choke

en-verb

choke (third-person singular simple present chokes, present participle choking, simple past and past participle choked)

chokes (present singular third-person)
choking (participle present)
choked (participle past)
choked (past)

From Middle English choken (also cheken), from earlier acheken, from Old English āċēocian (“to choke”), probably derived from Old English ċēoce, ċēace (“jaw, cheek”), see cheek. Cognate with Icelandic kok (“throat”), koka (“to gulp”). See also achoke.

(intransitive, fluid mechanics, of a duct) To reach a condition of maximum flowrate, due to the flow at the narrowest point of the duct becoming sonic (Ma = 1).


scram

scram (third-person singular simple present scrams, present participle scraming or scramming, simple past and past participle scramed or scrammed)

scrams (present singular third-person)
scraming (participle present)
scramming (participle present)
scramed (participle past)
scramed (past)
scrammed (participle past)
scrammed (past)
nuclear physics

Uncertain; the verb is possibly derived from etymology 1. It has been suggested that the word is an acronym for phrases like “safety control rod actuator mechanism”, “safety cut rope axe man”, “safety control rod axe man”, and “safety control rods activation mechanism”, but these are most likely backronyms.
The noun is probably derived from the verb.

The NCR [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] further demands the plant conform to all the safety requirements put into effect during construction. This means constant re-design. There must also be several ways to scram (emergency shut down) the reactor. Some of these are automatic and some are manual.

1976 December, Randy Warsaw, “Fermi II – A Plant Tour”, in Ray Barry, editor, The Michigan Technic, volume XCV, number 3, [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: College of Engineering, University of Michigan, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 15:

Startup of reactor recirculating pump resulted in flux spike scraming plant.

1978, “Appendix II—Answers to Written Questions Posed to Nuclear Regulatory Commission before the Hearings”, in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Authorization Requests: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session, on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Requests for an Increased Authorization for Fiscal Year 1978 and for a Fiscal Year 1979 Authorization of $330,000,000: […] (Serial No. 95-161), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 794:

The slightest problem in a reactor will cause the control rods to plunge automatically in the uranium core at high speeds (this is called scramming the reactor) and stop the chain reaction.

1983, Michio Kaku, Jennifer Trainer, editors, Nuclear Power, Both Sides: The Best Arguments for and against the Most Controversial Technology, New York, N.Y.: W[illiam] W[arder] Norton, →ISBN, page 22:

Both active and manual methods scram by tripping power to a dedicated pump that unbalances the flows to the^([sic]) passively scram the reactor.

2000, Ralph R. Fullwood, “Analyzing Nuclear Reactor Safety Systems”, in Probabilistic Safety Assessment in the Chemical and Nuclear Industries, Boston, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann, →ISBN, section 6.1.4.3 (ABB PIUS), page 218:

The reactor was then "scramed", but the control rods did not slide back into the reactor.

2007 June 22, Samuel Upton Newtan, “Nuclear Reactor Disasters: Part I: Stationary Reactors (Non-breeders)”, in Nuclear War I and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century, Bloomington, Ind., Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire: AuthorHouse, →ISBN, page 113:

Raising group eight rods and brining a nuclear reactor fully to life for the first time in nearly ten years—everyone was so ready they were all ready to pee in their pants. Andrews did not know he could do it without SCRAMing the reactor—in other words, pushing it into an automatic shutdown that might be too little too late.

2012 December 12, D. Michael Battey, chapter 35, in Tenacity Gene, Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, →ISBN, page 174:

(transitive) To shut down (a nuclear reactor or, by extension, some other thing) for safety reasons, usually because of an emergency.

This shut off current to the control rod mechanism, and the reactor scrammed (shut off) automatically.

1984, Charles Perrow, “Nuclear Power as a High-risk System”, in Normal Accidents: Living with High-risk Technologies, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, published 1999, →ISBN, page 44:

As soon as the earthquake struck, the reactors "scrammed"—shut down automatically—as they were supposed to.

2012, Daniel Yergin, “The Urgency of Fuel Choice”, in The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World, revised edition, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, →ISBN, part 3 (The Electric Age), page 415:

Immediately after the earthquake, following government regulations, the remaining reactors, 1–3, automatically SCRAMed; control rods shut down sustained fission reactions.

2016, Nabil Abu el Ata, Rudolf Schmandt, “Understanding the Hidden Risk of Dynamic Complexity”, in The Tyranny of Uncertainty: A New Framework to Predict, Remediate and Monitor Risk, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, part I (Once upon a Time), page 21:

(intransitive) Of a nuclear reactor or some other thing: to shut down, usually because of an emergency.


scram

During scram operation, a scram signal de-energizes the inlet and outlet scram valves. The outlet scram valve vents the volume above the drive piston to a scram dump tank. The inlet scram valve supplies scram pressure obtained from an accumulator to the under side of the vented piston.

1960 October 5, John Roberts, S. F. Armour, “Introduction”, in T7 Tanker Locking Piston Control Rod Drive Scram Analysis (GEAP 3561), Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Office of Technical Information, United States Atomic Energy Commission, →OCLC, page 2:

Of the 14 scrams experienced, none was caused by operation exceeding the design parameters. Eight scrams occurred with the control rods withdrawn. [...] Six scrams occurred while the rods were inserted. Five were intentional to prevent accidental rod withdrawal, and one was the unintentional result of an instrument adjustment.

1966 fall, staff of First Atomic Ship Transport, Inc., “Operating Experience of the N.S. Savannah in Commercial Service”, in Nuclear Safety: A Quarterly Technical Progress Review, volume 8, number 1, [Oak Ridge, Tenn.]: Division of Technical Information, United States Atomic Energy Commission, →ISSN, →OCLC, section VI, page 65:

By the time scram is completed, coolant temperatures would likely be climbing due to the combination of a large heat capacity within the fuel pins and low coolant flow.

1981, Alan E. Waltar, Albert B. Reynolds, “Unprotected Transients”, in Fast Breeder Reactors (Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies), New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Pergamon Press, →ISBN, section 15-5.D (Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink), page 604:

Although fission stops almost immediately with a SCRAM, fission products in the fuel continue to release decay heat, initially about 6.5% of full reactor power. [...] Corresponding with the SCRAM, emergency generators were automatically activated to power electronics and cooling systems.

Other indicators can be used to measure the performance of an NPP [nuclear power plant] including the number of scrams (emergency shutdowns of a nuclear reactor), the collective dose (a measure of the total amount of effective dose multiplied by the size of the exposed population), the amount of low-level waste generated, and the fuel reliability. The number of scrams dropped from the peak of 30 in 1984 to only one in 2004 and 2–3 in the last two years.

2011, Min Lee, “The Past, Present and Future of Nuclear Power in Taiwan”, in Xu Yi-chong, editor, Nuclear Energy Development in Asia: Problems and Prospects, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN, page 171:

(also attributively) A shutdown of a nuclear reactor (or, by extension, some other thing), often done rapidly due to an emergency.

Each room housing a radiation source has a red-buttoned "scram" switch on the wall. One touch of the switch and all equipment stops abruptly.

1963 June, Kenneth Calkins, “Linac and Dynamitron”, in Boeing Magazine, volume XXXIII, number 6, Seattle, Wash.: Public Relations Division, Boeing Airplane Company, →OCLC, page 6, column 2:

She watched as the Marine technical team leader pressed the red SCRAM buttons for each reactor, setting off a chorus of alarms.

1993, Tom Clancy, Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit, New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, published November 1996, →ISBN:

In particular, measures have been taken to make the scram system more fast-operating and to exclude any possibility of its being deliberately shut off by the personnel.

1998, Vladimir M. Munipov, “Ergonomics [Disregarding Ergonomic Design Principles: Chernobyl]”, in Jeanne Mager Stellman, editor, Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th edition, volume I, Geneva: International Labour Office, →ISBN, page 29-96:

Today it is considered to be true that the accident paradoxically was ultimately caused by the emergency shut down of the reactor. By sending in the practically completely withdrawn scram and control rods, the reactivity of the reactor by the faulty conception of the rods was for a short time not lowered, but augmented.

2004, Dieter Berg, “Radionuclides Released into the Environment”, in Richard Tykva, Dieter Berg, editors, Man-made and Natural Radioactivity in Environmental Pollution and Radiochronology (Environmental Pollution), Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, page 119:

The device used to shut down a nuclear reactor; also, the button or switch used to initiate a shutdown.


infrared

Unless otherwise stated, we will be working in Euclidean space compactified to a sphere in order to avoid infrared problems.

1986, Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, “An Introduction to Anomalies”, in G. Velo, A. S. Wightman, editors, Fundamental Problems of Gauge Field Theory, →ISBN, page 97:

Secondly, as stated already by Osborne & Provenzale, pure k^(-α)-behaviour is impossible since there would have to be infinite power at zero frequency (this would correspond to an infrared catastrophe).

2000, Andreas Galka, Topics in Nonlinear Time Series Analysis: With Implications for EEG Analysis, →ISBN, page 176:

Although infrared divergences are of long-distance nature, they often play an essential role in the verification of the validity of the perturbative treatment of short-distance phenomena.

2010, Taizo Muta, Foundations of Quantum Chromodynamics: An Introduction to Perturbative Methods in Gauge Theories, 3rd edition, →ISBN, page 331:

(figurative, physics) Relating to very low energies or very large distances or time spans.


wind farm

From wind + farm, from the idea that the wind turbines are “farming” the wind to produce electricity.

Then roughly 176 wind generators of 1.8 megawatts each would be located at each wind farm affecting an area of 15 × 176 or 2640 acres (4.1 sq mi) but directly using only about 176 acres (0.3 sq mi).

1978, Wind Energy Study (Pacific Northwest Region): Final Report, page 204:

The windy weather last weekend set a new renewable power record and resulted in some households being paid to charge their electric cars to help balance the grid. Wind farms in Britain generated more than 16 gigawatts of power for the first time on Sunday evening.

2019 December 10, “Stormy weather blows in new wind power record”, in Chris Evans, editor, The Daily Telegraph, London: Telegraph Media Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

Rob Schofield, proprietor of Nundle's only pub, […] feels that the windfarm could bring a much-needed boost to the town, which lost jobs after the amalgamation of Nundle Shire Council with Tamworth Regional Council.

2021 October 23, Tom Plevey, “Reaping the wind turbines: The little town in the Great Dividing Range split by green energy plan”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-12-02:

A collection of wind turbines, especially a large-scale array, used to generate electricity.

