aa

We...saw ‘pahoihoi’ or solid lava forming, and also ‘aa’ or clinkers.

1859, R. C. Haskell, American journal of science and arts, series XXVIII:

Cooling and solidification frequently takes a different course [...] in lava flows, producing the clinker-like ‘aa’ lava.

1944, Charles A. Cotton, Volcanoes as landscape forms:

Both pahoehoe and aa lava flows are common on the upper slopes of Mauna Loa with a preponderance of aa flows found at the lower elevations.

1981, Hilo Lava Flood Control: Environmental Impact Statement, page 194:

(volcanology) A form of lava flow associated with Hawaiian-type volcanoes, consisting of basaltic rock, usually dark-colored with a jagged and loose, clinkery surface. Compare pahoehoe.

aälawa

a form of lava flow associated with Hawaiian-type volcanoes


lava

en-noun

lava (countable and uncountable, plural lavas)

From Italian, from Neapolitan lava (“lava”, but also “downpour overflowing the streets”). Likely in the sense of “landslide, torrent” from Latin labes (“fall”), compare labina (“avalanche, landslide”). A supposed relation with lavare (“to wash”) is now widely discredited. Neither is there probably any relation with Arabic لابة (lāba, “black volcanic rock”).


agglomerate

From Latin agglomerare (“to wind into a ball”), from ad (“to”) + glomerare (“to wind into a ball”), from glomus (“a ball”), akin to globus (“a ball”).

uder

(geology, volcanology) A mass of angular volcanic fragments united by heat; distinguished from conglomerate.


geyser

→ Hindi: गीज़र (gīzar, “water heater”)

From the name of a particular Icelandic geyser which is mentioned as early as the 1760s in The Annual Register, as “Geyser, a wonderful spring in the valley of Haukadal”. From Geysir (“Gusher”), the Icelandic name of the hot spring in Iceland (see Wikipedia), from the verb geysa (“to gush”), from Old Norse geysa (“to gush”). Doublet of gusher.

(planetology, geology, volcanology) A boiling natural spring which throws forth jets of water, mud, etc., at frequent intervals, driven upwards by the expansive power of steam.

fons calidae atque alte exsilientis aquae


magma

en-noun

magma (countable and uncountable, plural magmas or magmata)

→ Vietnamese: mắc ma

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ǵyéti
Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Ancient Greek -μα (-ma)
Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma)der.
English magma
From Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma, “paste”).

etymon

(geology) The molten matter within the earth, the source of the material of lava flows, dikes of eruptive rocks, etc.


pyroclastic flow

en-noun

pyroclastic flow (countable and uncountable, plural pyroclastic flows)

In burning slabs like pyroclastic flow the top of the tower slewed off, militia pods falling out and tumbling.

2004, China Miéville, Iron Council, trade paperback, published 2005, page 465:

Most of the material was erupted in the most dangerous way as ‘pyroclastic flows’: incredibly hot volcanic fragments all buoyed up with gas that can travel fasted than a speeding car in pulse after pulse.

2011, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, page x:

(volcanology) A dense flow of volcanic ash, dust, rocks and debris that cascades at high speed down the slope of a volcano during an eruption.


pahoehoe

We [...] saw ‘pahoihoi’ or solid lava forming, and also ‘aa’ or clinkers.

The twisty, ropy kind that personifies flow – all congealed motion – is called pahoehoe.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 44:

A form of lava flow of basaltic rock, usually dark-colored with a smooth or ropey surface. It is one of two chief forms of lava flow emitted from volcanoes of the Hawaiian type, the other form being aa.


caldera

/kælˈdɛə.ɹə/

Borrowed from Spanish caldera (“cauldron”), from Late Latin caldāria (“warm bath”), from Latin caldārium. Doublet of chowder.

bor+

The lakes of both Rotorua and Taupo occupy calderas left from enormous prehistoric eruptions, and magma lies at shallow depths beneath a number of centres.

