periapsis

periapsis (plural periapsides or periapsises or periapses)

periapsides (plural)
periapsises (plural)
periapses (plural)

1983, Richard O. Fimmel, Laurence Colin, Eric Burgess, Pioneer Venus, NASA SP-461, page 109,
Figure 5-19. Sun-Venus-Orbiter geometry illustrates how the periapsis moves around the planet during the Venusian sidereal year to sample day and night hemispheres. Because the planet rotates in a retrograde direction, it takes more than one Venusian sidereal year for periapsis to move over all longitudes of the planet (as explained in text).

We don't always want to burn near periapsis. Suppose we want to change the height at periapsis. The most efficient place to change the radius of periapsis is at apoapsis. Consider applying #x5C;Deltav at some other point in the orbit. In this case both periapsis and apoapsis will change. If we apply the #x5C;Deltav tangentially at apoapsis, all of the #x5C;Deltav will go into changing periapsis, and vice versa.

2001, D. A. Vallado, Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications, Springer, page 325:

2004, R. S. Saunders, et al., Mars Odyssey Mission, C. T. Russell (editor), 2001 Mars Odyssey, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 34,
The main aerobraking phase began once the point of the spacecraft's periapsis had been lowered to within 110 km above the Martian surface.

(astronomy, astrophysics) The point of a body's (elliptical) orbit in a 2-body gravitational system such that the distance between the two bodies (measured from their respective centres of mass) is at its minimum.


trans

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“on the other side of”).

bor+

A series of one electron shifts in this complex establish a new trans double bond at carbon ll which transfers the hydrogen to oxygen, forming the hydroperoxide and liberating the enzyme.

1973, Kert F. Ivie, The Effect of Peroxidase on Model Systems of Lipoxidase and Linoleic Acid:

A cis double bond is one where the hydrogen atoms are both on the same side. In contrast, a trans double bond has them on the opposite side.

2015, William P Edwards, The Science of Bakery Products, Royal Society of Chemistry, →ISBN, page 26:

(physical chemistry) In (or constituting, forming, or describing) a double bond in which the greater radical on both ends is on the opposite side of the bond.

The trans effect is the labilization of ligands which are trans to certain other ligands.

coordination compound
coordination compound

(physical chemistry) In (or constituting, forming, or describing) a coordination compound in which the two instances of a particular ligand are on opposite sides of the central atom.


paste

en-noun

paste (countable and uncountable, plural pastes)

→ Cebuano: pasta

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₁t-der.
Ancient Greek πάσσω (pássō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τός (-tós)
Ancient Greek παστός (pastós)
Ancient Greek παστά (pastá)bor.
Late Latin pasta
Old French pastebor.
Middle English paste
English paste
From Middle English paste, from Old French paste (modern pâte), from Late Latin pasta, from Ancient Greek παστά (pastá). Doublet of pasta. The verb is from the noun. Middle English had pasten (“to make a paste of; bake in a pastry”), also from the noun; compare Latin pistō and Medieval Latin pastillātus.

etymon

(physics) A substance that behaves as a solid until a sufficiently large load or stress is applied, at which point it flows like a fluid


eigenvector

David Hilbert
Hermann von Helmholtz
eigenvector

From eigen- + vector, a partial calque of German Eigenvektor.
The prefix eigen- (also used in eigenvalue) was first used in 1904, by David Hilbert, and was possibly inspired by a related usage by Hermann von Helmholtz.

(physics, engineering) A right eigenvector; given a matrix A, the eigenvector of the transformation "left-side multiplication by A."


ET

en-noun

ET (countable and uncountable, plural ETs)

(physics, uncountable) Initialism of electron tunneling.


sup

of supremum and of words beginning with super-

(physics) Being or relating to the squark that is the superpartner of an up quark.


perturbation

perturbation (countable and uncountable, plural perturbations)

Borrowed from Middle French perturbation, from Old French perturbacion, from Latin perturbatio.

Natures that haue much Heat, and great and violent deſires and Perturbations, are not ripe for Action, till they haue paſſed the Meridian of their yeares: As it was with Iulius Cæſar, and Septimius Seuerus.

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Youth and Age. XLII.”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC, pages 247–248:

(countable) A small change in a physical system, or more broadly any definable system (such as a biological or economic system)

perturbo

a small change in a physical system or any definable system

(countable, astronomy, physics) Variation in an orbit due to the influence of external bodies


dark matter

dark matter
en:Fritz Zwicky
en:Vera Rubin

Calque of German Dunkle Materie, from dunkel (“dark”) and Materie (“matter”). Coined by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in German in 1933, to account for the apparent mass needed to account for galaxy clusters, where the mass of luminous matter did not add up to enough of a gravitational effect, inferring nonluminous matter must exist to account for the missing mass. The term gained new popularity due to the missing mass found in galaxies to account for galaxy rotation curves discovered by Vera Rubin in research published in English in the 1970s.

The evidence for dark matter in galaxies started to accumulate in the mid-1970s. By the following decade it became clear that essentially all galaxies, including our own Milky Way, are surrounded by extensive halos of dark matter.

2001, Susan M. Fitzpatrick, John T. Brue, Carving Our Destiny: Scientific Research Faces a New Millennium:

On large scales like that of clusters of galaxies, gravitational lensing indicates that the dark matter is smoothly distributed, on the average.

2004, L. Bergström, A. Goobar, “Particle Astrophysics and the Dark Sector of the Universe”, in John W. Mason, editor, Astrophysics Update, pages 124–125:

(astronomy, astrophysics, broadly) Matter which cannot be detected by its radiation but whose presence is inferred from gravitational effects.

donker materie

particles of matter that cannot be detected by their radiation

(particle physics, cosmology, strictly) Matter which has mass but which does not readily interact with normal matter except through gravitational effects.


thunderstorm

I have never believed, as some people do, in omens and forewarnings, for the dramatic things in my life have generally come upon me as suddenly as a tropical thunder-storm.

1936 July, John Buchan, “Lost Gods”, in The Island of Sheep, London: Hodder and Stoughton, published July 1938, →OCLC, part I (Fosse), page 11:

A storm consisting of thunder and lightning produced by a cumulonimbus, usually accompanied with heavy rain, wind, and sometimes hail; and in rarer cases sleet, freezing rain, or snow.


Alice

From Middle English Alice, from Old French Alys, Alice, from Old High German Adalheidis, proposed to derive from Proto-Germanic *aþalaz (“noble”) + *haiduz (“character”). Doublet of Adelaide.

af

Alice sends the message, "I am Alice," to Bob. Bob chooses a nonce, N and sends it to Alice. Alice encrypts the nonce using Alice and Bob's symmetric secret key, K#x5F;#x7B;A-B#x7D;, and sends the encrypted nonce, K#x5F;#x7B;A-B#x7D;(N) back to Bob.

1978, V.S. Bagad, I.A. Dhotre, Computer Networks, Technical Publications, →ISBN:

Alice opens her lantern, Bob opens his the instant he sees Alice's, and Alice notes the time T that passes between the moment she opens hers and the moment she sees the light returning to her from Bob's.

2009, N. David Mermin, It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 19:

(cryptography, physics) The person or system that sends a message to another person or system conventionally known as Bob.


electrocutioner

/ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuʃənɚ/

/ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuːʃənə/

Blend of electrocution + executioner, or electrocution + -er

U.S. Supreme Court: STATE OF LA. EX REL. FRANCIS v. RESWEBER, 329 U.S. 459 (1947) 329 U.S. 459 STATE OF LOUISIANA ex rel. FRANCIS v. RESWEBER, sheriff, et al. No. 142.
'Then the electrocutioner turned on the switch and when he did Willie Francis' lips puffed out and he groaned and jumped so that the chair came off the floor. Apparently the switch was turned on twice and then the condemned man yelled: 'Take it off. Let me breath." Affidavit of official witness Harold Resweber, dated May 23, 1946.

Smiling as I throw the switch that takes away their breath
I see life as an interruption to the tune of death

1978, The Residents (lyrics and music), “The Electrocutioner”, in Duck Stab/Buster & Glen, performed by Monica Ganas and Snakefinger:

an executioner who carries out an execution by means of electricity.


electrocution

en-noun

electrocution (countable and uncountable, plural electrocutions)

/ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuːʃən/

Deliberate execution by electric shock, usually involving an electric chair.


immure

en-verb

immure (third-person singular simple present immures, present participle immuring, simple past and past participle immured)

immures (present singular third-person)
immuring (participle present)
immured (participle past)
immured (past)

From Middle English enmuren and Middle French emmurer, both from Old French enmurer, from Latin immūrō, from in- + mūrus (“wall”). Modern spelling is modelled after the Latin.

1975, American Institute of Physics, American Crystallographic Association, Soviet Physics, Crystallography, Volume 19, Issues 1-3, page 296,
On increasing the supercooling, the step starts completely immuring the impurity and v rises sharply.

(transitive, crystallography and geology, of a growing crystal) To trap or capture (an impurity); chiefly in the participial adjective immured and gerund or gerundial noun immuring.


spaghetti

en-noun

spaghetti (usually uncountable, plural spaghettis)

The noun is borrowed from Italian spaghetti, the plural of spaghetto (“dish of spaghetti; (rare) strand of spaghetti”), from spago (“cord, string, twine; thread”) + -etto (diminutive suffix). Spago is derived from Latin spagus (“twine”), probably from Ancient Greek σφάκος (sphákos, “apple sage (Salvia pomifera)”), probably from Pre-Greek.
The verb is derived from the noun.

مَعْكَرُونَة

type of pasta made in the shape of long thin strings

spagetti

something physically resembling spaghetti (sense 1) in appearance or consistency, or in being tangled

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(by extension, uncountable, informal, often attributively) Something physically resembling spaghetti (sense 1) in appearance or consistency, or in being tangled.

(electrical engineering) Electrical insulating tubing or electrical wiring.

bužírka

electrical insulating tubing; electrical wiring


excited

en-adj

excited (comparative more excited, superlative most excited)

more excited (comparative)
most excited (superlative)

The excited electrons give off light when they drop to a lower energy state.

