astronomical unit

en-noun

astronomical unit (plural astronomical units)

Now this big quarter of a Jupiter mass planet is in an orbit about Zeta 2 Reticuli which lasts 18.9 days and has a Semi-Major Axis of 0.14 Astronomical Unit (AU). For comparison Mercury has a Semi-Major Axis of 0.387 AU equal to 36 million miles and Earth has a Semi-Major Axis of 1.00 AU equal to 92.9 million miles. Now if we assume that this newly discovered planet, which we will name Reticulum 1 in accordance with Bob Lazar’s convention, is the closest one to Zeta 2 Reticuli (it’s hard to imagine a closer one), then following Bode’s Law (the law which states each planet is about twice the distance from it’s sun as its inner neighbor) Reticulum 2 should be at 0.28 AU, Reticulum 3 should be at 0.56 AU and, INTERESTINGLY, Reticulum 4 would be at 1.12 AU in between the Earth’s 1.00 AU and Mars’s 1.52 AU, well within the “life-zone” of a G class star!

2000 April 10, Joe LeSearne, “Zeta 2 Reticuli : Home System Of The Greys?”, in http://www.gravitywarpdrive.com/, retrieved 2012-08-05:

Gagarin Station is the largest deep space station built by humanity, a "Bernal Sphere" designed with a 500-meter-diameter habitable area. It was constructed beyond Pluto, nearly 80 Astronomical Units (12 billion kilometers) from Sol. Moving crew and materials to this location bankrupted most of the backers.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Stations: Gagarin Station Codex entry:

(astronomy) 149,597,870,700 metres, the approximate mean distance from the Earth to the Sun (the semi-major axis of Earth's orbit), (symbol AU), used to measure distances in the solar system.


liter

(American spelling) Alternative form of litre, one cubic decimeter.


punto

From Latin punctum (“point”) via Italian and Spanish punto, from pungō (“to prick, to puncture”). Doublet of point, punctum, and ponto.

(historical) A traditional small Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 0.16 mm.


furlong

furlong (plural furlongs or (archaic) furlong)

furlongs (plural)
furlong (archaic plural)

PIE word
 *dlongʰos
From Middle English furlong, forlong (“unit of distance about one-eighth of a mile; quantity of land equal to one square furlong; racetrack for foot races; foot race”) [and other forms], from Old English furlang, furlung, from furh (“a furrow”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig; to open; to rip up”) + lang (“long”, adjective) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos (“long”)), originally the typical length of a furrow in an average field.

nb...

ferlong, forelang, forelange, forelong, forelonge, forlang, forlange, forlonge, fourlonge, furelang, furelange, furelonge, furlang, furlange, furleng, furlonge, furlung, furowlong, (rare) furʒlong

inh

stadion

(historical) Synonym of stadion (“a Greek unit of distance based on standardized footraces, equivalent to about 185.4 metres”)


AU

en-noun

AU (countable and uncountable, plural AUs)

Tuntau is an enormous, low-density terrestrial planet, with a thick atmosphere of methane and helium. Despite being nearly 20 AU from Phoenix, the star's great heat and the insulating thickness of the atmosphere make the surface surprisingly temperate.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Tuntau:

astronomical unit
astronomical unit#English

(astronomy, metrology) Initialism of astronomical unit.

(physics, metrology) Initialism of angstrom unit.


tablespoon

1995 May 22, Salad Recipes, New York, page 51,
Heat 2 tablespoons olive oil in a nonstick skillet until hot and quickly saute the goat-cheese buttons on both sides until brown.

In Australia, 1 tablespoon equals 20 ml, and there are 4 teaspoons in the Australian tablespoon.

2003, Better Homes and Gardens, Biggest Book of Bread Machine Recipes, page 416:

2006, Tempted: 150 Very Wicked Desserts, Murdoch Books, UK, copyright page,
If you are using a 15 ml (3 teaspoon) tablespoon, for most recipes the difference will not be noticeable.

2012, James Armstrong, Kellee Hollyman, General, Organic, and Biochemistry: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning, US, page 27,
The problem gives us a number of tablespoons of cooking oil and asks us to convert this amount into milliliters. We are also told that one tablespoon equals 3 teaspoons, but this is a relationship between two units, not an actual measurement.

(cooking) A unit of volume, the value of which varies regionally; in the US: three teaspoons or one half fluid ounce or roughly 15 ml; in Britain and Canada: exactly 15 ml; in Russia 18 ml; in Australia: four teaspoons or 20 ml.


parsec

Han Solo: Fast ship? You've never heard of the Millennium Falcon?
Obi-Wan "Ben" Kenobi: Should I have?
Han Solo: It's the ship that made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs. I've outrun Imperial starships. Not the local bulk cruisers mind you, I'm talking about the big Corellian ships now. She's fast enough for you old man.

1977, Star Wars, spoken by Han Solo and Obi-Wan "Ben" Kenobi (Harrison Ford and Alec Guinness), →OCLC:

(astronomy, metrology) Short for parallax second.


teaspoon

A unit of measure, equivalent to one-third of a tablespoon or roughly five milliliters.


light year

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

2012 January 5, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-11-14, page 23:

(astronomy) A unit of length (abbreviation ly; equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres (10¹⁶ metres)) equal to the distance light travels in one Julian year; used to measure extremely large distances.


square yard

A unit of area (abbreviation sq yd or sq. yd.) equal to the area of a square the sides of which are one yard long (i.e. 3 feet by 3 feet or 9 square feet).


cubic centimeter

cubic centimeter (plural cubic centimeters)

cubic centimetre
cubic centimetre#English


square inch

A unit of area equal to the area of a square the sides of which are each one inch long.


square foot

In 1973, we built a new factory in Tahsi in Taoyuan County, which occupied an area of 600,000 square feet.

2002, Huang Chin-shing, Business as a Vocation: The Autobiography of Wu Ho-Su, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 110:

At No. 3 Staunton Street in the city’s SoHo district, the roughly 1,300 square-foot ground floor was once used as a parking space for a Ferrari.

2023 March 22, Christy Choi, “Hong Kong’s New Kids on the Block”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-22, Art & Design:

A unit of area, regardless of its shape, equal to the area of a square whose sides are one foot long.

平方英尺

unit of area equal to that of a square of one foot each side


cubic centimetre

cubic centimetre (plural cubic centimetres)

A unit of volume equal to that of a cube having sides each one centimetre in length, equal to 10⁻⁶ cubic metres and 1 millilitre. Commonly used in fluid measure and for engine sizes.


cubic metre

Meronyms: cubic centimetre, cubic decimetre, cubic foot, cubic inch, cubic yard

A unit of volume equal to that of a cube having sides each one metre in length. Symbol: ㎥.


dedo

From Spanish and Portuguese dedo (“digit, finger”), from Old Spanish and Old Galician-Portuguese dedo, from Latin digitus, from Proto-Indo-European *deyǵ- (“to show, to point out”).

der

(historical) A traditional short Spanish unit of length, usually about equal to 1.75 cm.


media

Learned borrowing from Latin media, the feminine nominative of medius (“middle”, adjective), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). In the sense of a unit of dry measure, via Spanish media. Doublet of medium, medio, and mediate.

(historical) Synonym of cuarto: a half-fanega, a traditional Spanish unit of dry measure equivalent to about 27.8 L


reed

en-noun

reed (countable and uncountable, plural reeds)

From Middle English red, reed, from Old English hrēod, from Proto-West Germanic *hreud, of uncertain origin.
Akin to Saterland Frisian Rait (“reed”), West Frisian reid (“reed”), Dutch riet (“reed”), German Ried (“reed”). No cognates in North Germanic languages, but the existence of an otherwise unattested Gothic *𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌳 (*hriud) was supposed by the brothers Grimm. They also theorised that the word may have a relation to the retas mentioned in Noctes Atticae (Aulus Gellius). The measuring reed sense is the translation of Akkadian qanûm ("cane") used in the Bible and elsewhere.

A Babylonian unit of measure the length of a reed, equal to half a nindan, or six cubits.


bun

From Middle English bunne (“wheat cake, bun”), from Anglo-Norman bugne (“bump on the head; fritter”), from Old French bugne (hence French beignet), from Frankish *bungjo (“little clump”), diminutive of *bungu (“lump, clump”), from Proto-Germanic *bungô, *bunkô (“clump, lump, heap, crowd”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ- (“thick, dense, fat”). Cognate with Dutch bonk (“clump, clot, cluster of fruits”). More at bunch.

bolletjie

a small bread roll, often sweetened or spiced

couldn't organise a bun fight in a bakery

A small bread roll that is sweetened or spiced.

A bread roll that is served with a savoury filling such as a hamburger or hot dog.

(Northern England, especially Northumbria) Any bread roll.

Senses referring to baked goods.
Any bread roll.

Senses referring to baked goods.
(Northern England, Ireland) A cupcake.

Senses referring to baked goods.
A cupcake.


bun

From the Revised Romanization of Korean 분 (bun), from Chinese 分 (fèn, “fen”). Doublet of fen.

A Korean unit of length equivalent to about 0.3 cm.


olf

A unit measuring the strength of an olfactory pollution source as detected by an average adult in typical conditions.


omer

From Biblical Hebrew עומר / עֹמֶר ('ómer, “sheaf”).

...that Omer which was every mans daily portion of Manna, is computed to have bin more then might have well suffic'd the heartiest feeder thrice as many meals.

And it came to pass, that on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for one man: and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses.

(historical units of measure) A former small Hebrew unit of dry volume equal to about 2.3 L or 2.1 quarts.

(Judaism) The sheaf of barley offered on the second day of Passover.


omer

(Judaism) The counting of the omer, that is, the period of 49 days between Passover and Shavuot.


avoirdupois

en-noun

avoirdupois (usually uncountable, plural avoirdupoises)

/ˌævədəˈpɔɪz/

/ˌævɚdəˈpɔɪz/

From Middle English avoir de pois, aver de peis, haburdy poyse, haburdepays, haburdepeyse, from Old French aveir + de + peis (“asset of weight”), influenced by Middle French avoir + du + pois; compare French poids (“weight”).

It seems humanly reasonable that the three of us can woman-handle a mere man of your elderly and insulting avoirdupois.

1915, Jack London, The Little Lady of the Big House:

The detective sergeant, who was called Munro, more than made up for Cullen's advance in the avoirdupois department. Lean to the point of emaciation, Munro was also a paragon of contemporary fashion. He was clad in a hideous brown suit […]


catty

“Give me your slingshot, and I'll let you have it back after school this afternoon,” she said firmly. […] I stuck the 'catty' into my back pocket and ran outside to meet the others.

2009, Sheldon Arensen, The Carjackers, page 43:

You could also keep a tennis ball and a frog, or a catapult and a frog, but not all three together. I know because I tried it. The frog got a bit squashed between the ball and the handle of the catty.

2017, David Cooper, Christiaan Barnard: The Surgeon Who Dared:


gallon

→ Cebuano: galon

→ Czech: galon

→ Portuguese: galão

→ Serbo-Croatian: galon

→ Swahili: galoni

→ Turkish: galon

From Middle English gallon, galoun, galun, from Old Northern French galun, galon (“liquid measure”) (compare Old French jalon), from Late Latin galum, galus (“measure of wine”), from Vulgar Latin *galla (“vessel”), possibly from Gaulish [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“goblet”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κύλιξ (kúlix, “cup”), Sanskrit कलश (kalaśa, “jar, pitcher; measure of liquid”). Related to Old French gille (“wine measure”) (from Medieval Latin gillō (“earthenware jar”)), Old French jale (“bowl”), Old French jaloie (“measure of capacity”).

cog

(US) one-eighth of a U.S. bushel or approximately 4.405 liters for dry goods (a "U.S. dry gallon").


diopter

From Latin dioptra, from Ancient Greek διόπτρα (dióptra).