2000, Tony Waltham, “Geyser watching”, in Geology Today, volume 16, Iss. 3, p. 99::

(volcanology) A large crater formed by collapse of the cone or edifice of a volcano.

caldera

geology: a large crater formed by a volcanic explosion


paroxysm

en-noun

paroxysm (countable and uncountable, plural paroxysms)

/ˈpɛɹəkˌsɪzəm/

From Late Middle English paroxism, paroxisme (“period of worsening of a disease, attack; sudden recurrent fever”), from Middle French paroxisme, paroxysme, and Old French peroxime (“period of worsening of a disease; bout of fever or illness”) (modern French paroxysme), and from their etymon Late Latin paroxismus, paroxysmus (“a fit; onset of a disease; violent impulse or sadness”), from Ancient Greek πᾰροξῠσμός (paroxusmós, “exasperation, irritation; severe fit of a disease”), from πᾰροξῡ́νω (paroxū́nō, “to irritate, provoke”) (from παρα- (para-, prefix meaning ‘parallel to but separate from or going beyond, beside’) + ὀξῡ́νω (oxū́nō, “to provoke; to sharpen”) (from ὀξῠ́ς (oxús, “sharp”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”))) + -μός (-mós, suffix forming abstract nouns). By surface analysis, para- + oxy- + -ism.

surf

[T]he Storm had ſeven Paroxyſms or Exacerbations, vvhich the Seamen call Frights of VVeather, […]

a. 1692 (date written), Robert Boyle, “Title XV. Of the Motion of the Air, and of Winds.”, in The General History of the Air, […], London: […] Awnsham and John Churchill, […], published 1692, →OCLC, page 85:

[W]ith paroxiſms of ſtrange diſmay / Th' amazed Heav'ns ſtood ſtill, Earth's baſis ſhook, / The troubled Ocean roard, the ſtartled Air / In hollovv grones profoundly breath'd its fear.

1702, Joseph Beaumont, “Canto VI. The Humiliation. Stanza 192.”, in Charles Beaumont, editor, Psyche, or Love’s Mystery, […], 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] University-Press, for Tho[mas] Bennet, […], →OCLC, page 86, column 1:

(countable, chiefly geology) A violent occurrence of a natural phenomenon, such as an earthquake, thunderstorm, or volcanic eruption; specifically (volcanology), the most explosive event during a series of volcanic eruptions.

purkaushuippu

violent occurrence of a natural phenomenon; most explosive event during a series of volcanic eruptions


pyroclastic surge

en-noun

pyroclastic surge (plural pyroclastic surges)

(volcanology) A fluidized mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments which is ejected during some volcanic eruptions.


pyroclastic

From pyro- + clastic, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”), and κλαστός (klastós, “broken”).

The word "ash" is not a very good one to include all the mechanical accompaniments of a subaerial or subaqueous eruption, since ash seems to be restricted to a fine powder, the residuum of combustion. A word is wanting to express all such accompaniments, no matter what their size or condition may be, when they are accumulated in such mass as to form beds of "rock." We might call them perhaps "pyroclastic materials," ...

1862, Joseph Beete Jukes, “Igneous Rocks”, in The Student's Manual of Geology, 2nd edition, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, page 68:

Within sixty seconds, the entire area was razed by pyroclastic material with a temperature of nearly two thousand degrees Fahrenheit.

2022, Lindsey Fitzharris, The Facemaker, page 61:

(volcanology) Mostly composed of rock fragments of volcanic origin or comminuted during an eruption.


supervolcano

supervolcano (plural supervolcanoes or supervolcanos)

supervolcanoes (plural)
supervolcanos (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supervolcano.wav

Mosaic of Olympus Mons on Mars. The supervolcano is nearly 600 kilometers wide at the base and 25 kilometers high and is capped by a crater 65 kilometers in diameter. It is about five times larger than the most massive volcanic cone on earth, Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

1983, Louis Berman, John C. Evans, Exploring the Cosmos, →ISBN, page 178:

The stone went dark, and instantly the supervolcano burst with an unthinkable blast. A miles-deep plug of dark and hot earth flew upward, followed by a tremendous expanding cloud. Swirling, dense substance spread and thickened [...]

1984, Richard Monaco, Runes, →ISBN, page 64:

Sytau is rabidly volcanic; a dozen "supervolcanoes" 50-120 kilometers wide are erupting across the planet. Sytau's carbon content and constant volcanism make natural diamonds plentiful, if extremely costly and dangerous to recover.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Sytau:

(volcanology) A powerful volcano, often having an explosive or cataclysmic eruption.


skylight

(volcanology) A hole in the upper part of a lava tube, yielding a view of the lava within.


maar

Borrowed from German Maar; English usage from 1825, from Vulgar Latin *mara (“standing water”), from Latin mare (“sea”).

