Kituba

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

A creole language based on Kikongo, spoken in the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo


Kimbundu

A Bantu language, the second-most-widely-spoken Bantu language in Angola.


Ardhamagadhi Prakrit

A Middle Indo-Aryan language and a Dramatic Prakrit thought to have been spoken in modern-day Uttar Pradesh and used in some early Buddhist and Jain drama.


Dramatic Prakrit

Those standard forms of Prakrit dialects that were used in dramas and other literature of medieval India.


Mänti

constructed language
constructed language

A constructed language created by Daniel Tammet.


Heiltsuk

An indigenous people of the Central Coast region in British Columbia, centred on the island community of Bella Bella.


Heiltsuk

Their language, a dialect of North Wakashan (Kwakiutlan).


Kannauji

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kannauj region of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, closely related to Hindustani.


Katawixi

A Katukinan language formerly spoken in Amazonas, Brazil.


Kiwai

A Papuan language of southern Papua New Guinea.


Konomihu

An extinct Shastan language formerly spoken in northern California.


Seediq

The Austronesian language spoken by the Seediq people.


Middle Bengali

Literary Bengali of prose, during the greater part of the 19th century, was thus a doubly artificial language; and, with its forms belonging to Middle Bengali, and its vocabulary highly Sanskritised, it could only be compared to a ‘Modern English’ with a Chaucerian grammar and a super-Johnsonian vocabulary, if such a thing could be conceived.

1926, Suniti Kumar Chatterji, The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, Calcutta University Press, page 134:

The ancestor of New Bengali, spoken from 1200 CE to 1800, that developed from Old Bengali.


New Bengali

The contemporary Bengali language that developed from Middle Bengali, spoken since 1800.


Kayin

A member of a number of Karenic ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar (Burma).

A state (administrative division) of Myanmar.


Lahuli

A Tibetic language spoken in the Lahaul and Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh, India.


Yogad

An Austronesian language spoken in the northern Philippines.


Arandic

The total number of Arandic speakers is around 2000, and the Western Aranda dialect accounts for at least half of these.

1982, Colin Yallop, Australian Aboriginal Languages, page 50:

Of or relating to the various languages and dialects of the Aranda (Arrernte) family or group.


Proto-Munda

The reconstructed proto-language that is the ancestor of the Munda languages.


Minaean

Probably with a random vocalization, omitting the voiced pharyngeal fricative in the middle, from occurrence in Old South Arabian inscriptions (endonym 𐩣𐩲𐩬 (mʿn)), + -ean.

Epigraphic South Arabian
Epigraphic South Arabian

An extinct Semitic language of the Epigraphic South Arabian ones spoken in Arabia.


Gunwinygu

A Gunwinyguan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Gunbalanya in the Northern Territory; widely used as a lingua franca in northwestern Arnhem Land.


Burarra

A Burarran Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken at Maningrida on the north coast of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Nunggubuyu

A Nunggubuyuan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Numbulwar in east Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Anindilyakwa

An Anindilyakwan Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory.


Murinypata

A Murinypatan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken in Port Keats in the Northern Territory.


Kitja

A Djeragan Australian Aboriginal language spoken at Halls Creek in Western Australia.


Bardi

A Nyulnyulan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Derby and Broome, Western Australia.


Western Desert language

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language (or group of languages) spoken in central Australia, including Pitjantjatjara and Pintupi.


Nyangumarda

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in and around La Grange and Port Hedland in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.


Kuuk-Thaayorre

A Pama-Maric Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Edward River region of north Queensland.


Gugu-Yalanji

A Pama-Maric Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Bloomfield River region of northeast Queensland.


Mabuyag

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the western Torres Strait Islands.


Yuulngu-Dhuwal

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken at Milingimbi in the Northern Territory.


Yuulngu-Dhuwala

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Milingimbi and Yirrkala in the Northern Territory.


Yuulngu-Dhiyakuy

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Ngukurr in the Northern Territory.


Yuulngu-Dhangu

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Elcho Island off the north coast of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


non-Pama-Nyungan

(linguistics) Of an Australian Aboriginal language or language family, not of the extensive Pama-Nyungan family.


Iwaidja

An Iwaidjan Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Croker Island off the north coast of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Gunabidji

A non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken at Maningrida and the Goulburn Islands on the north coast of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Nakara

A non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken at Maningrida on the north coast of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Gunbalang

A Gunwinyguan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Gunbalanya and Maningrida in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Ngalkbun

A Gunwinyguan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Gunbalanya in west Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Dalabon

An alternative name for Ngalkbun (a Gunwinyguan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Gunbalanya in west Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory).


Rembarunga

A Gunwinyguan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Ngukurr and Maningrida in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Ngandi

A Gunwinyguan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Rose River area of east Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Alawa

A Maran Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken in southeastern Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Alawa

Alagwa, a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania.


Roper River Creole

An alternative name for Kriol (spoken by Australian Aborigines in Arnhem Land).


Mangarai

A Mangaraian Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken at Mataranka and Elsey in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Yanyuwa

A Yanyulan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken in the Northern Territory to the south of Arnhem Land.


Kakadju

A Kakadjuan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken in western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.


Sydney language

The Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken in the Sydney region, comprising both Dharuk and Eora.


Sepa

An Oceanic language of northeast New Guinea.


Larrakia

A non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language formerly spoken by the Larrakia.


Ngankikurungkurr

A non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken at Daly River in the north of the Northern Territory.


Ngengomeri

An alternative name for Ngankikurungkurr (a non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken in Daly River in the north of the Northern Territory).


Maringarr

Australian Aboriginal
Australian Aboriginal

(linguistics) A non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken along the Daly River in the north of the Northern Territory.


Maridjabin

A dialect of Brinken, a non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken at Daly River in the north of the Northern Territory.


Djamindjung

A Djamindjungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in northern Australia.


Ngaliwuru

A Djamindjungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Victoria River area of northern Australia.


Nungali

A Djamindjungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Fitzroy River and Kununurra area of northern Australia.


Bunaba

A Bunaban Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken at Fitzroy Crossing in the north of Western Australia.


Ngarinyin

A Wororan Australian Aboriginal prefixing language spoken in the Derby region of Western Australia.


Nyulnyul

An extinct Nyulnyulan Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.


Djingili

A non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Newcastle Waters and Elliott region of northern Australia.


Wambaya

A non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Barkly Tableland region of northern Australia.


Watjari

A prominent dialect of Nyunga, used as a lingua franca in the Mount Magnet and Geraldton regions of Western Australia.


Western Desert

Western Desert language
Western Desert language


Wanman

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Marble Bar region of Western Australia; closely related to the Western Desert language.


Ngarluma

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken at Roebourne in the Pilbara region of Western Australia; closely related to Yindjibarndi.


Mudbura

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Newcastle Waters and Elliott region of the Northern Territory.


Ngarinman

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Wave Hill and Victoria River regions of the Northern Territory.


Alyawarra

An Arandic Australian Aboriginal suffixing language originally from northeast of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory.


Waramanga

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Barkly Tableland region of the Northern Territory.


Wakaya

An extinct Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language formerly spoken in the Barkly Tableland region of the Northern Territory.


Warluwara

An extinct Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language formerly spoken in southwestern Queensland.


Kalkatungu

An extinct Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language formerly spoken in the Mount Isa region of Queensland.


Arabana

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Lake Eyre region of South Australia.


Narinjari

/ŋəˈrɪndʒəriː/


Narrinyeri

/ŋəˈrɪndʒəriː/


Tharawal

The extinct Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language, within the Yuin-Kuric group, formerly spoken in the coastal region south of Sydney, New South Wales.


Australian Pidgin English

Port Jackson Pidgin English
Port Jackson Pidgin English

A pidgin formerly used between Australian Aboriginal peoples and non-Aboriginal settlers in Australia, beginning with Port Jackson Pidgin English and developing into Australian Kriol.


Port Jackson Pidgin English

Australian Pidgin English
Australian Pidgin English

A former pidgin used between Australian Aboriginal peoples and non-Aboriginal settlers in the Sydney area in the early days of the British settlement of Australia; later developing into the more widespread Australian Pidgin English.


Australian Kriol

A creole language widely spoken by Australian Aborigines in Arnhem Land; originating in a creolisation of Australian Pidgin English.


Kunjen

A Pama-Maric Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Mitchell River region of Queensland.


Kuku-Ya'u

A Pama-Maric Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken in the Lockhart River region of Queensland.


Lamalama

/ˈlʌməˌlʌmə/

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in eastern Cape York Peninsula, Queensland.


Martu Wangka

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in central Australia; formed from the intermingling of dialects of the Western Desert language group in the region of Jigalong, Western Australia.


Kartutjara

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language; one of the principle components of Martu Wangka, part of the Western Desert language group.


Wangkatjunga

An alternate name for Martu Wangka (a Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in central Australia; formed from the intermingling of dialects of the Western Desert language group in the region of Jigalong, Western Australia).


Yulparirra

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in central Australia; usually considered a dialect of the Western Desert language group.


Pintubi

(obsolescent) Alternative spelling of Pintupi


Kukatja

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Port Augusta area of South Australia; a major dialect of the Western Desert language group.


Luritja

A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language of the Luritja; part of the Western Desert language group.


Yaralde

The Australian Aboriginal suffixing language Ngarrindjeri, or a dialect of it.


Kayapo

An indigenous people of Brazil, inhabiting a vast area spreading across the states of Pará and Mato Grosso, south of the Amazon River and along Xingu River and its tributaries.


Carijona

Borrowed from Spanish Carijona, itself borrowed from Carijona karihona (“Carijona-speaker, person”), from Proto-Cariban *karipona (“person”). Doublet of Carib, cannibal, caribe, Garifuna, and Kari'na.


Lotuko

The Eastern Nilotic language of these people.


