helm

The noun is derived from Middle English helm, helme (“tiller of a ship”), from Old English helma (“helm, tiller”), from Proto-Germanic *helmô (“handle; helm, tiller”), either from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”) or from the same source as haulm and helm (“bentgrass, straw”) (see below), Proto-Indo-European *ḱélh₂-m(on)- (“reed, hollow stalk”), one form of which then developed a specialized meaning “handle” in Germanic.
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
* German Holm (“beam”)
* Old Norse hjálm

m+

Ye this is both helme & stern of al together: & that which they contended right sore to impugn, but loue of the truth, wherwith in this poynte I reckened me wel fēsed, wold not suffer me to apply & yeld to their wil, thinking, quod sanctū erat veritatē preferre amicitiæ, that the truth ought to be preferred before al frendship & amitye, & also, Si dextra manus scandalizet deberet prescidi & abijci.

1563 March 30 (Gregorian calendar), John Lambert, “The History of Master Ihon Lābert otherwise Called Nycolson, wyth the Actes and Processe of King Henrye the VIII. and the Byshops agaynst Hym, by whome He was Condempned and Burned at London. Anno. 1538.”, in John Foxe, Actes and Monuments of These Latter and Perillous Dayes, […], London: […] Iohn Day, […], →OCLC, book III, page [599]:

Nor is this vveather rare about the Æquinoctiall; by Mariners termed the Tornadoes: and tis ſo vncertaine, that novv you ſhall haue a quiet breath and gale, and ſuddenly an vnexpected violent guſt, and ſtorme, ſo fierce, that many times the ſhips vvill feele no helme.

1634, T[homas] H[erbert], “An Itinerarie of Some Yeares Trauaile, through Diuers Parts of Asia and Afrike, with the Description of the Orientall Indies, and Some Iles Adjacent. Especially the Territories of the Now Persian Monarchie: Included betwixt Mesopotamia, Indus, and the Caspian Sea”, in A Relation of Some Yeares Trauaile, Begunne Anno 1626. into Afrique and the Greater Asia, […], London: […] William Stansby, and Jacob Bloome, →OCLC, page 5:

Fair laughs the Morn, and ſoft the Zephyr blovvs, / VVhile proudly riding o'er the azure realm / In gallant trim the gilded Veſſel goes; / Youth on the provv, and Pleaſure at the helm; […]

1755–1757 (date written), [Thomas] Gray, “Ode VI. The Bard. Pindaric.”, in The Poems of Mr. Gray. […], York, Yorkshire: […] A[nn] Ward; and sold by J[ames] Dodsley, […]; and J[ohn] Todd, […], published 1775, →OCLC, stanza II.2, page 31:

(nautical) The tiller (or, in a large ship, the wheel) which is used to control the rudder of a marine vessel; also, the entire steering apparatus of a vessel.

دَفَّة

tiller (or, in a large ship, the wheel) which is used to control the rudder of a marine vessel; entire steering apparatus of a vessel

(nautical) The member of a vessel's crew in charge of steering the vessel; a helmsman or helmswoman.

рулявы́

member of a vessel’s crew in charge of steering the vessel — see also helmsman, helmswoman

[Y]ou ſlander / The Helmes o'th State: vvho care for you like Fathers, / VVhen you curſe them, as Enemies.

c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 1, column 2:

One in the position of controlling or directing; a controller, a director, a guide.


helm

From Middle English helm (“helmet; crown of thorns of Jesus; warrior; inn or shop sign”) [and other forms], from Old English helm (“helmet”), from Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz (“protective covering”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelmos, from the root *ḱel- (“to cover”). Doublet of heaume and related to helmet.
Cognates
* Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 (hilms)
* Old Frisian helm (West Frisian helm)
* Old High German helm (Middle High German helm, modern German Helm; Italian elmo; Old French helme, modern French heaume; Spanish yelmo)
* Old Norse hjalmr (Danish hjelm, Norwegian hjelm, Swedish hjelm)
* Old Saxon helm (Low German Helm, Middle Dutch helm, modern Dutch helm)

inh

(Northern England) A shelter for cattle or other farm animals; a hemmel, a shed.


helm

en-noun

helm (countable and uncountable, plural helms)

The noun is possibly:
* a variant of haulm; or
* from its etymon Middle English halm, helm, Early Middle English healm (“straw, stubble; stalk (?); handle of a tool or weapon”) [and other forms], from Old English healm (“stalk of a grass or plant; hay, straw, stubble”) or an unattested variant *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz (see Proto-West Germanic *helm) or *halmaz (“stalk of a grass or plant; hay, straw”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to prick, stab, stick”).
The verb is either derived from the noun, or is possibly a variant of yelm.
(Cognates):
Dutch helm (“haulm”); helm, hellem, hellim (“straw”) (dialectal)
Low German helm (“haulm”) (hallem (Heligoland), halm (Holstein))

col

Cognates

(countable) A stalk of corn, or (uncountable) stalks of corn collectively (that is, straw), especially when bundled together or laid out straight to be used for thatching roofs.


rabbi

en-noun

rabbi (plural rabbis or (archaic) rabbies)

rabbis (plural)
rabbies (archaic plural)

From Middle English raby, from Ecclesiastical Latin rabbi, and its source Koine Greek ῥαββί (rhabbí), from (post-Tanakh) Hebrew רַבִּי (rabbi, “my master”), from רַב (rav, “master [of]”) + ־י (-i, “me”). Compare late Old English rabbi. Doublet of rebbe.

suffix

Next, R. Moskowitz brings us to the Slonimer Rebbe, a late 20th century Hasidic rabbi, who taught that the evil of Esav was that very sense of completion, the self-perception that he had no need for growth or further transformation.

2019, Rachel Timoner, “Book Review: Textual Activism by Rabbi Mike Moskowitz”, in Tikkun:

A Jewish scholar or teacher of halacha (Jewish law), capable of making halachic decisions.

A Jew who is the leader or is qualified to be the leader of a Jewish congregation.

Hoskins? He doesn't have a better rabbi in the department than that?

2006 September 17, David Mills, “Soft Eyes”, in The Wire, season 4, episode 2, spoken by Clarence Royce (Glynn Turman):

If I'm ever gonna make Captain, I need a good mentor. I need my rabbi.

2013 September 17, Dan Goor, Michael Schur, “Pilot”, in Brooklyn Nine-Nine, season 1, episode 1, spoken by Amy Santiago (Melissa Fumero):

(law enforcement, slang) A senior officer who acts as a mentor.


lieutenant general

en-noun

lieutenant general (plural lieutenant generals or lieutenants general)

lieutenant generals (plural)
lieutenants general (plural)

A commissioned officer in the British Army or Royal Marines or the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, or United States Air Force, ranked above a major general and below a general.

գեներալ-լեյտենանտ

an officer above major general and below general


sewer

From Middle English seware, seuere, from Anglo-Norman asseour, from Old French asseoir (“find a seat for”), from Latin assidēre, present active participle of assideō (“attend to”), from ad (“to, towards, at”) + sedeō (“sit”).

While the Saxon was plunged in these painful reflections, the door of their prison opened, and gave entrance to a sewer, holding his white rod of office.

1819 December 20 (indicated as 1820), Walter Scott, chapter VII, in Ivanhoe; a Romance. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC, pages 116–117:

His nephew Charles, meanwhile, had grown up in the royal household, working as a sewer, or waiter.

2011, Thomas Penn, Winter King, Penguin, published 2012, page 287

(historical) An official in charge of a princely household, also responsible for the ceremonial task of attending at dinners, seating the guests and serving dishes.


sewer

Up under the roof three men are making boys’ jackets at twenty cents a piece, of which the sewer takes eight, the ironer three, the finisher five cents, and the buttonhole-maker two and a quarter, leaving a cent and three-quarters to pay for the drumming up, the fetching and bringing back of the goods.

1890, Jacob A[ugust] Riis, “The Sweaters of Jewtown”, in How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC, pages 131–132:


husbandman

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-husbandman.wav

From Middle English husbandman, husbondman, equivalent to husband + -man.

The xviii day of May in the fourth yeare of the Raigne of the kinge most excellent Monarche and in the year of our lord god 1606 I Thomas Knages of Lythe within the county of york husbandman sicke in body but whole in mynde and in perfect remembrance praised be to god do make and ordayne this my last will and testament in manner and forme following . . -

1606, Thomas Knages, The last will and testament of Thomas Knages (1533-1606):

1684 Thomas Tusser, born at Riven-hall, was successively a Musician, School-master, Serving-man, and a Speculative Husbandman; - Anglorum Speculum: Or The Worthies of England, in Church and State - Thomas Fuller

Valiant Wisdom tilling and draining; escorted by owl-eyed Pedantry, by owlish and vulturish and many other forms of Folly; — the valiant husbandman assiduously tilling; the blind greedy enemy too assiduously sowing tares!

1843 April, Thomas Carlyle, “ch. XVII, The beginnings”, in Past and Present, American edition, Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, published 1843, →OCLC, book II (The Ancient Monk):

The husbandman must labour before he receives the fruits

The 'respected chaste female' is actorialized as a chopping, female husbandman …

1995, Louise Schleiner, Cultural Semiotics, Spenser, and the Captive Woman:

(dated) a person who raises crops and tends animals; a farmer


dealer

From Middle English delare, from Old English dǣlere, from Proto-West Germanic [Term?]. By surface analysis, deal + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Deeler, West Frisian dieler, Dutch deler, German Teiler, Swedish delare.

That used car dealer gave me a great deal on my 1962 rusted-out Volkswagen bug!

One who deals in goods, especially automobiles; a middleman.

تَاجِر

one who deals in things, e.g. automobiles

It's true that all the men you knew were dealers
 Who said they were through with dealing

1967, Leonard Cohen (lyrics and music), “The Stranger Song”, in Songs of Leonard Cohen:

A drug dealer, one who peddles illicit drugs.

Dealt a decisive blow, Newman himself becomes a vengeful dealer of blows, perpetuating the repetitive cycle of repression and eruption […]

2018, Kate Stanley, Practices of Surprise in American Literature after Emerson, page 90:


cobbler

→ Irish: caibléir

Inherited from Middle English cobeler, cobelere (“mender of shoes, cobbler”) [and other forms]; further origin unknown. The word appears to be derived from an early form of cobble (“to mend roughly, patch; (specifically) to mend shoes, especially roughly”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns), but is attested much earlier than the verb which suggests that the verb may be a back-formation from cobbler.
Sense 2 (“sheep left to the end to be sheared”) is a pun on cobbler’s last (“tool for shaping or preserving the shape of shoes”); while sense 3 (“clumsy workman”) is derived from cobble + -er: see above.

suffix

the cobbler always wears the worst shoes

the cobbler's children are the worst shod

This honest Cobler has done what he might: / That Statesmen in their Shoes might walk upright. / But rotten Shoes of Spannish running-leather: / No Coblers skill, can stitch them strong together.