(geology, volcanology) A broad volcanic crater, usually filled with water to form a lake.


solfatara

solfatara (plural solfataras or solfatare)

From Solfatara, the name of a volcano near Naples, from Italian solfo (“sulphur”).

Under these solfataras, (which, at each eruption from the volcano, emitted greater quantities of hot steams) are several hot wells, close to the high-water mark, which, however, seem not to be in the least sulphureous.

1778, Johann Reinhold Forster, Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World, on Physical Geography, Natural History, and Ethic Philosophy, page 25:

Holmes calls these active vents solfataras, so evidently we are at the type locality for this kind of thing.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 24:

Vents that produce steam alone are fumaroles, or solfataras if laden with sulphur; impressive, but rarely exciting, they are more common on drier volcanoes than in hydrothermal basins.

2000, Tony Waltham, “Geyser watching”, in Geology Today, volume 16, number 3, page 97:

An area of volcanic activity that gives off sulfurous steam.

solfatara

area of volcanic activity giving off sulfurous steam


pyroclastic rock

pyroclastic rock (plural pyroclastic rocks)

(volcanology) Any rock formed by the accumulation of fragmented volcanic material (pyroclasts) ejected during explosive eruptions.


active volcano

active volcano (plural active volcanoes or active volcanos)

active volcanoes (plural)
active volcanos (plural)

Such a series if it can be still obtained, would be of the greatest interest, for we have there an active volcano in the centre of an Island, upheavements going on on the Coast within the memory of man, and coal found; all within the space of a few miles!

1841, “Report on the Soils brought from Chedooba”, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume 10, page 447:

Mr. Johnston gives the total number of active volcanos as 270, which is probably the best approximation.

1851, The British Quarterly Review, volume 13, page 372:

It may come as a surprise that the most active volcano of the Caribbean is a submarine one which bears the unusual name Kick-'em-Jenny.

2005, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, The Volcano Adventure Guide, page 11:

The temperatures in active volcanoes are much too high to support life (e.g., about 1000 ◦C or more in molten lava), but fumaroles and hot springs associated with volcanic activity provide much lower, more suitable temperatures.

2008, Joan Marti, Volcanoes and the Environment, page 175:

(volcanology, geology) A volcano that has erupted in the last 10,000 years, although not necessarily venting lava or gases now.


phreatic

en-adj

phreatic (comparative more phreatic, superlative most phreatic)

more phreatic (comparative)
most phreatic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek stem of φρέαρ (phréar, “well, spring”).

1979 [McGraw-Hill], Jacob Bear, Hydraulics of Groundwater, 2007, Dover, page 76,
Both ϕ and q vary from point to point within a phreatic aquifer.

1981, Peter W. Lipman, James G. Moore, Donald A. Swanson, Bulging of the North Flank Before the May 18 Eruption—Geodetic Data, Peter W. Lipman, Donal R. Mullineaux (editors), The 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington, U.S. Geological Survey, page 143,
These results contributed to assessments by USGS personnel in late April and early May that Mount St. Helens remained highly dangerous despite the seemingly mild small-scale phreatic eruptions that were then the most conspicuous activity.

Gradually, infiltrating waters gather in underground rivers or phreatic conduits well integrated in the karst drainage system, which leads the underground waters to the outlets.

1992, Angel Ginés, Joaquin Ginés, “Karst Phenomena and Biospeleological Environments”, in Ana Isabel Camacho, editor, The Natural History of Biospeleology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, page 43:

“Phreatic” (or steam-blast) eruptions are driven by explosive expanding steam resulting from cold ground or surface water coming into contact with hot rock or magma. The distinguishing feature of phreatic explosions is that they only blast out fragments of preexisting solid rock from the volcanic conduit; no new magma is erupted.

2010, Jose Collazo, God Does Exist, No More Nuclear Testing and More, Xlibris, page 58:

(geology) Of or pertaining to ground water; (volcanology) involving explosively rapid heating of ground water by magma.

潜水蒸气喷发

Eruption / explosion caused by contact between groundwater and high-temperature material


fiamma

Learned borrowing from Italian fiamma (“flame”).

lbor

[…] black glass from "fiamma" of ignimbrites from Zavaritzkiy caldera in Simushir Is.

[…] the largest fiamma in the centre of the photograph has responded in a brittle fashion to […]

1993, Jocelyn McPhie, Mark Doyle, Rodney Leslie Allen, Volcanic Textures: A Guide to the Interpretation of Textures, page 135:

[…] lenticular "fiamme" of dense black glass. In (d), devitrification has produced radiating spherulites that have grown outward from centers around phenocrysts and across the original shards of glass.