Maipure

A language once spoken along the Ventuari, Sipapo, and Autana rivers of Amazonas and, as a lingua franca, in the Upper Orinoco region. It became extinct around the end of the 18th century.


Urak Lawoi'

A language of southern Thailand, belonging to the Malayic group of Austronesian languages.


clanspeak

Carl understood clanspeak, of course, but only someone with two independent sets of vocal chords could speak it fluently.

2010, Edward M. Lerner, InterstellarNet: New Order:

He spoke the grymjek, the clanspeak, better than Anna's own father.

National Geographic: The hidden world of whale culture https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/the-hidden-world-of-whale-culture-feature
CLANSPEAK
Members of a sperm whale family near the Caribbean island of Dominica are part of a clan that's culturally distinct from others. Each clan communicates in its own dialect of click patterns, like Morse code.

(rare, chiefly fantasy) The language or dialect of a certain clan.


Erromintxela

The distinctive language of a group of Romani living in the Basque Country.


Eteocretan

A pre-Greek language attested in a few alphabetic inscriptions of ancient Crete.


Viossa

en-adj

Viossa (not generally comparable, comparative more Viossa, superlative most Viossa)

more Viossa (comparative)
most Viossa (superlative)

From Viossa viossa, from vi ("we") + glossa ("language").
Note: Discussing etymologies of Viossa words using languages other than Viossa is discouraged by the community, due to the practice of immersion-focused learning.

Of or pertaining to the Viossa language.


Gahrwali

The Indo-Aryan language of these people.


Buduma

The Chadic language spoken by these people.


Bundeli

Borrowed from Bundeli बुन्देली (bundelī).

bor+

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bundelkhand region of central India.


Cowlitz

An indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest.


Cowlitz

A language of the Tsamosan branch of the Coast Salish family of Salishan languages.


Kunza

An extinct language isolate once spoken in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile and southern Peru by the Atacama people.


Witoto

Ultimately from Proto-Cariban *wɨtoto (“person”), originally applied to the people in question by Cariban-speakers as an exonym.

An indigenous American language or language family spoken in Colombia and Peru.


Jemez

A Tanoan language spoken by the Jemez people.


Jur

A language spoken by the Luwo people of the Bahr el Ghazal region in South Sudan.


Japhug

A Gyalrong language spoken in Barkam County, Rngaba, Sichuan, China.


Chepang

The Sino-Tibetan language spoken by this ethnic group


Fordata

An Austronesian language spoken in the Tanimbar Islands of the Moluccas, closely related to Kei.


Waikuri

An extinct language of southern Baja California spoken by the Waikuri or Guaycura people.


Logooli

A Bantu language of Kenya and Tanzania, spoken by the Maragoli.


Urbian

A conjectured Old European substrate language.


Chipaya

A South American language of the Uru–Chipaya language family.


Khaldian

From Khaldi (“the chief deity of Urartu”) + -an.


Haldian

Alternative form of Khaldian (“language”)


Pancana

An Austronesian language of Buton Island, off the southeast coast of Sulawesi in Indonesia.


Hindish

Blend of Hindi + English. More commonly known as Hinglish.

A crossover of Hindi and English language.


Jadgali

An Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Jadgal, an ethnolinguistic group of Pakistan and Iran.


Iranun

A language spoken in Mindanao of the southern Philippines and western Sabah in Malaysia.


Nobiin

A Nubian language spoken in Egypt and Sudan


Shipibo

A Panoan language spoken in Peru and Brazil.


Standard Bengali

The current standard and literary variety of Bengali used in writing and in formal speech since the 19th century.

Sadhu Bhasha, the standard and literary variety of Bengali formerly used in writing and in formal speech.


Sylheti Bengali

The variety of Standard Bengali spoken with a Sylheti accent, influenced by the phonological features of the Sylheti, in the eastern part of Bangladesh's Sylhet Division and the Barak Valley of the Indian state of Assam.


Chittagonian Bengali

चाटगामी बांग्ला

cāṭgāmī bāṅglā


gender star

Current attempts to shorten the space devoted to accepted forms of differentiation have included the introduction of an uppercase "I" sandwiched in compound nouns addressing both males and females at once. An asterisk, known as the "gender star" has also been added to include citizens who do not consider themselves either

[2019 January 22, Jon Shelton, “City of Hanover overhauls gender language usage in official texts”, in Deutsche Welle:

For now, at least, they decided not to adopt more radical changes, such as the so-called gender star, which places an asterisk before the feminine word-ending to include females, males, and the non-binary: Schüler*innen, for example.

[2021 June 21, Nette Nöstlinger, “German news gets gender-neutral makeover”, in Politico:

An asterisk used to separate gendered inflections in the German language to make words gender-neutral.


Igala

A sub-Saharan language belonging to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family, which is closely related to Yoruba.


Warrgamay

An extinct Pama-Nyungan language once spoken in northeast Queensland


Dhurga

An endangered Pama-Nyungan language spoken in New South Wales


Proto-Salish

The reconstructed ancestor of the Salish languages.


Tidore

A West Papuan language spoken in Indonesia.


Kambera

A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in the eastern part of the island Sumba, Indonesia.


Bahnar

The Bahnaric language spoken by this people.


Washoe

From English Wa She Shu, from Washo Wá꞉šiw ʔítlu (“Wašišiw”) Literally, “people from here”.


Old Punjabi

The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.

2000, Gopal Haldar, Languages of India, →ISBN, page 149:

As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).

2013, Tej Bhatia, Punjabi, →ISBN, page XXV, →ISBN:

The Adi Granth is written in Old Punjabi language.

2021, Zhanna Chalabayeva, Red Indian Sun, →ISBN:

An early New Indo-Aryan language, ancestor of modern Punjabi, spoken from c. 1000–1600 CE which is found in certain hymns of the Guru Granth Sahib and poems of Fariduddin Ganjshakar.


Old Malay

(linguistics) The oldest attested form of Malay language.

(linguistics) The ancestor of Malay language (all form and dialects), spoken in Sumatra from about 1,000 BCE.

(nonstandard, colloquial, proscribed) Archaic Malay speech or writing, or an imitation of this: "old" Malay.


Sirenik

Transliteration of Sirenik Сиӷы́ных (Siǧýnyh), from сиӷы́ных (siǧýnyh, “horn”), from Proto-Eskimo *ciʀunǝʀ.

transliteration

(linguistics) An extinct Eskimo-Aleut language that was spoken on the Chukotka Peninsula of Russia.


Itonama

A moribund language isolate spoken by these people.


Ibanag

The Austronesian language of these people.


Vilela

An extinct Lule-Vilela language, indigenous to northwestern Argentina.


Noakhailla

A transliteration of Bengali নোয়াখাইল্লা (noakhailla), a dialectal variant of নোয়াখালীয়া (nōẇakhaliẏa), from নোয়াখালী (nōẇakhali) + -ইয়া (-iẏa).

der

নোয়াখাইল্লা

com

নোয়াখালী (nōẇakhali) + -ইয়া (-iẏa)

A dialect of Bengali (or an independent language akin to it) spoken in the Greater Noakhali region of south-eastern Bangladesh and some parts of the Indian state of Tripura. The speakers of the Noakhailla language also identify themselves as Noakhailla.


katakanization

The writing of a non-Japanese word in katakana


Hadramitic

An extinct Old South Arabian language once spoken in Hadhramaut


Shehri

Modern South Arabian
Modern South Arabian

A Modern South Arabian language spoken in southern Oman


Latinxua

From the Latinxua romanization Latinxua of Mandarin 拉丁化 (lādīnghuà, literally “Latinization”), the first part of 拉丁化新文字 (lādīnghuà xīn wénzì, literally “Latinized New Script”).

zh-m

A group of methods of Chinese romanization that uses a set of 28 characters and does not include tone markers.


National Romanization

A loose calque from Chinese 國語羅馬字／国语罗马字 (Guóyǔ Luómǎzì, literally “romanization of the national language”).


Pichinglis

An Atlantic English-lexicon creole language spoken on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea; an offshoot of the Krio language of Sierra Leone.


Kunigami

A Ryukyuan language spoken in northern Okinawa


Clackamas

from ɬak'amas, the Chinookan name for the people of the Clackamas River region, "g-i-ɬá-q'imaš" or "g-it-ɬá-q'imaš"

An extinct Chinookan language spoken by the Clackamas.


Omagua

A Tupí-Guaraní language closely related to Cocama.


Higaonon

(linguistics) A Manobo language spoken on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines.


Äiwoo

An Austronesian language spoken in the Solomon Islands.


Sarikoli

Iranian languages are at present spoken across a wide belt of territory stretching from eastern Turkey (Kurdish) to the Sinkiang province of China (Sarikoli) and the shores of the Arabian Sea in western Pakistan (Beludzh).

1981, Bernard Comrie, The Languages of the Soviet Union, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 158:

An Eastern Iranian language spoken by the Tajiks of China.


Thakali

The Sino-Tibetan language of these people.


Kubachi

A language spoken in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia.


Uneapa

Borrowed from Uneapa Uniapa with contamination from Muduapa Unea, from earlier *Uneap or *Uniap.

An Oceanic language spoken on the island of Bali, Papua New Guinea.


Aiki

A Maban language that originates from Chad, theorized to be derived from Nilo-Saharan.


Warekena

An Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River.


ROILA

Robot Interaction Language
w:Robot Interaction Language

Abbreviation of Robot Interaction Language (“a spoken artificial language designed to allow talking to robots efficiently”).


Adjuvilo

international auxiliary language
international auxiliary language

An international auxiliary language created by Claudius Colas in 1910, from a mix of Esperanto and Ido.


Ubi

An Afro-Asiatic language spoken in central Chad.


Old Czech

A historical form of the Czech language, spoken between the 12th and 15th centuries.


Gaagudju

An Australian Aboriginal people of the Northern Territory.