(physics) Being in a state of higher energy.


doughnut

→ Afrikaans: donut, doughnut

→ Albanian: donut

→ Arabic: دُونَات (dūnāt)

Hijazi Arabic: دونت (dōnat)

→ Bengali: ডোনাট (ḍōnaṭ)

→ Bulgarian: донът (donǎt)

→ Burmese: ဒိုးနပ် (dui:nap)

→ Catalan: dònut

→ Cebuano: donut

→ Chinese:

desc

Cantonese: 多甩 (do¹ lat¹), 冬甩 (dung¹ lat¹)

Mandarin: 多拿滋 (duōnázī)

→ Danish: donut

→ Dutch: donut

→ French: donut

→ German: Donut, Doughnut

→ Hindi: डोनट (ḍonaṭ)

→ Indonesian: donat

→ Irish: taoschnó (calque)

→ Japanese: ドーナツ (dōnatsu), ドーナッツ (dōnattsu)

→ Korean: 도넛 (doneot)

→ Malay: donat

→ Maori: tōnati

→ Marshallese: tonaaj (via plural); to̧nōt

→ Persian: دونات (donât)

→ Portuguese: dónute

→ Spanish: dona; dónat, dónut

→ Swedish: donut

→ Tagalog: donat

→ Tausug: dunat

→ Thai: โดนัต (doo-nát), โดนัท (doo-nát) — popular spelling

→ Turkish: donut

→ Urdu: ڈونٹ (ḍonaṭ)

→ Yiddish: דאָנאַט (donat)

From dough + nut, 1809 because originally small, nut-sized balls of fried dough, or, more likely, from nut in the earlier sense of "small rounded cake or cookie", with the toroidal shape becoming common in the twentieth century. First attested in Knickerbocker’s History of New York, by Washington Irving, 1809.

take a flying fuck at a rolling doughnut

In about 1951, the same company sealed into their vacuum doughnuts the regenerative peelers so that X-ray beams or electron beams could be obtained with the sealed off commercial tubes used in […]

2012, Edward Creutz, Nuclear Instrumentation I, page 213:

(figuratively) Any object in the shape of a torus.

Any object in the shape of a torus.
A toroidal vacuum chamber.


autonomy

en-noun

autonomy (countable and uncountable, plural autonomies)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek αὐτονομῐ́ᾱ (autonomíā, “freedom to use its own laws, independence”), from αὐτόνομος (autónomos, “living under one's own laws, independent”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā, “-y, -ia”, nominal suffix). By surface analysis, auto- (“self”) + -nomy (“a system of rules or laws about a particular field”).

surf

...[T]he fact that a scientific theory finds applications to a wide variety of different phenomena does not imply anything about the autonomy of this theory from deeper physical laws.

1992, Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory, Pantheon Books, page 41:

(mechanics, uncountable) The capacity of a system to make a decision about its actions without the involvement of another system or operator.


cave

From Middle English cave, borrowed from Old French cave, from Latin cava (“cavity”), from cavus (“hollow”). Cognate with Tocharian B kor (“throat”), Albanian cup (“odd, uneven”), Ancient Greek κύαρ (kúar, “eye of needle, earhole”), Old Armenian սոր (sor, “hole”), Sanskrit शून्य (śūnya, “empty, barren, zero”). Displaced native Old English sċræf. More at cavum, cavus and cage.

cog

These potential radiation fields or radioactive material levels may be the result of normal operations (ie, radiation in a target cave) […]

1986, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Radiation Alarms and Access Control Systems, →ISBN, page 45:

(nuclear physics) A shielded area where nuclear experiments can be carried out.

luola

nuclear physics: shielded place for nuclear experiments


contact

en-noun

contact (countable and uncountable, plural contacts)

From Latin contactus, from contingō (“I touch on all sides”), from tangō (“I touch”). Used in English since the 17th century.

someone with whom one is in communication

no battle plan survives contact with the enemy

no battle plan survives first contact with the enemy

no plan survives first contact with the enemy

(electricity) A device designed for repetitive connections.

контакт

electrical: a device designed for repetitive connections


aclinic

en-adj

aclinic (comparative more aclinic, superlative most aclinic)

more aclinic (comparative)
most aclinic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀκλινής (aklinḗs, “unswerving”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κλίνω (klínō, “bend”).

uder

The aclinic line is also termed the magnetic equator.

(physics) Without inclination or dipping.


strake

From Middle English strake, from Old English *straca (> Anglo-Latin straca), from Proto-West Germanic *strakō, from Proto-Germanic *strakaz (“straight”). Akin to Old English streċċan (“to make straight, stretch”).

cog

(fluid dynamics) Also used more generally to regulate fluid flow in pipes or vents to prevent turbulence or vortexes.


diaphragm

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/

From Ancient Greek διάφραγμα (diáphragma, “partition”), from διά (diá, “across”) and φράγμα (phrágma, “barrier”), from the verb φράσσω (phrássō).

мембра́на

anatomy: separating membrane or sheet of muscle

There also were five broken panes of glass on the two huge, rubberlike diaphragms that equalize air pressure within the dome as the artificial atmosphere expands and contracts with temperature variations, he said.

1994 May 4, “Two Former Biosphere Workers Are Accused of Sabotaging Dome”, in The Associated Press:

(mechanics) A flexible membrane separating two chambers and fixed around its periphery that distends into one or other chamber as the difference in the pressure in the chambers varies.

(acoustics) In a speaker, the thin, semi-rigid membrane which vibrates to produce sound.

мембра́на

acoustics: vibrating membrane in a speaker

(optics, photography) A thin opaque structure with a central aperture, used to limit the passage of light into a camera or similar device.

диафра́гма

optics: structure with a central aperture used to limit the passage of light


diaphragm

en-verb

diaphragm (third-person singular simple present diaphragms, present participle diaphragming, simple past and past participle diaphragmed)

diaphragms (present singular third-person)
diaphragming (participle present)
diaphragmed (participle past)
diaphragmed (past)

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/

He employs an equatorial with an object-glass having a focal length of five metres, and which was diaphragmed down to eight centimetres.

1870, D. Appleton & Co., Appletons' Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1869, page 43:

(optics, photography) To reduce lens aperture using an optical diaphragm.


resolve

resolve (third-person singular simple present resolves, present participle resolving, simple past and past participle resolved)

resolves (present singular third-person)
resolving (participle present)
resolved (participle past)
resolved (past)

From Middle English resolven, from Old French resolver, a learned borrowing of Latin resolvō (“loosen, thaw, melt, resolve”), equivalent to re- + solve. Piecewise doublet of re-solve.

sulattaa

to melt; to dissolve; to liquefy or soften

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

(optics) To render visible or distinguishable the parts of something.


load

The sense of “burden” first arose in the 13th century as a secondary meaning of Middle English lode, loade, which had the main significance of “way, course, journey”, from Old English lād (“course, journey; way, street, waterway; leading, carrying; maintenance, support”) (ultimately from Proto-Germanic *laidō (“leading, way”), Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, go forth, die”).
Cognate with Middle Low German leide (“entourage, escort”), German Leite (“line, course, load”), Swedish led (“way, trail, line”), Icelandic leið (“way, course, route”)). As such, load is a doublet of lode, which has preserved the older meaning.
Most likely, the semantic extension of the Middle English substantive arose by conflation with the (etymologically unrelated) verb lade; however, Middle English lode occurs only as a substantive; the transitive verb load (“to charge with a load”) is recorded only in the 16th century (frequently in Shakespeare),
and (except for the participle laden) has largely supplanted lade in modern English.

cog

I'm worried that the load on that transformer will be too high.

(electrical engineering) The electrical current or power delivered by a device.

حِمْل

the electrical current or power delivered by a device

Connect a second 24-ohm load across the power supply's output terminals.

(electrical engineering) Any component that draws current or power from an electrical circuit.


normal

en-adj

normal (comparative normaler or more normal, superlative normalest or most normal)

normaler (comparative)
more normal (comparative)
normalest (superlative)
most normal (superlative)

From Latin normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square; later: according to a rule”), from nōrma (“carpenter's square”), of uncertain origin; doublet of normale. The earliest use of the word in English was to mean "perpendicular; forming a right angle" like something normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square”), but by Late Latin normālis had also come to mean "according to a rule", from which modern English senses of the word derive: in the 1800s, as people began to quantitatively study things like height and weight and blood pressure, the usual or most common values came to be referred to as "normal", and by extension values regarded as healthy or desirable came to be called "normal" regardless of their usuality.

der

(physics, of a mode in an oscillating system) In which all parts of an object vibrate at the same frequency (see normal mode).


anti-gravity

(science fiction) Any concept, system or device that would oppose or cancel out the force of gravity.


rest

en-noun

rest (countable and uncountable, plural rests)

From Middle English rest, reste, from Old English ræst, from Proto-West Germanic *rastu, from Proto-Germanic *rastō, from Proto-Indo-European *ros-, *res-, *erH- (“rest”). Cognate with West Frisian rêst (“rest”), Dutch rust (“rest”), German Rast (“rest”), Swedish rast (“rest”), Norwegian rest (“rest”), Icelandic röst (“rest”), Old Irish árus (“dwelling”), German Ruhe (“calm”), Albanian resht (“to stop, pause”), Welsh araf (“quiet, calm, gentle”), Lithuanian rovà (“calm”), Ancient Greek ἐρωή (erōḗ, “rest, respite”), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬨𐬈 (aⁱrime, “calm, peaceful”), Sanskrit रमते (rámate, “he stays still, calms down”), Gothic 𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌹𐍃 (rimis, “tranquility”). Related to roo.

rest

stick used to support the cue in snooker

The body's centre of gravity may affect its state of rest.

(physics, uncountable) Absence of motion.


color charge

en-noun

color charge (countable and uncountable, plural color charges)

From a loose analogy to the set of primary colors. The charge property has nothing to do with visible color.

(American spelling, nuclear physics, particle physics) In the Standard Model of particle physics, a property possessed by quarks, antiquarks, and gluons that determine rules for how these particles may interact. There are three pairs of colors and anticolors: red, green, blue, and their corresponding anti-colors (e.g. anti-red).


luminance

luminance (countable and uncountable, plural luminances)

The amount of light that passes through, is emitted, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle.

The luminous flux emitted in a given direction divided by the product of the projected area of the source element perpendicular to the direction and the solid angle containing that direction (i.e. luminous intensity divided by unit area), measured in stilbs or apostilbs.


impulse

Borrowed from Middle French impulser, from Latin impulsus.
For spelling, as in pulse, the -e (on -lse) is so the end is pronounced /ls/, rather than /lz/ as in pulls, and does not change the vowel (‘u’). Compare else, false, convulse.

The total impulse from the impact will depend on the kinetic energy of the projectile.

(physics) The integral of force over time.


LC

LC (countable and uncountable, plural LCs)

(chemistry, physics) Initialism of liquid crystal.


pylon

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πυλών (pulṓn, “gateway”).