1993, Alexander R. McBirney, Igneous Petrology, page 359:

[…] total phenocryst content in fiamme of pyroclastic rocks and in matrix of coherent rhyolitic rocks; data see Tables 1 and 2; (d) aspect ratio v. maximum particle size (mps) of fiamme (note: this diagram shows field measurements not presented in tables […]

2008, Kenneth Thomson, Nick Petford, Structure and Emplacement of High-level Magmatic Systems, page 214:

(volcanology) A "flame structure" found in welded ignimbrite and tuff: a small, dark lens of glassy material (possibly pumice which was compressed or collapsed during welding).


mud volcano

en-noun

mud volcano (plural mud volcanoes or mud volcanos)

mud volcanoes (plural)
mud volcanos (plural)

(volcanology, geology) A conical structure formed by the eruption of rock fragments and wet mud along with hot gases.


volcanism

volcanism (countable and uncountable, plural volcanisms)

From French volcanisme, from volcan (“volcano”); and/or directly from volcan(o) + -ism.

(volcanology) Any of the natural phenomena and processes associated with the action of volcanos, geysers and fumaroles

火山作用

natural phenomena associated with volcanoes


VAST

(ESA, volcanology) Acronym of volcanic ash strategic initiative team.


cryovolcanism

Sites of cryovolcanisms on the surface, where this ammonia and water mixture reaches the surface, are possible locations for life that lives in liquid water but can tolerate ammonia.

2009, Robert Brown, Jean Pierre Lebreton, Jack Waite, Titan from Cassini-Huygens, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 228:

Possible explanations include floods of liquid water, ice-based volcanic activity (termed cryovolcanism), or even some form of tectonic system.
[…] Voyager also found evidence of cryovolcanism on Neptune's moon Triton.

2015 March 12, John Timmer, “Jupiter’s moon Ganymede has a salty subsurface ocean, too”, in Ars Technica:

(volcanology) The activity, and associated phenomena, of a cryovolcano – a volcano that ejects volatile materials rather than magma.


cryovolcano

cryovolcano (plural cryovolcanoes or cryovolcanos)

cryovolcanoes (plural)
cryovolcanos (plural)

(planetology, geology, volcanology) A volcano on an icy moon that ejects volatile materials rather than magma.


pyrocumulus

(volcanology, meteorology) A dense cloud associated with fire or volcanic activity.


shield volcano

shield volcano (plural shield volcanoes or shield volcanos)

shield volcanoes (plural)
shield volcanos (plural)

Coordinate term: stratovolcano

Large shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian type (Macdonald, 1972) are more complex, longer lived, polygenetic centres whose life spans may be measurable in terms of hundreds of thousands of years to a millions years.

1989, R. W. Johnson, editor, Intraplate Volcanism, Cambridge University Press, page 61:

2015, Edward Keller, Duane DeVecchio, Natural Hazards, Pearson Education, 4th Edition, page 136,
Shield volcanoes are constructed from basaltic lavas and in profile appear as broad arcs with gentle slopes (Figure 5.10).

2019, Peter Macinnis, Australian Backyard Earth Scientist, National Library Australia (NLA Publishing), page 41,
Shield volcanoes can be tens of kilometres from side to side, though the shield volcano called Rangitoto, just off Auckland, is a lot smaller. Each island of Hawaii was once an active shield volcano.

(volcanology) A large volcano, with shallow-sloping sides and a flattened dome, formed of successive eruptions of free-flowing lava from fissure vents.

盾狀火山

type of volcano with shallow-sloping sides and a flattened dome


bradyseism

(volcanology) A gradual uplift or descent of part of the Earth's surface caused by the filling or emptying of an underground magma chamber and/or hydrothermal activity, particularly in volcanic calderas

bradisismo

A gradual uplift or descent of the Earth's surface


salse

A mud volcano, the water of which is often impregnated with salts.


Ring of Fire

The Andes are part of the geological Ring of Fire that circles the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire is a ring of active volcanoes that borders the great continental plates of the Pacific Ocean.