Bugis

From Malay Bugis, from Makasar ᨅᨘᨁᨗᨔᨗ (Bugisi'), probably from Proto-South Sulawesi **Bugis or Buginese ᨓᨘᨁᨗ (Wugi'), ᨕᨘᨁᨗ (Ugi'), ᨕᨚᨁᨗ (Ogi') (a self-designation). Cognate with Mandar Bugis, Toraja-Sa'dan Bugi'.

The Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by these people.


Coahuiltecan

(linguistics, historical) Belonging to a proposed Native American language family associated with these people.


Comecrudo

From Spanish come (“to eat”) + crudo (“raw”).


Pinyinize

en-verb

Pinyinize (third-person singular simple present Pinyinizes, present participle Pinyinizing, simple past and past participle Pinyinized)

Pinyinizes (present singular third-person)
Pinyinizing (participle present)
Pinyinized (participle past)
Pinyinized (past)

The move to Pinyinise Chinese names in schools meant technically switching to a different system of spelling for names to which people were unaccustomed to.

1983, Ministry of Culture, The Mirror, numbers 19-20:

I'm not Chinese, but I can tell you that Mao Zedong's Chinese name, 毛泽东, would be officially Pinyinized as "Mao2 Ze2 Dong1", Deng Xiaoping's name, 邓小平, is "Deng4 Xiao3 Ping2" and Beijing's kanji, 北京, is "Bei3 Jing1".

2000 August 10, Your Name Here:, “MAO SAYDONG???”, in alt.tv.game-shows (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

A quick Google on "French Revolution" "too soon" turns up scads of references to this famous and highly quotable remark, attributed variously to Chou and Mao; some of them even pinyinise the names to Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong.

2002 January 20, Phil Edwards, “Mao (or Chou) and the French Revolution”, in alt.folklore.urban (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

To understand why many Singaporeans remained unimpressed with the state's call to Pinyinize personal names, particularly their family names, we need first to appreciate that the more successfully implemented SMC measures were successful precisely because Singaporeans were convinced of their pragmatic and communitarian rationales.

2011, Lionel Wee, Language Without Rights, page 119:

At the height of the movement to pinyinise place names in Singapore, Bukit Panjang, now a Housing and Development Board New Town, was known as Zhenghua, along with Yisbun for Nee Soon, and Zhujiao market for tek kha market in Kandang Kerbau.

2013, Victor R Savage, Brenda Yeoh, Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics, page 55:

However, this distinctive dialect market is slowly being eroded as new parents choose to englishize and pinyinize their children's names.

2015, Jessieca Leo, Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking, page 181:

(transitive) To romanize Standard Mandarin using the Pinyin system.


pinyinize

pinyinize (third-person singular simple present pinyinizes, present participle pinyinizing, simple past and past participle pinyinized)

pinyinizes (present singular third-person)
pinyinizing (participle present)
pinyinized (participle past)
pinyinized (past)

(transitive) Alternative letter-case form of Pinyinize.


Pinyinise

Pinyinise (third-person singular simple present Pinyinises, present participle Pinyinising, simple past and past participle Pinyinised)

Pinyinises (present singular third-person)
Pinyinising (participle present)
Pinyinised (participle past)
Pinyinised (past)

(transitive) Alternative spelling of Pinyinize.


pinyinise

pinyinise (third-person singular simple present pinyinises, present participle pinyinising, simple past and past participle pinyinised)

pinyinises (present singular third-person)
pinyinising (participle present)
pinyinised (participle past)
pinyinised (past)

(transitive) Alternative letter-case form of Pinyinise.


Pinyinization

en-noun

Pinyinization (countable and uncountable, plural Pinyinizations)

In Chinese, the speakability-readability problem is capable of various solutions depending on the audience for which the Pinyinized material is intended. A dilemma exists in the fact that the work of Pinyinization must be undertaken by people who are already literate—which means literate in characters—and Chinese literati, even of the newer generation, have displayed even less capacity than their Western counterparts to write in a style capable of ready comprehension by ordinary people.

1986, John DeFrancis, The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy, page 198:

There are a couple of reasons for that. One is that official pinyinization only applies to PRC placenames. This lets out Taipei and, until recently, Hong Kong and Kowloon.

2000 June 18, Mike Wright, “一、台北市路牌；二、漢語拼音”, in sci.lang (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

Chinese doesn't have any capitals, so it really doesn't matter :-)
If you're talking Pinyinization, I guess the only capitals would be Ni and Zhongwen.

2000 November 13, Dalai Lama, “Election Results...”, in alt.roundtable (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

His rationale was that pinyinization was necessary to reduce dialect-based identity and to unite the Chinese community.

2003, Roxy Harris, Ben Rampton, The Language, Ethnicity and Race Reader, page 184:

No it's our good friend Juli Zhang who promotes pinyinisation of Chinese.

2005 July 23, Dylan Sung, “accoustic^([sic]) evidence for uninterruption of speech”, in sci.lang (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

Two other interventions in bilingual education should be noted here: (1) the introduction of a few other Indian languages as mother tongues for Indian learners; and (2) the not too successful attempt at Hanyu Pinyinization of Chinese pupils' names.

2011, Andrew W. Conrad, Alma Rubal-Lopez, Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940-1990, page 451:

(uncountable) The Romanization of Standard Mandarin using the Pinyin system.

There are several erroneous pinyinizations (Guang wu/Guangwu, Chang sha/Changsha, Guang zhou/Guangzhou, Shui-hu-ti/Shuihudi, Hupei/Hubei, jhiu/jiu, You Yingshi/Yu Yingshi, kao/xiao [...]

2004, Society for the Study of Chinese Religions, Journal of Chinese Religions, numbers 32-33:

Note that many Chinese characters have more than one possible Pinyin representation. For instance, there are actually 16 different Chinese pinyinizations of the Chinese transliteration of Ashburton, according to the tables our system uses to map a Chinese character to its Pinyin.

2012, Thierry Poibeau, Horacio Saggion, Jakub Piskorski, Roman Yangarber, Multi-source, Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization, page 59:

Though these orthographies used the Roman alphabet (with a handful of special characters) it is best thought of not so much as a romanization as a 'Pinyinisation'; that is, it followed not the global standards for romanising Turkic languages, but rather the idiosyncratic assignments of letters to sounds employed in Hanyu pinyin, the PRC romanisation of Chinese.

2021, James Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Revised and Updated:


pinyinization

pinyinization (countable and uncountable, plural pinyinizations)

Alternative letter-case form of Pinyinization


Pinyinisation

Pinyinisation (countable and uncountable, plural Pinyinisations)

From Pinyin + -isation or Pinyinise + -ation.


pinyinisation

pinyinisation (countable and uncountable, plural pinyinisations)

Alternative letter-case form of Pinyinisation


Allentiac

A Warpean language, originally native to Cuyo in Argentina but later displaced to Chile.


Yankism

I had thought that 'coon' was a Yankism for raccoon, having learned that it isn't, I am pleased that I didn't use the word inadvertently to insult people that I met in Yankland.

1996 October 16, Peter H.M. Brooks, “Racist horseshit”, in uk.legal (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-24:

The word is 'lose' not 'loose' - please, no yankisms in here.

2002 November 29, Guig, “OT Ebberdeen to loose manager”, in uk.sport.football.clubs.celtic (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-24:

> While there may be SOME native born Americans who speak spanish or polish as their primary language, I can't believe there are very many.
By hell that Yankism grates BADLY on the ear. It is one that display GROSS stupidity, as it is apparently a NEED for you to define the fact that people are indeed "born" as opposed to assembled from cadavers to some kind of a bitsa or whatever else might lurk in those dark corners of your mind!

2003 August 24, Seppo Renfors, “The KRS Hoax - Part 1”, in soc.history.medieval (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-24:

I think "rosebud" may be a Yankism. To me it means a torch with a head on it about as big as your fist, which throws a gigantic amount of heat.

2004 January 7, Grant Erwin, “Oxy/Acet torch question”, in rec.crafts.metalworking (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-24:

(often derogatory) A word or phrase originating from or specific to American English.


Apalachee

The extinct Muskogean language of these people.


Wakhi

From Wakhi Xik, but ultimately comes from Khotanese Xik.
Most likely derived from Old Iranian Khotanese, an Iranian language spoken throughout the Pamir range. The word Xik came to be known as Baxi in Wakhi.

An Iranian language spoken throughout the Pamir region, primarily in Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.


Maban

Of or relating to a small language family of languages spoken in eastern Chad, the Central African Republic, and western Sudan (Darfur).


Freedonian

I sagged with relief, delighted to finally talk to someone who didn't speak Freedonian, and an adult besides.

2011, Lisa Goldstein, The Uncertain Places, page 49:

A lodge decides it can reach out to men from a variety of variety of nations who speak Freedonian and live in greater Washington.

2012, Kenneth D. Fuller, “Grand Lodge Community Outreach Competition Begins”, in The Voice of Freemasonry, volume 29, number 1, page 24:

An imaginary language spoken in the imaginary country Freedonia.


Tartarish

(archaic) The language spoken by the Tartars.


Ormuri

An Iranian language spoken in Waziristan as well as Logar in Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is spoken by Baraki tribe.


Bagri

bor

Bagri बागड़ी

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in Rajasthan and Punjab in India and Pakistan.


Bateri

A Dardic language spoken in Kohistan as well as parts of Jammu and Kashmir.


Jakati

A extinct variety of Lahnda that was spoken in Afghanistan.


Bhaya

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in Sindh, Pakistan.


Od

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan and Gujarat, Haryana, New Delhi and Rajasthan in India.


Jogi

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India.


Gawar-Bati

A Dardic language spoken in Chitral, Pakistan as well as the Kunar province of Afghanistan.


Kabutra

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan, related to the Sansi language of India.


Ibinda

The form of the Western Kongo language that is spoken in Cabinda.


