subjectivism

en-noun

subjectivism (countable and uncountable, plural subjectivisms)

Subjectivism takes as its allies the emotions, intuitive insight, imagination, humaneness, art, and a “higher” truth.

1980, George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, chapter 25, in Metaphors We Live By:

(epistemology) The doctrine that knowledge is based in feelings or intuition.


know

en-verb

know (third-person singular simple present knows, present participle knowing, simple past knew or (nonstandard) knowed, past participle known or (colloquial and nonstandard) knew)

knows (present singular third-person)
knowing (participle present)
knew (past)
knowed (nonstandard past)
known (participle past)
knew (colloquial nonstandard participle past)
know (infinitive)

From Middle English knowen, from Old English cnāwan (“to know, perceive, recognise”), from Proto-West Germanic *knāan, from Proto-Germanic *knēaną (“to know”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).
(Cognates):
from Indo-European: Latin gnoscō, Latin cognoscō (Spanish conocer, French connaître, Italian conoscere, Portuguese conhecer), Ancient Greek γνωρίζω (gnōrízō, “I know”) and γνῶσις (gnôsis, “knowledge”), Albanian njoh (“I know, recognise”), Russian знать (znatʹ, “to know”), Lithuanian žinoti (“to know”), and Persian شناختن (šenâxtan, “to know”).
from Proto-Germanic: Scots knaw (“to know, recognise”), Icelandic knega (“to know, know how to, be able”), Old High German knājan (“to know, recognise”), Old Norse kná (“to know how”). Remotely related also Dutch and German kennen, West Frisian kenne (see English ken).

col

Cognates

...に精通している

...にせいつうしている

better the devil you know

than the devil you don't (know); than the one you don't (know)

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know one's head from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and one's elbow

know which side one's bread is buttered on

that's for me to know and you to find out

the devil that you know is better than the devil that you don't know

the devil we know is better than the devil we don't know

the devil you know is better than the devil you don't know

the left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing

you don't know what you're talking about

you don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

you never know what you've got till it's gone

(transitive, philosophy) To maintain (a belief, a position) subject to a given philosophical definition of knowledge; to hold a justified true belief.


belief

en-noun

belief (countable and uncountable, plural beliefs)

From Middle English bileve, from Old English lēafa, from Proto-West Germanic *laubu from Proto-Germanic *laubō. Compare German Glaube (“faith, belief”).
The replacement of final /v/ with /f/ is due to the analogy of noun-verb pairs with /f/ in the noun but /v/ in the verb, creating a pair belief : believe on the model of e.g. grief : grieve or proof : prove.

usk

a wishing of case or circumstance to be true

My belief that it will rain tomorrow is strong.

(uncountable) The quality or state of believing.


knowledge

knowledge (usually uncountable, plural knowledges)

From Middle English knowleche, knaweleche, cnawlece (“knowledge”), from knowen (“to know, recognise”) + -leche. Related to Middle English knowlechen (“to find out, acknowledge”). For more on the Middle English suffix -leche, compare freelage. Compare also Old English cnāwelǣċ, cnāwelǣċing (“acknowledging, acknowledgement”).

cog

zeal without knowledge is a runaway horse

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 490. Knowledge


burden of proof

en-noun

burden of proof (plural burdens of proof)

(epistemology) The obligation of the person making a claim in a dispute to provide sufficient evidence for their position.

التزام بتقديم الدليل

obligation of the person making a claim to provide evidence for their position

証拠を提示する義務

しょうこをていじするぎむ


regret

regret (countable and uncountable, plural regrets)

From Middle English regretten, regreten, from Old French regreter, regrater (“to lament”), from re- (intensive prefix) + *greter, *grater (“to weep”), from Frankish *grātan (“to weep, mourn, lament”), from Proto-Germanic *grētaną (“to weep”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁d- (“to sound”); and Frankish *greutan (“to cry, weep”), from Proto-Germanic *greutaną (“to weep, cry”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd- (“to weep, be sad”), equivalent to re- + greet. Cognate with Old High German grāzan (“to cry”), Old English grǣtan (“to weep, greet”), Old English grēotan (“to weep, lament”), Old Norse gráta (“to weep, groan”), Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽 (grētan, “to weep”). More at greet.

der

Under squared errorloss we show that there exists unique minimax regret solution for the problem of selecting the threshold.

