomenon and kawatare came to refer to its morning counterpart.

2000 January 17, Gerald Figal, Civilization and Monsters: Spirits of Modernity in Meiji Japan (Asia-Pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society), Duke University Press, →ISBN, page 223:

Relatively recent dictionaries such as Sanseedoo gendai kokugo jiten (first published in 1988), Daijirin (1988), and Daijisen (1995) have included usage labels and supplemental notes from their first editions.[…]Daijirin’s notes concerning usage were also eliminated from its second edition, demonstrating that some revisions represent changes for the worse.

2004 October 28, Janet S. Shibamoto Smith, Shigeko Okamoto, Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People (Studies in Language and Gender), Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 175:

More recently, websites such as Yahoo and Infoseek have begun to provide free Web dictionary services, in which major unabridged monolingual dictionaries such as Dai jirin^([sic]) (大辞林 233 000 entries) and Dai jisen^([sic]) (大辞泉 220 000 entries) can be accessed via the Web.

2005 November 24, Keith Brown, Ronald E. Asher, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 9676:

A comprehensive single-volume Japanese dictionary edited by Akira Matsumura and first published in 1988 by Sanseidō.


diamesic

(lexicography) Concerned with or relating to the ways in which language varies across forms of communication.


old use

“ere” is an old use word which means “before”.

(linguistics, lexicography) A word which is not used anymore in the current time.