集合型風力発電所

しゅうごうがたふうりょくはつでんしょ


grammage

en-noun

grammage (countable and uncountable, plural grammages)

grammage of cosmic rays around galactic supernova remnants

(physics) The integral of matter density along the path (of a cosmic ray).


geophysics

A branch of earth science dealing with the physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity.


Peltier effect

Named after French physicist Jean C. A. Peltier (1785–1845), the discoverer of the effect.

named-after

(physics) A thermoelectric effect which occurs when current is passed through a thermocouple causing one side of the Peltier to heat up and the other to cool down, used in computing as a cooling process.


dispersion

en-noun

dispersion (countable and uncountable, plural dispersions)

/dɪˈspɜːʒən/

From Middle English dispersioun, from Old French dispersion, from Latin dispertio.

(optics) The separation of visible light by refraction or diffraction.

разсейване

optics: separation of visible light to its component frequencies


dissipate

en-verb

dissipate (third-person singular simple present dissipates, present participle dissipating, simple past and past participle dissipated)

dissipates (present singular third-person)
dissipating (participle present)
dissipated (participle past)
dissipated (past)

From Middle English dissipaten, from Latin dissipātus, past participle of dissipāre, also written dissupare (“to scatter, disperse, demolish, destroy, squander, dissipate”), from dis- (“apart”) + supāre (“to throw”), also in comp. insipāre (“to throw into”).

The traction motors serve as generators when dynamic braking is used, the generated output being dissipated in fan-cooled resistance banks mounted in a removable roof section.

1960 April, “English Electric diesels for the Sudan Railways”, in Trains Illustrated, page 218:

Regenerative braking is retained. Like rheostatic braking, this uses the traction motors to provide a braking effort, but the current developed is fed back into the overhead catenary rather than dissipated through resistance banks.

2023 July 26, David Clough, “Technology progression defines Class 93”, in RAIL, number 988, page 54:

(physics) To cause energy to be lost through its conversion to heat.


refraction

en-noun

refraction (countable and uncountable, plural refractions)

/ɹəˈfɹækʃən/

(physics) The turning or bending of any wave, such as a light or sound wave, when it passes from one medium into another of different optical density.


vapour density

vapour density (plural vapour densities)

(physics) The ratio of the density of a gas to the density of hydrogen at the same temperature and pressure.


variance

variance (countable and uncountable, plural variances)

From Middle English variance, variaunce, equivalent to vary + -ance, from Old French variance or directly from Anglo-Latin variaunce, veriaunce, wariaunce; all from Latin variantia.

(physics, chemistry, biology) The number of degrees of freedom in a system.


wounded

a wounded nucleon

(physics) Of a particle: having undergone an inelastic collision.


zero-point energy

zero-point energy (plural zero-point energies)

The existence of a zero-point energy (i.e., the existence of a non-zero lower limit to the energy of a quantum-mechanical system) is a consequence of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

2000, Stephen T. Thornton, Andrew F. Rex, Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Saunders College Publishing, page 205,
Our estimate for the zero-point energy of the harmonic oscillator is hbar ω/2.

(physics, quantum mechanics) The lowest possible energy of a given quantum mechanical system.

nollapiste-energia

lowest possible energy of a quantum mechanical system

The calculated zero-point energies of hydrogen at inner bulk, GB, and FS are within 0.12-0.16eV/H.

2004, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Volume 73, Pages 1-768, Physical Society of Japan, page 441:

(physics, physical chemistry) The kinetic energy possessed by (the particle constituents of) a substance at absolute zero temperature.

nollapiste-energia

energy possessed by an object at a temperature of absolute zero


vibration

vibration (countable and uncountable, plural vibrations)

From French vibration, from Latin vibrātiō (“a shaking or brandishing”), from vibrō (“shake, vibrate”); see vibrate.
Morphologically vibrate + -ion

der

(physics) Any periodic process, especially a rapid linear motion of a body about an equilibrium position.


degenerate

en-adj

degenerate (comparative more degenerate, superlative most degenerate)

more degenerate (comparative)
most degenerate (superlative)

/dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/

/dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹeɪt/

Learned borrowing from Latin dēgenerātus. By surface analysis, de- + generate.

lbor

(physics) Having the same quantum energy level.


vitreous

en-adj

vitreous (comparative more vitreous, superlative most vitreous)

more vitreous (comparative)
most vitreous (superlative)

From Middle French vitreux, from Latin vitreus (“glassy, transparent”), from vitrum (“glass”).
The terms vitreous (positive) and resinous (negative) electricity were coined in 1733 by Charles François de Cisternay du Fay, who studied the different behaviour of glass and resin when rubbed with silk and fur, respectively.

(physics, dated) Positive (of electric charge).


interfere

en-verb

interfere (third-person singular simple present interferes, present participle interfering, simple past and past participle interfered)

interferes (present singular third-person)
interfering (participle present)
interfered (participle past)
interfered (past)

/ˌɪntəˈfɪə(ɹ)/

From Old French entreferir, from entre- + ferir (“to hit, to strike”), itself from the Latin verb ferio.

Correlated waves interfere to produce interesting patterns, while uncorrelated waves overlap without interfering.

Where the radio-wave signals of the two radio stations interfere the listener hears nothing but noise.

(intransitive, physics) (of waves) To be correlated with each other when overlapped or superposed.


collision

en-noun

collision (countable and uncountable, plural collisions)

From Middle French collision, from Late Latin collīsiō, from Latin collīdere, past participle collīsus (“to dash together”); see collide. cf. allision.

(physics) Any event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other in a relatively short time. In a collision, physical contact of two bodies is not necessary.


visitor

Partly from Middle English visiter, visitere, equivalent to visit + -er; and partly from Middle English visitour, from Anglo-Norman visitour, from Old French visetëor.

5: Of course there is always the remote (I hope) possibility that instant panic will prompt us to send a hailstorm of nuclear warheads out upon the visitor.

1979, Chris Boyce, Extraterrestrial Encounter: a Personal Perspective, Chartwell Books, page 184:

When we ask what evidence does in fact exist of extraterrestrial sojourns on our planet, we can start with what would surely be the best evidence of all: an actual visitor, or group of visitors, visible to crowds of people and ready for photo opportunities, television interviews, handshakes, polite conversation, and dancing.

2001, Donald Goldsmith, Tobias C. Owen, The Search for Life in the Universe, University Science Books, page 511:

The visitor in Man Facing South-east claims pure altruism; Rantes (Hugo Soto) wants to alleviate the suffering of the poor and helpless.

2004, Carol Schwartz Ellis, Sean Redmond (editor), With Eyes Uplifted: Space Aliens as Sky Gods in Liquid Metal: The Science Fiction Film Reader, Wallflower Press, page 145

The tower radioed the flight leader, Captain Thomas F. Mantell, Jr., and requested that he engage and attempt to identify the strange visitor.

2007, Frank G. Wilkinson, The Golden Age of Flying Saucers: Classic UFO Sightings, Saucer Crashes and Extraterrestrial Contact Encounters, Lulu.com, page 37:

(ufology, specifically) An extraterrestrial being on Earth.


bulkhead

(mechanics) A partition or panel through which connectors pass, or a connector designed to pass through a partition.


piston

(mechanics) A solid disk or cylinder that fits inside a hollow cylinder, and moves under pressure (as in an engine) or displaces fluid (as in a pump)


bump

en-verb

bump (third-person singular simple present bumps, present participle bumping, simple past and past participle bumped)

bumps (present singular third-person)
bumping (participle present)
bumped (participle past)
bumped (past)
Lighter (canonical)
1917-1919: An Historical Glossary” (canonical)
volume 47 (canonical)
number 1 (canonical)
page 24 (canonical)

From Early Modern English bump (“a shock, blow from a collision”), probably of North Germanic origin; compare Danish bump (“a thump”), Danish bumpe (“to thump”), Old Danish bumpe (“to strike with a clenched fist”), all probably of imitative origin.
Apparently related to Middle English bumben, bummen (“to make a hollow noise”), Dutch bommen (“to hum, buzz”), German Low German bumsen (“to bump, push”), German bummen (“to hum, buzz”), Icelandic bumba (“drum”). More at bum, bumble. Compare also bomb.

onom

imitative

cog

Heat until the liquid bumps, then reduce the heat and continue the boiling for 1½ hours.

1916, Albert Prescott Mathews, Physiological chemistry:

(physical chemistry, of a superheated liquid) To suddenly boil, causing movement of the vessel and loss of liquid.


cluster

→ Catalan: clúster

→ French: cluster

→ German: Cluster

→ Italian: cluster

→ Japanese: クラスター (kurasutā)

→ Portuguese: cluster

→ Russian: кла́стер (kláster)

→ Spanish: clúster

→ Swedish: kluster

High Performance Computing Center, Stuttgart

The noun is derived from Middle English cluster (“bunch, cluster, spray; compact body or mass, ball”) [and other forms], from Old English cluster, clyster (“cluster, bunch, branch”), from Proto-Germanic *klas-, *klus- (“to clump, lump together”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up; to clench; to amass”)) + *-þrą (suffix forming nouns denoting an instrument or tool). The English word is probably a doublet of clot.
The verb is derived from the noun.
cognates
* Dutch klister (“cluster”) (dialectal)
* Icelandic klasi (“cluster; bunch of grapes”)
* Low German Kluuster (“cluster”)
* Swedish kluster (“cluster”)

nb...

closter, clostre, clouster, clowster, clustre, clustyr

բույլ

A bunch or group of several discrete items that are close to each other.

