critical mass

critical mass (countable and uncountable, plural critical masses)

[…] Rhodes calculated the uranium bomb would eventually need “about 42 kilograms – 92.6 pounds,” which Rhodes then stated was approximately 2.8 critical masses. In other words, critical mass can be calculated to be about 15 kilograms.

2016, Carter Hydrick, Critical Mass […] , 3rd edition, TrineDay, →ISBN:

(nuclear physics) The minimum amount of fissile material needed to support a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.

tolz eizik

the minimum amount of fissile material needed to a nuclear chain reaction


fissile

en-adj

fissile (comparative more fissile, superlative most fissile)

more fissile (comparative)
most fissile (superlative)

North Korea may soon have access to regular amounts of fissile material if it doesn't already ...

2014 March 30, Choe Sang-hun, “North Korea vows to use 'new form' of nuclear test”, in The New York Times:

(physics) Capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction.

разцепващ се

capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction


Dalton's law

(chemistry, physics) The total pressure of a mixture or gases is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture; it is only true for ideal gases.


de Broglie wavelength

en-noun

de Broglie wavelength (plural de Broglie wavelengths)

From de Broglie + wavelength. Named for Louis de Broglie.

(physics) the wavelength, λ=h/p, associated with a beam of particles of momentum p. (h being Planck's constant.) The same formula gives the momentum of a photon or wavelength λ.

en:Louis de Broglie
en:de Broglie wavelength

de Broglien aallonpituus

wavelength associated with a beam of particles of momentum p


antinode

(physics) A region of maximum amplitude situated between adjacent nodes of a vibrating body, such as a string.

frithnód

a region of maximum amplitude situated between adjacent nodes of a vibrating body


nuclear fission

nuclear fission (usually uncountable, plural nuclear fissions)

(nuclear physics) A nuclear reaction in which a large nucleus splits into smaller ones, sometimes accompanied by the simultaneous release of energy.


crystallize

en-verb

crystallize (third-person singular simple present crystallizes, present participle crystallizing, simple past and past participle crystallized)

crystallizes (present singular third-person)
crystallizing (participle present)
crystallized (participle past)
crystallized (past)

We crystallized the fruit by coating in sugar.

(transitive) to coat something with crystals, especially with sugar


polarized light

(physics) light in which the electric and magnetic fields each vibrate in a single plane


plane polarized light

(physics) polarized light in which the electric and magnetic fields vibrate in same phase


destructive distillation

en-noun

destructive distillation (countable and uncountable, plural destructive distillations)

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) The heating of a material, such as coal or wood, in an inert atmosphere, at a high temperature such as to cause decomposition; the principal products include oils and tars from which many useful organic compounds may be obtained; town gas and coke were obtained in this way.


delocalization

delocalization (countable and uncountable, plural delocalizations)

(organic chemistry, quantum mechanics, physical chemistry) the phenomenon in which bonding electrons of some molecules serve to bind several atoms instead of just two; it is observed in metals and in aromatic and conjugated organic compounds


antiferromagnetic

From anti- + ferromagnetic or antiferro- + magnetic.


ferromagnetic

en-adj

ferromagnetic (comparative more ferromagnetic, superlative most ferromagnetic)

more ferromagnetic (comparative)
most ferromagnetic (superlative)


paramagnetic

paramagnetic (comparative more paramagnetic, superlative most paramagnetic)

more paramagnetic (comparative)
most paramagnetic (superlative)

From para- + magnetic. Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1850 for Michael Faraday.


buffer

Agent noun from obsolete verb buff (“make a dull sound when struck”) (mid-16c.), from Old French buffe (“blow”).
The “boatswain's mate” sense is said to be popularly explained by the mate being a “buffer”, that is intermediary, between officers and men, but various other explanations have also been proposed.

bufro

anything used to isolate or to minimise the effects of one thing on another

Anything used to isolate or minimize the effect of one thing on another.

(mechanics) Anything used to maintain slack or isolate different objects.


paramagnetism

en-noun

paramagnetism (usually uncountable, plural paramagnetisms)

(physics) The tendency of magnetic dipoles to align with an external magnetic field; materials that exhibit this tendency become temporary magnets.


ferromagnetism

ferromagnetism (countable and uncountable, plural ferromagnetisms)

(physics) The phenomenon whereby certain substances can become permanent magnets when subjected to a magnetic field.

ferromagnetismo

the phenomenon whereby certain substances can become permanent magnets


diamagnetism

diamagnetism (countable and uncountable, plural diamagnetisms)

(physics) a weak form of magnetism that is only observed in the presence of an external magnetic field; due to an induced magnetic field in an opposite direction


diamagnetic

en-adj

diamagnetic (comparative more diamagnetic, superlative most diamagnetic)

more diamagnetic (comparative)
most diamagnetic (superlative)

Coined by Faraday, from dia- + magnetic.

(physics) Exhibiting diamagnetism; repelled by a magnet.


ferrimagnetism

(physics) a form of antiferromagnetism in which some magnetization remains below a critical temperature (the Neel temperature)


antiferromagnetism

From anti- + ferromagnetism or antiferro- + magnetism.

(physics) a phenomenon, similar to ferromagnetism, in which magnetic domains line up in a regular pattern, but with neighbouring electron spins pointing in opposite directions; materials showing this effect are either ferrimagnetic or diamagnetic, and become paramagnetic above the Neel temperature


phenomenology

en-noun

phenomenology (countable and uncountable, plural phenomenologies)

/fɪˌnɒmɪˈnɒləd͡ʒi/

/fɪˌnɑməˈnɑləd͡ʒi/

From phenomenon + -logy, from Ancient Greek φαινόμενον (phainómenon, “thing appearing to view”), hence "the study of what shows itself (to consciousness)".
According to Heidegger's Introduction to Phenomenological Research, "the expression “phenomenology” first appears in the eighteenth century in Christian Wolff’s School, in Lambert’s Neues Organon, in connection with analogous developments popular at the time, like dianoiology and alethiology, and means a theory of illusion, a doctrine for avoiding illusion." (p.3)

der

He hopes [students] will "do the necessary phenomenology experiments and produce the necessary theory extensions" that will "turn over the present physics."

c. 2000, “Zero Energy - Thomas Bearden”, in Alternative Energy, retrieved 2021-01-21:

Particle phenomenology research includes perturbative QCD [quantum chromodynamics], physics beyond the Standard Model as well as heavy flavor physics.

a. 2017, “Zhejiang University, China, Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics”, in AcademicJobsOnline.org, retrieved 2021-01-21:

Well, it is in some sense the basic job description of a physicist to try to conceive of methods that make accessible natural phenomena that where hitherto out of reach, and to do so by devicing^([sic]) experiments. It is here that phenomenology comes into play by trying to work out models that can actually be tested by available data.

2018, Tim Lappe, “Superfluid Helium: The Volovik Lessons”, in Walter Geiner, Ernst Bamberg, Marc Thilo Figge, Thomas Haberer, Volker Lindenstruth, Joachim Reinhardt, Klaus Schulten, Wolf Singer, Horst Stöcker, editors, Experimental Search for Quantum Gravity (FIAS Interdisciplinary Science), Springer International Publishing, →DOI, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 15:

The group's many projects include the modelling of observations (phenomenology)

[a. 2020, “Research interests”, in Université de Montréal, retrieved 2021-01-21:

(physics) The use of theoretical models to make predictions that can be tested through experiments.


thermostat

(physics) An algorithm used to maintain a simulated system at a set temperature by absorbing or releasing heat


ensemble

(mathematics, physics) A probability distribution for the state of the system.

مَجْمُوعَة

mathematics: probability distribution for the state of the system


trapezohedron

en-noun

trapezohedron (plural trapezohedra or trapezohedrons)

trapezohedra (plural)
trapezohedrons (plural)

From trapezium + -hedron, with trapezium used in the US sense of a convex irregular quadrilateral.

The general form is called the tetragonal trapezohedron. In this case also there are both left- (Fig. 97) and right-handed (Fig. 98) forms.

1969, Carl W. Correns, translated by William D. Johns, Introduction to Mineralogy: Crystallography and Petrology, 2nd edition, page 40:

This trapezohedron, or antidiamond, is composed of ten quadrilaterals. In each quadrilateral, three of the angles are 108° and one is 36°.

2002, John Montroll, A Plethora of Polyhedra in Origami, page 105:

(geometry, crystallography) Any of a class of polyhedra that have kite-shaped faces and are dual polyhedra of antiprisms.

trapezopluredro

any of several forms of crystal with trapezia as faces

A trapezohedron has 24 equal faces, each a four-sided figure or trapezium. Unlike the forms already described, which are always the same, there are several different trapezohedrons, all having the same number of faces but differing in the angles between the faces.

1998, Cornelius S. Hurlbut Jr., W. Edwin Sharp, Dana's Minerals and How to Study Them (After Edward Salisbury Dana), page 23:

deltoidal icositetrahedron
deltoidal icositetrahedron

(crystallography) A deltoidal icositetrahedron.


saturation

saturation (usually uncountable, plural saturations)

Etymology tree
Late Latin saturatiobor.
English saturation
Borrowed from Late Latin saturatio, saturationem.

etymon

(physics) The condition in which, after a sufficient increase in a causal force, no further increase in the resultant effect is possible; e.g. the state of a ferromagnetic material that cannot be further magnetized.

пресищане

condition in which no increase in effect is possible


FEM

en-noun

FEM (countable and uncountable, plural FEMs)

field emission microscopy
field emission microscopy#English

(microscopy) Initialism of field emission microscopy.

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis, mechanics) Initialism of finite element method.,


absorption coefficient

absorption coefficient (plural absorption coefficients)

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation

(physics) A measure of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation as it passes through a specific substance; the fraction of incident radiation absorbed by unit mass or unit thickness; absorptivity.


dichroism

dichroism (countable and uncountable, plural dichroisms)

dicroisme

the transmission of different colors in different directions

In the close vicinity of a chiral nanostructure, the circular dichroism of a biomolecule could be greatly enhanced, due to the interaction with the local superchiral fields.

2016, S. Hamed Shams Mousavi, Sajanlal R. Panikkanvalappil, Mostafa A. El-Sayed, Ali A. Eftekhar, Ali Adibi, “Large Enhancement of Circular Dichroism Using an Embossed Chiral Metamaterial”, in arXiv:

absorption coefficient
absorption coefficient

(physics) The property of some anisotropic materials of having different absorption coefficients for light polarized in different directions; circular dichroism.


undamped

(physics, of a linear dynamic system) Possessing a damping ratio of exactly zero.

neuveayllit

possessing a damping ratio of exactly zero


electric dipole

electric dipole (plural electric dipoles)

(physics) two electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign separated by a short distance


dimensional analysis

2000, Stuart Churchill, 2.3: Similitude: Data Analysis and Data Correlation, Frank Kreith, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering, CRC Press, page 2-28,
The full power and utility of dimensional analysis is often underestimated and underutilized by engineers.