2003, Charles W. Maynard, The Andes, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, →ISBN:

(geology, volcanology) An area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity, around the Pacific Ocean.


volcanist

(volcanology) Someone interested in volcanism and volcanology the study of volcanoes.


stratovolcano

stratovolcano (plural stratovolcanoes or stratovolcanos)

stratovolcanoes (plural)
stratovolcanos (plural)

Coordinate term: shield volcano

(volcanology) A tall conical volcano, composed of layers (or strata) of hardened lava, tephra and ash.


lava dome

Lava domes are rarely seen in shield volcanos.

Mount St. Helens has been building a new lava dome since the May, 1980 eruption.

(volcanology) A roughly circular mound-shaped bulge that builds up from the slow eruption of viscous felsic lava from a volcano.

火山穹丘

Circular mound shaped bulge built up from lava


cinder cone

(volcanology) A conical deposit of rock fragments around a volcano.


supervolcanic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supervolcanic.wav

Earthquakes and increased geothermal phenomena don't necessarily point to a pending supervolcanic eruption.

2008, Marie D Jones, 2013: The End of Days Or a New Beginning:

(volcanology) Of or pertaining to a supervolcano.


stratovolcanic

[…] obviously taken from one of the headwaters of Rio Manso, immediately northeast of Ventisquero Grande, appears as plainly as any one could wish the layered, stratovolcanic structure of the southeast part of Tronador.

1941, Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, page 208:

Japan is an island nation in East Asia comprising a large stratovolcanic archipelago extending along the Pacific coast of Asia.

2008, Rutger de Graaf, Urban Water in Japan, page 1:

An andesite-dacite stratovolcanic chain, sub-parallel to the Carpathian arc, was formed 17-12 Ma ago (Harangi et al. 2007).

2015, Dénes Loczy, Landscapes and Landforms of Hungary, page 10:

(volcanology) Of or pertaining to a stratovolcano.


Vulcanian

Directly from Latin Vulcāniānus or from Latin Vulcānius + -an within English, from Vulcānus + -iānus (“-ian”) or -ius (“-y: forming adjectives”). In reference to a type or stage of volcanic activity, via Italian Vulcaniano, with specific reference to Giuseppe Mercalli's observations of the 1888–90 eruptions of the Aeolian island Vulcano. Equivalent to Vulcan + -ian. Doublet of volcanian. Compare slightly earlier Middle French vulcanien.

...Nor cou'd Vulcanian Flame
The Stench abolish; or the Savour tame...

1697, John Dryden translating Vergil as Georgics, Book III, in The Works of Virgil, p. 121

(Roman mythology) Of, related to, or created by Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalwork, considered equivalent to the Greek Hephaestus and several German and Celtic gods.

Yet Muto, like a good Vulcanian,
An honest Cuckold, calls the bastard sonne,
And brags of that which others for him done.

1598, John Marston, “Certaine Satyres”, in The Metamorphosis of Pigmalions Image..., page 41:

(rare, obsolete) Alternative letter-case form of vulcanian, a cuckold.

In his six lectures on Volcanos, [Faujas] exhausted the subject, and showed us the difference of the several systems, the Vulcanian, the Neptunian, and the Huttonian, which is the Plutonian, and his own opinion.

1803, Stephen Weston, Praise of Paris, page 58:

The Vulcanian or Plutonian theory, which ascribes the changes on earth's surface to the agency of fire.

1870, Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, page 939:

(geology, now rare, archaic) Alternative letter-case form of vulcanian, volcanic, of or related to volcanoes and volcanism.

(historical) Of or related to former theories attributing the origin of basalt and other crystalline minerals to subterranean fires.

Just as we have the ‘Plinian’ or ‘Vesuvian’ eruptions of Vesuvius accompanied by violent outbursts of ‘ashes’ and welling out of lava, and the incessant, milder ‘Strombolian’ type of eruption, so we may distinguish a ‘Vulcanian’ type.

Of or related to volcanic eruptions or phases of a volcanic eruption when repeated explosions produce a thick ash cloud.

Solinus reports it of the Vulcanian Hill in Sicily, that they which offered Sacrifice upon it, never put fire to it, but expected it should be kindled from Heaven.

1642, Ralph Cudworth, A Discourse Concerning the True Notion of the Lords Supper, page 66:

(astronomy) Of or related to the proposed planet Vulcan or a cluster of asteroids at the same location in the Solar System.


lavafall

They may flow down river beds with velocities approaching those of the rivers; where there are sharp irregularities, the lavas plunge over them in lavafalls.

