caliph

From Middle English calife, caliphe, from Old French caliphe, from Medieval Latin calipha, from Arabic خَلِيفَة (ḵalīfa, “caliph”) and خَلِيف (ḵalīf, “successor”).

The Abbasid caliphs patronized art and science beside religious developments ushering in the Islamic Golden Age when their capital Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade.

It carries us to the East, and the stately halls of the caliphs rise on the mind's eye; and we think over the thousand and one stories which made our childhood so happy, and stored up a world of unconscious poetry for our future years:...

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The Coronation”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 148-149:

The holder of a monarchical title based on a claim to be a successor of Muhammad.


radiologist

/ˌɹæɪ.diːˈɔl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/

/ˌɹæɪ.diːˈɒl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/

A person who is skilled in or practices radiology.

طَبِيب أَشِعَّة

ṭabīb ʔašiʕʕa


endocrinologist

A person who is skilled at, or practices, endocrinology.


priestess

From priest + -ess. Compare Middle English preesteresse (“priestess”).

cog

The “extenuating circumstances” set forth by the Rev. Mr. Higgins certainly bring home not only the nature of Bishop Hall's problem but its cause; however, the problems of parish life under a deaconess are insignificant in comparison with the very grave issues raised by the ordination of a priestess.

1944 November 19, “Letters”, in The Living Church, volume 109, number 21, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Morehouse-Gorham Co., page 2:

1976 July 10, Aubrey Wice, “Anglican, Greek Orthodox Doctrines at Odds: Women Priests Create Rift Between Churches”, in The Globe and Mail, Toronto, →ISSN, page 36:

He has cleverly figured out that the deluded pro-priestess faction of the church already has its necessary two-thirds majority and that the time to act is now.

1986 June 25, John Fraser, “Dust-up Over Women Will Enliven Anglican Synod”, in The Globe and Mail, Toronto, →ISSN, page A7:

THE Church of England is considering taking legal action against a recalcitrant opponent of women priests in Hull who refuses to take down a church sign which says: "This Anglican parish has no part in the apostasy of priestesses."

1996 July 15, Madeleine Bunting, “Priest Defends 'Sexist' Sign”, in The Guardian, London, →ISSN, page 6:

2003 December, Larry A. Carstens, “The Non Serviam of the Episcopal Church: Unsex Me!”, in New Oxford Review, volume 70, number 11, →ISSN, pages 33–34:

(religious slur, uncommon) A female Christian priest or minister, typically in a Protestant, Old Catholic, or independent Catholic denomination.


barber

→ Indonesian: barber

→ Polish: barber

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
From Middle English barbour, from Anglo-Norman barbour, from Old French barbeor, from barbe (“beard”), from Latin barba.

never ask the barber if you need a haircut

There's also a barber's shop and that staple of railway stations up and down the UK - a WH Smith.

2022 January 12, Paul Bigland, “Fab Four: the nation's finest stations: Eastbourne”, in RAIL, number 948, page 27:

A person whose profession is cutting the hair and beards of usually male customers.

berber

person whose profession is cutting (usually male) customers' hair and beards


lawyer

From Middle English lawier, lawyer, lawer, equivalent to law + -yer.

A professional person with a graduate law degree that qualifies for legal work (such as Juris Doctor)

His forefathers had been, as a rule, professional men—physicians and lawyers; his grandfather died under the walls of Chapultepec Castle while twisting a tourniquet for a cursing dragoon; an uncle remained indefinitely at Malvern Hill;[…].

1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter II, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

A lawyer's time and advice are his stock in trade. - aphorism often credited to Abraham Lincoln, but without attestation

A professional person qualified (as by a law degree or bar exam) and authorized to practice law as an attorney-at-law, solicitor, advocate, barrister or equivalent, i.e. represent parties in lawsuits or trials and give legal advice.

regsgeleerde

professional person authorized to practice law

(by extension) A legal layman who argues points of law.


farmer

desc

→ Kashubian: farmôrz (Canada, United States)

→ Yiddish: פֿאַרמער (farmer)

From Middle English fermour (“a steward, bailliff, collector of taxes”), from Old French fermier (“a farmer, a lessee, husbandman, bailliff”), from Medieval Latin firmarius (“one to whom land is rented, a collector of taxes, deputy”), from firma; equivalent to farm + -er. Compare Old English feormere (“a purveyor of a guild, a supplier of food, a grocer, farmer”). More at farm.

inh

A farmer could place an order for a new tractor part by text message and pay for it by mobile money-transfer. A supplier many miles away would then take the part to the local matternet station for airborne dispatch via drone.

2012 December 1, “An internet of airborne things”, in The Economist, volume 405, number 8813, page 3 (Technology Quarterly):

(agent noun) Someone or something that farms, as:

A person who works the land and/or who keeps livestock; anyone engaged in agriculture on a farm.

boer

(strictly, especially British) More specifically, a farm owner, as distinguished from a farmworker or farmhand as a hired employee thereof.

(Singapore, slang) A regular person; someone who did not receive a prestigious scholarship.

(dated) A baby farmer (operator of a rural orphanage).


countertenor

From Latin contrātenor. By surface analysis, counter- + tenor.

The term countertenor first appeared in England during the mid 17th century. However, the style of singing originated in Elizabethan cathedral choirs, eventually falling out of favour during the Romantic period.

2014 August 8, Rupert Christiansen, “The truth about falsettos [print version: 12 August 2014, p. R8]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review):

A male singing voice far higher than the typical male vocal range.


climber

From Middle English climber, clymber, clymbare (“one who climbs, climber”), from climben (“to climb; to ascend, fly upward, rise; to slope upwards; to approach God in prayer; to advance; to overcome, triumph; to aspire; to be presumptuous”) + -er, -ere (suffix forming agent nouns). The English word is analysable as climb (verb) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).

affix

Someone or something that climbs (such as a mountain climber).

(botany) A plant such as a vine that climbs upwards as it grows by attaching itself to some support.

пълзящо растение

(cycle racing) A cyclist who specializes in riding especially well on steep hills or roads.

grimpeur

His mother was a climber, determined that her children should attend the right schools and generally succeed in what was still very much a WASP world.

1977 August 20, Robert Etherington, “John Horne Burns and His Enemies”, in Gay Community News, volume 5, number 7, page 10:

(figuratively, derogatory) A person who is constantly trying to get ahead socially.

(climbing) Synonym of climbing iron (“a kind of crampon attached to the shoe to aid with climbing”)


vulcanologist

Latin Vulcan, Roman god of fire + ologist.


volcanologist

2006, “A submerged island discovered off the coast of Sicily forms part of a vast underwater volcano, according to new research unveiled by Italian volcanoligists”, in Weekend Argus 24 June 2006.:

One who is skilled in, professes or practices volcanology.


miner

From mine + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (occupational suffix).

Any bird of one of several species of South American ovenbirds in the genus Geositta.


major

From Middle English major, from Latin maior, comparative of magnus (“great, large; noble, important”), from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂yōs (“greater”), comparative of *meǵh₂- (“great”). Compare West Frisian majoar (“major”), Dutch majoor (“major”), French majeur. Doublet of mayor.

pääaineopiskelija

student specializing in a specified subject

He used to be a major in the army.

(military) A rank of officer in the army and the US air force, between captain and lieutenant colonel.

Meronyms: drum major, trumpet major

An officer in charge of a section of band instruments, used with a modifier.


hitman

→ Cebuano: hitman

Coordinate term: hitwoman

Their top hitman, Joe Russo, was on the lam after murdering Joe Barboza in San Francisco.

The high priest of US arms controllers called me a "nuclear arms agreement hitman," which I took as a compliment.

2020 June 23, John Bolton, The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, pages 172–173:

A male contract killer, especially one paid by a mafia.


producer

→ Azerbaijani: prodüser

→ Danish: producer

→ Dutch: producer

→ Hungarian: producer

→ Japanese: プロデューサー (purodyūsā)

desctree

→ Russian: продю́сер (prodjúser)
→ Kazakh: продюсер (prodüser)

/pɹəˈdʒuːsə/

One who produces an artistic production, such as an album, a theater production, a film, a TV program, a video game, and so on.


researcher

/ɹɪˈsɜː.t͡ʃə/

/ˈɹiː.sɜː.t͡ʃə/

/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/

/ɹiˈsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/

-ɜː(ɹ)t͡ʃə(ɹ)

Irregular bedtimes may disrupt healthy brain development in young children, according to a study of intelligence and sleeping habits. ¶ Going to bed at a different time each night affected girls more than boys, but both fared worse on mental tasks than children who had a set bedtime, researchers found.

2013 July 19, Ian Sample, “Irregular bedtimes may affect children's brains”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 34:


czar

See tsar. The spelling czar, the older spelling in English, comes from Sigismund von Herberstein's Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii ("Notes on Muscovite Affairs") of 1549. The alternative tsar began to replace it in the 19th century.

Note therfore that Czar in the Ruthens tounge signifieth a kynge, wheras in the language of the Slauons, Pollons, Bohemes, and other, the same woorde Czar, signifieth Cesar by whiche name Themperours haue byn commonly cauled.

1555, Peter Martyr d’Anghiera, translated by Richard Eden, The decades of the newe worlde or west India, London: William Powell, page 290:

To understand Russia, you have to dive deep into its history — boyars and czars, Pushkin and Pasternak, Stalin and Stalingrad.

2016-12-12, Editorial Team, “Editorial: Trump, Putin and the risks of a reset”, in Chicago Tribune:

Alternative spelling of tsar (especially common in American English)


tsar

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़ार (zār), त्सार (tsār)

Urdu: زار (zār), تسار (tsār)

→ Irish: sár

→ Japanese: ツァー (tsā)

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of kaiser and Caesar. The spelling tsar began to replace the older czar in the nineteenth century. Compare Byzantine Greek Τζαῖσαρ (Tzaîsar).

and why, in the name of common sense, should the English call the Czar (tsar) of Russia raze?

1832 August 1, W. Barnes, “On the Origin of Language”, in Gentleman's Magazine, London, page 129:

(historical) An emperor of Russia (1547 to 1917) and of some South Slavic states.


pirate

→ Niuean: pairēti

From Old French pirate, from Latin pīrāta, from Ancient Greek πειρατής (peiratḗs), from πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, attempt, plot”). Displaced native Old English wīċing, which was the word for both "pirate" and "viking".

You should be cautious due to the Somali pirates.

(crime) A criminal who plunders at sea; commonly attacking merchant vessels, though often pillaging port towns.


buccaneer

From French boucanier, from boucaner (“to smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild beasts for their skins”), from boucan (“(Tupi-style) grill”), from Old Tupi moka'ẽ, mboka'ẽ (“wooden grill”).

der

“Heard of him!” cried the squire. “Heard of him, you say! He was the bloodthirstiest buccaneer that sailed.[…]”

1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC, part I (The Old Buccaneer), page 48:

(nautical) Any of a group of seamen who cruised on their own account on the Spanish Main and in the Pacific in the 17th century, who were similar to pirates but did not prey on ships of their own nation.


whore

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

non-rhotic, dough-door merger, African-American Vernacular

nonstandard but traditional, several locations

(North American)

From Middle English hore, from Old English hōre, from Proto-Germanic *hōrǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ros (“loved”), from *keh₂- (“to wish; desire”). Cognate with Latin cārus, Polish kurwa, German Hure. The initial wh- is unetymological.