стълб

a tower like structure used to support high voltage electricity cables

The highway to the East Coast which ran through the borough of Ebbfield had always been a main road and even now, despite the vast garages, the pylons and the gaily painted factory glasshouses which had sprung up beside it, there still remained an occasional trace of past cultures.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 7, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(electricity) A tower-like structure, usually one of a series, used to support high-voltage electricity cables.


ion

From the ending of anion and cation, which in turn is from Ancient Greek ἰόν (ión, “going”), neuter present participle of εἶμι (eîmi, “I go”). Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1834 for Michael Faraday, who introduced it later that year.

coin

An atom or group of atoms bearing an electrical charge, such as the sodium and chlorine atoms in a salt solution.


ebb and flow

en-verb

ebb and flow (third-person singular simple present ebbs and flows, present participle ebbing and flowing, simple past and past participle ebbed and flowed)

ebbs and flows (present singular third-person)
ebbing and flowing (participle present)
ebbed and flowed (participle past)
ebbed and flowed (past)

As true we are as flesh and blood can be: / The sea will ebb and flow, heaven show his face

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

To alternately ebb and flow, as:
(of the tides) To recede and advance.

To alternately ebb and flow, as:
To recede and advance.

To alternately ebb and flow, as:
(figuratively) To wax and wane.

To alternately ebb and flow, as:
To wax and wane.


soft

en-adj

soft (comparative softer, superlative softest)

softer (comparative)
softest (superlative)

hard

antonym(s) of “giving way under pressure”

firm

antonym(s) of “lacking strength or resolve”

From Middle English softe, from Old English sōfte, alteration of earlier sēfte (“soft”), from Proto-West Germanic *samft(ī) (“level, even, smooth, soft, gentle”) (compare *sōmiz (“agreeable, fitting”)), from Proto-Indo-European *semptio-, *semtio-, from *sem- (“one, whole”). Cognate with West Frisian sêft (“gentle; soft”), Dutch zacht (“soft”), German Low German sacht (“soft”), German sanft (“soft, yielding”), Old Norse sœmr (“agreeable, fitting”), samr (“same”). More at seem, same.

inh

(physics) Of a ferromagnetic material; a material that becomes essentially non-magnetic when an external magnetic field is removed, a material with a low magnetic coercivity. (compare hard)

lágy

physics, of a ferromagnetic material: that becomes essentially non-magnetic when an external magnetic field is removed


deceleration

en-noun

deceleration (countable and uncountable, plural decelerations)

acceleration

antonym(s) of “act or process of decelerating”

/diːsɛləˈɹeɪʃən/

/dɪˌsɛləˈɹeɪʃən/

The brakes produce a deceleration of 10 metres per second.

(countable) The amount by which a speed or velocity decreases (and so a scalar quantity or a vector quantity), an acceleration having a negative numerical value.


quark

Finnegans Wake
James Joyce
Quark#Etymology

Coined by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann in 1963. The literary connection to James Joyce's Finnegans Wake was asserted later; see the Quark Wikipedia article.

coin

There were also particles no one had predicted that just appeared. Five of them […, i]n order of increasing modernity, […] are the neutrino, the pi meson, the antiproton, the quark and the Higgs boson.

2012 March-April, Jeremy Bernstein, “A Palette of Particles”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, page 146:

(physics) In the Standard Model, an elementary subatomic particle that forms matter. They combine to form hadrons, such as protons and neutrons.

كِوَرْكٌ

(physics) In the Standard Model, an elementary subatomic particle which forms matter


flavor

en-noun

flavor (countable and uncountable, plural flavors)

From Middle English flavour meaning “smell, odour”, usually pleasing, borrowed from Old French flaour (“smell, odour”), from Vulgar Latin *flātor (“odour, that which blows”), from Latin flātor (“blower”), from flō, flāre (“to blow, puff”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to make a loud noise”). Doublet of blow and bleat.

smaak

the quality produced by the sensation of taste

(particle physics) One of the six types of quarks (top, bottom, strange, charmed, up, and down) or three types of leptons (electron, muon, and tauon).

maku

in physics, the types of quarks or leptons


mirage

en-verb

mirage (third-person singular simple present mirages, present participle miraging, simple past and past participle miraged)

mirages (present singular third-person)
miraging (participle present)
miraged (participle past)
miraged (past)

Unadapted borrowing from French mirage c. 1812.

All that had been in his mind seemed suddenly miraged before him—the removal of Hunterleys, his own wife's failing health.

1915, E. Phillips Oppenheim, Mr. Grex of Monte Carlo:

The vision of a salon was miraged before her, with herself in the middle deftly manipulating the destinies of a nation.

1901, A. E. W. Mason, Ensign Knightley and Other Stories:

(transitive) To cause to appear as or like a mirage.


magnetism

en-noun

magnetism (countable and uncountable, plural magnetisms)

(physics) The property of being magnetic.

(physics) The science which treats of magnetic phenomena.


atomic mass

atomic mass (countable and uncountable, plural atomic masses)

(proscribed) atomic weight; the average mass of atoms of an element.


electrolysis

electrolysis (countable and uncountable, plural electrolyses)

Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1834 for Michael Faraday. From electro- + -lysis (“a loosening”). Originally of tumors, later (1909) of hair removal.

But current leakage in a Tube tunnel can cause electrolysis to occur in steel retaining walls, which in turn causes them to rust; it could also damage the foundations of nearby buildings.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, page 136:

(chemistry) the chemical change produced by passing an electric current through a conducting solution or a molten salt.


charge

charge (countable and uncountable, plural charges)

From Middle English chargen, from Old French chargier, from Late Latin carricō (“to load”), from Latin carrus (“a car, wagon”); see car. Doublet of cargo.

(electromagnetism, chemistry, physics, countable, uncountable) An electric charge.


speed of light

speeds of light (plural)
as (abbreviation common-gender)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-speed of light.wav

As the subjective speed of light is raised within the field, objects outside will appear to red-shift, eventually becoming visible only to radio telescope antennae.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: FTL Drive: Appearance Codex entry:

The science world was left in shock when workers at the world's largest physics lab announced they had recorded subatomic particles travelling faster than the speed of light – a feat that Einstein said was impossible.

2011 September 22, Nick Collins, “Speed of light 'broken' by scientists”, in Daily Telegraph:

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation

(physics) The speed of electromagnetic radiation, which in a perfect vacuum is equivalent to 299,792,458 metres per second.

shpejtësia e dritës

the speed of electromagnetic radiation in a perfect vacuum


stress

stress (countable and uncountable, plural stresses)

Hans Selye
Walter Cannon
stress
stress (mechanics)

From a shortening of Middle English destresse, borrowed from Old French destrecier, from Latin distringō (“to stretch out”). This form probably coalesced with Middle English stresse, from Old French estrece (“narrowness”), from Vulgar Latin *strictia, from Latin strictus (“narrow”).
In the sense of "mental strain" or “disruption”, used occasionally in the 1920s and 1930s by psychologists, including Walter Cannon (1934); in “biological threat”, used by endocrinologist Hans Selye, by metaphor with stress in physics (force on an object) in the 1930s, and popularized by same in the 1950s.

(countable, physics) The internal distribution of force across a small boundary per unit area of that boundary (pressure) within a body. It causes strain or deformation and is typically symbolised by σ or τ.

إِجْهَاد

(physics) internal force across a boundary per area

(countable, physics) Force externally applied to a body which cause internal stress within the body.


baryon

From Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús, “heavy”) + -on. Coined by Dutch-American physicist Abraham Pais in 1953. Equivalent to baryo- + -on.

coin

Without prejudging on the actual nature of the relationship between the V₁ and the nucleon it seems practical to have a collective name for these particles and other which possibly may still be discovered and which may also have to be taken along in the conservation principle just mentioned. It is proposed to use the fitting name "baryon" for this purpose.

1953 October 1, A. Pais, “On the Baryon-meson-photon System”, in Progress of Theoretical Physics, volume 10, number 4, page 457:

(physics) A heavy subatomic particle created by the binding of quarks by gluons; a hadron containing three quarks. Baryons have half-odd integral spin and are thus fermions. This category includes the common proton and neutron of the atomic nucleus.


magnet

→ Cebuano: magnet

→? Indonesian: magnet

→? Malay: magnet

→ Tagalog: magnet

→ Welsh: magnet

From Middle English magnete, via Old French magnete, Latin magnēs, magnētem (“lodestone”), from Ancient Greek μαγνῆτις [λίθος] (magnêtis [líthos], “Magnesian [stone]”), either after the Lydian city Magnesia ad Sipylum (modern-day Manisa, Turkey), or after the Greek region of Μαγνησία (Magnēsía) (whence came the colonist who founded the city in Lydia). Related to manganese, magnesia and magnesium.

der

μαγνῆτις 􂀿λίθος􂁀

A piece of material that attracts some metals by magnetism.


shield

en-verb

shield (third-person singular simple present shields, present participle shielding, simple past and past participle shielded)

shields (present singular third-person)
shielding (participle present)
shielded (participle past)
shielded (past)

From Middle English shelden, from Old English scildan.

(electricity) To protect from the influence of.

екранирам

electricity: to protect from the influence of


-on

* (Physics) From -on in electron, reinforced by Ancient Greek -ον (-on) ending neuter nouns and adjectives.
* (Chemistry) From -on in carbon, first applied to boron and then to silicon.

Coordinate term: -ino

(physics, mathematics and biology) Forming nouns denoting subatomic particles (proton), quanta (photon), molecular units (codon), or substances (interferon).


SUSY

en-noun

SUSY (countable and uncountable, plural SUSYs)

2004: SUSY is a symmetry between particles of half-integer spin (fermions such as quarks and leptons) and those of whole-integer spin (bosons such as photons, gluons and other force carriers). — Scientific American, Sept 2004, p.58


level

en-adj

level (comparative leveler or leveller, superlative levelest or levellest)

leveler (comparative)
leveller (comparative)
levelest (superlative)
levellest (superlative)

From Middle English level, from Old French livel, liveau m, later nivel, niveau, from Latin libella f (“a balance, a level”), diminutive of libra f (“a balance, a level”); see libra, librate. Doublet of libella and niveau.
The verb is from Middle English levelen, from the noun.

The earth's oceans remain level in relation to the pull of gravity.

(physics) Perpendicular to a gravitational force.


solution

en-noun

solution (countable and uncountable, plural solutions)

From Middle English solucioun, from Old French solucion (French solution), from Latin solūtiōnem, accusative singular of solūtiō, from the verb solvō. Compare solve, -tion.

(physical chemistry) A homogeneous mixture, which may be liquid, gas or solid, formed by dissolving one or more substances.


lateral

en-adj

lateral (comparative more lateral, superlative most lateral)

more lateral (comparative)
most lateral (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin laterālis (“belonging to the side”), from latus (“the side or flank”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

To the side; of or pertaining to the side.

(physics) Acting or placed at right angles to a line of motion or strain.


plug

→ Gulf Arabic: بلاك (blāk)

→ Burmese: ပလတ် (pa.lat)

→ Japanese: プラグ (puragu)

From Dutch plug, from Middle Dutch plugge (“peg, plug”), from Old Dutch *pluggi, from Proto-West Germanic *plugi. Further origin unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *plugjaz, but the word seems originally restricted to northern continental West Germanic: compare German Low German Plüg, Norwegian plug (“peg, wedge”, probably borrowed from Middle Low German), German Pflock (“peg”, restricted to Central German and phonetically divergent). Possibly akin to Lithuanian plúkti (“to strike, hew”).

unk

unknown

cog

I pushed the plug back into the electrical socket and the lamp began to glow again.