2002, Bernd Droge, On the Minimax Regret Estimation of a Restricted Normal Mean, and Implications:

Each loss then represents this unavoidable loss plus a regret (loss due to ignorance of Ө). Subtracting these unavoidable losses, we obtain the regret table, Table 1.7, and the average regret table, Table 1.8.

2012, Herman Chernoff, Lincoln E. Moses, Elementary Decision Theory, page 12:

(decision theory) The amount of avoidable loss that results from choosing the wrong action.


epistemology

en-noun

epistemology (countable and uncountable, plural epistemologies)

/ɪˌpɪstəˈmɒləd͡ʒi/

/əˌpɪstəˈmɒləd͡ʒi/

/ɪˌpɪstəˈmɑləd͡ʒi/

/əˌpɪstəˈmɑləd͡ʒi/

/ɛˌpɪstəˈmɑləd͡ʒi/

From Ancient Greek ἐπιστήμη (epistḗmē, “science, knowledge”), from ἐπίσταμαι (epístamai, “I know”) + -λογία (-logía, “study or logic of”), from λόγος (lógos, “speech, language”). The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864).

uder

Some thinkers take the view that, beginning with the work of Descartes, epistemology began to replace metaphysics as the most important area of philosophy.

[P]hilosophers of the time [early 20th century] were primarily concerned with epistemology and the foundations of the sciences; they often spoke as if we were separated from the real world by a screen of "representations" or "sense-data"; they tended to regard our approach to the world as one of disinterested observation.

2014 April 12, Michael Inwood, “Martin Heidegger: The philosopher who fell for Hitler [print version: Hitler’s philosopher]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review section), London, page R10:

(uncountable) The branch of philosophy dealing with the study of knowledge; the theory of knowledge, asking such questions as "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", "What do people know?", "How do we know what we know?", "How do we know it is true?", and so on.


unknown

en-adj

unknown (comparative more unknown, superlative most unknown)

more unknown (comparative)
most unknown (superlative)

From Middle English *unknowen, *uniknowen, uniknowe, from Old English unġecnāwen (“unknown”), equivalent to un- + known.

The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on a certain afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 58:

I suspect that this large and complex military railway system, shrouded in official secrecy for most of its operational life, remains unknown to many people.

2022 January 12, Chris Hegg, “The secret railway in the woods”, in RAIL, number 948, page 34:

(sometimes postpositive) Not known; unidentified; not well known.


tautology

en-noun

tautology (countable and uncountable, plural tautologies)

From Late Latin tautologia, from Ancient Greek ταὐτολογία (tautología) from ταὐτός (tautós, “the same”) + λόγος (lógos, “explanation”), analyzed as tauto- + -logy.

propositional variable
propositional variable

(countable, logic, propositional logic) A statement that is true for all truth values of its propositional variables.

(countable, logic, first-order logic) A statement that is true for all truth values of its Boolean atoms.


EDT

EDT (countable and uncountable, plural EDTs)

evidential decision theory
w:evidential decision theory

(decision theory) Initialism of evidential decision theory.


antinomy

antinomy (countable and uncountable, plural antinomies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-antinomy.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin antinomia + English -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state); antinomia is derived from Ancient Greek ἀντινομία (antinomía), from ἀντι- (anti-, prefix meaning ‘against’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“face; forehead; front”)) + νόμος (nómos, “custom, usage; law, ordinance”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā, suffix forming feminine abstract nouns), with νόμος (nómos) derived from νέμω (némō, “to deal out, dispense, distribute”) (from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to distribute; to give; to take”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns indicating actions or their results). The English word may be analysed as anti- (prefix meaning ‘against; opposite of’) + -nomy (suffix indicating a system of laws, rules, or knowledge about a body of a particular field).

confix

This introduces the antinomy that has followed us through the whole study. The solution of this antinomy is found in making the Not-me, which interrupts self-consciousness, really reflect self-consciousness, by manifesting the nature of the I—in other words, by making it conform to the ideal of the soul.