The merciless Macdonald – worthy to be a rebel, for that the multiplying villainies of nature do swarm upon him – from the Western Isles of kerns and gallowglasses is supplied, and fortune on his damned quarrel smiling showed like a rebel's whore.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

I come looking for a job
But I get no offers
Just a come-on from the whores on Seventh Avenue

1969, Paul Simon, Simon & Garfunkel, “The Boxer”, Bridge over Troubled Water, Columbia Records

(vulgar, derogatory) Synonym of prostitute: a person (especially a woman) who offers sexual services for payment.


trucker

From truck (“a vehicle”) + -er (occupational suffix).

suffix

I says, "Pig Pen, this here's the Rubber Duck
We just ain't a-gonna pay no toll."
So we crashed the gate doing ninety-eight.
I says "Let them truckers roll, 10-4!"

1975, “Convoy”, in C.W. McCall, Chip Davis (lyrics), Black Bear Road, performed by C. W. McCall:

Because of deregulation and the drive to lower costs, Mr. Lorr said, truckers are now regarded by many companies as just another replaceable part. Some can barely eke out a living.

2020 September 24, Alex Williams, “The Ugly (and Glorious) Truth About American Supermarkets”, in New York Times:


ecologist

/ɪˈkɒləd͡ʒɪst/

From eco- + -logist. The less common sense “environmentalist” might be from association with deep ecology, or influenced by Romance-language equivalents such as Spanish ecologista (“environmentalist”).

Protest actions of this type served to take debate, and the Basque ecologists, onto the street and to encourage people to carry out principled actions such as the eco-sabotage at Itoiz.

2003, Christopher Rootes, Environmental Protest in Western Europe, OUP, →ISBN, page 210:

Despite the accomplishments and the vision of radical ecologists, however, most of the world's power is presently concentrated in economic systems and political institutions that bring about environmental deterioration.

2005, Carolyn Merchant, Radical Ecology: The Search for a Livable World, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 254:

Second, throughout the 1970s, the party Executive guaranteed its support to numerous ecologists’ protest actions, and formed a number of broader umbrella organizations with ecology groups and smaller parties on the Left in order to facilitate communication, share ideas and strategies, and organize and promote common social initiatives on environmental matters.

2016, Lorenzo Bosi, Marco Giugni, Katrin Uba, editors, The Consequences of Social Movements, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 274:

(uncommon) An environmentalist (one who advocates for the protection of the environment).


tsarina

head

tsarina (plural tsarinas, masculine tsar)

Via Italian czarina or Spanish czarina, from German Czarin, Zarin, feminine form of Czar, Zar.

The biggest Russian czarina was Catherine the Great, a German, who incidentally made Crimea part of Russia.

2022 January 25, Katrin Bennhold, quoting Matthias Platzeck, “Where Is Germany in the Ukraine Standoff? Its Allies Wonder.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(historical) An empress of several Eastern European countries, especially Russia, or the wife of a tsar.


smith

From Middle English smyth, smith, from Old English smiþ, from Proto-West Germanic *smiþ, from Proto-Germanic *smiþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *smēy-, *smī- (“to cut, hew”).
Cognate with Dutch smid, German Schmied, German Low German Smitt, Danish smed, Faroese smiður, Icelandic smiður, Norwegian Bokmål smed, Norwegian Nynorsk smed, Swedish smed, Yiddish שמיד (shmid).

(by extension) One who makes anything; wright.


corporal

From French caporal, probably influenced by corporal (above), from the Italian caporale, from capo (“head, leader”) from Latin caput (“head”).

(military) A non-commissioned officer army rank with NATO code OR-4. The rank below a sergeant but above a lance corporal and private.


bobby

Bro I’m booky, I’ll take your food if my belly starts rumblin
They rap about bootings, they ain’t blammed nobody
Hold that properly when I bang that dotty
I put sniff in a rex, and I slang that bobby

2017, “Next Up?”, Digga D (lyrics), performed by 1011 (Digga D x Sav'O x T.Y):


speaker

From Middle English speker, spekere, an alteration (with change of suffix) of Old English speca, spreca (“speaker”), from Proto-Germanic *sprekô (“speaker”), equivalent to speak + -er. Compare Saterland Frisian Spreeker (“speaker”), West Frisian sprekker (“speaker”), Dutch spreker (“speaker”), German Low German Spreker (“speaker”), German Sprecher (“speaker”).

puhuja

linguistics: producer of a given utterance

House of Representatives
House of Representatives

(politics) The chair or presiding officer of certain legislative bodies, such as the U.K. House of Commons or the U.S. House of Representatives.

խոսնակ

politics: the chair or presiding officer


steward

From Middle English steward, stiward, from Old English stīweard, stiġweard (“steward, housekeeper, one who has the superintendence of household affairs, guardian”), from stiġ (“a wooden enclosure; house, hall”) + weard (“ward, guard, guardian, keeper”), equivalent to sty + ward. Compare Icelandic stívarður (“steward”). More at sty, ward.

управител

any administrator of the property or affairs of another

A person who has charge of buildings, grounds, and/or animals.

tilanhoitaja

any caretaker of buildings, estates, or animals


seismologist

A person who is skilled at, professes, or practices seismology.


geologist

/d͡ʒiˈɑːlədʒɪst/

A person whose occupation specializes in the science of geology, especially at a professional or academic level.

جِيُولُوجِيّ

person whose occupation specializes in geology


trio

PIE word
 *tréyes
1715-25; borrowing from Italian trio.

I love his music, but it is a bit disconcerting to realize that you could die in extreme old age and still only be familiar with a mere handful of the baryton trios.

2013, Simon Winder, Danubia, Picador, published 2014, page 281:

(music) A piece of music written for three musicians.

trio

a piece of music written for three musicians

Any cocktail made with a spirit, a liqueur, and a creamy ingredient.


selenologist

A person skilled or involved in selenology.


theologist

Borrowed from Medieval Latin theologista.

1763 August 6, Elizabeth Carter, personal correspondence, in Montagu Pennington, Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter […], Volume I, F. C. and J. Rivington (1808), page 319,
She told me with great joy and simplicity, that an English lady had told her, that our religion was very much alike. I think it is very possible that she fancied us to be Heathens or Turks, before this profound theologist set her right.

1884, William Chatterton Coupland, Translator's Preface to Eduard von Hartmann, Philosophy of the Unconscious: Speculative Results According to the Inductive Method of Physical Science, Volume I, MacMillan and Co., page viii,
What would you have, says the scientist, but an ever-widening view of Nature's operations?—is it not enough, cries the theologist, to be sure that there is a God, although "His ways are past finding out?"

2006, Syafiq Hasyim, Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective, Equinox Publishing, →ISBN, page 32,
Besides being known as a theologist, he [Al-Razi] was noted for being a person of great farid (beauty). ¶ Al-Razi was an intellectual leader (imam) in the fields of Qur'anic exegesis, Islamic theology, rational sciences, and linguistics.

(uncommon) One who is skilled in, professes or practices that which relates or pertains to God.


acrobat

From French acrobate, from Ancient Greek ἀκροβάτης (akrobátēs, “walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft”), from ἀκροβατέω (akrobatéō, “I walk on tiptoe”), from ἄκρον (ákron, “highest or farthest point, mountain top, peak”) + βαίνω (baínō, “I walk, step”).

derived

An athlete who performs acts requiring skill, agility and coordination, often as part of a circus performance.


administrator

Borrowed from Latin administrātor (literally “he that is near to attend”). Doublet of administrador.

bor

One who administers affairs; one who directs, manages, executes, or dispenses, whether in civil, judicial, political, or ecclesiastical affairs; a manager


admiral

→ Cebuano: admiral

desctree

→ German: Admiral
→ Czech: admirál
Hungarian: admirális
→ Polish: admirał
→ Slovene: admirȃl
→ Ukrainian: адміра́л (admirál)

Swahili: admirali

→ Tagalog: ádmirál

Amir_al-umara#In_Norman_Sicily
Chester Nimitz
Eighth Crusade
Florent de Varennes
George of Antioch
Gervase Alard
Horatio Nelson
Louis IX
Nelson's Column
Norman Sicily
admiral
admiral of France

From Middle English admiral etc., from Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admiror (“to admire, respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”). The ending is frequently but mistakenly folk etymologized to derive from the article ال (al-), particularly in Arabic أَمِير اَلبَحْر (ʔamīr al-baḥr, “commander of the sea”), first attested as a Fatimid office, or in Arabic أَمِير الْمُؤْمِنِين (ʔamīr al-muʔminīn, “Commander of the Believers, caliph”). It seems instead to have been borrowed from modification of only the first term in Arabic أَمِير الْأُمَرَاء (ʔamīr al-ʔumarāʔ, “emir of emirs, commander-in-chief”) as used as a title for important commanders in Norman Sicily in the mid-12th century. First attested as an English rank in reference to Gervase Alard of Winchelsea as "admiral of the fleet of the Cinque Ports". Doublet of emir, amir, Amir, and amira.
Etymology tree
Medieval Latin admiralisder.
Anglo-Norman admiralbor.
Middle English admiral
English admiral

cog

أَمِير اَلبَحْر

أَمِير الْمُؤْمِنِين

der

أَمِير الْأُمَرَاء

etymon

The commander of a fishing or merchant fleet, particularly (historical, Canada) a captain granted special privileges in exchange for bringing the first ship of a given fishing season to certain harbors in Newfoundland.


playwright

From play + wright (“builder, craftsman”).

A writer and creator of theatrical plays.


groom

From Middle English grom, grome (“man-child, boy, youth”), of uncertain origin. Apparently related to Middle Dutch grom (“boy”), Old Icelandic grómr, gromr (“man, manservant, boy”), Old French gromme (“manservant”), and also to Middle Dutch grom (“fish guts”), Middle Low German grôm (“fish guts”), from the same Proto-Germanic root. Possibly from Old English *grōma, from Proto-West Germanic *grōmō, *grōm (“swollen belly, stomach tumour, womb-child, fish roe, fish guts”), from Proto-Germanic *grōaną (“to grow”).
Alternative etymology describes Middle English grom, grome as an alteration of gome (“man”) with an intrusive r (also found in bridegroom, hoarse, cartridge, etc.), with the Middle Dutch and Old Icelandic cognates following similar variation of their respective forms.

Toward the end of the war, Benoit was sent off on his own with forged papers; he wound up working as a horse groom at a chalet in the Loire valley. Mandelbrot describes this harrowing youth with great sangfroid.