(electricity) A pronged connecting device which fits into a mating socket, especially an electrical one.

(loosely) An electric socket: wall plug.


adsorb

en-verb

adsorb (third-person singular simple present adsorbs, present participle adsorbing, simple past and past participle adsorbed)

adsorbs (present singular third-person)
adsorbing (participle present)
adsorbed (participle past)
adsorbed (past)

From French adsorber, from Latin ad- (“to”) + sorbeō (“suck in”).

The gas was purified by adsorbing the impurities onto active carbon.

(transitive, physical chemistry, physics) To accumulate on a surface, by adsorption.


anion

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀνιόν (anión, “(thing) going up”), neuter past participle of ἄνειμι (áneimi, “go up”), from ἀνά (aná, “up”) + εἶμι (eîmi, “go”). Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1834 for Michael Faraday, who introduced it later that year. By surface analysis, ana- + ion.


anode

From Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-, “up”) and ὁδός (hodós, “path”), forming the New Greek compound ἄνοδος (ánodos). Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1834 for Michael Faraday, who introduced it later that year.

անոդ

the electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs

(electricity) An electrode, of a cell or other electrically polarized device, through which a positive current of electricity flows inwards (and thus, electrons flow outwards). It can have either a positive or a negative voltage with respect to cathode of the same polarized device (depending on whether the device is a load or a source, respectively).

անոդ

the electrode through which current flows into a cell

(chemistry) (by extension) The electrode at which chemical oxidation of anions takes place, usually resulting in the erosion of metal from the electrode.

(electronics) The electrode which collects electrons emitted by the cathode in a vacuum tube or gas-filled tube.

(electronics) That electrode of a semiconductor device which is connected to the p-type material of a p-n junction.


wild

en-adj

wild (comparative wilder, superlative wildest)

wilder (comparative)
wildest (superlative)

From Middle English wild, wilde, from Old English wilde, from Proto-West Germanic *wilþī, from Proto-Germanic *wilþijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“hair, wool, grass, ear (of corn), forest”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian wyld, Dutch wild, German wild, Danish vild, Swedish vild, Norwegian vill, Icelandic villtur.

wild chamomile

Matricaria discoidea or Tripleurospermum inodorum

wild pink

Silene caroliniana or Dianthus sect. Fimbriatum spp.

The aircraft's navigational equipment should not be powered from the wild AC bus except in an emergency, as its computers can be damaged by variations in electrical frequency.

(electrical engineering) Of unregulated and varying frequency.


dipole

(physics) Any object (such as a magnet, polar molecule or antenna) that is oppositely charged at two points (or poles).

dipol

any object that is oppositely charged at two points


hadron

From Ancient Greek ἁδρός (hadrós, “thick”) + -on. Coined by Russian physicist Lev Okun in 1962 in a plenary talk at the International Conference on High Energy Physics.

coin

The weak decays of b hadrons are dominated by the spectator model process whereby the b quark decays to a c quark (or occasionally a u quark) with the emission of an external W, while the non-b antiquark or diquark acts simply as a passive spectator to the decay.

1996, J. R. Batley, “Measurements of B Hadron Lifetimes at LEP”, in Michael C. Birse, G. D. Lafferty, J. A. McGovern, editors, Hadron '95: The 6th International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy, World Scientific, page 48:

One can use the lattice simulations, which do represent the rigorous consequences of non-perturbative QCD, as guidance for models of hadron structure.

2005, D. B. Leinweber, A. W. Thomas, R. D. Young, “Hadron Structure and QCD: Effective Field Theory for Lattice Simulations”, in Alex C. Kalloniatis, Derek B. Leinweber, Anthony G. Williams, editors, Lattice Hadron Physics, Springer,, page 114:

And hence colour, which was initially an ad hoc concept, later turned out to be an empirically confirmed reality of hadrons.

2017, Syed Afsar Abbas, Group Theory in Particle, Nuclear, and Hadron Physics, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press / Chapman & Hall), page 204:

(physics) A composite particle that comprises two or more quarks held together by the strong force and (consequently) can interact with other particles via said force; a meson or a baryon.


decay

en-verb

decay (third-person singular simple present decays, present participle decaying, simple past and past participle decayed)

decays (present singular third-person)
decaying (participle present)
decayed (participle past)
decayed (past)

From Middle English decayen, dekeyen (“to decrease, diminish”), from Anglo-Norman decaeir (“to fall away, decay, decline”), from Vulgar Latin *dēcadere, etymologically restored form of Latin dēcidere (“to fall away, fail, sink, perish”), from de (“down”) + cadere (“to fall”). Compare decadent and decadence.

der

Damaged on lift-off, Skylab was left in orbit until its orbit decayed.

2009, Francis Lyall, Paul B. Larsen, Space Law: A Treatise, page 120:

(intransitive) To deteriorate, to get worse, to lose strength or health, to decline in quality.

(intransitive, physics, of a satellite's orbit) To undergo prolonged reduction in altitude (above the orbited body).

Uranium decays to radium through a long series of steps with a cumulative half-life of 4.4 billion years.

2005, Encyclopedia of Earth Science, edited by Timothy M. Kusky, →ISBN, page 349:

(intransitive, transitive, physics, chemistry, of an unstable atom) To change by undergoing fission, by emitting radiation, or by capturing or losing one or more electrons; to undergo radioactive decay.

desintegrar-se

To change by undergoing fission, by emitting radiation, or by capturing or losing one or more electrons.

(intransitive, transitive, physics, of a quantum system) To undergo optical decay, that is, to relax to a less excited state, usually by emitting a photon or phonon.


gasify

en-verb

gasify (third-person singular simple present gasifies, present participle gasifying, simple past and past participle gasified)

gasifies (present singular third-person)
gasifying (participle present)
gasified (participle past)
gasified (past)

To convert into gas, or an aeriform fluid, as by the application of heat, or by chemical processes.


gee

From Middle English, from Old English ge, from Latin ge (the name of the letter G).

I've more muscle than you, and I'm used to greater gee, being from earth.

1949 July, Margaret St. Clair, “Sacred Martian Pig”, in Startling Stories, page 92:

So if you fire the Phoenix inside that radius, he just can't evade it. The missile can pull more gees than any pilot can.

1987, Tom Clancy, Patriot Games, page 449:

(physics) Abbreviation of gravity; the unit of acceleration equal to that exerted by gravity at the earth's surface.


indifferent

en-adj

indifferent (comparative more indifferent, superlative most indifferent)

more indifferent (comparative)
most indifferent (superlative)

From Old French indifferent, from Latin indifferens.

(mechanics) Being in the state of neutral equilibrium.


flange

en-verb

flange (third-person singular simple present flanges, present participle flanging, simple past and past participle flanged)

flanges (present singular third-person)
flanging (participle present)
flanged (participle past)
flanged (past)

From dialectal English flange (“to project”), flanch (“a projection”), from Middle French flanche, from Old French flanche (“flank, side”), from Frankish *hlanka, from Proto-Germanic *hlankō (“bend, curve; side, flank”). See flank. As a term for a group of baboons, it was popularized in the comedy TV series Not the Nine O'Clock News.

der

(transitive, mechanics) To make a flange on; to furnish with a flange; to bend (esp. sheet metal) in the form of a flange.


jounce

Unknown, possibly a portmanteau / Blend of jolt + bounce.

(physics) The fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time; the time derivative of jerk.


isomer

(nuclear physics) Any of two or more atomic nuclei with the same mass number and atomic number but with different radioactive properties.


ligand

Borrowed from Latin ligandus, gerundive of ligo (“bind”).

ربيطة

something that binds to another chemical entity

coordination chemistry
coordination chemistry

coordination complex
coordination complex

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) A molecule or moiety (ion, functional group, or radical) that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex; as, especially:

(coordination chemistry) Such an entity that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.

(biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, medicine) Such an entity that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.

Holonym: complex


muon

Contraction of the earlier term mu-meson; the particle has now been recategorised as a lepton. Coined by Italian physicist Enrico Fermi in 1951 in his book Elementary Particles.

coin

The μ-meson of Powell (called here muon) is instead a disintegration product of the pion, only weakly linked to the nucleons and therefore of little importance in the explanation of nuclear forces.

1951, Enrico Fermi, Elementary Particles:

The spectrum of electrons arising from the decay of the negative mu meson has been determined. The muons are arrested in the gas of a high pressure hydrogen filled diffusion cloud chamber.

1955 March, CP Sargent, “Diffusion Cloud-Chamber Study of Very Slow Mesons”, in Physical Review:

The data comes from experiments at the Fermilab US particle accelerator facility, which explored how subatomic particles called muons – similar to electrons but about 200 times heavier – move in a magnetic field.

2023 August 11, Nicola Davis, “Scientists may be on brink of discovering fifth force of nature”, in The Guardian:

(physics) An unstable elementary particle in the lepton family, having similar properties to the electron but with a mass 207 times greater.

մյուոն

an unstable elementary particle in the lepton family


dynamo

A shortening of dynamo-electric machine. The element dynamo- is ultimately from Ancient Greek δύναμις (dúnamis, “power”).

uder

dynamo-electric machine
dynamo-electric machine

(electromagnetism) An electricity generator; a dynamo-electric machine.

(astrophysics) The mechanism by which a celestial body, such as the Earth or a star, generates a magnetic field.


micron

From French micron, from Ancient Greek μικρόν (mikrón), neuter of μικρός (mikrós, “small”).

2009, Jonathan Amos, (bbc.co.uk) Satellites weigh California water
As one spacecraft lurches and drags through the Earth's uneven gravity field, the second follows 210 km behind, measuring changes in their separation to the nearest micron (a thousandth of a millimetre).

(physics, metrology) The thousandth part of one millimeter; the millionth part of a meter.


phon

(acoustics) A unit of apparent loudness, equal in number to the intensity in decibels of a 1,000-hertz tone judged to be as loud as the sound being measured.


phonon

From phono- + -on. From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”) + -on. Modelled after photon.

(physics) The quantum of acoustic or vibrational energy (sound), considered a discrete particle rather than a wave.


lacuna

en-noun

lacuna (plural lacunae or (obsolete) lacunæ or lacunas)

lacunae (plural)
lacunæ (obsolete plural)
lacunas (plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin lacūna (“a ditch, pit; a hollow, cavity; a gap, defect”). Doublet of lacune and lagoon.

lbor

(particularly anatomy) A small opening; a small pit or depression, especially in bone.