(physical chemistry) An ensemble of bound atoms (especially of a metal) or molecules, intermediate in size between a molecule and a bulk solid.


ultrasound

en-noun

ultrasound (countable and uncountable, plural ultrasounds)

(physics) Sound with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, which is approximately 20 kilohertz.


winding

winding (countable and uncountable, plural windings)

The noun is derived from Middle English winding, windinge, wyndynge (“directional change, curve, turn; bend of the leg at the knee; meandering course of a river; act of turning and twisting; twisting of things (especially thread) together; wrapping of a cloth around something; wattling of a structure; wattle(s); ornamentation with interwoven patterns; hoisting of something”) [and other forms], and then partly:
* from winden, wynden (“to go, move; to move forcefully or suddenly; to direct, guide, lead; to go along a meandering or twisting course; to move in a circular pattern, revolve, turn; to move restlessly, toss and turn; to wriggle free; to move with a turning or twisting motion, bend, turn, twist; to form or mould (something) in one’s hands; to mix together; to cover; to clothe, dress; to wrap (a baby, a corpse, etc.); to encircle, surround; to bind; to interlace; to winch; (figurative) to conceal, disguise; to embroil, involve”) + -ing, -inge (suffix forming gerund nouns, and the present participle forms of verbs).; and
* from Old English windung (“woven object”), from windan (“to twist, wind; to circle, curl, eddy, spiral”) (from Proto-Germanic *windaną (“to wind; to wrap”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn; to wind”)) + -ung (suffix forming nouns denoting a verbal action or something involved in a verbal action).
The adjective is derived from the verb.
The English word is analysable as wind (“to turn coils of (a cord, etc.) around something; to encircle, enfold, entwist, wrap; to travel in a way that is not straight”) + -ing (suffix forming present participial adjectives and verbs, and nouns denoting an action or the embodiment of an action).

suffix

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering) A length of wire wound around the armature of an electric motor or the core of an electrical transformer.


hyperspace

en-noun

hyperspace (countable and uncountable, plural hyperspaces)

(mathematics) An n-dimensional Euclidian space with n > 3.

(mathematics) A Euclidian space of unspecified dimension.

We can only get to the Nimrodian Galaxy if we go through hyperspace.

I'm in command of 18 competitively selected super-perfect physical specimens with an average age of 24.6 who have been locked up in hyperspace for 378 days.

1956, Cyril Hume, Forbidden Planet, spoken by Commander Adams (Leslie Nielsen):

(science fiction) A notional space orthogonal to the usual dimensions of space-time often used for faster-than-light travel.


hyperspace

en-verb

hyperspace (third-person singular simple present hyperspaces, present participle hyperspacing, simple past and past participle hyperspaced)

hyperspaces (present singular third-person)
hyperspacing (participle present)
hyperspaced (participle past)
hyperspaced (past)

If she hyperspaced out to Tionisla or Lave the Courier would simply follow through her witchspace wormhole.

2010, Drew Wagar, Status Quo (Oolite Saga), Drew Wagar, →ISBN:

(science fiction, transitive, intransitive) To travel or transport into hyperspace.


CK

(biochemistry) Initialism of creatine kinase.


pyrolysis

en-noun

pyrolysis (countable and uncountable, plural pyrolyses)

/pɪˈɹɒlɪsɪs/

/pɑɪˈɹɔlɪsɪs/

Techniques that have successfully identified ionic intermediates in solution have been applied to gas-phase pyrolyses.

1972, A. C. Knipe, “Chapter 4: Elimination Reactions”, in B. Capon, C. W. Rees, editors, Organic Reaction Mechanisms 1971, page 143:

Twenty years ago our real understanding of the mechanism of alkane pyrolyses was little better than rudimentary.

1980, J. H. Purnell, “Homogeneous Alkane Cracking”, in William Pryor, editor, Frontiers of Free Radical Chemistry: The route to quantitative description to very high conversion, page 94:

Pyrolysis involves the thermal degradation of the rubber of the tyre to give an oil and gas leaving a residual solid carbon and the steel casing of the tyre.

2001, P. T. Williams, R. P. Bottrill, A. J. Brindle, A. M. Cunliffe, “The potential of pyrolysis for recycling used tyres”, in Ravindra K. Dhir, Mukesh C. Limbachiya, Kevin A. Paine, editors, Recycling and Reuse of Used Tyres: Proceedings of the International Symposium, page 187:

Traditional pyrolysis of wood relies on low temperatures and long processing time to increase the charcoal yield. In contrast, modern or fast pyrolysis uses moderate temperatures (400-500°C) and very short residence times (typically only a few seconds) to maximize the production of liquids (Diebold and Bridgewater, 1997).

2006, John C. F. Walker, Primary Wood Processing: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition, Springer, page 541:

(physical chemistry) The decomposition of a material or compound due to heat, in the absence of oxygen or other reagents.

pirolisi

decomposition of a material or compound due to heat where there is no oxygen or other reagents


histaminase

We suggest, however, that the substance, or system, which produces a change in structure responsible for the loss of physiological activity of histamine be designated histaminase.

1930 December 4, C. H. Best, E. W. McHenry, “The inactivation of histamine”, in The Journal of Physiology:

(biochemistry) A widely occurring flavoprotein enzyme that oxidizes histamine and various diamines.


hydrolysis

hydrolysis (countable and uncountable, plural hydrolyses)

(chemistry) A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water.


cation

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κᾰτῐόν (katión), neuter present participle of κᾰ́τειμῐ (káteimi, “to go down, come down”), from κᾰτᾰ- (kata-, “downwards, down, cata-”) + εἶμῐ (eîmi, “to go, come”). Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1834 for Michael Faraday, who introduced it later that year. Equivalent to cat(a)- + ion.

coin

(physical chemistry) a positively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis


jumper

(electricity) A removable connecting pin on an electronic circuit board.


electroconvulsive therapy

en-noun

electroconvulsive therapy (usually uncountable, plural electroconvulsive therapies)

The therapeutic effects of low and high energy electroconvulsive therapies are quite different.

(medicine) A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

電痙攣療法

biomedical therapy using electrical current


double bond

(physical chemistry) A covalent bond in which two electron pairs (instead of the usual one) are shared between two atoms; most common between carbon atoms and carbon, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, but several other forms are known.

雙鍵

covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared


triple bond

(physical chemistry) A covalent bond in which three electron pairs (instead of the usual one) are shared between two atoms; most common between carbon atoms and carbon or nitrogen atoms, but a few other forms are known. Symbolized in formulae as ≡.

kolmoissidos

covalent bond in which three pairs of electron are shared


cathode

From Ancient Greek κατα- (kata-, “down”) and ὁδός (hodós, “journey, way”), equivalent to Ancient Greek κάθοδος (káthodos, “way down, descent”). Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1834 for Michael Faraday, who introduced it later that year. By surface analysis, cath- (alternative form of cata-) + -ode.

surf

(electricity) An electrode, of a cell or other electrically polarized device, through which a positive current of electricity flows outwards (and thus, electrons flow inwards). It can have either a negative or a positive voltage with respect to anode of the same polarized device (depending on whether the device is a load or a source, respectively).

կաթոդ

electrode through which current flows outward

(by extension) The electrode at which chemical reduction of cations takes place, usually resulting in the deposition of metal onto the electrode.

(electronics) The electrode from which electrons are emitted into a vacuum tube or gas-filled tube.

(electronics) That electrode of a semiconductor device which is connected to the n-type material of a p-n junction.


Bernoulli effect

en-noun

Bernoulli effect (usually uncountable, plural Bernoulli effects)

Bernoulli's principle
Bernoulli's principle

(fluid dynamics) In a flowing fluid, the occurrence of what is stated by Bernoulli's principle.


Bernoulli's principle

After Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), who published this principle.

(fluid dynamics) The principle which states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.


isomerism

isomerism (countable and uncountable, plural isomerisms)

(physical chemistry) the phenomenon of the existence of isomers - the existence of different substances with the same molecular formulae

(chemistry) the interconversion of isomers

(nuclear physics) nuclear isomerism, the phenomenon of the existence of nuclear isomers.


Benedict's solution

After an American chemist, Stanley Rossiter Benedict.

(physical chemistry, organic chemistry) A solution of sodium citrate, sodium carbonate and copper sulfate whose colour changes from blue to yellow or red in the presence of reducing sugars such as glucose.


warp

en-verb

warp (third-person singular simple present warps, present participle warping, simple past and past participle warped)

warps (present singular third-person)
warping (participle present)
warped (participle past)
warped (past)

→ Japanese: ワープ (wāpu)

From Middle English werpen, weorpen, worpen, from Old English weorpan (“to throw”), from Proto-Germanic *werpaną (“to throw, turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to bend, turn”). Cognate with Scots warp (“to throw, warp”), North Frisian werpen (“to throw”), Dutch werpen (“to throw, cast”), German werfen (“to throw, cast”), Icelandic verpa (“to throw”).

der

Then we warp a ball of atmosphere right out of the sky into the domes, and some fruit trees to go with them, and we also abduct some livestock.

2004, Travis S. Taylor, Warp Speed, →ISBN:

Valerie asked why they couldn't warp to the planet.

2012, Jonathan Henry, The Revelation of Earth: First Contact, page 188:

(transitive, intransitive, science fiction) To travel or transport across a medium without passing through it normally, as by using a teleporter or time warp.


macromolecule

Beadle discovered that genes carried instructions to build proteins—complex, multidimensional macromolecules that were the workhorses of the cell.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 345:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins).


coefficient of friction

en-noun

coefficient of friction (plural coefficients of friction)

(physics) The ratio between (1) the magnitude of the force of friction which a surface produces on an object (moving along the surface or being pressed statically against it) and (2) the magnitude of the normal force which is produced by the surface on the object and which is perpendicular to that surface.


single bond

(physical chemistry) A covalent bond in which one electron pair is shared between two atoms.


alien abduction

alien abduction (plural alien abductions)

(ufology) The abduction of a person by extraterrestrials.


polytropic

From polytrope, equivalent to poly- + -tropic, ultimately from Ancient Greek πολύτροπος (polútropos).

(physics) of any change in the thermodynamic properties of a gas in which its specific heat remains constant


sone

(acoustics) a subjective unit of loudness for an average listener equal to the loudness of a 1000-hertz sound that has an intensity 40 decibels above the listener's own threshold of hearing


specific power

specific power (countable and uncountable, plural specific powers)

A female blue whale may produce a specific power of up to 16 kilowatts per tonne when travelling fast.

(physics) The ratio of the power produced by an object to its mass.


cis-trans isomer

cis-trans isomer (plural cis-trans isomers)

(physical chemistry) Either of a pair of geometric isomers, one having the cis- and one having the trans- configuration.


dextrorotatory

Dexibuprofen is the active dextrorotatory enantiomer of ibuprofen.

(chemistry, of an optically active compound or crystal) That rotates the plane of polarized light to the right, or clockwise. Notation: (+) or formerly lowercase d-.

dekstrorotatorinen

that rotates the plane of polarized light to the right


optical activity

optical activity (plural optical activities)

(physics) a property caused by asymmetrical molecular or crystal structure that enables a compound or crystal to rotate the plane of incident polarized light


diastereoisomer

(physical chemistry) A stereoisomer having multiple chiral centres; a diastereoisomer cannot normally be superimposed on the mirror image of another.


levorotatory

Levofloxacin is the levorotatory enantiomer of the medication ofloxacin.