2013 January, Brian Hayes, “Father of Fractals”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 1, page 62:

the groom of the chamber; the groom of the stole

One of several officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain's department.

The needy groom, that never finger'd groat,
Would make a miracle of thus much coin …

c. 1589–1590 (date written), Christopher Marlo[we], edited by Tho[mas] Heywood, The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Iew of Malta. […], London: […] I[ohn] B[eale] for Nicholas Vavasour, […], published 1633, →OCLC, Act I:

(archaic) A male servant, or more generally, a common man.


concubine

From Middle English concubine (first attested 1250–1300), from Anglo-Norman concubine, from Latin concubīna, equivalent to concub- (variant stem of concumbō (“to lie together”)) + feminine suffix -īna.

He ſhall be made a chaſte and luſtleſſe Eunuch,
And in my Sarell tend my Concubines:

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

And the Levite, the husband of the woman that was slain, answered and said, I came into Gibeah that belongeth to Benjamin, I and my concubine, to lodge. And the men of Gibeah rose against me, and beset the house round about upon me by night, and thought to have slain me: and my concubine have they forced, that she is dead. And I took my concubine, and cut her in pieces, and sent her throughout all the country of the inheritance of Israel: for they have committed lewdness and folly in Israel.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 20:4–6:

Solomon, who was one of the Deity's favorities, had a copulation cabinet composed of seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines.

c. 1909, Mark Twain, “Letter VIII”, in Letters from the Earth:

(chiefly historical) A slave-girl or woman, kept for instance in a harem, who is held for sexual service.


monk

From Middle English monk, from Old English munuc, from Proto-West Germanic *munik, from Late Latin monicus, variant of monachus, from Ancient Greek μοναχός (monakhós, “single, solitary”), from μόνος (mónos, “alone”).

der

A South American monkey (Pithecia monachus); also applied to other species, as Cebus xanthosternos.


apiarist

Some late and very curious experiments, however, of M. Huber, one of the most celebrated apiarists in Europe, have shewn that the pollen has no share whatever in the formation of wax; but that this substance is produced indiscriminately from honey, sugar, or any other saccharine matter, which serves as food for the bees.

1815, Edward T. W. Polehampton, The Gallery of Nature and Art, page 310:

In addition to this there are, within the borders of the United States, thousands of good locations for the apiarist — forest, prairie, swamp, and mountain regions — where agriculture has not yet gained a foothold, either because of remoteness from markets or the uninviting character of soil or climate.

1905, “Bee keeping”, in Farmers' Bulletin, number 59, page 9:

Reverend Lorenzo Langstroth, a nineteenth- century apiarist, teacher and clergyman who is considered to be the father of American beekeeping, first described this type of hive in 1853.

2014, Doug Purdie, Backyard Bees: A guide for the beginner beekeeper, page 17:


beekeeper

A person who maintains hives and keeps bees, especially for the production of honey.


ghostwriter

→ German: Ghostwriter

→ Japanese: ゴーストライター (gōsutoraitā)

→ Polish: ghostwriter

→ Portuguese: ghostwriter

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ghostwriter.wav

Smith was listed as the author of his autobiography, but a ghostwriter did most of the work.

Ghostwriters, typically the faceless forces behind many books by famous non-writers, are now becoming more visible, with celebrities openly teaming up with high-profile professionals.

2021 April 13, Cady Lang, “How Celebrity Memoirs Got So Good”, in Time:

A professional writer who is paid to write material that is officially credited to another person; one who writes on behalf of someone else, often for a celebrity.


ambassador

/æmˈbæs.əˌdɔɹ/

From Middle English ambassadore, from Anglo-Norman ambassadeur, from Old Italian ambassadore, from Old Occitan ambaisador (“ambassador”), derivative of ambaissa (“service, mission, errand”), from Medieval Latin ambasiator, from Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 (andbahti, “service, function”), from Proto-Germanic *ambahtiją (“service, office”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *ambahtaz (“servant”), from Gaulish ambaxtos, from Proto-Celtic *ambaxtos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi-h₂eǵ- (“drive around”), from *h₂m̥bʰi- (“around”) + *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”).
Displaced native Old English ǣrendraca.

The new accusation brought by Urban against Manfred of murdering his sister-in-law's embassador – it may be observed that, tacitly, he acquits him of parricide, fratricide, and nepoticide – requires a little explanation.

1856, Mrs. William Busk, Mediæval Popes, Emperors, Kings, and Crusaders: Or, Germany, Italy and Palestine, from A.D. 1125 to A.D. 1268, volume IV, London: Hookham and Sons, →OCLC, page 294:

An official messenger and representative.


private

en-adj

private (comparative more private, superlative most private)

more private (comparative)
most private (superlative)

→ Punjabi: ਪ੍ਰਾਈਵੇਟ (prāīveṭ)

→ Welsh: preifat

From Latin prīvātus (“bereaved, deprived, set apart from, release”), perfect passive participle of prīvō (“I bereave, deprive, release”), from prīvus (“private, one's own, peculiar”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per; compare prime, prior, pristine. Doublet of privy.

der

Of a room in a medical facility, not shared with another patient.

(philosophy) Of the mind or language, not in principle experienceable, knowable, or understandable by others.


private

In the cities and towns of California, privates are pressuring county governments to close or reduce in size their hospitals and to pay private hospitals for the care of low-income patients. Thus everything is stacked against public hospitals.

1973, Health/PAC Bulletin, numbers 48-67, page 2:

Because you are already moving people with the limitations of what we did in 1982 on the capping of Medicare, you are finding out that the privates are picking up that slack, […]

1993, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, The implementation of employer sanctions: Hearings:

A doctor working in privately rather than publicly funded health care.

And what haue Kings, that Priuates haue not too,[…]

1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 85, column 1:

(obsolete) One not invested with a public office.


horologist

A person skilled in horology, particularly a person who makes or repairs timekeeping devices.


guide

→ Korean: 가이드 (gaideu)

→ Japanese: ガイド (gaido)

→ Norwegian: guide

→ Swedish: guide

c. 1325–75. From Middle English guide, from the Old French guide, from Old Occitan guida, from guidar, from Frankish *wītan (“to show the way, lead”), from Proto-Germanic *wītaną (“to see, know; go, depart”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see, know”). Cognate with Old English wītan (“to see, take heed to, watch after, guard, keep”). Related also to English wit.

cog

The guide led us around the museum and explained the exhibits.

He will be our guide, even unto death.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms xlviii:14:

Someone who guides, especially someone hired to show people around a place or an institution and offer information and explanation, or to lead them through dangerous terrain.


herpetologist

From Ancient Greek ἑρπετόν (herpetón, “creeping animal, reptile, especially a snake”) + -ologist.

uder

Already, Griffith has observed several amphibian extinctions. Pretty much every herpetologist working out in the field has watched several.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, chapter 1, in The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Henry Holt and Company:

One who studies reptiles and amphibians; a reptile and amphibian specialist.

herpetólogu

one who studies reptiles, a reptile specialist


anthropologist

/ˌæn.θɹəˈpɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/

In actual fact, it is hard to see how anyone could defend the prescriptive approach. In any other field of enquiry, it would be seen as patently absurd. What would we say of the social anthropologist who, instead of describing the way a given society is, sets about prescribing the way he thinks it ought to be? (We'd probably suggest he ought to give up Anthropology and take up Politics!) [...]

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, →ISBN, page 8:


goalkeeper

Krohn-Dehli took advantage of a lucky bounce of the ball after a battling run on the left flank by Simon Poulsen, dummied two defenders and shot low through goalkeeper Maarten Stekelenburg's legs after 24 minutes.

2012 June 9, Owen Phillips, “Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, in BBC Sport:

Handball is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team.

2018, Ace Banking And Static Awareness, page 273:

(sports) A designated player that attempts to prevent the opposing team from scoring by protecting a goal.

guardameta

journalistic and sports commentators usage


pharaoh

en-noun

pharaoh (countable and uncountable, plural pharaohs)

From Middle English pharao (also as pharaon, farao, faraon, etc.), from Old English Pharao, from Late Latin Pharaō, from Ancient Greek Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), from Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh), from Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ (“palace, pharaoh”, literally “pr (“house”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, big”)”).

der

And the Egyptians ſhall know that I am the Lord, when I haue gotten me honour vpon Pharaoh, vpon his charets, and vpon his horſemen.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 14:18, column 1:

(historical) The supreme ruler of Ancient Egypt; a formal address for the sovereign seat of power as personified by the "king" in an institutional role of Horus son of Osiris; often used by metonymy for Ancient Egyptian sovereignty


manager

→ Albanian: menaxher

→ Burmese: မန်နေဂျာ (mannegya)

→ Catalan: mànager

→ Dutch: manager

→ French: manager
→ Turkish: menajer

→ German: Manager

→ Greek: μάνατζερ (mánatzer)

→ Hungarian: menedzser

→ Italian: manager

→ Japanese: マネージャー (manējā)

→ Korean: 매니저 (maenijeo)

→ Polish: menedżer

→ Romanian: manager

→ Russian: ме́неджер (ménedžer)

→ Scottish Gaelic: manaidsear

→ Spanish: mánager

→ Swahili: meneja

→ Ukrainian: ме́неджер (ménedžer)

Although they did not want to risk wasting money, faster-climbing managers did value generosity and fair-mindedness.

2009, Bernard M. Bass, Ruth Bass, The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications, →ISBN, page ii:

And it was a fitting victory for Liverpool as Anfield celebrated the 100th anniversary of the birth of their legendary Scottish manager Bill Shankly.

2013 September 1, Phil McNulty, BBC Sport:

(management) A person whose job is to manage something, such as a business, a restaurant, or a sports team.


expert

From Old French, from Latin expertus, from ex (“out”) + peritus (“experienced, expert”), perfect active participle of the unattested verb *perior (“I go through”), itself from Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European *per-.

initiate

anyone initiated, anywhere from basic familiarity to expertise

If an expert says it can't be done, get another expert. - David Ben-Gurion

We called in several experts on the subject, but they couldn't reach an agreement.