2008, Andrew Clennel Palmer, Dimensional Analysis and Intelligent Experimentation, World Scientific, page 1,
Dimensional analysis is a technique that can be used to clarify and explain relationships between physical quantities.

2014, Jonathan Worstell, Dimensional Analysis: Practical Guides in Chemical Engineering, Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann), page 19,
Buckingham investigated the foundation of Dimensional Analysis itself. In his paper, he stated, and proved, what became known as Buckingham's Pi theorem, which forms the foundation of Dimensional Analysis.

(mathematics, physics) The study of the dimensions of physical quantities; used to obtain information about large complex systems, and as a means of checking mathematical and physics equations.

analyse dimensionnelle

the study of the dimensions of physical quantities


damped

en-adj

damped (comparative more damped, superlative most damped)

more damped (comparative)
most damped (superlative)

undamped

antonym(s) of “Possessing a nonzero damping ratio”

(physics, of a linear dynamic system) Possessing a nonzero damping ratio.


molecular dipole

en-noun

molecular dipole (plural molecular dipoles)

(chemistry, physics) a polar molecule; either permanent (in the absence of an applied field) or induced (produced by an applied field)


atmophile

Goldschmidt classification
Goldschmidt classification

(chemistry, geology) In the Goldschmidt classification, a gaseous element that concentrates in the atmosphere.


chalcophile

(physical chemistry, geology) In the Goldschmidt classification, an element such as copper that forms sulfide minerals if enough sulfur is available.


Goldschmidt classification

Developed by Victor Goldschmidt (1888–1947).

(chemistry geology) a classification of the chemical elements into groups according to the part of the Earth where they tend to concentrate.

Goldschmidt classification
Victor Goldschmidt


lithophile

(chemistry, geology) in the Goldschmidt classification, an element that forms silicates or oxides and is concentrated in the minerals of the Earth's crust.


Foucault current

Foucault current (plural Foucault currents)

After J. B. L. Foucault (1819-1868), French physicist.


siderophile

(chemistry, geology) In the Goldschmidt classification, an element that forms alloys easily with iron and is concentrated in the Earth's core.


eddy current

(physics) An induced electric current formed within the body of a conductor when it is exposed to a time varying magnetic field; used in induction heating and in some braking and damping systems.


electret

(physics) A solid dielectric having a quasi-permanent charge; usually a metallized film; used in electroacoustic and electromechanical transducers and in air filters.


intracule

(physics, chemistry) a mathematical function that gives the probability of observing two electrons in a given molecule with a given difference in position or momentum


hydrostatic

(physics) Of or relating to hydrostatics.


cavitation

cavitation (countable and uncountable, plural cavitations)

/ˌkævɪˈteɪʃən/

(fluid dynamics) The formation, in a fluid, of vapor bubbles that rapidly collapse, especially in a rotating marine propeller or pump impeller.


back end

Together, the MathDocument and PaperController classes comprise the MathPaper application's front end, while the Evaluator makes up the application's back end. This technique of having separate front and back ends is a common […]

2002, Simson Garfinkel, Michael K. Mahoney, Building Cocoa Applications: A Step-by-step Guide, "O'Reilly Media, Inc.", →ISBN, page 295:

(computing) That part of a hardware or software system that is farthest from the user; the internals rather than the user interface.

後端

computing: part of a system that is farthest from the user

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland) The latter end of any given time, especially the latter part of the year; autumn; late autumn.

so-called “back end” deals is speculative at best. Ideally, the author or book publisher will secure a percentage of gross revenues rather than net profits, but such deals are rare indeed.

1995, Jonathan Kirsch, Kirsch's Handbook of Publishing Law, page 212:

How does the taking of “back end” compensation affect the creative control asserted by an actor?

2003, Melvin Simensky, Entertainment Law, page 1222:

That kind of money, he can get a piece of anybody's back end he wants." “It's an industry phrase. Means if the picture is a big hit, he gets a share of the profits, sometimes even a percentage of gross.

[…] Miramax was going to buy out the U.S. and Canadian rights to the picture and terminate everyone else's participation for a payout that included a guaranteed amount for the back end, as well as bonuses if the film exceeded certain levels of U.S. box office performance.

2013, Peter Biskind, Down and Dirty Pictures:

(entertainment, etc.) Money paid on a contingent deferred basis, for example, as a proportion of the profits or revenue of a work.

The processing of spent fuel from a nuclear reactor into reusable materials.


zirconoid

From zircon + -oid, because this form often occurs in zircon crystals.

(crystallography) A double eight-sided pyramid, a form common with tetragonal crystals.


coupling

coupling (countable and uncountable, plural couplings)

From Middle English couplynge; equivalent to couple + -ing.

(physics) The property of physical systems that they are interacting with each other

kytkentä

(physics) property of physical systems that they are interacting with each other


chronoscope

/ˈkɹɒnəˌskəʊp/

(science fiction) A device able to directly view other times, past or future.


cryoscopy

cryoscopy (usually uncountable, plural cryoscopies)

(physical chemistry) The estimation of the molecular weight of a compound by measuring its effect on the freezing point of a solvent.


freezing point

freezing point (countable and uncountable, plural freezing points)

(physics, chemistry) The temperature at which a liquid freezes, and the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium; normally the same as the melting point.


cohesion

cohesion (usually uncountable, plural cohesions)

Attested from the late 17th century, borrowed from French cohésion, from Latin cohaesiō, cohaesiōnem.

(physics, chemistry) Various intermolecular forces that hold solids and liquids together.

кохезия

the various intermolecular forces that hold solids and liquids together


collisionless

(physics, of an interaction, or of the transfer of energy) That does not involve a collision between particles, bodies, plasmas or waves.


field emission microscope

field emission microscope (plural field emission microscopes)

field emission microscopy
field emission microscopy

(physics) the instrument used in field emission microscopy


field emission microscopy

(physics) a technique that uses field emission of electrons or positive ions from the needle-shaped tip of an emitter to produce a magnified image of the emitter surface (showing each atom) on a fluorescent screen


field emission

field emission (countable and uncountable, plural field emissions)

Field emission was described for the first time at the end of the 19th century. Thorough experiments in the 1920s showed clearly that this emission occurred under high electric field and was not related to thermoelectronic emission.

2006, Annick Loiseau, Understanding Carbon Nanotubes: From Basics to Applications:

(physics) The emission of electrons from a metal or semiconductor, under the influence of a strong electric field, by quantum tunnelling.


free radical

(chemistry, physics) A molecule, ion or atom that has one or more unpaired electrons, and which is generally highly reactive (and therefore often occurs only as a transient species).

自由基

molecule, ion, or atom with an unpaired electron


Fraunhofer line

Fraunhofer line (plural Fraunhofer lines)

(physics) any of a series of dark lines in the solar spectrum; due to the absorption of light by atoms and molecules in the Sun's atmosphere


corrosion

corrosion (countable and uncountable, plural corrosions)

From Middle English corrosioun, from Old French corrosion, or its source, Late Latin corrōsiōnem, accusative singular of corrōsiō (“gnawing away, corroding”), from Latin corrōdō (“gnaw away, corrode”).

(physical chemistry) Erosion by chemical action, especially oxidation.


pp

pp (countable and uncountable, plural pps)

Comparisons with ppbar and pp data reveal improvement in the description of single diffractive events..

2015, Christine O. Rasmussen, Torbjörn Sjöstrand, “Hard Diffraction with Dynamic Gap Survival”, in arXiv:

(uncountable, physics) proton and proton (used attributively to describe a collision or other interaction of these two particles)


ETV

ETV (countable and uncountable, plural ETVs)

(ufology, countable) Initialism of extraterrestrial vehicle.


Feynman diagram

Feynman diagram (plural Feynman diagrams)

Named after its inventor, American theoretical physicist Richard Feynman (1918–1988).

Feynman diagrams for the fourth-order radiative corrections to the scattering of an electron by an electromagnetic field.

1950 February 15, Robert Karplus, Norman M[yles] Kroll, “Fourth-order Corrections in Quantum Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron”, in Physical Review, volume 77, number 4, Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the American Physical Society by the American Institute of Physics, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 536:

The symbolic representation of Maxwell's equations is introduced to make it easier to survey the whole subject and to formulate the equations. The Feynman diagram method is applied to the computation of the correlation of the fields at different points in space to any order of approximation.

1967 April 3, Betty L. Oberholtzer, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards: Published by NBS July 1960 through June 1966; Published by Others 1960 through 1965 (with Subject and Authors Indexes) (National Bureau of Standards Supplement to Miscellaneous Publication; 240), [Washington, D.C.]: National Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce, →OCLC, page 145:

Among physicists, Feynman is probably best known for Feynman diagrams, the work that brought him his Nobel Prize in 1964. The diagrams constitute a computational tool kit that enables physicists to make sense of not only Quantum Electrodynamics, the theory that underpins electricity and magnetism, but also of the relativistic quantum field theories believed to describe the weak and strong interactions of elementary particles.

2015, Tony Hey, Gyuri Pápay, “Preface”, in The Computing University: A Journey through a Revolution, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page vii:

(physics) A pictorial representation of the interactions of subatomic particles, showing their paths in space and time as lines, and their interactions as points where lines meet.


Nordic

From French nordique, from nord (“north”).

Called “Nordics,” the aliens are human-like in appearance, of average height, and often have long, flowing hair. Contactees are typically struck by the beauty of the Nordics, as was Howard Menger (1959): “She seemed to radiate and glow,” Menger explains,

2007, Erich Goode, D. Angus Vail, Extreme Deviance, Pine Forge Press, page 41:

But the third most common alien is called a Nordic, or humanoid.

2012, Kelly Milner Halls, Alien Investigation: Searching for the Truth about UFOs and Aliens, Millbrook Press, page 45:

Known as Nordics, these extraterrestrials are said to have blond hair, blue eyes, and pale skin and are anywhere from 6 to 8 feet (183cm to 244cm) tall.