1884, Charles Carroll Everett, Fichte’s Science of Knowledge: A Critical Exposition, page 12:

Of the work that has been done on the liar antinomy, possibly the most profound and certainly the most influential has been that of Tarski

1991, Vann McGee, Truth, Vagueness, & Paradox: An Essay on the Logic of Truth, page 67:

(by extension) Any contradiction or paradox.

(specifically, epistemology, logic) In the thought of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804): an apparent contradiction between valid conclusions; a paradox.

التضاد

(epistemology, logic) apparent contradiction between valid conclusions


empiricism

en-noun

empiricism (countable and uncountable, plural empiricisms)

ἐμπειρῐκή

practice of medicine founded on experience only

Empiricism teaches us that we are unceasingly and intimately in contact with a full, living, breathing Reality, that experience is a constant communion with the real.

1893 Sep, James Seth, “The Truth of Empiricism.”, in The Philosophical Review, volume 2, number 5, page 552:

He agrees with Kant that Hume's empiricism is refuted de facto by the example of mathematics, whose judgments are synthetic a priori.

1950 Dec, Virgil Hinshaw, Jr., “Review of Socratic Method and Critical Philosophy, Selected Essays by Leonard Nelson”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, volume 11, number 2, page 285:

Empiricism is the doctrine that human knowledge is grounded on the kind of experience, mostly achieved through the five senses, whose objects are particular events occurring at particular times and in particular places.

1958 Apr, Ernest A. Moody, “Empiricism and Metaphysics in Medieval Philosophy”, in The Philosophical Review, volume 67, number 2, page 151:

(philosophy) A doctrine which holds that the only or, at least, the most reliable source of human knowledge is experience, especially perception by means of the physical senses. (Often contrasted with rationalism.)

Our whole life in some of its highest and most important aspects is simply empiricism. Empiricism is only another word for experience.

1885, Gerard F. Cobb, "Musical Psychics," Proceedings of the Musical Association, 11th Session, p. 119

I have found no better expression than "religious" for confidence in the rational nature of reality.... Whenever this feeling is absent, science degenerates into uninspired empiricism.

1951, Albert Einstein, letter to Maurice Solovine (Jan. 1), in Letters to Solovine

Painting needs no explanation or apology. This most religious of art forms belies the pathetic empiricisms of contemporary discussions.

2001 Sep, Mark Zimmermann, “The Stillness of Painting: Robert Kingston and His Contemporaries”, in PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art, volume 23, number 3, page 71:

A pursuit of knowledge purely through experience, especially by means of observation and sometimes by experimentation.

Empirie

(social sciences, political science, sociology) Research methodology shaped from empirical philosophy (see above), e.g. surveys, statistics, etc.


dogma

dogma (countable and uncountable, plural dogmas or dogmata)

From Latin dogma (“philosophical tenet”), from Ancient Greek δόγμα (dógma, “opinion, tenet”), from δοκέω (dokéō, “I seem good, think”). Treated in the 17th and 18th century as Greek, with plural dogmata. Compare decent.

der

If he has a dogma, i.e. a scientifico-philosophical theory, then he is not any sort of Skeptic, not even an urbane Skeptic.

2015, Tad Brennan, Ethics and Epistemology in Sextus Empiricus:

An authoritative principle, belief or statement of opinion, especially one considered to be absolutely true and indisputable, regardless of evidence or without evidence to support it.


falsifiable

en-adj

falsifiable (comparative more falsifiable, superlative most falsifiable)

more falsifiable (comparative)
most falsifiable (superlative)

The statement It rains every day, everywhere is falsifiable, because it is contradicted by the basic statement On the third of August, in New York city it was not raining and it is not contradicted by the basic statement On the second of August, in New York city it was raining, while the statement It will rain someday is not falsifiable.

singular existential statement
singular existential statement#English

(epistemology) The demarcation criterion between scientific and non-scientific statements proposed by Karl Popper. In order to be ranked as scientific, statements or systems of statements must be contradicted by an intersubjective singular existential statement, also called a basic statement, and not be contradicted by another, that is, they must also be logically possible.


Occam's razor

Named after English Franciscan theologist William of Occam, an advocate of the law of parsimony, and the idea of a razor as a tool that trims or shaves.

named-after

(epistemology) The principle of preferring the simplest of competing theories.

when you hear hoofbeats, think of horses, not zebras


falsificationism

(epistemology) A scientific philosophy based on the requirement that hypotheses must be falsifiable in order to be scientific; if a claim is not able to be refuted it is not a scientific claim.