1647, Jerome Bellamie, “Postscript”, in Theodore de la Guard [pseudonym; Nathaniel Ward], The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America. […], London: […] J[ohn] D[ever] & R[obert] I[bbitson] for Stephen Bowtell, […], →OCLC; The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America (Force’s Collection of Historical Tracts; vol. III, no. 8), 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: […] Daniel Henchman, […]; [Washington, D.C.: W. Q. Force], 1713 (1844 printing), →OCLC, page 58:

[W]hat would they think of a French cobler cutting ſhoes for ſeveral of his fellow-ſubjects out of an old apple-tree?

1710 February 21 (Gregorian calendar), Joseph Addison, “The Free-holder: No. 15. Friday, February 10. [1710.]”, in The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq; […], volume IV, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], published 1721, →OCLC, page 414:

All honeſt jogg trotmen, who go on ſmoothly and dully, and write hiſtory and politics, and are praiſed; and who, had they been bred coblers, would all their lives have only mended ſhoes, but never made them.

1766, [Oliver Goldsmith], “The History of a Philosophic Vagabond, Pursuing Novelty, but Losing Content”, in The Vicar of Wakefield: […], volume I, Salisbury, Wiltshire: […] B. Collins, for F[rancis] Newbery, […], →OCLC, page 5:

A person who repairs, and sometimes makes, shoes.


cobbler

Fished for cobblers in the evening. The warbler sings its night-song.

1831 November 10, George Fletcher Moore, “The Journey”, in Martin Doyle, editor, Extracts from the Letters and Journals of George Fletcher Moore, Esq. […], London: Orr and Smith, […]; Dublin: W. Curry, Jun. & Co. […], published 1834, →OCLC, page 122:

The South Australian catfish (Cnidoglanis macrocephalus), a species of catfish native to Australia which has dorsal and pectoral fins bearing sharp, venomous spines.

The soldier or South Australian cobbler (Gymnapistes marmoratus), a brown fish native to southern Australian estuaries which is not closely related to Cnidoglanis macrocephalus, but also has venemous spines on its dorsal and pectoral fins.


strapper

From strap + -er, principally strap + -er (agent noun suffix). The sense referring to a poorly producing milk cow (from strap + -er) came from a dialectal sense of the verb strap as a troponym of milk: not even the most skilful milking action could coax enough milk from the udder.

A person who works with straps, as on leather goods.

I was, however, but a very brief period employed as a strapper, as from the care and pains which I took in cleaning and watering the horses they soon mended in their jaded, worn-out appearance, for they were regularly fed, because I was regularly sober, a state, I have been informed, in which my predecessor was never in after mid-day.

1835, The Veterinarian: A Monthly Journal of Veterinary Science:

On large establishments a head-man superintends the strappers, and the general management of the horses.

A boy was called a strapper because when you cleaned and dressed a horse properly, you had a nice flat towel, and you used to hit them on all the muscles.

2011, Jan Wositzky, Me & Phar Lap: The Remarkable Life of Tommy Woodcock:

One who straps horses; now, specifically, someone employed to attend and groom racehorses.

“Nabla, Nabla,” says he, “them was the true words of Father Luke's when he said them would lend him a strapper would be repaid twofold. Here comes our own strapper back to us in company with a brave lump of a bullockeen. Faith,” says he, “Father Luke, you're the man for my money, and if ever ye want a strapper again, just tip me the word, and I'll go bail ye'll not want one long; and if ye want two, why, I'll steal one for ye.”

1905, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine: A Popular Journal of General Literature:

(archaic) A cow which yields a small amount of milk.

(electronics) A wire that joins two light switches so that a light can be turned off or on from either switch.


inspector

→ Japanese: インスペクター (insupekutā)

Borrowed from Latin īnspector, from īnspiciō.

(law enforcement) A police officer ranking below superintendent.


trotter

From Middle English trottere, equivalent to trot + -er.

Charlie kept telling himself that Eddie Gillespie was the great runner, while he was just a quick trotter.

2013, Stephen Dobyns, Saratoga Bestiary:

... empiricism “A lame cripple going along the right road can overtake a trotter if the latter is running along the wrong road. Moreover, the faster the trotter runs, once having lost the path, the further he lags behind the cripple”.[…]

2013 October 22, D. Ter Haar, Collected Papers of P.L. Kapitza: Volume 3, volume 3, Elsevier, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 174:

The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on a certain afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 58:

In harness racing, a horse with a gait in which the front and back legs on opposite sides take a step together alternating with the other set of opposite legs; as opposed to a pacer.

One of these proprietors is a magistrate of Oxfordshire, another a justice of the peace for Berkshire, and Stewart, who was a tailor's trotter, originally, was lately high sherriff ^([sic]) of his county.

1830, William Cobbett, Eleven Lectures on the French and Belgian Revolutions, page 8:

(UK, historical) A tailor's assistant who goes around to receive orders.


peddler

From Middle English pedlere, pedlare, pedeler, alteration of Middle English peddere (“hawker, peddler”), of uncertain origin. Compare Medieval Latin pedārius, from Latin pedāre (“to furnish with feet; prop up”).


prescriptivist

The plutocratic tone and styptic wit of Safire and Newman and the best of the Prescriptivists is often modeled after the mandarin-Brit personas of Eric Partridge and H. W. Fowler, the same Twin Towers of scholarly Prescriptivism whom Garner talks about revering as a kid.

2001 April, David Foster Wallace, “Tense Present: Democracy, English, and the Wars over Usage”, in Harper's Magazine:

(linguistics) Someone who lays down rules regarding language usage, or who believes that traditional norms of language usage should be upheld.


fence

en-noun

fence (countable and uncountable, plural fences)

→ Pennsylvania German: Fens

From Middle English fence, fens, short for defence, defens (“the act of defending”), from Old French defens, defense (see defence).
The sense "enclosure" arises in the mid 15th century.
Also from the 15th century is use as a verb in the sense "to enclose with a fence". The generalized sense "to defend, screen, protect" arises ca. 1500. The sense "to fight with swords (rapiers)" is from the 1590s (Shakespeare).
Displaced native Old English heġe (compare Modern English hedge).

the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence

(slang) A person who purchases and sells stolen goods or property.


umpire

From a Middle English rebracketing of a noumpere as an oumpere, from Old French nonper (“odd number, not even (as a tie-breaking arbitrator)”), from non (“not”) + per (“equal”), from Latin par (“equal”). Doublet of nonpareil.

съдия

an official who oversees a game or match

An official who presides over a sports match.

(tennis, badminton) The official who presides over a tennis match sat on a high chair.

(cricket) One of the two white-coated officials who preside over a cricket match.

The umpire called the pitch a strike.

(baseball) One of the officials who preside over a baseball game.

The umpire must keep on his toes as the play often occurs around him.

(American football) The official who stands behind the line on the defensive side or next to the referee on the offensive side.

Australian rules football
Australian rules football

(Australian rules football) A match official on the ground deciding and enforcing the rules during play. As of 2007 the Australian Football League uses three; in the past there were two or just one. The other officials, the goal umpires and boundary umpires, are usually referred to by those phrases.

(curling) The official who presides over a curling game.


Taoiseach

en-noun

Taoiseach (plural Taoiseachs or Taoisigh)

Borrowed from Irish Taoiseach (“chieftain, leader; prime minister of Ireland”).
The plural form Taoisigh is borrowed from Irish Taoisigh.

bor

Article 28. […] 5. 1º The head of the Government, or Prime Minister, shall be called, and is in this Constitution referred to as, the Taoiseach. 2º The Taoiseach shall keep the President generally informed on matters of domestic and international policy.

1937 July 1 (date ratified), “The Government”, in The Constitution of Erin, Ireland, San Francisco, Calif.: Russell Quinn, published [1938?], →OCLC, page 22:

To cope with the situation created at home by the war so close at hand, an Taoiseach (Prime Minister [Éamon] de Valera) rearranged his cabinet and formed a Ministry of Supplies under one of his ablest men.

1940 December 7, Arthur W. Bromage, Mary C. Bromage, “Ireland—What Now?”, in The Michigan Alumnus: Quarterly Review: A Journal of University Perspectives, volume XLVII, number 10, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Alumni Association of the University of Michigan, →OCLC, page 208:

The only leader of the 1916 Easter rebellion to escape hanging, [Éamon d]e Valera lost the civil war, then won elections that made him taoiseach (prime minister) for 19 years.

1954 May 31, “The Taoiseach Falls: De Valera Nears the End of Long Political Trail”, in Henry R[obinson] Luce, editor, Life, volume 36, number 22, Chicago, Ill., New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29, column 1:

The Constitution of Ireland, art. 13, requires that the President of Ireland, the formal head of state, appoints the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) on the nomination of the Dáil Eireann (a popular elected legislative Chamber of Deputies). Ther same provision also requires that the President appoints the other members of the government on the nomination of the Taoiseach with the previous approval of the Dáil.

1983 October, Law Library, Library of Congress, “Time Span between Election or Selection of an Official and the Subsequent Taking of Office in Various Foreign Countries [Ireland]”, in Commencement of Terms of Office of the President and Members of Congress: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session on S.J. Res. 71: A Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relative to the Commencement of the Terms of Office of the President, Vice President, and Members of Congress […] (Serial No. J-98-113), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published 24 April 1984, →OCLC, page 42:

So what if they didn't have their Christmas Eve drinks party with the two Taoiseachs? They would have the satisfaction of knowing they could have.

1993, Mary Breasted, chapter 12, in Why Should You Doubt Me Now?, New York, N.Y.: Farrar Straus Giroux, →ISBN, page 50:

Although Taoisigh insist that choices are based on merit and capacity, they show a remarkable tendency to surround themselves with loyalists.

1994, Brian Farrell, “The Political Role of Cabinet Ministers in Ireland”, in Michael Laver, Kenneth A. Shepsle, editors, Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government (The Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 81:

Despite the attacks, 'the boss', as [Charles] Haughey was to become known, was elected taoiseach by 82 votes to 62. However, he was a taoiseach with strong opposition from within his own party.

2003, Dermot Keogh, “Ireland, 1972–84”, in J[acqueline] R. Hill, editor, A New History of Ireland, volumes VII (Ireland 1921–84), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 379:

Under normal circumstances, when a Taoiseach 'advises' the President to dissolve the Dáil and thereby bring about a general election, the President is bound to accede to this. However, the President, in the words of Article 13.2.2 [of the Constitution of Ireland], 'may in his absolute discretion refuse to dissolve Dáil Éireann on the advice of a Taoiseach who has ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann'.

2010, Michael Gallagher, “The Oireachtas: President and Parliament”, in John Coakley, Michael Gallagher, editors, Politics in the Republic of Ireland, 5th edition, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Routledge in association with PSAI Press, →ISBN, part II (Representative Democracy at Work), page 200:

For three centuries, the fabled Round Room in Dublin's Mansion House has been the site of some of Ireland's most important gatherings. British monarchs and Irish taoiseachs, a Catholic pope and a Protestant terrorist, all have walked its halls.

2010, David J. Lynch, “Money is Just Evidence”, in When the Luck of the Irish Ran Out: The World’s Most Resilient Country and Its Struggle to Rise Again, New York, N.Y., Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, page 175:

He [Charles Haughey] was determined to seize the initiative, to paint a picture of a taoiseach forging ahead with a bold new strategy in relation to Northern Ireland – a leader, driven by an inner crusade to transform the landscape of Anglo-Irish relations.