(microscopy) A space visible between cells, allowing free passage of light.

particularly anatomy; microscopy; microscopy


neap

From Middle English neep, from Old English nēp (“scant, lacking”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *nōpiz (“narrow”). Found especially in Old English nēpflōd (“neap tide”, literally “low tide”). Compare Norwegian dialectal nøpen (“scarce, scant, barely enough”).

Little groups of sailors came swinging along and pushied their way noisily inside the gaudy joints. Sex everywhere: it was slopping over, a neap tide that swept the props from under the city.

Designating a tide which occurs just after the first and third quarters of the moon, when there is the least difference between high tide and low tide.


motif

From French motif (1848), with the meaning of "main idea or theme". Doublet of motive.

(crystallography) The physical object or objects repeated at each point of a lattice. Usually atoms or molecules.


photon

From photo- + -on. Coined by American physicist Leonard Troland in 1916 as a unit of light hitting the retina, and later popularized in a more modern sense by Gilbert N. Lewis, with the term gaining acceptance in the physics community by the late 1920s.

coin

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

(physics) The quantum of light and other electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime. It is a gauge boson.


meson

From meso- + on. Coined by Indian physicist Homi Bhabha in 1939, as a modification of the earlier suggestion mesotron.

(now specifically, physics) An elementary particle that is composed of a quark and an antiquark, such as a kaon or pion. (Mesons composed of rarer quarks are much heavier.)


quasar

Blend of quasi- + stellar, from quasi-stellar radio source. Coined by American astrophysicist Hong-Yee Chiu in 1964 in an article in Physics Today. Analyzable as quasi- + -ar.

(astronomy) An extragalactic object, starlike in appearance, that is among the most luminous and (putatively) the most distant objects in the universe.


uranyl

en-noun

uranyl (countable and uncountable, plural uranyls)

(chemistry) The divalent radical UO₂²⁺, conveniently regarded as a residue of many uranium compounds.


spline

Mid-1700s East Anglian dialect. Origin uncertain but perhaps from Old Danish splind or North Frisian splinj and ultimately related to the root of splinter.

(mechanics) Ridges or teeth on a drive shaft that mesh with grooves in a mating piece and transfer torque to it, maintaining the angular correspondence between them.


wino

(physics) A hypothetical particle that is the superpartner of the W boson.


congelation

congelation (countable and uncountable, plural congelations)

/ˌkɒnd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

Borrowed from Middle French congelation (compare modern congélation), from Latin congelatio, congelationem, from congelo.

The act or process of passing, or causing to pass, from a fluid to a solid state, as by the abstraction of heat; the act or process of freezing.

втвърдяване

the act or process of passing from a fluid to a solid state


tensor

tensor (plural tensors or (muscle) tensores)

Borrowed from New Latin tensor (“that which stretches”), equivalent to tense + -or. Anatomical sense from 1704.
Introduced in the 1840s by William Rowan Hamilton as an algebraic quantity unrelated to the modern notion of tensor.
The contemporary mathematical meaning was introduced (as German Tensor) by Woldemar Voigt (1898) and adopted in English from 1915 (in the context of general relativity), obscuring the earlier Hamiltonian sense. The mathematical object is so named because an early application of tensors was the study of materials stretching under tension. (See, for example, Cauchy stress tensor on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)

tenzor

image of a tuple under a tensor product map

The tensor #x5C;alpha#x5F;#x7B;ij#x7D; should really be called a “tensor of second rank,” because it has two indexes. A vector—with one index—is a tensor of the first rank, and a scalar—with no index—is a tensor of zero rank.

1963, Richard Feynman, “Chapter 31, Tensors”, in The Feynman Lectures on Physics, volume II:

multidimensional array
multidimensional array

(mathematics, linear algebra, physics) A mathematical object that describes linear relations on scalars, vectors, matrices and other algebraic objects, and is represented as a multidimensional array.

(engineering) A multidimensional array with (at least) two dimensions.


pion

From pi + -on, as alteration of pi-meson.

(physics) Any of three semistable mesons, having positive, negative or neutral charge, composed of up and down quarks/antiquarks.


shunt

en-verb

shunt (third-person singular simple present shunts, present participle shunting, simple past and past participle shunted)

shunts (present singular third-person)
shunting (participle present)
shunted (participle past)
shunted (past)

From Middle English shunten, schunten, schonten, schounten, shont, shonte, shount, shounten, shunte (“to move rapidly or suddenly, jerk; to swerve, turn away; to avoid, dodge, escape, evade”), either:
* possibly a back-formation from Middle English shǒnen (“to decline to do, refuse; to abandon, forsake; to disdain, dislike, hate; to avoid, escape; to be afraid, fear; to be wary of”), from Old English sċunian, sċyniġan; see shun. Or
* an alteration of Middle English shunden, *schunden, *schinden, from Old English sċyndan, sċendan (“to hasten, hurry”) (as in āsċyndan (“to remove, take away”), from Proto-West Germanic *skundijan, from Proto-Germanic *skundijaną (“to compel, drive, push; to accelerate, rush, speed up”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew(n)t- (“to rattle, shake”).
* from unrecorded Old English *sċunettan, a derivative of sċunian (“to shun, avoid”).
The English word is cognate with Danish skynde (“to hasten, hurry, speed”), Icelandic skynda, skunda (“to hasten”), Middle High German schünden (“to compel; to urge; to irritate”), Norwegian skynde (“to hurry, rush”), Swedish skynda (“to hasten, hurry; to scuttle, scurry”). Outside Germanic, compare Sanskrit स्कन्दति (skándati, “to dart, leap, spring, spurt or burst forth, ejaculate, assail, drop, split”), Albanian shkund (“to shake; to swig”).
As regards the noun sense, compare Middle English shunt (“swerve; sudden jerk”), derived from the verb.

cog

The method of running an electric motor herein set out, which consists in starting the motor with the two halves of its armature in series with a resistance in a two-pole field, then gradually cutting out the resistance, then including the resistance and shunting one-half the motor, then opening the circuit of the shunted half and throwing the two halves of the motor in multiple in a four-pole field, and finally, cutting out the resistance.

1895 April 2, Merle J. Wightman, Regulation of Continuous-current Motors, US Patent 542,667, page 2, column 2:

(transitive, electricity) To divert electric current by providing an alternative path.


shunt

The sensibility of a galvanometer may be varied in a very simple manner by the use of what is termed a shunt. A shunt is a resistance coil, or coil of fine wire used to divert some definite portion of a current, taking it past a galvanometer instead of through its coils.

1873, Fleeming Jenkin, “Galvanometers”, in Electricity and Magnetism, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton and Co. […], §14, page 201:

(electricity) A connection used as an alternative path between parts of an electrical circuit.


conformation

en-noun

conformation (countable and uncountable, plural conformations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-conformation.wav

The more stable conformation has the methyl group in an equatorial position , since this minimizes repulsions between axial substituents

1980, Bernard Miller, Organic Chemistry, the Basis of Life:

(physical chemistry) The spatial arrangement of a group of atoms in a molecule as a result of rotation about a covalent bond which remains unbroken.


cam

→ Welsh: cam

Recorded since the 16th century, from Dutch kam (“cog of a wheel; originally, comb”) (cognate with English comb, and preserved in modern Dutch compounds such as kamrad, kamwiel (“cog wheel”)). Doublet of comb.

der

A curved wedge, movable about an axis, used for forcing or clamping two pieces together.

Cum doun t' cam' soid

1861, Dean Ramsay, Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character:

(UK, dialect) A ridge or mound of earth.

spring-loaded camming device
spring-loaded camming device

(climbing) A spring-loaded camming device, a spring-loaded device for effecting a temporary belay in a rock crevice.


cam

en-verb

cam (third-person singular simple present cams, present participle camming, simple past and past participle cammed)

cams (present singular third-person)
camming (participle present)
cammed (participle past)
cammed (past)


condensation

en-noun

condensation (countable and uncountable, plural condensations)

From condense + -ation, borrowed from Latin condēnsātiō, condēnsātiōnem.

(physics, physical chemistry) The conversion of a gas to a liquid.

втечняване

physics: conversion of a gas to a liquid


configuration

configuration (countable and uncountable, plural configurations)

/kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/

/kənˌfɪɡ.jəˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/

/kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹæɪ̯.ʃən/

From Middle French configuration, from Latin cōnfigūrātiō.
Morphologically configure + -ation

konfigurointi

computing: process of customizing a computing environment

(countable, physics, chemistry) The arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure like a crystal.

تَهايُؤ

physics, chemistry: arrangement of electrons


crystallization

crystallization (countable and uncountable, plural crystallizations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-crystallization.wav

The formation of a solid from a solution, melt, vapour or from a different solid phase


disintegration

disintegration (countable and uncountable, plural disintegrations)

/dɪsˌɪd.əˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/

[dɪsˌɪn.əˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən]

From disintegrate + -ion or dis- + integration.

(nuclear physics) The process of radioactive decay.

The sample exhibited an activity of three disintegrations per second.

The process of radioactive decay.
The radioactive decay of a single atom.


conservation

conservation (countable and uncountable, plural conservations)

From Old French. By surface analysis, conserve + -ation.

(physics) lack of change in a measurable property of an isolated physical system (conservation of energy, mass, momentum, electric charge, subatomic particles, and fundamental symmetries)


breaker

From Middle English breker, brekere, equivalent to break + -er. Cognate with Dutch breker, German Brecher.

буренце

small cask of water in case of shipwreck

breaker panel

(electrical engineering) Ellipsis of circuit breaker.


emanation

emanation (countable and uncountable, plural emanations)

/ˌɛməˈneɪʃən/

(uncountable, obsolete) (physics, chemistry) The element radon (Rn)


concentration

concentration (usually uncountable, plural concentrations)

qatılaşma

act or process of reducing the volume of a liquid

The proportion of a substance in a whole.

(physical chemistry) The amount of solute in a solution measured in suitable units (e.g., parts per million (ppm))

konsentrasie

chemistry: amount of solute present in a solution


dissipation

dissipation (countable and uncountable, plural dissipations)

/ˌdɪsɪˈpeɪʃən/

From Middle English dissipacion, dissipacioun, from Late Latin dissipātiō.
Morphologically dissipate + -ion.

They conclude[…] the planet will have a final period of rotation between 56 and 88 days, depending on the assumed form of the dissipation function.

1965 November 6, G. Colombo, “Rotational Period of the Planet Mercury”, in Nature, volume 208, number 575, →DOI:

(physics) A loss of energy, usually as heat, from a dynamic system.


corona

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

laki

upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body

kruunu

appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona

An appearance of a corona may produce useful or undesirable effects. For instance, a corona arising spontaneously around high-voltage wires of an electrical power transmission line results in a loss of electrical energy. On the other hand, coronas are widely used in many practical applications like dust collection with electrical precipitators, atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma surface treatment of polymers, cleaning of exhausted gases, etc.