A unit of measure of the power of a lens or mirror, equal to the reciprocal of its focal length in meters. Myopia is diagnosed and measured in diopters.

The dioptre adjustment mechanism of a pair of binoculars or of a camera viewfinder.

(photography, dated) A lens element attached to the front of a photographic lens to shorten the lens's minimum focus distance; also called a "close-up filter".

(obsolete) Any lens system, such as a telescope.

(obsolete) An instrument for drawing the skull by projections.


section

From Middle English seccioun, from Old French section, from Latin sectiō (“cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation of diseased parts of the body, etc.”), from sectus, past participle of secāre (“to cut”). More at saw.

разрэ́з

surgery: incision or the act of making an incision

(US, Canada, law and land surveying) Synonym of square mile, a unit of land area, especially in the contexts of Canadian surveys and American land grants and legal property descriptions.

acre (1

square mile when described as a 'section'


rundlet

Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31.5 gallons, a rundlet 18.5 gallons.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, page 205:

A measure for liquids, as for wine, usually 18.5 gallons.


crannock

Cran'nock (s.) An ancient measure of corn.

1795, John Ash, The New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd edition, volume 1:

In Ireland the crannock is used instead of the quarter. It is, however, plainly identical with it, being divided into the same number of bushels and pecks.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 167:

An old Irish measure of corn equivalent to the quarter. The crannock of oats appears to contain two quarters, as sometimes occurs with its English equivalent.


kilderkin

Late Middle English, from Middle Dutch kinderkin, a variant of kinerkijn, itself a diminutive of kintal. See quintal.

1882: 23 Hen. VIII, cap. 4... The barrel of beer is to hold 36 gallons, the kilderkin 18 gallons the firkin 9. But the barrel, kilderkin, and firkin of ale are to contain 32, 16, and 8 gallons. — James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Volume 4, p. 205.

Barrels came in firkins, nine gallons; kilderkins, eighteen gallons; halves, twenty-seven gallons; barrels, thirty-six gallons and hogsheads, fifty-four.

1987, Keith Dunstan, The Amber Nectar, Ringwood: Vicking O'Neil, page 81:

An old English liquid measure, usually being half a barrel; containing 18 English beer gallons, or 83.178 L.


puncheon

From Middle English punchoun, from Anglo-Norman ponchon, pounceon et al., and Middle French ponçon, poinchon et al., from Old French ponchon, from Latin pūnctiōnem (“act of piercing”). Doublet of punction. Related to Middle High German punze (“chisel; burin, graver”), ponze (“puncheon, standardized cask”), German Punze (“puncheon, punch, counter”).

cog

A short low bridge of similar construction. Also called puncheon bridge.


dozen

→ Bengali: ডজন (ḍojon)

⇒ Chinese: 打 (dá)

→ Vietnamese: tá

→ Hindi: दर्जन (darjan)

→ Fiji Hindi: darjan

desctree

⇒ Japanese: ダース (dāsu)
→ Korean: 다스 (daseu)

→ Manx: dussan

→ Maori: taihana

→ Scottish Gaelic: dusan

→ Swahili: dazeni

→ Welsh: dwsin

From Middle English dozen, dozein, doseyne, from Old French dozaine (“a group of twelve”) (Modern French douzaine), from doze (“twelve”) + -aine (“-ish”), from Latin duodecim (“twelve”) (from duo (“two”) + decem (“ten”)) + -ana (“-ish”).

der

The dozen as a measure for iron ore remained almost completely constant at 12 cwts. during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

1957, H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, page 139:

(metallurgy) An old English measure of ore containing 12 hundredweight.


daker

The dicker, or daker, was ten, and is found, though generally at later times than the period before us, as a measure for hides and gloves.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 171:

(obsolete) Alternative form of dicker, 10 items of some commodity taken as a unit.


firkin

From Middle Dutch *vierdekijn, diminutive of vierde (“fourth”), from vier (“four”); equivalent to fourth + -kin.

23 Hen. VIII, cap. 4... The barrel of beer is to hold 36 gallons, the kilderkin 18 gallons the firkin 9. But the barrel, kilderkin, and firkin of ale are to contain 32, 16, and 8 gallons.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 4, page 205:

(British) A varying measure of capacity, usually being a quarter of a barrel; specifically, a measure equal to nine imperial gallons.


charrus

Another element of weight is the charrus, carecta, or plaustrata of lead. This quantity contained thrity fontinelli, fotmael, pedes, or pigs. Each pes contained five petrae of fourteen pounds each, and therefore the pes was 70 avoirdupois pounds and the charrus 2100 lbs.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 168:


chaldron

The celdra or chaldron is employed in some places, especially at Finchale or Wearmouth. It appears to contain four quarters or thereabouts, and is perhaps the original measure of which the quarter is a fraction.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 4, page 208:

The visitors recorded that it [Locomotion] could haul 20 wagons, each holding one Newcastle chaldron of coal (53 cwt.).

1950 November, “Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns Limited”, in Railway Magazine, page 724:

????, De Colange.
In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs.

(archaic) An old English dry measure, containing four quarters. At London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exclusively for coal and coke.


sextary

From Middle English sextarie, sextary, anglicized from Latin sextārius (“pint”). Doublet of sextarius.

The sextary seems to have contained 6 gallons, and is also used for cider and wine.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 172:

(historical) An Anglo-Saxon unit of liquid measure, chiefly used for wine and cider.


hundredweight

en-noun

hundredweight (plural hundredweight or hundredweights)

hundredweight (plural)
hundredweights (plural)

→ Middle Bengali: *হন্দর্দ (*hondord)

Bengali: হন্দর (hondor)

A measure of weight containing a hundred pounds, variously understood as

(Canada, US) A unit of measurement containing 100 avoirdupois pounds (about 45.4 kg).

The hundredweight of 112 avoirdupois lbs. becomes general in the period before me, and is employed for the commoner kinds of materials.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume IV, page 209:

(UK, chiefly historical) A unit of measurement containing 112 avoirdupois pounds (eight stone or about 50.8 kg).

(historical) Synonym of quintal, a unit of measurement containing various amounts depending on the objects weighed.

quintal

(historical) Various units of ancient measurement systems consisting of 100 units usually translated as "pounds".


tierce

From Old French tierce, from Latin tertia.

He then gave me a large piece of silver coin, such as I never had seen or had before, and told me to get ready for the voyage, and he would credit me with a tierce of sugar, and another of rum […].

1789, Olaudah Equiano, chapter 6, in The Interesting Narrative, volume I:

Have an eye to the molasses tierce, Mr. Stubb; it was a little leaky, I thought.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “chapter 22”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:

Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31.5 gallons, a rundlet 18.5 gallons.

(now historical) A measure of capacity equal to a third of a pipe, or a cask or other vessel holding such a quantity; a cask larger than a barrel, and smaller than a hogshead or a puncheon, in which wine or salt provisions, rice, etc., are packed for shipment.

(card games) A sequence of three playing cards of the same suit. Tierce of ace, king and queen is called tierce-major.

[W]e behold two men with lion-look, with alert attitude, side foremost, right foot advanced; flourishing and thrusting, stoccado and passado, in tierce and quart; intent to skewer one another.

1837, Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution: A History […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):

(fencing) The third defensive position, with the sword hand held at waist height, and the tip of the sword at head height.

(obsolete) One sixtieth of a second, i.e., the third in a series of fractional parts in a sexagesimal number system. (Also known as a third.)


hogshead

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-hogshead.wav

From Late Middle English hogshead, hagyshed, hogeyshed, hoggesyde, hokkeshed, Middle English hoggeshed, hogges-hed, hogeshed, hoggeshede, hoggesheed, hoggesheudes, hoggesheved, hoggishede, hoggisheed, hoggyssehed, hogyshed, hoogeshed (“measure of liquid capacity equivalent to about 63 gallons; large barrel or cask”, literally “hog’s head”), from hog, hogge (“swine, especially a castrated male swine”) + hed (“animal or human head”), equivalent to hog + 's + head. The connection between the cask and the head of a hog is uncertain, but may refer to the shape of the cask. The word has often been borrowed into other languages as “ox-head”.

[...] their vessels for use are made some of clay, of which sort some are so great as that they will containe more then one hogshead of water.

1632, attributed to J. Day, A Pvblication of Gviana’s Plantation: […], London: Printed by William Iones for Thomas Paine, […], →OCLC, page 15:

The best Veſſel for Conveyance, (if you carry above 20 Miles) is, a great Tun that holds five Hogſheads; but if no more than 10, 15, or 20 Miles, ordinary Hogſheads will do well enough. I know by Experience you may ſafely carry 300 Carps, ſix and ſeven Inches long, in one Hogſhead; but from ſeven to a Foot, not ſo many by a fourth Part.

1713, [Roger North], “Of Fishing for Carriage”, in A Discourse of Fish and Fish-ponds, […], London: Printed for E[dmund] Curll, […], →OCLC, page 62:

Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31½ gallons, a rundlet 18½ gallons.

1882, James E[dwin] Thorold Rogers, “Weights and Measures”, in A History of Agriculture and Prices in England […], volumes IV (1401–1582), Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 205:

Barrels came in firkins, nine gallons; kilderkins, eighteen gallons; halves, twenty-seven gallons; barrels, thirty-six gallons and hogsheads, fifty-four.

(British) An English measure of capacity for liquids, containing 63 wine gallons, or about 52+¹⁄₂ imperial gallons; a half pipe.


windle

From Middle English windel, shortened from Old English windelstrēaw (“windlestraw, coarse grass or reed”).


vara

Borrowed from Spanish and Portuguese vara (“rod”), from Latin vāra (“fork”).

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of length, equivalent to about 83.7 cm.

(historical) A traditional Portuguese unit of length, equivalent to about 1.1 m.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of area, equivalent to about 0.7 m².


bushel

From Middle English busshel, from Old French boissel, from boisse, a grain measure based on Gaulish *bostyā (“handful”), from Proto-Celtic *bostā (“palm, fist”) (compare Breton boz (“hollow of the hand”), Old Irish bas), from Proto-Indo-European *gwost-, *gwosdʰ- (“branch”).

a heap containing ten bushels of apples


tot

Borrowed from Scots tot, a shortened form of totum (“small child; tot”), of uncertain origin, perhaps shortened from totter (“to move in an unsteady way”),
Compare tottle, also Old Norse tottr (“name of a dwarf”), Swedish tutte (“small child”), Danish tommeltot (“little child”).


snit

Likely related to Proto-Germanic *snidaz, i.e. a a little, a bit. Also perhaps from obsolete German Schnitt which is a small amount of beer served in a larger glass.

The bartender served us each a snit with our Bloody Marys this morning.