Mehri

A Modern South Arabian language spoken in Yemen, Oman, and Saudi Arabia.


Razihi

One of the two last Old South Arabian languages left; it is spoken in Yemen.


Faifi

One of the two last Old South Arabian languages still spoken alongside Razihi. There are around 50,00 speakers and is spoken in Yemen and also a village in Saudi Arabia.


Tanacross

An Athabaskan language spoken in Alaska.


Hiw

An Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu.


Shawiya

Maybe from Tachawit [script needed] (Shawiya).


ba construction

A grammatical construction in Mandarin Chinese, SUBJ-把-OBJ-VERB, or any analogous constructions in other Chinese lects.


Japonese

Borrowed from French japonais, Italian giapponese, Portuguese japonês, or Spanish japonés. Equivalent to Japon + -ese.

I'm looking for a shop (in Britain or in Europe) which imports Michael Nyman Japonese CDs on a (quite?) regular basis (not necessarely^([sic]) an on-line dealer. By the way, I already know about CD Banzai, but they have only two of them).

1995 December 3, Francesco Valvo, “where to find Nyman Japonese CDs?”, in rec.music.collecting.cd (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-26:

Hi!
I'm Sara, a portuguese student of arts.
I'm doing a research about japonese art. I have find some bibliography about architecture and gravure, but about porcelain I couldn't find anything.
Can someone (in Japan) give some information about this matter and in general about Japonese art?
Please send me a mail.

1996 February 17, Jose Martins, “JAPONESE PORCELAIN - JAPONESE ART”, in soc.culture.japan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-26:

A lady I work with has a Ford Torus. She is presently living a night-mare with it.
She is trying to find a way to dump it, and buy a Japonese car or a Volvo.
Everytime^([sic]) I talk to her, the car is in the garage for something !
And when she had European or Japonese cars, she never had such problems...

1997 November 2, Jerry G., “American Cars verses the Japonese and European cars for service...!”, in alt.autos.nissan (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-26:

(non-native speakers' English) Misspelling of Japanese.


Japonese

hi ! I have bought Overblood2 in japonese and i m^([sic]) searching a guidebook for this game, preferently^([sic]) in english
else in japonese if it is a website i have a program which approximately translate^([sic]) in english. so is there somebody who could tell me where i may found^([sic]) a free guide on internet.
thanks for attention
cheers

1999 May 3, jules, “Backups of Playstation^([sic])-games.”, in alt.games.video.sony-playstation2 (Usenet), retrieved 2022-05-26:


Zay

An Afroasiatic language of the Semitic branch spoken in Ethiopia.


Khalaj

A language that is part of the Turkic language family.


Angelical

There are no onomatapeioæ^([sic]) in Angelical.

2009, Geoffrey James, The Enochian Evocation of Dr. John Dee:

The Enochian language (believed to be the language of angels).


Marsian

Caso Cantovios and allies. Bronze plate found in the Fucine Lake. Dialect-Latin or mixed Marsian and Latin.

1940, E. H. Warmington, Remains of Old Latin, published 1959, page 59:

Though much of what remains of Marsian is of doubtful status and meaning, the following inscription (plate 3), from Antinum, is relatively unambiguous.

1999, Philip Baldi, The Foundations of Latin (Trends in Linguistics; Studies and Monographs 117), Berlin, New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 128:

There is little evidence for Marsian, the language of the Marsi, a people who occupied the area south of the Fucine Lake. Marsian is mainly attested in a few short inscriptions from the third and second centuries bc: VM 3–7.

2004, Jane Stuart-Smith, Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic, Oxford University Press, page 125:

The extinct (since ca. 150 BC) Osco-Umbrian language of the Marsi, native to Marruvium.


Piscataway

By naturalization into English from the Piscataway language.

The extinct Algonquian language of these people.


Jaffna Tamil

From Jaffna (borrowed from Tamil யாழ்ப்பாணம் (yāḻppāṇam)) and Tamil (borrowed from Tamil தமிழ் (tamiḻ)).

bor+

a Tamil dialect native to Jaffna and is the primary dialect used in northern Sri Lanka.


Ganza

From Arabic غانزا, from the name in Ganza.

An Omotic language spoken in the Blue Nile state of Sudan, with approximately 3,000 speakers.


Old Ruthenian

(historical) A descendant of the Old East Slavic language, a language used in the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Cossack state, ancestor of Belarusian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian. It contrasts with the Middle Russian language or early modern Russian language of Muscovy.


Meitei

en-proper noun

Meitei (countable and uncountable, plural Meiteis)

The Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the people of Manipur.


Classical Meitei

The Meitei language as spoken and written in formal speeches, literature, the arts, etc., by the ancient Meiteis.


Ancient Meitei

Ancient Meitei language
Ancient Meitei literature

A form of the Meitei language of antiquity.


Ancient Meitei

en-noun

Ancient Meitei (plural Ancient Meiteis or Ancient Meitei)

Ancient Meiteis (plural)
Ancient Meitei (plural)

A native or inhabitant of Ancient Kangleipak.


Tafi

A Kwa language spoken in the Volta Region of Ghana.


Fungor

The Benue-Congo language spoken by these people.


Modern Norwegian

Translation of Norwegian nynorsk (“Modern Norwegian”, literally “New Norwegian”).

Nynorsk; Norwegian as spoken after 1500, and the written language that is based on this


Elefen

From LFN, an initialism of Lingua Franca Nova.


Mariupol Greek

A Greek dialect spoken by the ethnic Greeks living along the northern coast of the Sea of Azov, in southeastern Ukraine.

馬里烏波爾希臘語 /马里乌波尔希腊语

Greek dialect spoken in southeastern Ukraine


hyangchal

Borrowed from Korean 향찰(鄕札) (hyangchal), either Revised Romanization or Yale romanization.

A method of using Chinese characters to write pure ancient Korean texts, used in Sillan hyangka / hyangga poetry. It is similar to the Japanese practice of Man'yōgana.

Revised Romanization
Yale romanization of Korean


itwu

Borrowed from Korean 이두(吏讀) (idu), in the Yale romanization.

A method of annotating Classical Chinese text so that it can be read as Korean, using additional characters that represent Korean grammatical items.


Gogo

A Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania.


Ahan

An endangered Niger-Congo language spoken in Nigeria, closely related to Ayere.


Ayere

A Niger-Congo language spoken in Nigeria, closely related to Ahan.


Early Modern Korean

The Korean language from the beginning of the seventeenth century to the end of the nineteenth century.


Proto-Koreanic

From proto- + Koreanic. Compare Proto-Japonic, Proto-Indo-European, etc.

(linguistics) Of or relating to the Proto-Koreanic language.


Ratagnon

A regional Austronesian language spoken by the Ratagnon people.


Old Tamil

a Dravidian language which was spoken in the southern part of India between circa 600 BCE - 300 CE; the ancestor of Middle Tamil and present-day Tamil languages.


Middle Tamil

a Dravidian language which was spoken in the southern part of India between circa 700 CE - 1400 CE; the ancestor of Old Malayalam and present-day Tamil languages.


Old Malayalam

a Dravidian language attested in inscriptions found in present-day Kerala, India; dated between circa 800 CE - 1200 CE; the ancestor of Middle Malayalam and ultimately the modern Malayalam language.


Middle Malayalam

a Dravidian language which was spoken in the southern part of India in present-day Kerala between circa 1200 CE - 1400 CE; the ancestor of the modern Malayalam language


Vehes

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

A Western Oceanic language, spoken in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.


Black Speech

Generally speaking, the articulation in Black Speech is quite violent. Diphthongs are practically absent and due to the relatively small number of sonorants, the transitions between particular sounds are sharp and abrupt.

2007, Joanna Podhorodecka, “Is lámatyáve a linguistic heresy? Iconicity in J.R.R. Tolkien’s invented languages”, in Elżbieta Tabakowska et al., editors, Insistent Images, →ISBN, page 109:

Many later scholars have agreed with Tolkien on his general declarations about his languages (for example, that the Elvish languages are ‘beautiful’, while the Black Speech is cacophonous or that the languages originated Tolkien’s mythology) and skipped the whole issue of the role of the langauges in his fiction by treating them as a fanciful accessory unworthy of independent study.

2009, Dimitra Fimi, Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits, →ISBN, page 75:

Accepting Alexander Nemirovski’s theory that Tolkien’s Black Speech was based on the long-extinct Hurrian language, the group felt this was an appropriate starting point.

2021, Yens Wahlgren, The Universal Translator: Everything You Need to Know About 139 Languages That Don’t Really Exist, →ISBN, page 278:

A constructed language designed by J. R. R. Tolkien, intended to be associated with evil.


Rhenish fan

Calque of German Rheinischer Fächer. So called because all or most of the isoglosses collapse in Hesse and fan out to the west.

(linguistics) A set of isoglosses in West Central German showing how the effect of the High German consonant shift gradually decreases towards the north-west (i.e. towards Low Franconian and Low Saxon)


Bungku

An Austronesian language related to these people.


Pima Bajo

A Mexican indigenous language of the Piman branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family.


Pidgin Signed English

American Sign Language
American Sign Language

A sign language based on American Sign Language (ASL) and English.


Kipsigis

Their tonal language, part of the Kenyan Kalenjin dialect cluster.


Puelchean

Synonym of Puelche (“extinct language of Argentina”)


Kangean

Borrowed from Kangean kangean or kangayan.


Kangeanese

From Kangean + -ese, from Dutch Kangeanisch or Kangeansch, from Kangean kangean or kangayan.

Of or relating to Kangean, its inhabitants, or their language or culture.


Kangeanese

Kangeanese (countable and uncountable, plural Kangeanese)

(uncountable) Synonym of Kangeanic (“the language of Kangean”).

(chiefly in the plural) A native or inhabitant of Kangean.


Cotoname

An extinct Pakawan language spoken by Native Americans indigenous to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Mexico and extreme southern Texas.