2004, U[lrich] Kogelschatz, Yu S. Akishev, A. P. Napartovich, “History of Non-equilibrium Air Discharges”, in K. H. Becker, U[lrich] Kogelschatz, K. H. Schoenbach, R. J. Barker, editors, Non-equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure (Institute of Physics Series in Plasma Physics), Bristol, Philadelphia, Pa.: Institute of Physics Publishing, →ISBN, page 42:

(electricity) A luminous appearance caused by corona discharge, often seen as a bluish glow in the air adjacent to pointed metal conductors carrying high voltages.


classical

en-adj

classical (comparative more classical, superlative most classical)

more classical (comparative)
most classical (superlative)

Garner's Modern English Usage
linguistic description
linguistic prescription

See classic § Etymology for history. By surface analysis, class + -ical = classic + -al

classic

see Usage notes regarding differentiation.

(physics) Pertaining to models of physical laws that do not take quantum or relativistic effects into account; Newtonian or Maxwellian.


excitation

en-noun

excitation (countable and uncountable, plural excitations)

From Middle English excitacion, excitacioun, from Old French excitation, from Latin excitatio.
Morphologically excite + -ation

(physics) A transition of a nucleus, atom or molecule to an excited state by the absorption of a quantum of energy; the opposite of relaxation

възбуждане

(physics) change in state as an excited state is formed by the absorption of a quantum of energy


implantation

implantation (countable and uncountable, plural implantations)

Borrowed from Middle French implantation.

bor+

(physics) The insertion of ions into the crystal structure of another material through ion bombardment.

istutus

physics: insertion of ions into crystal structure


disperse

en-verb

disperse (third-person singular simple present disperses, present participle dispersing, simple past and past participle dispersed)

disperses (present singular third-person)
dispersing (participle present)
dispersed (participle past)
dispersed (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-disperse.wav

From Middle French disperser, from Latin dispersus, past participle of dispergō (“to scatter abroad, disperse”), from dis- (“apart”) + spargō (“to scatter”); see sparse.

(physics, transitive, intransitive) To separate rays of light, etc., according to wavelength; to refract.


insulation

en-noun

insulation (countable and uncountable, plural insulations)

/ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən/

(electricity) a medium in which it is possible to maintain an electrical field with little supply of energy from additional sources.


fuse

Back-formation from fusion (“to melt”), first to verbal sense, then noun.

(electrical engineering) A device to prevent excessive overcurrent from overload or short circuit in an electrical circuit, containing a component that melts and interrupts the current when too high a load is passed through it.

smeltdraad

device preventing overloading of a circuit


fuse

en-verb

fuse (third-person singular simple present fuses, present participle fusing, simple past and past participle fused)

fuses (present singular third-person)
fusing (participle present)
fused (participle past)
fused (past)

(transitive, electricity) To furnish with or install a fuse to protect a circuit against overcurrent.

When the bath overflowed, the downstairs lights fused, so we need a torch.

(transitive, electricity, of a circuit) To have been protected against overcurrent by its fuse melting away, creating a gap in the wire, thus stopping the circuit from operating.


irreversible

(thermodynamics) Incapable of being reversed to the original state without consumption of free energy and increase of entropy.


irradiation

en-noun

irradiation (countable and uncountable, plural irradiations)

/ɪˌɹeɪdiˈeɪʃən/

From Middle French irradiacion, from Latin irradiatio
Morphologically irradiate + -ion

تَشَعُّع

an act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated

en:any act of irradiating or state produced therewith

An act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated.

(uncountable) a process of sterilization whereby radiation is passed through a bag containing food, utensils, etc., to sterilize the contents.


beam

From Middle English beem, from Old English bēam (“tree, cross, gallows, column, pillar, wood, beam, splint, post, stock, rafter, piece of wood”), from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz (“tree, beam, balk”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to grow, swell”). Cognate with West Frisian beam (“tree”), Saterland Frisian Boom (“tree”), Dutch boom (“tree”), German Low German Boom (“tree”), German Baum (“tree”), Luxembourgish Bam (“tree”), Albanian bimë (“a plant”). Doublet of boom.
The original English meaning of beam ("tree") is preserved in some compound words such as quickbeam.
The verb is from Middle English bemen, from Old English bēamian (“to shine, to cast forth rays or beams of light”), from the noun.

inh

a beam of light

a beam of energy

That light we ſee is burning in my hall: / How farre that little candle throws his beames, / So ſhines a good deed in a naughty world.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), W[illiam] Shakespeare, The Excellent History of the Merchant of Venice. […] (First Quarto), [London]: […] J[ames] Roberts [for Thomas Heyes], published 1600, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

What tho’ the moon—the white moon
Shed all the splendour of her noon,
Her smile is chilly—and her beam,
In that time of dreariness, will seem
(So like you gather in your breath)
A portrait taken after death.

1829, Edgar Allan Poe, “Tamerlane”, in Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems:

A total of 15,000 beams of neutrinos were fired over a period of 3 years from CERN towards Gran Sassoin Italy, 730km (500 miles) away, where they were picked up by giant detectors.

2011 September 22, Nick Collins, “Speed of light 'broken' by scientists”, in Daily Telegraph:

(physics) A ray or collection of approximately parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body.


interpretation

en-noun

interpretation (countable and uncountable, plural interpretations)

/ɪntɚpɹəˈteɪʃən/

/ɪntəpɹəˈteɪʃən/

From Middle English [Term?], from Anglo-Norman [Term?], from Old French [Term?], from Latin interpretātiō, noun of action from interpretor (“to explain, expound, interpret, understand, conclude, infer, comprehend”)
Morphologically interpret + -ation

(countable, physics) An approximation that allows aspects of a mathematical theory to be discussed in ordinary language.


plasticity

plasticity (countable and uncountable, plural plasticities)

(physics) The property of a solid body whereby it undergoes a permanent change in shape or size when subjected to a stress exceeding a particular value (the yield value).


node

→ Irish: nód

From Middle English node, borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knot, knout, and nodus.

(physics) A point along a standing wave where the wave has minimal amplitude.


ratchet

From French rochet (“bobbin, spindle, ratchet”), from Italian rocchetto (“spool, ratchet”).

cadell

pawl, click or detent for a ratchet wheel


fundamental

From Late Latin fundamentālis, from Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

(physics) The lowest frequency of a periodic waveform.


react

en-verb

react (third-person singular simple present reacts, present participle reacting, simple past and past participle reacted)

reacts (present singular third-person)
reacting (participle present)
reacted (participle past)
reacted (past)

Every body reacts on the body that impels it from its natural state.

(physics, intransitive) To return an impulse or impression; to resist the action of another body by an opposite force


potential

en-noun

potential (countable and uncountable, plural potentials)

From Late Latin potentialis, from Latin potentia (“power”), from potens (“powerful”). By surface analysis, potent + -ial.

(physics) The gravitational potential: the radial (irrotational, static) component of a gravitational field, also known as the Newtonian potential or the gravitoelectric field.

potencial

physics: the radial component of a gravitational field

(physics) The work (energy) required to move a reference particle from a reference location to a specified location in the presence of a force field, for example to bring a unit positive electric charge from an infinite distance to a specified point against an electric field.


potential

From Maxwell equations (6.20) it follows that the electric field is potential: E(r) = −gradφ(r).

1997, Physics-Uspekhi, volume 40, numbers 1-6, American Institute of Physics, page 39:

(physics) A potential field is an irrotational (static) field.

The non-viscous flow of the vacuum should be potential (irrotational).

2009, Grigory E. Volovik, The Universe in a Helium Droplet^(http://books.google.com/books?id=6uj76kFJOHEC&pg=PA60&dq=%22The+non-viscous+flow+of+the+vacuum+should+be+potential+(irrotational)%22&hl=en&ei=mXVBTuWuHIufOuGf9ckJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1), Oxford University Press, page 60:

(physics) A potential flow is an irrotational flow.


recombination

Coordinate term: cosmic microwave background

(astrophysics) The process by which the plasma of electrons and protons produced after the Big Bang condensed into hydrogen, or the epoch in which this process occurred.


saturate

en-verb

saturate (third-person singular simple present saturates, present participle saturating, simple past and past participle saturated)

saturates (present singular third-person)
saturating (participle present)
saturated (participle past)
saturated (past)

/ˈsæt͡ʃəˌɹeɪt/

Borrowed from Latin saturātus, perfect passive participle of saturāre (“to fill full”), from satur (“full”).

насищам

(chemistry) to cause a substance to become inert by chemical combination with all that it can hold

(transitive, optics) To render pure, or of a colour free from white light.


sprite

→ Japanese: スプライト (supuraito)

→ Russian: спрайт (sprajt)

From Middle English sprite, spryt, spreyte, from Old French esprit (“spirit”), from Latin spiritus. Doublet of spirit, spiritus, spirytus, spright, and esprit.
(computer graphics): First used by Danny Hillis at Texas Instruments in the late 1970s.
(meteorology): An acronym for Stratospheric Perturbations Resulting from Intense Thunderstorm Electrification.

doublet

(meteorology) A large electrical discharge that occurs high above the cumulonimbus cloud of an active thunderstorm, which appears as a luminous red or orange flash.

紅色精靈

electrical discharges that occur high above the cumulonimbus cloud of an active thunderstorm


tenacity

en-noun

tenacity (countable and uncountable, plural tenacities)

brittleness

antonym(s) of “quality keeping bodies together”

From tenac(ious) + -ity, from Middle French ténacité, from Latin tenācitās.

(physics) The greatest longitudinal stress a substance can bear without tearing asunder, usually expressed with reference to a unit area of the cross section of the substance, as the number of pounds per square inch, or kilograms per square centimeter, necessary to produce rupture.


core

core (countable and uncountable, plural cores)

desc

Translingual: core eudicots, core Malvales

From Middle English core, kore, coor (“apple-core, pith”), of obscure and uncertain origin. Possibly of native English origin, from Old English *cor, related to Old English *coruc, *corc (diminutive) (> Middle English cork, crok (“core of a apple or other fruit, heart of an onion”)) and Old English corn (“seed", also "grain”); or alternatively perhaps from Old French cuer (“heart”), from Latin cor (“heart”); or from Old French cors (“body”), from Latin corpus (“body”). Compare also Middle English colk, coke, coll (“the heart or centre of an apple or onion, core”), Dutch kern (“core”), German Kern (“core”). See also heart, corpse.

unc

obscure and uncertain

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

сърцеви́на

something that produces a hollow space in a casting

particular parts of technical instruments or machines essential in function:

(engineering, nuclear physics) The inner part of a nuclear reactor, in which the nuclear reaction takes place.

structural robustness
w:structural robustness

Hence particular parts of a subject studied or examined by technical operations, likened by position and practical or structural robustness to kernels, cores in the most vulgar sense above.