(US, dialect) A beer chaser commonly served in three-ounce servings in highball or juice glasses with a Bloody Mary cocktail in the upper midwest states of United States including Minnesota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan, and Illinois.


kite

The noun is from Middle English kyte, kīte, kete (“a kite endemic to Europe, especially the red kite (Milvus milvus)”), from Old English cȳta (“kite; bittern”), from Proto-West Germanic *kūtijō, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *kūts (“bird of prey”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH-d- (“to cry, screech”). The English word is cognate with Scots kyt, kyte (“kite; bird of prey”), Middle High German kiuzelīn, kützlīn (“owling”) (modern German Kauz (“owl”)). Possibly a doublet of coot.
Sense 3 (“lightweight toy”) is from the fact that it hovers in the air like the bird.
The verb is derived from the noun.

leko

military aviation, slang: aircraft — see also aircraft

leija

sailing, slang: spinnaker — see also spinnaker

But she said, "if this was a kite, he didn't realize that you don't have the float time of the old days," which made check-kiting easier.

1991 May 21, Alex Barnum, “Suspect named in kiting case”, in San Jose Mercury News, San Jose, Calif.: Mercury Herald Co., →OCLC, page 8E:

(banking, slang) A blank cheque; a fraudulent cheque, such as one issued even though there are insufficient funds to honour it, or one that has been altered without authorization.

The advantages which are alleged to belong to the district system [of banking] are the following:— […] as each bank will have an agent in London, the bills they draw will thus have two parties as securities, and the public will have a pledge that there is no excessive issue in the form of kites or accommodation bills.

1871, James W. Gilbart, “Section XI. The Administration of Joint-stock Banks, with an Inquiry into the Causes of Their Failures.”, in The Principles and Practice of Banking, new edition, London: Bell & Daldy, […], →OCLC, part I (Of Practical Banking), pages 324–325:

accommodation bill
accommodation bill#English

(finance, slang) An accommodation bill (“a bill of exchange endorsed by a reputable third party acting as a guarantor, as a favour and without compensation”).


kite

en-verb

kite (third-person singular simple present kites, present participle kiting, simple past and past participle kited)

kites (present singular third-person)
kiting (participle present)
kited (participle past)
kited (past)

извисявам

to cause (something) to move upwards rapidly

He was convicted of kiting checks and sentenced to two years in prison.

“An affair of honour!” said O’Flaherty, squaring himself. He smelt powder in everything.
 “More like an affair of dishonour,” said Toole, buttoning his coat. “He’s been ‘kiting’ all over the town. Nutter can distrain for his rent to-morrow, and Cluffe called him outside the bar to speak with him; put that and that together, sir.”

1863, J[oseph] Sheridan Le Fanu, “In Which Dr. Sturk Tries This Way and That for a Reprieve on the Eve of Execution”, in The House by the Church-yard. […], volume II, London: Tinsley, Brothers, […], →OCLC, pages 65–66:

The fame and money brought in by Only in America meant no more name changes, no need to kite checks, and no sneaking past the landlord.

2015, Kimberly Marlowe Hartnett, “Scandal and Resurrection”, in Carolina Israelite: How Harry Golden Made Us Care about Jews, the South, and Civil Rights, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN, page 163:

(transitive, intransitive, banking, slang) To write or present (a cheque) on an account with insufficient funds, either to defraud or expecting that funds will become available by the time the cheque clears.


tun

From Middle English tunne, tonne (“cask, barrel”), from Old English tunne (“tun, cask, barrel”), from Proto-Germanic *tunnǭ, *tunnō (“tun, barrel, cask”), from Latin tunna, probably of Gaulish origin.
Cognate with North Frisian tenn (“tun, barrel, cask”), Dutch ton (“tun, barrel, cask”), German Tonne (“tun, barrel, drum”), Danish tønde (“barrel”), Swedish tunna (“barrel, cask, tun”), Icelandic tunna (“barrel”). Compare also Old French tonne, French tonneau (“ton, barrel”), Medieval Latin tunna (“cask”), Middle Irish tunna (“cask”), Welsh tynell (“tun, barrel”). It is uncertain whether the Germanic or the Celtic forms are the original.

cog

Synonym of long ton: a unit of mass equal to 2240 pounds, 20 hundredweights of 112 pounds avoirdupois each.


barrel

From Middle English barel, from Anglo-Norman baril, Old French baril, bareil (“barrel”), of uncertain origin. An attempt to link baril to Old French barre (“bar, bolt”) (compare Medieval Latin barra (“bar, rod”)) via assumed Vulgar Latin *barrīculum meets the phonological requirement, but fails to connect the word semantically. The alternate connection to Frankish *baril, *beril or Gothic 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍃 (bērils, “container for transport”), from Proto-Germanic *barilaz, *bērilaz (“barrel, jug, container”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, transport”), is more plausible as it connects not only the form of the word but also the sense; equivalent to bear + -le. Compare also Old High German biril (“jug, large pot”), Luxembourgish Bärel, Bierel (“jug, pot”), Old Norse berill (“barrel for liquids”), Old English byrla (“barrel of a horse, trunk, body”). More at bear.

vat

round vessel made from staves bound with a hoop

1987, Keith Dunstan, The Amber Nectar, Ringwood: Vicking O'Neil, page 81:

en:round vessel such as cask
en:cask of a certain size

(countable) A round (cylindrical) vessel, such as a cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends (heads). Sometimes applied to a similar cylindrical container made of metal, usually called a drum.

Such a cask of a certain size, holding one-eighth of what a tun holds. (See a diagram comparing cask sizes.)

bbl

cylindrical container, or cask of a certain size

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 4, page 205:

23 Hen. VIII, cap. 4... The barrel of beer is to hold 36 gallons, the kilderkin 18 gallons the firkin 9. But the barrel, kilderkin, and firkin of ale are to contain 32, 16, and 8 gallons.

The quantity which constitutes a full barrel: the volume or weight this represents varies by local law and custom.

(zoology) The hollow basal part of a feather.

(surfing) A wave that breaks with a hollow compartment.

tynnyri

surfing: wave that breaks with a hollow compartment


LC

en-noun

LC (countable and uncountable, plural LCs)

(engineering, metrology) Initialism of least count.


clove

(geography) A narrow valley with steep sides, used in areas of North America first settled by the Dutch


sheaf

From Middle English scheef, from Old English sċēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *skaub, from Proto-Germanic *skauba- (“sheaf”).
Cognates
Akin to West Frisian skeaf (“sheaf”), Dutch schoof (“sheaf”), German Schaub, Old Norse skauf (“a fox's tail”). Compare further Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍆𐍄 (skuft, “hair of the head”), German Schopf (“tuft”).

cog

O, let me teach you how to knit again / This scattered corn into one mutual sheaf, / These broken limbs again into one body.

c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii], line 70:

Ev’n while the Reaper fills his greedy hands, / And binds the golden Sheafs in brittle bands

1697, Virgil, “The First Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 60, lines 429–430:

A quantity of the stalks and ears of wheat, rye, or other grain, bound together; a bundle of grain or straw.

Arrows were anciently made of reeds, afterwards of cornel wood, and occasionally of every species of wood: but according to Roger Ascham, ash was best; arrows were reckoned by sheaves, a sheaf consisted of twenty-four arrows.

1786, Francis Grose, A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons, page 34:

A quantity of arrows, usually twenty-four.

(mathematics) An abstract construct in topology that associates data to the open sets of a topological space (i.e. a presheaf) in such a way so as to make the local and global data compatible, generalizing the situation of functions, fiber bundles, manifold structure, etc. on a topological space. Formally, a presheaf ℱ whose sections are, in a technical sense, uniquely determined by their restrictions onto smaller sets: that is, given an open cover U_i of U:

If two sections over U agree under restriction to every U_i, then the sections are the same.

Given a family of sections s_i∈ℱ(U_i) such that all pairs (s_i,s_j) agree under restriction to U_i∩U_j, there is a (unique) section s over U whose restriction to U_i is s_i.


sheaf

en-verb

sheaf (third-person singular simple present sheafs, present participle sheafing, simple past and past participle sheafed)

sheafs (present singular third-person)
sheafing (participle present)
sheafed (participle past)
sheafed (past)

to sheaf wheat

(transitive) To gather and bind into a sheaf; to make into sheaves


plough

→ Fiji Hindi: falaawaa

From Middle English plouh, plow, plugh(e), plough(e), plouw, from Old English plōh (“hide of land, ploughland”) and Old Norse plógr (“plough (the implement)”), both from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz, *plōguz (“plough”). Cognate with Scots pleuch, plou, North Frisian plog, West Frisian ploech, Low German Ploog, Dutch ploeg, Russian плуг (plug), German Pflug, Danish plov, Swedish and Norwegian plog, Icelandic plógur. Replaced Old English sulh (“plough, furrow”); see sullow.

der

c. 1350, Geoffrey Chaucer (attributed), The Tale of Gamelyn
Johan, mine eldest son, shall have plowes five.

Alternative form of ploughland, an alternative name for a carucate or hide.


butt

From Middle English bit, bitte, bytte, butte (“leather bottle”), from Old English bytt, byt (from Proto-West Germanic *buttjā) and Old French boute (“cask”) and other etymologies on this page, all from Vulgar Latin *buttia. Doublet of boccia.

Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31.5 gallons, a rundlet 18.5 gallons. –

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, page 205:

(English units) An English measure of capacity for liquids, containing 126 wine gallons which is one-half tun; equivalent to the pipe.


nautical mile

(historical) Synonym of sea mile, a historical Scandinavian unit of distance equal to about 4 nmi.

مِيل بَحْرِيّ

nautical: a unit of measure equal to 1852 metres


carve

From Middle English kerven, from Old English ceorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *kerban, from Proto-Germanic *kerbaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch”). Cognate with West Frisian kerve, Dutch kerven, Low German karven, German kerben (“to notch”); also Old Prussian gīrbin (“number”), Old Church Slavonic жрѣбии (žrěbii, “lot, tallymark”), Ancient Greek γράφειν (gráphein, “to scratch, etch”).

cog

... half a carve of arable land in Ballyncore, one carve of arable land in Pales, a quarter of arable land in Clonnemeagh, half a carve of arable land in Ballyfaden, half a carve of arable land in Ballymadran, ...

1862, Calendar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland:

Whereof John de Ditton holds a moiety of the village for half a carve of land.

1868, John Harland (editor), Wapentake of West Derby, in Remains, Historical and Literary, Connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester, (translating a Latin text c. 1320-46), page 31


coss

Borrowed from Hindustani کوس / कोस (kos). Doublet of krosa.

... the distances (computed by marching-time as well as by reference to the Népálese kós of 2⅓ miles each) ...

1857, Brian Houghton Hodgson, Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal, No. XXVII: Papers Relative to the Colonization, Commerce, Physical Geography, &c., &c., of the Himalaya Mountains and Nepal, p. 85

A full half koss from bank to bank is the stream now – you can see it under the stars – and there are ten feet of water therein.

1888, Rudyard Kipling, 'In Flood Time', In Black and White, Folio Society, published 2005, pages 410–11:

(British India, South Asia) A measure of distance, varying from one and a quarter to two and a half English miles.


amp

en-noun

amp (countable and uncountable, plural amps)

(colloquial, countable) Short for ampere.

(colloquial, countable) Short for amplifier.

The physician had included a note which said: "Dear Miss ........, I could not get the name of your friend over the phone so I am sending two prescriptions for Methedrine amps and one prescription for Drinalfa ten cc vials.

1963, Washington (State). Legislature. Joint Committee on Governmental Cooperation, Report and Recommendations (page 45)

(colloquial, countable) Short for ampoule.