Yucuna

An Arawakan language spoken in several communities along the Mirití-Paraná River in Colombia.


Runyakitara

Borrowed from Nyankole, Rukiga, Nyoro, and Tooro Orunyakitara, from oru- (class 11 prefix for languages) + -nya- (“belonging to”) + Kitara.

af

A standardized language comprised of Nyoro (Runyoro), Kiga (also Chiga or Rukiga), Nkore (Runyankole), and Tooro (Rutooro), mostly spoken in Uganda.


Bangubangu

A language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


Oweina

A Kainantu language of Papua New Guinea.


Lanuvian

(historical) A Latino-Faliscan language.


Lendu

A Central Sudanic language spoken by the Balendru people.


Maharashtri

A Prakrit language of ancient and medieval India, the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani.


Catalan Sign Language

A certain Catalan-based sign language, used predominantly in Catalonia and Barcelona.


Marrucinian

From Marrucini + -an, from a passage of a Marrucinian book (Aes Rapinum) which states "touta marouca" as a city or village.

The ancient language of the Marrucini, known from a few inscriptions, and thought to be a member of the Sabellian group, probably closely related to Paelignian.


Tamanaku

An extinct Cariban language of Venezuela.


Kuhane

A Bantu language spoken along the Zambezi River in Namibia, Zambia, and Botswana.


Northern Khmer

A dialect of Khmer, which uses a different writing system than Central Khmer.


Abinomn

/ˈæbɪˈnɑmn̩/

A possible language isolate of Indonesia, with around 300 speakers in 2002.


Kaki Ae

A language of Papua New Guinea, with around 500 speakers.


Early Assamese

From early + Assamese, compare Early Modern English.

(linguistics) A language, the predecessor to modern Assamese, spoken from the 14th to the 16th century.


Larrakiah

The Larrakiahs at Port Darwin seem to have identified themselves with the white population, and became hewers of wood and drawers of water for the settlement.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 225:


Quiripi

An Algonquian language formerly spoken by the indigenous people of southwestern Connecticut and central Long Island.


Dibabawon Manobo

From Dibabawon (“a Philippines tribal group”) + Manobo (“a language family”).

com

(linguistics) A dialect of Agusan, a Manobo language of northeastern Mindanao in the Philippines.


Zyphe

A language that is part of the Sino-Tibetan language family.


Swedish Sign Language

A sign language commonly used in Sweden.


Puquina

A language spoken by several native ethnic groups in the region surrounding Lake Titicaca (Peru and Bolivia) and in the north of Chile.


な-adjective

/nɑː ˈæd͡ʒɪktɪv/

Coordinate term: い-adjective

Because そう is a な-adjective, its negative form is そうじゃない, except that そうにない should be used for verbs.

2014 January 1, Yukiko Abe Hatasa, Kazumi Hatasa, Seiichi Makino, Nakama 1: Japanese Communication Culture Context, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, page 370:

(Japanese grammar) An adjective that necessitates the copula な (-na) if followed by a noun.

na-adjektiivi

adjective that necessitates the copula な if followed by a noun


Toba Batak

An Austronesian language spoken by the Toba Batak people.


North Mesopotamian Arabic

A language of the Middle East, native to Iraq (Mesopotamia), Syria, Turkey, Iran, Kuwait, Jordan, and parts of northern and eastern Arabia. Language code: ayp.


Upper Egyptian Arabic

A variety of Arabic spoken in Upper Egypt. Language code: aec.


Buna

A Torricelli language of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.


Buna

Synonym of Mbum (“a language of Cameroon”)


Buna

census-designated place
census-designated place

A census-designated place in Jasper County, Texas, United States, named after Buna Corley.


Madí

An Arawan language spoken in parts of Amazonas, Brazil.


Bermudian English

The dialect of English spoken on the island of Bermuda.


Nagamese

An Assamese-lexified creole language spoken in Nagaland.


Mpur

A language isolate spoken in and around Mpur and Amberbaken Districts in Tambrauw Regency of the Bird's Head Peninsula, New Guinea.


Temiar

Probably borrowed from Semai Temiir, Temèèr (“Temiar”), or a cognate such as Lanoh Təmyɛl (“Temiar”), itself probably from a Malayo-Polynesian term cognate to Javanese tambér, Madurese tambir and Sundanese tambir (all "to stick to the edge"); possibly compare Austroasiatic terms such as Bulo Stieng bər (“rim”), Laven bi̤ər (“rim”), Lawi tapiər (“rim”) (Proto-Bahnaric *ɓər), Nyah Kur [script needed] (bíər, “edge of soft-shelled turtle carapace”), and Khasi tmier (“edge”).

cog

An Aslian language (belonging to the wider Austroasiatic family) spoken by the Temiar people.


Kumaoni

The Indo-Aryan language of these people.


Middle Mongol

An extinct Mongolic language spoken in the Mongol Empire; the ancestor of modern Mongolian.


Hawrami

A Northwestern Iranian language spoken by some Kurds.


Bonggo

An Austronesian language spoken in Bonggo District, Sarmi Regency on the north coast of Papua province, Indonesia.


Shauraseni Prakrit

From Hindi शौरसेनी (śaursenī) + प्राकृत (prākŕt).

An extinct Prakrit language of northern India, most notably used in mediaeval drama.


Luren

An extinct Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China.


Mangue

An extinct Oto-Manguean language of Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica.


Manza

Central African Republic
Central African Republic

A Ubangian language spoken by the Mandja people of the Central African Republic.


Neo-Mandaic

The modern reflex of the Mandaic language.


Barawana

A nearly extinct Arawakan language of Venezuela and Brazil, spoken by the Baré people.


Aldebaranian

(science fiction, rare) The language spoken by Aldebaranians.


Soninke

A West African ethnic group found in Mali, Fouta Djallon, southern Mauritania, eastern Senegal, Guinea and the Gambia.


Tobian

A Micronesian language of Palau, closely related to Sonsorolese, mainly spoken in Tobi, the main island of the state of Hatohobei.


Sekar

A minor Austronesian language of the north coast of the Bomberai Peninsula.


Swampy Cree

A variety of the Cree language spoken by these people.


Maonan

A Kam-Sui language spoken in southern China.


Dendi

A Songhay language spoken by these people.


Mator

A Uralic Samoyedic language, extinct since the 1840s, formerly spoken in the northern region of the Sayan Mountains in Siberia, close to the Mongolian north border.


Bernese German

The form of Swiss German spoken in and near Bern, the capital of Switzerland.


Tapachultec

An extinct Mixe language of Chiapas, Mexico.


Tapachulteca

Alternative form of Tapachultec (“language”)


Aranama

(historical) A Native American people formerly living along the San Antonio and Guadalupe rivers of present-day Texas, near the Gulf Coast.


Aranama

The extinct language of these people, possibly a Coahuiltecan language.


Tepecano

An extinct Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico.


Anatolian Turkish

Whereas these various Turkish-speaking peoples use languages which closely resemble modern Anatolian Turkish, they have their own distinct historical tradition.

1942, John Parker, Charles Smith, Modern Turkey, page 16:

Turkmen is a southwestern Turkic language related to Osmanli and modern Anatolian Turkish (the Turkish of Turkey) and to Azerbaidzhani.

1956, Handbook of Central Asia, volume 1, page 302:

[...] with demonstrative elements distributed along a single dimension , may be exemplified by the system of deictic pronouns existing in modern Anatolian Turkish. Turkish makes a three-way distinction between bu, şu, and o.

1997, Acta Universitatis Carolinae: Philologica, numbers 3–5, page 223:

Turkish ancient (14th-19th c.) and modern, Anatolian Turkish, Turkish of Turkey, Osmanli (Osm.), Ottoman at some authors

2007, László Rásonyi, Onomasticon Turcicum, part 1, page lxxxv:


Muvian

"Naacal" and "Ra" are words from Muvian that mean "king" and "the sun".

The alleged language used by the inhabitants of Mu.


Djabugay

A group of Australian Aboriginal people in Far North Queensland

The language spoken by the Djabugay people


Common Turkic

A taxon of the Turkic languages that includes all of them except the Oghuric languages.


Kaytetye

An Australian Aboriginal people who live around Barrow Creek and Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory.


Otuke

An extinct language of the Macro-Jê family, related to Bororo, formerly spoken in part of eastern Bolivia.


Inuktun

A language spoken by some indigenous Inughuit people of northwestern Greenland.


Kirmancki

A dialect of Zazaki, spoken in Dersim, Erzincan and Erzurum.


Banlam

Borrowed from Hokkien 閩南 /闽南 (Bân-lâm, “Hokkien”).

Synonym of Taiwanese (“variant of Hokkien spoken in Taiwan”).


Proto-Tagalic

(rare) A proposed common ancestor of Tagalog and its dialects.


Sonsorolese

A Micronesian language of Palau, closely related to Tobian, originally spoken on the islands composing the state of Sonsorol, and spreading through migration elsewhere in the country.


Pardhan

A dialect of Gondi spoken by these people.


Cuitlatec

The extinct language isolate of these people.


Bukid

An Austronesian language spoken by indigenous peoples of Northern Mindanao in the southern Philippines.


Q'eqchi'

One of the Mayan languages of the Quichean branch.


Isnag

An Austronesian ethnic group native to Apayao Province in the Philippines' Cordillera Administrative Region.


Pilagá

A Guaicuruan language spoken in the Bermejo and Pilcomayo River valleys, western Formosa Province, in northeastern Argentina.


Camunic

An extinct language spoken in the 1st millennium BC in the Valcamonica and the Valtellina in Northern Italy, both in the Central Alps.


Ishkashimi

An Iranian language spoken predominantly in the Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan and in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan.


Mogum

An Afroasiatic language spoken in south central Chad.


Gumuz

The Nilo-Saharan language of these people.