(physics) An atomic nucleus plus inner electrons (i.e., an atom, except for its valence electrons).

atomtörzs

atomic nucleus plus inner/core electrons


caustic surface

en-noun

caustic surface (plural caustic surfaces)

Caustic curves and surfaces are called catacaustic when formed by reflection, and diacaustic when formed by refraction.

(optics) A surface to which rays reflected or refracted by another surface are tangents.


caustic curve

(optics) A curve to which the ray of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents, the reflecting or refracting curve and the luminous point being in one plane.


intensity

intensity (countable and uncountable, plural intensities)

From intense + -ity. Cf. also Medieval Latin intensitas.

(physics) Time-averaged energy flux (the ratio of average power to the area through which the power "flows"); irradiance.

(optics) Can mean any of radiant intensity, luminous intensity or irradiance.


radiophobia

Apparently, I have radiophobia. Radiophobia is when you come to Chernobyl, people think that they get a sore throat or their eyes water or they have diarrhea, and it's not because the actual radiation is infecting you with cancer, but cause you think- you're afraid. It's all psychosomatic.

2012 July 19, Shane Smith, 3:25 from the start, in Hunting the Radioactive Beasts of Chernobyl, Vice Media:


caustic

From the Latin causticus (“burning”), from Ancient Greek καυστικός (kaustikós, “burning”), from καυστός (kaustós, “burnt”) + -ικός (-ikós).

suffix

(optics, computer graphics) The envelope of reflected or refracted rays of light for a given surface or object.


lightning rod

"My special business is to travel the country for orders for lightning-rods. This is my specimen rod;" tapping his staff; "I have the best of references"-fumbling in his pockets. "In Criggan last month, I put up three-and-twenty rods on only five buildings."

1856, Herman Melville, The Lightning Rod Man:

A metallic conductor that is attached to a high point of a building and leads to the ground to protect the building from damage by lightning.

مَانِعَة صَوَاعِق

metallic conductor that protects from lightning


moderate

en-verb

moderate (third-person singular simple present moderates, present participle moderating, simple past and past participle moderated)

moderates (present singular third-person)
moderating (participle present)
moderated (participle past)
moderated (past)

From Middle English moderat, from Latin moderātus, perfect active participle of moderor (“regulate, restrain, moderate”), from moder-, modes-, a stem appearing also in modestus (“moderate, discreet, modest”), from modus (“measure”); see mode and modest. Doublet of moderato. Displaced native Old English ġemetlīċ (“moderate”) and metegian (“to moderate”).

a graphite-moderated reactor

(transitive, physics) To supply with a moderator (substance that decreases the speed of neutrons in a nuclear reactor and hence increases likelihood of fission).


TDS

topological Dirac semi-metal
topological Dirac semi-metal#English

(physics, countable) Initialism of topological Dirac semi-metal.

three-dimensional topological Dirac semimetal

thermal desorption spectroscopy
thermal desorption spectroscopy#English

(spectroscopy) Initialism of thermal desorption spectroscopy.


snap

en-noun

snap (countable and uncountable, plural snaps)

From Dutch snappen (“to bite; seize”) or Low German snappen (“to bite; seize”), ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *snappōn, from Proto-Germanic *snappōną (“to snap; snatch; chatter”), intensive form of *snapāną (”to snap; grab”, whence Old Norse snapa (“to get; scrounge”)), from Proto-Indo-European *snop-; compare Lithuanian snãpas (“beak, bill”). (One alternative hypothesis links the Germanic words to *snu-, an expressive root deriving words meaning “nose”, “snout”, “sniff” etc., but this is phonetically unsound.) In any case influenced by onomatopoeia; note expressions such as snip-snap, containing the formally unrelated snip.
Cognate with West Frisian snappe (“to get; catch; snap”), German schnappen (“to grab”), Swedish snappa (“to snatch”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

gloss

”to snap; grab”, whence Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">snapa</i> (“to get; scrounge”)

sound-symbolic

expressive

onom

onomatopoeia

cog

It'll be a snap to get that finished.

I can fix most vacuum cleaners in a snap.

A very short period of time (figuratively, the time taken to snap one's fingers), or a task that can be accomplished in such a period.

helppo nakki

slang: easy and profitable place or task

(physics, humorous) jounce (the fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time), followed by crackle and pop

加加速度

physics: fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time


couple

From Middle English couple, from Old French couple, from Latin cōpula. Doublet of copula.

(physics) A turning effect created by forces that produce a non-zero external torque.

koppel

two forces that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, thus creating the turning effect of a torque or moment


yoke

From Middle English yok, yoke, ȝok from Old English ġeoc (“yoke”), from Proto-Germanic *juką (“yoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (“yoke”), from *yewg- (“to join; to tie together, yoke”). Doublet of yuga, jugum, yoga and possibly yogh.
Senses 3.1 (“area of arable land”) and 3.2 (“amount of work done with draught animals”) probably referred to the area of land that could generally be ploughed by yoked draught animals within a given time.

poikkipuu

linking or supporting object that resembles a yoke

sauva

device with crosspieces used to control an aircraft

iugum

unit of land area notionally equivalent to the area a team of yoked draft animals can work in a day

Senses relating to a frame around the neck.

Any of various linking or supporting objects that resembles a yoke (sense 1.1); a crosspiece, a curved bar, etc.

(electrical engineering) Originally, a metal piece connecting the poles of a magnet or electromagnet; later, a part of magnetic circuit (such as in a generator or motor) not surrounded by windings (“wires wound around the cores of electrical transformers”).

ies

metal piece connecting the poles of a magnet or electromagnet; part of magnetic circuit (such as in a generator or motor) not surrounded by windings


plutonic

(inorganic chemistry) Containing plutonium in a higher oxidation state.


equipartition

en-noun

equipartition (countable and uncountable, plural equipartitions)

statistical mechanics
statistical mechanics

equipartition theorem
w:equipartition theorem

(statistical mechanics) Short for equipartition theorem.


SF

SF (countable and uncountable, plural SFs)

→ Japanese: エスエフ, SF (SF)

spontaneous fission
spontaneous fission#English


inertia

inertia (countable and uncountable, plural inertias or inertiae or inertiæ)

inertias (plural)
inertiae (plural)
inertiæ (plural)

From Latin inertia (“lack of art or skill, inactivity, indolence”), from iners (“unskilled, inactive”), from in- (“without, not”) + ars (“skill, art”). The modern physics sense was first used in New Latin by Johannes Kepler.

bor

(physics, uncountable or countable) The property of a body that resists any change to its uniform motion; equivalent to its mass.

Men […] have immense irresolution and inertia.

1837, Thomas Carlyle, chapter II, in The French Revolution: A History […], volume III (The Guillotine), London: James Fraser, […], →OCLC, book IV (Terror):

Not all the surviving veteran chiefs would actually fight. Some remained nominally in the resistance but in practice delayed at their bases, pretexting a lack of ammunition for their uncertain inertia.

1970 August 12 [1969 January 15], John Womack, Jr., Zapata and the Mexican Revolution, New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 261:

City had been woeful, their anger at their own inertia summed up when Samir Nasri received a booking for dissent, and they did not have a shot on target until the 66th minute.

2014 March 9, Jacob Steinberg, “Wigan shock Manchester City in FA Cup again to reach semi-finals”, in The Guardian:

(figuratively) In a person, unwillingness to take action.


cis

From Latin cis (“on this side (of), on the near or same side”). Doublet of he, it, here, hither, and hence.

doublet

9 is thought to survive longer when the CH = CH bond is cis and to favour the formation of another cis double bond in a propagation reaction involving its displacement by monomer. 10, on the other hand, is more likely to yield a trans double bond […]

1984, American Chemical Society. Division of Polymer Chemistry, Papers Presented at the ... Meeting:

However, a cis double bond causes a kink in the chain. (A cis double bond introduces a bend of about 42 into the linear hydrocarbon chain.)

2007, Vickie A. Vaclavik, Elizabeth W. Christian, Essentials of Food Science, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 277:

A cis double bond is one where the hydrogen atoms are both on the same side. In contrast, a trans double bond has them on the opposite side.

2015, William P Edwards, The Science of Bakery Products, Royal Society of Chemistry, →ISBN, page 26:

(physical chemistry) In (or constituting, forming, or describing) a double bond in which the greater radical on both ends is on the same side of the bond.

The cis effect is the labilization of ligands which are cis to certain other ligands.

(physical chemistry) In (or constituting, forming, or describing) a coordination compound in which the two instances of a particular ligand are adjacent to each other.


power inverter

rectifier

antonym(s) of “a device that converts DC electricity to AC”

(electrical engineering) A device that converts direct current electricity to alternating current electricity.

инвертор

a device that converts DC electricity into AC


GC

en-noun

GC (countable and uncountable, plural GCs)

guanylate cyclase
guanylate cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanylate cyclase.


magnetic field

B-field

magnetic flux density, magnetic induction

H-field

magnetic field intensity, magnetic field strength, magnetizing field

(physics) A condition in the space around a magnet or electric current in which there is a detectable magnetic force and two magnetic poles are present.

David (1904) and Brunhes (1906) first observed magnetizations in lava flows that were roughly opposed to that of the present earth's magnetic field.

1983, Ronald T. Merrill, Michael W. McElhinny, The Earth's Magnetic Field: Its History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective, Academic Press, page 135:

1996, V. R. Khalilov, Electron Strong Magnetic Field, [1988, V. R. Khalilov, Elektroni v silnom magnetom poli, Energoatomizdat, Moscow], Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, page 123,
In contrast to the IQHE, the fractional quantum Hall effect occurs in much stronger magnetic fields, and in this case electrons cannot be considered as noninteracting ones.

The magnetic field B bears the same relation to a hypothetical magnetic charge m as the electric field bears to the electric charge q, so the development of the previous chapter can be taken over completely. The stress tensor for a magnetic field Bᵢ is identical in form to that for the electric field. The energy density is obviously B²/8π and the magnetic field is a physical reality just like the electric field. Electric and magnetic fields superpose linearly[…]. This is perhaps a convenient place to remark that a magnetic field exerts no force whatever on an electric charge.

2007, Eugene N. Parker, Conversations on Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Cosmos, Princeton University Press, page 25:

The turian homeworld, Palaven, has a metal-poor core, generating a weak magnetic field and allowing more solar radiation into the atmosphere.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Turians: Biology Codex entry:

The scientific instruments of the day recorded rapid fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field, as powerful electrical currents flowed through the upper atmosphere.