2016, Stephen Kelly, “The Haughey—Thatcher Relationship: The Anglo-Irish Summit Meeting, May 1980”, in ‘A Failed Political Entity’: Charles Haughey and the Northern Ireland Question 1945–1992, Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland: Merrion Press, →ISBN, page 149:

Everyone in the UK and Ireland should be afraid of a no-deal Brexit, the Irish taoiseach said, after he was accused of engaging in “Project Fear mark two”.

2019 August 1, Kevin Rawlinson, “Leo Varadkar: ‘We should all be afraid of a no-deal Brexit’”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-26:

Well, I was there from 1973 to 1993, working directly with five different taoisigh, at different times, of course, as secretary to the government, or Cabinet Secretary in Robert [Armstrong]'s terms—from Sunningdale to the Downing Street Declaration.

2020, John Coakley, Jennifer Todd, quoting Dermot Nally, “The Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985”, in Negotiating a Settlement in Northern Ireland, 1969–2019, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 173:

Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth of Nations

(Irish politics) The head of the government of Ireland, comparable to a prime minister of a Commonwealth of Nations country.


bowler

(bowling) One who engages in the sport of bowling.

(cricket) A player selected mainly for their bowling ability.

syöttäjä

cricket: player selected mainly for his bowling ability


bowler

From the name of the hatmakers Thomas and William Bowler, associated with early production.

“One marble hall, with staircase complete, one butler and three flunkeys to receive a retired sojer who dares to ring the bell. D'you know, old boy, I gave my bowler to the butler, whangee to one flunkey, gloves to another, and there was the fourth poor blighter looking like an orphan at a Mothers' Meeting. …"

1929, Baldwyn Dyke Acland, chapter 2, in Filibuster:

A bowler hat; a round black hat formerly popular among British businessmen.


clerk

From Middle English clerc, from Old English clerc, from Late Latin clēricus (“priest, clergyman, cleric”, also generally “learned man, clerk”), from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós, “of the clergy”, adj. in church jargon), from κλῆρος (klêros, “lot, inheritance”, originally “shard used in casting lots”). Doublet of cleric.

der

One who occupationally provides assistance by working with records, accounts, letters, etc.; an office worker.

The chief legal advisor of a legislature or legislative chamber, who is usually also responsible for keeping minutes of sittings.


thinker

/ˈθɪŋ.kə(ɹ)/

From Middle English thinkere, equivalent to think + -er. Compare West Frisian tinker (“thinker”), Dutch denker (“thinker”), German Denker (“thinker”), Danish tænker (“thinker”), Swedish tänkare (“thinker”).

The doer and the thinker
No allowance for the other.

1972, “Thick As A Brick”, Ian Anderson (lyrics), performed by Jethro Tull:

One who spends time thinking, contemplating or meditating.


statesman

From state + -s- + -man, modelled after French homme d’État.

A male political leader who promotes the public good or who is recognized for probity, leadership, or the qualities necessary to govern a state.


jackaroo

Obscure. Possibly from an Aboriginal term meaning ‘wandering white man’.

But this is the tale of a Jackaroo that came from a foreign strand, / And the fight that he fought with Saltbush Bill, the King of the Overland.

1895, A. B. Paterson, Saltbush Bill: The Man from Snowy River and Other Verses, page 37:

A Jackeroo lived, as a kind of gentleman apprentice, in the squatter′s or manager′s homestead, not in the men′s huts; but most of his daily work was done side by side with the working ‘hands’.

1964, Russel Braddock Ward, The Penguin Book of Australian Ballads, page 86:

Frequently the overseer would come to me and say a certain jackeroo was useless, and would never be any good, when the boy had only just started.

1974, The Pastoral Review, volume 84, page 611:

(Australia) A trainee station manager or owner, working as a stockman or farm hand; formerly, a young man of independent means working at a station in a supernumerary capacity to gain experience.


software architect

en-noun

software architect (plural software architects)

(computing) An architect (not to be confused with a designer) of software based on technology, who prepares plans and superintends construction of that software.


clicker

An electronic device used by individual students in the classroom to respond to multiple-choice questions, etc.

klikker

an electronic device used by individual students in the classroom to respond to multiple-choice questions, etc.

A person who cuts out the uppers of shoes from pieces of leather using a flexible knife that clicks as it changes direction.

Let Clickers bark on the whole Day

1709, Thomas d'Urfey (lyrics and music), “The Character of a Seat's-man”:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(UK, obsolete) Someone who stands by a shop door to invite people to buy; a tout.

(printing, obsolete) One who has charge of the work of a companionship.


crimper

From crimp + -er (agent noun suffix) or, for the climbing hold, + -er (patient suffix).

A small climbing hold that can only be held with the tips of a person's fingers.


dresser

From Middle English dresser, equivalent to dress + -er.

Because we were the first by a long way to turn trendy, we're still the only dressers in Scotland and our enemies were easily recognised: denims and DM's, skinheads and parkas.

2015, Jay Allan, Bloody Casuals: Diary of a Football Hooligan:

(UK) A football hooligan who wears designer clothing; a casual.


scullery maid

(historical, in large houses) A domestic servant, of lowest status, whose job is to wash dishes and do other menial chores.


cabby

Alternative form of cabbie (“taxi driver”)


cabbie

(colloquial) A cabdriver; someone who drives a taxi.


artisan

From Middle French artisan, from Vulgar Latin *artītiānus, from Latin artītus (“skilled”), past participle of artiō (“I instruct in arts”), from ars (“art, skill”).

Bread is either cheap (soft, squishy supermarket loaves) or expensive (artisan bakery loaves).

2015, Andrea Chesman, The Backyard Homestead Book of Kitchen Know-How:


falsetto

falsetto (countable and uncountable, plural falsettos)

Borrowed from Italian falsetto, from falso (“false”).

(singing, uncountable) The "false" (singing) voice in any human, usually airy and lacking a purity of vowels; created by using the next highest vocal folds above those used for speech and normal range singing. It is commonly confused with the head voice register.

(music, countable) A person who sings in falsetto.


fishwife

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fishwife.wav

From Middle English fysshewyfe; equivalent to fish + wife (“(obsolete) woman”) (see also midwife).

(archaic) A woman who sells or works with fish; a female fishmonger.

(Geordie, derogatory) A person, especially a woman, with poor personal hygiene.

(LGBTQ, slang) The wife of a homosexual man.


archpriest

From Middle English archepreest, archeprest, archiprest, ercheprest, erchepreste; compare Old French archeprestre and Medieval Latin archipresbyter; equivalent to arch- + priest.

(Eastern Orthodox Church) The highest rank given to a married priest.


salesman

Coordinate term: saleswoman

There was an auto salesman in here yesterday that claimed you could always tell a fellow's class by the car he drove, but I says to him, 'Don't be silly,' I says; 'the wisenheimers grab a look at a fellow's nails when they want to tell if he's a tin-horn or a real gent!"'

Would you say it was fair to describe these salesmen that were in your crews as dynamiters, or suede shoe salesmen?

1954, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking and Currency. Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs, FHA Investigation: Hearings, page 2397:

A man whose job it is to sell things, either in a shop / store or elsewhere.


travelling salesman

travelling salesman (plural travelling salesmen)

A man who travels, often within a certain territory, soliciting orders or selling goods.


valet

Borrowed from Middle French valet, from Old French vaslet, from Medieval Latin *vassellittus, diminutive of Late Latin vassallus (“manservant, domestic, retainer”), from vassus (“servant”), from Gaulish *wassos (“young man, squire”), from Proto-Celtic *wastos (“servant”) (compare Old Irish foss and Welsh gwas).

der

A man's personal male attendant, responsible for his clothes and appearance.


sergeant

From Middle English sergeant, sergeaunt, serjent, serjaunt, serjawnt, sergant, from Old French sergeant, sergent, serjant, sergient, sergant (“sergeant, servant”), from Medieval Latin servientem, accusative of serviens (“a servant, vassal, soldier, apparitor”), from Latin serviēns (“serving”), present participle of serviō (“serve, be a slave to”). Doublet of servant and servient.
The shift from /vj/ > /dʒ/ was a regular development in Old French. Compare cavea > cage, salvia > sage.
The fish is so called because of its stripes, supposed to resemble a sergeant's insignia of rank.
The pronunciation with /ɑɹ/ is due to a widespread development of Middle English er + consonant (see barn, start etc.). In sergeant, the spelling was standardised in one way, the pronunciation in another (compare clerk, derby in Commonwealth English, further parson vs. person, and varsity vs. university).

(military) A UK army rank with NATO code OR-6, senior to corporal and junior to warrant officer ranks.


barista

Borrowed from Italian barista (“bartender”, literally “barist”), from bar (from English bar) + -ista (“-ist”); compare barman.

bor

"From behind the counter of this provincial train station coffee shop, Joanna was barista and unofficial shrink to wildly varied London-bound travellers," writes author Laline Paull. Confessions of a Barista on Platform 1 was published on February 9 by The Firle Press [...].

2021 March 10, “Stop & Examine”, in RAIL, number 926, page 70:

A person who prepares coffee in a coffee shop for customers.


educator

/ˈɛd͡ʒəkeɪtɚ/

/ˈɛdʒʊkeɪtə/

From Latin ēducātor. By surface analysis, educate + -or.

This paper surveys the research methods and approaches used in the multidisciplinary field of applied language studies or language education over the last fourty^([sic]) years. Drawing on insights gained in psycho- and sociolinguistics, educational linguistics and linguistic anthropology with regard to language and culture, it is organized around five major questions that concern language educators.

2014 January, Claire Kramsch, “Language and Culture”, in AILA Review, volume 27, number 5, John Benjamins, →DOI, →ISSN, page 30:

A person distinguished for their educational work, a teacher.

مُعَلِّم

person distinguished for educational work — see also teacher


fuller

Inherited from Middle English fullere, from Old English fullere, from Latin fullō (“fuller”) + -ere; equivalent to full (“to densen cloth”) + -er.

Near-synonyms: feltmaker, felter


bricklayer

From Middle English brekelayeer, brekelayer, equivalent to brick + layer.

A craftsman who builds walls and suchlike out of bricks.


hod carrier

I shall have my eye punched out by a total abstinence fist, or my nose broken by Sobriety's flagstaff, or my skull fractured by a temperate shillelagh! Yes; I shall be brained by yonder red-headed hod-carrier, with the muddy knees,—who, for all his uproarious support of the element, would as soon be choked as drink Boyne Water!