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

I'm an expert in my field
Ufology, yes, it's all real
Ancient aliens, it's all true
I'm an expert just like you

2016, Neil Cicierega (lyrics and music), “Touch-Tone Telephone”, in Spirit Phone, performed by Lemon Demon:

A person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject.


commodore

→ Italian: commodoro

→ Portuguese: comodoro

→ Spanish: comodoro

Borrowed from Dutch kommandeur, from Middle French commandeur. See command, compare commend (a doublet), and mandate.

rear admiral (lower half)
rear admiral (lower half)

(US, military, nautical) A rear admiral (lower half).


captain

Sranan Tongo: kapten

→ Arabic: كبتن (kabtin)

→ Burmese: ကက်ပတိန် (kakpa.tin)

→ Hijazi Arabic: كبتن (kabtin)

→ Hindi: कप्तान (kaptān)

→ Japanese: キャプテン (kyaputen)

→ Korean: 캡틴 (kaeptin)

→ Maori: kāpene

→ Swahili: kapteni

→ Urdu: کپتان (kaptān)

From Middle English capitain, capteyn, from Old French capitaine, from Late Latin capitāneus, from Latin caput (“head”) (English cap). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-.
Doublet of chieftain, also from Old French.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps

Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

A commissioned officer in the United States Navy, Coast Guard, NOAA Corps, or PHS Corps of a grade superior to a commander and junior to a rear admiral (lower half). A captain is equal in grade or rank to a United States Army, Marine Corps, or Air Force colonel.

capità

a naval officer with a rank between commander and commodore or rear admiral


lieutenant

→ Irish: leifteanant

→ Malay: leftenan

→ Swahili: luteni

From Middle English lieutenant, lieftenaunt, from Anglo-Norman lieutenant, lyutenaunt, leu tenant, leu tenaunt (“deputy, lieutenant”), from Old French lieu (“place”) + tenant (“holder”). Doublet of locum tenens.

commissioned officer
commissioned officer

lieutenant commander
lieutenant commander

lieutenant junior grade
lieutenant junior grade

(military) The lowest junior commissioned officer rank(s) in many military forces, often Army and Marines.

(military, US) A commissioned officer in the United States Coast Guard, Public Health Service, or National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration whose rank is above that of ensign and below lieutenant commander. There are two ranks of lieutenant: lieutenant junior grade and lieutenant.

пору́чик

in imperial Russian army (1730–1917), armies of White movement, and in armies of other Slavic nations

по́ру́чник

in certain Slavic armies—a non-dictionary form in limited use instead of поручик to more precisely reproduce local terminology


ensign

From Middle English ensigne, from Old French enseigne, from Latin īnsignia, nominative plural of īnsigne, meaning marked, distinguished. Doublet of insignia.

coronet

cavalry equivalent of the infantry ensign

first NATO commissioned officer grade above OF-0 trainee officer

The skipper Mr. Cooke had hired at Far Harbor was a God-fearing man with a luke warm interest in his new billet and employer, and had only been prevailed upon to take charge of the yacht after the offer of an emolument equal to half a year's sea pay of an ensign in the navy.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter X, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

The lowest grade of commissioned officer in the United States Navy, junior to a lieutenant junior grade.


lieutenant commander

en-noun

lieutenant commander (plural lieutenant commanders)

A naval officer whose rank is higher than a lieutenant and below that of a commander.


commander

From Middle English comaundour, commaunder, comaunder, borrowed from Old French comandeor, cumandeur, from comander. By surface analysis, command + -er. See command.

A rank within an honorary order: e.g. Commander of the Legion of Honour.


typewriter

He had taken the wife to his raw new palace in San Diego, where she and her people occupied a wing of great price, and Cheyne, in a veranda-room, between a secretary and a typewriter, who was also a telegraphist, toiled along wearily from day to day.

1896 November – 1897 May, Rudyard Kipling, “Captains Courageous”, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, published 1897, →OCLC:

The typewriter got up and disappeared out a back door, and soon she come back with a man, and he said, "Can I be of some help, Mr. Higgens?"

(archaic) One who uses a typewriter; a typist.


printer

→ Azerbaijani: printer

→ Georgian: პრინტერი (ṗrinṭeri)

→ Japanese: プリンター (purintā)

→ Korean: 프린터 (peurinteo)

→ Russian: при́нтер (prínter)

→ Serbo-Croatian: prìnter, прѝнтер

Old Japanese colour-prints are printed on a sheet of mulberry-bark paper, and are the product of three different craftsmen: the artist who drew the original design, the block-maker or engraver who transferred the design to the wood, and the printer.

1922, Basil Stewart, “How Colour-prints were Produced”, in Subjects Portrayed in Japanese Colour-prints: A Collector’s Guide to All the Subjects Illustrated including an Exhaustive Account of the Chushingura and other Famous Plays, together with a Causerie on the Japanese Theater, New York, N.Y.: E. P. Dutton, →OCLC; republished as A Guide to Japanese Prints and Their Subject Matter, New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1979, →ISBN, page 8:


executioner

/ˌɛksəˈkjuːʃənə/

He would probably have died by the hand of the executioner, if indeed the executioner had not been anticipated by the populace.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XX, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

Underpinning that power was a reign of terror the like of which Chechens had not seen since the days of Stalin. Even the Russian contraktniki, or freelance fighters, were not as feared as Mr Kadyrov's private army of kidnappers, torturers and executioners were.

2004 May 11, “Prisoners of the Caucasus”, in The Guardian:

An official person who carries out the capital punishment of a criminal.

therës

the person who carries out the execution

A hit man, especially being in some organization.


shepherd

From Middle English schepherde, from Old English sċēaphierde, a compound of sċēap (“sheep”) and hierde (“herdsman”), equivalent to modern sheep + herd (“herder”).

па́стырь m (pástyrʹ) (dated, now means "pastor")

It was April 22, 1831, and a young man was walking down Whitehall in the direction of Parliament Street. He wore shepherd's plaid trousers and the swallow-tail coat of the day, with a figured muslin cravat wound about his wide-spread collar.

1906, Stanley J[ohn] Weyman, chapter I, in Chippinge Borough, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., →OCLC, page 01:

A person who tends sheep, especially a grazing flock.

Coordinate term: shepherdess (f.)

The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.

1769, Oxford Standard text, Bible (King James), Psalms 23:1

(figurative) Someone who watches over, looks after, or guides somebody.

Coordinate term: shepherdess (f.)


author

[ˈɔ(ː)θ(ə)ɹ]

From Middle English auctour, from Anglo-Norman autour, from Old French autor, from Latin auctor, from augeō (“to increase, originate”). The h, also found in Middle French autheur, is unetymological as there is no h in the original Latin spelling. The OED attributes the h to contamination by authentic. Doublet of auteur.

The copyright of any original writing belongs initially and properly to its author.

Have you read any Corinthian authors?

This paper has three authors.

Eternal King; thee, Author of all being.

1667, John Milton, “Book III”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant[…]

1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond:

The chief glory of every people arises from its authors.

1755, Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, Preface:

The originator or creator of a work, especially of a literary composition; or, one of the creators of a collaborative work.


waiter

→ Bengali: ওয়েটার (ōẇeṭar)

→ Hindi: वेटर (veṭar)

→ Japanese: ウエーター (uētā)

→ Korean: 웨이터 (weiteo)

→ Urdu: ویٹر (vēṭar)

From late 14th century Middle English waiter, wayter (“attendant, watchman”). By surface analysis, wait + -er. Sense of "servant who waits at tables" is from late 15th century, originally in reference to household servants; in reference to inns, eating houses, etc., it is attested from 1660s. Feminine form waitress first recorded 1834.
The London Stock Exchange sense harks back to the early days of trading in coffee-shops.

Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.

She was a fat, round little woman, richly apparelled in velvet and lace, […]; and the way she laughed, cackling like a hen, the way she talked to the waiters and the maid,[…]—all these unexpected phenomena impelled one to hysterical mirth, and made one class her with such immortally ludicrous types as Ally Sloper, the Widow Twankey, or Miss Moucher.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter II, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed.
 ‘Civilized,’ he said to Mr. Campion. ‘Humanizing.’ […] ‘Cigars and summer days and women in big hats with swansdown face-powder, that's what it reminds me of.’

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

A male or female attendant who serves customers at their tables in a restaurant, café or similar.

However, the NTPF also contained implicit negative incentives for the public sector by offering alternative private sector treatment for the longest waiters at no extra cost to patients or no penalty to public providers.

2013, Siciliani Luigi, Borowitz Michael, Moran Valerie, OECD Health Policy Studies: Waiting Time Policies in the Health Sector:

Someone who waits for somebody or something; a person who is waiting.

(historical) A person working as an attendant at the London Stock Exchange.

(obsolete) A custom house officer; a tide waiter.


waiter

en-verb

waiter (third-person singular simple present waiters, present participle waitering, simple past and past participle waitered)

waiters (present singular third-person)
waitering (participle present)
waitered (participle past)
waitered (past)

I had definitely had my fill of factory jobs, but had never worked in an office, nor bussed, nor waitered.

1992, James Kenneth Melson, “Iowa Boy in the Windy City”, in The Golden Boy, The Haworth Press, →ISBN, page 46:

He dropped out and waitered at the Spain but was fired for throwing water in a customer’s face.

1993, Eric Gabriel Lehman, Quaspeck: A Novel, San Francisco, Calif.: Mercury House, →ISBN, page 102:

John [Jasper] started out as a cart boy, helping the ox-cart driver manage the oxen; but he was so smart that he was soon transferred to the house, where he waitered and worked in the garden.

2008, Jim Haskins, Kathleen Benson, “John Jasper”, in African American Religious Leaders (Black Stars), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., page 43:


waitress

a waitress in a cocktail bar.

It would take a few more beers, but when the liquid courage kicked in, his wobbly legs were unable to keep pace with the fleetfooted waitress, who rolled her eyes, smiling, and finally twirled away.

2007 August 12, Andrew Gensler, “Dancing Away the Heartache, Tacos Included”, in The New York Times:

The chefs never cooked before, the cashiers never cashiered before, the dishwashers never dishwashed before, the waitresses never waitressed before, and the managers never managed before.

I ask everybody… A waitress, flight attendant… …someone I’m shitting next to on the plane… “You know what my biggest hobby is?” Puking.

2024 May 16, very tall bart, [YTP] State of the Union, spoken by Penis Prager (Dennis Prager):

A female attendant who serves customers in a restaurant, café, or similar.


platinumsmith

a worker in platinum, who makes platinum jewelry


psychologist

In 2009, the Obama Administration released guidelines on enhanced interrogation written in 2003 and 2004 by the CIA Office of Medical Services. ^((OMS).1-3(appendix F)) The OMS guidelines, even in redacted form, and opinions from the US Department of Justice's (DOJ’s) Office of Legal Counsel show that CIA physicians, psychologists, and other health care personnel had important roles in enhanced interrogation.

2010 August 4, Leonard S. Rubenstein, JD, Stephen N. Xenakis, MD, “The Ethics of Enhanced Interrogations and Torture: A Reappraisal of the Argument”, in JAMA, volume 304, number 5, American Medical Association, →DOI, pages 569–570:

Investigating why IBM salespeople were so successful, researchers found that IBM set easy targets for their salespeople rather than targets that were difficult to reach and so most of their salespeople achieved their targets. IBM had hired psychologists to define optimum motivational goals for their salespeople and it was discovered that if the targets were achievable the salespeople became very confident and motivated (unlike their demotivated cousins in rival companies) and went out and sold even more computers.