2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL, number 996, page 30:


evanescent

en-adj

evanescent (comparative more evanescent, superlative most evanescent)

more evanescent (comparative)
most evanescent (superlative)

Borrowed from French évanescent (“evanescent”), from Latin ēvānēscēns (“disappearing, vanishing”), present participle of ēvānēscō (“to disappear, vanish; to die out, fade away; to lapse”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away, out’)) + vānēscō (“to vanish”) (from vānus (“empty, vacant, void”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon, leave”)) + -ēscō (suffix forming verbs with the sense ‘to become’)).

намаляващ

disappearing, vanishing — see also disappearing, vanishing

Consequently, the electromagnetic fields have plane-wave characteristics in local regions, except immediately adjacent to a caustic where there is a rapid transition from the wavelike behavior of the local plane-wave fields to the evanescent behavior beyond the ray path.

1983, Allan W[hitenack] Snyder, John D[avid] Love, “Rays and Local Plane Waves”, in Optical Waveguide Theory (Science Paperbacks; 190), London, New York, N.Y.: Chapman & Hall, →ISBN; republished Boston, Mass., Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, →ISBN, section 35—4 (Component Equations of the Ray-path Equation), page 671:

The analyte directly affects the optical properties of a waveguide, such as evanescent waves (electromagnetic waves generated in the medium outside the optical waveguide when light is reflected from within) or surface plasmons (resonances induced by an evanescent wave in a thin film deposited on a waveguide surface).

2015, Yitzhak Mendelson, “Optical Sensors”, in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, editors, Medical Devices and Human Engineering (Biomedical Engineering Handbook; 2), 4th edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section I (Biomedical Sensors), page 6-1:

(electromagnetism) Of an oscillating electric or magnetic field: not propagating as an electromagnetic wave but having its energy spatially concentrated in the vicinity of its source.


TMI

en-noun

TMI (countable and uncountable, plural TMIs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of trimethylindium.

transmarginal inhibition
transmarginal inhibition#English

(psychology) Initialism of transmarginal inhibition.

trans-Mars injection
trans-Mars injection#English

(astrodynamics) Initialism of trans-Mars injection.


acoumeter

From Ancient Greek ἀκούω (akoúō, “I hear”) + -meter.

(physics) An instrument for measuring the acuteness of the sense of hearing.


ansible

Coined by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin in 1966 in her novella Rocannon's World; Le Guin states that she derived it from answerable. The word was further spread by its adoption into other science fiction worlds, including by Orson Scott Card in Ender's Game (1986), Vernor Vinge in The Blabber (1988) and Dan Simmons in Hyperion (1989).

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“You remember the ansible, the machine I showed you in the ship, which can speak instantly to other worlds, with no loss of years– […] ”
“An ansible would theoretically be powered by subatomic particles that have undergone quantum entanglement, which utilizes Einstein's 'spooky action at a distance', allowing the alteration of one particle to instantaneously alter the state of its paired particle. […] ”

1966, Ursula K. Le Guin, Rocannon's World, reprinted in Worlds of Exile and Illusion, Macmillan (1996), page 25

“[…] The master ansible is there, in contact with all our invasion fleet; the ships are all working, ready to fight. […]”

1985, Orson Scott Card, Ender's Game, reprinted by Macmillan, published 2002, →ISBN, page 251:

Ky had allotted two hours here, time to strip the news from the ansible, share it, even discuss it, but she didn’t plan to have everyone clustered and vulnerable.

2008, Elizabeth Moon, Victory Conditions, reprint by Random House, published 2009, →ISBN, page 39:

(science fiction) A hypothetical device that enables users to communicate instantaneously across great distances; that is, a faster-than-light communication device.

Dan Simmons
Ender's Game
Orson Scott Card
Rocannon's World
Vernor Vinge


quantum

en-noun

quantum (countable and uncountable, plural quantums or quanta)

[ˈkʰwɑ̃ntʰə̃m]

[ˈkʰwɑ̃ɾ̃ə̃m]

From Late Latin quantum, noun use of neuter form of Latin quantus (“how much”).

The quantum of light energy was later called a photon.

2002, David C Cassidy et al., Understanding Physics, Birkhauser 2002, p. 602

(physics) The smallest possible, and therefore indivisible, unit of a given quantity or quantifiable phenomenon.

Developing for quantum has never been more accessible.

quantum computing
quantum computing#English

(computing, uncountable) Short for quantum computing.


quantum

→ French: quantum

→ Portuguese: quantum

[ˈkʰwɑ̃ntʰə̃m]

[ˈkʰwɑ̃ɾ̃ə̃m]

Some of the most beautiful and thus appealing physical theories, including quantum electrodynamics and quantum gravity, have been dogged for decades by infinities that erupt when theorists try to prod their calculations into new domains. Getting rid of these nagging infinities has probably occupied far more effort than was spent in originating the theories.

2012 January 20, Michael Riordan, “Tackling Infinity”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2017-06-19, page 86:

(physics) Involving quanta, quantum mechanics or other aspects of quantum physics.

(computing theory) Relating to a quantum computer.


attenuation

attenuation (countable and uncountable, plural attenuations)

From Middle English attenuacioun, a borrowing from Latin attenuātiō (“a diminishing”). Equivalent to attenuate + -ion.

(physics) A reduction in the level of some property with distance, especially the amplitude of a wave or the strength of a signal.

затихване

physics: reduction in the level of some property with distance


electromagnetic radiation

Radiation (quantized as photons) consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields oriented perpendicularly to each other, moving through space.


fundamental force

fundamental force (plural fundamental forces)

(physics) Any of the fundamental forces that act between elementary particles; each one is associated with an exchanged particle.


electroweak

From electro- + weak. Coined by Pakistani physicist Abdus Salam and used informally as early as 1978, and by him in print and his Nobel Prize lecture in 1979.

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In the next section we ignore these intermediate energy scales and the intermediate unification steps and concentrate on the main problem of the Grand Unification schemes of electroweak and strong unification: What is the probable Grand Unification mass, M, beyond which the three forces, electromagnetism, weak and strong, may manifest themselves with the same effective strength?

1979, Abdus Salam, “The Electroweak Force, Grand Unification and Superunification”, in Physica Scripta, volume 20, page 216:

(physics) Describing the combination of the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces.


weak nuclear force

en-noun

weak nuclear force (plural weak nuclear forces)

According to current understanding, there are four fundamental forces in nature, three of which – the electromagnetic force and the strong and weak nuclear forces – are explained by the standard model of particle physics.

2023 August 11, Nicola Davis, “Scientists may be on brink of discovering fifth force of nature”, in The Guardian:

(nuclear physics) One of the four fundamental forces that is associated with nuclear decay. Its gauge bosons are the W⁺, W⁻ and Z⁰ particles.


strong nuclear force

strong nuclear force (plural strong nuclear forces)

(nuclear physics) The color force, a fundamental force that is associated with the strong bonds, created by the associated bosons known as gluons, between quarks and other subatomic particles.

vahva ydinvoima

one of the four fundamental interactions in particle physics

(nuclear physics, dated) The nuclear force, a residual force responsible for the interactions between nucleons, deriving from the color force


graviton

From gravity + -on. Coined by Russian physicists Dmitrii Blokhintsev and F. M. Gal'perin in 1934, and reintroduced by English physicist Paul Dirac in 1959 in a lecture to the American Physical Society.

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(physics) A hypothetical gauge boson that regulates the gravitational force. It would have a spin of 2 and zero rest mass.

American Physical Society
Paul Dirac
graviton


strong nuclear

strong nuclear force
strong nuclear force


gluon

From glue + -on. From being a particle (suffix "-on") that "glues" (attracts) together particles that feel the force carried by the gluon. Coined by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann in 1962.

Naive realism might ask today: Tell me what space is in itself, not in terms of other things. Tell me what a gluon is at bottom, or a neutrino, or a charge.

1992 November 20, George Zebrowski, Marvin Mattelson, “The Enigma of Distance”, in Omni, volume 15, number 2, page 80:

The so-called spin crisis has had important effects beyond simply confronting theorists with a particularly sharp challenge to their incomplete understanding of quantum chromodynamics, the underlying field theory of quarks and the gluons that mediate their strong interactions.

1995 September 20, Robert Jaffe, “Where Does the Proton Really Get Its Spin?”, in Physics Today, volume 48, number 9, →DOI, page 24:

Lattice QCD explores the particle realm by taking a different tack. It simulates quark and gluon behaviors by applying the full QCD theory to a tiny grid like facsimile of the space-time in which particles actually interact.

2004 September 7, Peter Weiss, “Starting from Square One”, in Science News, volume 166, number 6, →DOI, pages 90–1:

(physics) A massless gauge boson that binds quarks together to form baryons, mesons and other hadrons and is associated with the strong nuclear force.


electromagnetic

From electro- + magnetic or electromagnet + -ic.


microgravity

en-noun

microgravity (usually uncountable, plural microgravities)

In microgravity their arteries are thickening and stiffening and the muscle of the heart weakening and shrinking.

2023, Samantha Harvey, Orbital, Jonathan Cape, page 25:

(physics) A state of very low acceleration between two free floating objects, as found in sustained freefall, in orbit, or in interstellar space.


neutrino

Coined by Italian physicist Enrico Fermi in 1933 from neutron + the Italian diminutive suffix -ino.

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But researchers at the CERN lab near Geneva claim they have recorded neutrinos, a type of tiny particle, travelling faster than the barrier of 186,282 miles (299,792 kilometres) per second.

2011 September 22, Nick Collins, “Speed of light 'broken' by scientists”, in Daily Telegraph:

An elementary particle that is classified as a lepton, and has an extremely small but nonzero mass and no electric charge. It interacts with the surroundings only via the weak force or gravitation, making it very difficult to detect.

neutrino

An elementary particle with extremely small mass and no electric charge


meltdown

en-noun

meltdown (countable and uncountable, plural meltdowns)

→ Japanese: メルトダウン (merutodaun)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-meltdown.wav

Four years have passed since the meltdown at the Chernobyl nuclear plant, but the grim legacy of the Soviet catastrophe is still unfolding. https://web.archive.org/web/20041130094534/http://www.time.com/time/daily/chernobyl/chernobyl.index.html

Severe overheating of the core of a nuclear reactor resulting in the core melting and potentially in radiation escaping.

اِنْصِهَار نَوَوِيّ

severe overheating of the core of a nuclear reactor

razrušénije aktívnoj zony jádernovo reáktora

разруше́ние акти́вной зоны я́дерного реа́ктора


electromagnetism

electromagnetism (usually uncountable, plural electromagnetisms)

/ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/

A unified fundamental force that combines the aspects of electricity and magnetism and is one of the four fundamental forces. (technically it can be unified with weak nuclear to form electroweak) Its gauge boson is the photon.