1844 January, Thomas Hood, “Mrs. Burrage. A Temperance Romance.”, in Hood’s Magazine and Comic Miscellany, volume I, number I, London: […] H. Renshaw, […], →OCLC, chapter II, page 45:

A bricklayer’s or mason’s laborer who carries bricks, mortar, cement and the like in a hod.

opperman

a bricklayer’s or mason’s laborer who carries bricks, mortar, cement and the like in a hod


engineer

→ Burmese: အင်ဂျင်နီယာ (anggyangniya)

→ Hawaiian: ʻenekinia

→ Hindi: इंजीनियर (iñjīniyar)

→ Japanese: エンジニア (enjinia)

desc

အိန်ဂျေန်နဳယျာ

→ Mon: အိန်ဂျေန်နဳယျာ

→ Mon: အိန်ဂျေန်နဳယျာ

→ Persian:

Dari: اِنْجِنِیر (injinīr)

/ˌɛn(d)ʒɪˈnɪə/

/ˌɛnd͡ʒɪˈnɪ(ə)ɹ/

The noun is derived from:
* Middle English enginour (“one who designs, constructs, or operates military works for attack or defence, etc.; machine designer”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman enginour, engigneour [and other forms], and Middle French and Old French engigneor, engigneour, engignier (“one who designs, constructs, or operates military works for attack or defence; architect; carpenter; craftsman; designer; planner; one who deceives or schemes”) (modern French ingénieur), from engin (“contraption, device; machine; invention; creativity, ingenuity; intelligence; deception, ruse, trickery”) + -eor, -or (suffix forming agent nouns); engin is derived from Latin ingenium (“innate or natural quality, nature; intelligence, natural capacity; ability, skill, talent; (Medieval Latin) engine; machine”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside, within’) + gignere (the present active infinitive of gignō (“to bear, beget, give birth to; to cause, produce, yield”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, give birth to; to produce”)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns); and
* from engine + -er (occupational suffix); and
* from engine + -eer (suffix forming nouns denoting people associated with, concerned with, or engaged in specified activities), possibly modelled after Middle French ingénieur (a variant of Middle French, Old French engigneour; see above), and Italian ingegniere (“engineer”) (obsolete; modern Italian ingegnere).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
* Medieval Latin, Late Latin ingeniārius (“engineer”)
* Medieval Latin ingeniator (“one constructing or using an engine”)
* Old Occitan engenhador, enginhador
* Portuguese engenhador (obsolete), engenheiro (“engineer”)
* Spanish engeñero (obsolete), ingeniero (“engineer”)

nb...

(Late Middle English) engyner, (Middle English) engineour, enginer, engyneour, engyneor, engynour, yngynore

engineor, enginere, engineur, enginor, enginur

cog

[T]o an Enginer alſo, vvho promiſed to bring into the Capitoll huge Columnes vvith ſmall charges, hee gave for his deviſe no meane revvard; and releaſed him his labour in performing that vvorke, ſaying vvithall by vvay of preface, That he ſhould ſuffer him to feed the poore commons.

1606, Caius [i.e., Gaius] Suetonius Tranquillus, “The Historie of Flavius Vespatianus Augustus”, in Philêmon Holland, transl., The Historie of Twelve Cæsars Emperours of Rome. […], London: […] [Humphrey Lownes and George Snowdon] for Matthew Lownes, →OCLC, section 17, page 249:

A person professionally engaged in the technical design and construction of large-scale private and public works such as bridges, buildings, harbours, railways, roads, etc.; a civil engineer.

A person trained to operate an engine; an engineman.

(chiefly US, rail transport) A person who drives or operates a locomotive; a train driver.

An honorific title given to engineers before their name.


postman

Postman of the Court of Exchequer.

1835, James Whishaw, A Synopsis of the Members of the English Bar:

One of the two most experienced barristers in the Court of Exchequer, who have precedence in motions, so called from the place where he sits, the other of the two being the tubman.


hairdresser

A person who cuts or styles hair as an occupation or profession.

haarkapper

professional for haircutting or hairstyling

berber

a hairdresser who styles or cuts men's hair

kuaför

a hairdresser who styles or cuts women's hair


butcher

→ Hindi: बूचड़ (būcaṛ)

→ Swahili: bucha

→ Urdu: بُوچَڑ (būcaṛ)

From Middle English bocher, boucher, from Old French bouchier (“goat slaughterer”), from Old French bouc (“goat”), from Medieval Latin buccus (“he-goat”), of Germanic origin. More at English buck.

der

He looked in vain into the stalls for the butcher who had sold fresh meat twice a week, on market days...

1900, Charles W. Chesnutt, chapter I, in 'The House Behind the Cedars:

A person who prepares and sells meat (and sometimes also slaughters the animals).

(informal, obsolete) A person who sells candy, drinks, etc. in theatres, trains, circuses, etc.


butcher

en-verb

butcher (third-person singular simple present butchers, present participle butchering, simple past and past participle butchered)

butchers (present singular third-person)
butchering (participle present)
butchered (participle past)
butchered (past)

(transitive) To slaughter (animals) and prepare (meat) for market.

جَزَر

slaughter animals and prepare meat for market

I am bad at pronouncing names, so my apologies if I butcher any of your names.

(transitive) To mess up hopelessly; to botch; to distort beyond recognition.


mailman

"What I'm thinking," she said, "is that I'll become a mailman. They're hiring women mailmen now, you know. [...]"

1974, Ella Leffland, Love Out of Season, page 364:

(Canada, US) someone who delivers mail to, and/or collects mail from, residential or commercial addresses, or from public mailboxes


symphony

en-noun

symphony (countable and uncountable, plural symphonies)

→ Burmese: ဆင်ဖိုနီ (hcanghpuini)

→ Japanese: シンフォニー (shinfonī)

→ Khmer: ស៊ីមហ្វូនី (siimfounii)

→ Malay: simfoni

→ Punjabi: ਸਿੰਫਨੀ (simphani)

→ Thai: ซิมโฟนี (sim-foo-nîi)

→ Welsh: symffoni

From Middle English symphonye, from Old French simphonie, from Latin symphonia, from Ancient Greek συμφωνία (sumphōnía). By surface analysis, sym- + -phony. Doublet of sinfonia, symphonia, tsampouna, and zampogna.


orchestra

en-noun

orchestra (plural orchestras or (rare) orchestrae)

orchestras (plural)
orchestrae (plural rare)

→ Albanian: orkestër

→ Arabic: أوركسترا (ʔorkestrā)

→ Japanese: オーケストラ (ōkesutora)

→ Korean: 오케스트라 (okeseuteura)

→ Thai: ออร์เคสตรา (ɔɔ-kées-dtrâa)

Borrowed from Latin orchēstra, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ὀρχήστρα (orkhḗstra) (a derivative of ὀρχέομαι (orkhéomai, “to dance”)).

The orchestra plays music for the dancers to dance to in the 19th century-styled dance hall.

It requires quite an orchestra to get a train to start; the guard blows his horn, the stationmaster rings a large bell, and the engine whistles.

1941 February, Voyageur, “The Railways of Greece”, in Railway Magazine, page 67:

Musicians play their instruments. I play the orchestra.

2015, Aaron Sorkin, Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs, spoken by Steve Jobs (Michael Fassbender):

(music) A large group of musicians who play together on various instruments, usually including some from strings, woodwind, brass and/or percussion; the instruments played by such a group.


pediatrician

(American spelling) A physician that specializes in pediatrics; the medical care of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.

ܐܵܣܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܫܲܒ݂ܪܹ̈ܐ

āsītā d-šaḇrē


janissary

/ˈd͡ʒænəˌzeɹi/

]
From Italian giannizzaro, possibly via French janissaire or Spanish jenízaro, from Ottoman Turkish یڭیچری (yeniçeri), from یڭی (yeni, “new”) + چری (çeri, “soldier”). Compare Dutch janitsaar, German Janitschar. The word is attested from the early 16th century in English; the janissaries themselves date from the 14th century.

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">yeniçeri</i>

My Lord the great Commander of the worlde,
Besides fifteene contributory kings,
Hath now in armes ten thouſand Ianiſaries,
Mounted on luſty Mauritanian Steeds, […]

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

Tom has his Eyes ſtill near a Cloſe, and was going on, when an unlucky horn'd Janizary, obſerving the Court ſomewhat uneaſy under their Indulgence, ran a Needle up to the Head in his moſt fleſhy Part, and made Tom wince, if not like a Mule, yet very much like his graver Sire that gave him his original Name.

1737, J. A. Purves, “Vision II”, in The Law and Lawyers Laid Open, in Twelve Visions. To which is Added, Plain Truth, in Three Dialogues, between Truma, Skinall, Dryboots, Three Attorneys, and Season a Bencher, London: Printed for T. Woodman; and J. Chrichley, →OCLC; republished Clark, N.J.: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006, →ISBN, page 38:

When a new Prince accedes to the Throne, it is cuſtomary to give each Janiſary 25 Dollars Gratification-money; and Six Deniers per Day Augmentation of Pay: Provided what he actually has do not exceed Six Solds. If a Janiſary marries, he muſt expect no Promotion; but after he has already reached the Rank of a Captain, he may then marry, and it will be no Obſtacle to his future Advancement. If a Janiſary is detected of any Fault, they carry him before the Aga, who chaſtiſes him, or orders him to be chaſtiſed by his Odo Bachi. Sometimes, according to the Offence, they baniſh them; but if a Janiſary’s Crime merits Death, they ſtrangle him in the Night-time, and caſt his Body into the Sea.

1743, Charles Perry, “Of the Spahees, and Their Officers”, in A View of the Levant: Particularly of Constantinople, Syria, Egypt, and Greece. In which Their Antiquities, Government, Politics, Maxims, Manners, and Customs, (with Many Other Circumstances and Contingencies) are Attempted to be Described and Treated on. In Four Parts, London: Printed for T. Woodward, between the Temple Gates in Fleet-street, and C. Davis, near Middle-Row, in Holborn, printers to the Royal Society; and J. Shuckburgh, at the Sun, near the Temple Gate, in Fleet-street, →OCLC, part I (Contains Observations and Remarks on the Advantageous Situation, Extent, Strength and Government, of the Othoman Empire; which are Preceded with a Brief Account of the Origin, Progress, and Present State of It, &c.), page 44:

[T]he writers against the constitution, seem to have taken pains to signalize their talent at misrepresentation. […] The authorities of a magistrate, in few instances greater, in some instances less, than those of a governor of New York, have been magnified into more than royal prerogatives. […] We have been taught to tremble at the terrific visages of murdering janisaries; and to blush at the unveiled mysteries of a future seraglio.

1788 March 11, Publius [pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton], The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787. In Two Volumes, New York, N.Y.: Printed and sold by J. and A. M'Lean, No. 41, Hanover-Square, →OCLC; republished as “Number LXVII. By Mr. Hamilton. Concerning the Constitution of the President; a Gross Attempt to Misrepresent this Part of the Plan Detected.”, in The Federalist, on the New Constitution; Written in 1788, new (2nd) edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by Benjamin Warner, No. 147, Market Street; William Greer, printer, Harrisburg, 1817, →OCLC, page 363:

After remaining a few days at Smyrna, we set out to pay a visit to the ruins of Ephesus, which are situated on the shore of the Gulf of Skalanova, about thirty-five miles south of Smyrna. Our equipage consisted of a Greek servant, Spiridon, or, as he was usually called, Spiro; Achmet, a janissary; and an old Smyrniot, proprietor of the horses which we rode.

1829, James Emerson, “Letter IV. Ephesus.”, in Letters from the Ægean, New York, N.Y.: Printed by J. & J. Harper, 82 Cliff St.; sold by Collins and Hannay, [et al.], →OCLC, page 71:

Under the Ottomans (1517–1798), it [the Cairo Citadel] was divided into three semi-independent parts: the northern enclosure contained the barracks of the Janissaries (the main corps in the Ottoman army); the lower areas in the west became the residence of the al-‘Azab (the locally recruited troops); and the southern section of the southern enclosure was occupied by the pasha sent from Istanbul and his troops.