PAP

participatory anthropic principle
w:participatory anthropic principle

(cosmology, epistemology) Initialism of participatory anthropic principle.


emergent

en-adj

emergent (comparative more emergent, superlative most emergent)

more emergent (comparative)
most emergent (superlative)

/ɪˈmɜːd͡ʒənt/

/ɪˈmɝd͡ʒənt/

an emergent property

A high-level phenomenon is strongly emergent with respect to a low-level domain when the high-level phenomenon arises from the low-level domain, but truths concerning that phenomenon are not deducible even in principle from truths in the low-level domain.[…] A high-level phenomenon is weakly emergent with respect to a low-level domain when the high-level phenomenon arises from the low-level domain, but truths concerning that phenomenon are unexpected given the principles governing the low-level domain.

2008, David J. Chalmers, “Strong and Weak Emergence”, in Philip Clayton, Paul Davies, editors, The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion, →DOI:

(philosophy, epistemology, sciences) That arises at a higher level than that of its components and is not explainable by the behaviour of said components taken individually; having properties as a whole that are more complex than the properties contributed by each of the components individually.

эмердже́нтный

(philosophy, sciences) Having properties as a whole that are more complex than the properties contributed by each of the components individually.


prolepsis

en-noun

prolepsis (countable and uncountable, plural prolepses)

From Latin prolepsis, from Ancient Greek πρόληψις (prólēpsis, “preconception, anticipation”), from προλαμβάνω (prolambánō, “take beforehand, anticipate”).

der

Point (1) seems to imply that one may have a false judgement because of a mismatch between different criteria for truth. For example, my sensation is paired with a prolepsis of a horse, therefore I make an assertion that ‘there is a horse’, which upon further inspection may turn out to be a cow.

2017, Attila Németh, Epicurus on the Self, page 42:

(philosophy, epistemology) A so-called "preconception", i.e. a pre-theoretical notion which can lead to true knowledge of the world.


anamnesis

en-noun

anamnesis (countable and uncountable, plural anamneses)

From Ancient Greek ἀνάμνησις (anámnēsis, “remembrance”), verbal noun of ἀναμιμνήσκω (anamimnḗskō), from ἀνα- (ana-) + μιμνῄσκω (mimnḗiskō, “call to mind”).

affix

1990, Stewart Umphrey, Zetetic Skepticism, Longwood Academic, page 13,
There are also reasons for thinking that Socratic anamnesis, inquiry and learning are quite unlike anamnesis, inquiry and learning as ordinarily understood.

(epistemology, Platonism) The recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth, according to Plato’s theory of epistemology.


rationalism

en-noun

rationalism (countable and uncountable, plural rationalisms)

(philosophy) The theory that the reason is a source of knowledge independent of and superior to sense perception.

(philosophy) The theory that knowledge may be derived by deductions from a priori concepts (such as axioms, postulates or earlier deductions).

The opinion opposed to mysticism in philosophy is sometimes spoken of as rationalism. Rationalism insists that all our beliefs ought ultimately to find for themselves articulate grounds. Such grounds, for rationalism, must consist of four things: (1) definitely statable abstract principles; (2) definite facts of sensation; (3) definite hypotheses based on such facts; and (4) definite inferences logically drawn.

1902, William James, “Lecture 3”, in The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature […] , New York, N.Y.; London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC:

A view that the fundamental method for problem solving is through reason and experience rather than faith, inspiration, revelation, intuition or authority.


knowable

en-adj

knowable (comparative more knowable, superlative most knowable)

more knowable (comparative)
most knowable (superlative)

Attested since the 15th century; know + -able

Some things are not knowable. If Pradeep Mathew had played for India or England, would he have gone on to be the greatest spinner of all time? Not knowable. How many poor bastards have perished in this bed before me? Not knowable.

2011, Shehan Karunatilaka, Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew, Jonathan Cape, page 138:

Capable of being known, understood or comprehended.

poznatelný

capable of being known, understood or comprehended


epistemologist

A person, especially a philosopher, who studies theory of knowledge.


unknowable

unknowable (comparative more unknowable, superlative most unknowable)

more unknowable (comparative)
most unknowable (superlative)

Number fourteen: Some of the things you need to know are things that are unknowable.