Matlatzinca

The Oto-Pamean language of these people.


Iraya

A language spoken by Mangyans in the province of Mindoro in the Philippines.


Isinai

A Northern Luzon language primarily spoken in Nueva Vizcaya province in the northern Philippines.


Cayubaba

A moribund language of the Bolivian Amazon.


Burji

A Cushitic language spoken in southern Ethiopia.


Konso

A Cushitic language of southwest Ethiopia.


Omotik

An endangered Nilotic language of Kenya.


High Valyrian

Coined by American writer and television producer George R. R. Martin. First referenced in his 1996 fantasy novel A Game of Thrones. Developed into a usable conlang by David J. Peterson.

coin

The HBO series Games of Thrones, which premiered in 2011, has included the languages of Dothraki and High Valyrian, both created by David Peterson.

2015, Douglas Ball, “Constructed languages”, in Rodney H. Jones, editor, The Routledge Handbook of Language and Creativity, pages 148–149:

Though two language courses (High Valyrian and Klingon) are constructed languages from popular TV series (Game of Thrones and Star Trek, respectively), there are reportedly more than 100,000 learners doing the High Valyrian course.

2017, David M. Palfreyman, “Learner Autonomy and Groups”, in Autonomy in Language Learning and Teaching: New Research Agendas, page 79:

The use of High Valyrian mirrors the use of Latin both in the medieval Christian church and as a common language used among the educated elite.

2019, KellyAnn Fitzpatrick, Neomedievalism, Popular Culture, and the Academy: From Tolkien to Game of Thrones, page 113:

A constructed language developed for use in the television series Game of Thrones.

A Game of Thrones
David J. Peterson
Valyrian languages


Yami

Coined by Torii Ryūzō in 1897. Possibly related to English Y'Ami Island and Spanish Diami, which early 1800s Spanish texts refer to as the name of a populated island of the Batanes Islands north of the Babuyan Islands, whose natives were at war with those of the other Batanes Islands who do not receive them except during storms or when the sea currents lead them to their islands, which in that case, they also don't let them go beyond the beaches. In 1802, Fr. Francisco de Paula Esteban O.P. also referred to Diami as the northernmost island in the Batanes Archipelago that people were moving to. See also Ibatan di- (qualitative prefix, indicating that someone or something possesses the quality of the word being prefixed), Ibatan ammyānan (“north”), Ibatan ammyan (“northeast monsoon; rainy season”), Ivatan amyan (“northeast monsoon; rainy season”), Ilocano amianan (“north”), Sakizaya amis (“north”), Amis amis (“north”), Bikol Central amihan (“north”), Cebuano amihanan (“north”), Tagalog amihan (“northeast monsoon”), Hiligaynon amihan (“north wind”), Proto-Austronesian *qamiS (“north wind”), Proto-Austronesian *i (location marker), Japanese 闇(やみ) (yami).

ncog

A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Tao people.

Babuyan Islands
Batanes
Batanes Islands
Torii Ryūzō


Tandaganon

A Bisayan language spoken in and around Tandag, sometimes considered a dialect of Surigaonon.


Korku

A Munda language spoken in central India.


Nottaway

A member of an Iroquoian Native American tribe in Virginia.


Hatran

The extinct dialect of Middle Aramaic spoken in Hatra and Assur from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century CE..


Lutos

A Central Sudanic language of Chad and the Central African Republic.


Turoyo

A Neo-Aramaic language of Mardin, Turkey and Al-Hasakah, Syria.


Hajong

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and in the Assam, Manipur, and Tripura states of India.


Gavak

A Papuan language of Madang, Papua New Guinea


Spanish Sign Language

A language that uses hands, facial expressions, and other bodily behavior to communicate both concrete and abstract ideas.


Paulohi

A nearly extinct Austronesian language spoken on Seram Island in eastern Indonesia.


Fwe

A Bantu language spoken along the Okavango River in the Zambezi region of Namibia and in the Western Province in Zambia.


Gafat

The extinct South Ethiopic language of these people.


Chitimachan

en-adj

Chitimachan (comparative more Chitimachan, superlative most Chitimachan)

more Chitimachan (comparative)
most Chitimachan (superlative)


Aushiri

An extinct Zaparoan language formerly spoken in Peru.


Orokolo

A Trans–New Guinea language spoken of Papua New Guinea.


Romanian Sign Language

A sign language used by deaf people in Romania


Kaburi

A Papuan language of the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua.


palawa kani

(linguistics) A constructed language created as a composite of the now-extinct Tasmanian Indigenous languages.


Sorkhei

A Western Iraniab language, spoken in the village of Sorkheh, Iran.


Botlikh

A Northeast Caucasian language, dpokin in southwestern Dagestan, Russia.


ENHG

Early New High German
Early New High German#English


Krymchak

A language that is part of the Turkic language family.


Nimboran

A Papuan language of Nimboran District, Jayapura Regency, Indonesia.


Nooksack

A member of a Native American tribe near the Pacific Northwest Coast.


Budukh

The Lezgic language spoken by these people.


Waalubal

An Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Western Bundjalung living in northeast New South Wales.


Bundjalung

Most likely an autonym from Bandjalang [Term?].

A nearly extinct aboriginal language of New South Wales.


Rangpuri

Equivalent to Rangpur + -i, either borrowed from Bengali রংপুরী (roṅpuri) or from Kamta রংপুরী.

bor

Kamta রংপুরী

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern Bangladesh and western Assam in India.


Desia

Either from Odia ଦେଶିଆ (deśiā) or from Desiya ଦେଶିଆ (deśia).

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Odisha and Andhra Pradesh states of India, considered to be a dialect of Odia.


Halbi

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra states of India.


Khandeshi

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Khandesh region of India.


Mewari

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Mewar region of India.


Sankethi

A Dravidian language spoken in Karnataka, India.


Iñapari

An indigenous South American language spoken in Perú along the Las Piedras river near the mouth of the Sabaluyoq river.


Tswa

A Bantu language of southern Mozambique, related to Ronga and Tsonga.


Port Sandwich

An Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu.


Hadauti

Borrowed from Hadothi हाड़ौती (hāṛautī).

A Rajasthani language spoken in southwestern Rajasthan, India.


Surjapuri

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in eastern India, as well as in Bangladesh and Nepal.


Wathaurong

A Kulinic Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken in Victoria, from Geelong north to Ballarat.


Korean Sign Language

A language that uses hands, facial expressions, and other bodily behavior to communicate both concrete and abstract ideas; some signs are based on Korean words in South Korea. ISO 639-3 code: kvk.

(rare) A language that uses hands, facial expressions, and other bodily behavior to communicate both concrete and abstract ideas; some signs are based on Korean words in North Korea.


Tagakaolo

Synonym of Kalagan (“Austronesian language”)


gender asterisk

en-noun

gender asterisk (plural gender asterisks)


Lahu

The Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Lahu people.


い-adjective

/iː ˈæd͡ʒɪktɪv/

From Japanese い (-i) + adjective, so named because all such adjectives end in い (-i) in their imperfective positive form.

Coordinate term: な-adjective

(Japanese grammar) An inflecting Japanese adjective.


Malavedan

A Dravidian language spoken in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.


Akolet

an Austronesian language spoken in Papua New Guinea


Abureni

a Central Delta language spoken in Nigeria


Tifal

an Ok language spoken in Papua New Guinea


Foi

a Trans-New Guinean language spoken in Papua New Guinea


Fiwaga

a Papuan language spoken in Papua New Guinea


Old Kannada

The language spoken in Karnataka, evolved into Kannada in 500 CE.


ordinary language

ordinary language (countable and uncountable, plural ordinary languages)

natural language
natural language#English


Xong

The northernmost Hmongic language, spoken in south-central China.


Contemporary Latin

The Latin language as used from the late 19th century to the present.

llatín contemporaneu

the Latin language as spoken and written from the 19th century to the present


Kuvi

A Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha.


Avokaya

Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo

a Central Sudanic language spoken in southern South Sudan and parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo


Old Portuguese

Old Galician-Portuguese
Old Galician-Portuguese#English


Bomu

A Gur language of Burkina Faso and Mali.


Pamona

An Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.


Alaskan English

A distinct form of American English spoken in the state of Alaska, United States.


African-American English

Synonym of African-American Vernacular English


Moji

A Loloish language spoken by the Phula people of China.


Bahamian English

A group of varieties of English spoken in the Bahamas and by members of the Bahamian diaspora.


Bangladeshi English

An English accent heavily influenced by the Bengali language and its dialects in Bangladesh and surrounding Indian areas that speak Bengali.


Barbadian English

A dialect of the English language as used by Barbadians and by the Barbadian diaspora.


Belizean English

The set of varieties of the English language spoken in Belize and by members of the Belizean diaspora.


Cameroonian English

The English dialect spoken predominantly in Cameroon, mostly learned as a second language.


Channel Island English

The dialects of English found in the Channel Islands, including the English of Alderney, Guernsey, and Jersey.


Sri Lankan English

The English language as it is used in Sri Lanka.


Ceylonese English

Sri Lankan English
Sri Lankan English#English


Bajan English

Barbadian English
Barbadian English#English


European English

A dialect of English based on the technical jargon of the European Union and the native languages of its non-native English speaking population.


Jamaican English

The variety of English native to Jamaica.


Manx English

The historic dialect of English spoken on the Isle of Man.


Falkland Islands English

The form of English used in the Falkland Islands.


Gibraltarian English

British overseas territory
British overseas territory

The accent of English spoken in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.


Upper Tanana

An endangered Athabaskan language spoken in eastern Interior Alaska, United States.


Payaguá

An extinct language of Paraguay, Argentina, and Bolivia, spoken by the Payaguá people.


Gorap

The film is also being remade in Gorap.

A Northern Halmahera language spoken mainly by the Bobaneigo people in North Halmahera.