1995, Nasser O. Rabbat, “The Citadel Today”, in The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture (Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts; 14), Leiden, New York, N.Y.: E. J. Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 18:

(historical) An infantry soldier, often of European Christian background from the Balkans as well as Eastern Europe and forcibly converted to Islam, in a former elite Turkish (Ottoman) guard (disbanded in 1826).

(by extension) Any Turkish soldier, particularly one escorting a traveller.

Here is a Proclamation for a Prince: that proclaims him in whoſe name it is emitted [James II of England], to be the greateſt Tyrant that ever lived in the world, and their Revolt who have diſowned him to be the juſteſt that ever was. For herein that Monſter of Prerogative is […] advanced […] to claim abſolute obedience, without reſerve of Conſcience, Religion, Honour, or Reaſon; not only that which ignorantly is called Paſſive, never to reſiſt him, not only on any Pretence, but for any Cauſe, even tho' he ſhould command his Popiſh Janizaries to murder and maſſacre all Proteſtants, which is the tender mercy and burning fervent charity of Papiſts; […]

1744, Alexander Shiels [i.e., Alexander Shields], “Period VI. Containing the Testimony through the Continued Tract of the Present Deformation, from the Year 1660 to this Day.”, in A Hind Let Loose: Or, An Historical Representation of the Testimonies of the Church of Scotland, for the Interest of Christ; with the True State thereof in All Its Periods: …, Edinburgh: Reprinted by R. Drummond and Company, and sold by William Gray bookbinder in the Grassmarket, and several others, &c., →OCLC, pages 167–168:

The debate must be maintained until the third reading of the corn bill had been agreed to by the house of lords. What a situation! […] Power, place, patronage might reward those who upheld the minister; they might even at this conjuncture become ‘janissaries’ without ever having been ‘renegades’.

1905, Benjamin Disraeli, chapter XV, in Lord George Bentinck: A Political Biography, London: Archibald Constable and Co., →OCLC; republished as Lord George Bentinck: A Political Biography (The Library of Conservative Thought), New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1997, →ISBN, page 170:

(figuratively) An elite, highly loyal supporter.


ombudsman

Borrowed from Swedish ombudsman (equivalent to ombud (“representative, proxy”) + man), from Old Norse umboðsmaðr.

A designated internal mediator in an organization whose duty is to assist members with conflict resolution and other problems and to serve as an independent consultant to recommend changes to policies or procedures to improve organization effectiveness, efficiency, and humaneness.


caddie

The noun is borrowed from Scots caddie (“military cadet; young man; ragamuffin; person engaged to run errands; person hired to assist a golfer”), from French cadet (“army cadet; younger sibling”), from capdet (“captain; chief”) (Gascony, archaic), from Late Latin capitettum, from Latin caput (“head”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“head”). Doublet of cadel, cadet, capital, capitellum, caudillo, and Kadet.
The verb is derived from the noun.

doublet

But gie him't het, my hearty cocks! / E'en cowe the cadie!

[1786, Robert Burns, “The Author’s Earnest Cry and Prayer, to the Right Honorable and Honorable, the Scotch Representatives in the House of Commons”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, volume I, Kilmarnock, Scotland: […] John Wilson, →OCLC; reprinted Kilmarnock, Scotland: […] James M‘Kie, 1867, →OCLC, page 35:

(by extension, archaic) A young man; a boy, a lad; specifically (derogatory), one regarded as of low social status; a ragamuffin.

A tattered cadie, or errand porter, whom David Deans had jostled in his attempt to extricate himself from the vicinity of the scorners, exclaimed in a strong north-country tone, "Ta de'il ding out her Cameronian een—what gi'es her titles to dunch gentlemans about?"

1818 July 25, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter IX, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 222:

There would be a prosperity such as might seem fabulous, a prosperity of which every Scotchman, from the peer to the cadie, would partake.

1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XXIV, in Lady Trevelyan (Hannah More Macaulay), editor, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume V, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, →OCLC, page 209:

(by extension, historical) A person engaged to run errands such as carrying goods and messages; a commissionaire, an errand boy or errand girl, a gofer; specifically, a member of an organized group of such persons working in large Scottish cities and towns in the early 18th century.

As caddy I had to carry the clubs, for there are four varieties almost everyone used, and some used more. Besides doing this, the caddy has to keep score of the number of strokes used, and watch and find each ball.

1897 (date written), Paul T. B. Ward, quotee, “19th Hole: The Readers Take Over”, in Sports Illustrated, volume 19, number 4, Chicago, Ill.: Time Inc., published 22 July 1963, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 60:

Then Carter Chapman picked out his putter, stepped confidently up to the ball, sighted once along the ground, and made his stroke. The ball rolled straight as a die toward the caddy who was holding the flag, and tinkled into the cup for a birdie three!

1921 March, Octavus Roy Cohen, “Follow Through”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LXXII, number 2, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], →OCLC, page 370, column 1:

(by extension, golf, also attributively) A person hired to assist a golfer by carrying their golf clubs and providing advice.


caddie

en-verb

caddie (third-person singular simple present caddies, present participle caddying or caddieing, simple past and past participle caddied)

caddies (present singular third-person)
caddying (participle present)
caddieing (participle present)
caddied (participle past)
caddied (past)

We took turns caddying, one caddying, two playing. We went out across the river to the teeing ground of the first hole.

The next day the thirty-two qualifying players were paired off into sixteen sets of opponents. Charlotte was matched against a girl from California. After the first few minutes, the result was never in doubt. "Take it easy, miss," said the highly gratified Mr. Ogilvie, who was caddying for Charlotte. "You hold her in the hollow of your hand."

1917 July, George Weston, chapter VI, in The Apple-tree Girl: The Story of Little Miss Moses, who Led Herself into the Promised Land, Philadelphia, Pa., London: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott Company, published 1918, →OCLC, page 100:

The scheme had been, if I remember, that after lunch I should go off and caddy for Honoria on a shopping tour down Regent Street; but when she got up and started collecting me and the rest of her things, Aunt Agatha stopped her.

1923 May 17, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, “Introducing Claude and Eustace”, in The Inimitable Jeeves, Harmondsworth, Middlesex [London]: Penguin Books, published 1979, →ISBN, page 63:

(intransitive, golf) Chiefly followed by for: to serve as a caddie (noun sense 2) for a golfer.


spook

Borrowed from Dutch spook (“ghost”), from Middle Dutch spooc (“spook, ghost”). Cognate with Middle Low German spôk, spûk (“apparition, ghost”), Middle High German gespük (“a haunting”), German Spuk, Danish spøge (“to haunt”), Swedish spöke (“ghost”). Doublet of puck.

cog

(blackjack, slang) A player who engages in hole carding by attempting to glimpse the dealer's hole card when the dealer checks under an ace or a 10 to see if a blackjack is present.


mariner

From Middle English mariner, maryner, from Anglo-Norman mariner, marinier, from Old French marinier, maronnier, from marin and Medieval Latin marinellus and marinarius (“sailor”), from marīnus (“marine”), from mare (“sea”) + -īnus (“-ine: forming adjectives”). Eclipsed Middle English marinel, marynell (“mariner, sailor”) from Old French marinel from the same sources. Equivalent to marine + -er.

From the ground, Colombo’s port does not look like much. Those entering it are greeted by wire fences, walls dating back to colonial times and security posts. For mariners leaving the port after lonely nights on the high seas, the delights of the B52 Night Club and Stallion Pub lie a stumble away.

2013 June 8, “The new masters and commanders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 52:

Synonym of sailor, particularly one on a maritime vessel.


fluffer

"This isn't MGM. I don't do this full-time," she said. "During production, I'm the AD. Occasionally, I fill in as a fluffer."

1991, Robert Reeves, Peeping Thomas, →ISBN, page 112:

(pornography) One who arouses male pornographic actors before filming.

撫弄師 /抚弄师

arouses a male pornographic actor through fellatio


Führer

Borrowed from German Führer, modelled after Italian Duce.

(historical, Nazism, definite) Adolf Hitler when he was the chancellor of Nazi Germany.


painter

From a variation of panther, paralleling other Southern pronunciations for can't and aunt (see ain't for more details).

I have fou't most of the creatur's of the forest, such as bears, wolves, painters and catamounts, but this is the beginning with the red-skins.

1893, James Fenimore Cooper, The Deerslayer:


laborer

One who uses bodily strength rather than intellect to earn a wage, usually hourly.

𐕌𐕒𐕡𐔽𐔰𐕄

One who uses bodily strength to earn a wage


minstrel

The noun is derived from Middle English minstral, menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman menestrel [and other forms] and Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”) [and other forms] (modern French ménestrel (“minstrel”)), from Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), from Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Ministerium is derived from minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis.
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

menestral, menstrel, menstrelle, menstral, menstrale, menstrall, menstralle, menstrel, menstrell, menstrelle, minestral, minestrale, ministral, ministrele, minsterel, minstrale, minstrall, minstralle, minstrel, minstrelle, munstral, munstrel, munstrell, mynestral, mynistralle, mynsterel, mynstraell, mynstral, mynstrale, mynstrall, mynstralle, mynstrel, mynstrell, mynstrelle, mynystral, mynystrel, mynystrell

doublet

I forgette to tel you what a stirre he keepes against dumbe ministers, and neuer writes nor talkes of them, but hee calleth them minstrels, […]

1589?, Cutbert Curry-knave [pseudonym; Thomas Nashe], An Almond for a Parrat, or Cutbert Curry-knaues Almes. […], [London: […] Eliot’s Court Press], →OCLC; republished as An Almond for a Parrot; being a Reply to Martin Mar-prelate. […] (Puritan Discipline Tracts), London: John Petheram, […], 1846, →OCLC, page 26:

Should a Minſtrel ſing to a ſweet tune with her voice, and play to another with her hand that is harſh and diſpleaſing; ſuch muſick would more grate the judicious ear, than if ſhe had ſung to what ſhe plaid? Thus to ſing to truth with our judgement, and play wickedneſs with our heart and hand in our life, is more abhorring to God and all good men, than where the judgement is erroneous, as well as the life ungodly.

1669, William Gurnall, “A Short Point from the Connexion of This Piece of Armour with the First; Righteousness with Truth”, in The Christian in Compleat Armour. Or, A Treatise, of the Saints VVar against the Devil; […], 5th edition, London: […] Ralph Smith, […], →OCLC, page 77, column 1:

[page xv] The Minstrels ſeem to have been the genuine ſucceſſors of the ancient Bards, who united the arts of Poetry and Muſic, and ſung verſes to the harp, of their own compoſing. […] [page xvi] [T]he Minſtrels continued a diſtinct order of men, and got their livelihood by ſinging verſes to the harp, at the houſes of the great.