(chemistry) (of an optically active compound or crystal) That rotates the plane of polarized light to the left, or counter-clockwise. Notation: (−) or formerly lowercase l-.

lévogyre

that rotates the plane of polarized light to the left


coenzyme A

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A coenzyme, formed from pantothenic acid and adenosine triphosphate, that is necessary for fatty acid synthesis and metabolism.


transacetylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from one molecule to another. It is produced by the ‘a’ structural gene of the lac operon.


transaminase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination.

轉氨酶

biochemistry: any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination


coenzyme

(biochemistry) Any small molecule that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.


cis-

From the Latin preposition cis (“on this side of”). The earliest known sexuality-related use of the prefix in any language was in a 1914 German-language book on sexology. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest use of the prefix in the context of gender in English dates from 1994.

quote-book

Lexikon Des Gesamten Sexuallebens

1914, Ernst Burchard, Lexikon Des Gesamten Sexuallebens, Berlin, BV047570799, page 32:
Cisvestitismus, die Neigung, die Kleidung einer anderen Altersstufe, Volks- oder Berufsklasse des gleichen Geschlechts zum Zwecke sexueller Entspannung anzulegen, dem Transvestitismus verwandt (s. Verkleidungstrieb).
Cisvestism, the tendency to don the clothes of a different age group, ethnic group, or profession of the same sex for the purpose of sexual relaxation, related to transvestism (see disguise instinct).

cis- + diazene → cis-diazene

(physical chemistry) Forming names of chemical compounds in which two atoms or groups are situated on the same side of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound.


snark

Martin Gardner
Mathematical Games
Scientific American
The Hunting of the Snark

From Snark, coined by Lewis Carroll as a nonce word in The Hunting of the Snark (1874), about the quest for an elusive creature. In sense of “a type of mathematical graph”, named as such in 1976 by Martin Gardner for their elusiveness.

Cabrera's Valentine's Day monopole detection or some extremely energetic cosmic rays could be examples of snarks.

(physics) A fluke or unrepeatable result or detection in an experiment.


psychrometry

en-noun

psychrometry (usually uncountable, plural psychrometries)

From psychro- (prefix meaning ‘cold’) + -metry (suffix forming nouns relating to measures and measurement), modelled after psychrometer.

confix

(meteorology, thermodynamics) Synonym of psychrometrics (“the measurement or study of the physical and thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere and its water vapour”)

psicrometria

synonym of psychrometrics — see also psychrometrics


bushing

From bush (“metal lining of the axle hole of a wheel or touch hole of a gun”) + -ing.

suf

(electrical engineering) A lining for an opening through which a conductor passes, providing insulation and mechanical protection for the conductor.

läpivientieristin

electrical engineering: lining to insulate and protect


var

en-noun

var (countable and uncountable, plural vars)

(physics) A unit of electrical power, in an AC circuit, equal to the power dissipated when 1 volt produces a current of 1 ampere.


trans-

cis-

antonym(s) of “chemistry, other side/beyond, gender”

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”).

bor

transacetylase, tranexamic acid, transaldolase

(physical chemistry) A compound in which two atoms or groups are situated on opposite sides of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound. (Also used without the hyphen as an adjective; see trans.)


photosynthesis

en-noun

photosynthesis (usually uncountable, plural photosyntheses)

[ˌfəʊ.tʰəʊ.ˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

ışık yardımı ile besin biriktirme süreci

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any process by which plants and other photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.

principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

also, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, used by purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria, and acidobacteria.


transcriptase

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to RNA.


reverse transcriptase

reverse transcriptase (plural reverse transcriptases)

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.


tailwind

(nautical, physics) A wind that blows in the same direction as the course taken by an aircraft, sailing ship, bird, etc.

medvind

a wind that blows in the same direction as the course of an aircraft or ship


polymerase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the formation of polymers of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of RNA or DNA respectively as a template.

聚合酶

enzyme that catalyses the formation of polymers


repose

repose (countable and uncountable, plural reposes)

Berthe Morisot
Rhode Island School of Design Museum
Édouard Manet

The verb is derived from Middle English reposen (“to rest”), from Anglo-Norman reposer, reposir, and Middle French reposer, from Old French reposer, repauser (“to become calm; to be peaceful; to rest; to be immobile; to lie or be placed; to cease, stop; to neglect”) (modern French reposer), from Latin repausāre, the present active infinitive of repausō (“(Late Latin) to be at rest; to lie down, rest; to sleep; to calm, pacify; (Latin) to halt temporarily, pause”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again; back, backwards’) + pausō (“to cease, halt; to pause”) (from pausa (“a halt, stop; a pause; an end”), from Ancient Greek παῦσῐς (paûsis, “ceasing, stopping”), from παύω (paúō, “to cease; to make to cease, stop; to bring to an end; to hinder”) (further etymology uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, little; smallness”)) + -σῐς (-sis, suffix forming abstract nouns or nouns of action, process, or result)).
The noun is derived from Late Middle English repose, from Anglo-Norman repous, repos, and Middle French repos, repose, from Old French repos (“calm; rest; period or state of sleep; state of immobility; state of inaction”) (modern French repos), from reposer, repauser (verb) (see above).
Noun sense 12.3 (“technique of including in a painting an area or areas which are dark, indistinct, or soft in tone”) is borrowed from French repos.
cognates
* Catalan reposar (verb), repòs (noun)
* Italian riposare (verb), riposo (noun)
* Old Occitan repausar, repauzar (verb), repaus (noun)
* Portuguese repousar (verb), repouso (noun)
* Spanish reposar (verb), reposo (noun)

ref

From the collection of the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

հանգիստ

temporary cessation from activity to rest and recover, especially in the form of sleep; an instance of this — see also break, rest

(uncountable, engineering, physics) Chiefly in the form point of repose, position of repose, etc.: absence of motion; equilibrium; (countable) a position where an object is not moving and at rest.


transformity

en-noun

transformity (countable and uncountable, plural transformities)

Transformity increases with the increase in temperature between cold and hot reservoirs.

2001, Emerging Technologies in Airconditioning and Refrigeration, page 46:

Boggess (1994), studying the circulation of phosphorus in a Florida watershed, showed how the transformity zone of money circulation and market prices overlapped only the higher transformities of the circulation of phosphorus.

2004, Christina Howells, French Women Philosophers: A Contemporary Reader:

When an ecological network is expressed as a series of energy flows and transformation steps where the transformation steps are represented as Lindeman efficiencies, the resulting transformities represent trophic convergence and a measure of the amount of solar energy required to produce each level in the hierarchy.

2016, Sven E. Jørgensen, Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, page 100:

(ecology, thermodynamics) The ratio of emergy to available energy.


Van de Graaff generator

Van de Graaff generator (plural Van de Graaff generators)

Invented by Robert J. Van de Graaff (1901–1967), American physicist.

(physics) A device in which an electric charge is built up on a large spherical electrode by means of a rapidly moving belt.

gerador Van de Graaff

device in which an electric charge is built up by means of a moving belt


Fourier transform

Fourier transform (plural Fourier transforms)

Named after French mathematician and physicist Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, who initiated the study of what is now harmonic analysis.

Fourier transforms are not limited to acting on functions of time, but the domain of the original function is commonly called the time domain.

The Fourier transform of a function of time is a complex function of frequency, whose magnitude (absolute value) represents the amount of that frequency present in the original function, and whose argument is the phase offset of the basic sinusoid in that frequency.

Since a separate integration is needed to give each point of the transformed function, the process would become extremely tedious if it were to be attempted manually and many ingenious devices have been invented for preforming Fourier transforms mechanically, electrically, acoustically and optically.

2002, J. F. James, A Student's Guide to Fourier Transforms, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 116:

2005, Emmanuel Letellier, Fourier Transforms of Invariant Functions on Finite Reductive Lie Algebras, Springer, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1859, page 1,
The trigonometric sums of 𝒢^F are thus (up to a scalar) the Fourier transforms of the characteristic functions of the G^F!!-orbits of 𝒢^F.

2012, David Brandwood, Fourier Transforms in Radar and Signal Processing, Artech House, 2nd Edition, page 1,
The Fourier transform is a valuable theoretical technique, used widely in fields such as applied mathematics, statistics, physics, and engineering.

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis, harmonic analysis, physics, electrical engineering) A particular integral transform that when applied to a function of time (such as a signal), converts the function to one that plots the original function's frequency composition; the resultant function of such a conversion.

Fourier transform
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier

Fouriertransformatie

mathematics: a type of integral transform


transhydrogenase

(biochemistry) A mitochondrial enzyme that transports protons across a cell membrane.


transferase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a functional group, such as amine or phosphate from one molecule to another.

transferasa

enzyme which catalyses the transfer of a functional group


transduction

transduction (countable and uncountable, plural transductions)

1650s, Latin transductionem, form of Latin trānsdūcō (“lead across”). By surface analysis, transduce + -tion.

(physics) The conversion of energy (especially light energy) into another form, especially in a biological process such as photosynthesis or in a transducer.


betavoltaic effect

betavoltaic effect (plural betavoltaic effects)

(physics) The creation of excess electron-hole pairs, triggered by impinging beta particles.


beta particle

(physics) An energetic electron or positron produced as the result of a nuclear reaction or nuclear decay.


photovoltaic effect

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation

(physics) the conversion of electromagnetic radiation into electric power through absorption by a semiconducting material

valosähköilmiö

conversion of radiation into electricity


pyrolytic

(chemistry, physics) Of, relating to, or produced by pyrolysis.

熱解的

of, relating to, or produced by pyrolysis


pyrometer

I was working with full regulator and about 40 per cent cut-off and we were going quite hard when André called my attention to the pyrometer. This was showing a comparatively low temperature (about 250 deg C.) which meant that unless I eased up, the boiler might start to prime. So we eased her a shade, let the water come down to a third of a glass and then we were away again in perfect order with the pyrometer showing about 375 deg C.

1961 March, ""Balmore"", “Driving and firing modern French steam locomotives”, in Trains Illustrated, page 147:

A thermometer designed to measure high temperatures.