2012, Patricia D. Netzley, Extraterrestrial Life: Alien Encounters, Reference Point Press, page 33

(ufology, science fiction) A race of extraterrestrials similar in appearance to Nordic humans.


deform

en-verb

deform (third-person singular simple present deforms, present participle deforming, simple past and past participle deformed)

deforms (present singular third-person)
deforming (participle present)
deformed (participle past)
deformed (past)

From Middle English deformen (“to deform, disfigure, distort; to make ugly, mar; (figuratively) to disfigure morally; to defame; to dishonour”) [and other forms], equivalent to de- + form, from Old French deformer [and other forms] (modern French déformer (“to contort, distort, twist out of shape; (figuratively) to pervert”)), or directly from its etymon Latin dēfōrmāre (whence Medieval Latin difformāre), the present active infinitive of dēfōrmō (“to fashion, form; to delineate, describe; to design; to deform, disfigure; to mar, spoil”), from dē- (prefix meaning ‘away from; from’) + fōrmō (“to fashion, form, shape; to format”) (from fōrma (noun); see further at etymology 1).
cognates
* Catalan deformar (“to deform”)
* Italian deformare (“to deform; to distort, warp”)
* Occitan deformar
* Portuguese deformar (“to deform”)
* Spanish deformar, desformar (“to deform, disfigure”)

nb...

defourmen, difform, difformen, diffourmen, disformen, disfourmen, dyfform

деформирам

to change the form of (something), usually thus making it disordered or irregular

To change the form of (something), usually thus making it disordered or irregular; to give (something) an abnormal or unusual shape.

(engineering, physics) To alter the shape of (something) by applying a force or stress.

деформирам

to alter the shape of (something) by applying a force or stress


coldness

en-noun

coldness (countable and uncountable, plural coldnesses)

From Middle English coldnesse, from Old English cealdness, cealdnys (“coldness”), from Proto-West Germanic *kaldanassī (“coldness”), equivalent to cold + -ness. Cognate with West Frisian kâldens (“coldness”), Middle Low German koldenisse, kōldenisse (“coldness”), Middle High German kaltnisse, keltnisse (“coldness”).

inh

The coldness is the reciprocal of absolute temperature.

1969, W. A. Day, Morton E. Gurtin, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 33, number 1, Springer, pages 26–32:

(article title) The coldness, a universal function in thermoelastic bodies.

1971, Ingo Müller, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 41, number 5, Springer, pages 319–332:

This function will be called the coldness, its equilibrium value will be the reciprocal of absolute temperature.

1972, Ingo Müller, Entropy, Absolute Temperature, and Coldness in Thermodynamics: Boundary Conditions in Porous Materials Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Wein GMBH, page 3

(article title) Coldness and Temperature.

1975, J. Meixner, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 57, number 3, Springer, pages 281–290:

α is called the affinity, β the inverse temperature or coldness, and γ the free expansion coefficient.

1995, Claude Garrod, Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Oxford University Press, page 111:

absolute temperature
absolute temperature

(physics) The reciprocal of absolute temperature.


specific gravity

en-noun

specific gravity (countable and uncountable, plural specific gravities)

(physics) The ratio of the mass of a substance to that of an equal volume of water at 4°C (or to some other reference substance)


electrocute

en-verb

electrocute (third-person singular simple present electrocutes, present participle electrocuting, simple past and past participle electrocuted)

electrocutes (present singular third-person)
electrocuting (participle present)
electrocuted (participle past)
electrocuted (past)

electrocutar

to cause death from immediate complications resulting from electric shock

уби́ть то́ком

to kill with the electric current, accidentally or deliberately

The executioner threw the switch on Old Sparky, and the condemned prisoner was electrocuted for his crimes.

(transitive) To execute by electric shock, often by means of an electric chair.


ionization

en-noun

ionization (countable and uncountable, plural ionizations)

/ˌaɪənɪˈzeɪʃən/

(chemistry, physics) Any process that leads to the dissociation of a neutral atom or molecule into charged particles ions; the state of being ionized.


thixotropy

From Ancient Greek θίξις (thíxis, “touching”) + Ancient Greek τροπή (tropḗ, “turning”, from τρέπω (trépō, “turn, change”)) + -y.

af

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τρέπω</i> (trépō, “turn, change”)

(physics) The reduction of viscosity with increased shear


bow shock

(fluid dynamics) A shock wave formed by the bow of an object travelling at supersonic speed.


fundamental constant

en-noun

fundamental constant (plural fundamental constants)

(physics) any of a set of physical quantities that play a fundamental role in basic theories

(physics) A physical quantity that is not a function of other constants, such as Π (pi), C (light speed), etc. The smallest common denominators of physics, and the parameters or dimensions for the 'position' of our universe in the multiverse.


fundamental interaction

fundamental interaction (plural fundamental interactions)

(physics) any of the fundamental forces that act between elementary particles; each one is associated with an exchanged particle

bashkëveprim thelbësor

basic forces that act between elementary particles


electromagnetic force

(physics) A long-range fundamental force that acts between charged bodies, mediated by the exchange of photons.


strong nuclear interaction

strong nuclear interaction (plural strong nuclear interactions)

fundamental interaction
fundamental interaction

strong nuclear force
strong nuclear force

(nuclear physics) the fundamental interaction responsible for the strong nuclear force


gravitational interaction

(physics) The fundamental interaction responsible for the gravitational force.


weak nuclear interaction

weak nuclear interaction (plural weak nuclear interactions)

(physics) The fundamental interaction responsible for the weak nuclear force.


gravitational force

gravitational force (countable and uncountable, plural gravitational forces)

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(physics) A very long-range, but relatively weak fundamental force of attraction that acts between all particles that have mass; believed to be mediated by gravitons.


electromagnetic interaction

electromagnetic force
electromagnetic force

(physics) The fundamental interaction responsible for the electromagnetic force.


gas constant

fundamental constant
fundamental constant

(physics) a universal constant, R, that appears in the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, derived from two fundamental constants, the Boltzmann constant and Avogadro's number, R=N_Ak.


galvanometer

From Italian physicist Luigi Galvani + -o- + -meter.

(physics) A device used to indicate the presence and direction of a small electric current, especially used to detect a null or balanced condition in a bridge circuit.


tachyonic

en-adj

tachyonic (comparative more tachyonic, superlative most tachyonic)

more tachyonic (comparative)
most tachyonic (superlative)

Of or relating to a tachyon or tachyons.

Moving or capable of moving faster than the speed of light.


enrichment

en-noun

enrichment (countable and uncountable, plural enrichments)


enrich

en-verb

enrich (third-person singular simple present enriches, present participle enriching, simple past and past participle enriched)

enriches (present singular third-person)
enriching (participle present)
enriched (participle past)
enriched (past)

From Middle English enrichen, from Anglo-Norman enrichir and Old French enrichier.

(physics, transitive) To increase the amount of one isotope in a mixture of isotopes, especially in a nuclear fuel. [from 20th c.]

verryk

to increase the amount of one isotope in a mixture of isotopes


chemisorption

(physical chemistry) the process in which a substance is adsorbed on the surface of another by means of chemical rather than physical bonding


chemisorb

chemisorb (third-person singular simple present chemisorbs, present participle chemisorbing, simple past and past participle chemisorbed)

chemisorbs (present singular third-person)
chemisorbing (participle present)
chemisorbed (participle past)
chemisorbed (past)

(transitive, physical chemistry) To adsorb a substance on the surface or another by chemical bonding.


glow discharge

A form of electrical conduction in low-pressure gases (plasmas) that emits light.

cathode dark space

also called Crookes dark space or Hittorf dark space


permanence

en-noun

permanence (countable and uncountable, plural permanences)

From Middle English permanence, permanens, from Middle French permanence, from Medieval Latin permanentia, from Latin permaneō (“I remain; last”).

(physics) The reciprocal of magnetic inductance.


quantize

en-verb

quantize (third-person singular simple present quantizes, present participle quantizing, simple past and past participle quantized)

quantizes (present singular third-person)
quantizing (participle present)
quantized (participle past)
quantized (past)

→ Spanish: cuantizar

(transitive, physics) To limit the number of possible values of a quantity, or states of a system, by applying the rules of quantum mechanics


QCD

quantum chromodynamics
quantum chromodynamics#English

(physics) Initialism of quantum chromodynamics.


quantum chromodynamics

quantum field theory
quantum field theory

(quantum mechanics) A quantum field theory in particle physics which describes the strong interaction of quarks and gluons employing the concept of color charge.


short-lived

en-adj

short-lived (comparative shorter-lived, superlative shortest-lived)

shorter-lived (comparative)
shortest-lived (superlative)

From short + lived (“having a life, lifed”), equivalent to short + life + -ed. Compare Middle English short-livi, sort-levi (“short-lived”).

Of a radioisotope (or by extension radioelement): having a short half-life.


GBS

(crystallography) Initialism of grain boundary sliding.


SR

en-noun

SR (countable and uncountable, plural SRs)

special relativity
special relativity#English

(uncountable) Initialism of special relativity.


microscopic

en-adj

microscopic (comparative more microscopic, superlative most microscopic)

more microscopic (comparative)
most microscopic (superlative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mey-der.?
Ancient Greek μῑκρός (mīkrós)
Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti
Proto-Hellenic *sképťomai
Ancient Greek σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)
Proto-Hellenic *-os
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)
Ancient Greek -ός (-ós)
Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós)
Ancient Greek -έω (-éō)
Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō)
Proto-Indo-European *-yōs
Proto-Italic *-jōs
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin mīcroscopiumlbor.
Italian microscopiobor.
English microscope
Proto-Italic *-kos
Latin -cus
Latin -icuslbor.
Old French -iquebor.
Middle English -ik
English -ic
English microscopic
From microscope + -ic.

etymon

We supply all microscopic stains and other materials.

Of, or relating to microscopes or microscopy; microscopal

The water was full of microscopic organisms.

So small that it can only be seen with the aid of a microscope.

microscópicu

so small that it can only be seen using a microscope


digression

en-noun

digression (countable and uncountable, plural digressions)

/dʌɪˈɡɹɛʃən/

/daɪˈɡɹɛʃən/

From Old French digressiun or disgressiun, from Latin dīgressiōnem, from dīgressus + -iō (suffix forming abstract nouns from verbs), the past passive participle of dīgredior (“to step away, to digress”), from dis- + gradior (“to step, walk, go”).

շեղում

a departure from the main subject in speech or writing

This digression [of the Sun] is not equall, but neare the Æquinoxiall intersections, it is right and greater, near the Solstices, more oblique and lesser.

1646, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Bk. VI, Ch. iv, p. 288:

(astronomy, physics) An elongation, a deflection or deviation from a mean position or expected path.


nonpermeable

(physics) Having the same magnetic permeability as that of free space, so that the material in question has a magnetic permeability μ=μ₀ (where μ₀ = 4π×10⁻⁷ N A⁻² exactly in SI units).


transondent

From French onde (“wave”), possibly modeled on transparent.

If the display system is not transondent, the loudspeakers may be placed on either side and beneath the video surface.