1765, Thomas Percy, compiler, “An Essay on the Ancient English Minstrels”, in Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: […], volume I, London: […] J[ames] Dodsley […], →OCLC, pages xv–xvi:

But louder still the clamour grew, / And louder still the minstrels blew, / When, from beneath the greenwood tree, / Rode forth Lord Howard's chivalry; […]

1805, Walter Scott, “Canto Fourth”, in The Lay of the Last Minstrel: A Poem, London: […] [James Ballantyne] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], and A[rchibald] Constable and Co., […], →OCLC, stanza XVI, page 107:

The Minstrel-Boy to the war is gone, / In the ranks of death you'll find him; / His father's sword he has girded on, / And his wild harp slung behind him.

1813, Thomas Moore (lyricist), John Stevenson (composer), “The Minstrel-Boy”, in A Selection of Irish Melodies. […], number 5, London: J. Power, […], →OCLC, verse I, page 30:

A wandering minstrel I— / A thing of shreds and patches, / Of ballads, songs and snatches, / And dreamy lullaby!

1885, W[illiam] S[chwenck] Gilbert, Arthur Sullivan, composer, […] The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu, London: Chappel & Co., […], →OCLC, Act I, page 4:

The hero of the verses, Adam Glen, who composed the air to which they are sung, was a well-known wandering minstrel, long a favourite in every farmer's ha', village, and fair, in the west of Angus, and in eastern Forfarshire.

1901, “Pawkie Adam Glen”, in Robert Ford, editor, Vagabond Songs and Ballads of Scotland: With Many Old and Familiar Melodies […] (Second Series), Paisley, Renfrewshire, London: Alexander Gardner […], →OCLC, page 172:

(historical) Originally, an entertainer employed to juggle, play music, sing, tell stories, etc.; a buffoon, a fool, a jester; later, a medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment.


mufti

en-noun

mufti (countable and uncountable, plural muftis)

Ultimately from Arabic مُفْتِي (muftī, “fatwa-deliverer”, literally “deliverer of formal opinion”).

der

Mujtahidd's online claims have prompted an aggressive backlash against social media from the Saudi religious establishment. The grand mufti of Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Abdul-Aziz al-Sheikh, said in January that Twitter was a platform for "promoting lies" and a "dangerous practice" that should be avoided by Muslims. Commentators have described the phenomenon as symbolic of the growing political debate about use of Twitter in Saudi Arabia.

2012 April 19, Josh Halliday, “Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, in the Guardian:

(countable, Islam) A Muslim scholar and interpreter of sharia law, who can deliver a fatwa.


executive

From Middle French executif, from Latin executivus, from Latin exsequi, from ex- ‘out’ + sequi ‘follow’.

A chief officer or administrator, especially one who can make significant decisions on their own authority.

執行者 /执行者

title of a chief officer or administrator


oarsman

A person who rows a boat, either alone or with others.


barrister

From bar (a collective term for lawyers or the legal profession) and the suffix -ster.

Postmen, binmen, dock workers, even barristers are now on strike. Where will all this end?

2022 September 7, Philip Haigh, “Comment: More strikes and poor morale”, in RAIL, number 965, page 3:

(chiefly UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand) A lawyer with the right to speak and argue as an advocate in higher lawcourts.

адвока́т

lawyer with the right to speak as an advocate in higher lawcourts


mad scientist

The Lagadan projectors [of Jonathan Swift's 1726 satire Gulliver's Travels] were both ridiculous and destructive, but in the middle of the nineteenth century the mad scientist line splits in two, with the ridiculous branch culminating in the Jerry Lewis ‘nutty professor’ comic version, and the other leading in a more tragic direction. Even in ‘alchemist’ tales like the Faustus story, the comic potential was there — Faustus on the stage was a great practical joker — but in darker sagas like Frankenstein this vein is not exploited.

2010, Margaret Atwood, “Of the madness of mad scientists: Jonathan Swift's Grand Academy”, in Bill Bryson, editor, Seeing Further: The Story of Science and the Royal Society, Mariner Books, →ISBN, page 36:

A stock character in popular fiction; a bumbling scientist working on unlikely ways to save the world, or a villainous one bent on destroying it.


marching band

No, republicans did not celebrate; they took their placards and their yellow T-shirts to Trafalgar Square, where their voices could (almost) be heard against a backdrop of marching bands and pealing bells.

2023 May 6, Rachel Cooke, “It was ludicrous but also magnificent: the coronation stirred every emotion”, in The Guardian:

A group of instrumental musicians who generally perform outdoors, and who often incorporate movement, usually some type of marching, with their musical performance.


journalist

/ˈd͡ʒɜːnəlɪst/

One whose occupation is journalism, originally only writing in the printed press.

gazetar

one whose occupation or profession is journalism


Democritus

From Ancient Greek Δημόκριτος (Dēmókritos).

A Greek philosopher (c.460-c.370 BC). The originator of the atomic theory together with his teacher Leucippus.


quintet

From French quintette, from Italian quintetto, diminutive of quinto (“fifth”), itself from Latin quintus, related to quīnque (“five”).

(music) A composition (a type of chamber music) in five parts (typically each a singer or instrumentalist, sometimes several musicians)

(music) A group of five musicians, fit to play such a piece of music together


monger

/ˈmʌŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/

From Middle English mongere, mangere, from Old English mangere (“merchant, trader, dealer”), from Proto-West Germanic *mangārī, from Latin mangō (“dealer, trader”), perhaps from Ancient Greek μάγγανον (mánganon, “contrivance, means of enchantment”), from Proto-Indo-European *mang- (“to embellish, dress, trim”).

der

(in combination) A person promoting something undesirable.


postmaster

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-postmaster.wav

(Internet) The administrator of an electronic mail system.

(British) A kind of scholar at Merton College, Oxford; portionist.

(archaic) One who has charge of a station for the accommodation of travellers; one who supplies post horses.


flamen

(historical, Ancient Rome) A priest devoted to the service of a particular god, from whom he received a distinguishing epithet. The most honored were those of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, called respectively Flamen Dialis, Flamen Martialis, and Flamen Quirinalis.


cricketer

Described by witnesses as a keen cricketer and pubgoer until contacts with Islamic militants radicalized him on a trip to Pakistan, he was ordered to serve at least 14 years for the plot, and for supplying militants in Afghanistan with money and equipment.

2008 February 19, John F. Burns, “Britain: Life Sentence in Beheading Plot”, in The New York Times:

Several cricketers came up to them and asked Pradeep about his effortless action mimicry and his promising chinaman bowling.

2011, Shehan Karunatilaka, Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew, Jonathan Cape, page 103:


osteopath

alternative medicine
alternative medicine

(alternative medicine) A non-physician healthcare practitioner who practices osteopathy by manipulating the skeleton and muscles. Not to be confused with Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) (also known as osteopathic physicians) who are full physicians like Doctors of Medicine (M.D.).

остеопат

medicine: a healthcare practitioner who practices osteopathy by manipulating the skeleton and muscles


sopranista

An adult male singer who sings music written in soprano range without the use of falsetto.


MLA

Modern Language Association
w:Modern Language Association

(in the US) Initialism of Modern Language Association.


herbalist

A person who treats diseases by means of medicinal herbs.


orthopedist

(medicine) A surgeon who specializes in orthopedics.


aviatrix

en-noun

aviatrix (plural aviatrices or aviatrixes)

“... — Did you know that she was an aviatrix?” he interjected.

1969, William Dana Orcutt, Celebrities Off Parade: Pen-and-ink Portrait Sketches, →ISBN, page 111:

The Women Flyers: From Aviatrix to Astronaut

1987, Pat Browne, Heroines of Popular Culture, →ISBN, page 54:

Hariet Quimby, a writer for Leslie's Weekly, in 1911 became the first American aviatrix and won international accalim in 1912 as the first woman to pilot a plan across the English Channel.

2001, Roger E. Bilstein, Flight in America: From the Wrights to the Astronauts, →ISBN, page 22:

In 1929 she turned an ide that she ‘stole’ from her son into a screenplay, Wings in the Dark, featuring a protagonist based on Ameria Earhart, the famous aviatrix with whom Shipman was acquainted...

2002, Deena Mandrell, Deadbeat Dads: Subjectivity and Social Construction, →ISBN, page 307:

2018 summary of 2009 film Amelia
From the time she first sits in the pilot's seat, aviatrix Amelia Earhart (Hilary Swank) feels destined to achieve great things.


Xenophanes

From Ancient Greek Ξενοφάνης (Xenophánēs). The name means “of foreign appearance” and is composed of ξένος (xénos, “foreign”) + φαίνω (phaínō, “appear”).

Lucretius was the Xenophanes of Roman culture, a great theorist (visionary), an ardent disciple of Universal Nature, an enemy of all superstition, false gods, and false fear of death, […]

1931, Hermann Schneider, Margaret Minna Green, The History of World Civilization, volume 2, page 614:

No Xenophanes arose amongst the Jews to rebuke them for ascribing to Jahweh acts which would be accounted a shame and a disgrace amongst men; […]

1970, John Arthur Passmore, The Perfectibility of Man, page 77:

Euthyphro is no Xenophanes but as a religious and thinking man he can turn to great teachers; […]

1985, Michael Despland, The Education of Desire, page 33:

The pre-Socratic philosopher Xenophanes of Colophon; by extension or reference, any profound or transformative religious thinker.


Diogenes

From Latin Diogenēs, from Ancient Greek Διογένης (Diogénēs).

Diogenes of Sinope, an Ancient Greek philosopher (c.412-c.323 BC), the most famous of Cynic philosophers.


shredder

A machine that tears up objects into smaller pieces, especially a paper shredder, garbage shredder or gardening or farming shredder.


house sitter

A person who stays in your house to mind it while you are away.


obstetrician

/ˌɒbstəˈtɹɪʃən/

/ˌɑbstəˈtɹɪʃən/

The preference for tightness during intercourse is so well known in Western culture that U.S. obstetricians even have a term for the extra stitch they often perform when doing episiotomy repairs following childbirth: the "husband's stitch." The husband's stitch is intended to produce a smaller vaginal opening, to counteract the natural stretching of the tissues from sexual activity and childbirth and even to make the opening more constricted than it might have been before.

2001, Ellen Gruenbaum, The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective:

“Each time they’d build, they’d try to outbuild all the rest of them,” said Dr. Randall F. Hipple, a retired obstetrician who helped establish a seven-block stretch of the street as a National Historic District.

2007 July 20, Dave Caldwell, “Williamsport, Pa.: Home of True Small Ball”, in The New York Times:

(medicine) A physician who specializes in childbirth.

մանկաբարձ

a physician who specializes in childbirth


shoesmith

(dated) A person who shoes horses for a living.


DJ

Coordinate term: VJ

Last night a DJ saved my life / Last night a DJ saved my life from a broken heart

1982, Michael Cleveland (lyrics and music), “Last Night a D.J. Saved My Life”, performed by Indeep:

Burn down the disco / Hang the blessed DJ / Because the music that they constantly play / It says nothing to me about my life

1986, Morrissey & Johnny Marr (lyrics and music), “Panic”, in The World Won’t Listen, performed by The Smiths:

Three MC's and one DJ / We be getting down with no delay

1999, “Three MC’s and One DJ”, in Hello Nasty, performed by Beastie Boys:


oculist

From French oculiste, from Latin oculus (“eye”).