An instrument for measuring the thermal expansion of solids.


headwind

From Middle English *hedwind, from Old English hēafodwind, equivalent to head + wind. Cognate with Old Norse höfuðvindr.

(nautical, physics) A wind that blows directly against the course of a vehicle, like an aircraft, train, or ship.


electrode potential

electrode potential (plural electrode potentials)

potential difference
potential difference

standard hydrogen electrode
standard hydrogen electrode

(physical chemistry) the potential difference of a half-reaction which occurs across a reversible cell made up of any electrode and a standard hydrogen electrode


thermion

(physics) An electrically charged particle, either an electron or an ion, emitted by a conducting material at high temperatures


reference electrode

reference electrode (plural reference electrodes)

(chemistry, physics) An electrode with a stable and accurately known electrode potential.


standard hydrogen electrode

standard hydrogen electrode (plural standard hydrogen electrodes)

standard electrode potential
standard electrode potential

(physics, chemistry) An electrode with a standard electrode potential of zero; used as a standard against which other electrodes are measured.


translational

Relating to translation, in its various senses:

(physics) Relating to movement of a body in a straight line.

транслационен

relating to movement of a body in a straight line


transmittant

en-adj

transmittant (comparative more transmittant, superlative most transmittant)

more transmittant (comparative)
most transmittant (superlative)

(physics, of light or other radiation) That passes through a substance.


transmittance

en-noun

transmittance (countable and uncountable, plural transmittances)

(physics) The fraction of incident light, or other radiation, that passes through a substance.


nuclear reaction

nuclear reaction (plural nuclear reactions)

A process such as the fission of an atomic nucleus, or the fusion of one or more atomic nuclei and/or subatomic particles in which the number of protons and/or neutrons in a nucleus changes; the reaction products may contain a different element or a different isotope of the same element.


transmutation

transmutation (countable and uncountable, plural transmutations)

Late 14th century, from Old French transmutacion (“transformation, metamorphosis”), from Late Latin transmutationem, from Latin transmutare (“to change”).

გარდაქმნა

the transformation of one element into another

(nuclear physics) The actual transformation of one element into another by a nuclear reaction.

तत्वांतरण

the actual transformation of one element into another by a nuclear reaction


transposase

en-noun

transposase (countable and uncountable, plural transposases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for the transposition of transposons


thought experiment

thought experiment (plural thought experiments)

(physics, philosophy) An attempt to solve a problem using the power of human imagination.

思想實驗

attempt to solve a problem using human imagination


Mach number

(physics) The ratio of the speed of a body to that of sound in the surrounding medium.


speed of sound

(physics) The speed at which sound is propagated through some medium under specified conditions.


anisotropic

en-adj

anisotropic (comparative more anisotropic, superlative most anisotropic)

more anisotropic (comparative)
most anisotropic (superlative)

The crystal has an anisotropic structure, as it is stronger along its length than laterally.

The obtained low and anisotropic thermal conductivity, and feasibility of synthesis, in addition to other reports on high electron mobility, make arsenene a promising material for a variety of applications, including thermal management and thermoelectric devices..

2015, M. Zeraati, S. M. Vaez Allaei, I. Abdolhosseini Sarsari, M. Pourfath, D. Donadio, “Highly Anistoropic Thermal Conductivity of Arsenene: An ab initio Study”, in arXiv:

(physics, mathematics) Having properties that differ according to the direction of measurement; exhibiting anisotropy.


standard temperature and pressure

en-noun

standard temperature and pressure (countable and uncountable, plural standard temperatures and pressures)

standard temperatures and pressures (plural)

standard conditions
standard conditions#English

(physics, chemistry) The international, standard conditions used to aid reproducibility; a temperature of 0 °C (273.15 K) and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa). Abbreviated as STP. Often elliptically called standard conditions.


isotropy

isotropy (countable and uncountable, plural isotropies)

down this road, as they watched, came a wagon, then a couple of riders, then a coach and another wagon, in daylight which slowly lost its stark isotropy and was flowed into by clouds and chimney smoke and even episodes of weather

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 478:

(geometry, physics) The property of being identical, or having the same physical properties, in all directions.


transactinide

(chemistry, physics) Lying beyond lawrencium (the last actinide) in the periodic table; having an atomic number greater than 103.


transactinide

(chemistry, physics) Any of the artificially produced elements having an atomic number greater than 103.


electrode

Coined by Scientist Michael Faraday in 1833, first used in his Diary (laboratory notebook) from the Ancient Greek words ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron, “amber”) (from which the word electricity is derived) and ὁδός (hodós, “way”). By surface analysis, electro- + -ode

coin

From my laboratory in the Castle east
To the master bedroom, where the vampires feast
The ghouls all came from their humble abodes
To get a jolt from my electrodes
They did the Mash
They did the Monster Mash.

1962, “Monster Mash”, Bobby "Boris" Pickett and Lenny Capizzi (lyrics), performed by Bobby (Boris) Pickett and The Crypt-Kickers:

The terminal through which electric current passes between metallic and nonmetallic parts of an electric circuit.

elektrodë

the terminal through which electric current passes

A collector or emitter of electric charge in a semiconducting device.


transformer

/tɹɑːnsˈfɔːmə/

(electrical engineering) A static device that transfers electric energy from one circuit to another by magnetic coupling; primarily used to transfer energy between different voltage levels, which allows the most appropriate voltages for power generation, transmission and distribution to be chosen separately.

transformator

device that changes the characteristics of AC electricity


induce

en-verb

induce (third-person singular simple present induces, present participle inducing, simple past and past participle induced)

induces (present singular third-person)
inducing (participle present)
induced (participle past)
induced (past)

From Middle English enducen, borrowed from Latin indūcere, present active infinitive of indūcō (“lead in, bring in, introduce”), from in + dūcō (“lead, conduct”). Compare also abduce, adduce, conduce, deduce, produce, reduce etc. Doublet of endue.

The scientific instruments of the day recorded rapid fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field, as powerful electrical currents flowed through the upper atmosphere. Ships' logs noted observations of the northern lights as far south as the Caribbean, and telegraph systems across the world were disrupted as electrical currents were induced in the copper lines.

2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL, number 996, page 30:

(physics) To cause or produce (electric current or a magnetic state) by a physical process of induction.


lightning conductor

en-noun

lightning conductor (plural lightning conductors)

(UK) A metallic conductor that is attached to a high point of a building and leads to the ground and protects the building from damage by lightning.


biased

en-adj

biased (comparative more biased, superlative most biased)

more biased (comparative)
most biased (superlative)

(electrical engineering) On which an electrical bias is applied.


amplification

en-noun

amplification (countable and uncountable, plural amplifications)

From Latin amplificātiō, from amplificō (“I amplify”); see amplify.
Etymology tree
Latin amplus
Latin -ficō
Latin amplificō
Latin -tiō
Latin amplificātiōlbor.
English amplification

etymon

(physics) The act, or result of independently increasing some quantity, especially voltage, power or current.


carrier wave

From carrier + wave. Sense 2 (“soliton”) was coined by the Scottish civil engineer, naval architect, and shipbuilder John Scott Russell (1808–1882): see the quotations.

This invention relates to carrier wave signaling systems and more particularly to systems of multiplex telephony employing carrier waves wherein such carrier waves of distinctive frequencies are normally impressed upon the transmission medium. Such medium may comprise any of the natural media employed in radio transmission or a conductive transmission line of any kind.

1920 December 21, Charles White, Carrier-wave Signaling System, US Patent 1,480,235 (PDF version), page 1, column 1:

I have a waterproof basket arranged on my operating table, and when the static waves come over it, they fall in. There is no trouble in receiving music, however, for the audio frequency voice waves are superimposed on a carrier wave. This carrier wave carries the music over the basket, without falling, into the set.

1922 August, Monroe Worthington, “A Hill Billy’s Radio”, in Hugo Gernsback, editor, Radio News, volume 4, number 2, New York, N.Y.: Experimenter Publishing, →OCLC, page 300:

Means for continuously obtaining information sufficient to determine the instantaneous position of an airplane with respect to three ground points located at the vertices of a triangle, said means comprising a control station located at the first of said ground points, said control station comprising a local oscillator and means for radiating a first carrier wave modulated by the frequency of said local oscillator, [...]

1944 May 4, Paul W. Nosker, System for Determining the Position or Path of an Object in Space, US Patent 2,470,787 (PDF version), column 10:

[T]he "wireless" already depended on a wave system as the medium; how could another wave system (the signal) be carried by the wave system of the medium? Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian, was one of the first to solve this problem. His idea was to superimpose the signal wave on the carrier wave: to "modulate" the carrier wave. This is the basic concept of radio and television. Since there are two variables associated with a wave—"amplitude" or strength, and "frequency" or "wavelength"—there were two possibilities for modulation: hence the current AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) systems of broadcasting.

1977, James Monaco, “Media”, in How to Read a Film: The Art, Technology, Language, History, and Theory of Film and Media, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →OCLC, pages 349–350:

(physics) A wave that can be modulated, either in amplitude, frequency, or phase, to carry or transmit images, music, speech, or other signals.

موجة حاملة

wave that can be modulated to transmit signals

The same propagation through the same ether brought the rays of the sun's light from the sun to the earth, and the same carrier wave brought from the other side of the globe, from the oceans there, which were disturbed by the attraction of the sun and moon, those waves all round the coasts which were called tides. All these phenomena, from the tides and the wind to the rays of light and to the sounds of the telephone, were the motion of one simple phenomenon, the carrier wave, the wave of translation.

1877 November 30, J[ohn] Scott Russell, “[The Telephone. By Professor A[lexander] Graham Bell.] Discussion.”, in Journal of the Society of Arts, volume XXVI, number 1,306, London: Published for the Society [Royal Society of Arts] by George Bell and Sons, […], published 1878, →OCLC, page 23, column 2:

Noise is caused by a shock or stroke or beat given to some mass of matter. The shock tells on the mass of air near the struck body. It sends this mass of air into a heap near the struck body. This heap forms an air wave. [...] This wave is the carrier of the shock through great distances in the air, it travels with great speed. This "carrier wave" takes the shock of the stroke from afar, to the ear of the listener.