2014, Marshall Lang, Architectural Acoustics, page 856:

Acoustically transparent; able to freely transmit sound.


permeability

permeability (usually uncountable, plural permeabilities)

Permeability (earth sciences)
permeability
permeability (electromagnetism)

From French perméabilité, equivalent to permeable + -ity.

(physics) A quantitative measure of the degree of magnetization of a material in the presence of an applied magnetic field (measured in newtons per ampere squared in SI units).

проницаемост

(physics) measure of magnetization of a material in the presence of a magnetic field


detection

detection (countable and uncountable, plural detections)

→ German: Detektion

Learned borrowing from Latin dētēctiōnem. By surface analysis, detect + -ion.

lbor

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering) The act or process of finding or detecting an electrical signal in a carrier wave.


causal

en-adj

causal (comparative more causal, superlative most causal)

more causal (comparative)
most causal (superlative)

Borrowed from Late Latin causalis, from Latin causa (“cause”); see cause.

There is no causal relationship between eating carrots and seeing in the dark.

Time changes attitudes, and while Hart's actions in driving when not fit to do so were certainly in the causal chain of the Great Heck accident, how many other drivers were out there driving when too fatigued to do so?

2021 February 24, Greg Morse, “Great Heck: a tragic chain of events”, in RAIL, number 925, page 44:

of, relating to, or being a cause of something; causing

прычы́нны

of, relating to or being a cause of something


turbulence

en-noun

turbulence (countable and uncountable, plural turbulences)

Borrowed from Latin turbulentia, or from turbulent + -ence.

Turbulence was everywhere, within every blade of grass, every drop of dew on a leaf, every cloud in the sky, and every star beyond. The turbulence was purposeless, but in huge quantities of purposeless turbulence, purpose took shape.

(uncountable) The state or fact of being turbulent or agitated; tempestuousness, disturbance.


SOC

SOC (countable and uncountable, plural SOCs)

(electricity) Abbreviation of state of charge.


betatron

(physics) A form of cyclotron used to accelerate electrons to high speed.

بيتاترون

a form of cyclotron used to accelerate electrons to high speed


stopped

en-adj

stopped (comparative more stopped, superlative most stopped)

more stopped (comparative)
most stopped (superlative)

From stop + -ed. In some senses, the adjective follows from the verb; in others, it may derive directly from the noun stop.

even a stopped clock is right twice a day

þ was first voiced and then stopped , becoming d

1874, Henry Sweet, A History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period:

(phonetics) Made by complete closure of the organs in the mouth; said of certain consonants such as b, d, p, and t.


allomorph

(chemistry) Any of the different crystalline forms of a substance.


electroscope

(physics) a simple device that detects the presence of an electric charge by the mutual repulsion of metal foils or pith balls


magnetosphere

One of the earliest (and biggest) space weather events on record occurred in September 1859, when a massive solar eruption crashed into the Earth's magnetosphere, triggering a geomagnetic storm that lasted for days.

2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL, number 996, page 30:

(physics) The comet-shaped region around Earth or another planet in which charged particles are trapped or deflected. Shaped by the solar wind and the planet's magnetic field.


hexagonal

(crystallography) Having three equal axes which cross at 60° angles, and an unequal axis which crosses the others at 90° angle.

хексагонален

crystallography: having three equal axes crossing at 60° and an unequal one crossing at 90°


spinthariscope

From Ancient Greek σπινθαρίς (spintharís, “spark”) + -scope.

der

(historical) An early device for observing individual nuclear disintegrations.


instability

en-noun

instability (countable and uncountable, plural instabilities)

From Middle French instabilité, from Latin instabilitas.
Morphologically in- + stability.

(physics, countable) A state that is not in equilibrium, or in which a small change has a large irreversible effect.


fission

fission (countable and uncountable, plural fissions)

Borrowed from Latin fissiōnem, accusative singular of fissiō (“the act of breaking up”), from findō (“split, divide”).

(nuclear physics) Short for nuclear fission: The process of splitting the nucleus of an atom into smaller particles.


ultramicroscope

a microscope that uses bright illumination against a black background to view small particles


gravitational redshift

gravitational redshift (plural gravitational redshifts)

(astronomy, physics) A shift to longer wavelengths of spectral lines emitted by atoms in a strong gravitational field.


gravitational radiation

(physics) a hypothetical wave, produced by an accelerating mass, that would be propagated at the speed of light


gravitational collapse

gravitational collapse (countable and uncountable, plural gravitational collapses)

The stage in the evolution of a star in which the pressure of the star is insufficient to maintain it at a stable size, and its material falls inward under its own gravity, eventually forming a black hole or a neutron star, and sometimes accompanied by a supernova explosion.


thunderbolt

News of the actress’s death came as a thunderbolt to her fans.

Our quiuering Lances ſhaking in the aire, / And bullets like Ioues dreadfull Thunderbolts, / Enrolde in flames and fiery ſmoldering miſtes, / Shall threat the Gods more than Cyclopian warres, […]

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene iii:

He describes the operation thus: "The heavy ram employed to impart the finishing strokes, hoisted up with double purchase and snail's pace to the summit of the Piling Engine, and then falling down like a thunderbolt on the head of the devoted timber, driving it perhaps a single half inch in to the stratum below, is well calculated to put to the test the virtue of patience, while it illustrates the old adage of—slow and sure."

1952 July, W. R. Watson, “Sankey Viaduct and Embankment”, in Railway Magazine, page 487:

A flash of lightning accompanied by a crash of thunder.

صَاعِقَة

flash of lightning accompanied by thunder


toughness

toughness (countable and uncountable, plural toughnesses)

From Middle English toughnesse, towghnesse, towghenesse, equivalent to tough + -ness.

(materials science, physics, of a metal) Resistance to fracture when stressed, or the degree of such resistance.


alpha emitter

(physics) a radioactive substance that decays by emitting alpha particles


gravitational field

gravitational field (plural gravitational fields)

(physics) the field produced by the gravitational force of mass


gravitational lens

gravitational lens (plural gravitational lenses)

Thus the galactic gravitational lens effect is not important in maintaining the radio reference coordinate system with mas accuracy, if quasars as fiduciary points are pertinently selected.

1981, Ido Kansokujo, editor, Publications of the International Latitude Observatory of Mizusawa, Volumes 15-20, page 27:

The two other examples of gravitational lenses discussed above have not been modeled as elaborately.

1987, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, Volume 8, McGraw-Hill, unnumbered page:

Subsequent discoveries of several more examples of gravitational lenses eliminated all doubts about gravitational focussing predicted by general relativity.

1999 August, Guillermo A. Lemarchand, Karen J. Meech, editors, Bioastronomy '99: A New Era in Bioastronomy, Proceedings, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, page 575:

(astronomy) A distribution of matter whose gravitational field bends the path of light rays sufficiently to distort, magnify or multiply images of more distant objects.

gravita lenso

astronomy: body whose gravitational field bends light rays


electrical resistance

electrical resistance (countable and uncountable, plural electrical resistances)

(physics) The opposition offered by an electrical conductor to the flow of a current through itself, resulting in a conversion of electrical energy into heat and radiation. The SI derived unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω). Symbol: R.


Curie temperature

Curie temperature (plural Curie temperatures)

Named after scientist Pierre Curie, who discovered the phenomenon.

(electromagnetism, physical chemistry) The temperature at which the magnetism of a substance changes, specifically when a ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic.

curietemperatur

the temperature at which the magnetism of a substance changes


angular acceleration

angular acceleration (usually uncountable, plural angular accelerations)

(classical mechanics) The rate of change of angular velocity, often represented by α.


cat state

(physics) A superposition of the most extreme states possible in a system, analogous with Schrödinger's cat, which is in a superposition of "dead" and "alive".


beta emitter

A radioactive substance emitting beta particles.


ASE

aromatic stabilization energy
aromatic stabilization energy#English

(physical chemistry) Initialism of aromatic stabilization energy.


angular velocity

angular velocity (plural angular velocities)

1963, Richard Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1963) Ch. 18 Rotation in Two Dimensions, 18–2 Rotation of a rigid body.
First, we have the angle θ which defines how far the body has gone around; this replaces the distance s, which defines how far it has gone along. In the same manner, we have a velocity of turning, ω=dθ/dt, which tells us how much the angle changes in a second, just as v=ds/dt describes how fast a thing moves, or how far it moves in a second. If the angle is measured in radians, then the angular velocity ω will be so and so many radians per second. The greater the angular velocity, the faster the object is turning, the faster the angle changes.

Wikipedia: Differential
A differential is a device, usually, but not necessarily, employing gears, which is connected to the outside world by three shafts, through which it transmits torque and rotation. The gears or other components make the three shafts rotate in such a way that a=pb+qc, where a, b, and c are the angular velocities of the three shafts, and p and q are constants. … In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, a differential allows the driving road wheels to rotate at different speeds. This is necessary when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is traveling around the outside of the turning curve roll farther and faster than the other. The engine is connected to the shaft rotating at angular velocity a. The driving wheels are connected to the other two shafts, and p and q are equal.ᵂᴾ

(mathematics, physics) The angle turned, per unit time, by a body rotating about an axis; the rate of rotation through an angle.


exhaustion

exhaustion (usually uncountable, plural exhaustions)

/ɪɡˈzɔːs.t͡ʃən/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin exhaustiō, from exhauriō + -tiō. Surface analysis: exhaust + -ion.

(dated, physics) The removal of all air from a vessel (the creation of a vacuum).


linac

Usually such ‘linacs’ are short, low-energy machines, but they can be high energy and lengthy, as at the Stanford Linear Accelerator in California.

2004, Frank Close, Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction, page 49:

particle accelerator
particle accelerator

(physics) A linear particle accelerator.


plasma acceleration

plasma acceleration (countable and uncountable, plural plasma accelerations)

electron plasma wave
electron plasma wave

(physics) A method for accelerating electrically charged particles with a large-amplitude electron plasma wave.


plasma accelerator

plasma accelerator (plural plasma accelerators)

(physics) A particle accelerator that uses plasma as the medium of the accelerating field instead of a vacuum, to obtain a larger accelerating gradient.


MHD

MHD (countable and uncountable, plural MHDs)

(physics, engineering, nautical) Initialism of magnetohydrodynamics.


MHD

(physics, engineering, nautical) Initialism of magnetohydrodynamic.

MHD thruster — magnetohydrodymanic thruster


radioscopy

examination of objects by the use of X-rays; radiology


KeV

(physics) Initialism of kiloelectronvolt.


EeV

(physics) Initialism of exa-electron volt, 10¹⁸ eV


PeV

peta-electron volt
peta-electron volt#English

(physics) Initialism of peta-electron volt, 10¹⁵ eV


close encounter

close encounter (plural close encounters)

(ufology) A supposed observation, or observation of evidence, of extraterrestrial beings or their craft.

contato imediato

observation of extraterrestrials or their craft


lepto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λεπτός (leptós, “thin”).