1989, Peter W. Birkeland, Edwin E. Larson, Putnam's Geology, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 254:

The scene portrayed an immense volcano birthing a Yosemite-esque lavafall.

2008, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, Michael W. Carroll, Alien Volcanoes, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page 37:

Glowing hot rivers of lava bisect the landscape, leading to a stunning lavafall.

2011, Lego Ninjago: Official Guide, Scholastic, →ISBN, page 88:

A cascade of lava down a slope or cliff.


lava lake

(volcanology) A reservoir of molten lava contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression.


lavascape

On through the uncanny, distorted lavascape cautiously we fared under a cloud-rifted sky, and finally left the horses in a small corral of quarried lava, thence proceeding afoot to the House of Fire.

1922, Charmian London, Our Hawaii: (Islands and Islanders), The Macmillan Company, page 274:

The barrier protected this knob of native Hawaiian forest, which continues to rise above the surreal lavascape around it.

2003, Jeff Greenwald, “Oases in Black”, in Islands Magazine, January-February 2003:

In the midst of the spooky black lavascape that is Reykjanes, the ethereal blue waters of these enormous manmade hot springs seem absolutely weird and strangely inviting.

2008, Andrew Evans, Iceland, Brandt, →ISBN, page 191:

A landscape created by a lava flow or flows.


volcanic bomb

Fragment of a spherical volcanic bomb, with the interior parts coarsely cellular, coated by a concentric layer of compact lava, and this again by a crust of finely cellular rock

1844, Charles Darwin, Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle:

(volcanology) A tephra, larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter, formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption.


mega-colossal

Describing the very largest type of volcanic eruption, the kind that would be expected to happen less than once in ten thousand years.


cryomagma

cryomagma (countable and uncountable, plural cryomagmas)

(planetology, geology, volcanology) Collectively, substances such as water, ammonia or methane that are found within some planets and are expelled by cryovolcanoes.


lava tube

A natural conduit formed by flowing lava that moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow.


volcanolike

en-adj

volcanolike (comparative more volcanolike, superlative most volcanolike)

more volcanolike (comparative)
most volcanolike (superlative)


mudpot

From mud + pot. From being a mud-filled hole, resembling a pot. First use appears c. 1872. See cite below.

but the continual caving in of the sides has produced a sort of mud-pot, exactly the same as the process of preparing a kettle of mush.

1872, Geological Survey of the Territories (U.S.), United States, Department of the Interior, Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana, and Portions of Adjacent Territories, page 92:

(hydrology, volcanology) A type of acidic hot spring, or fumarole, with a limited amount of water.


hypervolcano

en-noun

hypervolcano (plural hypervolcanoes or hypervolcanos)

hypervolcanoes (plural)
hypervolcanos (plural)

2007 August 2, History Doomed To Repeat, at www.unexplained-mysteries.com
Yes, there is always the uncertainty of some natural disaster overwhelming the US and precipitating a collapse. The eruption of the hypervolcano under Yellowstone could be such an event, or the collapse of the volcanic cone (forget it's [sic] name) in the Canary Islands sending a tsunami to devastate the east coast. However these are unpredictable and I don't consider such events as repetitions of some unalterable historical cycle of the rising and falling of civilisations.

2015 November 09, Volcanoes on Pluto look a lot like those on Earth and Mars, at arstechnica.com
It's all about your perspective. 80 years ago, EE Smith was writing about the inhabitants of Titan being awed by a creature whose blood was based on molten water. If there were anything living on Pluto (or maybe in the proposed ammonia-slush mantle inside) they would be completely freaked out at the idea that on the inner planets all of their most common liquids and solids were gaseous, yet life persisted. They would probably have to coin some word like "hypervolcano" to name that thing with molten silicates erupting.

2016 April 18, What would it feel like on the surface of a planet while it collides with another planet?, at worldbuilding.stackexchange.com
There is a documentary on nova with scientists discussing the effect of a neutron star invading the solar system, it's totally false because the iron of the earth would compress against the crust like a huge hypervolcano, and pop out of the breach in the crust and fly into space, long before stones would start to fly around.


hypervolcanic

One of the strangest places in the whole solar system is Jupiter's hypervolcanic Moon lo, which seems to be a little different every time we look at it.

1997, Venus Revealed: A New Look Below The Clouds Of Our Mysteriious Twin Planet, Basic Books, →ISBN, page 124:

Anybody wondering what Earth was like 4 billion years ago should cast an eye toward Jupiter's hypervolcanic moon Io, a new study suggests.