1878, J[ohn] Scott Russell, “Symmetry, Harmony, and Melody”, in Geometry in Modern Life, Being the Substance of Two Lectures on Useful Geometry, Given before the Literary Society at Eton, Eton, Berkshire: Williams and Son; London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., →OCLC, page 137:

Mr. [John Scott] Russell not only observed the shape and characteristics of the wave, which he called the carrier wave, or wave of translation, but he noticed the form which water assumed in filling up a cavity; and one of the means he used for this purpose was to have a boat towed at moderate and also at high velocities, and to observe the waves which followed her. These waves he found to be different from carrier waves, and he calls them following waves, or waves of replacement.

1878 March 23, J. Hyslop, “Yachting. The Wave-line Theory. Its Practical Application.”, in The Country: A Weekly Journal Devoted to the Dog, the Gun, Yachting, Fishing and All Out-door Sports, volume I, number 22, New York, N.Y.: “The Country” Publishing Association, →OCLC, no. II, page 312, column 1:

[M]eans must be taken first to create a series of solitary waves, and then to make these waves act as carrier waves, transporting the sounds from the instrument to the ear at a distance. In other words, the operation carried on in the instrument differs from the operation carried on through the air and from the effect delivered by the carrier wave.

1885, John Scott Russell, “Part II. The Wave of Translation and the Work It Does as the Carrier Wave of Sound.”, in The Wave of Translation in the Oceans of Water, Air, and Ether, new edition, London: Trübner & Co., […], →OCLC, page 62:

soliton

(mathematics, physics, obsolete) Synonym of soliton (“a self-reinforcing pulse or travelling wave caused by any non-linear effect”)


isotropic

From iso- + -tropic, from Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”) + τροπικός (tropikós, “of or pertaining to a turn or change; or the solstice; or a trope or figure; tropic; tropical; etc.”).

مُتَمَاثِل المَنَاحِي

having properties which are equivalent in all directions

(physics) Having properties that are identical in all directions; exhibiting isotropy


subsonic

(fluid mechanics, of a flow) with a Mach number such that 0.3 < Ma < 0.8 (approximately - the exact limits vary between sources)


STP

en-noun

STP (countable and uncountable, plural STPs)

standard temperature and pressure#English

(physics, chemistry) Initialism of standard temperature and pressure.


transuranic

Of an element: lying beyond uranium in the periodic table; having an atomic number greater than 92.

transurànic

element with atomic number greater than 92


transporter

(science fiction) A device that instantaneously transports, or teleports, a person or object.


actinide

(chemistry) Any of the 15 radioactive elements of the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium that are positioned under the lanthanides, to which they have similar chemistry.

(chemistry) Any of the 14 elements from actinium to nobelium (lawrencium is excluded by some authors as it is a d-block rather than an f-block element).

(chemistry) (dated) Any of the 14 elements from thorium to lawrencium (actinium having been mistakenly excluded because it was thought to be a d-block element in the past).


Laplace operator

Laplace operator (plural Laplace operators)

1975, Various translators, V. Ja. Sikjrjavyĭ, A Quasidifferentiation Operator and Boundary Value Problems Connected With It, V. I. Averbvh, M. S. Birman, A. A. Blahin (editors), Transactions of the Moscow Mathematical Society for the Year 1972, Volume 27, [ТРУДЫ МОСКОВКОГО МАТЕМАҬИЧЕСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА ТОМ 27 (1972)], American Mathematical Society, page 202,
The first notion of a Laplace operator for functionals on a Hilbert space was introduced by Levy in [l], and the idea was developed further in [2]. Levy's results depended on the posthumous work of Gateaux [3] in which the Dirichlet problem in Hilbert space was considered (without any concise definition of the Laplace operator).

Nevertheless, a systematic analysis of heat semigroups for Laplace operators on metric graphs is still missing.[…]Below we will prove an upper bound on the number of negative eigenvalues (Theorem 3.7) and a lower bound on the spectrum of Laplace operators (Theorem 3.10).

2006, Vadim Kostrykin, Robert Schrader, “Laplacians on Metric Graphs: Eigenvalues, Resolvents, and Semigroups”, in Gregory Berkolaiko, Robert Carlson, Stephen A. Fulling, Peter Kuchment, editors, Quantum Graphs and Their Applications: Proceedings of an AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference, American Mathematical Society, page 201:

There are lots of approaches to get rational approximation of fractional order Laplace operator.[…]The rational function approximation gives direction to realize this fractional order Laplace operator in circuit impedance and admittance forms. This section gives insight into simple method of approximating the fractional Laplace operator.

2008, Shantanu Das, Functional Fractional Calculus for System Identification and Controls, Springer, page 153:

differential operator
differential operator

(mathematics, physics) A differential operator,denoted ∆ and defined on ℝⁿ as Δ=∑ᵢ₌₁ⁿ(∂²)/(∂x_i²), used in the modeling of wave propagation, heat flow and many other applications.

Laplace'i operaator

mathematics, physics: differential operator used in modeling of wave propagation, heat flow and many other applications


hypervelocity

(astronomy) A velocity greater than escape velocity.


Mach

Mach (countable and uncountable, plural Machs)

From Czech Mach, Slovak Mach, Polish Mach and related languages, from pet forms produced by truncation of personal names beginning with Ma- and the addition of the Slavic suffix -ch. Less commonly, a respelling of Hungarian Mács. In some cases, from Vietnamese or Cambodian.

The jet traveled at Mach 3.

(physics, uncountable) A ratio of the speed (of an object, etc.) to the speed of sound in the fluid or other medium through which the object travels. Usually used to describe supersonic speeds; always precedes the Mach number.


metaphosphoric acid

metaphosphoric acid (plural metaphosphoric acids)

(inorganic chemistry) an anhydrous form of phosphoric acid that exists as a polymeric glassy solid, (HPO₃)ₙ; used as a drying agent and in dental cement


triboelectric effect

triboelectric effect (plural triboelectric effects)

(physics) the generation of static electricity by friction between different materials


water of crystallization

(chemistry) The water present in the crystals of the salts of certain metals; it is weakly bound by electrostatic forces and may normally be removed by heating.


summit

PIE word
 *upó
The noun is derived from Late Middle English somet, somete (“head, top”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman sumet and Middle French sommet (masculine), somete, sommette (“top of a thing; highest point of a mountain”) (feminine) (modern French sommet), from Old French somet, sommette, from som, sum (“highest point, summit”) + -et (suffix forming diminutive masculine nouns), -ete, -ette (suffix forming diminutive feminine nouns). Som, sum are derived from Latin summum (“top, summit”), a noun use of the neuter of summus (“greatest, highest; top, uppermost”, adjective) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upó (“below, under”) + *-m̥mós, *-tm̥mós (“suffix forming superlative adjectives”)). The modern English spelling was influenced by summity (“height or top of a thing; utmost degree, perfection”) (obsolete).
The verb is derived from the noun.

der

The topmost point or surface of a thing; the apex, the peak.

(crystallography, rare) One of the two vertices of a crystal with a rhombohedral shape where the angles of each face are equal; also, the highest point of a crystal with a pyramidal or tetrahedral shape.


electrostatic

(electricity) of, relating to, or produced by electrostatics or static electricity

electrostàtic

of, relating to, or producted by electrostatics or static electricity


electrostatics

From electro- + statics. Coined by William Whewell in 1840.

(physics) the branch of physics that deals with static electricity; that is, with the force exerted by an unchanging electric field upon a charged object


tribology

/tɹɪˈbɒləd͡ʒi/

(physics, engineering) The science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion; the study and application of technology using the principles of friction, lubrication and wear.


debye

Named after Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist Peter Debye.

The dipole moments of water and the alcohols are about 1.8 debyes. The moments of ethers are smaller, about 1.2 debyes.

1976, George Scatchard, Equilibrium in Solutions: Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Harvard University Press, page 197:

There is considerable transfer of negative charge to the carbon atoms in the pyrrole ring, which give it a high dipole moment ≈ 1.8 Debyes.

1997, J. R. Becker, Crude Oil Waxes, Emulsions, and Asphaltenes, PennWell Publishing Company, page 224:

The corresponding results obtained here for #x5C;mu of benzaldehyde range 1.298 Debyes — 1.471 Debyes, where the lower reported experimental value corresponds to the gas phase one of 1.263 Debyes, which is in good correspondence with the #x5C;mu calculated at MP4 level (1.298 Debyes).

2011, Humberto Soscún, “Ab initio and DFT study of the static dipole (hyper)polarizabilities of benzaldehyde and thio-benzaldehyde molecules in gas phase”, in G. Maroulis, T. Bancewicz, B. Champagne, A. D. Buckingham, editors, Atomic and Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Theory, Experiment and Computation, IOS Press, page 468:

(physics) The CGS unit of electric dipole moment, defined as 1 D = 10⁻¹⁸ statcoulomb-centimetre and computable from the SI unit coulomb-metre by multiplying by the factor 3.33564 × 10⁻³⁰.

debye in on ibiblio

How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement


precession

en-noun

precession (countable and uncountable, plural precessions)

From Middle English precessioun, precession, from Medieval Latin prēcessiōn-, prēcessio, from Latin praecēdō.

(physics, countable) The wobbling motion of the axis of a spinning body when there is an external force acting on the axis.


anhydrous

en-adj

anhydrous (comparative more anhydrous, superlative most anhydrous)

more anhydrous (comparative)
most anhydrous (superlative)

From an- + Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”) + -ous.

Volatiles of kecap manis and its raw materials were extracted using Likens-Nickerson apparatus with diethyl ether as the extraction solvent. The extracts were then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated using a rotary evaporator followed by flushing using nitrogen until the volume was about 0.5 ml.

1997, A. J. Taylor, D. S. Mothram, editors, Flavour Science: Recent Developments, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 63:

water of crystallization
water of crystallization

(physical chemistry) Having no water of crystallization.


Schrödinger's cat

en-noun

Schrödinger's cat (plural Schrödinger's cats)

Named after Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961).

named-after

A cat like yours is a Schrödinger's cat, sealed up in an office where someone's disintegration provides a 50-50 chance of its death.

2000, Thalia Field, Point and line, New Directions Publishing, →ISBN, page 8:

A hypothetical cat that is depicted as being surrounded by perfectly uncertain circumstances that make an external observer absolutely unable to deem the cat either alive or dead, especially if the possibilities of survival of the cat are expected to be analysed from the point of view of quantum mechanics. Typically, these circumstances involve the cat being inside a box while being the victim of a danger that may or may not kill it, such as radiation.

To see how, let us consider a nested system of Schrödinger's cats.