(colloquial, countable) Short for amputee.

(colloquial, uncountable) Short for amphetamine.

(colloquial, uncountable) Short for ampicillin.

(colloquial, countable) Short for ampersand.


gauss

Named for Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician and physicist.

The unit of magnetic field strength in CGS systems of units, equal to 0.0001 tesla.


canna

From Latin canna (“reed”), from Ancient Greek κᾰ́ννᾱ (kánnā, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒂵𒉡𒌑𒌝 (qanûm). Cognates Biblical Hebrew קָנֶה (qané), Aramaic קַנְיָא (qanyā), Classical Syriac ܩܢܝܐ (qanya), and English canon, cannon, canal, and channel. Doublet of cane and kaneh.

A palisade of Canary palms formed an honour guard along the verges, while beds of golden cannas flamed from the central reservation.

2000, JG Ballard, Super-Cannes, Fourth Estate, published 2011, page 7:

Still, some of Mr. Cooper’s tender salvias are wintering over, and he plans to leave a few clumps of cannas in the ground next fall.

2007 January 18, Anne Raver, “Is It Spring? Winter? What’s a Flower to Think?”, in New York Times:

Any member of the genus Canna of tropical plants with large leaves and often showy flowers.


dyne

From the French dyne, from the Ancient Greek δῠ́νᾰμῐς (dúnamis, “force”).

der

A unit of force in the CGS system; the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram by one centimetre per second per second. Symbol: dyn.


micron

From French micron, from Ancient Greek μικρόν (mikrón), neuter of μικρός (mikrós, “small”).

2009, Jonathan Amos, (bbc.co.uk) Satellites weigh California water
As one spacecraft lurches and drags through the Earth's uneven gravity field, the second follows 210 km behind, measuring changes in their separation to the nearest micron (a thousandth of a millimetre).

(physics, metrology) The thousandth part of one millimeter; the millionth part of a meter.


rutty

en-adj

rutty (comparative ruttier, superlative ruttiest)

ruttier (comparative)
ruttiest (superlative)

[…] the shoare of siluer streaming Themmes,
Whose rutty Bancke, the which his Riuer hemmes,
Was paynted all with variable flowers,

1596, Edmund Spenser, Prothalamion, London: William Ponsonby:

[…] whistling reeds, that rutty Iordan laues,
And with their verdure his white head embraues,
To chide the windes,

1610, Giles Fletcher, Christs Victorie, and Triumph in Heauen, and Earth, Over, and After Death, Cambridge, page 47:


dram

→ Danish: dram

→ Faroese: drammur

→ Norwegian: dram

→ Scottish Gaelic: dràm

From Middle English dragme, dramme, from Old French dragme, drame, from Late Latin dragma, from Latin drachma, from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ, “unit of weight; a handful”). Doublet of drachma, diram, dirham, dirhem, and adarme.

doublet

(units of measurement) A small unit of weight, variously:

Alternative form of drachm (“One sixteenth of an ounce avoirdupois (1.77 g; symbol: ℨ or ʒ)”).

drachm

(pharmacy) Alternative form of drachm (“One eighth of an ounce apothecary (3.89 g; symbol: ℨ or ʒ)”).

units of measurement; pharmacy; pharmacy

drachm

a dram of brandy

Were I the chooser, a dram of well-doing should be preferred before many times as much the forcible hindrance of evildoing.

1644, John Milton, Areopagitica; a Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parlament of England, London: [s.n.], →OCLC:

When Friday came to him I bade him ſpeak to him, and tell him of his Deliverance, and pulling out my Bottle, made him give the poor Wretch a Dram, which, with the News of his being deliver'd, reviv'd him, and he ſat up in the Boat […]

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, pages 281–282:

Oh, brethren, if you wants more preachin'
 Save a little dram for me (Glory hallelujah!)
 Drinkin' gin ain't against my teachin'

1920, Marshall Walker, Will E. Skidmore (lyrics and music), “Save a Little Dram for Me”performed by Bert Williams:

(by extension) Any similarly minute quantity, (now particularly) a small amount of strong alcohol or poison.

The rolling stock, consisting entirely of four-wheel open trucks, or drams, was broken up at Bonvilles Court Colliery.

1946 November and December, “The Saundersfoot Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 340:

(historical, mining) A cart formerly used to haul coal in coal mines.


jigger

→ Catalan: gigre

From jig + -er (agent suffix). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary suggests a possible link to Old High German gīga (“fiddle”).

“an air-brush is a big thing-a-ma-bob or whatcha-callit, full of gas, and when you turn on a little jigger, it causes compressed air to squeeze out, which, in turn, going through a needle—” “That wasn't part of the contract, Mr. Jones,” […]

(US) A placeholder name for any small mechanical device.


torr

Clipping of Torricelli; named after Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), who discovered the principle of the barometer.

named-after

millimeter of mercury

not exactly synonyms, but practically equal

(metrology) A unit of pressure that is equal to approximately 0.001316 atmospheres or 133.3 pascals.


deviation

en-noun

deviation (countable and uncountable, plural deviations)

From Middle French deviation, from Medieval Latin deviatio. Morphologically deviate + -ion.

(metrology) The signed difference between a value and its reference value.


pica

pica (countable and uncountable, plural picas)

From Medieval Latin pica (“pica: a service book”), possibly from Latin pīca (“magpie”) after the piebald appearance of the typeset page (cf. pie (“disordered type”)). The relation to the printer's measure is unclear, as no edition of the text in pica type is known. The French pica derives from English rather than vice versa.

der

I had been at Baldwin's before dinner in consequence of a letter from him which showed me that, by using a pica instead of an English letter in printing my book, I might comprise it within such a number of sheets as a guinea-volume should contain […].

1790, James Boswell, edited by Danziger & Brady, Boswell: The Great Biographer, Yale, published 1989, page 30:

(typography, printing, uncountable) A size of type between small pica and English, now standardized as 12-point.


sen

From a syncopation of Middle English selven, selfen, variants of selfe, self. More at self.

Hear all, see all, say nowt. Eyt all, sup all, pay nowt. An if ivver tha does owt fer nowt, mek sure tha does it fer thi sen.


peck

Probably from Anglo-Norman pek, pekke, of uncertain origin.

She figured most children probably ate a peck of dirt before they turned ten.

a peck of uncertainties and doubts

1644, J[ohn] M[ilton], The Doctrine or Discipline of Divorce: […], 2nd edition, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, book:

A great deal; a large or excessive quantity.


stadium

From Latin stadium (“a measure of length, a race course”) (commonly one-eighth of a Roman mile; translated in early English Bibles by furlong), from Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion, “a measure of length, a running track”), especially the track at Olympia, which was one stadium in length. The Greek word may literally mean "fixed standard of length" (from στάδιος (stádios, “firm, fixed”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-, whence also stand and Latin stare). Doublet of stade, stadion, and estadio.

der

An Ancient Greek racecourse, especially, the Olympic course for foot races.

stadion

race course, especially, the Olympic course for foot races


span

From Middle English spanne, from Old English spann, from Proto-Germanic *spannō (“span, handbreadth”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to stretch”).
Cognate with Dutch span, spanne, German Spanne. The sense “pair of horses” is probably from Old English ġespan, ġespann (“a joining; a fastening together; clasp; yoke”), from Proto-West Germanic [Term?]. Cognate with Dutch gespan, German Gespann.

der

The full width of an open hand from the end of the thumb to the end of the little finger used as an informal unit of length.

Any of various traditional units of length approximating this distance, especially the English handspan of 9 inches forming ⅛ fathom and equivalent to 22.86 cm.

شِبْر

Any of various units of length approximating the full width of an open hand

(mathematics) The space of all linear combinations of vectors within a set.

viritelmä

mathematics: the space of all linear combinations of something

We use the term span (also called depth, or dependence depth) to refer to the number of parallel steps assuming an unbounded number of processors.

2017, Ananya Kumar, Guy E. Blelloch, Robert Harper, “Parallel Functional Arrays”, in ACM SIGPLAN Notices, →DOI:

(computing) The time required to execute a parallel algorithm on an infinite number of processors, i.e. the shortest distance across a directed acyclic graph representing the computation steps.


span

en-verb

span (third-person singular simple present spans, present participle spanning, simple past and past participle spanned)

spans (present singular third-person)
spanning (participle present)
spanned (participle past)
spanned (past)

From Middle English spannen, from Old English spannan, from Proto-Germanic *spannaną (“to stretch, span”). Cognate with German spannen, Dutch spannen.

inh

(mathematics) To generate an entire space by means of linear combinations.

aufspannen

mathematics: to generate an entire space by means of linear combinations


International System of Units

(metrology) A standard set of units of measurement for use in scientific literature worldwide. The newest and most widespread version of the metric system.

Beynəlxalq vahidlər sistemi

standard set of basic units of measurement

Sistema internazionale di unità di misura

Sistemul Internațional de Unități (de măsură)


eon

From Latin aeon, from Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn, “age, era”).

It’s been eons since we last saw each other.

(US, informal, hyperbolic) A long period of time.

вечност

informal, hyperbolic: a long period of time


candy

From Marathi खंडी (khaṇḍī), from Sanskrit खण्डन (khaṇḍana), from root खण्ड् (khaṇḍ, “to divide, break into pieces”).

(obsolete) A unit of mass used in southern India, equal to twenty maunds, roughly equal to 500 pounds avoirdupois but varying locally.


megahertz

en-noun

megahertz (plural megahertz or megahertzes)

A unit equal to one million cycles per second.


US survey acre

Unit of measure for areas, defined as 43,560 square feet,https://web.archive.org/web/20041204052555/http://ts.nist.gov/ts/htdocs/230/235/appxc/appxc.htm or 4,046.8564224 square meters. A square mile has 640 acres.


castellano

From Spanish castellano (“Castilian”), from Medieval Latin Castella (“Castile, Land of Fortresses”) + -ānus (“-an: forming adjectives”), from Latin castrum (“fort”) + -ella (“-elle: forming diminutives”). Doublet of Castilian, castellanus, castellan, and chatelain.

doublet

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of mass, equivalent to about 4.8 g.

(historical) A former Spanish coin, notionally equivalent to a castellano of gold.


mud

en-noun

mud (countable and uncountable, plural muds)

From Middle English mud, mudde, mode, probably a borrowing from Middle Dutch mod, modde or Middle Low German mudde, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *mud-, *mudra- (“mud”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mū-, *mew- (“moist”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Mudde (“mud”), Middle High German mot (“mud”), Swedish modd (“slush”). Compare also suffixed variants West Frisian modder (“mud”), Dutch modder (“mud”), German Low German Mudder (“mud”), German Moder (“moldiness, mildew, decay”), English mother (“vinegar-forming sediment in alcohol”), Danish mudder (“mud”).
Alternative etymology suggests the Proto-Germanic word is possibly borrowed from a Uralic language (compare e.g. Finnish muta (“mud”), Northern Sami mođđi (“mud”), from Proto-Uralic *muďa).

cog

throw enough mud at the wall and some of it will stick


ounce

→ Tokelauan: aunehe

From Middle English ounce, unce, from Middle French once, from Latin uncia (“Roman ounce, various similar units”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one”). Doublet of a, one, inch, uncia, onça, onza, oka, ouguiya, and awqiyyah.

doublet

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ounce.wav

an ounce of prevention is better than an ounce of cure

an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure

an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

An avoirdupois ounce, weighing ¹⁄₁₆ of an avoirdupois pound, or 28.349523125 grams.