2012, Christine Wilding, chapter 2, in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Croydon, UK: CPI Group (UK) Ltd, page 18:


shah

shahs (plural)
shahy (plural)
shahiv (plural)


coach

→ Czech: kouč

→ Danish: coach

→ Dutch: coach

→ French: coach

→ German: Coach

→ Italian: coach

→ Japanese: コーチ (kōchi)

→ Korean: 코치 (kochi)

→ Malay: koc

→ Polish: coach

→ Spanish: coach

→ Swahili: kocha

→ Swedish: coach

Borrowed from Middle French coche, from German Kutsche, from Hungarian kocsi. According to historians, the coach was named after the small Hungarian town of Kocs, which made a livelihood from cart building and transport between Vienna and Budapest.
The meaning "instructor/trainer" is from Oxford University slang (c. 1830) for a "tutor" who "carries" one through an exam; the athletic sense is from 1861.

(rail transport, UK, Australia) A passenger car, either drawn by a locomotive or part of a multiple unit.

կառք

wheeled vehicle drawn by horse power — see also carriage

football coach

spelling coach

public coach

horseriding coach

politics coach

(originally Oxford University slang) A trainer or instructor.

We couldn't afford the good tickets, so we spent the flight crammed in coach.

(chiefly US) The part of a commercial passenger airplane or train reserved for those paying the lower standard fares; the economy section.

(chiefly US) The lower-fare service whose passengers sit in this part of the airplane or train; economy class.


coach

coach (third-person singular simple present coaches, present participle coaching, simple past and past participle coached)

coaches (present singular third-person)
coaching (participle present)
coached (participle past)
coached (past)

→ Dutch: coachen


coach

John flew coach to Vienna, but first-class back home.

(chiefly US) Via the part of a commercial passenger airplane or train reserved for those paying the lower standard fares; via the economy section.


trainer

→ Cebuano: trainor
→ English: trainor

He served Nelson wholeheartedly as a player, coach and trainer in a lengthy association, the highlights being his involvement in two championship-winning sides.

2009, Garth Dykes, Nelson FC in the Football League, page 22:

(sports) A person responsible for treating injuries sustained by players during matches; a physiotherapist.

(UK, Ireland) A running shoe or sneaker.

I actually never got a trainer for RCT, but needed one for my brother when I installed it on his computer. He is 10, and is only concerned with making "cool" coasters. I also completed CF before getting trainers.

2000, Phil, “I need trainer for version 1.10.021”, in alt.games.rctycoon (Usenet):

Are there any sites that have original copies of games? (ie: Summer/Winter/World Games with Fast Loading). Just looking for games without the trainers/intros.

2001, LJames4728, “Good C64 Game Sites?”, in alt.c64 (Usenet):

(video games, slang) A patch for a video game that applies cheats.


runner

From Middle English rennere, rynner, urnare, equivalent to run + -er. Cognate with Old Norse rennari (“runner; messenger”). Displaced earlier Middle English runel (“runner”), from Old English rynel (“runner”; also “messenger, courier”).

махови́к

mechanical part intended to guide or aid something else to move

Agent noun of run; one who runs.
(film) An assistant.

Agent noun of run; one who runs.
An assistant.

A leaping food fish (Elagatis pinnulatis) of Florida and the West Indies; the skipjack, shoemaker, or yellowtail.


manufacturer

/ˌmænjəˈfækt͡ʃəɹɚ/

/ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃəɹə/


librarian

From library + -an. First attested around 1710.

One who cares for the publications, files etc. in a library, whether staff or volunteer.

bibliotekaris

one who cares for the publications etc. in a library


cowboy

en-noun

cowboy (countable and uncountable, plural cowboys)

→ Catalan: cowboy

→ Dutch: cowboy

→ Estonian: kauboi

→ Finnish: cowboy

desctree

→ French: cow-boy, cowboy (rare, post-1990 spelling)
→ Vietnamese: cao bồi

→ German: Cowboy

→ Greek: καουμπόι (kaoumpói)

→ Hungarian: cowboy

→ Japanese: カウボーイ (kaubōi)

desc

→ Khmer: ខោវប៊យ (khaowbɔɔy), ខូវប៊ (khəwbɔɔ)

→ Korean: 카우보이 (kauboi)

→ Mandarin: 牛仔 (niúzǎi) (calque)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: cowboy

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: cowboy

→ Polish: kowboj

→ Portuguese: caubói, (Portugal) cobói, (unadapted form) cowboy

desctree

→ Russian: ковбо́й (kovbój)
→ Armenian: կովբոյ (kovboy)

→ Serbo-Croatian: kàuboj, ка̀убој

→ Spanish: cowboy

→ Swedish: cowboy

→ Thai: คาวบอย (kaao-bɔɔi)


apprentice

From Middle English apprentice, apprentesse, apprentyse, apprentis, from Old French aprentis, plural of aprentif, from Old French aprendre (verb), Late Latin apprendō, from Classical Latin apprehendō.

(historical) One who is bound by indentures or by legal agreement to serve a tradesperson, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn the art, or trade, in which his master is bound to instruct him.

падма́йстар

historical: one who is bound to serve a tradesperson with a view to learn his art or trade


hatter

From Middle English hatter; equivalent to hat + -er.

A person who makes, sells, or repairs hats.


Socrates

From Ancient Greek Σωκράτης (Sōkrátēs). Doublet of Sokratis.

Accordingly, even though readers always and understandably speak of the theories adumbrated by Socrates here as "Plato's theories", one ought not to speak of them so without some compunction--the writing itself, and also Plato the author, present these always in a spirit of open-ended exploration, and sometimes there are contextual clues indicating that Socrates exaggerates or goes what the argument truly justifies, and so on.

1996, John M. Cooper, “Introduction”, in Plato: Complete Works, Hackett, page xxii:

A male given name from Ancient Greek of mostly historical use, known after a Greek philosopher.


programmer

/ˈpɹəʊɡɹæmə/

/ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/

*program + -er (US) / programme + -er (UK)

(computing) One who writes computer programs; a software developer.


treasurer

/ˈtɹɛʒəɹə(ɹ)/

From Middle English tresorer, from Old French tresorer, from tresor + -er. Displaced native Old English māþmhierde.

The head of a corporation's treasury department.


pornographer

/pɔː(ɹ)ˈnɒɡɹəfə(ɹ)/

Clearly, if pornographers could still use the name without any sexual connotation in the late-nineteenth century, it is likely that many conventional writers in this period were completely unaware that fanny carried a sexual meaning.

2011, Patrick Spedding, James Lambert, “Fanny Hill, Lord Fanny, and the Myth of Metonymy”, in Studies in Philology, volume 108, number 1, page 112:

One who is involved in the creation or dissemination of pornography.

պոռնոգրաֆիա նկարող

person involved in creation or dissemination of pornography


tech

en-noun

tech (countable and uncountable, plural techs)

Clipping of technology, technician, and technique.

Greenville Technical College is informally known as Greenville Tech.

In high school, he attended the tech program, studying construction trades.

(informal, used in titles) Technical college; technical school.

Despite his early preparation, the three-week tech period is Nigrini’s only opportunity to make his vision come to fruition.

2017 November 30, Marc J. Franklin, “Inside Tech Rehearsal for Broadway’s SpongeBob SquarePants, The Broadway Musical”, in Playbill:

Typically when you’re developing a musical you have hours of rehearsal and hours of tech, […] and everyone’s tired of the show by the end.

2020 December 31, Alyssa Bereznak, “Anyone Can Cook: The Oral History of Ratatouille: The Musical”, in The Ringer:

technical rehearsal
technical rehearsal#English

(informal) Short for technical rehearsal..


tech

en-verb

tech (third-person singular simple present techs, present participle teching, simple past and past participle teched)

techs (present singular third-person)
teching (participle present)
teched (participle past)
teched (past)

(video games) To perform a technical (a special move in fighting games that cancels out an opposing attack).


mechanical

From Middle English mechanical, mechanicalle, mechanycalle, equivalent to mechanic + -al.

Rude mechanicals must know their place in a horsey army.

1989, A J Smithers, Rude Mechanicals: An account of Tank Maturity during the Second World War, →ISBN, page 3:

Furthermore, when the play juxtaposes aristocratic violence with artisanal civility, it shows the artisans as the social group that better embodies civility, and the mocking accusations of bestial inferiority leveled at the mechanicals by the aristrocratic characters are revealed as a hollow discourse that attempts to bolster and naturalize established privilege.

2011, Ronda Arab, Manly Mechanicals on the Early Modern English Stage, →ISBN:

Zoe could not believe her eyes: this man looked nothing like the Uncle Max of her memories and nightmares; this chubby old man looked like a dwarfed bon vivant, a lecherous Santa Klaus, a comical figure in an opera, a "mechanical" from a Shakespeare play.

2011, Max Milano, The Mechanicals of Recoleta, →ISBN, page 198:

One who does manual labor, especially one who is similar to Shakespeare's rude mechanicals


archer

from Middle English archer, archere, from Old French archier, from Vulgar Latin *arcārius, alteration of arcuārius, from Latin arcus (“bow”). Displaced native Old English sċytta.

/ˈɑː(ɹ).t͡ʃə(ɹ)/

-ɑː(ɹ)t͡ʃə(ɹ)

One who shoots an arrow from a bow or a bolt from a crossbow.

boogskutter

one who shoots an arrow from a bow or a bolt from a crossbow


fletcher

Inherited from Middle English fleccher, from Old French flechier; equivalent to fletch + -er.

Robert Frankham of Colchester, fletcher, or maker of bows and arrowy, did, by his will, dated the 20th of July, 1577, give a yearly rent-charge of thirteen shillings and four-pence out of a tenement and six acres of land in West Bergholt, for ever;

1810, The history and antiquities of the borough of Colchester, in the County of Essex:

Very speedily the Fletcher arrived. It was his trade, the making of bows and arrows, and the marks of the various makers were as well known to him as the marks on his own.

1853, “A Narrative of Border Warfare”, in The United Service Magazine, page 402:

[…] some of the best bows were made by Elven fletchers in the nearby woods to the east of the city.

2012, Shaun Robinson, A Knights Realm: Forsaken Rise, page 13:

In the spring of 1415 Nicholas Mynot was ordered by an impatient Henry to take on another dozen fletchers at the Tower armoury workshop to step up production of the bows and arrows needed in France

2012, Nigel Jones, Tower: An Epic History of the Tower of London, page 88:

Generally, a manufacturer of bows and arrows.


padre

Borrowed from Italian padre, Spanish padre, Portuguese padre (“priest”), from Latin pater (“father”). Doublet of ayr, faeder, father, pater, and père.

dbt

The Zuma and Manzo Indians of the area were in the habit of going to the missions in the Spanish provinces below the Rio Grande River to solicit the padres to come to teach and baptize them in their villages.

1979, James Wakefield Burke, A Forgotten Glory: the Missions of Old Texas, Waco, TX: Texian Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 62:

(Christianity) A Roman Catholic or Anglican priest.


yakuza

From Japanese やくざ (yakuza). See there for more details.

cartel

Latin American organized crime syndicate

يَاكُوزَا

member of a Japanese organized crime gang


boy band

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-boy band.wav

(music) A pop group whose members are all (usually attractive) young men.