GeV

GeV (countable and uncountable, plural GeVs)

(physics) Initialism of giga-electron volt, 10⁹ eV. A unit used for measuring the energy of subatomic particles.


TeV

TeV (countable and uncountable, plural TeVs)

(physics) Initialism of teraelectronvolt, 10¹² eV

(US, physics, countable) Initialism of trillion electronvolts, 10¹² eV


starquake

Astronomers call the sudden changes in the neutron star starquakes. The energy released in a starquake is enormous and flows out from the star into the space surrounding it. After the 1969 starquake on the Crab pulsar, a wave of energy was seen to flow outwards, rippling through the centre of the Crab Nebula.

1985, Paul Murdin, Lesley Murdin, New Astronomy, page 131:

2000, Richard I. Epstein, Bennett Link, Starquake-Induced Glitches in Pulsars, Kwong-Sang Cheng H, F, Chau, K. L. Chan, K. C. Leung (editors), Stellar Astrophysics: Proceedings of the Pacific Rim Conference, page 96,
Starquakes in slowing neutron stars drive matter toward the magnetic poles, distort the star's shape, and excite precession.

2000, Carl Sagan, Jerome Agel, Carl Sagan's Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective [new edition of 1973, The Cosmic Connection], page 260,
Should the core be solid, starquakes are expected — a shifting of the matter under enormous stress in the interior of the star. Such starquakes should produce a discontinuous change in the period of rotation of the neutron star. Such changes, called "glitches," are observed.

(astronomy) A violent tremor or quake that occurs on or near the surface of a star, especially a collapsed star.


MeV

MeV (countable and uncountable, plural MeVs)

megaelectron volt
megaelectron volt#English

(physics) Initialism of megaelectron volt, 10⁶ eV

(physics, US) Initialism of million electron volts, 10⁶ eV


reflecting

en-adj

reflecting (comparative more reflecting, superlative most reflecting)

more reflecting (comparative)
most reflecting (superlative)

/ɹɪˈflɛktɪŋ/

Given to introspection; thoughtful, reflective.


helioseismology

Helioseismology, like terrestrial seismology, provides information about the interior of the body under study by using observations of slight motions on the surface.

1989, John N. Bahcall, Neutrino Astrophysics, Cambridge University Press, page 104:

Helioseismology provides unique information about the global dynamics of the Sun and local flows in active regions in the upper convection zone.

2003, Alexander Kosovichev, “Helioseismic Observations of Plasma Motions in the Solar Convection Zone”, in R. Erdélyi, K. Petrovay, B. Roberts, Markus Aschwanden, editors, Turbulence, Waves and Instabilities in the Solar Plasma: Proceedings of the NATO Research Workshop, Kluwer Academic, page 57:

2012, T. L. Duvall, Jr., S. M. Hanasoge, Subsurface Supergranular Vertical Flows as Measured Using Large Distance Separations in Time-Distance Helioseismology, Solar Physics, reprinted in 2014, Nagi N. Mansour, Alexander G. Kosovichev, Rudolf Komm, Dana Longcope (editors), Solar Dynamics and Magnetism from the Interior to the Atmosphere, Springer, page 71,
We find that the large-separation travel times associated with supergranulation cannot be studied using the standard phase-speed filters of time–distance helioseismology.

The study of the propagation of pressure waves in the Sun.

helioseismologia

the study of the propagation of pressure waves in the Sun


deaeration

en-noun

deaeration (countable and uncountable, plural deaerations)

/diːeəˈɹeɪʃən/

(physical chemistry) The process of removing dissolved gasses from a liquid.


Doppler effect

From Johann Christian Andreas Doppler, the scientist who first proposed this effect.

Along the street, a delivery van’s pop music approaches and recedes with a faint Doppler effect, the cheerless band lifting and dipping a microtone.

2016, Ian McEwan, Nutshell, Vintage, page 85:

The apparent change in frequency or wavelength of a wave that is perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the waves.


magnetar

Blend of magnet + pulsar. Analyzable as magnet + -ar.

This signal could be detected with Advanced LIGO-class detectors up to the distance of the Virgo cluster, where ≥ 1 yr⁻¹ magnetars are expected to form.

2007, S. Dall'Osso, L. Stella, “Newborn magnetars as sources of gravitational radiation: constraints from high energy observations of magnetar candidates”, in Silvia Zane, Roberto Turolla, Dany Page, editors, Isolated Neutron Stars: From the Surface to the Interior, page 119:

2008, W. Becker, F, Haberl, J Trümper, 14: Pulsars and Isolated Neutron Stars, Joachim E. Trümper, Günther Hasinger (editors), The Universe in X-Rays, page 193,
The radio-silent neutron stars include anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs), soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs), and “quiescent” neutron star candidates in SNRs. There is growing evidence that AXPs and SGRs are indeed magnetars (see [109] for a review).

One of most mysterious feature[s] of magnetars is their X-ray luminosities, which always exceed the rotational energy loss. Thus, the energy source of the radiation of magnetars is a mysterious question.

2011, Yukikatsu Terada, Tadayasu Dotani, “The International X-ray Observatiry and other X-ray missions, expectations for pulsar physics”, in Nanda Rea, Diego F. Torres, editors, High-Energy Emission from Pulsars and Their Systems: Proceedings of the First Session of the Sant Cugat Forum on Astrophysics, page 576:

(astronomy) A neutron star or pulsar with an extremely powerful magnetic field, especially those on which starquakes occur, thought to be the source of some gamma-ray bursts.


extrasolar

A four-inch telescope was once used to find an extrasolar planet.

Of course, no one has any idea whether the extrasolar life is anything more than a few trillion microbes.

1993, Octavia E. Butler, Parable of the Sower, HEADLINE PUBLISHING GROUP (2019), page 78:

(astrophysics) of or originating in a system other than Earth's, the solar system.

extra-solaire

originating in a solar system other than ours


relative density

relative density (countable and uncountable, plural relative densities)

A measure of the density of a material. The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at the same temperature. It is dimensionless and therefore has no units.


equilibrium vapor pressure

equilibrium vapor pressure (plural equilibrium vapor pressures)

saturation vapor pressure
saturation vapor pressure


water vapor pressure

water vapor pressure (countable and uncountable, plural water vapor pressures)

(physics) The saturation vapor pressure of water.


CTC

(rail transport) Initialism of Centralized Traffic Control.


vapor pressure

vapor pressure (countable and uncountable, plural vapor pressures)

(physics) The pressure that a vapor exerts, or the partial pressure if it is mixed with other gases.


phase transition

phase transition (plural phase transitions)

(physics) The transition between thermodynamic phases of a physical system, especially one between the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance.


Brownian motion

Brownian motion (countable and uncountable, plural Brownian motions)

Named after Scottish botanist Robert Brown (1773–1858), who investigated the movement of pollen suspended in water.

named-after

To summarize, the world is filled with instances of indeterministic Brownian motion, with various biological phenomena having evolved to optimally exploit versions of this randomness. Are we talking free will here?

2023, Robert M. Sapolsky, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

statistical mechanics
statistical mechanics

(statistical mechanics) Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid, arising from those particles being struck by individual molecules of the fluid.

حَرَكَة بَرَاوْنِيَّة

random motion of particles suspended in a fluid


throughput

en-noun

throughput (countable and uncountable, plural throughputs)


statistical mechanical

(physics) Of, or relating to statistical mechanics.


intertidal

An intertidal zone or an organism that inhabits such a zone


solid phase

(physics) One of the three fundamental structural phases of matter in which the cohesive force of matter is strong enough to keep the molecules or atoms in the given positions, restraining the thermal mobility.

固相

one of the three fundamental structural phases of matter


liquid phase

(physics) One of the three fundamental structural phases of matter in which the thermal mobility of molecules or atoms is comparable with the cohesiveness, having them connected but fluid in a mass.


luminosity

luminosity (countable and uncountable, plural luminosities)

From French luminosité or luminous + -ity.

(physics) the ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux at the same wavelength; the luminosity factor


gaseous phase

(physics) One of the three fundamental structural phases of matter in which the thermal mobility of molecules or atoms is strong enough to permit their free motion, significantly exceeding the cohesive force.

kaasufaasi

phase of matter in which the thermal mobility of molecules permits their free motion


back-to-back

Seen in laboratory frame the photon-jet pair is not any longer back-to-back and the energy balance is distorted.

2009, R. Fiore, Alessandro Papa, Igor Ivanov, Jacques Soffer, Diffraction 2008: International Workshop on Diffraction in High Energy Physics, Amer Inst of Physics:

This produces two back-to-back jets of hadrons that dominate the inclusive high energy cross-section.

2000, S. Söldner-Rembold, Photon '99: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Structure and Interactions of the Photon, Including the 12th International Workshop on Photon-Photon Collisions, Freiburg, Germany, 23-27 May 1999:

Photons at leading order are produced back-to-back with an associated parton with nearly identical transverse momenta.

2015, Thomas Schörner-Sadenius, The Large Hadron Collider: Harvest of Run 1, Springer, →ISBN, page 392:

In the rest frame of the #x5C;pi⁰ the photons emerge back-to-back isotropically.

1992, David Shaw Brown, A Comparison of High Transverse Momentum Direct Photon and Neutral Pion Events in Negative Pion and Proton-nucleus Collisions at 31.5 GeV Center of Mass Energy:

(physics, by extension) Emerging in exactly opposite directions.


DTA

differential thermal analysis
differential thermal analysis#English

(physics, chemistry) Initialism of differential thermal analysis.


asbestiform

(crystallography) Having a particular kind of fibrosity in which fibers have high tensile strength and flexibility


pulsar

Blend of pulsating + (radio) star, patterned after quasar. Coined by British astronomers Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell in 1968, and first used in print in The Daily Telegraph. Analyzable as pulse + -ar

coin

(astronomy) A rotating neutron star that emits radio pulses periodically.

Antony Hewish
Jocelyn Bell Burnell
The Daily Telegraph
en:pulsar


surroundings

(physics) All parts of the universe that are not within the thermodynamic system of interest.


near infrared

Because the near infrared is not as well suited to qualitative determinations as is the mid infrared, most modern NIRA instruments have centered on quantitative applications.

1984, David E. Honigs, Improvements of the Near-infrared Diffuse-reflectance Technique, Indiana University, page 19:

(physics, often in compounds) Infrared light closest in wavelength to visible light, from .7–1.4 µm.


light spectrum

en-noun

light spectrum (plural light spectrums or light spectra)

light spectrums (plural)
light spectra (plural)

From light (“visible”) + spectrum (“range of electromagnetic wavelengths”).

compound

(physics) The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to humans.