2004, Colin Bruce, Schrödinger's Rabbits: The Many Worlds of Quantum, page 83:

(by extension) Any hypothetical situation whose circumstances make it impossible to see which among two contrary propositions is correct, especially if the situation is expected to be analysed from the point of view of quantum mechanics.


Schrödinger's cat

The thought experiment which was devised by Erwin Schrödinger, is usually considered a paradox, involves a Schrödinger's cat and is typically supposed to be analysed from the point of view of quantum mechanics.


static electricity

An electric charge that has built up on an insulated body, often due to friction.

The electric discharge from such a body.


displacement

From French déplacement. Morphologically displace + -ment.

водоизместимост

the quantity of anything, as water, displaced by a floating body, as by a ship

there is no replacement for displacement

Unnecessary displacement of funds.

The displacement of the sun by parallax.

1837, William Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences:

The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced; a putting out of place.

(chemistry) The process of extracting soluble substances from organic material and the like, whereby a quantity of saturated solvent is displaced, or removed, for another quantity of the solvent.

(physics) A vector quantity which denotes distance with a directional component.

ምዕራፍ

physics: vector quantity which denotes distance with a directional component

(fluid mechanics) The amount of liquid displaced by a submerged object.

(electricity) The transfer of electricity along tubes of induction and thereby polarizing a dielectric.


radiative recombination

en-noun

radiative recombination (countable and uncountable, plural radiative recombinations)

(physics) the capture of a free electron by an atom and the subsequent emission of a photon having the same energy


polymerization

polymerization (countable and uncountable, plural polymerizations)

(organic chemistry) The chemical process, normally with the aid of a catalyst, to form a polymer by bonding together multiple identical units (monomers).


polymerize

en-verb

polymerize (third-person singular simple present polymerizes, present participle polymerizing, simple past and past participle polymerized)

polymerizes (present singular third-person)
polymerizing (participle present)
polymerized (participle past)
polymerized (past)

/ˈpɒlɨməɹʌɪz/

/ˈpɑləməˌɹaɪz/

(transitive) (organic chemistry) To convert a monomer to a polymer by polymerization.


Fata Morgana

/ˌfɑːtə mɔːˈɡɑːnə/

/ˌfɑtə mɔɹˈɡɑnə/

Borrowed from Italian fata Morgana (“Morgan le Fay”), from fata (“fairy”) + Morgana (“Morgan”).

A form of mirage seen just above the horizon, caused by a temperature inversion in the atmosphere, in which multiple upright and inverted images of a distant object appear to be stacked on top of each other in a highly distorted fashion; especially one seen at sea, and particularly in the Strait of Messina.

فَاتَا مُورْغَانَا

form of mirage caused by temperature inversion

fātā mūrḡānā

ஃபேடே மார்கனே

fēṭē mārkaṉē


dirty bomb

Without providing evidence, Shoigu said Ukraine could escalate by using a “dirty bomb” – conventional explosives laced with radioactive material.

2022 October 24, Peter Beaumont, “Ukraine war heading for ‘uncontrolled escalation’, says Russia”, in The Guardian:

A device containing conventional explosives and radioactive material, designed to spread radiation over a wide area.

قُنْبُلَة قَذِرَة

A nuclear bomb that spreads radiation over a wide area due to inefficiency or by design.

бру́дная бо́мба

nuclear bomb that speads radiation over a wide area due to inefficiency or design


focal length

(optics) A measure of how strongly an optical system converges or diverges light, the inverse of optical power. In the simple case of a single convex lens, it is the distance along the optical axis from the principal plane of the lens to the lens's focal point (where, for instance, the film would be placed in a camera). For more complex or multi-element optical systems, focal length need not correspond to any obvious measurable physical distance.


surge

From Middle English surgen, possibly from Middle French sourgir, from Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”), from Old Catalan surgir, from Latin surgō, contraction of surrigō, subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb), from sub (“from below; up”) + regō (“to stretch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent.

der

A power surge at that generator created a blackout across the whole district.

When the diesel was being worked full out, the ammeter normally showed about 1,500-1,600 amps, with occasional surges of current at starting or up the steepest gradients to 1,700 or even 1,800 amps.

1959 March, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated, page 132:

(electricity) A sudden electrical spike or increase of voltage and current.


pseudoscope

One could easily do this with stereo photographs, but one could also do it by making a pseudoscope, with a short cardboard tube and mirrors, […]

2001, Oliver Sacks, Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood:

(optics) An optical instrument that reverses perception of depth.


gravitate

en-verb

gravitate (third-person singular simple present gravitates, present participle gravitating, simple past and past participle gravitated)

gravitates (present singular third-person)
gravitating (participle present)
gravitated (participle past)
gravitated (past)

/ˈɡɹævɪteɪt/

Back-formation from gravitation. Or borrowed from New Latin gravito, gravitatus.

Theſe, who have nature's ſteps with care purſued,
That matter is with active force endued,
That all its parts magnetic power exert,
And to each other gravitate, aſſert.

1712, Sir Richard Blackmore, Creation; a philosophical poem in seven books, book II:

(intransitive, astrophysics) To move under the force of gravity.


God particle

Coined by American mathematician and physicist Leon M. Lederman in 1993 in his book The God Particle, the title having been changed at the suggestion of his editor. According to Lederman (page 22), he wanted to call the Higgs boson the Goddamn Particle, "given its villainous nature and the expense it is causing", but his publisher wouldn't let him. So they agreed to call it "The God Particle" as "there is a connection, of sorts" to the Bible and the story of the Tower of Babel in the sense that it appears as if the Higgs boson "has been put there to test and confuse us".

coin

Among other fascinating insights, Penrose explains that the God particle was originally proposed by Peter Higgs as "an ingenious theoretical device, and not necessarily appearing as an actual particle. As a device, it allowed other particles to acquire mass,[…]."

1998, Phillip E. Johnson, Reason in the Balance: The Case Against Naturalism in Science, Law & Education, →ISBN, page 229:

The first thing you learn when you ask scientists about the God particle is that it′s bad form to call it that.

2008, “National Geographic”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume 213, page 101:

To his contemporaries, his desperation seemed like a search for the "God particle," something seen as daft, even obstructionist.

2010, Mu Soeng, The Heart of the Universe: Exploring the Heart Sutra, →ISBN, page 40:


interference

en-noun

interference (countable and uncountable, plural interferences)

/ˌɪntə(ɹ)ˈfɪəɹəns/

From interfere + -ence. The sense in physics was likely introduced by English polymath Thomas Young, which he used as early as 1801 in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

(physics) An effect caused by the superposition of two systems of waves.


centre of gravity

centre of gravity (plural centres of gravity)

center of gravity
center of gravity#English

(physics) British and Canada standard spelling of center of gravity.


enriched uranium

(chemistry, military) Uranium enriched with a higher than normal amount of the fissile isotope U-235; used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.

verrykte uraan

uranium enriched with a higher amount of U-235


lightning detector

lightning detector (plural lightning detectors)

A device that provides an alarm to inform its user(s) that lightning has occurred nearby. Specific devices are available for a variety of applications.


sheet lightning

sheet lightning (usually uncountable, plural sheet lightnings)

In most very warm days in summer the thermometer stands above 70 degrees on the scale of Fahrenheit, about the centre of the county; in the summer of 1811, it stood repeatedly above 80°; and on the 25th of May, 1807, during the time when the sheet lightning of tropical regions appeared, about three in the afternoon, it stood at 92° in the shade within three miles of Moffat!

1812, General view of the agriculture, state of property, and improvements in the county of Dumfries:

It probably belongs to the class we are accustomed to call sheet lightnings, for these are by far the most frequent in an ordinary storm.

1859 October 20, “Marvels of Thunder-Storms”, in The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, page 216:

The occurrence of sheet lightning in a particular district did not necessarily involve that a thunderstorm was experienced there, for it frequently happened that the storm was a long way off.

1890 January 20, William Marriott, “Second report of the thunderstorm committee”, in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, volume 16, number 73:

K'iche' diviners believe that they have a kind of soul in their blood in the form of sheet lightning.

2014, Karen Bassie-Sweet, Maya Sacred Geography and the Creator Deities, page 95:

A broad flash of lightning, with no visible bolt, due to reflection.


CG lightning

Abbreviation of "cloud to ground lightning".

Cloud-to-ground lightning; lightning which connects (attaches) to the ground; lightning which results in the discharge of electricity between a cloud and the ground.


convection

convection (countable and uncountable, plural convections)

From Latin convectiōnem, from convectiō (“act of carrying”), from convect-, past participle stem of convehō (“to carry together”), combination of com- and vehō.

The mantle is important to our discussion in that its viscous nature can conduct convection currents that have effects on the crust upon which we live.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(physics) The transmission of heat in a fluid by the circulation of currents.

konvektion

transmission of heat by the circulation of currents


escape velocity

escape velocity (plural escape velocities)

The gravitational force exerted by a planet determines its surface gravity and escape velocity.

1996, Thomas Arny, Explorations: An Introduction to Astronomy, McGraw-Hill Science, page 74:

(astrophysics) The minimum speed needed to escape the gravitational field of a planet or other body.


venturi effect

Named after its inventor, the Italian physicist Giovanni Battista Venturi.

(physics, fluid mechanics) The reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constriction.


omnidirectional

/ɒmˈnɪdɪˈɹɛk.ʃə.nəl/

The radiation pattern of an omnidirectional antenna looks like a doughnut, with the antenna in the center of the doughnut, as depicted in Figure 17.1.

2004, Harold Davis, Absolute Beginner's Guide to Wi-Fi Wireless Networking, Que Publishing, →ISBN, page 227:

(physics, electrical engineering) Having a ring-shaped radiation pattern, with equal radiation in all azimuthal directions.


weather balloon

weather balloon (plural weather balloons)

(ufology, sarcastic) a skeptical explanation to debunk a UFO sighting that a believer regards as silly, illogical or disingenuous


microscope

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mey-der.?
Ancient Greek μῑκρός (mīkrós)
Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti
Proto-Hellenic *sképťomai
Ancient Greek σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)
Proto-Hellenic *-os
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)
Ancient Greek -ός (-ós)
Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós)
Ancient Greek -έω (-éō)
Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō)
Proto-Indo-European *-yōs
Proto-Italic *-jōs
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin mīcroscopiumlbor.
Italian microscopiobor.
English microscope
From New Latin microscopium and Italian microscopio, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + σκοπέω (skopéō, “I look at”).

etymon

monochromated scanning transmission electron microscope

stimulated emission depletion microscope

That he might ascertain whether any of the cloths of ancient Egypt were made of hemp, M. Dutrochet has examined with the microscope the weavable filaments of this last vegetable.