男子組合 /男子组合

pop group whose members are all young men


girl group

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-girl group.wav

Coordinate term: boy group

A pop group made up of (usually attractive) young women.


breeder

Ellipsis of breeder reactor; a type of nuclear reactor that creates more fissile material than it consumes, often used for the production of atomic weapons.


entrepreneur

/ˌɒn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɜː/

/ˌɑ̃.tɹə.pɹəˈnɜː/

/ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/

/ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnʊɚ/

Every rail company worth its salt wanted to connect with London. Interestingly, it was largely that way around - provincial entrepreneurs wanting to connect with the capital, rather than London capitalists seeking to spread outwards.

2021 January 13, Christian Wolmar, “Read all about London's Cathedrals of Steam”, in RAIL, issue 922, page 62:

A person who organizes and operates a business venture and assumes much of the associated risk.

sipërmarrës

person who organizes and operates a business and assumes the associated risk

A person who organizes a risky activity of any kind and acts substantially in the manner of a business entrepreneur.

emprenedor

A person who strives for success and takes on risk by starting their own venture, service, etc.

yrittäjä

person who strives for success and takes on risk by starting his own venture, service etc.


pop group

Despite their artistic ambitions, they were never able to escape the label of a pop group.

A musical group specializing in pop music.


fireman

He looked around his cab at his black greasy fireman, saying 'shovel on a little more coal, and when we cross that White Oak Mountain, you can watch Old 97 roll'.

ca. 1913 The wreck of Old 97 [ballad, Blue Ridge Mountains], verse 3

No grass grew under a train when the engineer let Fireman McLash take the throttle.

1938, Xavier Herbert, chapter IX, in Capricornia, page 140:

A few keen enginemen, such as Driver Rosewarne of York, could coax good work out of them when engaged in heavy East Coast express service, but to most footplate crews, especially firemen, they were rather heartbreaking and backbreaking machines, and gradually were relegated to secondary or fast goods duties.

1949 May and June, R. A. H. Weight, “A Short-Lived Pacific Class”, in Railway Magazine, page 196:

I was elated to pass because there were times when I did not think I was physically capable. It is quite rare for a woman to become a fireman.

2013 August 24, Sophie Wyllie, quoting Tina Pinney, “Volunteer Tina steams ahead and becomes qualified fireman on North Norfolk Railway”, in Eastern Daily Press, →ISSN:

The driver remained at his post, while telling fireman Jim Nightall to get down on the track and run back to uncouple the burning wagon from the rest.

2022 January 12, Benedict le Vay, “The heroes of Soham...”, in RAIL, number 948:

(the latter is informal)

Coordinate term: engineman

(rail transport, nautical) A person (originally a man) who keeps the fire going underneath a steam boiler (originally, shoveling coal by hand), particularly on a railroad locomotive or steamship.

topič

person who keeps the fire going underneath a steam boiler


firewoman

A female fireman (person who heats a steam engine).


innkeeper

From Middle English inkeper; equivalent to inn + keeper. Compare Middle English inholder (“innkeeper”).

The person responsible for the running of an inn, usually the proprietor.


alto

Borrowed from Italian alto (“high”). Doublet of old.

SATB

Initialism of soprano, alto, tenor, bass.

A person or musical instrument that performs the alto part.


soprano

en-noun

soprano (plural sopranos or soprani or sopranoes)

sopranos (plural)
soprani (plural)
sopranoes (plural)

Borrowed from Italian soprano, from Vulgar Latin *superānus, adjective from preposition Latin super (“above”). Doublet of sovereign, from the same Latin root via Old French.

boy soprano

soprano saxophone

I was only once faced with the task of auditioning a nimiety of sopranos.

2008, Denis Norden, chapter 8, in Chips from a Life, →ISBN:

A person or instrument that performs the soprano part.


contralto

contralto (plural contraltos or contralti)

/kɒnˈtɹɑːltəʊ/

Contraction of contratenor alto, from Latin contratenor altus.

Out in the yard a womanʼs hoarse contralto intoned a hymn.

1952, Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, Penguin Books (2014), page 68:

(music) The lowest female voice or voice part, falling between tenor and mezzo-soprano. The terms contralto and alto refer to the same musical pitch range, but among singers, the term contralto is reserved for female singers; the equivalent male form is counter-tenor. Originally the contratenor altus was a high countermelody sung against the tenor or main melody.


magus

From Latin magus, from Ancient Greek μάγος (mágos, “magician”), from Μάγος (Mágos, “Magian”), of an indeterminate Old Iranian origin (see Μάγος for details). Doublet of mage.

In the middle of the fifth century, Empedocles testified to the vitality of these maguses, who were capable of commanding the winds and of bringing the dead back from Hades and who presented themselves, not as mortals, but as gods.

1987, Jean-Pierre Vernant, translated by Anne Marzin, “Greek Religion”, in edited by Mircea Eliade, The Encyclopedia of Religion, volume 6, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan Publishing Company; London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, →ISBN, page 116, column 1:

It’s from our venerable maguses Gominik Halvor and his son. They’ve cast the runes for our enterprise.

1997, Robert Silverberg, Sorcerers of Majipoor (The Majipoor Cycle), New York, N.Y.: HarperPrism, →ISBN, page 435:

A magician; (derogatory) a conjurer or sorcerer, especially one who is a charlatan or trickster.


muezzin

From Turkish müezzin or Ottoman Turkish مؤذن (müezzin), from Arabic مُؤَذِّن (muʔaḏḏin, “one who calls (to prayer), crier”).

der

approaching the mosque, at the call of the muezzin (III, xvi)

1820, Charles Maturin, Melmoth the Wanderer:

I was awoken by the voice of a distant muezzin calling the faithful to prayer.

2015, Chigozie Obioma, The Fishermen, ONE, page 266:

(Islam) The person who issues the call to prayer from one of the minarets of a mosque.


boner

erect penis

(slang, erect penis): erection, hard-on, stiffy


soldier

From Middle English soudeour, from Old French soudier or soudeour (“mercenary”), from Medieval Latin soldarius (“soldier (one having pay)”), from Late Latin solidus, a type of coin. Displaced Old English cempa (whence obsolete kemp).
(red herring): An allusion to soldiers' red uniforms; red herring is, reciprocally, a slang term for "soldier".

(slang, dated) A red herring (cured kipper with flesh turned red).


soldier

en-verb

soldier (third-person singular simple present soldiers, present participle soldiering, simple past and past participle soldiered)

soldiers (present singular third-person)
soldiering (participle present)
soldiered (participle past)
soldiered (past)

(intransitive) To intentionally restrict labor productivity; to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished.


cantor

Borrowed from Latin cantor, agent noun from perfect passive participle cantus, from verb canere (“to sing”) + agent suffix -or. Doublet of chanter.

The cantor's place in church is on the right of the choir.

singer, especially someone who takes a special role of singing or song leading at a ceremony


singer

→ Japanese: シンガー (shingā)

Inherited from Middle English synger, syngere, singere, singare, equivalent to sing + -er. Cognate with Scots singar, Saterland Frisian Sjunger, West Frisian sjonger, German Low German Singer. Compare also Old English sangere, Dutch zanger, German Low German Sänger, German Sänger (“singer”), Danish sanger, Swedish sångare, Icelandic söngvari.

It's the singer, not the song.

A person who sings, often professionally.


teacher

From Middle English techere, equivalent to teach + -er. More at teach.

One particularly damaging, but often ignored, effect of conflict on education is the proliferation of attacks on schools[…]as children, teachers or school buildings become the targets of attacks. Parents fear sending their children to school. Girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence.

2013 July 19, Mark Tran, “Denied an education by war”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 1:

A person who teaches, especially one employed in a school; preceptor.


profession

From Middle English professioun, from Anglo-Norman professioun, Old French profession (“declaration of faith, religious vows, occupation”), from Latin professiō (“avowal, public declaration”), from the participle stem of profitērī (“to profess”). By surface analysis, profess + -ion.

der

She died only a few years after her profession.

Rosario was a young novice belonging to the monastery, who in three months intended to make his profession.

1796, Matthew Lewis, The Monk, Folio Society, published 1985, page 27:

(religion) A promise or vow made on entering a religious order.

обе́т

My father was a barrister by profession.

“You are very idle, Cashel; I am sure of that. It is too provoking to throw away so much money every year for nothing. Besides, you must soon be thinking of a profession.” “I shall go into the army,” said Cashel. “It is the only profession for a gentleman.”

1886, George Bernard Shaw, Cashel Byron’s Profession. […], London: The Modern Press, […], →OCLC, page 4:

An occupation, trade, craft, or activity in which one has a professed expertise in a particular area; a job, especially one requiring a high level of skill or training.

His conduct is against the established practices of the legal profession.

(collective) The practitioners of such an occupation collectively.

ammattikunta

practitioners of a profession collectively


quartet

From French quartette, from Italian quartetto. Doublet of cuarteto and quartetto.

The string quartet played some chamber music.

A group of four people or things, particularly

(music) A group of four musicians who perform classical music together.

квартет

four musicians who perform a piece of music together

The barbershop quartet performed the composition a cappella.

(music) A group of four singers, usually males, who sings together in four-part harmony.


thrall

en-noun

thrall (countable and uncountable, plural thralls)

From Middle English thral, thralle, threl, threlle, from Old English þrǣl (“thrall, slave, servant”), from Old Norse þræll (“slave”), from Proto-Germanic *þrahilaz, *þragilaz, *þrigilaz (“runner, gofer, servant”), from Proto-Indo-European *trāgʰ- (“to pull, drag, race, run”); according to ODS probably related to Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan), Old English þrǣġan (“to run”).

der

My servant, which that is my thrall by right

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Hereat its Marid appeared and said to him, "Adsum! thy thrall between thy hands is come: ask of me whatso thou wantest."

1885–1888, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume (please specify the volume), [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC:

And there were household slaves in golden collars that burned of a plenty there with her, and nine female thralls, and eight male slaves of the Angles that were of gentle birth and battle-captured.

One who is enslaved or under mind control.

in thrall to

Go: release him from the thrall of Hautia.

[Y]our friend, John Edward, is at the other end of the room with his whole soul held in thrall by photographs of other people's relatives.

1889, Jerome K. Jerome, chapter 12, in Three Men in a Boat […] :

In her brain she was dimly conscious of balancing, or striving to balance, the abject shame which had him now in thrall against the one compelling act of courage which had flung him grandly and madly on to the point of danger.

A more enlightened Conservative prime minister, better attuned to the “one nation” tradition of the party of Disraeli and Macmillan, less in thrall to Little Englanders, and less intimidated by the peculiarly vicious and Manichaean worldview of the Daily Mail, would have taken a more consensual approach.