An eye doctor; an ophthalmologist or optometrist.


murse

But I could use it as a murse for the show if you're parting with that ole thing.

2009, Deborah Gregory, Catwalk: Strike a Pose:


hangman

hangman (countable and uncountable, plural hangmen)

From Middle English hangman, hongman, hangeman, equivalent to hang + -man.

One cried, "God bless us!" and "Amen" the other,
As they had seen me with these hangman's hands.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

(countable) An executioner responsible for hanging criminals.


optician

A person who makes, dispenses or sells lenses, spectacles.

оптык

a person who makes or sells lenses, spectacles

(UK) A person trained and skilled in examining and testing the eyes for defects, in order to prescribe corrective lenses or treatment; an optometrist.


letter carrier

An employee of the post office who delivers mail (post) to, and collects it from, a residence or business, or from public mailboxes.


optometrist

A person trained and skilled in examining and testing the eyes for defects, in order to prescribe corrective lenses or treatment.

optometrista

person trained in examining and testing the eyes for defects


organist

From Middle French organiste, from Medieval Latin organista. By surface analysis, organ + -ist.


surgeon

From Middle English surgien, borrowed from Anglo-Norman surgien, sirogen (Old French surgien et al.), from Vulgar Latin *chīrurgiānus, from Latin chīrūrgia (“surgery”), from chīrurgus (“surgeon”), borrowed from Ancient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós), from χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”). Doublet of chirurgeon.

The surgeon refused to operate because the patient was her son.

One who performs surgery; a doctor who performs operations on people or animals.


ornithologist

Mr. Worple in his spare time was what is known as an ornithologist. He had written a book called American Birds, and was writing another, to be called More American Birds.

Many of these classic methods are still used, with some modern improvements. For example, with the aid of special microphones and automated sound detection software, ornithologists recently reported […] that pine siskins (Spinus pinus) undergo an irregular, nomadic type of nocturnal migration.

2013 January 1, Paul Bartel, Ashli Moore, “Avian Migration: The Ultimate Red-Eye Flight”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 1, archived from the original on 2016-03-05, pages 47–48:

A person who studies or practices ornithology.


composer

One who composes; an author.
Especially, one who composes music.

The exertion necessary to soothe and subdue Lucy's passionate sorrow was the best composer to Francesca's own agitation.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter VI, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 43:

Where, mighty Anna, will thy Glories end.
Thou Great Composer of distracted states.

1713, Joseph Trapp, Musicus Apparatus Academicus set to music by William Croft, pages 38–41, →MDZ

One who, or that which, quiets or calms.


aide

Borrowed from French aide ("aid; assistant", as in aide-de-camp (“field assistant”)). More at aid.

gloss

"aid; assistant", as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">aide-de-camp</i> (“field assistant”)

The aide rides, along with the president's physician, in the “control car,” third in line in the motorcade.

1994, Herbert L. Abrams, The President Has Been Shot: Confusion, Disability, and the 25th Amendment, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 126:

Weiner and his aides dismissed such talk as idle political insiderism […]

2009 January 13, Michael Barbaro, Raymond Hernandez, “Sounding Like a Rival, Weiner Attacks Bloomberg”, in The New York Times:


shoemaker

From Middle English shomaker, equivalent to shoe + maker. Compare Dutch schoenmaker, German Schuhmacher, Danish skomager.

He especially recommended the only shoemaker who, to his mind, had an idea of making a shoe; and Lucy had at least half-a-dozen pair made, fitted, and descanted upon, before he was satisfied that they did justice to the shape of her foot, which proved extremely good when it was properly chaussé.

1833, Arabella Sullivan, Recollections of a Chaperon, volume 1, London: Richard Bentley, page 229:

The diseases of shoemakers receive attention as well as the toxicology of shoepolish.

1911 October, W. R. D., “Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General’s Office, United States Army. Authors and Subjects. Second Series, Vol. XV. S—Skin Grafting. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910.)”, in American Journal of Insanity, volume LXVIII, number 2, page 327:


warden

→ Welsh: warden, gwarden

From Middle English wardein, from Anglo-Norman wardein, from warder (“to guard”), variant of Old French guarder (“to guard”) (whence modern French garder, also English guard), from Proto-Germanic *ward-; related to Old High German wartēn (“to watch”). Compare guardian, French gardien, from Old French guardian, guardein. Compare also ward and reward. Doublet of guardian.

An official charged with supervisory duties or with the enforcement of specific laws or regulations; such as a game warden or air-raid warden.

nəzarətçi

an official charged with supervisory duties


warehouseman

But the itinerant tradesman or street-seller is still further distinguished from the regular fixed dealer—the stallkeeper from the shopkeeper—the street-wareman from the warehouseman, by the arts they respectively employ to attract custom.

1851, Henry Mayhew, “Costermongers”, in London Labour and the London Poor:

If a recount of an item is ordered, the warehouseman responsible for the custody of the stock accompanies and assists the rechecker to assure himself that the exact quantity of stock recorded as on hand is actually physically present.

1940, War Department Technical Manual, volume 10, number 250, page 117:

A person who manages, or works in, a warehouse.

склададжия

person who manages or works in a warehouse


pawnbroker

/ˈpɔːnˌbɹəʊ.kə(ɹ)/

"We may keep it by us," replied the pawnbroker, "for months; there is no demand for such articles." "But," exclaimed she, eagerly, "I shall soon redeem it!" "So you all say," returned the man, with imperturbable coolness.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Poverty”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 280:

A person who makes monetary loans at interest, taking personal property as security – which may be sold if not redeemed.


commercial model

en-noun

commercial model (plural commercial models)

commercial models (plural)
CM (abbreviation)

(in many parts of Asia) a person (usually a female actress or singer) who stars in a product advertisement (posters, TV advertisement spots etc.).


sheriff

From Middle English shirreve, from Old English sċīrġerēfa, corresponding to shire + reeve. There is no etymological connection to Sharif (شَرِيف (šarīf)), an Arabic title of honour that has cognates in other languages including Hindi, Urdu, Portuguese, etc.

(British, except Scotland) (High Sheriff) An official of a shire or county office, responsible for carrying out court orders, law enforcement and other duties.

(Scotland) A judge in the sheriff court, the court of a county or sheriffdom.

(US) A government official, usually responsible for law enforcement in their county and for administration of the county jail, sometimes an officer of the court, usually elected.


yeoman

From Middle English yoman, yeman, from Old English *ġēamann, from Proto-West Germanic *gauwjamann (compare Old Frisian gāman (“villager”), Middle Dutch goymann (“arbiter”)), compound of Proto-West Germanic *gawi (“shire, district”) (compare Old English -ġē, -ġēa (“district, region”) (in ælġē, Sūþriġēa), West Frisian gea, goa, Dutch gouw, German Gau) + *mann (“man”).


warrant officer

en-noun

warrant officer (plural warrant officers)

(military) An officer holding rank by virtue of a warrant rather than a commission.

The bailiff does not like to see himself as the brutal oppressor of the poor or as the agent of malicious creditors... This distinction between warrant officer and process server is not at all dissimilar to the gulf that divides the law officer and the peace officer in the police force... Warrant officers execute warrants whilst process servers distribute court summonses and cajole debtors.

1973, Paul Rock, Making People Pay, page 162:

(law enforcement) An officer assigned to execute warrants and other writs.


watchmaker

A person who makes and/or maintains watches.


watchman

From Middle English waccheman, equivalent to watch + -man.

The visits of the watchman to that (then) obscure and ill-inhabited neighborhood were more regulated by his indolence than his duty; and Clarence knew that it would be in vain to listen for his cry or tarry for his assistance.

1829, Edward Bulwer Lytton, chapter XVIII, in The Disowned:

Well, it so happened that Stine and the cook were sitting in their room one evening, mending and darning their things; it was near bedtime, for the watchman had already sung out "Ten o'clock," but somehow the darning and the sewing went on very slowly indeed[.]

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 8:

Watchmen are stationed continuously at each end of the bridge, and the main spans are patrolled twice during the night.

1950 March, H. A. Vallance, “On Foot Across the Forth Bridge”, in Railway Magazine, page 149:

One set to watch; a person who keeps guard, especially one who guards a building, or the streets of a city, by night.


POTUS

Phillips Code abbreviation, 1895. In more common usage since the 1990s.

The medical history of the principal is extremely important in assessing risk in any given protective detail for a myriad of activities of the protectee [34]. Once again, using the example of the POTUS or former POTUSs (the POTUS has Secret Service protection for life), the range of health status is from extremely healthy and physically active to relatively sedentary with significant medical problems, including endocrine, metabolic, and/or cardiac, with an implantable automatic defibrillator in one protectee.

2001, Richard Carmona, Christopher M. Grande, Dario Gonzalez, “Trauma Care Support for Mass Events, Counterterrorism, and VIP”, in Eldar Søreide, Christopher M. Grande, editors, Prehospital Trauma Care, New York, N.Y.; Basel: Marcel Dekker, Inc., →ISBN, part D (Transportation and Specific Problems), page 732:

Isumbras does not seem to be returning to the place he came from and Jack Bauer keeps leaving his job and returns to it several times – he always tries to lead a “normal” life and is never given such a possibility. Assuming however, that even partial re-integration carries the force of a closure, Bauer is rewarded with friendships among the high and mighty (successive POTUSs of the series feature, Isumbras fares better than Jack, as he receives “more welthe thenne evere he was” (l. 761)⁴⁸.

2016 April 13, Liliana Sikorska, “Sir Isumbras Meets Jack Bauer, or on the (Re)Reading of Medieval Saracen Romances”, in Sławomir Wacewicz, Przemysław Żywiczyński, editors, Theoria et Historia Scientiarum, volume XII (2015), Toruń: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 105:

It makes sense that ex-POTUSes don't tend to make it onto juries.

2017 October 28, Gabrielle Bruney, “Some Lucky Accused Criminal Could Have Obama on Their Jury”, in Esquire, Hearst Magazine Media, Inc., retrieved 2020-02-23:

It felt like every Asheville restaurant had a framed photo of Daniel Day-Lewis and Madeline^([sic]) Stowe dining in their establishment, taken when the pair resided in a downtown hotel during the 1991 filming of The Last of the Mohicans. If not those two, then there was a pic of another duo, James Garner and Jack Lemmon, who marched through the streets of Asheville in a scene when they (as former POTUSs) accidentally crash a gay pride parade in My Fellow Americans.

2023, Ryan McGee, “Fifth Inning: The Blues Brothers, Macaulay Culkin, and the Circuit Rider”, in Welcome to the Circus of Baseball: A Story of the Perfect Summer at the Perfect Ballpark at the Perfect Time, New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, →ISBN:

(US politics) Acronym of President of the United States.


farmhand

(baseball) A player in the minor leagues.


grocer

→ Irish: grósaeir

→ Welsh: groser

From Old French grossier (“wholesaler”) Compare gross.