2013 September 25, Mike Wall, “Was Ancient Earth Like Jupiter's Super-Volcanic Moon Io?”, in space.com:

We don't know if said planets even have an atmosphere (or one of reasonable density), if they get regularly bombarded by large asteroids, if they have liquid water, if they're truly temperate (runaway greenhouse effect ala Venus), if they're hypervolcanic, etc.

2020 October 6, “Scientists discover 24 'superhabitable' planets with conditions that are better for life than Earth”, in reddit.com:

(volcanology) Relating to a hypervolcano.


Lokian

en-adj

Lokian (comparative more Lokian, superlative most Lokian)

more Lokian (comparative)
most Lokian (superlative)

From Loki + -an. The volcanic sense derives from the volcano named Loki on Io (its most powerful volcano and largest caldera).

... more recently, his friend Roscoe attempted to reconcile all the world with his Lokian trickery — she is drawing waves.

1992, Joan Schweighardt, Island, Permanent PressPub Company, →ISBN:

Of, pertaining to, resembling, or characteristic of Loki, the Norse trickster god.


cryolava

en-noun

cryolava (countable and uncountable, plural cryolavas)

(planetology, geology, volcanology) Ice-volcanic melt which has erupted from a cryovolcano.


Tavurvur

(volcanology) An active stratovolcano near Rabaul, on the island of New Britain, in Papua New Guinea.


fissure vent

(volcanology, geology) A volcanic vent from which lava flows, with minimal explosive activity; characteristic of shield volcanoes.


volcanic lightning

(volcanology, meteorology) Electrical discharge that occurs during a volcanic eruption, caused by a build-up of static electricity in colliding ejecta (such as ash and debris).


flank eruption

(volcanology) A volcanic eruption which occurs on the flanks of a volcano, rather than its summit.


Plinian eruption

Plinian eruption (plural Plinian eruptions)

Named for the description given by Pliny the Younger of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D., which has been taken as archetypical of this type of eruption.

(volcanology) A type of volcanic eruption marked by the ejection of large columns of volcanic debris and gases into the stratosphere; particularly large amounts of pumice, caused by a very powerful, gas-driven eruption.

Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
Pliny the Younger


Verneshot

From Verne + shot. Coined by geophysicist Jason Phipps Morgan. Named after French author Jules Verne, who wrote about a projectile escaping Earth's gravity (in the novel From the Earth to the Moon), which Morgan connected to his idea of an eruption launching material into a suborbital trajectory.

coin

They suggest that the Chicxulub crater — generally believed to be evidence of a meteorite impact that killed the dinosaurs — was actually caused by debris from a “Verneshot” explosion in India, and […]

2005, Andy Turnbull, We Need to Talk about the future of Canada, →ISBN, page 43:

(volcanology) A hypothetical volcanic eruption event, caused by a buildup of gas, which launches material from the crust and mantle into a suborbital trajectory, leading to further damage as it crashes back to the surface.


breadcrust bomb

en-noun

breadcrust bomb (plural breadcrust bombs)

(geology, volcanology) A volcanic bomb whose surface is cracked or checkered, thus often resembling the surface of a loaf of bread.


volcanic field

(volcanology) A localized area of the earth's crust with clusters of volcanic vents that have their own magma supply.


jameo

[…] volcanic landscape and lived underground in the many tunnels and jameos that flowing lava had created. However, when the conquerors arrived they were surprised to find a mixture of caves and clumsily constructed stone houses […]

2004, Lucy Corne, Canary Islands, page 25:

[page 66:] […] lava fields there are also frequent structures such as lava channels, mounds and mega-tubes, volcanic tubes and microtubes, jameos, lava terraces, lava cascades, rafted mound, erratic block, lateral and frontal levées—initial […]
[page 137:] […] lava tubes—like the several jameos of the Corona system (Tonello 2017) and those in the Timanfaya National Park (Fig. 8)—present striking analogies with collapse chains on the volcanic edifices of Arsia and Olympus Mons on Mars (Fig. 10) […]

2019, Elena Mateo, Jesús Martínez-Frías, Juana Vegas, Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands Geopark: From Earth to Space:

(volcanology) A large hole (or sink) formed when the roofs of multiple levels of a lava-tube cave collapse, found most notably in the Canary Islands.