A troy ounce, weighing ¹⁄₁₂ of a troy pound, or 480 grains, or 31.1034768 grams.

A US fluid ounce, with a volume of ¹⁄₁₆ of a US pint, 1.804688 cubic inches or 29.5735295625 millilitres.

A British imperial fluid ounce, with a volume of ¹⁄₂₀ of an imperial pint, 1.733871 cubic inches or 28.4130625 millilitres.

He didn't feel even an ounce of regret for his actions.

(figurative) Any small amount, a little bit.


ounce

From Middle French once, from Old French lonce (“lynx”), by false division (the l was thought to be the article), from Italian lonza, ultimately from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”). Doublet of onza and lynx.

The ounce, a leopard-like creature, is dreaded for its depredations by the Indians of Brazil.

1911, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 8, page 235:

(cryptozoology) Synonym of onza, a particularly aggressive cougar or jaguarundi in Mexican folklore.


derived unit

The derived unit of electrical resistance (ohm) is derived from length, mass, time, and electric current.

(In the SI system of units) Any unit derived from one of the seven base units of length (meter), mass (kilogram), time (second), electric current (ampere), thermodynamic temperature (kelvin), amount of substance (mole) and luminous intensity (candela).

導出單位

any unit derived from one of the seven base units


hoon

Capricornia (novel)
Kelmscott, Western Australia
The Australian National Dictionary
Xavier Herbert

Uncertain; used initially as a general term of abuse. It first appeared in print in Capricornia (1938) by Australian writer Xavier Herbert (1901–1984); in a 1941 letter Herbert stated he had heard the term in his youth.

'You flash hoon,' he went on, 'Kiddin' you're white, eh?[…].'

1938, Xavier Herbert, Capricornia: A Novel, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, →OCLC:

(Australia, New Zealand, slang, derogatory) A worthless person; a hooligan or lout.

When the girls were sick, the hoons would beat the shit out of them and put them back on the street.

2009, Adam Shand, The Skull: Informers, Hit Men and Australia's Toughest Cop, Melbourne: Black Inc., ISBN 978-1-86395-438-9; republished Melbourne, Black Inc., 2010, ISBN 978-1-86395-482-2, page 85

Police have impounded an average of 10 cars a day since hoon laws were introduced by the State Government in June 2006. Hoon related offences include burnouts, doughnuts, drag racing, repeated driving while disqualified and high-level speeding. Offences are detailed in section 84C of the Road Safety Act 1986.

2008 July 30, “Hoon Laws”, in Victoria Police, archived from the original on 2009-05-15:

The hoons piled out of the wreck brimming with righteous road rage, and were settling to the task of beating the shit out of Wozza, Mutton and the hapless wheelman when they discovered the plastic bag.

2009, Damien Broderick, Rory Barnes, I'm Dying Here: A Comedy of Bad Manners, New York, N.Y.: Point Blank, →ISBN, page 29:

[T]here is an overwhelming sense of youth as a social group with nowhere to go and nothing to do. […] Predictably, this has produced a series of strategies among young people through which to counter the boredom and frustration they often experience. One of the more spectacular – and illegal – examples of this is "hooning" (a localized term for dangerous driving) by young males. […] [H]oons transform the quiet, often sleepy streets of neighborhoods on the Gold Coast into playscapes of their own. […] Equally salient in the context of the present discussion is the random night-time appropriation by hoons of particular streets and neighborhoods on the Gold Coast in which to enact the collective rituals that give the hoon culture both internal cohesion and local notoriety.

2012, Sarah Baker, Andy Bennett, Patricia Wise, “Living ‘The Strip’: Negotiating Neighborhood, Community, and Identity on Australia's Gold Coast”, in Chris Richardson, Hans A[rthur] Skott-Myhre, editors, Habitus of the Hood, Bristol, Chicago, Ill.: Intellect, →ISBN, pages 109–110:

(Australia, New Zealand, slang) A person who drives excessively quickly, loudly or irresponsibly; a street drag racer often driving heavily customized cars.

wegpiraat

young man who drives badly or excessively quickly


hoon

Borrowed from Hokkien 分 (hun). Doublet of fen and fan.

This abovementioned Chandoo or prepared opium for smoking is retailed by them [the East India Company] at 5 pice per hoon, equal to 8000 Spanish dollars per chest, and on the opposite or Queda shore the hoon is sold at 6 pice or 9,600 dollars, […]

1838, N[athaniel] Wallich, “XVII.—A Few Brief Notices on the State of the Population of Prince of Wales' Island, and of the Price at which Opium is Retailed in that Colony”, in Transactions of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, volume I, Calcutta: Re-printed at the Baptist Mission Press, Circular Road, →OCLC, page 57:

Visited in company with the agent of the Opium farmer 4 Opium shops, found them filled with Chinese except one which had in addition 7 Malays and natives of India. Amongst these were 3 tailors; one woman 30 years old, was there smoking her pipe,—she had been in the habit of doing so for 3 years at the rate of 3 hoons daily,—before she commenced the habit of smoking had children but none since,—thinks that it is owing to the bad habit,—would like much to give up but is frightened.

1848 January, R. Little, “On the Habitual Use of Opium in Singapore”, in J[ames] R[ichardson] Logan, editor, The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, volume II, number I, Singapore: Printed at the Mission Press, →OCLC, page 23:

Examined thirty-one men. Their average consumption was six hoons. The greatest daily consumption by one man was fifteen hoons; the smallest, two. The average number of years they had been addicted to the smoking of opium was seven years and some odd months.

1860, A chaplain in H. M. Indian Service [pseudonym; James Aberigh Mackay], “An Explanation of the Peiho Massacre”, in From London to Lucknow: With Memoranda of Mutinies, Marches, Flights, Fights, and Conversations. To which is Added, An Opium-smuggler's Explanation of the Peiho Massacre. By a Chaplain in H. M. Indian Service. In Two Volumes, volume II, London: James Nisbet & Co., 21 Berners Street, →OCLC, page 553:

Chinese Catty = 1.33 lb (605 g) / = 16 Tahil (liang or tael). / 1 Tahil = 10 Chee (chandu measures) / = 100 Hoon (fen).

1999, Carl A. Trocki, “Weights and Measures”, in Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade 1750–1950, Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page x:

The average smoker used only four hoons, leaving him 36 hoons, nearly half an ounce, to sell on the black market.

2005, Derek Mackay, “Retail Monopoly”, in Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Hunt for Opium, London: The Radcliffe Press, →ISBN, page 141:

(historical) A unit of weight (about 0.378125 of a gram, or 0.0133 of an ounce) used to measure opium in British-controlled parts of Asia; a candareen.


hoon

Borrowed from Hindi हून (hūn, “pagoda, a gold coin of Southern India”), from Sanskrit हून (hūna, “a kind of gold coin from a particular kingdom”).

derived

The plaintiff in his plaint states, that the first and second defendants' elder brother, Soobbiya Shetty, on the 8th Ashweeja Bahoola of the year Veya, mortgaged to him, for 2½ hoons, his two slaves, viz. a female Dher, named Honnoo, and a male Pardeshey, together with their offspring, and made them over to him; that while they were in his possession, Soobba Shetty died, and the first and the second defendants succeeding to his (Soobba Shetty's) property, they further executed a document to him for hoons 4-8-12, on account of a balance against themselves of rice, &c., making a total mortgage on the slaves of hoons 7-3-12.

1835 July 29, “Decree Passed by the Barcoor Moonsif, in Original Cause, No. 126 of 1835, on the 29th July 1835: Hossamunay Manddawanna Shetty, residing in the Hondady Village, and Brumawhar Mogany, in the Barcoor Talook, versus Sheevy Shetty, his younger brother, Honniya, both nephews of Hossamunay Pomma Shetty, and younger brothers of Soobbiya Shetty, residing in the said Hondady Village, and Bennaycoodra Krooshna Shetty”, in Slavery (East Indies). Return to an Order of the Honourable The House of Commons Dated 22 April 1841;—for, Copy of the Despatch from the Governor-General of India in Council to the Court of Directors of the East India Company, Dated the 8th Day of February 1841 (No. 3), with the Report from the Indian Law Commissioners, dated the 15th Day of January 1841, and its Appendix Enclosed in that Despatch, on the Subject of Slavery in the East Indies, [London]: Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, published 26 April 1841, →OCLC, appendix IX, page 505:

(India, historical) A pagoda, a type of gold coin.


calibrate

en-verb

calibrate (third-person singular simple present calibrates, present participle calibrating, simple past and past participle calibrated)

calibrates (present singular third-person)
calibrating (participle present)
calibrated (participle past)
calibrated (past)

Trent Alexander-Arnold was prominent in the early running, stepping up from right-back into midfield, calibrating his passing range. He had already teed up Harry Kane for a free header – the captain headed high – when he sent Anthony Gordon clean through.

2024 September 7, David Hytner, “Rice and Grealish start new England era with Nations League victory in Ireland”, in The Guardian:

To check or adjust by comparison with a standard.

калибрирам

to check or adjust by comparison with a standard


poise

en-noun

poise (countable and uncountable, plural poises)

From Middle English poys, poyse, from Anglo-Norman pois, Middle French pois (“weight”) and Anglo-Norman poise, Middle French poise (“measure of weight”), from Latin pēnsāre (“to ponder, weight, think”).

der

Mien; bearing or deportment of the head or body.

осанка

mien; bearing or deportment of the head or body

Letterpress and offset gloss varnishes normally have viscosities varying from 50 to 250 poises; they must stain the paper as little as possible, have insufficient tack to cause plucking, […]

1959, E. A. Apps, Printing Ink Technology, page 415:

(physics) A CGS unit of dynamic viscosity equal to one dyne-second per square centimetre.

as an huge rockie clift, / Whose false foundation waues haue washt away, / With dreadfull poyse is from the mayneland rift, / […] So downe he fell […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(obsolete) Weight; an amount of weight, the amount something weighs.


poise

en-verb

poise (third-person singular simple present poises, present participle poising, simple past and past participle poised)

poises (present singular third-person)
poising (participle present)
poised (participle past)
poised (past)

The slender, graceful spars / Poise aloft in the air.

1850, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Seaside and the Fireside:

(obsolete) To hang in equilibrium; to be balanced or suspended; hence, to be in suspense or doubt.


board-foot

A unit of cubic measure for timber, equal to one foot square by one inch thick.


British thermal unit

en-noun

British thermal unit (plural British thermal units)

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at a particular temperature (there are several different precise definitions) and a pressure of one atmosphere.

英熱單位

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at a particular temperature


statute mile

Weights and Measures
weights and measures

(UK) The mile of 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards, distinguished from the traditional mile of 5,000 feet employed before the 1593 Weights and Measures Act.

(US) The US survey mile, distinguished from the international mile adopted by treaty in the 1950s.

The land mile in its various forms, distinguished from the nautical mile.


angstrom

Borrowed from Swedish ångström, named after Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström.

named-after

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation#English

(physics, metrology) A unit of length equal to 10⁻¹⁰ meters (that is, one ten-billionth of a meter), approximately the size of an atom, and denoted by the symbol Å, used especially to measure the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation or distances between atoms.


cubit

From Middle English cubite, from Latin cubitum (“elbow, cubit”). Doublet of cubitus.

Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature?

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 6:27:

The distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger used as an informal unit of length.


decilitre

When the boy was admitted, Carter said, the haemoglobin count was 8.3 grams per decilitre.

2014, Ian McEwan, The Children Act, Penguin Random House (2018), page 66:

(metrology) An SI unit of fluid equal to 10⁻¹ liters. Symbol: dl.


square metre

A floor 4 metres square contains 16 square metres.

As towns continue to grow, replanting vegetation has become a form of urban utopia and green roofs are spreading fast. Last year 1m square metres of plant-covered roofing was built in France, as much as in the US, and 10 times more than in Germany, the pioneer in this field.

2013 May 10, Audrey Garric, “Urban canopies let nature bloom”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 22, page 30:

A standard unit of area, regardless of its shape, equal to the area of a square whose sides are one metre long (that is, an area one meter square) Symbol: m²


gross

en-adj

gross (comparative grosser or more gross, superlative grossest or most gross)

grosser (comparative)
more gross (comparative)
grossest (superlative)
most gross (superlative)

From Middle English gross (“whole, entire; flagrant, monstrous”), from Old French gros (“big, thick, large, stout”), from Late Latin grossus (“thick in diameter, coarse”), and Medieval Latin grossus (“great, big”), influenced by Old High German grōz (“big, thick, coarse”), from Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“large, great, thick, coarse grained, unrefined”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to rub, to stroke, to grind”).
Cognate with French grossier (“gross”). See also French dialectal grôt, groût (“large”) (Berry) and grô (“large”) (Burgundy), Catalan gros (“big”), Dutch groot (“big, large”), German groß (“large”), English great.

der

gross anatomy

We are accustomed to look for the gross and immediate effect and to ignore all else. Unless this appears promptly and in such obvious form that it cannot be ignored, we deny the existence of hazard.

1962, Rachel Carson, chapter 12, in Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 190:

(sciences, pathology) Seen without a microscope (usually for a tissue or an organ); at a large scale; not detailed.

The flowers of Rubens are gross and rude […]

1860, John Ruskin, chapter 10, in Modern Painters […], volume V, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, , § 5:

He scorned my wholesome kennel fare, toothing out dainties and leaving the grosser portions to be finished by the other dogs.

1944, Emily Carr, “Lorenzo Was Registered”, in The House of All Sorts:

(of a product) Lacking refinement; not of high quality.


gross

en-noun

gross (countable and uncountable, plural gross or grosses)


carat

From Middle French carat, from Italian carato, from Arabic قِيرَاط (qīrāṭ, “carat, similarly small units such as inches”), from Ancient Greek κεράτιον (kerátion, “hornlet, carob seed”), from κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -ιον (-ion, diminutive suffix). Doublet of karat and quilate.

quilate

historical Iberian and Latin American contexts

Meronym: grain

A metric unit of mass equal to exactly 200 mg, chiefly used for measuring precious stones and pearls.

(historical) Any of several small units of mass used for measuring precious stones and pearls, equivalent to 189–212 mg.


gill

From Middle English gille, from Old French gille (“a wine measure”), from Medieval Latin gillo (“earthenware jar”).

(dated, US) A unit of measure equal to 4 US fluid ounces (half a cup, a quarter of a US pint), approximately 118 milliliters.


mina

Borrowed from Latin mina, from Ancient Greek μνᾶ (mnâ, “mna”). Compare maneh, from Biblical Hebrew מָנֶה (māne), as well as maund.

What then of the actual fine of thirty minae Socrates proposes? Thirty minae was a large sum, “the equivalent of approximately eight-and-one-half years′ wages," according to one recent estimate (Brickhouse and Smith 1988, 227); enough to buy a library of three thousand philosophy books, if the price of Anaxogoras′ book is any guide (26d6-e2).

1989, C. D. C Reeve, Socrates in the Apology: An Essay on Plato′s Apology of Socrates, page 174:

(historical) A monetary unit of ancient Greece and the Middle East, originally equivalent to the weight of a mina of silver.


ri

From the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean 리 (ri), from Mandarin Chinese 里 (lǐ).

(music) The solfeggio syllable used to indicate the sharp of the second note of a major scale, enharmonic to me.


virgate

Borrowed from Latin virgāta, from Old English ġeardland, "yard" compared to "virga" as a measuring rod. Doublet of vergée.

(historical) The yardland: an obsolete English land measure usually comprising ¹⁄₄ of a hide and notionally equal to 30 acres.


nook

From Middle English noke, nok (“nook, corner, angle”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Old English hnoc, hnocc (“hook, angle”), from Proto-Germanic *hnukkaz, *hnukkô (“a bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *knewg- (“to turn, press”), from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to pinch, press, bend”).
If so, then also related to Scots nok (“small hook”), Norwegian dialectal nok, nokke (“hook, angle, bent object”), Danish nok (“hook”), Swedish nock (“ridge”), Faroese nokki (“crook”), Icelandic hnokki (“hook”), Dutch nok (“ridge”) or Dutch hoek (“corner”), Low German Nocke (“tip”), Old Norse hnúka (“to bend, crouch”), Old English ġehnycned (“drawn, pinched, wrinkled”). Also cognate with Scots neuk, nuk (“corner, angle of a square, angular object”).

cog

You must note, that two Fardells of Land make a Nooke of Land, and two Nookes make halfe a Yard of Land.

a. 1634, W. Noye, The Complete Lawyer, section 57:

Nook, an old legal term for 12+¹⁄₂ acres of land; still in use at Alston.

1903, English Dialectical Dictionary, volume IV, page 295:

They poured their wine by the aume or the fust, and cut their cloth by the goad—not to be confused with the gawd, which was a measure of steel. Their nook was not cosy; it covered 20 acres.

(historical) An English unit of land area, originally ¹⁄₄ of a yardland but later 12+¹⁄₂ or 20 acres.

virgate

unit of area; An English unit of land area, originally ¹⁄₄ of a yardland but later 12+¹⁄₂ or 20 acres.

acre

various fractions & for further subdivisions


myriagram

(obsolete) A unit of mass of ten thousand grams, or ten kilograms. Adopted as an equivalent of the French avoirdupois XX.


urna

From Latin urna, usually derived from ūrō (“to burn, to singe”) in reference to the firing of the clay in their creation. Doublet of urn.

A wine vessel, probably the Roman urna, which contained half the quantity of the amphora.

1810, A Description of the Collection of Ancient Terracottas of the British Museum, British Museum, No. XXXIX, page 22:

The congius was the 8th part of the amphora, and the 4th of the urna: it contained 6 sextarii.

1847, Francis Adams, The Seven Books of Paulus Ægeineta, volume 3, The Sydenham Society, page 623:

It follows that the seah must equal the urna, and the hin equal 2 Attic choes.

1903, Sir Charles Warren, The Ancient Cubit and Our Weights and Measures, page 89:

(historical) A Roman unit of liquid measure reckoned as the volume of 40 Roman pounds of wine and equivalent to about 13 L although differing slightly over time.


cuarto

(unit of measure): From Spanish cuarto (“quarter-sack”), from Latin quartus (“fourth, quarter”). Doublet of quart, quarter, and cuarta, etc.

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 27.8 L.


Mach number

(physics) The ratio of the speed of a body to that of sound in the surrounding medium.


Mach

en-noun

Mach (countable and uncountable, plural Machs)

From Czech Mach, Slovak Mach, Polish Mach and related languages, from pet forms produced by truncation of personal names beginning with Ma- and the addition of the Slavic suffix -ch. Less commonly, a respelling of Hungarian Mács. In some cases, from Vietnamese or Cambodian.

The 1992 review concluded that Machs are generally less satisfied with their jobs.

2013, Mark R. Leary, Rick H. Hoyle, Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior, page 97:

(informal, countable) Short for Machiavellian.


quilate

From Spanish and Portuguese quilate, from Arabic قِيرَاط (qīrāṭ, “carat”), from Ancient Greek κεράτιον (kerátion, “hornlet, carob seed”). Doublet of carat, karat, and ceratium.

(historical) Synonym of carat in historical Iberian contexts.


quintal

Late Middle English, from Anglo-Norman quintal, from Middle French quintal, from Old French and Medieval Latin quintale and quintallus (“various medieval hundredweights”), from Arabic قِنْطَار (qinṭār, “100 rottols”), from Classical Syriac ܩܰܢܛܺܝܪܳܐ (qanṭīrā) and ܩܰܢܛܺܝܢܳܪܳܐ (qanṭīnārā), from Byzantine Greek κεντηνάριον (kentēnárion), from Latin centēnārium (“100 Roman pounds”), from the neuter of centēnārius (“having 100 things”). Use for various non-English units, borrowed from French quintal, Spanish quintal, Portuguese quintal, etc. The apparent relation to quint- (“five, fivefold”) and -al (forming adjectives) is accidental, although it possibly influenced the eventual spelling of the term. Doublet of centenary and kantar.

der

In one import license alone, the merchant in question was instructed to bring in 13,000 quintals of alum, which, snapped up by industries in England and the Low Countries, would yield the king a cool £8,666 13s 4d.

2011, Thomas Penn, Winter King, Penguin, published 2012, page 204:

(historical) Synonym of hundredweight, 100 or 112 English or American pounds.


electron volt

electron volts (plural)
eV (abbreviation)

To get a feel for the size, the energy required to completely liberate an electron from the ground state of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 electron volts.

2011, Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw, The Quantum Universe, Allen Lane, page 158n:

potential difference
potential difference

(physics) A unit for measuring the energy of subatomic particles; the energy equal to that attained by an electron moving through a potential difference of one volt. Equivalent to 1.6022 x 10⁻¹⁹ joules.

elektron volt

a unit for measuring the energy of subatomic particles


kilocalorie

A non-SI unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories, used (now rare) in chemistry or physics; equal to 1 calorie as used in nutrition. Symbol kcal.


denier

From Old French denier, from Latin dēnārius. Doublet of denar, denarius, dinar, dinero, and dinheiro.

doublet

Upstairs she rummaged through her chest of drawers, finally unearthing an unopened pack of ten denier barely blacks.

A unit of linear density which indicates the fineness of fiber or yarn, equal to one gram per 9000 meters, used especially to measure or indicate the fineness of hosiery. Originally equal to the weight of a denier coin per 9600 aunes.


ardeb

From Arabic إِرْدَبّ (ʔirdabb), spoken in Egyptian Arabic something like /ar.ˈdæbb/.

1 ardeb of wheat is about 150 kg

1 ardeb of barley is about 120 kg

A Middle Eastern unit of volume used for agricultural crops.

ardeb

a Middle Eastern unit of volume used for agricultural crops


nanometre

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

2012 January 5, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-11-14, page 23:

An SI subunit of length equal to 10⁻⁹ metres. Symbol: nm


pood

From Russian пуд (pud). Doublet of pound.

A Russian unit of mass used for kettlebells, now rounded off to 16 kg (about 35.274 pounds).


Gal

(metrology) The symbol for the cgs unit of acceleration, gal or galileo.


uncia

From Latin uncia (“various Roman units”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one”). Doublet of a, one, ounce, inch, onça, onza, oka, ouguiya, and awqiyyah.

(historical) The Roman ounce, 1/12 of a Roman pound.

(historical) The Roman inch, 1/12 of a Roman foot.