(physics) an extension of the human-visible spectrum to include near-visible wavelengths, primarily near infrared.


modulation

en-noun

modulation (countable and uncountable, plural modulations)

/ˈmɑː.d͡ʒə.ˌleɪ.ʃən/

From Middle French modulation, from Latin modulatio. By surface analysis, modulat(e) + -ion

The variation and regulation of a population, physiological response, etc.

(physics) The process of applying a signal to a carrier.


retarded

en-adj

retarded (comparative more retarded, superlative most retarded)

more retarded (comparative)
most retarded (superlative)

(physics) Designating a parameter of an electromagnetic field which is adjusted to account for the finite speed of radiation.


radiation poisoning

en-noun

radiation poisoning (usually uncountable, plural radiation poisonings)

radiation sickness
radiation sickness#English


immiscible

en-adj

immiscible (comparative more immiscible, superlative most immiscible)

more immiscible (comparative)
most immiscible (superlative)

A mixture of oil, water, and mercury forms three immiscible layers.

(physics) Of two or more liquids that are not mutually soluble: unmixable.


radiation sickness

en-noun

radiation sickness (countable and uncountable, plural radiation sicknesses)

(medicine, pathology) Any illness produced by ionizing radiation with symptoms ranging from nausea to death.


pigtail

(electrical engineering) A short length of twisted electrical wire.


effusion

effusion (countable and uncountable, plural effusions)

Borrowed from Middle French effusion, from Latin effūsiō (“outpouring”). Displaced native Old English āgotennes.

(chemistry, physics) Process of gases passing through a hole or holes considerably smaller than the mean free path of the gas molecules.


absorbed dose

(physics) The amount of energy imparted by nuclear (or ionizing) radiation to unit mass of absorbing material. Units of measure include the gray, the rad, and their derivatives (e.g., centigray, millirad).

geabsorbeerde dosis

amount of energy imparted by nuclear radiation

gray

the SI unit of measurement of this phenomenon


intercalation

intercalation (countable and uncountable, plural intercalations)

From Latin intercalō, from inter (“among”) + calō (“call out, proclaim”).

(physical chemistry) The reversible insertion of a molecule between two others.

интеркалация

chemistry: the reversible insertion of a molecule between two others


radiance

radiance (countable and uncountable, plural radiances)

(physics) The flux of radiation emitted per unit solid angle in a given direction by a unit area of a source.

radianssi

the flux of radiation emitted per unit solid angle in a given direction by a unit area of a source


coherence

coherence (countable and uncountable, plural coherences)

From Middle French coherence, from Latin cohaerentia.
Morphologically cohere + -ence.

(physics, of waves) The property of having the same wavelength and phase.


hyperspace drive

hyperspace drive (plural hyperspace drives)

a hypothetical propulsion system for spacecraft that would "warp" spacetime


crith

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley corn, a small weight”).

bor

standard temperature and pressure
standard temperature and pressure

(physics) the weight of 1 litre of hydrogen at standard temperature and pressure. Equal to approximately 0.09 grams.


hardness

en-noun

hardness (countable and uncountable, plural hardnesses)

From Middle English hardness, hardnesse, from Old English heardnes, from heard + -nes. Equivalent to hard + -ness.

(physics) The penetrating ability of electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays; generally, the shorter the wavelength, the harder and more penetrating the radiation.


JJ

Josephson junction
Josephson junction#English

(physics) Initialism of Josephson junction.


skylight

(physics) Diffuse sky radiation—solar radiation reaching the earth's surface after having been scattered from the direct solar beam by molecules or suspensoids in the atmosphere.


glove box

There's a map in the glovebox.

So I went for the shotgun in the Hilux, but could only find one rat-shot shell in the glove box.

2005, Paul Carter, Don't Tell Mum I Work on the Rigs, Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin, page 25:

(automotive) A small compartment with a door on the dashboard of a car, usually on passenger side, used to store (and sometimes lock) items.

A plastic box or similar enclosure containing a controlled environment, with rubber gloves fastened around holes in the front of the box through which a person can manipulate things in the box without introducing outside contamination; an isolator.

hansikaskaappi

plastic box with rubber gloves fastened around holes


aluminoxane

organometallic compound
organometallic compound

(organic chemistry) a class of organometallic compounds of aluminium having general formula R₂Al-O-AlR₂; they are used as catalysts in the polymerization of epoxides and oxetanes to form polyether elastomers.


doublet

From Middle English doublet, a borrowing from Old French doublet, from double, duble, doble + -et.

zeke

(historical in English) a man’s waistcoat

(quantum mechanics) A quantum state of a system with a spin of ½, such that there are two allowed values of the spin component, −½ and +½.


deposition

deposition (countable and uncountable, plural depositions)

From Middle English deposicion, from Old French deposicion (French déposition), from Latin depositio.

calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease

(physics) The transformation of a gas into a solid without an intermediate liquid phase (reverse of sublimation)

desublimation

physics: transformation of gas into solid


Vandenberg catalyst

Vandenberg catalyst (plural Vandenberg catalysts)

From Edwin J. Vandenberg, American chemist.

(organic chemistry) An aluminoxane, prepared from an alkyl-aluminium and water, used as a catalyst in the manufacture of polyether elastomers.


quadrature

quadrature (countable and uncountable, plural quadratures)

/ˈkwɑd.ɹəˌt͡ʃʊɚ/

If ν_(IN) has 50% duty-cycle, then the outputs are in quadrature.

2008, Luis B. Oliveira, Jorge R. Fernandes, Igor M. Filanovsky, Chris J. M. Verhoeven, Manuel M. Silva, Analysis and Design of Quadrature Oscillators, Springer, page 33:

The total mmf in a synchronous machine may be split up into two components—one along the pole axis or direct axis and the other at right angles to this or the quadrature axis.[…]In the case of salient pole construction, however, the reluctances of the magnetic circuits on which the mmfs act are different along the direct axis and the quadrature axis.

2011, M. V. Deshpande, Electrical Machines, PHI Learning, page 315:

Quadrature LO generation is critical to the operation of direct-downconversion receivers [7]. Two common techniques for quadrature generation are divide-by-two frequency dividers, and polyphase filters.

2015, Mohammad Elbadry, Ramesh Harjani, Quadrature Frequency Generation for Wideband Wireless Applications, Springer, page 7:

(physics) The condition in which the phase angle between two alternating quantities is 90°.

직교

physics: condition in which the phase angle is 90 degrees


gravity meter

(physics) An instrument that measures the local acceleration due to gravity (strength of the gravitational field).


excited state

(physics) any state of a particle or system of particles that has a higher energy than that of its ground state


graybody

(physics) A body that radiates energy having a blackbody distribution reduced by a constant factor.


macropinacoid

(crystallography) One of the two planes of an orthorhombic crystal which are parallel to the vertical and longer lateral (macrodiagonal) axes.


ground state

Coordinate term: excited state

(physics) The stationary state of lowest energy of a particle or system of particles.


blackbody

(physics) a theoretical body, approximated by a hole in a hollow black sphere, that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation and reflects none; it has a characteristic emission spectrum

黑體

an idealized object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation that falls on it


wave packet

(physics) a collection of waves, travelling together


radiology

magnetic resonance imaging
magnetic resonance imaging

(medicine) The specialty of medical imaging and its interpretation, originally and especially radiography but now including all imaging modalities, including ones that use no radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging).


specific heat

specific heat (countable and uncountable, plural specific heats)

specific heat capacity
specific heat capacity

(thermodynamics) An obsolete term for specific heat capacity.


gyromagnetic effect

gyromagnetic effect (plural gyromagnetic effects)

(physics) an effect that arises from the relation between the angular momentum and the magnetization of a magnetic substance


gyromagnetic ratio

gyromagnetic ratio (plural gyromagnetic ratios)

(physics) the ratio of the angular momentum to the magnetic moment in an atom etc


travelling wave

travelling wave (plural travelling waves)

(physics) A wave that is not bounded by a given space, but can propagate freely.

行波

(physics) A wave in which the vibration is in the direction of propagation; a longitudinal wave.


group velocity

group velocity (plural group velocities)

(physics) the propagation velocity of the envelope of a modulated travelling wave, which is considered as the propagation velocity of information or energy contained in it.


macroscopic

...it appears to be a small step from (1) and (2) to the identification of a sufficiently large mass with a macroscopic mass and, by analogy, to the consideration as macroscopic any system having sufficiently large quantum numbers associated with it...

2014 September 20, Gregg Jaeger, “What in the (quantum) world is macroscopic?”, in American Journal of Physics, volume 82, pages 896–905:


propagation

propagation (countable and uncountable, plural propagations)

From Middle French propagation, from Old French propagacion, from Latin propagatio.
Morphologically propagate + -ion

(physics) the act of propagating, especially the movement of a wave


insoluble

en-adj

insoluble (comparative more insoluble, superlative most insoluble)

more insoluble (comparative)
most insoluble (superlative)

From Middle English insolible, from Middle French insoluble, from Latin insolūbilis, from in- + solūbilis. Equivalent to in- + soluble. Piecewise doublet of insolvable and unsolvable.

piecewise doublet

(physical chemistry) That cannot be dissolved. For example, petroleum is largely insoluble in water.


magnetometer

/ˌmæɡnɪˈtɒmɪtə/

/ˌmæɡnɪˈtɑmɪtɚ/

(physics) An instrument used to measure the intensity and direction of a magnetic field, especially at points on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as metal detector.


spectrophotometry

(physics, analytical chemistry) the quantitative analysis of electromagnetic spectra by use of a spectrophotometer; especially in order to determine the structure or quantity of a substance

分光光度法

the quantitative analysis of eletromagnetic spectra by use of a spectrophotometer


nonet

From Italian nonetto, from nono (“ninth”).

(physics) A group of nine nuclear or subatomic particles.


levitation

en-noun

levitation (countable and uncountable, plural levitations)

/ˌlɛvɪˈteɪʃən/

From levitate + -ion, from Latin levitas (“lightness”), patterned in English on gravitate.

It was erected by the application of those universal laws and forces of nature which cause iron to float. By the same laws, gravity may be overcome or neutralized, and stone made to float in air. The Pyramid was thus built by levitation, abetted by song and chanting, much in the same manner in which the Druids of England set up their huge stones at a later period.

1972, Lytle Robinson, chapter 4, in Edgar Cayceʼs Story of the Origin and Destiny of Man, USA: Berkley Publishing Corporation, page 90:

The suspension of something via technical means without any mechanical support, such as by magnetism

levitació

technical suspension without mechanical support


fallout

fallout (countable and uncountable, plural fallouts)

It was 5 February 2010 and Safdar had already dealt with the fallout of one explosion that day: an hour before, a motorbike laden with explosives had slammed into a bus carrying Shia Muslims to a religious procession.