Makassar Indonesian

The film is also being remade in Makassar Indonesian.

An Indonesian language spoken mainly by the community in Makassar.


Peranakan Indonesian

the film is also being remade in Peranakan Indonesian

An Indonesian language spoken by the Peranakan in Java, and elsewhere.


erizational

en-adj

erizational (comparative more erizational, superlative most erizational)

more erizational (comparative)
most erizational (superlative)

(Chinese phonetics) Relating to erization (the process of undergoing erhua).


Nivaclé

A Matacoan language spoken by these people.


Chontaquiro

An Arawakan language of the Pre-Andine group, spoken on the Iaco River, Caeté River, and Chandless River, territory of Acre, Brazil.


Toda

A Dravidian language spoken in the Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu, India.


West Bird's Head

A language family whose members are spoken in the west of Bird's Head peninsula in West Papua


South Bird's Head

A language family whose members are spoken in the south of Bird's Head peninsula in West Papua


Piapoco

An Arawakan language of Colombia and Venezuela.


Nuosu

A Loloish language, considered the prestige language of the Yi people, primarily spoken in Sichuan, China.


Busuu

an endangered or extinct language spoken in Cameroon


Longjia

A Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China.


Caijia

An endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken in an area centred on Bijie, in the west of the Chinese province of Guizhou.


Kolami

A Dravidian language spoken in the Maharashtra and Telangana states of India.


Konda-Dora

a Dravidian language spoken in the Andhra Pradesh and Odisha states of India.


Mewati

An Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by the Meo people.


C-drama

en-noun

C-drama (countable and uncountable, plural C-dramas)


Ollari

A Dravidian language spoken in the Indian states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.


Duruwa

A Dravidian language spoken in the Odisha and Chhattisgarh states of India.


Russian Sign Language

A sign language used by deaf people in Russian-speaking countries.


Nethalp

An East Santo language spoken on Espiritu Santo Island in Vanuatu.


Navarro-Aragonese

(historical) A Romance language once spoken in a large part of the Ebro River basin, south of the middle Pyrenees.


Maltenglish

Synonym of Manglish (“mixture of Maltese and English”)


Classical Persian

A chronolect of the New Persian language beginning from Islamization and Arabization around 650 CE or 850 CE if Early New Persian is not included till at least the 16th century and likely early 19th century including 15th—19th century post-classical Persian.

klassinen persia

the Persian literate chronolect between Middle and Contemporary Persian


Central Min

Partial calque of Chinese 閩中語 /闽中语 (mǐnzhōngyǔ).

pclq

A variety of Min Chinese spoken in central Fujian province, China.


Imperial Aramaic

Designated imperial for the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, and Achaemenid Empires.

(broad sense: sociolinguistics) The chronolect of the Aramaic language (mid-8th century–late 4th century BCE), intermediate between Old Aramaic and Middle Aramaic, that was used as a language of public life and administration in the late Neo-Assyrian Empire (from the reign of King Tiglath-Pileser III [r. 745–727 BCE] onward), the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and the Achaemenid Empire, until the latter’s conquest by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE.

𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀

chronolect of Aramaic (745–330 BC) used by the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, and Achaemenid Empires


Simlish

constructed language
constructed language

A constructed language designed by Will Wright for the video game franchise The Sims.


Proto-Basque

The reconstructed ancestor of the Basque language, spoken in roughly Ancient Roman times.


Kotoxó

An extinct Macro-Jê language of Bahia, Brazil.


Shilluk

A member of a major Luo Nilotic ethnic group residing in the northeastern Upper Nile state of South Sudan on both banks of the Nile River in Malakal.


Shilluk

(historical) A kingdom dominated by the Shilluk people, located along the left bank of the White Nile in what is now South Sudan and southern Sudan, and existing from perhaps the late 15th century until the early 1860s.


Kusaal

A Gur language spoken primarily in northeastern Ghana and Burkina Faso.


Sillok

A Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Sillok people.


Jenu Kurumba

A Southern Dravidian language of the Tamil–Kannada subgroup.


Embaloh

An Austronesian language spoken in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.


Red Gelao

A'ou, an endangered Gelao language of Guizhou, China.

Vandu, an endangered Gelao language of Ha Giang Province, Vietnam.


Settla

Synonym of Settler Swahili (“a pidgin language”)


Settler Swahili

A Swahili pidgin mainly spoken in large European settlements in Kenya and Zambia.


Lingua Ignota

From Latin lingua ignōtā (“unknown language”).

der

A Latin-influenced mystical 12th-century constructed language recorded by St. Hildegard of Bingen, and apparently the first entirely artificial language.


Balaibalan

From Ottoman Turkish باليبلن (bâleybelen).

A constructed language of certain Sufi sects created around the 14th–16th century.


Universalglot

Presumably from Latin ūniversālis (“universal”) + Ancient Greek γλῶττα (glôtta, “tongue”). By surface analysis, universal + -glot.

An a posteriori international auxiliary language created in 1868 by Jean Pirro.


Sambahsa

From Sambahsa sam ("same") + bahsa ("language").

An international auxiliary language and worldlang devised by French linguist Olivier Simon, released in July 2007.


Mundolinco

From Mundolinco mundo ("world") + linco ("language"). Compare with Esperanto mondo lingvo.

international constructed language
international constructed language

An international constructed language created by the Dutch author J. Braakman in 1888, apparently being the first Esperantido.


Vendergood

A constructed language created by William James Sidis in the early 20th century, based mainly on Latin and Greek, with influence from German, English and Romance languages.


Spocanian

From Dutch Spokaans, from Spokanië, a fictional island group in the Atlantic Ocean. Equivalent to Spocania + -n.

A constructed language created by Dutch linguist Rolandt Tweehuysen, intended to serve as the language of Spocania, a fictional island group in the Atlantic Ocean.


Baronh

A constructed language created by Japanese science fiction novelist Morioka Hiroyuki, intended to be the official language of the Abh, first introduced in his 1996 novel Crest of the Stars.


Communicationssprache

From French communications + German Sprache (“language”).

An international auxiliary language created by Joseph Schipfer in 1836, chiefly based on French, with some influences from Latin, English and German.


Malamuthan

A Dravidian language spoken in the Malappuram and Kozhikode districts of Kerala, India


Timerio

From German Tiemer, the creator of the language.

A number-based international auxiliary language created by the Berlin architect Tiemer and presented in 1921, in which, every concept is assigned by a number.


Intal

Acronym of international auxiliary language.

acronym

An international auxiliary language created by German linguist Erich Weferling and published in 1956, developed as a compromise between Esperanto, Ido, Occidental-Interlingue, Neo and Novial.


Lingua Sistemfrater

From Latin lingua systēma + frater (“language of brotherhood”).

der

An a posteriori international auxiliary language created by Pham Xuan Thai in 1957, making use of a predominantly Greco-Latin lexicon and an Asian-based grammar.


Unilingua

Former name of Mirad, an international auxiliary language created by Noubar Agopoff in 1966.


Eurolengo

From Eurolengo, a blend of Europe + lengo ("language").

An international auxiliary language created by Leslie Jones in 1972, consisting of words borrowed from English and Spanish.


Poliespo

From Esperanto blend of polisinteza (“Polysynthetic”) + Esperanto.

blend

An international auxiliary language created by Billy Ray Waldon in the second half of the 20th-century.


Romániço

Based on Medieval Latin rōmānicē (“in a Romance language”).

der

An anonymous international auxiliary language created in 1991 which uses only Romance language vocabulary.


Unish

An international auxiliary language developed in 1996 by a research team at Sejong University, South Korea, drawing vocabulary from fifteen representative languages.


Tutonish

A constructed language created by Elias Molee and introduced in 1902, known to be the first Pan-German language


Romanid

A zonal auxiliary language created by Zoltán Magyarin in 1956 based on the Romance languages.


Guosa

A zonal auxiliary language created by Alex Igbineweka in 1965 for West Africa derived primarily from Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo.


Romance Neolatino

A zonal auxiliary language created in 2006, proposed as a Pan-Romance language.


Khamti

A Tai language spoken in India and written in a version of the Burmese abugida.


Chadian Arabic

A dialect of Arabic spoken mostly in central and southern Chad, but also in parts of Sudan and Nigeria and in slivers of other countries.


Aboriginal English

A variety of English spoken by Indigenous Australians.


Waxiang

A variety of Chinese spoken in Hunan, China.


Waxiang

A member of the ethnic group living in western Hunan, China.


Texan English

an English dialect spoken in the state of Texas in the United States influenced by Mexican Spanish with some German and Czech language influence


Kisan

The dialect of the Kurukh language spoken by these people.


Ngunnawal

The traditional language of these people, closely related to Gandangara.


Numu

The language of the Northern Paiute people.


Sherbro

A Southern Bullom language spoken by the Sherbro.


Irarutu

An Austronesian language of most of the interior of the Bomberai Peninsula of north-western New Guinea in Teluk Bintuni Regency.


Christian Palestinian Aramaic

The Middle Aramaic language as written by the Melkite communities vaguely localized to Palestine as the language’s Western expanse.


Palestinian Syriac

Christian Palestinian Aramaic
Christian Palestinian Aramaic#English

Synonym of Christian Palestinian Aramaic


Jewish Palestinian Aramaic

Jewish Literary Aramaic
Jewish Literary Aramaic#English

The Middle Aramaic language as written by the Hebrew communities vaguely localized to Palestine as the language’s Western expanse and later the basis of Jewish Literary Aramaic.


Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

The Eastern Aramaic language as written by the Jews of Mesopotamia in Late Antiquity and Early and High Middle Ages.


Xerénte

A Central Jê language (Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken in Tocantins, Brazil.


Proto-Austroasiatic

A proposed common ancestor to the group of Austroasiatic languages.


Gedeo

The Cushitic language spoken by this people


Tsum

Possibly either borrowed from Tsum [Term?], or possibly from an exonym from another language.