(historical) A bronze coin minted by the Roman Republic, 1/12 of an as.

(historical) A Roman unit of land area, 1/12 of a jugerum.

(pharmacy) Synonym of ounce, the English and American avoirdupois unit of mass.


uK

Derived from the similarity between the letter u and the Greek letter µ.


smoot

(British, dialectal) A small opening built into a dry-stone wall to allow sheep (and hares) to pass through; a thirl.


pound-force

A unit of force equal to the weight, on earth (subject to standard gravity), of a mass of one avoirdupois pound, equal to about 4.44822 newtons. Symbol lbf or lb_f.


medio

From Spanish medio (“half, half-celemin, half-real, etc.”), from Latin medius (“half”), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). Doublet of medium, media, and mediate.

bor

(historical) A traditional Spanish unit of dry measure, equivalent to about 2.3 L.


amphora

en-noun

amphora (plural amphoras or amphorae or amphorai)

amphoras (plural)
amphorae (plural)
amphorai (plural)

/æmˈfɔ(ː)ɹə/

From Latin amphora (“large wine vessel, Roman unit of liquid measure”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, Greek units of liquid measure”), ultimately from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸 (a-pi-po-re-we, “carried on both sides”).

der

(historical) A Roman unit of liquid measure reckoned as the volume of 80 Roman pounds of wine and equivalent to about 26 L although differing slightly over time.


qintar

For all its squalor qintars and qintars of gold dust are traded there.

2002, Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila S. Blair, Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power:

[…] who offered 190 piasters per year for rent, 20 piasters more than the other, plus half a qintar of pomegranates.

2005, Muhammad Khalid Masud, Rudolph Peters, David Stephan Powers, Dispensing Justice in Islam: Qadis and their judgments:

(plural: qintars) A unit of measure, which varies in value depending upon the product measured; for example, a qintar of cotton might be 160 kg of cotton, 50 kg of cotton lint; a qintar of lime, 65 kg.


MPG

en-noun

MPG (countable and uncountable, plural MPG or MPGs)

(metrology) Initialism of miles per gallon.


klick

* Most likely a pseudo-condensed pronunciation of kilometer, being a suitably short word emphasizing k+l instead of /keɪ/ alone (the same principle as with military spelling alphabets, but also clearly distinguished from kilo (/kiːloʊ/) for kilogram).
* Possibly onomatopoeic of the sound of a military odometer. When a soldier would complete a mark, they would signal to their commander and denote movement of 1,000 meters by hoisting up their rifle and moving the gas regulator with their thumb, which made a "click" the commander could hear.

Several klicks closer, the ruins of the City of Poets rose jaggedly against the skyline.

1990, Dan Simmons, The Fall of Hyperion, 1st edition, New York: Doubleday, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 165:

an asteroid between one and three kilometers wide had slammed into the ground at fifteen klicks per second.

2002 May, Robert J. Sawyer, Hominids (The Neanderthal Parallax; 1), Tor, →ISBN, page 82:

Chief, can you hear me?...(static) My bird's down. Half a klick -(static)- downriver from your position.

2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, spoken by Avery Johnson (David Scully), Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Sierra 117:


gigajoule

(metrology) An SI unit of energy equal to 10⁹ joules. Symbol: GJ


megadeath

One million deaths, especially as a unit of measure in reference to nuclear warfare.

megamort

one million deaths, especially in reference to nuclear warfare


unit of measure

unit of measure (plural units of measure)

Any standardized, reproducible unit that can be used to measure any physical property.

unitat de mesurament

standardized, reproducible measuring a physical property


centenary

From Latin centēnārius (“containing 100; local official overseeing a hundred”) either directly or via French centenaire, from centēnī (“100 each”) + -ārius (“-ary”), from centum (“hundred”). Doublet of centenarian, centenarize, kantar, and quintal.

doublet

Of or related to the number one hundred, particularly

Lasting or aged 100 years, 100-year-old.

(historical, obsolete) Of or relating to hundreds, the administrative unit.


centenary

(uncommon) Synonym of hundredweight, especially (historical) in Greek and Roman contexts.


troy weight

A system of units of weight/mass, mostly used for precious metals and gemstones, in which the pound contains 12 ounces which each contain 480 grains.


ug

(Caithness, Scotland) The pectoral fin of a fish.


scruple

From Old French scrupule, from Latin scrūpulus (“(literally) a small sharp or pointed stone; the twenty-fourth part of an ounce; uneasiness of mind, anxiety, doubt, trouble; scruple”), diminutive of scrūpus (“a rough or sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness”); perhaps akin to Ancient Greek σκύρος (skúros, “the chippings of stone”), from ξυρόν (xurón, “razor”), from ξύω (xúō, “to scrape”), from Proto-Indo-European *ksunyo-. Doublet of escropulo and escrupulo.

der

If it be ask'd why the Jews divide the Hour into 1080 Scruples, the Author of the Neomeniæ ſet forth by Munſter gives this reaſon fo it, becauſe there is no number that is diviſible into ſo many ſorts as this of 1080 is; for it may be divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, &c.

1704, Giles Strauchius [i.e., Aegidius Strauch II], “Of Minutes, Scruples and Moments”, in Richard Sault, transl., Breviarium Chronologicum. Or A Treatise Describing the Terms and Most Celebrated Characters, Periods and Epocha’s Used in Chronology. By Giles Strauchius, D.D. and Publick Professor in the University of Wittebergh. Now Done into English from the Third Edition, in Latin. By Richard Sault, F.R.S., 2nd corrected edition, London: Printed for A. Bosvile at the Dial and Bible against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-street, →OCLC, book I (Of some Terms in Chronology, and those the Most Common), § 3, page 8:

The Mahometan year consists of 12 lunar months, each containing 29 days, 12 hours and 792 scruples; (1080 scruples = 1 hour) so that the year contains 354 days, 8 hours and 864 scruples.

[1812, Thomas Watson, “Chronology”, in An Useful Compendium of Many Important and Curious Branches of Science and General Knowledge, Digested, Principally, in Plain and Instructive Tables, to which are Added, some Rational Recreations in Numbers, with Easy and Expeditious Methods of Constructing Magic Squares, and Specimens of Some in the Higher Class, London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, Paternoster Row; C. Law, Ave-Maria Lane; by and for R. Rodgers, Whitby, →OCLC, section 4 (The Mahometan Year), page 38:

The most ancient hour was divided into 1,080 scruples. The Jews suppose Issachar to have brought it from heaven.

1864 July 23, George Greenwood, “East of the Jordan”, in The Athenæum: Journal of English and Foreign Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, number 1917, London: Printed by James Holmes, Took's Court, Chancery Lane, published at the office, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C., by John Francis. [...], →OCLC, page 116, column 1:

A Hebrew unit of time equal to ¹⁄₁₀₈₀ hour.


mooch

From Middle English moochen, mouchen (“to pretend poverty”), from Old French muchier, mucier, mucer (“to skulk, hide, conceal”), from Frankish *mukkjan (“to hide, conceal oneself”), from Proto-Germanic *mukjaną, *mūkōną (“to hide, ambush”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mūg-, *(s)mewgʰ- (“swindler, thief”).
Cognate with Old High German mūhhōn (“to store, cache, plunder”), Middle High German muchen, mucken (“to hide, stash”), Middle English müchen, michen (“to rob, steal, pilfer”). More at mitch.
Alternate etymology derives mooch from Middle English mucchen (“to hoard, be stingy”, literally “to hide coins in one's nightcap”), from Middle English mucche (“nightcap”), from Middle Dutch mutse (“cap, nightcap”), from Medieval Latin almucia (“nightcap”), of unknown origin, possibly Arabic. More at mutch, amice.

inh

If we take Scaramucci’s 10-day figure to be the standard of measurement — one “mooch” — then Pruitt survived an amazing 50.3 mooches, even while enduring more than a dozen scandals, any one of which would have doomed a lesser man.

2018 July 6, Dana Milbank, The Washington Post:

Scaramucci, who jokingly measures time in mooches, a unit equal to approximately 11 days, said he doesn’t necessarily like the version of himself he often sees on screen, but feels director Andrew J. Moscato was accurate.

2018 October 27, John Carucci, “Anthony Scaramucci defends Trump, but doesn't always agree”, in Associated Press (press release)-:

I understand it's her job. But I would point out to people that Stephanie has lasted way more “Mooches” than me.

2019 August 29, Peter Nicholas, “Anthony Scaramucci Wants You to Believe Him This Time”, in The Atlantic:

(US, slang) A unit of time comprising ten days, used to measure how long someone holds a job.


barleycorn

This trip to Italy has actually enlarged the diameter of my head thirteen barleycorns!

1879, Geo. Alfred Townsend, Bohemian Days:

Then shewed the devil the booke unto the friar, and the friar saw it was an uncut unique of incalculable value; the height of it was half a cubit and the breadth of it the fourth part of a cubit and the thickness of it five barleycorns lacking the space of three horsehairs.

1907, Various, The Wit and Humor of America, Volume IV. (of X.):

(obsolete) The length of such a grain; a unit of length of approximately one third (or sometimes one quarter) of an inch or eight millimetres, still used as a basis for shoe sizes.


tbsp

Add 3 tbsp of grilling sauce for every pound of chicken.

Abbreviation of tablespoon. (unit of measure)


sea mile

As a former Scandinavian unit of distance, a calque of Danish sømil, Norwegian Bokmål sjømil, and Swedish sjömil, from Danish sø (“sea, nautical, maritime”) + mil (“Danish mile or league”).

Synonym of nautical mile, a unit of distance now equal to exactly 1852 meters

nautical mile

(historical) A former version of the nautical mile in Scandinavia equal to 4 minutes of arc or about 4 nmi.


thermos

The mnaeion contains 4 gold pieces, 16 quarters, 64 thermoi, 128 carats. The gold piece contains 4 staters [sic for quarters], 16 thermoi, 32 carats. The thermos contains 2 carats. The quarter contains 4 thermoi, 8 carats. The thermos contains 2 carats.[…]The mnaeion has sixteen (16) quarters and the quarter has 6 thermoi, twelve (12) carats. The thermos has 2 carats, so that the mnaeion consists of 96 thermoi, 192 carats. The mnaeion weighs 8 drachmas, the quarter three obols, the thermos one-half obol, the carat 2 chalci.[…]Thermoi of 2 and of 1½ siliquae are attested in metrological writings (MSR II 180, s.v. θέρμοϲ); ½ ob. per thermus^([sic]) in 18 implies the lighter weight, as 1 ob. = 3 sil.[…]The mnaeion has 16 quarters and the quarter has (4 or 6) thermoi…

1982, “Metrology (3455–3460)”, in A[dam] Bülow-Jacobsen, J[ohn] E[dwin] G[eorge] Whitehorne, editors, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Graeco-Roman Memoirs; No. 69), volume XLIX, […] for the British Academy by the Egypt Exploration Society, […], →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 101, 104, and 105:

1 saton (seʾah) = 1/3 ephah (see above for correction) = 2/3 bath / mina by weight = 50 shekels / ¼ shekel = 4 thermoi / shekel = 16 thermoi and one weight (?)