2017 April 6, Samira Shackle, “On the frontline with Karachi’s ambulance drivers”, in the Guardian:

The event of small airborne particles falling to the ground in significant quantities as a result of major industrial activity, volcano eruption, sandstorm, nuclear explosion, etc.

uitval

event of airborne particles falling to the ground


gyrotron

(physics) A type of microwave generator employing cyclotron resonance coupling between microwave fields and a beam of electrons.


hadronic atom

(physics) a hydrogen-like system consisting of an ordinary nucleus with a hadron in orbit.


helimagnetism

(physics) a property of some metals and of some salts of transition elements at low temperature in which the atomic magnetic moments are arranged in a helix


single-molecule magnet

single-molecule magnet (plural single-molecule magnets)

(chemistry, physics) A complex compound, typically containing clusters of transition elements, each molecule of which acts as a small magnet.


hadronic

(physics) of, related to, or composed of hadrons


Helmholtz coil

from Hermann von Helmholtz, German physicist

(physics) one of a pair of flat coils, having equal numbers of turns and equal diameters, arranged on a common axis and connected in series; used to obtain a nearly uniform magnetic field without the use of a long solenoid


Hall effect

From Edwin Herbert Hall, American physicist.

(physics) the effect in which a conductor that carries an electric current perpendicular to an applied magnetic field develops a voltage gradient transverse to both current and field

Halleffekt

development of a transverse voltage gradient


clinal

From Ancient Greek κλίνη (klínē, “bed”) + -al.

af

(physical chemistry) Describing a torsion angle between 30° and 150°


quantum dot

A quantum dot is a semiconductor crystal a few nanometres (billionths of a metre) across – about 50 atoms wide, in other words.

2011 June 18, “Dotting the eyes”, in The Economist:

There was talk that Apple would release an iMac with a quantum dot screen last year. But then the company switched course, declaring that the existing process for making these little crystals was too toxic to the environment.

2016 May 6, Joanna Klein, “How a Mysterious Bacteria Almost Gave You a Better TV”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(nanotechnology) A fluorescent nanoparticle of semiconducting material.


uranium nitride

en-noun

uranium nitride (plural uranium nitrides)

(chemistry) an insoluble binary compound or uranium and nitrogen, (UN)ₙ, used as fuel rods in nuclear reactors


occlusion

occlusion (countable and uncountable, plural occlusions)

Borrowed from Late Latin occlūsiō, occlūsiōnis (“occluding, obstruction”), from the Classical Latin occlūdō (“I shut up or close up; I restrain”), from ob + claudō (“I shut or close”).

der

(physics) The absorption of a gas or liquid by a substance such as a metal.


chromo-

From Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”).

quantum chromodynamics
quantum chromodynamics

(physics, quantum chromodynamics) color; property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics


static equilibrium

en-noun

static equilibrium (plural static equilibriums or static equilibria)

static equilibriums (plural)
static equilibria (plural)

mechanical equilibrium
mechanical equilibrium

(physics) Any system in which the sum of the forces, and torque, on each particle of the system is zero; mechanical equilibrium.


free space

free space (countable and uncountable, plural free spaces)

(physics) vacuum; a space free of matter.


homogeneous catalysis

homogeneous catalysis (plural homogeneous catalyses)

(chemistry) Catalysis in which the catalyst is present in the same phase as the reactants; normally dissolved in the same solvent.

catalyse homogène

catalysis in which the catalyst is present in the same phase as the reactants


Newtonian mechanics

(mechanics) Early classical mechanics as propounded by Isaac Newton, especially that based on his laws of motion and theory of gravity.


hidden variable

hidden variable (plural hidden variables)

(physics) Any parameter that would supplement quantum mechanics so as to make it like classical mechanics; local hidden variables have been proved to be inconsistent with quantum mechanics.


holography

holography (usually uncountable, plural holographies)

(physics) a technique for recording, and then reconstructing, the amplitude and phase distributions of a coherent wave disturbance; used to produce three-dimensional images or holograms


classical mechanics

(physics) All of the physical laws of nature that account for the behaviour of the normal world, but break down when dealing with the very small (see quantum mechanics) or the very fast or very heavy (see relativity).


protostar

/ˈpɹəʊtə(ʊ)stɑː/

-əʊtəʊstɑː(ɹ)

-əʊtəstɑː(ɹ)

From proto- + star. Compare later protostellar.

(astronomy) A collection of gas and dust in space with high temperature that usually grows to the point of beginning nuclear fusion and becoming a star.


Newtonian

en-adj

Newtonian (comparative more Newtonian, superlative most Newtonian)

more Newtonian (comparative)
most Newtonian (superlative)

(fluid mechanics, of a fluid) Obeying Newton's law of viscosity; i.e. having a constant viscosity.

(physics) Of or relating to classical physics that does not take relativity into account.


time-of-flight mass spectrometry

en-noun

time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uncountable)

(physics, chemistry) a technique of separating ions of different masses by measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance through a magnetic field


mass spectrometry

mass spectrometry (countable and uncountable, plural mass spectrometries)

(physics, analytical chemistry) An analytical technique that measures the mass / charge ratio of the ions formed when a molecule or atom is ionized, vaporized and introduced into a vacuum. Mass spectrometry may also involve breaking molecules into fragments - thus enabling its structure to be determined.


primordial

From the Latin prīmōrdiālis (“of the beginning”). Compare primordium and -al.

Of an element or isotope: occurring primordially (on Earth) (i.e. inherited from when the Earth was formed); because it is stable, or radioactive but so long-lived that some is left over from when the Earth was formed. For example, primordial radioisotopes (T = half-life in years) include uranium-235 (T = 7×10⁸), potassium-40 (T = 1.25×10⁹), uranium-238 (T = 4.5×10⁹), and thorium-232 (T = 1.4×10¹⁰).


spectrometry

spectrometry (countable and uncountable, plural spectrometries)

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation

(physics, analytical chemistry) The measurement of the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation, especially any of several techniques used to analyze the structure of molecules; the measurement of spectra of things other than radiation, such as the masses of molecules and their breakdown products


time warp

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-time warp.wav

But as the reports on the Bild investigation suggest, the company’s workplace culture may be stuck in a time warp.

2021 October 17, Ben Smith, “At Axel Springer, Politico’s New Owner, Allegations of Sex, Lies and a Secret Payment”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(science fiction) A hypothetical discontinuity in the flow of time that would uncausally move events from one time period to another.

(video games) Acceleration of in-game time relative to real-world time.


time warp

en-verb

time warp (third-person singular simple present time warps, present participle time warping, simple past and past participle time warped)

time warps (present singular third-person)
time warping (participle present)
time warped (participle past)
time warped (past)

(science fiction, transitive, intransitive) To travel through time in such a manner.

(intransitive) To perform the time warp dance.


hypercharge

en-noun

hypercharge (countable and uncountable, plural hypercharges)

hyperonic charge
hyperonic charge#English

(physics) Short for hyperonic charge: a quantum characteristic of a group of subatomic particles governed by the strong force that is related to strangeness and is represented by a number equal to twice the average value of the electric charge of the group.


decelerate

en-verb

decelerate (third-person singular simple present decelerates, present participle decelerating, simple past and past participle decelerated)

decelerates (present singular third-person)
decelerating (participle present)
decelerated (participle past)
decelerated (past)

In May, for example, the Illinois Central RR. introduced the long-expected streamline version of the Panama Limited, with diesel haulage, cutting the time over the 921 miles between Chicago and New Orleans by 2hr. to 18hr. each way—the fastest on record—but decelerated other trains over the same route.

1942 November and December, “Notes and News: The War and American Train Services”, in Railway Magazine, page 369:

(transitive) To reduce the velocity of something.


Snell's law

For Willebrord van Roijen Snell, Dutch mathematician.

(optics) the law that, for a ray incident on the interface of two media, the sine of the angle of incidence times the index of the refraction of the first medium is equal to the sine of the angle of refraction times the index of refraction of the second medium


angle of incidence

en-noun

angle of incidence (plural angles of incidence)

(optics, physics) The angle that a straight line, ray of light, etc., meeting a surface, makes with a normal to the surface at the point of meeting.

tulokulma

angle that a straight line makes with the normal of a surface


diabatic

(physics, thermodynamics, of a process) That involves the gain or loss of heat (and thus a change in entropy).


diffraction grating

diffraction grating (plural diffraction gratings)

(physics) a surface having many closely spaced lines or slits; used to produce optical spectra by mutual interference


SSO

SSO (countable and uncountable, plural SSOs)

sun-synchronous orbit
sun-synchronous orbit#English


across variable

across variable (plural across variables)

(physics) A variable whose value is determined by measuring a difference of the values at two extreme points of an element; thus voltage is a difference in two levels of potential.


Bragg scattering

Bragg scattering (usually uncountable, plural Bragg scatterings)

Named after William Lawrence Bragg and his father William Henry Bragg, who proposed the idea in 1913.

(physics) the diffraction phenomenon exhibited by a crystal bombarded with X-rays in such a way that each plane of the crystal lattice acts as a reflector.


Bragg's law

Bragg diffraction was first proposed by Lawrence Bragg and his father William Henry Bragg in 1913.

(physics) A law that equates the angle (θ) between the incident and scattered ray to the spacing (d) between the crystal planes and the wavelength (λ) of the radiation - nλ=2d sin (θ),


accelerating force

accelerating force (plural accelerating forces)

The force which causes accelerated motion.


accelerated motion

accelerated motion (countable and uncountable, plural accelerated motions)

(mechanics) Motion with a continually increasing velocity.

kiihtyvä liike

motion with a continually increasing velocity


DM

DM (countable and uncountable, plural DMs)

(physics, astronomy) Abbreviation of dark matter.


crop circle

An area in a field of crops where the stalks have been flattened into a circle or other geometric shape, performed as a prank or sometimes ascribed to UFO activity etc.


redshift

redshift (countable and uncountable, plural redshifts)

(physics) A change in the wavelength of light, in which the wavelength is longer than when it was emitted at the source.


faraday

From Michael Faraday, English chemist and physicist.

gram equivalent weight
gram equivalent weight

(chemistry, physics) The quantity of electricity required to deposit or liberate 1 gram equivalent weight of a substance during electrolysis; approximately −96,487 coulombs.


twinning

(crystallography) the formation of twin crystals


crystal twinning

(crystallography) The intergrowth of two twin crystals.


electrical engineering

The branch of engineering that deals with the technology of electricity, especially the design and application of circuitry and equipment for power generation and distribution, machine control, and communications.


twin crystal

(crystallography) either of two separate crystals that share crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner and intergrow


microstate

microstate
microstate (statistical mechanics)

However, the number of microstates in which the excess of molecules in one bulb over the number in the other bulb is sufficient to permit the measurement of a pressure difference is a quite discountably small fraction of the total number of microstates.