2017 March 27, “The Observer view on triggering article 50”, in The Observer:

Labour needs to engage positively with the unions on wider policy issues, but not be in thrall with them.

2022 November 16, Paul Salveson, “Labour and transport: the important role of the regions”, in RAIL, number 970, page 31:

(uncountable) The state of being under the control of another person.


thrall

en-adj

thrall (comparative more thrall, superlative most thrall)

more thrall (comparative)
most thrall (superlative)

Rather than to live thrall, under the awe
Of lordly lokes, wrapped within my cloke […]


thrall

en-verb

thrall (third-person singular simple present thralls, present participle thralling, simple past and past participle thralled)

thralls (present singular third-person)
thralling (participle present)
thralled (participle past)
thralled (past)

From Middle English thrallen, from the noun above. Compare Old Norse þræla.


performer

One who performs for, or entertains, an audience.

the performer of an action

عَازِف

performer — see also actor, singer, musician


emcee

Pronunciation spelling of MC (“master of ceremonies”).

pronunciation spelling of

"I'm the emcee for tonight," he proclaimed. "I'll announce your program."

1943, "Franklin W. Dixon" (Charles Leslie McFarlane), Hardy Boys 22: The Flickering Torch Mystery

Master of ceremonies
master of ceremonies

Alternative form of MC in its senses as
Master of ceremonies.

[…] mutating into all-star line-ups of emcees spitting hot bars over familiar beats, then to a single crew spitting bars over familiar beats, then eventually to a single crew (or artist) spitting bars over unfamiliar beats.

2021, Jehnie I. Burns, Mixtape Nostalgia: Culture, Memory, and Representation (page 138)

Alternative form of MC in its senses as
(music) A rapper.

Alternative form of MC in its senses as
A rapper.


emcee

en-verb

emcee (third-person singular simple present emcees, present participle emceeing, simple past and past participle emceed)

emcees (present singular third-person)
emceeing (participle present)
emceed (participle past)
emceed (past)

Alan Lomax was emceeing the blues workshop and was turned off by the Paul Butterfield Jug Band and implied as much on stage.

1965 August, Mississippi Phil Ochs, “The Newport Fuzz Festival”, in The Realist, number 61, retrieved 2022-11-13, page 11:

(transitive, intransitive) To act as the master of ceremonies (for).


chaser

Inherited from Middle English chaser, chacer, chasour, borrowed from Old French chaceür, chaceor, from chacier (“to chase, hunt”); later senses from or influenced by chase (“pursue”) + -er. Doublet of chasseur.

преследва́ч

person or thing (ship, plane, car, etc.) who chases

(fiction, Harry Potter) In the sport of Quidditch or Muggle quidditch, a player responsible for passing the quaffle and scoring goals with it.


imperator

en-noun

imperator (plural imperators or imperatores)

imperators (plural)
imperatores (plural)

Borrowed from Latin imperātor. Doublet of emperor.

But to compensate in some degree for what was then taken away, the custom was introduced of bestowing what was termed Triumphalia Ornamenta, that is, permission to receive the titles bestowed upon, and to appear in public with the robes worn by the imperatores of the commonwealth when they triumphed, and to bequeath to their descendants triumphal statues.

1843, “TRIUMPHUS”, in William Smith, Charles Anthon, editors, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 3rd American edition, New York, N.Y., Cincinnati, Oh., Chicago, Ill.: American Book Company, page 1019, column 1:

Modern emperors and consuls of the year VIII. are no more the imperatores of ancient Rome, and modern religious organizations are but the phantasms of mediæval corporations.

1898 April 16, Paolo Mantegazza, anonymous translator, “From the Nuova Antologia. Regressive Evolution.”, in The Living Age, sixth series, volume XVIII; from the beginning, volume CCXVII, number 2806, Boston, Mass.: The Living Age Company, section VI, page 160, column 2:

He said cautiously, "I do not think it right, Imperator."

1966, James Workman, The Mad Emperor, Melbourne, Sydney: Scripts, page 147:

Given the sudden proliferation of self-portraits on the coins of all the imperatores of this period, many of whom certainly had not received such a privilege, such an unattested grant to Antony need not be assumed.

1990, Robert Newman, “A Dialogue of Power in the Coinage of Antony and Octavian (44–30 B.C.)”, in American Journal of Numismatics, second series, volume 2, New York, N.Y.: The American Numismatic Society, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 53:


fundraiser

This year’s fundraiser will be a walkathon.

But the most politically damaging blow came from a late-breaking apostate: Mr. Clooney, who just weeks earlier had spent time with Mr. Biden and helped deliver $28 million to his campaign at a Los Angeles fund-raiser.

2024 July 11, Theodore Schleifer, Jacob Bernstein, Reid J. Epstein, “How Biden Lost George Clooney and Hollywood”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

An event undertaken to get money by voluntary contributions for a particular activity or cause.


counselor

counselors (plural)
in Canada (US alternative)

From Middle English conseillour, counseiler, from Anglo-Norman cunseiler, cunseiliour, from Old French conseillier, from Latin consiliator, agent noun from cōnsilior (“I take counsel”), from cōnsilium (“plan, council, wisdom, advice”). Compare councilor. Displaced native Middle English redere, Middle English redesman, and Middle English redyeve, from Old English rǣdġiefa (literally “advice giver”).

ncog

A professional who counsels people, especially on personal problems.

(education) A school counselor, often in a specialty such as careers, education, or health.

(politics) A high ranking diplomat, usually just below an ambassador or minister.

(US) A children’s supervisor, usually at camp.


famulus

A close attendant or assistant, especially of a magician or occult scholar.


taxman

The taxman’s taken all my dough.
Left me in my stately home.

... a duty even more dreaded: to pay taxes. The taxman is primarily interested in those strong enough to create and lucky enough to sell.

1978, The Estates, Gifts and Trusts Journal:

The taxman is an especially hated presence. 'Let's just say that certain elements around these parts could live without their company,' observes one ...

2013, Tom Parker Bowles, The Year of Eating Dangerously: A Global Adventure in Search of Culinary Extremes, St. Martin's Press, →ISBN:

(sometimes derogatory) A tax-collecting organ, personified.


page

From Old French page, possibly via Italian paggio, from Late Latin pagius (“servant”), probably from Ancient Greek παιδίον (paidíon, “boy, lad”), from παῖς (paîs, “child”); some sources consider this unlikely and suggest instead Latin pagus (“countryside”), in sense of "boy from the rural regions". Used in English from the 13th century onwards.

der

(historical) A serving boy; a youth attending a person of high degree, especially at courts, often as a position of honor and education.

(in libraries) The common name given to an employee whose main purpose is to replace materials that have either been checked out or otherwise moved, back to their shelves.

Any one of several species of colorful South American moths of the genus Urania.


architect

From Middle French architecte, from Latin architectus, from Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn, “master builder”), from ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + τέκτων (téktōn, “builder”).

every man is the architect of his own fortune

(Philippines) An honorific given to architects. Usually capitalized or abbreviated as Arch./Ar. before the person's name.


cardiologist

The homeless guy thus ends up getting treated by one of the best cardiologists in the city.

2022, N. K. Jemisin, The World We Make, Orbit, page 285:

A physician who specializes in medical problems related to the heart.


professor

→ Chickasaw: pofessa'

→ Fijian: parofesa

→ Hawaiian: polopeka

→ Hindi: प्रोफ़ेसर (profesar)

→ Malay: profesor

→ Niuean: palōfesa

→ Samoan: polofesa

→ Swahili: profesa

→ Tok Pisin: profesa

→ Tongan: palofesa

→ Urdu: پروفیسر (profesar)

Derived from Anglo-Norman proffessur, from Latin professor (“declarer, person who claims knowledge”), from the past participle stem of profiteor (“profess”).

Professor is what you become after teaching for twenty to thirty years.

2014 November 22, Michel Clasquin-Johnson, “What is the difference between a research professor and a professor”, in Quora:

The most senior rank for an academic at a university or similar institution.

(US, Philippines, informal) A teacher or faculty member at a college or university regardless of formal rank.

professor

higher ranking for a teacher or faculty member at a college or university

dosent

teacher or faculty member at a college or university, regardless of formal rank

As for Religion, I have not said, much lesse meant irreverently of it, or of the Professors thereof.

1660, William Petty, Reflections upon some Persons and Things in Ireland, p. 170/1:

This period in which Abraham the Jew lived was one in which Magic was almost universally believed in, and in which its Professors were held in honour;

1897, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (transl.) The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage, Introduction, p. v

(archaic) One who professes something, such as a religious doctrine.

Two young men of familiar acquaintance … were one euening at a common Inne of this town (as I haue heard) where the one of them shewed his skill on the Virginals, to the no little contentement of the hearers. Nowe as diuers guests of the house came into the room to listen, so among the rest entered an artificiall Conny-catcher, who as occasion serued, in the time of ceissing betweene the seueral toyes and fancies hee plaid: very much commended his cunning, quicke hand, and such qualities praiseworthy in such a professour.

1592, Robert Green, The Thirde & Last Part of Conny-catching, Bodleian Library (Malone 575), London: John Lane. Reprinted in 1923, Harrison, G. B. (ed.), The Bodley Head Quartos III, Plainstow, Great Britain: Curwen Press, p. 29

(obsolete) A practitioner, one who (publically) practises or teaches an art or skill.

The puppeteer who performs a Punch and Judy show; a Punchman.


gynecologist

/ˌɡaɪnəˈkɒləd͡ʒɪst/

From Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ, “woman”) (genitive form
γυναικός) + -λογία (-logía, “branch of study”), itself the combination form of -λόγος (-lógos, “word, knowledge, reason”). By surface analysis, gynecology + -ist or gyneco- + -logist.

Dr. Schirren: The members of this round table keep on speaking about urologists and gynecologists but you never mention andrologists.

1986, Emil Steinberger, G. Frajese, Anna Steinberger, editors, Reproductive Medicine, page 493:

From now on, too, general practitioners should, as Southard emphasized, be urged to be at least as familiar with the general principles and methods of the psychiatrist as they are with those of the gynecologist, the dermatologist, and the pædiatrist.

2006, various authors, A Psychiatric Milestone, The Echo Library, →ISBN, page 29:

(American spelling) (Canadian spelling, common) A physician specializing in diseases of the female reproductive system.


quartette

Another musical memory of the stationmaster was his Joint Railway Male Voice Quartette, comprising three local stationmasters and a booking clerk, whose items were very acceptable at social events. One thing that amused me was that the quartette included a Mr. Dove and a Mr. Crowe; and it was Mr. Dove, and not the latter, who took the bass parts.

1952 March, R. S. McNaught, “Joint Line Memories”, in Railway Magazine, page 195:


quartermaster

/ˈkwɔːtɚˌmɑːstə/

From Middle English quartermayster, quartermaistre, equivalent to quarter + master. Perhaps reinforced by and merged with Dutch kwartiermeester, kwartier-meester. Compare German Quartiermeister, French quartier-maître.