Control will never again be gained for toleration will become extinct. A husband quarrelling with his wife will not think twice or regret his spent bullet. Hungry children will not spare the grocer.
Remorse in all forms will be removed from human thoughts and actions.Freedom will only be available through revolution or death. This system of a down is unavoidable as life on this planet becomes unnecessary.

c. 1995, Daron Malakian, Victims of a Down:

A person who retails groceries (foodstuffs and household items) from a grocery.

bakall

person selling foodstuffs and household items


greengrocer

/ˈɡɹinˌɡɹəʊs.ə(ɹ)/

(chiefly British, Commonwealth, Ireland) A person who sells fresh vegetables and fruit, normally from a relatively small shop.


rafter

/ˈɹɑːftə(ɹ)/


wet nurse

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-wet nurse.wav

Coordinate term: dry nurse

A woman hired to suckle another woman's child.

乳母

うば, uba, おんば, onba, ちうば, chiuba, ちおも, chiomo, にゅうぼ, nyūbo, まま, mama, めのと, menoto


chimney sweep

A person whose job is to clean soot from chimneys.


white-collar worker

white-collar worker (plural white-collar workers)

A salaried professional or clerical worker.


wholesaler

He observed that a wholesaler who supplied my grandfather with goods continued to advertise the implements of a new game, called "Sphairistike."

1941, Sir Arnold Henry Moore Lunn, Come what may: an autobiography, Little, Brown and company, page 7:

Your market gardener is not a well-breeched man, dependant as he is on the imponderables of glut, the inequities of distribution, and the greeds of wholesaler and retailer.

1954, Thomas Firbank, Log Hut, page 194:

Among wholesalers, voluntary and cooperatives carry a far wider range and number of items in private brands than do unaffiliateds.

1968, Progressive Grocer's Marketing Guidebook, page 13:

The packinghouse usually delivers shrimp to a few regular customers, such as breaders, freezers, canners, or wholesalers of fresh shrimp.

1976, USITC Publication - Issue 773, page A-33:

A person or company that buys merchandise from manufacturers, importers, or distributors and resells the merchandise to retail businesses and to business and institutional end users.

تَاجِر جُمْلَة

person or company that sells goods wholesale to retailers


physiotherapist

From physio- + therapist or physiotherapy + -ist.

(British, Commonwealth, Ireland) A therapist who treats physical injury or dysfunction, usually with exercise.


chemist

First attested 1562, borrowed from French chimiste, from Medieval Latin chimista, from earlier alchimista (literally “alchemist”), from Arabic الْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ), from article al- + Ancient Greek χυμεία (khumeía, “art of alloying metals”), from χύμα (khúma, “fluid”), from χυμός (khumós, “juice”), from χέω (khéō, “I pour”). As a synonym for pharmacy, a metonymous use of the proprietor to stand for their shop.

der

الْكِيمِيَاء

Arabic الْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ)

(chiefly British, Australia, New Zealand, Ghana) Synonym of pharmacist.


censor

The noun is borrowed from Latin cēnsor (“magistrate; critic”), from cēnseō (“to give an opinion, judge; to assess, reckon; to decree, determine”) + -sor (variant of -tor (suffix forming masculine agent nouns)). Cēnseō is derived from Proto-Italic *kensēō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱens- (“to announce, proclaim; to put in order”). The English word is cognate with Late Middle English sensour, Proto-Iranian *cánhati (“to declare; to explain”), Sanskrit शंसति (śaṃsati, “to declare”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

The Ancient Roman censors were part of the cursus honorum, a series of public offices held during a political career, like consuls and praetors.

And Nobly nam'd, ſo twice being Cenſor, / Was his great Anceſtor.

c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii], page 14, column 1:

Neither [the Segetes Lustrantur and the Oves Lustrantur] are in this place, to be underſtood the Luſtra, which were wont to be Celebrated at Rome by the Cenſors, after the Cenſus of Citizens was made by a Sacrifice of the Suovetaurilia; for they had ceaſed long ago, as appeareth by what Cenſorinus writeth in his Book de Die Natali; at which time the Office of Cenſors also ceaſed, which ſome endeavoured, though in vain, to re-eſtabliſh.

1685, William Howel[l], “The History of the Reformation of Religion by Constantine”, in An Institution of General History, or The History of Ecclesiastical Affairs of the World. […], London: […] Miles Flesher, →OCLC, paragraph 17, page 7:

[page 110] [Justus] Lipſius divides the Duty of the Cenſors into two Heads; the Survey of the People, and the Cenſure of Manners. […] With respect to the latter part of their Office, they had the power to puniſh an Immorality in any Perſon, of what Order ſoever. […] [page 111] 'Tis very remarkable, that if one of the Cenſors died, no body was ſubſtituted in his room 'till the next Luſtrum, and his Partner was oblig'd to quit his Office; becauſe the Death of a Cenſor happen'd juſt before the ſacking of Rome by the Gauls, and was ever after accounted highly ominous and unfortunate.

1696, Basil Kennett, “Of the Censors”, in Romæ Antiquæ Notitia: Or, The Antiquities of Rome. […], London: […] A. Swall and T. Child, […], →OCLC, part II, book III (Of the Civil Government of the Romans), pages 110–111:

At the head of his victorious legions, in his reign over the ſea and land, from the Nile and Euphrates to the Atlantic ocean, Auguſtus proclaimed himſelf the ſervant of the ſtate and the equal of his fellow-citizens. The conqueror of Rome and her provinces aſſumed the popular and legal form of a cenſor, a conſul, and a tribune.

1788, Edward Gibbon, chapter XLIX, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume V, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, pages 168–169:

The Censors were always two in number, and were originally chosen from the Patricians exclusively. In B.C. 351, we find for the first time a Plebeian Censor, G[aius] Marcius Rutilus. In B.C. 339, a Lex Publilia was passed by Q[uintus] Publilius Philo when Dictator, enacting that at least one of the Censors must be a Plebeian.

1876, William Ramsay, “Magistrates of the Regal and Republican Periods and under the Early Emperors”, in A Manual of Roman Antiquities, 10th edition, London: Charles Griffin and Company […], →OCLC, page 165:

(Ancient Rome, historical) One of the two magistrates who originally administered the census of citizens, and by Classical times (between the 8th century B.C.E. and the 6th century C.E.) was a high judge of public behaviour and morality.

(Ancient China, historical) A high-ranking official who was responsible for the supervision of subordinate government officials.

The headmaster was an even stricter censor of his boarding pupils’ correspondence than the enemy censors had been of his own when the country was occupied.

There being a censor of public morals I will refrain from giving that worthy warrior's reply when he had digested this astounding piece of information; it is sufficient to say that it did not encourage further conversation, nor did it soothe our hero's nerves.

1917, Sapper [pseudonym; Herman Cyril McNeile], “The Seed”, in No Man’s Land, New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, →OCLC, part 3 (Seed Time), page 260:

An official responsible for the removal or suppression of objectionable material (for example, if obscene or likely to incite violence) or sensitive content in books, films, correspondence, and other media.

գրաքննիչ

official responsible for removal of objectionable material or sensitive content

During his [Theophilus Higgons's] reſidence in the ſaid houſe [Christ Church, Oxford], he was eſteemed a Perſon to be much ſtained with Puritaniſme, and to be violent againſt all ſuch that were ſuſpected to favour the Romiſh See. When he was Cenſor alſo, he was ſo zealous as to ſaw down a harmleſs maypole ſtanding within the precincts of the ſaid houſe, becauſe forſooth he thought it came out of a Romiſh Foreſt.

1691, [Anthony Wood], “THEOPHILUS HIGGONS”, in Athenæ Oxonienses. An Exact History of All the Writers and Bishops who have had Their Education in the Most Ancient and Famous University of Oxford from the Fifteenth Year of King Henry the Seventh, Dom. 1500, to the End of the Year 1690. […], volume II (Completing the Whole Work), London: […] Tho[mas] Bennet […], →OCLC, column 154:

(education) A college or university official whose duties vary depending on the institution.

Why that character [of the English Revolution] was so peculiar is sufficiently obvious, and yet seems not to have been always understood either by eulogists or by censors.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter X, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume II, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 661:

(obsolete) One who censures or condemns.


witch doctor

[T]he ſaid Dorothy Durent, having been with a Witch-Doctor, acknowledges upon Oath, that by his Advice, ſhe hang'd up her Child's Blanket in the Chimney, found a Toad in it at Night, had put it into the Fire, and held it there tho' it made a great and horrible Noiſe, and flaſht like Gunpowder, and went off like a Piſtol, and then became inviſible, and that by this the Priſoner was ſcorch'd and burn'd lamentably.

1718, Francis Hutchinson, “The Tryal before My Lord Chief Baron Hale”, in An Historical Essay Concerning Witchcraft. […], London: Printed for R. Knaplock, […], and D. Midwinter, […], →OCLC, page 110:

Some people are so foolish as to go to a witch-doctor when they have Cows in this complaint [prematurely parting with their unborn calves]:—they give him some money, and he tells them some frivolous tale, such as that some person that wishes them bad luck, or looks upon them with an evil eye, [...]

1820, J[ohn] C. Knowlson, “The Felon”, in The Complete Cow-leech, or Cattle-Doctor; […], Otley, Yorkshire: Printed for the author by T. F. Bristow, […], →OCLC, page 104:

At that consultation, according to the habit of a witch-doctor, he divined and announced the occasion of their attendance, and indicated the complainant, Mdungazwe, as the wizard who had caused Ranise to suffer.

1893, South African Law Journal, volume 10, Cape Town: Juta & Co., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 219:

I told the witch doctor I was in love with you / And then the witch doctor he told me what to do

1958 April 1, David Seville [pseudonym; Ross Bagdasarian Sr.] (lyrics and music), “Witch Doctor”, in The Alvin Show:

Review of the literature cited in the bibliography of the present paper left this author with the impression that there is indeed a very widespread institution variously labelled by Western observers with epithets such as medicine-man, shaman, witch-doctor, native healer, or with indigenous terms such as angakok (Eskimo), or mganga (Swahili).

1971, W. G. Jilek, “From Crazy Witch Doctor to Auxiliary Psychotherapist: The Changing Image of the Medicine Man”, in Psychiatria Clinica, volume 4, number 4, Basel, New York, N.Y.: S[amuel] Karger, →OCLC, abstract, page 200:

In much of popular Western literature, the non-Western professional who attends to the relief of distress and alleviation of anxiety in his society is known by many names, none of them exactly respectful. He is a medicine man or a witch doctor, native healer or voodoo sorcerer—the "quack," so to speak, never the "doctor."

1982, Sudhir Kakar, “Other Shamans”, in Shamans, Mystics and Doctors: A Psychological Inquiry into India and Its Healing Traditions, New York, N.Y.: Knopf, →ISBN; republished New York, N.Y.: Knopf, 2013, →ISBN:

The man being led into the Cage did not strike me as a witchdoctor. Slim and tall, he was a middle-aged man with a fuzzy Afro which made him look even younger.

1993, Hama Tuma, The Case of the Socialist Witchdoctor and Other Stories (African Writers Series), Oxford, Oxfordshire, Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, →ISBN, page 36:

A person (often male) who is believed to ward off witchcraft and heal through magical powers; a shaman.

طَبِيب سَاحِر

person believed to ward off witchcraft and heal through magic


woodsman

From woods + -man. Compare earlier woodman.

A man who lives and works in woodland; a forester or woodman.