2005, Lawrence H[arvey] Schiffman, “Sacrificial Halakhah in the Fragments of the Aramaic Levi Document from Qumran, the Cairo Genizah, and Mt. Athos Monastery”, in Esther G[lickler] Chazon, Devorah Dimant, Ruth A[nne] Clements, editors, Reworking the Bible: Apocryphal and Related Texts at Qumran: […], Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 199:

A third of a seah is a third of an ephah, and two-thirds of a bath, and the weight of a mina is fifty of shekels, and a quarter of a shekel is the weight of four thermoi.ᵍ Let the shekel be about sixteen thermoi and of one weight.[…]g. “thermoi”—A unit of measure whose identification remains very unclear.

2013, James R. Davila, “Aramaic Levi”, in Richard Bauckham, James R. Davila, Alex Panayotov, editors, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures, volume one, Grand Rapids, Mich., Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 138:

(historical) A unit of measure whose identification remains very unclear.


oxgang

From Middle English oxegang, from Old English oxangang (“¹⁄₈ hide or ploughland”), equivalent to ox + gang.

<small>¹<big>⁄</big>₈</small> hide or ploughland

(historical, Scotland) The similar Scottish concept, ¹⁄₈ of a ploughgate and notionally 12+¹⁄₂ or 13 Scottish acres.


fraught

en-noun

fraught (usually uncountable, plural fraughts)

From Middle English fraught, fraght, freght (“transport of goods or people (usually by water); charge for such transport; facilities for such transport; cargo or passengers of a ship; ballast of a ship; goods in general; (figurative) burden; charge”), from Middle Dutch vracht, vrecht, or Middle Low German vracht, vrecht (“cargo, freight; charge for transport of goods”), from Proto-Germanic *fra-aihtiz, from *fra- (intensifying prefix) + Proto-Germanic *aihtiz (“acquisition; possessions, property”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to come into possession of, obtain; to own, possess”)). Doublet of freight.
cognates
* Danish fragt
* Old English ǣht (“livestock; property; possession; power”)
* Old High German frēht (“earnings”) (modern German fracht)
* Swedish frakt

cog

The manse […] is reached […] by a wide, straight path, so rough that to carry a fraught of water to the manse without spilling was to be superlatively good at one thing.

1891, J[ames] M[atthew] Barrie, “The Night-watchers”, in The Little Minister. […], volume I, London, Paris: Cassell and Company, […], →OCLC, pages 32–33:

(obsolete except Scotland)
Two bucketfuls.


fraught

en-verb

fraught (third-person singular simple present fraughts, present participle fraughting, simple past and past participle fraught or fraughted)

fraughts (present singular third-person)
fraughting (participle present)
fraught (participle past)
fraught (past)
fraughted (participle past)
fraughted (past)
fraught (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Middle English fraughten, fraghten, freghten (“to hire (a ship, etc.) for transporting goods; to load (a ship, etc.) with cargo or passengers; to store, stow away; (figurative) to provide an ample supply of (goods, income, etc.)”), from Middle Dutch vrachten, vrechten, from vracht, vrecht (noun) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming infinitives of verbs).
The adjective is derived from Middle English fraught, fraght (“burdened, loaded”), the past participle of fraughten, fraghten (verb) (see above).

Therefore in ſayinge that he ſeeketh to none in heauẽ ſaue only god, he reiecteth all the counterfet Gods with which the comon errour & foly of yͤ world fraughteth heauen.

1571, John Calvin, “[Commentary on Psalm 73:25]”, in Arthur Golding, transl., The Psalmes of Dauid and Others. With M. Iohn Caluin’s Commentaries, London: […] Thomas East and Henry Middelton; for Lucas Harison, and G[e]orge Byshop, →OCLC, 1st part, folio 279, verso, column 1:

[H]ee [Henry I of England] tooke chiefe pleaſure to reſide in his nevv Palace, vvhich himſelfe built at Oxford, both for the delight he had in learned men, himſelfe being very learned, and for the vicinity of his nevv Parke at VVoodſtocke, vvhich hee had fraught vvith all kind of ſtrange beaſts, vvherein hee much delighted, as Lyons, Leopards, Lynces, Camels, Porcupines, and the like.

1611, Iohn Speed [i.e., John Speed], The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of yͤ Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. […], London: […] William Hall and John Beale, for John Sudbury and George Humble, […], →OCLC, book IX ([Englands Monarchs] […]), paragraph 59, page 442, column 2:

[W]hen his better earnings have fraught his trencher vvith a vvarm and pleaſing morſell, and his cup vvith a ſtronger liquor, hovv chearfully is he affected vvith that happy variety; and in the ſtrength of it digeſts many of his thinner meales?

1645, Jos[eph] Hall, “Sect[ion] XII. Consideration of the Benefits of Poverty.”, in The Remedy of Discontentment: Or, A Treatise of Contentation in whatsoever Condition: […], London: […] J. G. for Nath[aniel] Brooks, […], published 1652, →OCLC, pages 60–61:

[…] King Henry [VIII] full fraught all thoſe vvith vvealth and revvards, vvhom he retained in his imployment.

a. 1662 (date written), Thomas Fuller, “Cornwall”, in The History of the Worthies of England, London: […] J[ohn] G[rismond,] W[illiam] L[eybourne] and W[illiam] G[odbid], published 1662, →OCLC, page 202:

(figurative, archaic or obsolete) Followed by with: to furnish or provide (something).


fraught

en-adj

fraught (comparative more fraught or (rare) fraughter, superlative most fraught or (rare) fraughtest)

more fraught (comparative)
fraughter (comparative rare)
most fraught (superlative)
fraughtest (rare superlative)

[O]ne the other fiercely did encounter, / Like Lions two yfraught with boyling wrath, […]

1566, Euripides, “Iocasta: A Tragedie Written in Greke by Euripides, […]”, in George Gascoigne, Francis Kinwelmershe, transl., A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres Bounde up in One Small Poesie. […], London: […] [Henry Bynneman and Henry Middleton for] Richarde Smith, published 1573, →OCLC, Act V, scene ii, page 148:

Fayre boſome fraught vvith vertues richeſt treſure, / The neaſt of loue, the lodging of delight: / the bovvre of bliſſe, the paradice of pleaſure, / the ſacred harbour of that heuenly ſpright.

1595, Edmunde Spenser [i.e., Edmund Spenser], “[Amoretti.] Sonnet LXXVI”, in Amoretti and Epithalamion. […], London: […] [Peter Short] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, signature [E7], recto:

In this Chapter vve have a large Diſcourſe from the great Preacher of Righteouſneſs; A Diſcourſe fraught vvith all the commending Excellencies of Speech; […]

1660 August 8 (Gregorian calendar); first published 1715, Robert South, “A Discourse Preached at St. Mary’s Church in Oxon, before the University, on the 29th of July 1660, being the Time of the King’s Commissioners Meeting there, soon after the Restauration, for the Visitation of that University”, in Twelve Sermons Preached at Several Times, and upon Several Occasions, volume IV, London: […] G. James, for Jonah Bowyer […], →OCLC, page 3:

Liberty, fraught vvith bleſſings as it is, vvhen unabuſed, has, perhaps been abuſed to our deſtruction.

1755, [Edward Young], “Letter V. The Conclusion.”, in The Centaur Not Fabulous. […], London: […] A[ndrew] Millar […]; [a]nd R[obert] and J[ames] Dodsley […], →OCLC, page 367:

That which promised happiness when we were one in heart, is fraught with misery now that we are two.

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Two. The First of the Three Spirits.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 66:

The government and the legislature, each in its own sphere, is deeply responsible for the continuance of a state of things which is fraught with danger to the State.

1844 February 19 (date delivered), [Thomas Babington] Macaulay, “[Speeches.] A Speech Delivered in the House of Commons on the 19th of February 1844.”, in T[homas] F[lower] E[llis], editor, The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay, new edition, London: Longman, Green, Reader, & Dyer, published 1871, →OCLC, page 658:

He is a man of the meditative claſs:—he walks the ſtreets abſtractedly:—as he goes he digeſts enterpriſes, fraught with world-wide benefits.

1860, Isaac Taylor, “Essay V. Epidemic Whims.”, in Ultimate Civilization and Other Essays, London: Bell and Daldy […], →OCLC, section I, page 257:

The simplest action was fraught with danger, and could only be accomplished with the aid of talismans and counter-spells, and people lived in constant dread of the unknown.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, “The Earliest Records of Black Magic”, in The Black Art, London: Senate, Studio Editions, published 1994, →ISBN, part I, page 22:

Followed by with: carrying, or charged or loaded up with (usually something negative); accompanied by; entailing.

مَمْلُوء

[W]hen the worlde is fraughted with ſo manye varlettes, that it will be a long time ere a man ſhall diſcerne the faythful from the Hipocrites.

[1574, Augustine Marlorate [i.e., Augustin Marlorat], “[Revelation 2:2]”, in Arthur Golding, transl., A Catholike Exposition vpon the Reuelation of Sainct Iohn. […], London: […] H[enry] Binneman, for L[ucas] Harison, and G[eorge] Bishop, →OCLC, folio 32, recto:

Hovv vvondrouſly vvould he her face commend, / Aboue that Idole of his fayning thought, / That all the vvorld ſhold vvith his rimes be fraught?

1596, Edm[und] Spenser, “An Hymne of Heavenly Beautie”, in Fovvre Hymnes, London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, page 43:

Come ſir, I vvould you vvould make vſe of that good vviſedome vvhereof I knovv you are fraught, and put avvay theſe diſpoſitions, that of late tranſforme you from vvhat you rightly are.

c. 1603–1606 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] His True Chronicle Historie of the Life and Death of King Lear and His Three Daughters. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Nathaniel Butter, […], published 1608, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv], signature D, verso:

So, in naturall Hiſtorie, vvee ſee there hath not beene that choiſe and iudgement vſed, as ought to haue beene, as may appeare in the vvritings of Plinius, Cardanus, Albertus, and diuers of the Arabians, being fraught vvith much fabulous matter, a great part, not onely vntryed, but notoriouſly vntrue, to the great derogation of the credite of naturall Philoſophie, […]

1605, Francis Bacon, “The First Booke”, in The Twoo Bookes of Francis Bacon. Of the Proficience and Aduancement of Learning, Diuine and Humane, London: […] [Thomas Purfoot and Thomas Creede] for Henrie Tomes, […], →OCLC, folios 21, verso – 22, recto:

Mules after theſe, Camels and Dromedaries, / And VVaggons fraught vvith Utenſils of vvar.

1671, John Milton, “The Third Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 72, lines 334–335:

The firſt Ingredient, tovvards the Art of Canting, is a competent Share of Invvard Light: that is to ſay, a large Memory, plentifully fraught vvith Theological Polyſyllables, and myſterious Texts from holy VVrit, applied and digeſted by thoſe Methods, and Mechanical Operations already related: […]

1704, [Jonathan Swift], “A Discourse Concerning the Mechanical Operation of the Spirit. In a Letter to a Friend. A Fragment.. Sect[ion] II.”, in A Tale of a Tub. […], London: […] John Nutt, […], published 1705, →OCLC, page 307:

The desert Pelican had built her nest / In that deep solitude. / And now returned from distant flight / Fraught with the river stream, / Her load of water had disburthened there. / Her young in the refreshing bath / Sported all wantonness; […]

1801, Robert Southey, “The Fifth Book”, in Thalaba the Destroyer, volume I, London: […] [F]or T[homas] N[orton] Longman and O[wen] Rees, […], by Biggs and Cottle, […], →OCLC, pages 258–259:

(figurative)
Followed by with: furnished, provided.