2004, George Carlin, “NINETY-NINE THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW”, in When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops?, New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 39:


factive

(epistemology, of a knowing agent) Which does not know any falsities: which knows only truths.


philosophy of science

en-noun

philosophy of science (countable and uncountable, plural philosophies of science)

(philosophy, uncountable) The study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science, including such questions as what distinguishes science from non-science, what are the aims of science, or what is a successful scientific explanation of a phenomenon.

filosofia de la ciència

(philosophy, countable) A particular theory within the former.


minimax

(decision theory, game theory) A decision rule used for minimizing the maximum possible loss, or maximizing the minimum gain.


maximin

(decision theory, game theory) A rule to identify the worst outcome of each possible option to find one's best (maximum payoff) play.


externalist

en-adj

externalist (comparative more externalist, superlative most externalist)

more externalist (comparative)
most externalist (superlative)

One possible way out would be to appeal to some suitable form of externalist epistemology— based e.g. on facts about reliable empirical connections between the creatures’ responsive dispositions and the content of their experiences—to try to explain just how the content of perceptual experiences informs these subjects’ intentional behaviour.

2008 August 30, Josefa Toribio, “State Versus Content: The Unfair Trial of Perceptual Nonconceptualism”, in Erkenntnis, volume 69, number 3, →DOI:

(epistemology) Contending that there are non-internal factors which can affect the justificatory status of a belief


foundationalism

A radical denial of foundationalism is offered by social constructivism (Ernest 1998 ), an approach that many researchers in mathematics education embrace.

2008 March 21, Bernd Buldt, Benedikt Löwe, Thomas Müller, “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 3, →DOI:

(epistemology) The doctrine that beliefs derive justification from certain basic beliefs

fundamentalismi

the doctrine that beliefs derive justification from certain basic beliefs


reliabilism

en-noun

reliabilism (countable and uncountable, plural reliabilisms)

He now rejects reliabilism in favor of a socio-historical conception of knowledge.

2008 November 28, Albert Casullo, “Analyzing a priori knowledge”, in Philosophical Studies, volume 142, number 1, →DOI:

(epistemology) Any of a group of related doctrines holding that knowledge or justified belief must be the result of a reliable process


sensualism

sensualism (countable and uncountable, plural sensualisms)

1858, The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 2, No. 1, Gottfried Wilhem von Leibnitz,
He [Locke] repudiated any supposed dowry of original truths or innate or connate ideas, and endeavored to show how, by acting on the report of the senses and personal experience, the understanding arrives at all the ideas of which it is conscious. The mode of procedure in this case is empiricism; the result with Locke was sensualism,--more fully developed by Condillac, [18] in the next century.

For Sensualism the only source of human knowledge is sensation: everything reduces to transformed sensations.

1913, “Philosophy”, in Catholic Encyclopedia:

(epistemology) The doctrine that all knowledge not only originates in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies or relics of sensations; sensationalism.

сэнсуалізм

doctrine: everything reduces to transformed sensation


maximax

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-maximax.wav

The first criterion is the Hurwicz criterion, often referred to the maximax criterion. […] the decision-maker is always optimistic and attempts to maximize profits by a go-for-broke strategy.

2009, Harold Kerzner, Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, Tenth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, →ISBN, page 749:

(economics, computer science, decision theory) A strategy or algorithm that seeks to maximize the maximum possible result (that is, that prefers the alternative with the chance of the best possible outcome, even if its expected outcome and its worst possible outcome are worse than other alternatives); often used attributively, as "maximax strategy", "maximax approach", and so on.


minimin

(economics, computer science, decision theory) A strategy or algorithm that seeks to minimize the minimum possible result.


duck test

From the expression if it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.

(epistemology, philosophy) A form of abductive reasoning, application of intuition, or common sense regardless of technical parameters, to identify an ostensibly unknown subject by observing that subject's characteristics.


superdominant

en-adj

superdominant (comparative more superdominant, superlative most superdominant)

more superdominant (comparative)
most superdominant (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superdominant.wav

In decision-theoretical tenns, therefore, to believe in God is superdominant over disbelieving.