A Tibetic language of the Kyirong–Kagate subgroup, spoken by the Tsumpas of the Tsum Valley, Gorkha District, Nepal.


Juba Arabic

A lingua franca spoken mainly in Equatoria Province in South Sudan.


Konkow

A critically endangered Maiduan language.


Modern Turkish

The Turkish language spoken since the twentieth century.


Old Anatolian Turkish

(history) The ancestor language of Modern Turkish, spoken in Anatolia between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, from which Ottoman Turkish developed


Old Anatolian Turkic

Old Anatolian Turkic, a very important stage in the history of Turkic languages, is represented by a great number of literary documents.

1972, A. Bodroglieti, “On Modern Turkish Üstünkörü and Yüzükoyun”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 26, number 1, Akadémiai Kiadó, →JSTOR, page 145:

In Old Anatolian Turkic we find constructions with a nominative subject without agreement marking.

2000, C. Schönig, “Some formal types of Turkic relative clause equivalents”, in Aslı Göksel, Celia Kerslake, editors, Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages, page 200:

Old Anatolian Turkish
Old Anatolian Turkish#English

(history) Synonym of Old Anatolian Turkish


Old Anatolian Turkic

The Old Anatolian Turkic converb suffix -(y)IcAk signifying 'when' could very well come from this suffix together with the particle (O)k.

2004, Marcel Erdal, A Grammar of Old Turkic, page 314:


Kazukuru

→ Translingual: Kazukuru


Magɨ

A Trans-New Guinea language spoken in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.


Mafa

A Chadic language of Cameroon and Nigeria.


Chʼortiʼ

the indigenous language of the Ch'orti' people


Euro-English

en-noun

Euro-English (countable and uncountable, plural Euro-Englishes)

Alternative form: Euro English

The sociolect of the English language, often NNSE, depending on the institutions of the European Union, and imitating the idioms and mannerisms of her member states and their vernaculars.


Middle Bulgarian

Coordinate term: Old Bulgarian

A stage of the Bulgarian language, continuing Old Bulgarian (and also regarded as a recension of Church Slavonic), spoken as the lingua franca of the Second Bulgarian Empire between the 12th and 17th centuries.


Ocaina

A Witotoan language spoken in Peru and Colombia.


Tangkhul

Borrowed from Manipuri ꯇꯥꯡꯈꯨꯜ (taangkhool).

bor+

A Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the ethnic group in India and Myanmar.


Borong

A Papuan language spoken in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.


Bambam

A South Sulawesi language spoken in Indonesia.


Hachijō

A language, closely related to Japanese, spoken on the Izu and Daitō Islands.


Sambalpuri

Borrowed from Odia ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ (sambalapuri).

An Indo-Aryan language spoken in western Odia, India.


Hong Kong Sign Language

A sign language used primarily in Hong Kong.


Chinese Sign Language

A sign language used primarily in China.


Punu

A Bantu language spoken in southern Gabon.


Maay

A Somaloid language spoken in Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia.


Ajami Turkic

A historical division of the Azerbaijani language that was used as the administrative and literary language of Persia (Safavid Iran, Afsharid Iran and Qajar Iran).


Old Slovak

(linguistics, history) A historical form of the Slovak language, spoken between the 11th and 18th centuries.


Middle Czech

(linguistics, history) A historical form of the Czech language, spoken from about 1500 AD to 1780 AD.


Oldspeak

From old + speak, coined by George Orwell in 1949 in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Standard English
Standard English#English


JSL

Japanese Sign Language
w:Japanese Sign Language


Ripano

A Romance language spoken in Ripatransone noted for its gender system and agreements.


Chono

It seems not entirely certain that Chono is forgotten, and an exploration for surviving speakers, as well as for individuals who may know the neighboring Atacaman, is urgently needed.

1923, A. L. Kroeber, “Review: El Grupo Lingüistico Alakaluf journal= American Anthropologist”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume 25, number 4, page 570:


Linngithigh

An extinct Paman language formerly spoken in north-eastern Australia, dialect of the Anguthimri language.


Doric Greek

The dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in northwestern Greece, southern Italy, and Sicily during the Classical period.

Dōris

dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in northwestern Greece, southern Italy, and Sicily


Nyikina

A Nyulnyulan language spoken by the Nyikina people.


Sylheti Cockney

A Cockney dialect, spoken by working-class Sylheti Londoners.


Synthetic Scots

A hybrid of the Scots language combining modern spoken Scots with archaic Scots words and idioms from various periods of Scottish history.


Bikol Central

The language most spoken and most understood in Bicol Region, Philippines.


oblique tone

(Chinese phonetics) A tone that is not level or consistent throughout a syllable.


departing tone

(Chinese phonetics) One of the four tones of Middle and modern Chinese, written with a grave accent (`).


neutral tone

(Chinese phonetics) The lack of one of the four primary phonetic tones of Chinese, sometimes viewed as a tone in its own right. The neutral tone is unmarked in Hanyu Pinyin.


Antarctic English

We are likely to consider Antarctic English as an occupational variety of general English rather than a new regional variety, mainly because men go to work in the Antarctic for a period, intending to return. They are not settlers.

1972, George William Turner, The English Language in Australia and New Zealand, Longman, →ISBN, page 67:

One of the characteristics of Antarctic English usage as it emerges from the dictionary is eclecticism: many global strands come together to create a unique South-Polar vocabulary.

2002, Tom McArthur, “Antarctica, the Falklands and the South Antarctic Islands”, in The Oxford Guide to World English, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 406:

A New Zealand linguistics doctorate graduate from the University of Canterbury has completed a world-first study into colloquial Antarctic English, spoken at the US, British and New Zealand Antarctic research stations.

2024 June 20, Eva Corlett, “Fidlets, fingies and riding a doo: study sheds light on Antarctic English slang”, in The Guardian:

An accent and variety of the English language spoken by researchers living on the continent of Antarctica, being a mixture of their native languages and neologisms for concepts relating to the continent and daily life, such as the types and characteristics of ice, equipment and routine.


Proto-Sahaptian

(linguistics) The hypothetical, reconstructed ancestor of Sahaptian languages.


nurse merger

/ˈnɚs ˌmɚd͡ʒɚ/

/ˈnɜːs ˌmɜːd͡ʒə/

/ˈnɵːs ˌmɵːd͡ʒɘ/

/ˈnʌɾs ˌmɛɾd͡ʒəɾ/

/ˈnʌɹs ˌmɛɹd͡ʒɚ/

/ˈnʌɹs ˌmʌɹd͡ʒɚ/

/ˈnʌɹs ˌmɛɹd͡ʒɚ/

Another point on which Smart insists is the distinction between serf and surf […] A distinction can of course be made, and without much difficulty, by those who think of it, and is made by those who have formed a habit of doing so; but the distinction is so rarely made as to amount almost to pedantry […]

[1869, Alexander John Ellis, “III. On the Pronunciation of English in the Sixteenth Century, and its Gradual Change during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries”, in On Early English Pronunciation, with Especial Reference to Shakespeare and Chaucer […] , volume I, London: Published for the Philological Society by Asher & Co., page 202:

Levelling of ME /irC/ and /urC/, which Orton assumes for the whole of the North (S. Durham §§411-13), has not taken place in Dent and S.We, where ME /urC/ remains (4:46).

[1967, Bertil Hedevind, The Dialect of Dentdale in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Uppsala: Appelbergs Boktryckeri AB, § 4.8, page 98:

(phonology) A phonemic merger occuring in most present accents of English where historic /ɛr/, /ɪr/, /ʊr~ʌr/ are pronounced identically.

1982, J. C. Wells, “3.1 Residualisms”, in Accents of English, volume 1: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 200:
In most Scottish accents the nurse merger has not occured, or has only partially occurred.


Sino-Indian

en-adj

Sino-Indian (comparative more Sino-Indian, superlative most Sino-Indian)

more Sino-Indian (comparative)
most Sino-Indian (superlative)


Kuku

A dialect of the Karo language group, spoken by these people.


Alas-Kluet Batak

The film is also being remade in Alas-Kluet Batak.

Batak languages spoken mainly by the Alas Batak and Kluet Batak ethnic groups in Indonesia and parts of the world.


Mandailing Batak

The film is also being remade in Mandailing Batak.

A Batak language spoken mainly by the Mandailing Batak ethnic group in Indonesia and parts of the world.


S'gaw Karen

A Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar and Thailand by the S'gaw people.


Eudeve

An Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Opata people.


Moklen

An Austronesian language spoken in Thailand


Kuy

An Austronesian language spoken in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia


Tenis

An Austronesian language spoken in Papua New Guinea


African Romance

(historical) An extinct Romance language spoken in the various provinces of Roman Africa by the African Romans under the later Roman Empire and its various post-Roman successor states in the region.


Alorese

An Austronesian language spoken on Alor and the neighboring islands of the Alor archipelago in eastern Indonesia.


Taabwa

A Bantu language spoken in Congo and Zambia


Coahuilteco

An extinct Pakawan language once spoken in southern Texas (United States) and northeastern Coahuila (Mexico).


Conicari

A Taracahitic language closely related to Tahue.


Mbukushu

A Bantu language spoken in Namibia, Botswana, Angola and Zambia.


Akei

An Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu.


Yoy

A Kra-Dai language spoken in Thailand and Laos.


Forezian

A Franco-Provençal variety spoken in Forez.


Afitti

A Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Sudan.


Anong

A Sino-Tibetan language spoken in China and Myanmar.


Inor

An Afroasiatic language spoken in Ethiopia.


Lolopo

A Sino-Tibetan language spoken in China.


Bwa

A Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo.


Bati

An Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia


Jina

An Afroasiatic language spoken in Cameroon.


Police Motu

So called for its use by the police force.


Lamut

(historical) Former name of Even, a people and language of Siberia.