1989, H. E. Avery, D. John Shaw, Physical Chemistry, page 33:

(physics) The specific detailed microscopic configuration of a system.


elastic limit

(physics) The level of stress at which a solid undergoes a greater change in strain than predicted by Hooke's law; often followed by necking and breaking.

彈性極限

stress at which a solid undergoes change


modulus of elasticity

modulus of elasticity (plural moduli of elasticity)

rugalmassági modulus

measure of resistance to being deformed elastically when a stress is applied

(physics) A quantity that measures an object or substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e. non-permanently) when a stress is applied to it, defined as the ratio of stress to strain.

(if the stress and deformation are along an axis) Young's modulus


Hooke's law

From the name of Robert Hooke, English physicist.

(physics) the principle that the stress applied to a solid is directly proportional to the strain produced. This law describes the behavior of springs and solids stressed within their elastic limit.

胡克定律

principle that stress applied to a solid is proportional to strain produced


Young's modulus

(physics) The coefficient of elasticity of a solid; the rate of change of stress with strain.


Huygens' principle

From Christiaan Huygens, Dutch physicist.

(physics) The assumption that each point on a wavefront may be regarded as a source of secondary waves and that the position of the wavefront at a later time is determined by the envelope of these secondary waves; proposed in order to explain the fact that light travels in a straight line and casts sharp shadows.


harmonic

From Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós), from ἁρμονία (harmonía, “harmony”).

(physics) A component frequency of the signal of a wave that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.

хармонична

a component frequency of the signal of a wave — see also overtone


flyweight

(mechanics) A weight that moves outward depending on centrifugal force.

keskipakopaino

mechanics: weight that moves outward with centrifugal force


deliquesce

en-verb

deliquesce (third-person singular simple present deliquesces, present participle deliquescing, simple past and past participle deliquesced)

deliquesces (present singular third-person)
deliquescing (participle present)
deliquesced (participle past)
deliquesced (past)

From Latin deliquescere, from de- + liquēscere (“to liquefy”).

(intransitive, physical chemistry) To become liquid by absorbing water from the atmosphere and dissolving in it.


conduction

en-noun

conduction (countable and uncountable, plural conductions)

Borrowed from Latin conductio, conductionem (“a bringing together”); equivalent to conduct + -ion.

bor

(physics) The conveying of heat or electricity through material.


quantum onion

a quantum well incorporated in a quantum dot


potential well

(physics) the region surrounding a local minimum of potential energy, especially if the potential has a constant value in an interval and a higher (finite or infinite) value outside of it


Hubble constant

After Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer

(astronomy) A number that expresses the rate of expansion of the universe; the velocity at which a distant object is receding from the Earth divided by its distance; its reciprocal determines the age of the universe.


low tide

en-noun

low tide (countable and uncountable, plural low tides)

The time of day when the sea has receded to its lowest level.

laagtij

the time of day when the sea has receded to its lowest level


quantum well

(quantum mechanics) a potential well that confines particles in one dimension, forcing them to occupy a planar region


hot spot

пизэке

place notable for a high level of activity or danger

A location which has a higher temperature or amount of radiation than surrounding areas.

(nuclear physics) An area of high radioactive contamination.

(optics) Synonym of heiligenschein (“an optical phenomenon which creates a bright spot around the shadow of the viewer's head, when the surface on which the shadow falls has special optical characteristics”)


ufologist

But fear of abduction never stopped a good ufologist.

2010, Monte Dwyer, Red in the Centre: Through a Crooked Lens, Monyer Pty Ltd, page 122:


MSP

MSP (countable and uncountable, plural MSPs)

(spectroscopy) Initialism of microspectrophotometry.


ufology

ufology (countable and uncountable, plural ufologies)

/ˌjuːɛfˈɑləd͡ʒi/

I'm an expert in my field
Ufology, yes, it's all real
Ancient aliens, it's all true
I'm an expert just like you

2016, Neil Cicierega (lyrics and music), “Touch-Tone Telephone”, in Spirit Phone, performed by Lemon Demon:


thoric

(inorganic chemistry) relating to, or containing thorium


high tide

high tide (countable and uncountable, plural high tides)

The natural tide at its highest level for a particular tidal cycle at a certain place.

The time of day when the sea has risen to its highest level.

doba f přílivu

the time of day when the sea has risen to its highest level

(figuratively) A climax, culminating point or phase.


hydronium

The case of hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) is an example of this. In the gase^([sic]) phase, hydronium is a weak acid. The data in Table 3.10 indicates that bare hydronium ions have a higher electron affinity than most metal surfaces, so a bare hydronium ion should be neutralized when it absorbs on a bare metal surface. However, a hydrated hydronium ion is a stronger acid.

1996, Richard I. Masel, Principles of Adsorption and Reaction on Solid Surfaces, Wiley, page 148:

Acids are compounds that produce hydronium ions when mixed with water.[…]The hydronium ion is a very special ion because it is the defining particle of all acids.

2006, Johanna Holm, Forgotten Chemistry: A Refresher Course, Barron's Educational Series, page 160:

Hydronium is not a way of stabilizing an acid, because the structure itself is so quickly transient that it can be considered as not existing.

2016, Philippe Deprez, Textbook of Chemical Peels: Superficial, Medium, and Deep Peels in Cosmetic Practice, 2nd edition, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 48:

There is experimental evidence for the formation of coordination groups of hydroniums with several water molecules by hydrogen bridges.

2016, Andrés G. Muñoz, Photoelectrochemical Solar Conversion Systems: Molecular and Electronic Aspects, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 206:

(inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry) The hydrated hydrogen ion, H₃O⁺.


hydrodynamics

(physics) The scientific study of fluids in motion.


eccentricity

eccentricity (countable and uncountable, plural eccentricities)

excentricitat

a ratio between distances in a conic section

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness, the consciousness dawning upon him that his eccentricity was not receiving the ovation it merited.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

The quality of being eccentric or odd; any eccentric behaviour.


hole state

electrical conduction
electrical conduction

(physics) a vacant electron energy state near the top of the energy band of a solid; the movement of electrons between such states is the basis of electrical conduction


tyrosinase

tyrosinase (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosinases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to catechol oxidase, that catalyzes the production of phenolic pigments such as melanin.


nacelle

PIE word
 *néh₂us
Borrowed from French nacelle (“rowing boat, skiff; gondola (of a hot-air balloon, etc.); structure on an aircraft to house an engine”), Middle French nacelle (“rowing boat, skiff”), from Old French nacele, from Late Latin naucella, nāvicella (“small boat or ship”), from Latin nāvis (“a ship”) (from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“a boat”)) + -ella (diminutive suffix).
cognates
* Anglo-Norman naucele, naucle (“small boat”)
* Late Latin nacella (“small boat”)

bor

(electrical engineering) The part between the rotor and tower of a wind turbine.

electrical engineering
electrical engineering


ideal gas law

PV=nRT
Pv=R_sT
P=ρR_sT
depending on discipline and context

(physics) the equation of state of an ideal gas


allomorphism

en-noun

allomorphism (usually uncountable, plural allomorphisms)

(chemistry) The property of a compound which has more than one crystalline form or allomorph.


NGB

Nambu-Goldstone boson
Nambu-Goldstone boson#English

(physics) Initialism of Nambu-Goldstone boson.


root mean square velocity

(physics) The root mean square of the velocities of all the molecules in a volume of gas; directly proportional to its temperature in the case of an ideal gas.

均方根速度

root mean square of the velocities of all molecules in a volume of gas


delta connection

delta connection (plural delta connections)

(electricity) A type of three-phase connection.


hyperon

The known hyperons and their properties are listed in Table I of the companion lectures on Strange Particles. Most of these hyperons have lifetimes of the order of 10⁻¹⁰ sec, with the exception of the Σ⁰-hyperon whose electromagnetic decay has an exceedingly short lifetime.

1965, Richard Henry Dalitz, Nuclear Interactions of the Hyperons, page 1:

What is particularly noticeable is the steep rise in hyperon populations as the limiting mass is approached.

2000, Norman K. Glendenning, Compact Stars: Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics, and General Relativity, page 264:

The properties of the Λ⁰ hyperon and of the Κ⁰ were more precisely determined. The charged counterparts of the neutral Κ particle were also found as well as the charged Σ hyperons and their neutral counterpart.

2001, M.K. Sundaresan, Handbook of Particle Physics, page 21:

(physics) Any baryon (a three-quark particle) with a non-zero strangeness (i.e., whose composition includes one or more strange or anti-strange quarks).


nutation

nutation (countable and uncountable, plural nutations)

1610s, from Latin nūtātiō (“nodding”), from nūtō (“I nod”). Compare mutation.

(physics) A bobbing motion that accompanies the precession of a spinning rigid body.


ZETA

(physics) Acronym of zero-energy thermonuclear assembly/apparatus (a torus-shaped reactor used in the mid-20th century to carry out experiments in plasma physics and temperature-controlled thermonuclear reactions)


ideal gas

(physics) a hypothetical gas, whose molecules exhibit no interaction, and undergo elastic collision with each other and with the walls of the container


elasticity

elasticity (countable and uncountable, plural elasticities)

(physics) The property by virtue of which a material deformed under load can regain its original dimensions when unloaded

առաձգականություն

physics: property by which a material can regain its original dimensions


superstrate

(physics) The sudden increase in the electrical conductivity of some metals as their temperature falls to near absolute zero.


catalytic

en-adj

catalytic (comparative more catalytic, superlative most catalytic)

more catalytic (comparative)
most catalytic (superlative)

(chemistry) Of or relating to a catalyst; having properties facilitating chemical reaction or change.


retardance

en-noun

retardance (countable and uncountable, plural retardances)

(physics) The difference in phase shift between two characteristic polarizations of light upon reflection from an interface. Retardance can be reported in the Abelès or Mueller conventions. The retardance phase shift angle is often specified in degrees.


aerosolization

aerosolization (countable and uncountable, plural aerosolizations)

The creation of an aerosol; the creation of a fine mist or many small droplets.


hydrostatics

1774, Dr Samuel Johnson, Preface to the Works of the English Poets, J. Nichols, Volume II, Page 30,
"to estimate his skill in hydrostatistics or astronomy; ..."

(physics) The scientific study of fluids at rest, especially when under pressure.


hyperfine structure

hyperfine structure (plural hyperfine structures)

(physics) a closely spaced structure of lines in the spectrum of an atom or molecule due to nuclear isotopic effects and/or to nuclear spin