2009, Peter Hedström, Peter Bearman, The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, →ISBN:

(decision theory) Comprising the winning strategy in all cases.


Plato's Cave

Described by Plato in the Allegory of the Cave in the Republic.

(philosophy, epistemology) An allegorical cave whose unwitting, chained inhabitants perceive reality only in the form of shadow puppetry cast by the light of a man-made fire, lacking any awareness of the limitations of their perspective or its constructed nature.

Allegory of the Cave
Plato
Republic (Plato)


halfer

Coordinate term: thirder

Sleeping Beauty problem
Sleeping Beauty problem

(decision theory) With regard to the Sleeping Beauty problem: one who argues that the probability of heads is 1/2.


antifoundationalist

(epistemology) One who rejects foundationalism.


permissivist

(epistemology) A supporter of permissivism.


antifoundationalism

(epistemology) A philosophy that rejects foundationalism.

antifundacionalismo

a philosophy that rejects foundationalism


antifoundational

antifoundational (comparative more antifoundational, superlative most antifoundational)

more antifoundational (comparative)
most antifoundational (superlative)


evaluativism

Most who have argued for evaluativism have been interested in establishing skepticism, and have assumed that evaluativism implied skepticism.

1989, Raymond Martin, The Past Within Us: An Empirical Approach to Philosophy of History, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 97:

[E]valutivism makes plain that any attempt to justify a rule (ultimately by a rule-circular argument) will be an attempt for rules we value and will depend on rules we value (our basic inferential rules).

2007, Stathis Psillos, “Putting a Bridle on Irrationality: An Appraisal of van Fraassen's New Epistemology”, in Bradley Monton, editor, Images of empiricism: essays on science and stances, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 154:

There is prima facie something deeply unappealing about evaluativism: our intuitions rebel at the suggestion that reasonableness is 'not a factual property' and that '[i]n calling a rule reasonable we are evaluating it, and all that makes sense to ask about is what we value'.

2008, Carrie S Jenkins, Grounding Concepts: An Empirical Basis for Arithmetical Knowledge: An Empirical Basis for Arithmetical Knowledge, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 68:

(epistemology) The belief that certain disagreements (even about facts) ultimately stem from differing values, and therefore cannot be resolved as factual disagreements.


pignistic

Coined by Philippe Smets from Latin pignus (“a bet”) + -istic.

(decision theory) Being or relating to a probability that a rational person will assign to an option when required to make a decision.


infallibilism

en-noun

infallibilism (countable and uncountable, plural infallibilisms)

(epistemology) The theory that belief in a true proposition counts as knowledge only if the proposition is necessarily entailed by the evidence or reasoning that supports this belief.


in doubt

en-adj

in doubt (comparative more in doubt, superlative most in doubt)

more in doubt (comparative)
most in doubt (superlative)

The future of the company is in doubt now that the founder has died.

Next year's tournament is even more in doubt since the virus outbreak.


refutationism

(epistemology) A scientific philosophy based on the requirement that hypotheses must be falsifiable in order to be scientific; if a claim is not able to be refuted it is not a scientific claim.


singular existential statement

en-noun

singular existential statement (plural singular existential statements)

singular existential statements (plural)

The statement In 1697, during the expedition of Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh, there were black swans on the Swan River in Australia is a singular existential statement, while There are black swans is not.

existential quantifier
existential quantifier

(epistemology) In Popperian epistemology, a statement that contains the equivalent of an existential quantifier and one or more proper names.


Sleeping Beauty problem

Sleeping Beauty problem (plural Sleeping Beauty problems)

(decision theory) A kind of puzzle in which whenever an ideally rational epistemic agent is awoken from sleep, it has no memory of whether it has been awoken before. Upon being told that it has been woken once or twice according to the toss of a coin, once if heads and twice if tails, it is asked its degree of belief for the coin having come up heads.


cognitive bias

cognitive bias (usually uncountable, plural cognitive biases)

Cognitive biases can be adaptive when they speed decision-making.

When the government realised that a new virus was circulating, Chinese officials didn’t advise hand washing, a better cough etiquette and disposing of tissues. They quarantined entire cities and shut down the economy. As one former secretary of state for health in England put it to me, our scientists suffered from a “cognitive bias” towards the milder threat of influenza.