1837, The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, volume 23, page 222:

An optical instrument used for observing small objects.

Any instrument for imaging very small objects (such as an electron microscope).


microscope

en-verb

microscope (third-person singular simple present microscopes, present participle microscoping, simple past and past participle microscoped)

microscopes (present singular third-person)
microscoping (participle present)
microscoped (participle past)
microscoped (past)

It has a strong germicidal action, as can be verified by staining and microscoping the pus, the characteristic micro-organisms disappearing rapidly under its use.

Wright (1959), using the standard and less laborious technique of microscoping the centrifuged deposit of a sample of urine, found that 21.6% of males attending life insurance examinations had more than 10 red blood cells per high power field (rbc/hpf).

2012, E.J. Zingg, D.M.A. Wallace, Bladder Cancer, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 79:

To examine with a microscope, to put under a microscope (literally or figuratively).


nitrogenase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, especially in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.


high-energy

en-adj

high-energy (comparative more high-energy, superlative most high-energy)

more high-energy (comparative)
most high-energy (superlative)

(physics, of an elementary particle, or the equivalent electromagnetic radiation) Having an energy greater than 100,000 electron volts.


potential difference

en-noun

potential difference (plural potential differences)

the difference in potential energy between two points in an electric field; the difference in charge between two points in an electrical circuit; voltage


dosimeter

Dosimeters normally take the form of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), photographic film, thermoluminescent devices (TLD) or electronic personal dosimeters (PDM).

A device used to measure a dose of ionizing radiation.


relativistic mass

relativistic mass (countable and uncountable, plural relativistic masses)

(physics) The increased mass of an object moving at relativistic speed relative to an observer.


electronvolt

(physics) Alternative spelling of electron volt


rest mass

(physics) The mass of a body when it is not moving relative to an observer.


Lorentz force

Named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928).

(electromagnetism) the force exerted on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field


Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction

Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction (plural Lorentz-Fitzgerald contractions)

Named after Hendrik Lorentz and George Francis FitzGerald.

The decrease in length of a moving object in the direction of motion, measurable only at relativistic speeds.


Lorentz factor

From its appearance in Lorentzian electrodynamics, named after Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz.

named-after

(physics) a factor arising frequently in special relativity, to calculate the degree of time dilation, length contraction and relativistic mass of an object moving relative to an observer, defined as (1-v²/c²)^(-0.5), where v and c are relative velocity and the speed of light, respectively


Lorentz group

Named after Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928), A Dutch physicist.

Lorentz transformation
Lorentz transformation

(physics, mathematics) The group of all Lorentz transformations in spacetime.


Lorentz symmetry

(physics) the invariance of the laws of physics under the Lorentz transformation.


Lorentz transformation

en-noun

Lorentz transformation (plural Lorentz transformations)

Named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928).

(mathematics, relativity) A transformation relating the spacetime coordinates of one frame of reference to another in special relativity.

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
Lorentz transformation


potential energy

potential energy (countable and uncountable, plural potential energies)

The energy possessed by an object because of its position (in a gravitational or electric field), or its condition (as a stretched or compressed spring, as a chemical reactant, or by having rest mass).


buoyancy

buoyancy (countable and uncountable, plural buoyancies)

(physics) The upward force on a body immersed or partly immersed in a fluid.

dryfvermoë

physics: upward force on an immersed body


electron volt

electron volts (plural)
eV (abbreviation)

To get a feel for the size, the energy required to completely liberate an electron from the ground state of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 electron volts.

2011, Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw, The Quantum Universe, Allen Lane, page 158n:

(physics) A unit for measuring the energy of subatomic particles; the energy equal to that attained by an electron moving through a potential difference of one volt. Equivalent to 1.6022 x 10⁻¹⁹ joules.

elektron volt

a unit for measuring the energy of subatomic particles


special relativity

principle of relativity
principle of relativity

(relativity) A theory that (neglecting the effects of gravity) reconciles the principle of relativity with the observation that the speed of light is constant in all frames of reference.

特殊相対性理論

とくしゅそうたいせいりろん


ionizing radiation

ionizing radiation (countable and uncountable, plural ionizing radiations)

(physics) High-energy radiation that is capable of causing ionization in substances through which it passes; also includes high-energy particles.

ioniserende straling

high-energy radiation that is capable of causing ionization in substances


ammonium

ammonium (usually uncountable, plural ammoniums)

From New Latin ammōnium. Equivalent to ammonia + -ium.

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) Any similar cation formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl radicals


relativistic

en-adj

relativistic (comparative more relativistic, superlative most relativistic)

more relativistic (comparative)
most relativistic (superlative)

From relativist + -ic or relative + -istic.

(physics) At or near the speed of light.


time dilation

en-noun

time dilation (countable and uncountable, plural time dilations)

(physics) The slowing of the passage of time experienced by objects in motion relative to an observer; measurable only at relativistic speeds.

dilatació del temps

slowing of the passage of time at relativistic speeds


escapement

From escape + -ment. The watch component is so called because it allows a tooth to escape from a pallet at each vibration.

The escapement is the reason why clocks tick.

For some reason, adjusting the 400-day clock escapement strikes fear into the hearts of many clock repairers.

2010, Joseph Rabushka, Repair and Restore Your 400-Day Clock, →ISBN, page 53:

(clocks, mechanics) The linkage in a (watch) that gives impulses to the timekeeping element and periodically releases the gear train to move forward, advancing the clock's hands.


general relativity

(relativity) A theory extending special relativity and uniformly accounting for gravity and accelerated frames of reference, postulating that space-time curves in the presence of mass.

一般相対性理論

いっぱんそうたいせいりろん


saltation

saltation (countable and uncountable, plural saltations)

Of extreme importance in the saltation phenomenon is the vertical distribution of particles, as well as total flux, as functions of the wind speed. The formations of all scales of bed formations, from centimeter-size ripples to kilometer-size dunes, are all due to the saltation process.

1987, Ronald Greeley, James D. Iversen, Wind as a Geological Process: On Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan, page 98:

2004, Basil Gomez, Mobile Bed, entry in Andrew Goudie (editor), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Volume 2, page 685,
Saltation rapidly becomes the dominant type of motion as the flow intensity increases further, and at still higher flow intensities suspension begins to dominate. […] There is also an important difference between the movement of particles by saltation, in air and in water.

Rolling is thought to account for about 10% of the mass when creep and saltation occur together.[…]The transition from saltation to suspension occurs when the wind speed exceeds about 15 m/s.

2006, David McClung, Peter Schaerer, The Avalanche Handbook, page 33:

(geology, fluid mechanics) The transport of loose particles by a fluid (such as wind or flowing water).


achromatic lens

achromatic lens (plural achromatic lenses)

chromatic aberration
chromatic aberration

(optics) A lens generally composed of two separate lenses, one convex and one concave and generally of different materials, in such a way that the chromatic aberration produced by one is corrected by the other.


centripetal force

centripetal force (countable and uncountable, plural centripetal forces)

A Centripetal force is that by which bodies are drawn or impelled, or any way tend, towards a point as to a centre.

1726, Isaac Newton, translated by Andrew Motte, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published 1729:

(physics) The force on a rotating or orbiting body in the direction of the centre of rotation.

middelpuntsoekende krag

the force on a rotating or orbiting body in the direction of the centre of rotation


kinematics

French cinématique, from Ancient Greek κίνημα (kínēma, “motion”) + -ics.

(physics) The branch of mechanics concerned with objects in motion, but not with the forces involved.

կինեմատիկա

the branch of mechanics concerned with objects in motion


relativity

relativity (usually uncountable, plural relativities)

/ˌɹɛləˈtɪvɪti/

Albert Einstein
Annalen der Physik
Paul Drude

From relative (“connected to or depending on something else”) + -ity (suffix forming nouns from adjectives where the nouns refer to the properties, qualities, or states described by the adjectives). Sense 2.1 (“reliance of the nature of physical phenomena on the relative motion between an observer and the thing observed”) is a translation of German Relativität (“relativity”) used in the works of the German-American theoretical physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955).
Morphologically relative + -ity

հարաբերականություն

principle of relativity
principle of relativity#English

(uncountable, physics) Short for principle of relativity (“the principle that the laws of physics should be the same for all observers”).

principle of relativity

Einsteinian relativity
Einsteinian relativity

(specifically) Also Einsteinian relativity: the reliance of the nature of physical phenomena (such as gravity, light, mass, and time) on the relative motion between an observer and the thing observed, as developed by Albert Einstein in two theories, special relativity and general relativity.

ფარდობითობა

reliance of the nature of physical phenomena on the relative motion between an observer and the thing observed, as developed by Albert Einstein in two theories


centripetal

From New Latin centripetālis coined by Sir Isaac Newton, from Latin centrum (“center”) + petō (“to seek, aim”) + -al. Analysable as centri- + -petal.

central nervous system
central nervous system

(neuroanatomy, of a nerve impulse) Directed towards the central nervous system; afferent.

կենտրոնաձիգ

directed towards the central nervous system


intermolecular

(chemistry, physics) from one molecule to another; between molecules


hydrophilic

en-adj

hydrophilic (comparative more hydrophilic, superlative most hydrophilic)

more hydrophilic (comparative)
most hydrophilic (superlative)

(physics, chemistry) Having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water; water-loving.


intramolecular

(chemistry, physics) Between different parts of the same molecule.


polymorphism

en-noun

polymorphism (countable and uncountable, plural polymorphisms)

polimorfisme

crystallography: ability of a material to exist in more than one form

(crystallography) The ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure; pleomorphism.


surface tension

surface tension (countable and uncountable, plural surface tensions)

(physics) the effect on the surface of a liquid that makes it behave as a stretched elastic membrane; it is caused by unbalanced intermolecular forces


calorie

Borrowed from French calorie, formed from Latin calor. It was originally defined as the large calorie in the early 19th century, with the small calorie being defined some decades later.

(physical chemistry, physics, obsolete) The gram calorie or small calorie, a non-SI unit of energy, equivalent to approximately 4.2 joules. This unit was widely used in chemistry and physics, being the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.

سُعْر

amount of heat to raise 1 gram of water by 1 °C