(military) An officer whose duty is to provide quarters, provisions, storage, clothing, fuel, stationery, and transportation for a regiment or other body of troops, and superintend the supplies. Master of quartering.


quintette

Alternative spelling of quintet A composition for five voices or instruments; also, the set of five persons who sing or play five-part music.


agistor

One who agists or takes in cattle to pasture at a certain rate; a pasturer.

(historical) an officer of the king's forest, who had the care of cattle agisted, and collected the money for the same; hence called gisttaker, which in England is corrupted into guest-taker.


scientist

→ Cebuano: sayantist, sayantis

→ Malay: saintis

→ Portuguese: cientista

Coined by English philosopher and historian of science William Whewell in March 1834 in an anonymous review of Mary Somerville's book On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences in the Quarterly Review as a suggested replacement for, and later seriously introduced by him in 1840 (see the quotation) as a more precise substitute for, the terms natural philosopher and man of science. Modeled after artist, from the Latin stem scientia (“knowledge”) + -ist.

coin

As we cannot use physician for a cultivator of physics, I have called him a physicist. We need very much a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should incline to call him a Scientist. Thus we might say, that as an Artist is a Musician, Painter, or Poet, a Scientist is a Mathematician, Physicist, or Naturalist.

1840, William Whewell, “Aphorisms Concerning the Language of Science. Aphorism XVI. In the Composition and Inflexion of Technical Terms, Philological Analogies are to be Preserved if Possible, but Modified According to Scientific Convenience.”, in The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded upon Their History. […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […]; Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: J. and J. J. Deighton, →OCLC, paragraph 4(3), page cxiii:

Becoming more aware of the progress that scientists have made on behavioral fronts can reduce the risk that other natural scientists will resort to mystical agential accounts when they exceed the limits of their own disciplinary training.

2012 January, Stephen Ledoux, “Behaviorism at 100”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, United States: Sigma Xi, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 60:

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013 June 21, Karen McVeigh, “US Rules Human Genes Can’t Be Patented”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, →ISSN, page 10:

One whose activities make use of the scientific method to answer questions regarding the measurable universe. A scientist may be involved in original research, or make use of the results of the research of others.

wetenskaplike

one whose activities make use of the scientific method

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 463. Experiment

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 476. Reasoning

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 492. Scholar


clown

From earlier clowne, cloyne (“man of rustic or coarse manners, boor, peasant”); likely of North Germanic origin, akin to Icelandic klunni (“clumsy fellow, klutz”), Swedish kluns (“clumsy fellow”), all from Middle Low German klunz, from klunt (“pile, lump, something thick”); according to Pokorny, this could be related to a group of Germanic derivatives of Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up; amass”), such as Proto-West Germanic *klott (“lump”), Proto-Germanic *klūtaz (“clod, lump”), *kultaz (“lump, bundle”), etc.
Alternatively, directly from Low German (compare North Frisian klönne (“clumsy fellow, klutz”), Dutch kluns (“clumsy fellow, klutz”), Dutch kloen (“uncouth person, lout”)), themselves from the same ultimate source as above.
Unlikely from Latin colōnus (“colonist, farmer”), although learned awareness of this term may have influenced semantic development.

cog

The clown, the child of nature, without guile.

1782–1785, William Cowper, “(please specify the page)”, in The Task, a Poem, […], London: […] J[oseph] Johnson; […], →OCLC:

He […] began to descend to familiar questions, endeavouring to accommodate his discourse to the grossness of rustic understandings. The clowns soon found that he did not know wheat from rye, and began to despise him; one of the boys, by pretending to show him a bird's nest, decoyed him into a ditch; […]

August 25, 1759, Samuel Johnson, The Idler No. 71

(obsolete) One who works upon the soil; a rustic; a churl; a yokel.


avener

(historical) An officer of the king's stables whose duty it was to provide oats for the horses.


glazier

/ˈɡleɪʒə(ɹ)/

From Middle English glazier, glasier, glasyer, glasiere, variants (due to influence from words in -yer) of Middle English glaser, equivalent to glass + -er.

"In judging of that tempestuous wind called Euroclydon,” says an old writer—of whose works I possess the only copy extant—“it maketh a marvellous difference, whether thou lookest out at it from a glass window where the frost is all on the outside, or whether thou observest it from that sashless window, where the frost is on both sides, and of which the wight Death is the only glazier."

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 2, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 10:

One who glazes; a craftsman who works with glass, fitting windows, etc.


piper

From Middle English piper, pipere; equivalent to pipe + -er. Piecewise doublet of fifer.

A common European gurnard (Trigla lyra), having a large head, with prominent nasal projection, and with large, sharp, opercular spines.


purveyor

From Anglo-Norman purveour, from Old French porveor, agent noun from porveoir. See purvey. Doublet of provedore and proveditor.

But a Prince is no more to be his own caterer in his Love, than in his food; therefore Aurengezebe has ever in waiting two purveyors for his dishes, and his wenches for his retired hours

1709 August 6 (Gregorian calendar), Isaac Bickerstaff [et al., pseudonyms; Joseph Addison], “Tuesday, July 26, 1709”, in The Tatler, number 46; republished in [Richard Steele], editor, The Tatler, […], London stereotype edition, volume I, London: I. Walker and Co.; […], 1822, →OCLC:


chauffeur

He fell into a reverie, a most dangerous state of mind for a chauffeur, since a fall into reverie on the part of a driver may mean a fall into a ravine on the part of the machine.

1913, Robert Barr, chapter 3, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Super Nintendo, Sega Genesis
When I was dead broke, man, I couldn't picture this
50-inch screen, money-green leather sofa
Got two rides, a limousine with a chauffeur

1994, 2:40 from the start, in Juicy (Hip Hop), spoken by The Notorious B.I.G.:

A person employed to drive a private motor car or a hired car of executive or luxury class (like a limousine).

(firefighting) The driver of a fire truck.


mechanic

From Middle English mekanyk (“mechanical”), from Old French mecanique, from Latin mechanicus (“of or belonging to machines or mechanics, inventive”), from Ancient Greek μηχανικός (mēkhanikós, “pertaining to machines or contrivance, mechanic, ingenious, inventive”), from μηχανή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, contrivance”); see machine.

der

Mechanic slaves,
With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers.

c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

Authors both Sacred and Profane we see complain of the Level of Learning, with Mechanick Ignorance: [...]

1654, Richard Whitlock, Zootomia; Or, Observations on the Present Manners of the English:

But then they did not wrong themſelves ſo much, / To make a God, a Hero, or a King, / (Stripp'd of his golden Crown and purple Robe) / Deſcend to a Mechanick Dialect, / Nor (to avoid ſuch meanneſs) ſoaring high / With empty ſound, and aiery notions fly; [...]

1680, Horace, translated by Earl of Roscommon [i.e., Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon], Horace’s Art of Poetry. […], London: […] Henry Herringman […], →OCLC, page 17:

Sometimes he ply'd the ſtrong mechanic Tool, / Or rear'd the Fabrick from the fineſt Draught; [...]

1748, James Thomson, “Canto II”, in The Castle of Indolence: […], London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, stanza XII, page 47:

(obsolete) Of or relating to a mechanic or artificer, or to the class of artisans; hence, rude; common; vulgar; base.


mechanic

His noble earnestness, his fidelity, his gallant shielding of her, his generous conquest of his own wrong and his own pride for her sake, are simply honourable, manly, and true. Nothing less worthy can be seen through the lustre of such qualities in the commonest mechanic, nothing less worthy can be seen in the best-born gentleman.

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

The lower orders were freer than they had ever been – free […] to choose their own lay preachers, mechanics like the rest of the congregation.

1972, Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down, Folio Society, published 2016, page 77:

(now chiefly historical) A manual worker; a labourer or artisan.

This game has a mechanic where if you run toward a ledge you automatically jump off rather than just falling.

A device, command, or feature which allows someone to achieve a specific task.

And from then on, his bag was silence. Silence and killing. Overnight he became the best grunt we had, a real killer, a mechanic.

1976, Newton Thornburg, Cutter and Bone, Little, Brown, →ISBN, page 250:

I can do other things beside burglarizing. I'm a first-class crap dealer, I'm a pretty good card mechanic, pretty good dice mechanic.

1969, Bruce Jackson, A Thief's Primer, Macmillan, →ISBN, page 91:

It was so obvious. I mean, all of Nicky's half-assed mechanics, they were real signal happy.

1995, Nicholas Pileggi, Martin Scorsese, Casino, spoken by Ace (Robert De Niro):

(gambling) A cheat who manipulates the cards or dice.


zoologist

/zəʊˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/


bookseller

From Middle English boksellere, bok-sillere, equivalent to book + seller.

A person engaged in the business of selling books.


merchant

From Middle English marchaunt, from Anglo-Norman marchaunt, from mercans, from the verb mercor (“I trade, deal, sell”).

A person who traffics in commodities for profit.

The owner or operator of a retail business.

kauppias

the owner or operator of a retail business

He's some kind of speed merchant — he drives way too fast.

Goal merchant Smith scored twice again in the match against Mudchester Rovers.

(informal, sometimes derogatory) Someone who is noted for a stated type of activity or behaviour.


merchant

en-verb

merchant (third-person singular simple present merchants, present participle merchanting, simple past and past participle merchanted)

merchants (present singular third-person)
merchanting (participle present)
merchanted (participle past)
merchanted (past)

a merchanting service

As a resident of a region, to buy goods from a non-resident and sell them to another non-resident.


driver

desctree

→ Japanese: ドライバー (doraibā)
→ Hakka: 多拉把 (tô-lai-pá, tô-lai-pà, tò-lái-pà)
→ Hokkien: 螺賴把 /螺赖把 (lo͘-lài-bà)

→ Hokkien: 嚦峇 /呖峇 (lē-bā)

→ Scottish Gaelic: draibhear

From Middle English drivere, dryvere, dryvare, equivalent to drive + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Drieuwer (“driver”), Dutch drijver (“driver”), German Low German Driever (“driver”), German Treiber (“driver”).

The brassey much resembled the driver, but the iron opened out quite a new field of practice; […]

1902, Robert Marshall Grade, The Haunted Major:

(golf) A golf club used to drive the ball a great distance.

A cooper's hammer for driving on barrel hoops.


preacher

From Middle English precher, prechere; partly equivalent to preach + -er, and partly continuing Middle English prechour, prechiour, from Old French preecheor (French prêcheur), from Latin praedicator (“public praiser, proclaimer”). See preach.
Displaced native Old English bydel.

der

The born preacher we feel instinctively to be our foe. He may do some good to the wretches that have been struck down and lie gasping on the battlefield: he rouses antagonism in the strong.

1859, George Meredith, chapter 10, in The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. A History of Father and Son. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC:

Someone who preaches a worldview, philosophy, or religion, especially someone who preaches the gospel and especially a clergyman or clergywoman.