2020 April 9, Richard Horton, “Coronavirus is the greatest global science policy failure in a generation”, in The Guardian:

(psychology) A systematic deviation from norms of rationality and objectivity in judgment or perception.


diallelus

(epistemology) The argument that any proposition requires a justification, but the justification itself requires support, which leads to infinite regress.


observer's paradox

observer's paradox (plural observer's paradoxes)

The situation in which a phenomenon being observed for study is unintentionally influenced by the presence of the observer.


gyani

en-adj

gyani (comparative more gyani, superlative most gyani)

more gyani (comparative)
most gyani (superlative)

Borrowed from Hindi ज्ञानी (jñānī), from Sanskrit ज्ञानी (jñānī). Distantly related to know.

bor

Hindi ज्ञानी (jñānī)

New Delhi: Shortly after Congress leader Rahul Gandhi's searing criticism of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Centre's handling of the Covid second wave, Union Minister Smriti Irani on Tuesday mocked him as a "gyani baba (wise monk)" who is "dishing out pearls of wisdom" to others while not introspecting why states ruled by his own party fared poorly.

2021 June 22, “"Gyani Baba Dishing Out...": Smriti Irani Slams Rahul Gandhi Over Covid”, in NDTV.com:

Knowing every damn thing that's going on in the world, being super intelligent, being the most gyani baba and being financially broke! What a joke! And most people are like that.

2019 January 1, Ravi Sachan, Sales Ka Sikandar: 3 steps to unstick yourself, New Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan, →ISBN, →ISBN:

According to Swamy, Rahul is not Gyani, i.e knowledgable as he has failed in many exams.

2019 April 2, DNA Web Team, “Rahul Gandhi aka Raul Vinci has four passports, has a chapel at home: Subramanian Swamy”, in DNA India:


Hume's fork

Named after philosopher David Hume (1711–1776).

named-after

Hume's Fork would belong to the category of sophistry and illusion. As Hume's Fork is presented as a tool with which knowable propositions can be distinguished from nonsensical ones, critics need to show that the two categories of knowable propositions are inadequate, or that nonsensical propositions can be true or false.

2020, Jean-Etienne Joullié, Robert Spillane, The Philosophical Foundations of Management Thought, Lexington Books, →ISBN, page 105:

(epistemology) A tenet asserting that all statements are exclusively either "analytic a priori" (universally true by mere definition) or "synthetic a posteriori" (unknowable without exact experience).


permissivism

(epistemology) The belief that there are situations where the evidence for a proposition justifies either believing or doubting that proposition.


en-proverb

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

Outlandish and unbelievable claims must be followed by exceptional evidence to be considered acceptable in rational discourse.


ECREE

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence#English

Initialism of extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.


Sagan standard

The standard that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.


thirder

Coordinate term: halfer

(decision theory) With regard to the Sleeping Beauty problem: one who argues that the probability of heads is 1/3.


epistemic circularity

en-noun

epistemic circularity (countable and uncountable, plural epistemic circularities)

Coined by William Alston in 1986 in his article "Epistemic Circularity".

(epistemology, countable) A circle of (foundational) epistemic arguments where the reliability of a device used within this circle is also proven within the circle.

(epistemology, uncountable) The quality of being such a circle.


ambiguity aversion

probability distribution
probability distribution

(economics, decision theory) A preference for known risks over unknown risks: that is, favoring an option where the probability distribution of the outcomes is known over one where the probabilities are unknown.


Choquet integral

Choquet integral (plural Choquet integrals)

Named after the French mathematician Gustave Choquet, who introduced them in 1953.

statistical mechanics
statistical mechanics

(statistical mechanics, potential theory, decision theory) A kind of subadditive or superadditive integral to measure the expected utility of an uncertain event.

statistical mechanics; potential theory; decision theory; statistical mechanics; potential theory; decision theory


thought collective

thought collective (plural thought collectives)

Calque of German Denkkollektiv, with the 1979 publication of an English translation and 1980 reedition of a book of Ludwig Fleck.

Coordinate term: thought style

Sociological framework conditions in which scientific statements are tailored as language games to become intersubjectively and collectively relevant and conceptualized as facts.